Aquinas: summa/latin/sth2040.html annotate

annotate summa/latin/sth2040.html @ 115:b3d53c87d7ea

towards dictionary lookup support

author	ht
date	Sat, 23 Mar 2019 17:34:03 +0000
parents	5cef55a2686a
children

rev	line source
59 03759e5c1080 fix multi-para s.c. ht parents: 53 diff changeset	1 <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "file:///c:/cygwin/usr/local/share/lib/xml/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
03759e5c1080 fix multi-para s.c. ht parents: 53 diff changeset	2 <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" lang="LA" xml:lang="LA">
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	3 <head>
59 03759e5c1080 fix multi-para s.c. ht parents: 53 diff changeset	4 <meta name="generator" content="HTML Tidy for Windows (vers 1st February 2005), see www.w3.org"/>
03759e5c1080 fix multi-para s.c. ht parents: 53 diff changeset	5 <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=us-ascii"/>
03759e5c1080 fix multi-para s.c. ht parents: 53 diff changeset	6 <meta http-equiv="Content-Style-Type" content="text/css"/>
03759e5c1080 fix multi-para s.c. ht parents: 53 diff changeset	7 <meta http-equiv="Content-Script-Type" content="text/javascript"/>
03759e5c1080 fix multi-para s.c. ht parents: 53 diff changeset	8 <meta name="keywords" content="Thomas de Aquino, Summa Theologiae, Corpus Thomisticum"/>
03759e5c1080 fix multi-para s.c. ht parents: 53 diff changeset	9 <meta name="language" content="Latin"/>
03759e5c1080 fix multi-para s.c. ht parents: 53 diff changeset	10 <meta name="security" content="public"/>
03759e5c1080 fix multi-para s.c. ht parents: 53 diff changeset	11 <meta name="owner" content="ealarcon@unav.es"/>
03759e5c1080 fix multi-para s.c. ht parents: 53 diff changeset	12 <meta name="author" content="Enrique Alarcón"/>
03759e5c1080 fix multi-para s.c. ht parents: 53 diff changeset	13 <meta name="abstract" content=""/>
03759e5c1080 fix multi-para s.c. ht parents: 53 diff changeset	14 <link rel="stylesheet" media="screen" href="vscreen.css" type="text/css"/>
03759e5c1080 fix multi-para s.c. ht parents: 53 diff changeset	15 <link rel="stylesheet" media="print" href="vprint.css" type="text/css"/>
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	16 <title>Thomas de Aquino, Summa Theologiae, Iª-IIae q.
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	17 40-48</title>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	18 </head>
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	19 <body><a href="http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/"/><div class="tres">CORPUS THOMISTICUM</div><div class="uno">Sancti Thomae de Aquino</div><div class="uno">Summa Theologiae</div><div class="dos">prima pars secundae partis a quaestione XL ad
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	20 quaestionem XLVIII</div><div class="centro">
59 03759e5c1080 fix multi-para s.c. ht parents: 53 diff changeset	21 <table align="center" summary="Imago">
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	22 <tr>
59 03759e5c1080 fix multi-para s.c. ht parents: 53 diff changeset	23 <th><img src="icons/fugit190.jpg" width="275" height="190" border="0" alt="Thomas de Aquino a Filippino Lippi depictus (Cappella Carafa, S. Maria sopra Minerva, Roma)" align="middle"/></th>
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	24 </tr>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	25 </table>
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	26 <br/>
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	27 <span class="tres">Textum Leoninum Romae 1891 editum<br/>
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	28 ac automato translatum a Roberto Busa SJ in taenias
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	29 magneticas<br/>
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	30 denuo recognovit Enrique Alarcón atque instruxit<br/>
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	31 <br/></span><br/>
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	32 <hr/>
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	33 <br/>
59 03759e5c1080 fix multi-para s.c. ht parents: 53 diff changeset	34 <p><a href="sth2026.html"><img src="icons/ageretro.gif" width="19" height="19" align="middle" border="0" alt="age retro"/></a>
03759e5c1080 fix multi-para s.c. ht parents: 53 diff changeset	35 <a href="sth2049.html"><img src="icons/ageultra.gif" width="19" height="19" align="middle" border="0" alt="age ultra"/></a></p>
03759e5c1080 fix multi-para s.c. ht parents: 53 diff changeset	36 <script language="JavaScript" type="text/javascript">
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	37 //
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	38 <!--
26 4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html ht parents: diff changeset	39 // original code by Bill Trefzger 12/12/96; revised by Enrique Alarcon 12/9/2000
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html ht parents: diff changeset	40 function go(){if(document.selecter.select1.options[document.selecter.select1.selectedIndex].value !="none"){location=document.selecter.select1.options[document.selecter.select1.selectedIndex].value}}
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	41 document.write('<FORM NAME="selecter"><SELECT NAME="select1">');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	42 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="none">INDEX');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	43 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="none">------------------------------------------------');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	44 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="index.html">Corpus Thomisticum');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	45 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="iopera.html">Opera omnia');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	46 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="zbiblia.html">Bibliographia Thomistica');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	47 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="none">------------------------------------------------');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	48 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35231">I&ordf;-IIae q. 40 pr.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	49 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35232">I&ordf;-IIae q. 40 a. 1 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	50 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35233">I&ordf;-IIae q. 40 a. 1 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	51 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35234">I&ordf;-IIae q. 40 a. 1 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	52 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35235">I&ordf;-IIae q. 40 a. 1 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	53 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35236">I&ordf;-IIae q. 40 a. 1 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	54 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35237">I&ordf;-IIae q. 40 a. 1 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	55 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35238">I&ordf;-IIae q. 40 a. 1 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	56 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35239">I&ordf;-IIae q. 40 a. 1 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	57 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35240">I&ordf;-IIae q. 40 a. 2 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	58 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35241">I&ordf;-IIae q. 40 a. 2 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	59 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35242">I&ordf;-IIae q. 40 a. 2 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	60 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35243">I&ordf;-IIae q. 40 a. 2 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	61 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35244">I&ordf;-IIae q. 40 a. 2 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	62 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35245">I&ordf;-IIae q. 40 a. 2 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	63 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35246">I&ordf;-IIae q. 40 a. 2 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	64 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35247">I&ordf;-IIae q. 40 a. 2 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	65 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35248">I&ordf;-IIae q. 40 a. 3 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	66 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35249">I&ordf;-IIae q. 40 a. 3 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	67 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35250">I&ordf;-IIae q. 40 a. 3 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	68 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35251">I&ordf;-IIae q. 40 a. 3 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	69 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35252">I&ordf;-IIae q. 40 a. 3 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	70 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35253">I&ordf;-IIae q. 40 a. 3 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	71 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35254">I&ordf;-IIae q. 40 a. 3 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	72 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35255">I&ordf;-IIae q. 40 a. 3 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	73 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35256">I&ordf;-IIae q. 40 a. 4 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	74 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35257">I&ordf;-IIae q. 40 a. 4 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	75 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35258">I&ordf;-IIae q. 40 a. 4 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	76 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35259">I&ordf;-IIae q. 40 a. 4 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	77 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35260">I&ordf;-IIae q. 40 a. 4 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	78 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35261">I&ordf;-IIae q. 40 a. 4 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	79 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35262">I&ordf;-IIae q. 40 a. 4 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	80 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35263">I&ordf;-IIae q. 40 a. 4 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	81 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35264">I&ordf;-IIae q. 40 a. 5 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	82 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35265">I&ordf;-IIae q. 40 a. 5 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	83 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35266">I&ordf;-IIae q. 40 a. 5 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	84 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35267">I&ordf;-IIae q. 40 a. 5 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	85 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35268">I&ordf;-IIae q. 40 a. 5 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	86 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35269">I&ordf;-IIae q. 40 a. 5 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	87 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35270">I&ordf;-IIae q. 40 a. 5 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	88 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35271">I&ordf;-IIae q. 40 a. 5 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	89 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35272">I&ordf;-IIae q. 40 a. 6 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	90 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35273">I&ordf;-IIae q. 40 a. 6 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	91 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35274">I&ordf;-IIae q. 40 a. 6 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	92 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35275">I&ordf;-IIae q. 40 a. 6 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	93 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35276">I&ordf;-IIae q. 40 a. 6 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	94 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35277">I&ordf;-IIae q. 40 a. 6 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	95 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35278">I&ordf;-IIae q. 40 a. 6 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	96 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35279">I&ordf;-IIae q. 40 a. 6 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	97 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35280">I&ordf;-IIae q. 40 a. 7 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	98 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35281">I&ordf;-IIae q. 40 a. 7 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	99 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35282">I&ordf;-IIae q. 40 a. 7 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	100 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35283">I&ordf;-IIae q. 40 a. 7 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	101 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35284">I&ordf;-IIae q. 40 a. 7 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	102 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35285">I&ordf;-IIae q. 40 a. 7 ad');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	103 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35286">I&ordf;-IIae q. 40 a. 8 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	104 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35287">I&ordf;-IIae q. 40 a. 8 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	105 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35288">I&ordf;-IIae q. 40 a. 8 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	106 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35289">I&ordf;-IIae q. 40 a. 8 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	107 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35290">I&ordf;-IIae q. 40 a. 8 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	108 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35291">I&ordf;-IIae q. 40 a. 8 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	109 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35292">I&ordf;-IIae q. 40 a. 8 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	110 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35293">I&ordf;-IIae q. 40 a. 8 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	111 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35294">I&ordf;-IIae q. 41 pr.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	112 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35295">I&ordf;-IIae q. 41 a. 1 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	113 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35296">I&ordf;-IIae q. 41 a. 1 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	114 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35297">I&ordf;-IIae q. 41 a. 1 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	115 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35298">I&ordf;-IIae q. 41 a. 1 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	116 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35299">I&ordf;-IIae q. 41 a. 1 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	117 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35300">I&ordf;-IIae q. 41 a. 1 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	118 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35301">I&ordf;-IIae q. 41 a. 1 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	119 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35302">I&ordf;-IIae q. 41 a. 1 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	120 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35303">I&ordf;-IIae q. 41 a. 2 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	121 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35304">I&ordf;-IIae q. 41 a. 2 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	122 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35305">I&ordf;-IIae q. 41 a. 2 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	123 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35306">I&ordf;-IIae q. 41 a. 2 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	124 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35307">I&ordf;-IIae q. 41 a. 2 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	125 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35308">I&ordf;-IIae q. 41 a. 2 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	126 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35309">I&ordf;-IIae q. 41 a. 2 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	127 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35310">I&ordf;-IIae q. 41 a. 2 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	128 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35311">I&ordf;-IIae q. 41 a. 3 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	129 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35312">I&ordf;-IIae q. 41 a. 3 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	130 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35313">I&ordf;-IIae q. 41 a. 3 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	131 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35314">I&ordf;-IIae q. 41 a. 3 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	132 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35315">I&ordf;-IIae q. 41 a. 3 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	133 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35316">I&ordf;-IIae q. 41 a. 3 ad');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	134 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35317">I&ordf;-IIae q. 41 a. 4 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	135 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35318">I&ordf;-IIae q. 41 a. 4 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	136 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35319">I&ordf;-IIae q. 41 a. 4 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	137 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35320">I&ordf;-IIae q. 41 a. 4 arg. 4');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	138 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35321">I&ordf;-IIae q. 41 a. 4 arg. 5');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	139 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35322">I&ordf;-IIae q. 41 a. 4 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	140 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35323">I&ordf;-IIae q. 41 a. 4 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	141 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35324">I&ordf;-IIae q. 41 a. 4 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	142 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35325">I&ordf;-IIae q. 41 a. 4 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	143 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35326">I&ordf;-IIae q. 41 a. 4 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	144 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35327">I&ordf;-IIae q. 41 a. 4 ad 4');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	145 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35328">I&ordf;-IIae q. 41 a. 4 ad 5');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	146 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35329">I&ordf;-IIae q. 42 pr.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	147 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35330">I&ordf;-IIae q. 42 a. 1 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	148 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35331">I&ordf;-IIae q. 42 a. 1 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	149 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35332">I&ordf;-IIae q. 42 a. 1 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	150 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35333">I&ordf;-IIae q. 42 a. 1 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	151 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35334">I&ordf;-IIae q. 42 a. 1 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	152 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35335">I&ordf;-IIae q. 42 a. 1 ad');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	153 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35336">I&ordf;-IIae q. 42 a. 2 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	154 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35337">I&ordf;-IIae q. 42 a. 2 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	155 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35338">I&ordf;-IIae q. 42 a. 2 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	156 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35339">I&ordf;-IIae q. 42 a. 2 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	157 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35340">I&ordf;-IIae q. 42 a. 2 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	158 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35341">I&ordf;-IIae q. 42 a. 2 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	159 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35342">I&ordf;-IIae q. 42 a. 2 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	160 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35343">I&ordf;-IIae q. 42 a. 2 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	161 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35344">I&ordf;-IIae q. 42 a. 3 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	162 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35345">I&ordf;-IIae q. 42 a. 3 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	163 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35346">I&ordf;-IIae q. 42 a. 3 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	164 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35347">I&ordf;-IIae q. 42 a. 3 arg. 4');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	165 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35348">I&ordf;-IIae q. 42 a. 3 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	166 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35349">I&ordf;-IIae q. 42 a. 3 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	167 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35350">I&ordf;-IIae q. 42 a. 3 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	168 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35351">I&ordf;-IIae q. 42 a. 3 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	169 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35352">I&ordf;-IIae q. 42 a. 3 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	170 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35353">I&ordf;-IIae q. 42 a. 3 ad 4');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	171 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35354">I&ordf;-IIae q. 42 a. 4 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	172 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35355">I&ordf;-IIae q. 42 a. 4 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	173 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35356">I&ordf;-IIae q. 42 a. 4 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	174 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35357">I&ordf;-IIae q. 42 a. 4 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	175 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35358">I&ordf;-IIae q. 42 a. 4 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	176 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35359">I&ordf;-IIae q. 42 a. 4 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	177 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35360">I&ordf;-IIae q. 42 a. 4 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	178 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35361">I&ordf;-IIae q. 42 a. 4 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	179 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35362">I&ordf;-IIae q. 42 a. 5 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	180 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35363">I&ordf;-IIae q. 42 a. 5 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	181 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35364">I&ordf;-IIae q. 42 a. 5 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	182 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35365">I&ordf;-IIae q. 42 a. 5 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	183 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35366">I&ordf;-IIae q. 42 a. 5 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	184 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35367">I&ordf;-IIae q. 42 a. 5 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	185 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35368">I&ordf;-IIae q. 42 a. 5 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	186 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35369">I&ordf;-IIae q. 42 a. 5 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	187 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35370">I&ordf;-IIae q. 42 a. 6 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	188 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35371">I&ordf;-IIae q. 42 a. 6 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	189 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35372">I&ordf;-IIae q. 42 a. 6 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	190 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35373">I&ordf;-IIae q. 42 a. 6 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	191 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35374">I&ordf;-IIae q. 42 a. 6 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	192 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35375">I&ordf;-IIae q. 42 a. 6 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	193 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35376">I&ordf;-IIae q. 42 a. 6 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	194 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35377">I&ordf;-IIae q. 42 a. 6 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	195 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35378">I&ordf;-IIae q. 43 pr.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	196 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35379">I&ordf;-IIae q. 43 a. 1 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	197 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35380">I&ordf;-IIae q. 43 a. 1 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	198 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35381">I&ordf;-IIae q. 43 a. 1 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	199 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35382">I&ordf;-IIae q. 43 a. 1 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	200 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35383">I&ordf;-IIae q. 43 a. 1 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	201 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35384">I&ordf;-IIae q. 43 a. 1 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	202 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35385">I&ordf;-IIae q. 43 a. 1 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	203 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35386">I&ordf;-IIae q. 43 a. 1 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	204 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35387">I&ordf;-IIae q. 43 a. 2 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	205 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35388">I&ordf;-IIae q. 43 a. 2 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	206 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35389">I&ordf;-IIae q. 43 a. 2 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	207 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35390">I&ordf;-IIae q. 43 a. 2 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	208 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35391">I&ordf;-IIae q. 43 a. 2 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	209 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35392">I&ordf;-IIae q. 43 a. 2 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	210 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35393">I&ordf;-IIae q. 43 a. 2 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	211 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35394">I&ordf;-IIae q. 43 a. 2 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	212 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35395">I&ordf;-IIae q. 44 pr.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	213 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35396">I&ordf;-IIae q. 44 a. 1 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	214 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35397">I&ordf;-IIae q. 44 a. 1 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	215 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35398">I&ordf;-IIae q. 44 a. 1 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	216 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35399">I&ordf;-IIae q. 44 a. 1 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	217 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35400">I&ordf;-IIae q. 44 a. 1 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	218 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35401">I&ordf;-IIae q. 44 a. 1 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	219 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35402">I&ordf;-IIae q. 44 a. 1 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	220 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35403">I&ordf;-IIae q. 44 a. 1 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	221 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35404">I&ordf;-IIae q. 44 a. 2 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	222 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35405">I&ordf;-IIae q. 44 a. 2 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	223 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35406">I&ordf;-IIae q. 44 a. 2 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	224 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35407">I&ordf;-IIae q. 44 a. 2 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	225 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35408">I&ordf;-IIae q. 44 a. 2 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	226 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35409">I&ordf;-IIae q. 44 a. 2 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	227 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35410">I&ordf;-IIae q. 44 a. 2 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	228 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35411">I&ordf;-IIae q. 44 a. 2 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	229 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35412">I&ordf;-IIae q. 44 a. 3 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	230 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35413">I&ordf;-IIae q. 44 a. 3 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	231 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35414">I&ordf;-IIae q. 44 a. 3 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	232 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35415">I&ordf;-IIae q. 44 a. 3 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	233 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35416">I&ordf;-IIae q. 44 a. 3 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	234 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35417">I&ordf;-IIae q. 44 a. 3 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	235 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35418">I&ordf;-IIae q. 44 a. 3 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	236 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35419">I&ordf;-IIae q. 44 a. 3 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	237 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35420">I&ordf;-IIae q. 44 a. 4 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	238 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35421">I&ordf;-IIae q. 44 a. 4 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	239 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35422">I&ordf;-IIae q. 44 a. 4 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	240 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35423">I&ordf;-IIae q. 44 a. 4 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	241 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35424">I&ordf;-IIae q. 44 a. 4 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	242 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35425">I&ordf;-IIae q. 44 a. 4 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	243 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35426">I&ordf;-IIae q. 44 a. 4 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	244 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35427">I&ordf;-IIae q. 44 a. 4 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	245 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35428">I&ordf;-IIae q. 45 pr.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	246 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35429">I&ordf;-IIae q. 45 a. 1 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	247 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35430">I&ordf;-IIae q. 45 a. 1 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	248 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35431">I&ordf;-IIae q. 45 a. 1 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	249 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35432">I&ordf;-IIae q. 45 a. 1 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	250 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35433">I&ordf;-IIae q. 45 a. 1 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	251 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35434">I&ordf;-IIae q. 45 a. 1 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	252 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35435">I&ordf;-IIae q. 45 a. 1 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	253 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35436">I&ordf;-IIae q. 45 a. 1 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	254 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35437">I&ordf;-IIae q. 45 a. 2 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	255 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35438">I&ordf;-IIae q. 45 a. 2 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	256 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35439">I&ordf;-IIae q. 45 a. 2 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	257 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35440">I&ordf;-IIae q. 45 a. 2 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	258 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35441">I&ordf;-IIae q. 45 a. 2 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	259 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35442">I&ordf;-IIae q. 45 a. 2 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	260 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35443">I&ordf;-IIae q. 45 a. 2 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	261 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35444">I&ordf;-IIae q. 45 a. 2 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	262 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35445">I&ordf;-IIae q. 45 a. 3 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	263 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35446">I&ordf;-IIae q. 45 a. 3 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	264 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35447">I&ordf;-IIae q. 45 a. 3 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	265 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35448">I&ordf;-IIae q. 45 a. 3 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	266 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35449">I&ordf;-IIae q. 45 a. 3 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	267 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35450">I&ordf;-IIae q. 45 a. 3 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	268 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35451">I&ordf;-IIae q. 45 a. 3 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	269 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35452">I&ordf;-IIae q. 45 a. 3 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	270 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35453">I&ordf;-IIae q. 45 a. 4 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	271 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35454">I&ordf;-IIae q. 45 a. 4 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	272 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35455">I&ordf;-IIae q. 45 a. 4 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	273 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35456">I&ordf;-IIae q. 45 a. 4 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	274 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35457">I&ordf;-IIae q. 45 a. 4 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	275 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35458">I&ordf;-IIae q. 45 a. 4 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	276 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35459">I&ordf;-IIae q. 45 a. 4 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	277 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35460">I&ordf;-IIae q. 45 a. 4 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	278 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35461">I&ordf;-IIae q. 46 pr.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	279 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35462">I&ordf;-IIae q. 46 a. 1 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	280 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35463">I&ordf;-IIae q. 46 a. 1 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	281 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35464">I&ordf;-IIae q. 46 a. 1 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	282 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35465">I&ordf;-IIae q. 46 a. 1 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	283 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35466">I&ordf;-IIae q. 46 a. 1 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	284 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35467">I&ordf;-IIae q. 46 a. 1 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	285 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35468">I&ordf;-IIae q. 46 a. 1 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	286 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35469">I&ordf;-IIae q. 46 a. 1 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	287 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35470">I&ordf;-IIae q. 46 a. 2 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	288 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35471">I&ordf;-IIae q. 46 a. 2 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	289 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35472">I&ordf;-IIae q. 46 a. 2 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	290 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35473">I&ordf;-IIae q. 46 a. 2 s. c. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	291 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35474">I&ordf;-IIae q. 46 a. 2 s. c. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	292 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35475">I&ordf;-IIae q. 46 a. 2 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	293 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35476">I&ordf;-IIae q. 46 a. 2 ad');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	294 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35477">I&ordf;-IIae q. 46 a. 3 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	295 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35478">I&ordf;-IIae q. 46 a. 3 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	296 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35479">I&ordf;-IIae q. 46 a. 3 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	297 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35480">I&ordf;-IIae q. 46 a. 3 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	298 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35481">I&ordf;-IIae q. 46 a. 3 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	299 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35482">I&ordf;-IIae q. 46 a. 3 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	300 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35483">I&ordf;-IIae q. 46 a. 3 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	301 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35484">I&ordf;-IIae q. 46 a. 3 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	302 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35485">I&ordf;-IIae q. 46 a. 4 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	303 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35486">I&ordf;-IIae q. 46 a. 4 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	304 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35487">I&ordf;-IIae q. 46 a. 4 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	305 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35488">I&ordf;-IIae q. 46 a. 4 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	306 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35489">I&ordf;-IIae q. 46 a. 4 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	307 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35490">I&ordf;-IIae q. 46 a. 4 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	308 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35491">I&ordf;-IIae q. 46 a. 4 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	309 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35492">I&ordf;-IIae q. 46 a. 4 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	310 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35493">I&ordf;-IIae q. 46 a. 5 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	311 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35494">I&ordf;-IIae q. 46 a. 5 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	312 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35495">I&ordf;-IIae q. 46 a. 5 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	313 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35496">I&ordf;-IIae q. 46 a. 5 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	314 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35497">I&ordf;-IIae q. 46 a. 5 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	315 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35498">I&ordf;-IIae q. 46 a. 5 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	316 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35499">I&ordf;-IIae q. 46 a. 5 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	317 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35500">I&ordf;-IIae q. 46 a. 5 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	318 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35501">I&ordf;-IIae q. 46 a. 6 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	319 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35502">I&ordf;-IIae q. 46 a. 6 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	320 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35503">I&ordf;-IIae q. 46 a. 6 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	321 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35504">I&ordf;-IIae q. 46 a. 6 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	322 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35505">I&ordf;-IIae q. 46 a. 6 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	323 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35506">I&ordf;-IIae q. 46 a. 6 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	324 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35507">I&ordf;-IIae q. 46 a. 6 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	325 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35508">I&ordf;-IIae q. 46 a. 6 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	326 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35509">I&ordf;-IIae q. 46 a. 7 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	327 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35510">I&ordf;-IIae q. 46 a. 7 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	328 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35511">I&ordf;-IIae q. 46 a. 7 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	329 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35512">I&ordf;-IIae q. 46 a. 7 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	330 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35513">I&ordf;-IIae q. 46 a. 7 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	331 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35514">I&ordf;-IIae q. 46 a. 7 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	332 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35515">I&ordf;-IIae q. 46 a. 7 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	333 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35516">I&ordf;-IIae q. 46 a. 7 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	334 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35517">I&ordf;-IIae q. 46 a. 8 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	335 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35518">I&ordf;-IIae q. 46 a. 8 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	336 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35519">I&ordf;-IIae q. 46 a. 8 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	337 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35520">I&ordf;-IIae q. 46 a. 8 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	338 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35521">I&ordf;-IIae q. 46 a. 8 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	339 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35522">I&ordf;-IIae q. 46 a. 8 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	340 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35523">I&ordf;-IIae q. 46 a. 8 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	341 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35524">I&ordf;-IIae q. 46 a. 8 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	342 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35525">I&ordf;-IIae q. 47 pr.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	343 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35526">I&ordf;-IIae q. 47 a. 1 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	344 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35527">I&ordf;-IIae q. 47 a. 1 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	345 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35528">I&ordf;-IIae q. 47 a. 1 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	346 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35529">I&ordf;-IIae q. 47 a. 1 arg. 4');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	347 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35530">I&ordf;-IIae q. 47 a. 1 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	348 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35531">I&ordf;-IIae q. 47 a. 1 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	349 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35532">I&ordf;-IIae q. 47 a. 1 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	350 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35533">I&ordf;-IIae q. 47 a. 1 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	351 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35534">I&ordf;-IIae q. 47 a. 1 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	352 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35535">I&ordf;-IIae q. 47 a. 1 ad 4');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	353 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35536">I&ordf;-IIae q. 47 a. 2 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	354 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35537">I&ordf;-IIae q. 47 a. 2 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	355 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35538">I&ordf;-IIae q. 47 a. 2 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	356 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35539">I&ordf;-IIae q. 47 a. 2 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	357 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35540">I&ordf;-IIae q. 47 a. 2 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	358 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35541">I&ordf;-IIae q. 47 a. 2 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	359 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35542">I&ordf;-IIae q. 47 a. 2 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	360 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35543">I&ordf;-IIae q. 47 a. 2 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	361 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35544">I&ordf;-IIae q. 47 a. 3 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	362 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35545">I&ordf;-IIae q. 47 a. 3 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	363 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35546">I&ordf;-IIae q. 47 a. 3 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	364 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35547">I&ordf;-IIae q. 47 a. 3 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	365 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35548">I&ordf;-IIae q. 47 a. 3 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	366 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35549">I&ordf;-IIae q. 47 a. 3 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	367 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35550">I&ordf;-IIae q. 47 a. 3 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	368 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35551">I&ordf;-IIae q. 47 a. 3 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	369 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35552">I&ordf;-IIae q. 47 a. 4 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	370 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35553">I&ordf;-IIae q. 47 a. 4 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	371 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35554">I&ordf;-IIae q. 47 a. 4 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	372 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35555">I&ordf;-IIae q. 47 a. 4 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	373 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35556">I&ordf;-IIae q. 47 a. 4 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	374 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35557">I&ordf;-IIae q. 47 a. 4 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	375 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35558">I&ordf;-IIae q. 47 a. 4 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	376 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35559">I&ordf;-IIae q. 47 a. 4 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	377 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35560">I&ordf;-IIae q. 48 pr.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	378 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35561">I&ordf;-IIae q. 48 a. 1 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	379 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35562">I&ordf;-IIae q. 48 a. 1 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	380 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35563">I&ordf;-IIae q. 48 a. 1 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	381 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35564">I&ordf;-IIae q. 48 a. 1 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	382 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35565">I&ordf;-IIae q. 48 a. 1 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	383 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35566">I&ordf;-IIae q. 48 a. 1 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	384 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35567">I&ordf;-IIae q. 48 a. 1 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	385 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35568">I&ordf;-IIae q. 48 a. 1 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	386 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35569">I&ordf;-IIae q. 48 a. 2 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	387 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35570">I&ordf;-IIae q. 48 a. 2 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	388 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35571">I&ordf;-IIae q. 48 a. 2 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	389 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35572">I&ordf;-IIae q. 48 a. 2 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	390 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35573">I&ordf;-IIae q. 48 a. 2 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	391 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35574">I&ordf;-IIae q. 48 a. 2 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	392 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35575">I&ordf;-IIae q. 48 a. 2 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	393 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35576">I&ordf;-IIae q. 48 a. 2 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	394 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35577">I&ordf;-IIae q. 48 a. 3 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	395 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35578">I&ordf;-IIae q. 48 a. 3 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	396 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35579">I&ordf;-IIae q. 48 a. 3 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	397 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35580">I&ordf;-IIae q. 48 a. 3 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	398 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35581">I&ordf;-IIae q. 48 a. 3 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	399 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35582">I&ordf;-IIae q. 48 a. 3 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	400 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35583">I&ordf;-IIae q. 48 a. 3 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	401 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35584">I&ordf;-IIae q. 48 a. 3 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	402 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35585">I&ordf;-IIae q. 48 a. 4 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	403 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35586">I&ordf;-IIae q. 48 a. 4 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	404 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35587">I&ordf;-IIae q. 48 a. 4 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	405 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35588">I&ordf;-IIae q. 48 a. 4 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	406 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35589">I&ordf;-IIae q. 48 a. 4 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	407 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35590">I&ordf;-IIae q. 48 a. 4 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	408 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35591">I&ordf;-IIae q. 48 a. 4 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	409 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#35592">I&ordf;-IIae q. 48 a. 4 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	410 document.write('<\/SELECT>');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	411 document.write('<BR><BR>');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	412 document.write('<INPUT TYPE="button" VALUE="Agedum" ONCLICK="go()">');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	413 document.write('<\/FORM>');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	414 // -->
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	415 //
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	416 </script><br/>
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	417 <hr/>
59 03759e5c1080 fix multi-para s.c. ht parents: 53 diff changeset	418 <br/></div><div id="q40" class="q"><h2>Quaestio 40</h2><div class="p"><h3>Prooemium</h3><p title="I-II q. 40 pr."><a name="35231"><span class="ref">[35231]
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	419 Iª-IIae q. 40 pr.</span></a> Consequenter considerandum est de
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	420 passionibus irascibilis, et primo, de spe et desperatione; secundo,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	421 de timore et audacia; tertio, de ira. Circa primum quaeruntur octo.
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	422 Primo, utrum spes sit idem quod desiderium vel cupiditas. Secundo,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	423 utrum spes sit in vi apprehensiva, vel in vi appetitiva. Tertio,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	424 utrum spes sit in brutis animalibus. Quarto, utrum spei
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	425 contrarietur desperatio. Quinto, utrum causa spei sit experientia.
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	426 Sexto, utrum in iuvenibus et ebriosis spes abundet. Septimo, de
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	427 ordine spei ad amorem. Octavo, utrum spes conferat ad
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	428 operationem.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 1</h3><p title="I-II q. 40 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="35232"><span class="ref">[35232] Iª-IIae q. 40 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad primum
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	429 sic proceditur. Videtur quod spes sit idem quod desiderium sive
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	430 cupiditas. Spes enim ponitur una quatuor principalium passionum.
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	431 Sed Augustinus, enumerans quatuor principales passiones, ponit
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	432 cupiditatem loco spei, ut patet in XIV de Civ. Dei. Ergo spes est
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	433 idem quod cupiditas sive desiderium.</p><p title="I-II q. 40 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="35233"><span class="ref">[35233] Iª-IIae q. 40 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	434 passiones differunt secundum obiecta. Sed idem est obiectum spei,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	435 et cupiditatis sive desiderii, scilicet bonum futurum. Ergo spes
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	436 est idem quod cupiditas sive desiderium.</p><p title="I-II q. 40 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="35234"><span class="ref">[35234] Iª-IIae q. 40 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a> Si dicatur
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	437 quod spes addit supra desiderium possibilitatem adipiscendi bonum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	438 futurum, contra, id quod per accidens se habet ad obiectum, non
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	439 variat speciem passionis. Sed possibile se habet per accidens ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	440 bonum futurum, quod est obiectum cupiditatis vel desiderii, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	441 spei. Ergo spes non est passio specie differens a desiderio vel
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	442 cupiditate.</p><p title="I-II q. 40 a. 1 s. c."><a name="35235"><span class="ref">[35235] Iª-IIae q. 40 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra,
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	443 diversarum potentiarum sunt diversae passiones specie differentes.
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	444 Sed spes est in irascibili; desiderium autem et cupiditas in
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	445 concupiscibili. Ergo spes differt specie a desiderio seu
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	446 cupiditate.</p><p title="I-II q. 40 a. 1 co."><a name="35236"><span class="ref">[35236] Iª-IIae q. 40 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	447 dicendum quod species passionis ex obiecto consideratur circa
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	448 obiectum autem spei quatuor conditiones attenduntur. Primo quidem,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	449 quod sit bonum, non enim, proprie loquendo, est spes nisi de bono.
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	450 Et per hoc differt spes a timore, qui est de malo. Secundo, ut sit
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	451 futurum, non enim spes est de praesenti iam habito. Et per hoc
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	452 differt spes a gaudio, quod est de bono praesenti. Tertio,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	453 requiritur quod sit aliquid arduum cum difficultate adipiscibile,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	454 non enim aliquis dicitur aliquid sperare minimum, quod statim est
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	455 in sua potestate ut habeat. Et per hoc differt spes a desiderio vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	456 cupiditate, quae est de bono futuro absolute, unde pertinet ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	457 concupiscibilem, spes autem ad irascibilem. Quarto, quod illud
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	458 arduum sit possibile adipisci, non enim aliquis sperat id quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	459 omnino adipisci non potest. Et secundum hoc differt spes a
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	460 desperatione. Sic ergo patet quod spes differt a desiderio, sicut
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	461 differunt passiones irascibilis a passionibus concupiscibilis. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	462 propter hoc, spes praesupponit desiderium, sicut et omnes passiones
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	463 irascibilis praesupponunt passiones concupiscibilis, ut supra
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	464 dictum est.</p><p title="I-II q. 40 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="35237"><span class="ref">[35237] Iª-IIae q. 40 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	465 ergo dicendum quod Augustinus ponit cupiditatem loco spei, propter
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	466 hoc quod utrumque respicit bonum futurum, et quia bonum quod non
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	467 est arduum, quasi nihil reputatur; ut sic cupiditas maxime videatur
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	468 tendere in bonum arduum, in quod etiam tendit spes.</p><p title="I-II q. 40 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="35238"><span class="ref">[35238] Iª-IIae q. 40 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	469 dicendum quod obiectum spei non est bonum futurum absolute, sed cum
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	470 arduitate et difficultate adipiscendi, ut dictum est.</p><p title="I-II q. 40 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="35239"><span class="ref">[35239] Iª-IIae q. 40 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	471 dicendum quod obiectum spei non tantum addit possibilitatem super
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	472 obiectum desiderii, sed etiam arduitatem, quae ad aliam potentiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	473 facit spem pertinere, scilicet ad irascibilem, quae respicit
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	474 arduum, ut in primo dictum est. Possibile autem et impossibile non
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	475 omnino per accidens se habent ad obiectum appetitivae virtutis. Nam
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	476 appetitus est principium motionis, nihil autem movetur ad aliquid
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	477 nisi sub ratione possibilis; nullus enim movetur ad id quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	478 existimat impossibile adipisci. Et propter hoc, spes differt a
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	479 desperatione secundum differentiam possibilis et impossibilis.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 2</h3><p title="I-II q. 40 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="35240"><span class="ref">[35240] Iª-IIae q. 40 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad secundum
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	480 sic proceditur. Videtur quod spes pertineat ad vim cognitivam. Spes
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	481 enim videtur esse expectatio quaedam, dicit enim apostolus, Rom.
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	482 VIII, <i>si autem quod non videmus speramus, per patientiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	483 expectamus</i>. Sed expectatio videtur ad vim cognitivam pertinere,
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	484 cuius est exspectare. Ergo spes ad cognitivam pertinet.</p><p title="I-II q. 40 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="35241"><span class="ref">[35241] Iª-IIae q. 40 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	485 idem est, ut videtur, spes quod fiducia, unde et sperantes
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	486 confidentes vocamus, quasi pro eodem utentes eo quod est confidere
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	487 et sperare. Sed fiducia, sicut et fides, videtur ad vim cognitivam
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	488 pertinere. Ergo et spes.</p><p title="I-II q. 40 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="35242"><span class="ref">[35242] Iª-IIae q. 40 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	489 certitudo est proprietas cognitivae virtutis. Sed certitudo
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	490 attribuitur spei. Ergo spes ad vim cognitivam pertinet.</p><p title="I-II q. 40 a. 2 s. c."><a name="35243"><span class="ref">[35243] Iª-IIae q. 40 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra,
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	491 spes est de bono, sicut dictum est. Bonum autem, inquantum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	492 huiusmodi, non est obiectum cognitivae, sed appetitivae virtutis.
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	493 Ergo spes non pertinet ad cognitivam, sed ad appetitivam
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	494 virtutem.</p><p title="I-II q. 40 a. 2 co."><a name="35244"><span class="ref">[35244] Iª-IIae q. 40 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	495 dicendum quod, cum spes importet extensionem quandam appetitus in
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	496 bonum, manifeste pertinet ad appetitivam virtutem, motus enim ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	497 res pertinet proprie ad appetitum. Actio vero virtutis cognitivae
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	498 perficitur non secundum motum cognoscentis ad res, sed potius
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	499 secundum quod res cognitae sunt in cognoscente. Sed quia vis
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	500 cognitiva movet appetitivam, repraesentando ei suum obiectum;
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	501 secundum diversas rationes obiecti apprehensi, subsequuntur diversi
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	502 motus in vi appetitiva. Alius enim motus sequitur in appetitu ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	503 apprehensione boni, et alius ex apprehensione mali, et similiter
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	504 alius motus ex apprehensione praesentis et futuri, absoluti et
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	505 ardui, possibilis et impossibilis. Et secundum hoc, spes est motus
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	506 appetitivae virtutis consequens apprehensionem boni futuri ardui
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	507 possibilis adipisci, scilicet extensio appetitus in huiusmodi
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	508 obiectum.</p><p title="I-II q. 40 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="35245"><span class="ref">[35245] Iª-IIae q. 40 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	509 ergo dicendum quod, quia spes respicit ad bonum possibile, insurgit
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	510 dupliciter homini motus spei, sicut dupliciter est ei aliquid
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	511 possibile, scilicet secundum propriam virtutem, et secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	512 virtutem alterius. Quod ergo aliquis sperat per propriam virtutem
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	513 adipisci, non dicitur expectare, sed sperare tantum. Sed proprie
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	514 dicitur expectare quod sperat ex auxilio virtutis alienae, ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	515 dicatur exspectare quasi ex alio spectare, inquantum scilicet vis
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	516 apprehensiva praecedens non solum respicit ad bonum quod intendit
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	517 adipisci, sed etiam ad illud cuius virtute adipisci sperat;
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	518 secundum illud Eccli. li, <i>respiciens eram ad adiutorium
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	519 hominum</i>. Motus ergo spei quandoque dicitur expectatio, propter
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	520 inspectionem virtutis cognitivae praecedentem.</p><p title="I-II q. 40 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="35246"><span class="ref">[35246] Iª-IIae q. 40 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	521 dicendum quod illud quod homo desiderat, et aestimat se posse
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	522 adipisci, credit se adepturum, et ex tali fide in cognitiva
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	523 praecedente, motus sequens in appetitu fiducia nominatur.
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	524 Denominatur enim motus appetitivus a cognitione praecedente, sicut
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	525 effectus ex causa magis nota, magis enim cognoscit vis apprehensiva
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	526 suum actum quam actum appetitivae.</p><p title="I-II q. 40 a. 2 ad 3"><a name="35247"><span class="ref">[35247] Iª-IIae q. 40 a. 2 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	527 dicendum quod certitudo attribuitur motui non solum appetitus
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	528 sensitivi, sed etiam appetitus naturalis, sicut dicitur quod lapis
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	529 certitudinaliter tendit deorsum. Et hoc propter infallibilitatem
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	530 quam habet ex certitudine cognitionis quae praecedit motum
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	531 appetitus sensitivi, vel etiam naturalis.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 3</h3><p title="I-II q. 40 a. 3 arg. 1"><a name="35248"><span class="ref">[35248] Iª-IIae q. 40 a. 3 arg. 1</span></a> Ad tertium
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	532 sic proceditur. Videtur quod in brutis animalibus non sit spes.
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	533 Spes enim est de futuro bono, ut Damascenus dicit. Sed cognoscere
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	534 futurum non pertinet ad animalia bruta, quae habent solum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	535 cognitionem sensitivam, quae non est futurorum. Ergo spes non est
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	536 in brutis animalibus.</p><p title="I-II q. 40 a. 3 arg. 2"><a name="35249"><span class="ref">[35249] Iª-IIae q. 40 a. 3 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	537 obiectum spei est bonum possibile adipisci. Sed possibile et
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	538 impossibile sunt quaedam differentiae veri et falsi, quae solum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	539 sunt in mente, ut philosophus dicit in VI Metaphys. Ergo spes non
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	540 est in brutis animalibus, in quibus non est mens.</p><p title="I-II q. 40 a. 3 arg. 3"><a name="35250"><span class="ref">[35250] Iª-IIae q. 40 a. 3 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	541 Augustinus dicit, super Gen. ad Litt., quod animalia moventur
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	542 visis. Sed spes non est de eo quod videtur, <i>nam quod videt quis,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	543 quid sperat?</i> Ut dicitur Rom. VIII. Ergo spes non est in brutis
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	544 animalibus.</p><p title="I-II q. 40 a. 3 s. c."><a name="35251"><span class="ref">[35251] Iª-IIae q. 40 a. 3 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra,
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	545 spes est passio irascibilis. Sed in brutis animalibus est
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	546 irascibilis. Ergo et spes.</p><p title="I-II q. 40 a. 3 co."><a name="35252"><span class="ref">[35252] Iª-IIae q. 40 a. 3 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	547 dicendum quod interiores passiones animalium ex exterioribus
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	548 motibus deprehendi possunt. Ex quibus apparet quod in animalibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	549 brutis est spes. Si enim canis videat leporem, aut accipiter avem,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	550 nimis distantem, non movetur ad ipsam, quasi non sperans se eam
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	551 posse adipisci, si autem sit in propinquo, movetur, quasi sub spe
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	552 adipiscendi. Ut enim supra dictum est, appetitus sensitivus
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	553 brutorum animalium, et etiam appetitus naturalis rerum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	554 insensibilium, sequuntur apprehensionem alicuius intellectus, sicut
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	555 et appetitus naturae intellectivae, qui dicitur voluntas. Sed in
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	556 hoc est differentia, quod voluntas movetur ex apprehensione
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	557 intellectus coniuncti, sed motus appetitus naturalis sequitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	558 apprehensionem intellectus separati, qui naturam instituit; et
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	559 similiter appetitus sensitivus brutorum animalium, quae etiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	560 quodam instinctu naturali agunt. Unde in operibus brutorum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	561 animalium, et aliarum rerum naturalium, apparet similis processus
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	562 sicut et in operibus artis. Et per hunc modum in animalibus brutis
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	563 est spes et desperatio.</p><p title="I-II q. 40 a. 3 ad 1"><a name="35253"><span class="ref">[35253] Iª-IIae q. 40 a. 3 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	564 ergo dicendum quod, quamvis bruta animalia non cognoscant futurum,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	565 tamen ex instinctu naturali movetur animal ad aliquid in futurum,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	566 ac si futurum praevideret. Huiusmodi enim instinctus est eis
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	567 inditus ab intellectu divino praevidente futura.</p><p title="I-II q. 40 a. 3 ad 2"><a name="35254"><span class="ref">[35254] Iª-IIae q. 40 a. 3 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	568 dicendum quod obiectum spei non est possibile, prout est quaedam
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	569 differentia veri, sic enim consequitur habitudinem praedicati ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	570 subiectum. Sed obiectum spei est possibile quod dicitur secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	571 aliquam potentiam. Sic enim distinguitur possibile in V Metaphys.,
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	572 scilicet in duo possibilia praedicta.</p><p title="I-II q. 40 a. 3 ad 3"><a name="35255"><span class="ref">[35255] Iª-IIae q. 40 a. 3 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	573 dicendum quod, licet id quod est futurum, non cadat sub visu; tamen
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	574 ex his quae videt animal in praesenti, movetur eius appetitus in
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	575 aliquod futurum vel prosequendum vel vitandum.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 4</h3><p title="I-II q. 40 a. 4 arg. 1"><a name="35256"><span class="ref">[35256] Iª-IIae q. 40 a. 4 arg. 1</span></a> Ad quartum
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	576 sic proceditur. Videtur quod desperatio non sit contraria spei. Uni
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	577 enim unum est contrarium, ut dicitur in X Metaphys. Sed spei
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	578 contrariatur timor. Non ergo contrariatur ei desperatio.</p><p title="I-II q. 40 a. 4 arg. 2"><a name="35257"><span class="ref">[35257] Iª-IIae q. 40 a. 4 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	579 contraria videntur esse circa idem. Sed spes et desperatio non sunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	580 circa idem, nam spes respicit bonum, desperatio autem est propter
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	581 aliquod malum impeditivum adeptionis boni. Ergo spes non
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	582 contrariatur desperationi.</p><p title="I-II q. 40 a. 4 arg. 3"><a name="35258"><span class="ref">[35258] Iª-IIae q. 40 a. 4 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	583 motui contrariatur motus, quies vero opponitur motui ut privatio.
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	584 Sed desperatio magis videtur importare immobilitatem quam motum.
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	585 Ergo non contrariatur spei, quae importat motum extensionis in
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	586 bonum speratum.</p><p title="I-II q. 40 a. 4 s. c."><a name="35259"><span class="ref">[35259] Iª-IIae q. 40 a. 4 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	587 est quod desperatio nominatur per contrarium spei.</p><p title="I-II q. 40 a. 4 co."><a name="35260"><span class="ref">[35260] Iª-IIae q. 40 a. 4 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	588 dicendum quod, sicut supra dictum est, in mutationibus invenitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	589 duplex contrarietas. Una secundum accessum ad contrarios terminos,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	590 et talis contrarietas sola invenitur in passionibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	591 concupiscibilis, sicut amor et odium contrariantur. Alio modo, per
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	592 accessum et per recessum respectu eiusdem termini, et talis
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	593 contrarietas invenitur in passionibus irascibilis, sicut supra
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	594 dictum est. Obiectum autem spei, quod est bonum arduum, habet
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	595 quidem rationem attractivi, prout consideratur cum possibilitate
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	596 adipiscendi, et sic tendit in ipsum spes, quae importat quendam
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	597 accessum. Sed secundum quod consideratur cum impossibilitate
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	598 obtinendi, habet rationem repulsivi, quia, ut dicitur in III
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	599 Ethic., <i>cum ventum fuerit ad aliquid impossibile, tunc homines
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	600 discedunt</i>. Et sic respicit hoc obiectum desperatio. Unde
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	601 importat motum cuiusdam recessus. Et propter hoc, contrariatur spei
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	602 sicut recessus accessui.</p><p title="I-II q. 40 a. 4 ad 1"><a name="35261"><span class="ref">[35261] Iª-IIae q. 40 a. 4 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	603 ergo dicendum quod timor contrariatur spei secundum contrarietatem
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	604 obiectorum, scilicet boni et mali, haec enim contrarietas invenitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	605 in passionibus irascibilis, secundum quod derivantur a passionibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	606 concupiscibilis. Sed desperatio contrariatur ei solum secundum
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	607 contrarietatem accessus et recessus.</p><p title="I-II q. 40 a. 4 ad 2"><a name="35262"><span class="ref">[35262] Iª-IIae q. 40 a. 4 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	608 dicendum quod desperatio non respicit malum sub ratione mali, sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	609 per accidens quandoque respicit malum, inquantum facit
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	610 impossibilitatem adipiscendi. Potest autem esse desperatio ex solo
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	611 superexcessu boni.</p><p title="I-II q. 40 a. 4 ad 3"><a name="35263"><span class="ref">[35263] Iª-IIae q. 40 a. 4 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	612 dicendum quod desperatio non importat solam privationem spei; sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	613 importat quendam recessum a re desiderata, propter aestimatam
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	614 impossibilitatem adipiscendi. Unde desperatio praesupponit
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	615 desiderium, sicut et spes, de eo enim quod sub desiderio nostro non
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	616 cadit, neque spem neque desperationem habemus. Et propter hoc
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	617 etiam, utrumque eorum est de bono, quod sub desiderio cadit.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 5</h3><p title="I-II q. 40 a. 5 arg. 1"><a name="35264"><span class="ref">[35264] Iª-IIae q. 40 a. 5 arg. 1</span></a> Ad quintum
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	618 sic proceditur. Videtur quod experientia non sit causa spei.
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	619 Experientia enim ad vim cognitivam pertinet, unde philosophus
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	620 dicit, in II Ethic., quod <i>virtus intellectualis indiget
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	621 experimento et tempore</i>. Spes autem non est in vi cognitiva, sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	622 in appetitiva, ut dictum est. Ergo experientia non est causa
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	623 spei.</p><p title="I-II q. 40 a. 5 arg. 2"><a name="35265"><span class="ref">[35265] Iª-IIae q. 40 a. 5 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	624 philosophus dicit, in II Rhetoric., quod <i>senes sunt difficilis
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	625 spei, propter experientiam</i>, ex quo videtur quod experientia sit
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	626 causa defectus spei. Sed non est idem causa oppositorum. Ergo
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	627 experientia non est causa spei.</p><p title="I-II q. 40 a. 5 arg. 3"><a name="35266"><span class="ref">[35266] Iª-IIae q. 40 a. 5 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	628 philosophus dicit, in II de caelo, quod <i>de omnibus enuntiare
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	629 aliquid, et nihil praetermittere, quandoque est signum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	630 stultitiae</i>. Sed quod homo tentet omnia, ad magnitudinem spei
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	631 pertinere videtur, stultitia autem provenit ex inexperientia. Ergo
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	632 inexperientia videtur esse magis causa spei quam experientia.</p><p title="I-II q. 40 a. 5 s. c."><a name="35267"><span class="ref">[35267] Iª-IIae q. 40 a. 5 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	633 est quod philosophus dicit, in III Ethic., quod <i>aliqui sunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	634 bonae spei, propter multoties et multos vicisse</i>, quod ad
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	635 experientiam pertinet. Ergo experientia est causa spei.</p><p title="I-II q. 40 a. 5 co."><a name="35268"><span class="ref">[35268] Iª-IIae q. 40 a. 5 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	636 dicendum quod, sicut supra dictum est, spei obiectum est bonum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	637 futurum arduum possibile adipisci. Potest ergo aliquid esse causa
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	638 spei, vel quia facit homini aliquid esse possibile, vel quia facit
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	639 eum existimare aliquid esse possibile. Primo modo est causa spei
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	640 omne illud quod auget potestatem hominis, sicut divitiae,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	641 fortitudo, et, inter cetera, etiam experientia, nam per
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	642 experientiam homo acquirit facultatem aliquid de facili faciendi,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	643 et ex hoc sequitur spes. Unde Vegetius dicit, in libro de re
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	644 militari, <i>nemo facere metuit quod se bene didicisse
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	645 confidit</i>. Alio modo est causa spei omne illud quod facit alicui
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	646 existimationem quod aliquid sit sibi possibile. Et hoc modo et
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	647 doctrina, et persuasio quaelibet potest esse causa spei. Et sic
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	648 etiam experientia est causa spei, inquantum scilicet per
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	649 experientiam fit homini existimatio quod aliquid sit sibi
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	650 possibile, quod impossibile ante experientiam reputabat. Sed per
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	651 hunc modum experientia potest etiam esse causa defectus spei. Quia
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	652 sicut per experientiam fit homini existimatio quod aliquid sibi sit
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	653 possibile, quod reputabat impossibile; ita e converso per
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	654 experientiam fit homini existimatio quod aliquid non sit sibi
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	655 possibile, quod possibile existimabat. Sic ergo experientia est
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	656 causa spei duobus modis, causa autem defectus spei, uno modo. Et
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	657 propter hoc, magis dicere possumus eam esse causam spei.</p><p title="I-II q. 40 a. 5 ad 1"><a name="35269"><span class="ref">[35269] Iª-IIae q. 40 a. 5 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	658 ergo dicendum quod experientia in operabilibus non solum causat
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	659 scientiam; sed etiam causat quendam habitum, propter consuetudinem,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	660 qui facit operationem faciliorem. Sed et ipsa virtus intellectualis
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	661 facit ad potestatem facile operandi, demonstrat enim aliquid esse
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	662 possibile. Et sic causat spem.</p><p title="I-II q. 40 a. 5 ad 2"><a name="35270"><span class="ref">[35270] Iª-IIae q. 40 a. 5 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	663 dicendum quod in senibus est defectus spei propter experientiam,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	664 inquantum experientia facit existimationem impossibilis. Unde
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	665 ibidem subditur quod eis multa evenerunt in deterius.</p><p title="I-II q. 40 a. 5 ad 3"><a name="35271"><span class="ref">[35271] Iª-IIae q. 40 a. 5 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	666 dicendum quod stultitia et inexperientia possunt esse causa spei
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	667 quasi per accidens, removendo scilicet scientiam per quam vere
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	668 existimatur aliquid esse non possibile. Unde ea ratione
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	669 inexperientia est causa spei, qua experientia est causa defectus
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	670 spei.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 6</h3><p title="I-II q. 40 a. 6 arg. 1"><a name="35272"><span class="ref">[35272] Iª-IIae q. 40 a. 6 arg. 1</span></a> Ad sextum
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	671 sic proceditur. Videtur quod iuventus et ebrietas non sint causa
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	672 spei. Spes enim importat quandam certitudinem et firmitatem, unde
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	673 ad Heb. VI, spes comparatur ancorae. Sed iuvenes et ebrii deficiunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	674 a firmitate, habent enim animum de facili mutabilem. Ergo iuventus
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	675 et ebrietas non est causa spei.</p><p title="I-II q. 40 a. 6 arg. 2"><a name="35273"><span class="ref">[35273] Iª-IIae q. 40 a. 6 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	676 ea quae augent potestatem, maxime sunt causa spei, ut supra dictum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	677 est. Sed iuventus et ebrietas quandam infirmitatem habent
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	678 adiunctam. Ergo non sunt causa spei.</p><p title="I-II q. 40 a. 6 arg. 3"><a name="35274"><span class="ref">[35274] Iª-IIae q. 40 a. 6 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	679 experientia est causa spei, ut dictum est. Sed iuvenibus
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	680 experientia deficit. Ergo iuventus non est causa spei.</p><p title="I-II q. 40 a. 6 s. c."><a name="35275"><span class="ref">[35275] Iª-IIae q. 40 a. 6 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	681 est quod philosophus dicit, in III Ethic., quod <i>inebriati sunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	682 bene sperantes</i>. Et in II Rhetoric. dicitur quod <i>iuvenes sunt
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	683 bonae spei</i>.</p><p title="I-II q. 40 a. 6 co."><a name="35276"><span class="ref">[35276] Iª-IIae q. 40 a. 6 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	684 dicendum quod iuventus est causa spei propter tria, ut philosophus
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	685 dicit in II Rhetoric. Et haec tria possunt accipi secundum tres
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	686 conditiones boni quod est obiectum spei, quod est futurum, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	687 arduum, et possibile, ut dictum est. Iuvenes enim multum habent de
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	688 futuro, et parum de praeterito. Et ideo, quia memoria est
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	689 praeteriti, spes autem futuri; parum habent de memoria, sed multum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	690 vivunt in spe. Iuvenes etiam, propter caliditatem naturae, habent
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	691 multos spiritus, et ita in eis cor ampliatur. Ex amplitudine autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	692 cordis est quod aliquis ad ardua tendat. Et ideo iuvenes sunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	693 animosi et bonae spei. Similiter etiam illi qui non sunt passi
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	694 repulsam, nec experti impedimenta in suis conatibus, de facili
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	695 reputant aliquid sibi possibile. Unde et iuvenes, propter
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	696 inexperientiam impedimentorum et defectuum, de facili reputant
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	697 aliquid sibi possibile. Et ideo sunt bonae spei. Duo etiam istorum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	698 sunt in ebriis, scilicet caliditas et multiplicatio spirituum,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	699 propter vinum; et iterum inconsideratio periculorum vel defectuum.
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	700 Et propter eandem rationem etiam omnes stulti, et deliberatione non
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	701 utentes, omnia tentant, et sunt bonae spei.</p><p title="I-II q. 40 a. 6 ad 1"><a name="35277"><span class="ref">[35277] Iª-IIae q. 40 a. 6 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	702 ergo dicendum quod in iuvenibus et in ebriis licet non sit firmitas
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	703 secundum rei veritatem, est tamen in eis secundum eorum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	704 aestimationem, reputant enim se firmiter assecuturos illud quod
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	705 sperant.</p><p title="I-II q. 40 a. 6 ad 2"><a name="35278"><span class="ref">[35278] Iª-IIae q. 40 a. 6 ad 2</span></a> Et similiter
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	706 dicendum ad secundum, quod iuvenes et ebrii habent quidem
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	707 infirmitatem secundum rei veritatem, sed secundum eorum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	708 existimationem, habent potestatem; quia suos defectus non
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	709 cognoscunt.</p><p title="I-II q. 40 a. 6 ad 3"><a name="35279"><span class="ref">[35279] Iª-IIae q. 40 a. 6 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	710 dicendum quod non solum experientia, sed etiam inexperientia est
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	711 quodammodo causa spei, ut dictum est.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 7</h3><p title="I-II q. 40 a. 7 arg. 1"><a name="35280"><span class="ref">[35280] Iª-IIae q. 40 a. 7 arg. 1</span></a> Ad septimum
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	712 sic proceditur. Videtur quod spes non sit causa amoris. Quia
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	713 secundum Augustinum, XIV de Civ. Dei, prima affectionum animae est
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	714 amor. Sed spes est quaedam affectio animae. Amor ergo praecedit
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	715 spem. Non ergo spes causat amorem.</p><p title="I-II q. 40 a. 7 arg. 2"><a name="35281"><span class="ref">[35281] Iª-IIae q. 40 a. 7 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	716 desiderium praecedit spem. Sed desiderium causatur ex amore, ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	717 dictum est. Ergo etiam spes sequitur amorem. Non ergo causat
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	718 ipsum.</p><p title="I-II q. 40 a. 7 arg. 3"><a name="35282"><span class="ref">[35282] Iª-IIae q. 40 a. 7 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	719 spes causat delectationem, ut supra dictum est. Sed delectatio non
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	720 est nisi de bono amato. Ergo amor praecedit spem.</p><p title="I-II q. 40 a. 7 s. c."><a name="35283"><span class="ref">[35283] Iª-IIae q. 40 a. 7 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	721 est quod Matth. I, super illud, Abraham genuit Isaac, Isaac autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	722 genuit Iacob, dicit Glossa, <i>idest, fides spem, spes
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	723 caritatem</i>. Caritas autem est amor. Ergo amor causatur a
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	724 spe.</p><p title="I-II q. 40 a. 7 co."><a name="35284"><span class="ref">[35284] Iª-IIae q. 40 a. 7 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	725 dicendum quod spes duo respicere potest. Respicit enim sicut
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	726 obiectum, bonum speratum. Sed quia bonum speratum est arduum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	727 possibile; aliquando autem fit aliquod arduum possibile nobis, non
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	728 per nos, sed per alios; ideo spes etiam respicit illud per quod fit
112 5cef55a2686a through FS_iv/sth2049 ht parents: 59 diff changeset	729 nobis aliquid possibile.</p><p>Inquantum igitur spes respicit bonum
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	730 speratum, spes ex amore causatur, non enim est spes nisi de bono
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	731 desiderato et amato. Inquantum vero spes respicit illum per quem
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	732 fit aliquid nobis possibile, sic amor causatur ex spe, et non e
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	733 converso. Ex hoc enim quod per aliquem speramus nobis posse
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	734 provenire bona, movemur in ipsum sicut in bonum nostrum, et sic
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	735 incipimus ipsum amare. Ex hoc autem quod amamus aliquem, non
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	736 speramus de eo, nisi per accidens, inquantum scilicet credimus nos
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	737 redamari ab ipso. Unde amari ab aliquo facit nos sperare de eo, sed
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	738 amor eius causatur ex spe quam de eo habemus.</p><p title="I-II q. 40 a. 7 ad arg."><a name="35285"><span class="ref">[35285] Iª-IIae q. 40 a. 7 ad arg.</span></a> Et per
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	739 haec patet responsio ad obiecta.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 8</h3><p title="I-II q. 40 a. 8 arg. 1"><a name="35286"><span class="ref">[35286] Iª-IIae q. 40 a. 8 arg. 1</span></a> Ad octavum
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	740 sic proceditur. Videtur quod spes non adiuvet operationem, sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	741 magis impediat. Ad spem enim securitas pertinet. Sed securitas
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	742 parit negligentiam, quae impedit operationem. Ergo spes impedit
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	743 operationem.</p><p title="I-II q. 40 a. 8 arg. 2"><a name="35287"><span class="ref">[35287] Iª-IIae q. 40 a. 8 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	744 tristitia impedit operationem, ut supra dictum est. Sed spes
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	745 quandoque causat tristitiam, dicitur enim Prov. XIII, <i>spes quae
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	746 differtur, affligit animam</i>. Ergo spes impedit operationem.</p><p title="I-II q. 40 a. 8 arg. 3"><a name="35288"><span class="ref">[35288] Iª-IIae q. 40 a. 8 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	747 desperatio contrariatur spei, ut dictum est. Sed desperatio, maxime
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	748 in rebus bellicis, adiuvat operationem, dicitur enim II Reg. II,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	749 quod <i>periculosa res est desperatio</i>. Ergo spes facit
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	750 contrarium effectum, impediendo scilicet operationem.</p><p title="I-II q. 40 a. 8 s. c."><a name="35289"><span class="ref">[35289] Iª-IIae q. 40 a. 8 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	751 est quod dicitur I ad Cor. IX, quod <i>qui arat, debet arare in spe
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	752 fructus percipiendi</i>. Et eadem ratio est in omnibus aliis.</p><p title="I-II q. 40 a. 8 co."><a name="35290"><span class="ref">[35290] Iª-IIae q. 40 a. 8 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	753 dicendum quod spes per se habet quod adiuvet operationem,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	754 intendendo ipsam. Et hoc ex duobus. Primo quidem, ex ratione sui
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	755 obiecti, quod est bonum arduum possibile. Existimatio enim ardui
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	756 excitat attentionem, existimatio vero possibilis non retardat
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	757 conatum. Unde sequitur quod homo intente operetur propter spem.
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	758 Secundo vero, ex ratione sui effectus. Spes enim, ut supra dictum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	759 est, causat delectationem, quae adiuvat operationem, ut supra
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	760 dictum est. Unde spes operationem adiuvat.</p><p title="I-II q. 40 a. 8 ad 1"><a name="35291"><span class="ref">[35291] Iª-IIae q. 40 a. 8 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	761 ergo dicendum quod spes respicit bonum consequendum, securitas
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	762 autem respicit malum vitandum. Unde securitas magis videtur opponi
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	763 timori, quam ad spem pertinere. Et tamen securitas non causat
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	764 negligentiam, nisi inquantum diminuit existimationem ardui, in quo
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	765 etiam diminuitur ratio spei. Illa enim in quibus homo nullum
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	766 impedimentum timet, quasi iam non reputantur ardua.</p><p title="I-II q. 40 a. 8 ad 2"><a name="35292"><span class="ref">[35292] Iª-IIae q. 40 a. 8 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	767 dicendum quod spes per se causat delectationem, sed per accidens
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	768 est ut causet tristitiam, ut supra dictum est.</p><p title="I-II q. 40 a. 8 ad 3"><a name="35293"><span class="ref">[35293] Iª-IIae q. 40 a. 8 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	769 dicendum quod desperatio in bello fit periculosa, propter aliquam
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	770 spem adiunctam. Illi enim qui desperant de fuga, debilitantur in
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	771 fugiendo, sed sperant mortem suam vindicare. Et ideo ex hac spe
59 03759e5c1080 fix multi-para s.c. ht parents: 53 diff changeset	772 acrius pugnant, unde periculosi hostibus fiunt.</p></div></div><div id="q41" class="q"><h2>Quaestio 41</h2><div class="p"><h3>Prooemium</h3><p title="I-II q. 41 pr."><a name="35294"><span class="ref">[35294]
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	773 Iª-IIae q. 41 pr.</span></a> Consequenter considerandum est,
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	774 primo, de timore; et secundo, de audacia. Circa timorem
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	775 consideranda sunt quatuor, primo, de ipso timore; secundo, de
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	776 obiecto eius; tertio, de causa ipsius; quarto, de effectu. Circa
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	777 primum quaeruntur quatuor. Primo, utrum timor sit passio animae.
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	778 Secundo, utrum sit specialis passio. Tertio, utrum sit aliquis
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	779 timor naturalis. Quarto, de speciebus timoris.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 1</h3><p title="I-II q. 41 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="35295"><span class="ref">[35295] Iª-IIae q. 41 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad primum
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	780 sic proceditur. Videtur quod timor non sit passio animae. Dicit
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	781 enim Damascenus, in libro III, quod timor est virtus secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	782 systolen idest contractionem, essentiae desiderativa. Sed nulla
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	783 virtus est passio, ut probatur in II Ethic. Ergo timor non est
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	784 passio.</p><p title="I-II q. 41 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="35296"><span class="ref">[35296] Iª-IIae q. 41 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	785 omnis passio est effectus ex praesentia agentis proveniens. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	786 timor non est de aliquo praesenti, sed de futuro, ut Damascenus
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	787 dicit in II libro. Ergo timor non est passio.</p><p title="I-II q. 41 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="35297"><span class="ref">[35297] Iª-IIae q. 41 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	788 omnis passio animae est motus appetitus sensitivi, qui sequitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	789 apprehensionem sensus. Sensus autem non est apprehensivus futuri,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	790 sed praesentis. Cum ergo timor sit de malo futuro, videtur quod non
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	791 sit passio animae.</p><p title="I-II q. 41 a. 1 s. c."><a name="35298"><span class="ref">[35298] Iª-IIae q. 41 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	792 est quod Augustinus, in XIV de Civ. Dei, enumerat timorem inter
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	793 alias animae passiones.</p><p title="I-II q. 41 a. 1 co."><a name="35299"><span class="ref">[35299] Iª-IIae q. 41 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	794 dicendum quod, inter ceteros animae motus, post tristitiam, timor
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	795 magis rationem obtinet passionis. Ut enim supra dictum est, ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	796 rationem passionis primo quidem pertinet quod sit motus passivae
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	797 virtutis, ad quam scilicet comparetur suum obiectum per modum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	798 activi moventis, eo quod passio est effectus agentis. Et per hunc
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	799 modum, etiam sentire et intelligere dicuntur pati. Secundo, magis
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	800 proprie dicitur passio motus appetitivae virtutis. Et adhuc magis
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	801 proprie, motus appetitivae virtutis habentis organum corporale, qui
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	802 fit cum aliqua transmutatione corporali. Et adhuc propriissime illi
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	803 motus passiones dicuntur, qui important aliquod nocumentum.
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	804 Manifestum est autem quod timor, cum sit de malo, ad appetitivam
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	805 potentiam pertinet, quae per se respicit bonum et malum. Pertinet
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	806 autem ad appetitum sensitivum, fit enim cum quadam transmutatione,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	807 scilicet cum contractione, ut Damascenus dicit. Et importat etiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	808 habitudinem ad malum, secundum quod malum habet quodammodo
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	809 victoriam super aliquod bonum. Unde verissime sibi competit ratio
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	810 passionis. Tamen post tristitiam, quae est de malo praesenti, nam
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	811 timor est de malo futuro, quod non ita movet sicut praesens.</p><p title="I-II q. 41 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="35300"><span class="ref">[35300] Iª-IIae q. 41 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	812 ergo dicendum quod virtus nominat quoddam principium actionis, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	813 ideo, inquantum interiores motus appetitivae virtutis sunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	814 principia exteriorum actuum, dicuntur virtutes. Philosophus autem
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	815 negat passionem esse virtutem quae est habitus.</p><p title="I-II q. 41 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="35301"><span class="ref">[35301] Iª-IIae q. 41 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	816 dicendum quod, sicut passio corporis naturalis provenit ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	817 corporali praesentia agentis, ita passio animae provenit ex animali
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	818 praesentia agentis, absque praesentia corporali vel reali,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	819 inquantum scilicet malum quod est futurum realiter, est praesens
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	820 secundum apprehensionem animae.</p><p title="I-II q. 41 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="35302"><span class="ref">[35302] Iª-IIae q. 41 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	821 dicendum quod sensus non apprehendit futurum, sed ex eo quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	822 apprehendit praesens, animal naturali instinctu movetur ad
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	823 sperandum futurum bonum, vel timendum futurum malum.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 2</h3><p title="I-II q. 41 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="35303"><span class="ref">[35303] Iª-IIae q. 41 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad secundum
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	824 sic proceditur. Videtur quod timor non sit specialis passio. Dicit
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	825 enim Augustinus, in libro octoginta trium quaest., quod <i>quem non
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	826 exanimat metus, nec cupiditas eum vastat, nec aegritudo</i>, idest
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	827 tristitia, <i>macerat, nec ventilat gestiens et vana laetitia</i>.
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	828 Ex quo videtur quod, remoto timore, omnes aliae passiones
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	829 removentur. Non ergo passio est specialis, sed generalis.</p><p title="I-II q. 41 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="35304"><span class="ref">[35304] Iª-IIae q. 41 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	830 philosophus dicit, in VI Ethic., quod <i>ita se habet in appetitu
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	831 prosecutio et fuga, sicut in intellectu affirmatio et negatio</i>.
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	832 Sed negatio non est aliquid speciale in intellectu, sicut nec
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	833 affirmatio, sed aliquid commune ad multa. Ergo nec fuga in
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	834 appetitu. Sed nihil est aliud timor quam fuga quaedam mali. Ergo
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	835 timor non est passio specialis.</p><p title="I-II q. 41 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="35305"><span class="ref">[35305] Iª-IIae q. 41 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	836 si timor esset passio specialis, praecipue in irascibili esset. Est
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	837 autem timor etiam in concupiscibili. Dicit enim philosophus, in II
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	838 Rhetoric., quod timor est tristitia quaedam, et Damascenus dicit
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	839 quod timor est virtus desiderativa, tristitia autem et desiderium
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	840 sunt in concupiscibili, ut supra dictum est. Non est ergo passio
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	841 specialis, cum pertineat ad diversas potentias.</p><p title="I-II q. 41 a. 2 s. c."><a name="35306"><span class="ref">[35306] Iª-IIae q. 41 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	842 est quod condividitur aliis passionibus animae; ut patet per
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	843 Damascenum, in II libro.</p><p title="I-II q. 41 a. 2 co."><a name="35307"><span class="ref">[35307] Iª-IIae q. 41 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	844 dicendum quod passiones animae recipiunt speciem ex obiectis. Unde
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	845 specialis passio est quae habet speciale obiectum. Timor autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	846 habet speciale obiectum, sicut et spes. Sicut enim obiectum spei
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	847 est bonum futurum arduum possibile adipisci; ita obiectum timoris
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	848 est malum futurum difficile cui resisti non potest. Unde timor est
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	849 specialis passio animae.</p><p title="I-II q. 41 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="35308"><span class="ref">[35308] Iª-IIae q. 41 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	850 ergo dicendum quod omnes passiones animae derivantur ex uno
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	851 principio, scilicet ex amore, in quo habent ad invicem connexionem.
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	852 Et ratione huius connexionis, remoto timore, removentur aliae
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	853 passiones animae, non ideo quia sit passio generalis.</p><p title="I-II q. 41 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="35309"><span class="ref">[35309] Iª-IIae q. 41 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	854 dicendum quod non omnis fuga appetitus est timor, sed fuga ab
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	855 aliquo speciali obiecto, ut dictum est. Et ideo, licet fuga sit
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	856 quoddam generale, tamen timor est passio specialis.</p><p title="I-II q. 41 a. 2 ad 3"><a name="35310"><span class="ref">[35310] Iª-IIae q. 41 a. 2 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	857 dicendum quod timor nullo modo est in concupiscibili, non enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	858 respicit malum absolute, sed cum quadam difficultate vel arduitate,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	859 ut ei resisti vix possit. Sed quia passiones irascibilis derivantur
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	860 a passionibus concupiscibilis et ad eas terminantur, ut supra
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	861 dictum est; ideo timori attribuuntur ea quae sunt concupiscibilis.
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	862 Dicitur enim timor esse tristitia, inquantum obiectum, timoris est
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	863 contristans, si praesens fuerit, unde et philosophus dicit ibidem
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	864 quod timor procedit ex phantasia futuri mali corruptivi vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	865 contristativi. Similiter et desiderium attribuitur a Damasceno
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	866 timori, quia, sicut spes oritur a desiderio boni ita timor ex fuga
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	867 mali; fuga autem mali oritur ex desiderio boni, ut ex supra dictis
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	868 patet.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 3</h3><p title="I-II q. 41 a. 3 arg. 1"><a name="35311"><span class="ref">[35311] Iª-IIae q. 41 a. 3 arg. 1</span></a> Ad tertium
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	869 sic proceditur. Videtur quod timor aliquis sit naturalis. Dicit
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	870 enim Damascenus, in III libro, quod <i>est quidam timor naturalis,
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	871 nolente anima dividi a corpore</i>.</p><p title="I-II q. 41 a. 3 arg. 2"><a name="35312"><span class="ref">[35312] Iª-IIae q. 41 a. 3 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	872 timor ex amore oritur, ut dictum est. Sed est aliquis amor
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	873 naturalis, ut Dionysius dicit, IV cap. de Div. Nom. Ergo etiam est
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	874 aliquis timor naturalis.</p><p title="I-II q. 41 a. 3 arg. 3"><a name="35313"><span class="ref">[35313] Iª-IIae q. 41 a. 3 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	875 timor opponitur spei, ut supra dictum est. Sed est aliqua spes
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	876 naturae, ut patet per id quod dicitur Rom. IV, de Abraham, quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	877 contra spem naturae, in spem gratiae credidit. Ergo etiam est
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	878 aliquis timor naturae.</p><p title="I-II q. 41 a. 3 s. c."><a name="35314"><span class="ref">[35314] Iª-IIae q. 41 a. 3 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra,
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	879 ea quae sunt naturalia, communiter inveniuntur in rebus animatis et
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	880 inanimatis. Sed timor non invenitur in rebus inanimatis. Ergo timor
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	881 non est naturalis.</p><p title="I-II q. 41 a. 3 co."><a name="35315"><span class="ref">[35315] Iª-IIae q. 41 a. 3 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	882 dicendum quod aliquis motus dicitur naturalis, quia ad ipsum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	883 inclinat natura. Sed hoc contingit dupliciter. Uno modo, quod totum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	884 perficitur a natura, absque aliqua operatione apprehensivae
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	885 virtutis, sicut moveri sursum est motus naturalis ignis, et augeri
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	886 est motus naturalis animalium et plantarum. Alio modo dicitur motus
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	887 naturalis, ad quem natura inclinat, licet non perficiatur nisi per
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	888 apprehensionem, quia, sicut supra dictum est, motus cognitivae et
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	889 appetitivae virtutis reducuntur in naturam, sicut in principium
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	890 primum. Et per hunc modum, etiam ipsi actus apprehensivae virtutis,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	891 ut intelligere, sentire et memorari, et etiam motus appetitus
112 5cef55a2686a through FS_iv/sth2049 ht parents: 59 diff changeset	892 animalis, quandoque dicuntur naturales.</p><p> Et per hunc modum potest
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	893 dici timor naturalis. Et distinguitur a timore non naturali,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	894 secundum diversitatem obiecti. Est enim, ut philosophus dicit in II
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	895 Rhetoric., timor de malo corruptivo, quod natura refugit propter
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	896 naturale desiderium essendi, et talis timor dicitur naturalis. Est
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	897 iterum de malo contristativo, quod non repugnat naturae, sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	898 desiderio appetitus, et talis timor non est naturalis. Sicut etiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	899 supra amor, concupiscentia et delectatio distincta sunt per
112 5cef55a2686a through FS_iv/sth2049 ht parents: 59 diff changeset	900 naturale et non naturale.</p><p> Sed secundum primam acceptionem
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	901 naturalis, sciendum est quod quaedam de passionibus animae
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	902 quandoque dicuntur naturales, ut amor, desiderium et spes, aliae
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	903 vero naturales dici non possunt. Et hoc ideo, quia amor et odium,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	904 desiderium et fuga, important inclinationem quandam ad prosequendum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	905 bonum et fugiendum malum; quae quidem inclinatio pertinet etiam ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	906 appetitum naturalem. Et ideo est amor quidam naturalis, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	907 desiderium vel spes potest quodammodo dici etiam in rebus
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	908 naturalibus cognitione carentibus. Sed aliae passiones animae
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	909 important quosdam motus ad quos nullo modo sufficit inclinatio
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	910 naturalis. Vel quia de ratione harum passionum est sensus seu
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	911 cognitio, sicut dictum est quod apprehensio requiritur ad rationem
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	912 delectationis et doloris, unde quae carent cognitione, non possunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	913 dici delectari vel dolere. Aut quia huiusmodi motus sunt contra
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	914 rationem inclinationis naturalis, puta quod desperatio refugit
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	915 bonum propter aliquam difficultatem; et timor refugit impugnationem
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	916 mali contrarii, ad quod est inclinatio naturalis. Et ideo huiusmodi
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	917 passiones nullo modo attribuuntur rebus inanimatis.</p><p title="I-II q. 41 a. 3 ad arg."><a name="35316"><span class="ref">[35316] Iª-IIae q. 41 a. 3 ad arg.</span></a> Et per hoc
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	918 patet responsio ad obiecta.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 4</h3><p title="I-II q. 41 a. 4 arg. 1"><a name="35317"><span class="ref">[35317] Iª-IIae q. 41 a. 4 arg. 1</span></a> Ad quartum
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	919 sic proceditur. Videtur quod inconvenienter Damascenus assignet sex
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	920 species timoris, scilicet <i>segnitiem, erubescentiam, verecundiam,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	921 admirationem, stuporem, agoniam</i>. Ut enim philosophus dicit, in
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	922 II Rhetoric., <i>timor est de malo contristativo</i>. Ergo species
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	923 timoris debent respondere speciebus tristitiae. Sunt autem quatuor
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	924 species tristitiae, ut supra dictum est. Ergo solum debent esse
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	925 quatuor species timoris, eis correspondentes.</p><p title="I-II q. 41 a. 4 arg. 2"><a name="35318"><span class="ref">[35318] Iª-IIae q. 41 a. 4 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	926 illud quod in actu nostro consistit, nostrae potestati subiicitur.
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	927 Sed timor est de malo quod excedit potestatem nostram, ut dictum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	928 est. Non ergo segnities et erubescentia et verecundia, quae
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	929 respiciunt operationem nostram, debent poni species timoris.</p><p title="I-II q. 41 a. 4 arg. 3"><a name="35319"><span class="ref">[35319] Iª-IIae q. 41 a. 4 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	930 timor est de futuro, ut dictum est. Sed verecundia est de turpi
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	931 actu iam commisso, ut Gregorius Nyssenus dicit. Ergo verecundia non
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	932 est species timoris.</p><p title="I-II q. 41 a. 4 arg. 4"><a name="35320"><span class="ref">[35320] Iª-IIae q. 41 a. 4 arg. 4</span></a> Praeterea,
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	933 timor non est nisi de malo. Sed admiratio et stupor sunt de magno
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	934 et insolito, sive bono sive malo. Ergo admiratio et stupor non sunt
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	935 species timoris.</p><p title="I-II q. 41 a. 4 arg. 5"><a name="35321"><span class="ref">[35321] Iª-IIae q. 41 a. 4 arg. 5</span></a> Praeterea,
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	936 philosophi ex admiratione sunt moti ad inquirendum veritatem, ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	937 dicitur in principio Metaphys. Timor autem non movet ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	938 inquirendum, sed magis ad fugiendum. Ergo admiratio non est species
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	939 timoris.</p><p title="I-II q. 41 a. 4 s. c."><a name="35322"><span class="ref">[35322] Iª-IIae q. 41 a. 4 s. c.</span></a> Sed in
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	940 contrarium sufficiat auctoritas Damasceni et Gregorii Nysseni.</p><p title="I-II q. 41 a. 4 co."><a name="35323"><span class="ref">[35323] Iª-IIae q. 41 a. 4 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	941 dicendum quod, sicut dictum est, timor est de futuro malo quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	942 excedit potestatem timentis, ut scilicet ei resisti non possit.
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	943 Sicut autem bonum hominis, ita et malum, potest considerari vel in
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	944 operatione ipsius, vel in exterioribus rebus. In operatione autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	945 ipsius hominis, potest duplex malum timeri. Primo quidem, labor
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	946 gravans naturam. Et sic causatur segnities, cum scilicet aliquis
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	947 refugit operari, propter timorem excedentis laboris. Secundo,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	948 turpitudo laedens opinionem. Et sic, si turpitudo timeatur in actu
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	949 committendo, est erubescentia, si autem sit de turpi iam facto, est
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	950 verecundia. Malum autem quod in exterioribus rebus consistit,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	951 triplici ratione potest excedere hominis facultatem ad resistendum.
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	952 Primo quidem, ratione suae magnitudinis, cum scilicet aliquis
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	953 considerat aliquod magnum malum, cuius exitum considerare non
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	954 sufficit. Et sic est admiratio. Secundo, ratione dissuetudinis,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	955 quia scilicet aliquod malum inconsuetum nostrae considerationi
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	956 offertur, et sic est magnum nostra reputatione. Et hoc modo est
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	957 stupor, qui causatur ex insolita imaginatione. Tertio modo, ratione
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	958 improvisionis, quia scilicet provideri non potest, sicut futura
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	959 infortunia timentur. Et talis timor dicitur agonia.</p><p title="I-II q. 41 a. 4 ad 1"><a name="35324"><span class="ref">[35324] Iª-IIae q. 41 a. 4 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	960 ergo dicendum quod illae species tristitiae quae supra positae
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	961 sunt, non accipiuntur secundum diversitatem obiecti, sed secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	962 effectus, et secundum quasdam speciales rationes. Et ideo non
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	963 oportet quod illae species tristitiae respondeant istis speciebus
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	964 timoris, quae accipiuntur secundum divisionem propriam obiecti
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	965 ipsius timoris.</p><p title="I-II q. 41 a. 4 ad 2"><a name="35325"><span class="ref">[35325] Iª-IIae q. 41 a. 4 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	966 dicendum quod operatio secundum quod iam fit, subditur potestati
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	967 operantis. Sed aliquid circa operationem considerari potest
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	968 facultatem operantis excedens, propter quod aliquis refugit
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	969 actionem. Et secundum hoc, segnities, erubescentia et verecundia
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	970 ponuntur species timoris.</p><p title="I-II q. 41 a. 4 ad 3"><a name="35326"><span class="ref">[35326] Iª-IIae q. 41 a. 4 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	971 dicendum quod de actu praeterito potest timeri convitium vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	972 opprobrium futurum. Et secundum hoc, verecundia est species
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	973 timoris.</p><p title="I-II q. 41 a. 4 ad 4"><a name="35327"><span class="ref">[35327] Iª-IIae q. 41 a. 4 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	974 dicendum quod non quaelibet admiratio et stupor sunt species
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	975 timoris, sed admiratio quae est de magno malo, et stupor qui est de
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	976 malo insolito. Vel potest dici quod, sicut segnities refugit
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	977 laborem exterioris operationis, ita admiratio et stupor refugiunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	978 difficultatem considerationis rei magnae et insolitae, sive sit
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	979 bona sive mala, ut hoc modo se habeat admiratio et stupor ad actum
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	980 intellectus, sicut segnities ad exteriorem actum.</p><p title="I-II q. 41 a. 4 ad 5"><a name="35328"><span class="ref">[35328] Iª-IIae q. 41 a. 4 ad 5</span></a> Ad quintum
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	981 dicendum quod admirans refugit in praesenti dare iudicium de eo
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	982 quod miratur, timens defectum, sed in futurum inquirit. Stupens
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	983 autem timet et in praesenti iudicare, et in futuro inquirere. Unde
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	984 admiratio est principium philosophandi, sed stupor est
59 03759e5c1080 fix multi-para s.c. ht parents: 53 diff changeset	985 philosophicae considerationis impedimentum.</p></div></div><div id="q42" class="q"><h2>Quaestio 42</h2><div class="p"><h3>Prooemium</h3><p title="I-II q. 42 pr."><a name="35329"><span class="ref">[35329]
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	986 Iª-IIae q. 42 pr.</span></a> Deinde considerandum est de
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	987 obiecto timoris. Et circa hoc quaeruntur sex. Primo, utrum bonum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	988 sit obiectum timoris, vel malum. Secundo, utrum malum naturae sit
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	989 obiectum timoris. Tertio, utrum timor sit de malo culpae. Quarto,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	990 utrum ipse timor timeri possit. Quinto, utrum repentina magis
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	991 timeantur. Sexto, utrum ea contra quae non est remedium, magis
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	992 timeantur.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 1</h3><p title="I-II q. 42 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="35330"><span class="ref">[35330] Iª-IIae q. 42 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad primum
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	993 sic proceditur. Videtur quod bonum sit obiectum timoris. Dicit enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	994 Augustinus, in libro octoginta trium quaest., quod <i>nihil
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	995 timemus, nisi ne id quod amamus, aut adeptum amittamus, aut non
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	996 adipiscamur speratum</i>. Sed id quod amamus est bonum. Ergo timor
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	997 respicit bonum sicut proprium obiectum.</p><p title="I-II q. 42 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="35331"><span class="ref">[35331] Iª-IIae q. 42 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	998 philosophus dicit, in II Rhetoric., quod <i>potestas, et super
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	999 alium ipsum esse, est terribile</i>. Sed huiusmodi est quoddam
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1000 bonum. Ergo bonum est obiectum timoris.</p><p title="I-II q. 42 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="35332"><span class="ref">[35332] Iª-IIae q. 42 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1001 in Deo nihil malum esse potest. Sed mandatur nobis ut Deum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1002 timeamus; secundum illud Psalmi XXXIII, <i>timete dominum, omnes
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1003 sancti eius</i>. Ergo etiam timor est de bono.</p><p title="I-II q. 42 a. 1 s. c."><a name="35333"><span class="ref">[35333] Iª-IIae q. 42 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1004 est quod Damascenus dicit, in II libro, quod timor est de malo
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1005 futuro.</p><p title="I-II q. 42 a. 1 co."><a name="35334"><span class="ref">[35334] Iª-IIae q. 42 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1006 dicendum quod timor est quidam motus appetitivae virtutis. Ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1007 virtutem autem appetitivam pertinet prosecutio et fuga, ut dicitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1008 in VI Ethic. Est autem prosecutio boni. Fuga autem mali. Unde
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1009 quicumque motus appetitivae virtutis importat prosecutionem, habet
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1010 aliquod bonum pro obiecto, quicumque autem importat fugam, habet
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1011 malum pro obiecto. Unde, cum timor fugam quandam importet, primo et
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1012 per se respicit malum sicut proprium obiectum. Potest autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1013 respicere etiam bonum, secundum quod habet habitudinem ad malum.
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1014 Quod quidem potest esse dupliciter. Uno quidem modo, inquantum per
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1015 malum privatur bonum. Ex hoc autem ipso est aliquid malum, quod est
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1016 privativum boni. Unde, cum fugiatur malum quia malum est, sequitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1017 ut fugiatur quia privat bonum quod quis amando prosequitur. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1018 secundum hoc dicit Augustinus quod nulla est causa timendi, nisi ne
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1019 amittatur bonum amatum. Alio modo comparatur bonum ad malum, ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1020 causa ipsius, inquantum scilicet aliquod bonum sua virtute potest
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1021 inducere aliquod nocumentum in bono amato. Et ideo, sicut spes, ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1022 supra dictum est, ad duo respicit, scilicet ad bonum in quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1023 tendit, et ad id per quod sperat se bonum concupitum adipisci; ita
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1024 etiam timor ad duo respicit, scilicet ad malum quod refugit, et ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1025 illud bonum quod sua virtute potest infligere malum. Et per hunc
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1026 modum Deus timetur ab homine, inquantum potest infligere poenam,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1027 vel spiritualem vel corporalem. Per hunc etiam modum timetur
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1028 potestas alicuius hominis, maxime quando est laesa, vel quando est
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1029 iniusta, quia sic in promptu habet nocumentum inferre. Ita etiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1030 timetur super alium esse, idest inniti alii, ut scilicet in eius
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1031 potestate sic constitutum nobis nocumentum inferre, sicut ille qui
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1032 est conscius criminis, timetur, ne crimen revelet.</p><p title="I-II q. 42 a. 1 ad arg."><a name="35335"><span class="ref">[35335] Iª-IIae q. 42 a. 1 ad arg.</span></a> Et per hoc
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1033 patet responsio ad obiecta.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 2</h3><p title="I-II q. 42 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="35336"><span class="ref">[35336] Iª-IIae q. 42 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad secundum
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1034 sic proceditur. Videtur quod timor non sit de malo naturae. Dicit
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1035 enim philosophus, in II Rhetoric., quod <i>timor consiliativos
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1036 facit</i>. Non autem consiliamur de his quae a natura eveniunt, ut
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1037 dicitur in III Ethic. Ergo timor non est de malo naturae.</p><p title="I-II q. 42 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="35337"><span class="ref">[35337] Iª-IIae q. 42 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1038 defectus naturales semper homini imminent, ut mors et alia
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1039 huiusmodi. Si igitur de huiusmodi malis esset timor, oporteret quod
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1040 homo semper esset in timore.</p><p title="I-II q. 42 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="35338"><span class="ref">[35338] Iª-IIae q. 42 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1041 natura non movet ad contraria. Sed malum naturae provenit ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1042 natura. Ergo quod timendo aliquis refugiat huiusmodi malum, non est
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1043 a natura. Timor ergo naturalis non est de malo naturae; ad quem
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1044 tamen hoc malum pertinere videtur.</p><p title="I-II q. 42 a. 2 s. c."><a name="35339"><span class="ref">[35339] Iª-IIae q. 42 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1045 est quod philosophus dicit, in III Ethic., quod inter omnia
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1046 terribilissimum est mors, quae est malum naturae.</p><p title="I-II q. 42 a. 2 co."><a name="35340"><span class="ref">[35340] Iª-IIae q. 42 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1047 dicendum quod, sicut philosophus dicit in II Rhetoric., timor
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1048 provenit <i>ex phantasia futuri mali corruptivi vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1049 contristativi</i>. Sicut autem contristativum malum est quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1050 contrariatur voluntati; ita corruptivum malum est quod contrariatur
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1051 naturae. Et hoc est malum naturae. Unde de malo naturae potest esse
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1052 timor. Sed considerandum est quod malum naturae quandoque est a
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1053 causa naturali, et tunc dicitur malum naturae, non solum quia
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1054 privat naturae bonum, sed etiam quia est effectus naturae; sicut
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1055 mors naturalis, et alii huiusmodi defectus. Aliquando vero malum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1056 naturae provenit ex causa non naturali, sicut mors quae violenter
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1057 infertur a persecutore. Et utroque modo malum naturae quodammodo
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1058 timetur, et quodammodo non timetur. Cum enim timor proveniat ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1059 phantasia futuri mali, ut dicit philosophus; illud quod removet
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1060 futuri mali phantasiam, excludit etiam timorem. Quod autem non
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1061 appareat aliquod malum ut futurum, potest ex duobus contingere. Uno
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1062 quidem modo, ex hoc quod est remotum et distans, hoc enim, propter
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1063 distantiam, imaginamur ut non futurum. Et ideo vel non timemus, vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1064 parum timemus. Ut enim philosophus dicit, in II Rhetoric., <i>quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1065 valde longe sunt non timentur, sciunt enim omnes, quod morientur;
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1066 sed quia non prope est, nihil curant</i>. Alio modo aestimatur
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1067 aliquod malum quod est futurum, ut non futurum, propter
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1068 necessitatem, quae facit ipsum aestimare ut praesens. Unde
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1069 philosophus dicit, in II Rhetoric., quod <i>illi qui iam
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1070 decapitantur non timent</i>, videntes sibi necessitatem mortis
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1071 imminere; sed <i>ad hoc quod aliquis timeat, oportet adesse aliquam
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1072 spem salutis</i>. Sic igitur malum naturae non timetur, quia non
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1073 apprehenditur ut futurum. Si vero malum naturae, quod est
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1074 corruptivum, apprehendatur ut propinquum, et tamen cum aliqua spe
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1075 evasionis, tunc timebitur.</p><p title="I-II q. 42 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="35341"><span class="ref">[35341] Iª-IIae q. 42 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1076 ergo dicendum quod malum naturae quandoque non provenit a natura,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1077 ut dictum est. Secundum tamen quod a natura provenit, etsi non ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1078 toto vitari possit, potest tamen differri. Et sub hac spe, potest
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1079 esse consilium de vitatione ipsius.</p><p title="I-II q. 42 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="35342"><span class="ref">[35342] Iª-IIae q. 42 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1080 dicendum quod malum naturae, etsi semper immineat, non tamen semper
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1081 imminet de propinquo. Et ideo non semper timetur.</p><p title="I-II q. 42 a. 2 ad 3"><a name="35343"><span class="ref">[35343] Iª-IIae q. 42 a. 2 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1082 dicendum quod mors et alii defectus naturae proveniunt a natura
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1083 universali, quibus tamen repugnat natura particularis quantum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1084 potest. Et sic ex inclinatione particularis naturae, est dolor et
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1085 tristitia de huiusmodi malis, cum sunt praesentia; et timor, si
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1086 immineant in futurum.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 3</h3><p title="I-II q. 42 a. 3 arg. 1"><a name="35344"><span class="ref">[35344] Iª-IIae q. 42 a. 3 arg. 1</span></a> Ad tertium
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1087 sic proceditur. Videtur quod timor possit esse de malo culpae.
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1088 Dicit enim Augustinus, super canonicam Ioan., quod <i>timore casto
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1089 timet homo separationem a Deo</i>. Sed nihil separat nos a Deo nisi
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1090 culpa; secundum illud Isaiae LIX. <i>Peccata vestra diviserunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1091 inter vos et Deum vestrum</i>. Ergo timor potest esse de malo
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1092 culpae.</p><p title="I-II q. 42 a. 3 arg. 2"><a name="35345"><span class="ref">[35345] Iª-IIae q. 42 a. 3 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1093 Tullius dicit, in IV de Tusculanis quaest., quod <i>de illis
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1094 timemus, cum futura sunt, de quorum praesentia tristamur</i>. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1095 de malo culpae potest aliquis dolere vel tristari. Ergo etiam malum
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1096 culpae aliquis potest timere.</p><p title="I-II q. 42 a. 3 arg. 3"><a name="35346"><span class="ref">[35346] Iª-IIae q. 42 a. 3 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1097 spes timori opponitur. Sed spes potest esse de bono virtutis, ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1098 patet per philosophum in IX Ethic. Et apostolus dicit, ad Gal. V,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1099 <i>confido de vobis in domino, quod nihil aliud sapietis</i>. Ergo
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1100 etiam timor potest esse de malo culpae.</p><p title="I-II q. 42 a. 3 arg. 4"><a name="35347"><span class="ref">[35347] Iª-IIae q. 42 a. 3 arg. 4</span></a> Praeterea,
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1101 verecundia est quaedam species timoris, ut supra dictum est. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1102 verecundia est de turpi facto. Quod est malum culpae. Ergo et
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1103 timor.</p><p title="I-II q. 42 a. 3 s. c."><a name="35348"><span class="ref">[35348] Iª-IIae q. 42 a. 3 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1104 est quod philosophus dicit, in II Rhetoric., quod <i>non omnia mala
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1105 timentur, puta si aliquis erit iniustus, aut tardus</i>.</p><p title="I-II q. 42 a. 3 co."><a name="35349"><span class="ref">[35349] Iª-IIae q. 42 a. 3 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1106 dicendum quod, sicut supra dictum est, sicut obiectum spei est
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1107 bonum futurum arduum quod quis potest adipisci; ita timor est de
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1108 malo futuro arduo quod non potest de facili vitari. Ex quo potest
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1109 accipi quod id quod omnino subiacet potestati et voluntati nostrae,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1110 non habet rationem terribilis, sed illud solum est terribile, quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1111 habet causam extrinsecam. Malum autem culpae propriam causam habet
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1112 voluntatem humanam. Et ideo proprie non habet rationem terribilis.
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1113 Sed quia voluntas humana ab aliquo exteriori potest inclinari ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1114 peccandum; si illud inclinans habeat magnam vim ad inclinandum,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1115 secundum hoc poterit esse timor de malo culpae, inquantum est ab
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1116 exteriori causa, puta cum aliquis timet commorari in societate
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1117 malorum, ne ab eis ad peccandum inducatur. Sed proprie loquendo, in
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1118 tali dispositione magis timet homo seductionem quam culpam secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1119 propriam rationem, idest inquantum est voluntaria, sic enim non
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1120 habet ut timeatur.</p><p title="I-II q. 42 a. 3 ad 1"><a name="35350"><span class="ref">[35350] Iª-IIae q. 42 a. 3 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1121 ergo dicendum quod separatio a Deo est quaedam poena consequens
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1122 peccatum, et omnis poena aliquo modo est ab exteriori causa.</p><p title="I-II q. 42 a. 3 ad 2"><a name="35351"><span class="ref">[35351] Iª-IIae q. 42 a. 3 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1123 dicendum quod tristitia et timor in uno conveniunt, quia utrumque
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1124 est de malo, differunt autem in duobus. In uno quidem, quia
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1125 tristitia est de malo praesenti, timor de malo futuro. In alio
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1126 vero, quia tristitia, cum sit in concupiscibili, respicit malum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1127 absolute, unde potest esse de quocumque malo, sive parvo sive
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1128 magno. Timor vero, cum sit in irascibili, respicit malum cum quadam
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1129 arduitate seu difficultate, quae tollitur, inquantum aliquid
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1130 subiacet voluntati. Et ideo non omnia timemus quae sunt futura, de
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1131 quibus tristamur cum sunt praesentia, sed aliqua, quae scilicet
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1132 sunt ardua.</p><p title="I-II q. 42 a. 3 ad 3"><a name="35352"><span class="ref">[35352] Iª-IIae q. 42 a. 3 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1133 dicendum quod spes est de bono quod quis potest adipisci. Potest
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1134 autem aliquis adipisci bonum vel per se, vel per alium, et ideo
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1135 spes potest esse de actu virtutis, qui est in potestate nostra
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1136 constitutus. Sed timor est de malo quod non subiacet nostrae
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1137 potestati, et ideo semper malum quod timetur, est a causa
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1138 extrinseca. Bonum autem quod speratur, potest esse et a causa
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1139 intrinseca, et a causa extrinseca.</p><p title="I-II q. 42 a. 3 ad 4"><a name="35353"><span class="ref">[35353] Iª-IIae q. 42 a. 3 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1140 dicendum quod, sicut supra dictum est, verecundia non est timor de
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1141 actu ipso peccati, sed de turpitudine vel ignominia quae
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1142 consequitur ipsum, quae est a causa extrinseca.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 4</h3><p title="I-II q. 42 a. 4 arg. 1"><a name="35354"><span class="ref">[35354] Iª-IIae q. 42 a. 4 arg. 1</span></a> Ad quartum
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1143 sic proceditur. Videtur quod timor timeri non possit. Omne enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1144 quod timetur, timendo custoditur, ne amittatur, sicut ille qui
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1145 timet amittere sanitatem timendo custodit eam. Si igitur timor
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1146 timeatur, timendo se custodiet homo ne timeat. Quod videtur esse
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1147 inconveniens.</p><p title="I-II q. 42 a. 4 arg. 2"><a name="35355"><span class="ref">[35355] Iª-IIae q. 42 a. 4 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1148 timor est quaedam fuga. Sed nihil fugit seipsum. Ergo timor non
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1149 timet timorem.</p><p title="I-II q. 42 a. 4 arg. 3"><a name="35356"><span class="ref">[35356] Iª-IIae q. 42 a. 4 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1150 timor est de futuro. Sed ille qui timet, iam habet timorem. Non
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1151 ergo potest timere timorem.</p><p title="I-II q. 42 a. 4 s. c."><a name="35357"><span class="ref">[35357] Iª-IIae q. 42 a. 4 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1152 est quod homo potest amare amorem, et dolere de dolore. Ergo etiam,
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1153 pari ratione, potest timere timorem.</p><p title="I-II q. 42 a. 4 co."><a name="35358"><span class="ref">[35358] Iª-IIae q. 42 a. 4 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1154 dicendum quod, sicut dictum est, illud solum habet rationem
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1155 terribilis, quod ex causa extrinseca provenit, non autem quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1156 provenit ex voluntate nostra. Timor autem partim provenit ex causa
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1157 extrinseca, et partim subiacet voluntati. Provenit quidem ex causa
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1158 extrinseca, inquantum est passio quaedam consequens phantasiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1159 imminentis mali. Et secundum hoc, potest aliquis timere timorem, ne
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1160 scilicet immineat ei necessitas timendi, propter ingruentiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1161 alicuius excellentis mali. Subiacet autem voluntati, inquantum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1162 appetitus inferior obedit rationi, unde homo potest timorem
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1163 repellere. Et secundum hoc, timor non potest timeri, ut dicit
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1164 Augustinus, in libro octoginta trium quaest. Sed quia rationibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1165 quas inducit, aliquis posset uti ad ostendendum quod timor nullo
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1166 modo timeatur, ideo ad eas respondendum est.</p><p title="I-II q. 42 a. 4 ad 1"><a name="35359"><span class="ref">[35359] Iª-IIae q. 42 a. 4 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1167 ergo dicendum quod, non omnis timor est unus timor, sed secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1168 diversa quae timentur, sunt diversi timores. Nihil ergo prohibet
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1169 quin uno timore aliquis praeservet se ab alio timore, et sic
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1170 custodiat se non timentem illo timore.</p><p title="I-II q. 42 a. 4 ad 2"><a name="35360"><span class="ref">[35360] Iª-IIae q. 42 a. 4 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1171 dicendum quod, cum sit alius timor quo timetur malum imminens, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1172 alius timor quo timetur ipse timor mali imminentis; non sequitur
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1173 quod idem fugiat seipsum, vel quod sit idem fuga sui ipsius.</p><p title="I-II q. 42 a. 4 ad 3"><a name="35361"><span class="ref">[35361] Iª-IIae q. 42 a. 4 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1174 dicendum quod propter diversitatem timorum iam dictam, timore
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1175 praesenti potest homo timere futurum timorem.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 5</h3><p title="I-II q. 42 a. 5 arg. 1"><a name="35362"><span class="ref">[35362] Iª-IIae q. 42 a. 5 arg. 1</span></a> Ad quintum
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1176 sic proceditur. Videtur quod insolita et repentina non sint magis
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1177 terribilia. Sicut enim spes est de bono, ita timor est de malo. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1178 experientia facit ad augmentum spei in bonis. Ergo etiam facit ad
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1179 augmentum timoris in malis.</p><p title="I-II q. 42 a. 5 arg. 2"><a name="35363"><span class="ref">[35363] Iª-IIae q. 42 a. 5 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1180 philosophus dicit, in II Rhetoric., quod magis timentur non qui
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1181 acutae sunt irae, sed mites et astuti. Constat autem quod illi qui
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1182 acutae irae sunt, magis habent subitos motus. Ergo ea quae sunt
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1183 subita, sunt minus terribilia.</p><p title="I-II q. 42 a. 5 arg. 3"><a name="35364"><span class="ref">[35364] Iª-IIae q. 42 a. 5 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1184 quae sunt subita, minus considerari possunt. Sed tanto aliqua magis
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1185 timentur, quanto magis considerantur, unde philosophus dicit, in
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1186 III Ethic., quod <i>aliqui videntur fortes propter ignorantiam,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1187 qui, si cognoverint quod aliud sit quam suspicantur, fugiunt</i>.
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1188 Ergo repentina minus timentur.</p><p title="I-II q. 42 a. 5 s. c."><a name="35365"><span class="ref">[35365] Iª-IIae q. 42 a. 5 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1189 est quod Augustinus dicit, in II Confess., <i>timor insolita et
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1190 repentina exhorrescit, rebus quae amantur adversantia, dum
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1191 praecavet securitati</i>.</p><p title="I-II q. 42 a. 5 co."><a name="35366"><span class="ref">[35366] Iª-IIae q. 42 a. 5 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1192 dicendum quod, sicut supra dictum est, obiectum timoris est malum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1193 imminens quod non de facili repelli potest. Hoc autem ex duobus
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1194 contingit, scilicet ex magnitudine mali, et ex debilitate timentis.
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1195 Ad utrumque autem horum operatur quod aliquid sit insolitum et
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1196 repentinum. Primo quidem, facit ad hoc quod malum imminens maius
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1197 appareat. Omnia enim corporalia, et bona et mala, quanto magis
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1198 considerantur, minora apparent. Et ideo, sicut propter
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1199 diuturnitatem dolor praesentis mali mitigatur, ut patet per Tullium
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1200 in III de Tusculanis quaest.; ita etiam ex praemeditatione minuitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1201 timor futuri mali. Secundo, aliquid esse insolitum et repentinum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1202 facit ad debilitatem timentis, inquantum subtrahit remedia quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1203 homo potest praeparare ad repellendum futurum malum, quae esse non
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1204 possunt quando ex improviso malum occurrit.</p><p title="I-II q. 42 a. 5 ad 1"><a name="35367"><span class="ref">[35367] Iª-IIae q. 42 a. 5 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1205 ergo dicendum quod obiectum spei est bonum quod quis potest
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1206 adipisci. Et ideo ea quae augmentant potestatem hominis, nata sunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1207 augere spem, et eadem ratione, diminuere timorem, quia timor est de
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1208 malo cui non de facili potest resisti. Quia igitur experientia
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1209 facit hominem magis potentem ad operandum, ideo, sicut auget spem,
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1210 ita diminuit timorem.</p><p title="I-II q. 42 a. 5 ad 2"><a name="35368"><span class="ref">[35368] Iª-IIae q. 42 a. 5 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1211 dicendum quod illi qui habent iram acutam, non occultant eam, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1212 ideo nocumenta ab eis illata non ita sunt repentina, quin
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1213 praevideantur. Sed homines mites et astuti occultant iram, et ideo
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1214 nocumentum quod ab eis imminet, non potest praevideri, sed ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1215 improviso advenit. Et propter hoc philosophus dicit quod tales
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1216 magis timentur.</p><p title="I-II q. 42 a. 5 ad 3"><a name="35369"><span class="ref">[35369] Iª-IIae q. 42 a. 5 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1217 dicendum quod, per se loquendo, bona vel mala corporalia in
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1218 principio maiora apparent. Cuius ratio est, quia unumquodque magis
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1219 apparet, contrario iuxta se posito. Unde cum aliquis statim a
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1220 paupertate ad divitias transit, propter paupertatem praeexistentem
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1221 divitias magis aestimat, et e contrario divites statim ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1222 paupertatem devenientes, eam magis horrent. Et propter hoc, malum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1223 repentinum magis timetur, quia magis videtur esse malum. Sed potest
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1224 propter aliquod accidens contingere quod magnitudo alicuius mali
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1225 lateat, puta cum hostes se insidiose occultant. Et tunc verum est
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1226 quod malum ex diligenti consideratione fit terribilius.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 6</h3><p title="I-II q. 42 a. 6 arg. 1"><a name="35370"><span class="ref">[35370] Iª-IIae q. 42 a. 6 arg. 1</span></a> Ad sextum
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1227 sic proceditur. Videtur quod ea quae non habent remedium, non sint
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1228 magis timenda. Ad timorem enim requiritur quod remaneat aliqua spes
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1229 salutis, ut supra dictum est. Sed in malis quae non habent
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1230 remedium, nulla remanet spes salutis. Ergo talia mala nullo modo
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1231 timentur.</p><p title="I-II q. 42 a. 6 arg. 2"><a name="35371"><span class="ref">[35371] Iª-IIae q. 42 a. 6 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1232 malo mortis nullum remedium adhiberi potest, non enim, secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1233 naturam, potest esse reditus a morte ad vitam. Non tamen mors
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1234 maxime timetur, ut dicit philosophus, in II Rhetoric. Non ergo ea
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1235 magis timentur quae remedium non habent.</p><p title="I-II q. 42 a. 6 arg. 3"><a name="35372"><span class="ref">[35372] Iª-IIae q. 42 a. 6 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1236 philosophus dicit, in I Ethic., quod <i>non est magis bonum quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1237 est diuturnius, eo quod est unius diei, neque quod est perpetuum,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1238 eo quod non est perpetuum</i>. Ergo, eadem ratione, neque maius
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1239 malum. Sed ea quae non habent remedium, non videntur differre ab
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1240 aliis nisi propter diuturnitatem vel perpetuitatem. Ergo propter
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1241 hoc non sunt peiora, vel magis timenda.</p><p title="I-II q. 42 a. 6 s. c."><a name="35373"><span class="ref">[35373] Iª-IIae q. 42 a. 6 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1242 est quod philosophus dicit, in II Rhetoric., quod <i>omnia timenda
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1243 sunt terribiliora quaecumque, si peccaverint, corrigi non
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1244 contingit; aut quorum auxilia non sunt; aut non facilia</i>.</p><p title="I-II q. 42 a. 6 co."><a name="35374"><span class="ref">[35374] Iª-IIae q. 42 a. 6 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1245 dicendum quod obiectum timoris est malum, unde illud quod facit ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1246 augmentum mali, facit ad augmentum timoris. Malum autem augetur non
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1247 solum secundum speciem ipsius mali, sed etiam secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1248 circumstantias, ut ex supra dictis apparet. Inter ceteras autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1249 circumstantias, diuturnitas, vel etiam perpetuitas, magis videtur
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1250 facere ad augmentum mali. Ea enim quae sunt in tempore, secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1251 durationem temporis quodammodo mensurantur, unde si pati aliquid in
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1252 tanto tempore est malum, pati idem in duplo tempore apprehenditur
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1253 ut duplatum. Et secundum hanc rationem, pati idem in infinito
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1254 tempore, quod est perpetuo pati, habet quodammodo infinitum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1255 augmentum. Mala autem quae, postquam advenerint, non possunt habere
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1256 remedium, vel non de facili, accipiuntur ut perpetua vel diuturna.
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1257 Et ideo maxime redduntur timenda.</p><p title="I-II q. 42 a. 6 ad 1"><a name="35375"><span class="ref">[35375] Iª-IIae q. 42 a. 6 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1258 ergo dicendum quod remedium mali est duplex. Unum, per quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1259 impeditur futurum malum, ne adveniat. Et tali remedio sublato,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1260 aufertur spes, et per consequens timor. Unde de tali remedio nunc
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1261 non loquimur. Aliud remedium mali est, quo malum iam praesens
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1262 removetur. Et de tali remedio nunc loquimur.</p><p title="I-II q. 42 a. 6 ad 2"><a name="35376"><span class="ref">[35376] Iª-IIae q. 42 a. 6 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1263 dicendum quod, licet mors sit irremediabile malum, tamen, quia non
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1264 imminet de prope, non timetur, ut supra dictum est.</p><p title="I-II q. 42 a. 6 ad 3"><a name="35377"><span class="ref">[35377] Iª-IIae q. 42 a. 6 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1265 dicendum quod philosophus ibi loquitur de per se bono, quod est
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1266 bonum secundum speciem suam. Sic autem non fit aliquid magis bonum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1267 propter diuturnitatem vel perpetuitatem, sed propter naturam ipsius
59 03759e5c1080 fix multi-para s.c. ht parents: 53 diff changeset	1268 boni.</p></div></div><div id="q43" class="q"><h2>Quaestio 43</h2><div class="p"><h3>Prooemium</h3><p title="I-II q. 43 pr."><a name="35378"><span class="ref">[35378]
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1269 Iª-IIae q. 43 pr.</span></a> Deinde considerandum est de causa
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1270 timoris. Et circa hoc quaeruntur duo. Primo, utrum causa timoris
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1271 sit amor. Secundo, utrum causa timoris sit defectus.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 1</h3><p title="I-II q. 43 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="35379"><span class="ref">[35379] Iª-IIae q. 43 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad primum
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1272 sic proceditur. Videtur quod amor non sit causa timoris. Illud enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1273 quod introducit aliquid, est causa eius. Sed timor introducit
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1274 amorem caritatis, ut Augustinus dicit, super canonicam Ioan. Ergo
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1275 timor est causa amoris, et non e converso.</p><p title="I-II q. 43 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="35380"><span class="ref">[35380] Iª-IIae q. 43 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1276 philosophus dicit, in II Rhetoric., quod <i>illi maxime timentur, a
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1277 quibus expectamus imminere nobis aliqua mala</i>. Sed per hoc quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1278 ab aliquo expectamus malum, magis provocamur ad odium eius quam ad
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1279 amorem. Ergo timor magis causatur ab odio quam ab amore.</p><p title="I-II q. 43 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="35381"><span class="ref">[35381] Iª-IIae q. 43 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1280 supra dictum est quod ea quae sunt a nobis ipsis, non habent
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1281 rationem terribilium. Sed ea quae sunt ex amore, maxime proveniunt
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1282 ex intimo cordis. Ergo timor ex amore non causatur.</p><p title="I-II q. 43 a. 1 s. c."><a name="35382"><span class="ref">[35382] Iª-IIae q. 43 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1283 est quod Augustinus dicit, in libro octoginta trium quaest.,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1284 <i>nulli dubium est non aliam esse metuendi causam, nisi ne id quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1285 amamus, aut adeptum amittamus, aut non adipiscamur speratum</i>.
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1286 Omnis ergo timor causatur ex hoc quod aliquid amamus. Amor igitur
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1287 est causa timoris.</p><p title="I-II q. 43 a. 1 co."><a name="35383"><span class="ref">[35383] Iª-IIae q. 43 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1288 dicendum quod obiecta passionum animae se habent ad eas tanquam
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1289 formae ad res naturales vel artificiales, quia passiones animae
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1290 speciem recipiunt ab obiectis, sicut res praedictae a suis formis.
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1291 Sicut igitur quidquid est causa formae, est causa rei constitutae
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1292 per ipsam; ita etiam quidquid, et quocumque modo, est causa
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1293 obiecti, est causa passionis. Contingit autem aliquid esse causam
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1294 obiecti vel per modum causae efficientis, vel per modum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1295 dispositionis materialis. Sicut obiectum delectationis est bonum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1296 apparens conveniens coniunctum, cuius causa efficiens est illud
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1297 quod facit coniunctionem, vel quod facit convenientiam vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1298 bonitatem, vel apparentiam huiusmodi boni; causa autem per modum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1299 dispositionis materialis, est habitus, vel quaecumque dispositio
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1300 secundum quam fit alicui conveniens aut apparens illud bonum quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1301 est ei coniunctum. Sic igitur, in proposito, obiectum timoris est
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1302 aestimatum malum futurum propinquum cui resisti de facili non
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1303 potest. Et ideo illud quod potest inferre tale malum, est causa
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1304 effectiva obiecti timoris, et per consequens ipsius timoris. Illud
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1305 autem per quod aliquis ita disponitur ut aliquid sit ei tale, est
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1306 causa timoris, et obiecti eius, per modum dispositionis materialis.
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1307 Et hoc modo amor est causa timoris, ex hoc enim quod aliquis amat
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1308 aliquod bonum, sequitur quod privativum talis boni sit ei malum, et
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1309 per consequens quod timeat ipsum tanquam malum.</p><p title="I-II q. 43 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="35384"><span class="ref">[35384] Iª-IIae q. 43 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1310 ergo dicendum quod, sicut supra dictum est, timor per se et primo
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1311 respicit ad malum, quod refugit, quod opponitur alicui bono amato.
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1312 Et sic per se timor nascitur ex amore. Secundario vero respicit ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1313 id per quod provenit tale malum. Et sic per accidens quandoque
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1314 timor inducit amorem, inquantum scilicet homo qui timet puniri a
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1315 Deo, servat mandata eius, et sic incipit sperare, et spes
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1316 introducit amorem, ut supra dictum est.</p><p title="I-II q. 43 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="35385"><span class="ref">[35385] Iª-IIae q. 43 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1317 dicendum quod ille a quo expectantur mala, primo quidem odio
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1318 habetur, sed postquam ab ipso iam incipiunt sperari bona, tunc
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1319 incipit amari. Bonum autem cui contrariatur malum quod timetur, a
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1320 principio amabatur.</p><p title="I-II q. 43 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="35386"><span class="ref">[35386] Iª-IIae q. 43 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1321 dicendum quod ratio illa procedit de eo quod est causa mali
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1322 terribilis per modum efficientis. Amor autem est causa eius per
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1323 modum materialis dispositionis, ut dictum est.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 2</h3><p title="I-II q. 43 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="35387"><span class="ref">[35387] Iª-IIae q. 43 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad secundum
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1324 sic proceditur. Videtur quod defectus non sit causa timoris. Illi
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1325 enim qui potentiam habent, maxime timentur. Sed defectus
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1326 contrariatur potentiae. Ergo defectus non est causa timoris.</p><p title="I-II q. 43 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="35388"><span class="ref">[35388] Iª-IIae q. 43 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1327 illi qui iam decapitantur, maxime sunt in defectu. Sed tales non
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1328 timent. Ut dicitur in II Rhetoric. Ergo defectus non est causa
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1329 timoris.</p><p title="I-II q. 43 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="35389"><span class="ref">[35389] Iª-IIae q. 43 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1330 decertare ex fortitudine provenit, non ex defectu. <i>Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1331 decertantes timent eos qui pro eisdem decertant</i>, ut dicitur in
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1332 II Rhetoric. Ergo defectus non est causa timoris.</p><p title="I-II q. 43 a. 2 s. c."><a name="35390"><span class="ref">[35390] Iª-IIae q. 43 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra,
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1333 contrariorum contrariae sunt causae. Sed <i>divitiae, et robur, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1334 multitudo amicorum, et potestas, excludunt timorem</i>, ut dicitur
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1335 in II Rhetoric. Ergo ex defectu horum timor causatur.</p><p title="I-II q. 43 a. 2 co."><a name="35391"><span class="ref">[35391] Iª-IIae q. 43 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1336 dicendum quod, sicut supra dictum est, duplex causa timoris accipi
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1337 potest, una quidem per modum materialis dispositionis, ex parte
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1338 eius qui timet; alia per modum causae efficientis, ex parte eius
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1339 qui timetur. Quantum igitur ad primum, defectus, per se loquendo,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1340 est causa timoris, ex aliquo enim defectu virtutis contingit quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1341 non possit aliquis de facili repellere imminens malum. Sed tamen ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1342 causandum timorem requiritur defectus cum aliqua mensura. Minor
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1343 enim est defectus qui causat timorem futuri mali, quam defectus
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1344 consequens malum praesens, de quo est tristitia. Et adhuc esset
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1345 maior defectus, si totaliter sensus mali auferretur, vel amor boni
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1346 cuius contrarium timetur. Quantum vero ad secundum, virtus et
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1347 robur, per se loquendo, est causa timoris, ex hoc enim quod aliquid
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1348 quod apprehenditur ut nocivum, est virtuosum, contingit quod eius
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1349 effectus repelli non potest. Contingit tamen per accidens quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1350 aliquis defectus ex ista parte causat timorem, inquantum ex aliquo
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1351 defectu contingit quod aliquis velit nocumentum inferre, puta
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1352 propter iniustitiam, vel quia ante laesus fuit, vel quia timet
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1353 laedi.</p><p title="I-II q. 43 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="35392"><span class="ref">[35392] Iª-IIae q. 43 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1354 ergo dicendum quod ratio illa procedit de causa timoris ex parte
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1355 causae efficientis.</p><p title="I-II q. 43 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="35393"><span class="ref">[35393] Iª-IIae q. 43 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1356 dicendum quod illi qui iam decapitantur, sunt in passione
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1357 praesentis mali. Et ideo iste defectus excedit mensuram
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1358 timoris.</p><p title="I-II q. 43 a. 2 ad 3"><a name="35394"><span class="ref">[35394] Iª-IIae q. 43 a. 2 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1359 dicendum quod decertantes timent non propter potentiam, qua
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1360 decertare possunt, sed propter defectum potentiae, ex quo contingit
59 03759e5c1080 fix multi-para s.c. ht parents: 53 diff changeset	1361 quod se superaturos non confidunt.</p></div></div><div id="q44" class="q"><h2>Quaestio 44</h2><div class="p"><h3>Prooemium</h3><p title="I-II q. 44 pr."><a name="35395"><span class="ref">[35395]
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1362 Iª-IIae q. 44 pr.</span></a> Deinde considerandum est de
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1363 effectibus timoris. Et circa hoc quaeruntur quatuor. Primo, utrum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1364 timor faciat contractionem. Secundo, utrum faciat consiliativos.
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1365 Tertio, utrum faciat tremorem. Quarto, utrum impediat
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1366 operationem.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 1</h3><p title="I-II q. 44 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="35396"><span class="ref">[35396] Iª-IIae q. 44 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad primum
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1367 sic proceditur. Videtur quod timor non faciat contractionem.
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1368 Contractione enim facta, calor et spiritus ad interiora revocantur.
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1369 Sed ex multitudine caloris et spirituum in interioribus,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1370 magnificatur cor ad audacter aliquid aggrediendum, ut patet in
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1371 iratis, cuius contrarium in timore accidit. Non ergo timor facit
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1372 contractionem.</p><p title="I-II q. 44 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="35397"><span class="ref">[35397] Iª-IIae q. 44 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1373 multiplicatis spiritibus et calore in interioribus per
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1374 contractionem, sequitur quod homo in vocem prorumpat, ut patet in
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1375 dolentibus. Sed timentes non emittunt vocem, sed magis redduntur
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1376 taciturni. Ergo timor non facit contractionem.</p><p title="I-II q. 44 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="35398"><span class="ref">[35398] Iª-IIae q. 44 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1377 verecundia est quaedam species timoris, ut supra dictum est. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1378 verecundati rubescunt, ut dicit Tullius, IV de Tusculanis quaest.,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1379 et philosophus in IV Ethic. Rubor autem faciei non attestatur
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1380 contractioni, sed contrario. Non ergo contractio est effectus
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1381 timoris.</p><p title="I-II q. 44 a. 1 s. c."><a name="35399"><span class="ref">[35399] Iª-IIae q. 44 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1382 est quod Damascenus dicit, in III libro, quod timor est virtus
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1383 secundum systolen, idest secundum contractionem.</p><p title="I-II q. 44 a. 1 co."><a name="35400"><span class="ref">[35400] Iª-IIae q. 44 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1384 dicendum quod, sicut supra dictum est, in passionibus animae est
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1385 sicut formale ipse motus appetitivae potentiae, sicut autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1386 materiale transmutatio corporalis, quorum unum alteri
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1387 proportionatur. Unde secundum similitudinem et rationem appetitivi
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1388 motus, sequitur corporalis transmutatio. Quantum autem ad animalem
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1389 motum appetitus, timor contractionem quandam importat. Cuius ratio
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1390 est, quia timor provenit ex phantasia alicuius mali imminentis quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1391 difficile repelli potest, ut supra dictum est. Quod autem aliquid
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1392 difficile possit repelli, provenit ex debilitate virtutis, ut supra
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1393 dictum est. Virtus autem, quanto est debilior, tanto ad pauciora se
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1394 potest extendere. Et ideo ex ipsa imaginatione quae causat timorem,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1395 sequitur quaedam contractio in appetitu. Sicut etiam videmus in
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1396 morientibus quod natura retrahitur ad interiora, propter
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1397 debilitatem virtutis, et videmus etiam in civitatibus quod, quando
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1398 cives timent, retrahunt se ab exterioribus, et recurrunt, quantum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1399 possunt, ad interiora. Et secundum similitudinem huius
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1400 contractionis, quae pertinet ad appetitum animalem, sequitur etiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1401 in timore ex parte corporis, contractio caloris et spirituum ad
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1402 interiora.</p><p title="I-II q. 44 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="35401"><span class="ref">[35401] Iª-IIae q. 44 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1403 ergo dicendum quod, sicut philosophus dicit in libro de
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1404 problematibus, licet in timentibus retrahantur spiritus ab
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1405 exterioribus ad interiora, non tamen est idem motus spirituum in
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1406 iratis et timentibus. Nam in iratis, propter calorem et
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1407 subtilitatem spirituum, quae proveniunt ex appetitu vindictae,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1408 interius fit spirituum motus ab inferioribus ad superiora, et ideo
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1409 congregantur spiritus et calor circa cor. Ex quo sequitur quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1410 irati redduntur prompti et audaces ad invadendum. Sed in
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1411 timentibus, propter frigiditatem ingrossantem, spiritus moventur a
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1412 superioribus ad inferiora, quae quidem frigiditas contingit ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1413 imaginatione defectus virtutis. Et ideo non multiplicantur calor et
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1414 spiritus circa cor, sed magis a corde refugiunt. Et propter hoc,
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1415 timentes non prompte invadunt, sed magis refugiunt.</p><p title="I-II q. 44 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="35402"><span class="ref">[35402] Iª-IIae q. 44 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1416 dicendum quod naturale est cuilibet dolenti, sive homini sive
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1417 animali, quod utatur quocumque auxilio potest, ad repellendum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1418 nocivum praesens quod infert dolorem, unde videmus quod animalia
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1419 dolentia percutiunt vel faucibus vel cornibus. Maximum autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1420 auxilium ad omnia in animalibus est calor et spiritus. Et ideo in
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1421 dolore natura conservat calorem et spiritum interius, ut hoc utatur
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1422 ad repellendum nocivum. Et ideo philosophus dicit, in libro de
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1423 problematibus, quod multiplicatis introrsum spiritibus et calore,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1424 necesse est quod emittantur per vocem. Et propter hoc, dolentes vix
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1425 se possunt continere quin clament. Sed in timentibus fit motus
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1426 interioris caloris et spirituum a corde ad inferiora, ut dictum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1427 est. Et ideo timor contrariatur formationi vocis, quae fit per
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1428 emissionem spirituum ad superiora per os. Et propter hoc, timor
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1429 tacentes facit. Et inde est etiam quod timor trementes facit, ut
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1430 dicit philosophus, in libro de problematibus.</p><p title="I-II q. 44 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="35403"><span class="ref">[35403] Iª-IIae q. 44 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1431 dicendum quod pericula mortis non solum contrariantur appetitui
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1432 animali, sed etiam contrariantur naturae. Et propter hoc, in
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1433 huiusmodi timore non solum fit contractio ex parte appetitus, sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1434 etiam ex parte naturae corporalis, sic enim disponitur animal ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1435 imaginatione mortis contrahens calorem ad interiora, sicut quando
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1436 naturaliter mors imminet. Et inde est quod timentes mortem
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1437 pallescunt, ut dicitur in IV Ethic. Sed malum quod timet
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1438 verecundia, non opponitur naturae, sed solum appetitui animali. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1439 ideo fit quidem contractio secundum appetitum animalem, non autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1440 secundum naturam corporalem, sed magis anima, quasi in se
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1441 contracta, vacat ad motionem spirituum et caloris, unde fit eorum
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1442 diffusio ad exteriora. Et propter hoc, verecundati rubescunt.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 2</h3><p title="I-II q. 44 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="35404"><span class="ref">[35404] Iª-IIae q. 44 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad secundum
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1443 sic proceditur. Videtur quod timor non faciat consiliativos. Non
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1444 enim est eiusdem consiliativos facere, et consilium impedire. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1445 timor consilium impedit, omnis enim passio perturbat quietem, quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1446 requiritur ad bonum usum rationis. Ergo timor non facit
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1447 consiliativos.</p><p title="I-II q. 44 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="35405"><span class="ref">[35405] Iª-IIae q. 44 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1448 consilium est actus rationis de futuris cogitantis et deliberantis.
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1449 Sed aliquis timor est <i>excutiens cogitata, et mentem a suo loco
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1450 removet</i>, ut Tullius dicit, in IV de Tusculanis quaest. Ergo
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1451 timor non facit consiliativos, sed magis impedit consilium.</p><p title="I-II q. 44 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="35406"><span class="ref">[35406] Iª-IIae q. 44 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1452 sicut consilium adhibetur ad vitanda mala, ita etiam adhibetur ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1453 consequenda bona. Sed sicut timor est de malis vitandis, ita spes
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1454 est de bonis consequendis. Ergo timor non facit magis consiliativos
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1455 quam spes.</p><p title="I-II q. 44 a. 2 s. c."><a name="35407"><span class="ref">[35407] Iª-IIae q. 44 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1456 est quod philosophus dicit, in II Rhetoric., quod timor
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1457 consiliativos facit.</p><p title="I-II q. 44 a. 2 co."><a name="35408"><span class="ref">[35408] Iª-IIae q. 44 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1458 dicendum quod aliquis potest dici consiliativus dupliciter. Uno
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1459 modo, a voluntate seu sollicitudine consiliandi. Et sic timor
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1460 consiliativos facit. Quia, ut philosophus in III Ethic. dicit,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1461 <i>consiliamur de magnis, in quibus quasi nobis ipsis
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1462 discredimus</i>. Ea autem quae timorem incutiunt, non sunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1463 simpliciter mala, sed habent quandam magnitudinem, tum ex eo quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1464 apprehenduntur ut quae difficiliter repelli possunt; tum etiam quia
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1465 apprehenduntur ut de prope existentia, sicut iam dictum est. Unde
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1466 homines maxime in timoribus quaerunt consiliari. Alio modo dicitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1467 aliquis consiliativus, a facultate bene consiliandi. Et sic nec
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1468 timor, nec aliqua passio consiliativos facit. Quia homini affecto
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1469 secundum aliquam passionem, videtur aliquid vel maius vel minus
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1470 quam sit secundum rei veritatem, sicut amanti videntur ea quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1471 amat, meliora; et timenti, ea quae timet, terribiliora. Et sic ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1472 defectu rectitudinis iudicii, quaelibet passio, quantum est de se,
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1473 impedit facultatem bene consiliandi.</p><p title="I-II q. 44 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="35409"><span class="ref">[35409] Iª-IIae q. 44 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Et per hoc
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1474 patet responsio ad primum.</p><p title="I-II q. 44 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="35410"><span class="ref">[35410] Iª-IIae q. 44 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1475 dicendum quod quanto aliqua passio est fortior, tanto magis homo
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1476 secundum ipsam affectus, impeditur. Et ideo quando timor fuerit
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1477 fortis, vult quidem homo consiliari, sed adeo perturbatur in suis
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1478 cogitationibus, quod consilium adinvenire non potest. Si autem sit
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1479 parvus timor, qui sollicitudinem consiliandi inducat, nec multum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1480 rationem conturbet; potest etiam conferre ad facultatem bene
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1481 consiliandi, ratione sollicitudinis consequentis.</p><p title="I-II q. 44 a. 2 ad 3"><a name="35411"><span class="ref">[35411] Iª-IIae q. 44 a. 2 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1482 dicendum quod etiam spes facit consiliativos, quia, ut in II
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1483 Rhetoric. philosophus dicit, <i>nullus consiliatur de his de quibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1484 desperat</i>; sicut nec de impossibilibus, ut dicitur in III Ethic.
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1485 Timor tamen facit magis consiliativos quam spes. Quia spes est de
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1486 bono, prout possumus ipsum consequi, timor autem de malo, prout vix
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1487 repelli potest, et ita magis respicit rationem difficilis timor
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1488 quam spes. In difficilibus autem, maxime in quibus nobis non
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1489 confidimus, consiliamur, sicut dictum est.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 3</h3><p title="I-II q. 44 a. 3 arg. 1"><a name="35412"><span class="ref">[35412] Iª-IIae q. 44 a. 3 arg. 1</span></a> Ad tertium
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1490 sic proceditur. Videtur quod tremor non sit effectus timoris.
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1491 Tremor enim ex frigore accidit, videmus enim infrigidatos tremere.
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1492 Timor autem non videtur causare frigus, sed magis calorem
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1493 desiccantem, cuius signum est quod timentes sitiunt, et praecipue
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1494 in maximis timoribus, sicut patet in illis qui ad mortem ducuntur.
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1495 Ergo timor non causat tremorem.</p><p title="I-II q. 44 a. 3 arg. 2"><a name="35413"><span class="ref">[35413] Iª-IIae q. 44 a. 3 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1496 emissio superfluitatum ex calore accidit, unde, ut plurimum,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1497 medicinae laxativae sunt calidae. Sed huiusmodi emissiones
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1498 superfluitatum ex timore frequenter contingunt. Ergo timor videtur
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1499 causare calorem. Et sic non causat tremorem.</p><p title="I-II q. 44 a. 3 arg. 3"><a name="35414"><span class="ref">[35414] Iª-IIae q. 44 a. 3 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1500 in timore calor ab exterioribus ad interiora revocatur. Si igitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1501 propter huiusmodi revocationem caloris, in exterioribus homo
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1502 tremit; videtur quod similiter in omnibus exterioribus membris
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1503 deberet causari tremor ex timore. Hoc autem non videtur. Non ergo
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1504 tremor corporis est effectus timoris.</p><p title="I-II q. 44 a. 3 s. c."><a name="35415"><span class="ref">[35415] Iª-IIae q. 44 a. 3 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1505 est quod Tullius dicit, in IV de Tusculanis quaest., quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1506 <i>terrorem sequitur tremor, et pallor, et dentium
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1507 crepitus</i>.</p><p title="I-II q. 44 a. 3 co."><a name="35416"><span class="ref">[35416] Iª-IIae q. 44 a. 3 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1508 dicendum quod, sicut supra dictum est, in timore fit quaedam
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1509 contractio ab exterioribus ad interiora, et ideo exteriora frigida
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1510 remanent. Et propter hoc in eis accidit tremor, qui causatur ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1511 debilitate virtutis continentis membra, ad huiusmodi autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1512 debilitatem maxime facit defectus caloris, qui est instrumentum quo
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1513 anima movet, ut dicitur in II de anima.</p><p title="I-II q. 44 a. 3 ad 1"><a name="35417"><span class="ref">[35417] Iª-IIae q. 44 a. 3 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1514 ergo dicendum quod, calore ab exterioribus ad interiora revocato,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1515 multiplicatur calor interius, et maxime versus inferiora, idest
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1516 circa nutritivam. Et ideo, consumpto humido, consequitur sitis, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1517 etiam interdum solutio ventris, et urinae emissio, et quandoque
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1518 etiam seminis. Vel huiusmodi emissio superfluitatum accidit propter
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1519 contractionem ventris et testiculorum, ut philosophus dicit, in
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1520 libro de problematibus.</p><p title="I-II q. 44 a. 3 ad 2"><a name="35418"><span class="ref">[35418] Iª-IIae q. 44 a. 3 ad 2</span></a> Unde patet
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1521 solutio ad secundum.</p><p title="I-II q. 44 a. 3 ad 3"><a name="35419"><span class="ref">[35419] Iª-IIae q. 44 a. 3 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1522 dicendum quod, quia in timore calor deserit cor, a superioribus ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1523 inferiora tendens, ideo timentibus maxime tremit cor, et membra
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1524 quae habent aliquam connexionem ad pectus, ubi est cor. Unde
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1525 timentes maxime tremunt in voce, propter vicinitatem vocalis
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1526 arteriae ad cor. Tremit etiam labium inferius, et tota inferior
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1527 mandibula, propter continuationem ad cor, unde et crepitus dentium
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1528 sequitur. Et eadem ratione brachia et manus tremunt. Vel etiam quia
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1529 huiusmodi membra sunt magis mobilia. Propter quod et genua tremunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1530 timentibus; secundum illud Isaiae XXXV, <i>confortate manus
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1531 dissolutas, et genua trementia roborate</i>.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 4</h3><p title="I-II q. 44 a. 4 arg. 1"><a name="35420"><span class="ref">[35420] Iª-IIae q. 44 a. 4 arg. 1</span></a> Ad quartum
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1532 sic proceditur. Videtur quod timor impediat operationem. Operatio
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1533 enim maxime impeditur ex perturbatione rationis, quae dirigit in
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1534 opere. Sed timor perturbat rationem, ut dictum est. Ergo timor
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1535 impedit operationem.</p><p title="I-II q. 44 a. 4 arg. 2"><a name="35421"><span class="ref">[35421] Iª-IIae q. 44 a. 4 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1536 illi qui faciunt aliquid cum timore, facilius in operando
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1537 deficiunt, sicut si aliquis incedat super trabem in alto positam,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1538 propter timorem de facili cadit; non autem caderet, si incederet
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1539 super eandem trabem in imo positam, propter defectum timoris. Ergo
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1540 timor impedit operationem.</p><p title="I-II q. 44 a. 4 arg. 3"><a name="35422"><span class="ref">[35422] Iª-IIae q. 44 a. 4 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1541 pigritia, sive segnities, est quaedam species timoris. Sed pigritia
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1542 impedit operationem. Ergo et timor.</p><p title="I-II q. 44 a. 4 s. c."><a name="35423"><span class="ref">[35423] Iª-IIae q. 44 a. 4 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1543 est quod apostolus dicit, ad Philipp. II, <i>cum metu et tremore
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1544 vestram salutem operamini</i>, quod non diceret, si timor bonam
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1545 operationem impediret. Timor ergo non impedit bonam
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1546 operationem.</p><p title="I-II q. 44 a. 4 co."><a name="35424"><span class="ref">[35424] Iª-IIae q. 44 a. 4 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1547 dicendum quod operatio hominis exterior causatur quidem ab anima
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1548 sicut a primo movente, sed a membris corporeis sicut ab
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1549 instrumentis. Contingit autem operationem impediri et propter
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1550 defectum instrumenti, et propter defectum principalis moventis. Ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1551 parte igitur instrumentorum corporalium, timor, quantum est de se,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1552 semper natus est impedire exteriorem operationem, propter defectum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1553 caloris qui ex timore accidit in exterioribus membris. Sed ex parte
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1554 animae, si sit timor moderatus, non multum rationem perturbans;
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1555 confert ad bene operandum, inquantum causat quandam sollicitudinem,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1556 et facit hominem attentius consiliari et operari. Si vero timor
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1557 tantum increscat quod rationem perturbet, impedit operationem etiam
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1558 ex parte animae. Sed de tali timore apostolus non loquitur.</p><p title="I-II q. 44 a. 4 ad 1"><a name="35425"><span class="ref">[35425] Iª-IIae q. 44 a. 4 ad 1</span></a> Et per haec
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1559 patet responsio ad primum.</p><p title="I-II q. 44 a. 4 ad 2"><a name="35426"><span class="ref">[35426] Iª-IIae q. 44 a. 4 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1560 dicendum quod illi qui cadunt de trabe in alto posita, patiuntur
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1561 perturbationem imaginationis, propter timorem casus imaginati.</p><p title="I-II q. 44 a. 4 ad 3"><a name="35427"><span class="ref">[35427] Iª-IIae q. 44 a. 4 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1562 dicendum quod omnis timens refugit id quod timet, et ideo, cum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1563 pigritia sit timor de ipsa operatione, inquantum est laboriosa,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1564 impedit operationem, quia retrahit voluntatem ab ipsa. Sed timor
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1565 qui est de aliis rebus, intantum adiuvat operationem, inquantum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1566 inclinat voluntatem ad operandum ea per quae homo effugit id quod
59 03759e5c1080 fix multi-para s.c. ht parents: 53 diff changeset	1567 timet.</p></div></div><div id="q45" class="q"><h2>Quaestio 45</h2><div class="p"><h3>Prooemium</h3><p title="I-II q. 45 pr."><a name="35428"><span class="ref">[35428]
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1568 Iª-IIae q. 45 pr.</span></a> Deinde considerandum est de
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1569 audacia. Et circa hoc quaeruntur quatuor. Primo, utrum audacia sit
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1570 contraria timori. Secundo, quomodo audacia se habeat ad spem.
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1571 Tertio, de causa audaciae. Quarto, de effectus ipsius.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 1</h3><p title="I-II q. 45 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="35429"><span class="ref">[35429] Iª-IIae q. 45 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad primum
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1572 sic proceditur. Videtur quod audacia non contrarietur timori. Dicit
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1573 enim Augustinus, in libro octoginta trium quaest., quod audacia
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1574 vitium est. Vitium autem virtuti contrariatur. Cum ergo timor non
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1575 sit virtus, sed passio, videtur quod timori non contrarietur
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1576 audacia.</p><p title="I-II q. 45 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="35430"><span class="ref">[35430] Iª-IIae q. 45 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1577 uni unum est contrarium. Sed timori contrariatur spes. Non ergo
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1578 contrariatur ei audacia.</p><p title="I-II q. 45 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="35431"><span class="ref">[35431] Iª-IIae q. 45 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1579 unaquaeque passio excludit passionem oppositam. Sed id quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1580 excluditur per timorem, est securitas, dicit enim Augustinus, II
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1581 Confess., quod timor securitati praecavet ergo securitas
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1582 contrariatur timori. Non ergo audacia.</p><p title="I-II q. 45 a. 1 s. c."><a name="35432"><span class="ref">[35432] Iª-IIae q. 45 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1583 est quod philosophus dicit, in II Rhetoric., quod <i>audacia est
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1584 timori contraria</i>.</p><p title="I-II q. 45 a. 1 co."><a name="35433"><span class="ref">[35433] Iª-IIae q. 45 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1585 dicendum quod de ratione contrariorum est quod maxime a se distent,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1586 ut dicitur in X Metaphys. Illud autem quod maxime distat a timore,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1587 est audacia, timor enim refugit nocumentum futurum, propter eius
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1588 victoriam super ipsum timentem; sed audacia aggreditur periculum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1589 imminens, propter victoriam sui supra ipsum periculum. Unde
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1590 manifeste timori contrariatur audacia.</p><p title="I-II q. 45 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="35434"><span class="ref">[35434] Iª-IIae q. 45 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1591 ergo dicendum quod ira et audacia, et omnium passionum nomina,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1592 dupliciter accipi possunt. Uno modo, secundum quod important
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1593 absolute motus appetitus sensitivi in aliquod obiectum bonum vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1594 malum, et sic sunt nomina passionum. Alio modo, secundum quod simul
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1595 cum huiusmodi motu important recessum ab ordine rationis, et sic
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1596 sunt nomina vitiorum. Et hoc modo loquitur Augustinus de audacia,
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1597 sed nos loquimur nunc de audacia secundum primum modum.</p><p title="I-II q. 45 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="35435"><span class="ref">[35435] Iª-IIae q. 45 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1598 dicendum quod uni secundum idem, non sunt plura contraria, sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1599 secundum diversa, nihil prohibet uni plura contrariari. Et sic
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1600 dictum est supra quod passiones irascibilis habent duplicem
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1601 contrarietatem, unam secundum oppositionem boni et mali, et sic
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1602 timor contrariatur spei; aliam secundum oppositionem accessus et
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1603 recessus, et sic timori contrariatur audacia, spei vero
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1604 desperatio.</p><p title="I-II q. 45 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="35436"><span class="ref">[35436] Iª-IIae q. 45 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1605 dicendum quod securitas non significat aliquid contrarium timori,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1606 sed solam timoris exclusionem, ille enim dicitur esse securus, qui
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1607 non timet. Unde securitas opponitur timori sicut privatio, audacia
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1608 autem sicut contrarium. Et sicut contrarium includit in se
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1609 privationem, ita audacia securitatem.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 2</h3><p title="I-II q. 45 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="35437"><span class="ref">[35437] Iª-IIae q. 45 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad secundum
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1610 sic proceditur. Videtur quod audacia non consequatur spem. Audacia
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1611 enim est respectu malorum et terribilium, ut dicitur in III Ethic.
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1612 Spes autem respicit bonum. Ut supra dictum est. Ergo habent diversa
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1613 obiecta, et non sunt unius ordinis. Non ergo audacia consequitur
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1614 spem.</p><p title="I-II q. 45 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="35438"><span class="ref">[35438] Iª-IIae q. 45 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1615 sicut audacia contrariatur timori, ita desperatio spei. Sed timor
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1616 non sequitur desperationem, quinimmo desperatio excludit timorem.
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1617 Ut philosophus dicit, in II Rhetoric. Ergo audacia non consequitur
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1618 spem.</p><p title="I-II q. 45 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="35439"><span class="ref">[35439] Iª-IIae q. 45 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1619 audacia intendit quoddam bonum, scilicet victoriam. Sed tendere in
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1620 bonum arduum pertinet ad spem. Ergo audacia est idem spei. Non ergo
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1621 consequitur ad spem.</p><p title="I-II q. 45 a. 2 s. c."><a name="35440"><span class="ref">[35440] Iª-IIae q. 45 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1622 est quod philosophus dicit, in III Ethic., quod <i>illi qui sunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1623 bonae spei, sunt audaces</i>. Videtur ergo audacia consequi
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1624 spem.</p><p title="I-II q. 45 a. 2 co."><a name="35441"><span class="ref">[35441] Iª-IIae q. 45 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1625 dicendum quod, sicut iam pluries dictum est, omnes huiusmodi
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1626 passiones animae ad appetitivam potentiam pertinent. Omnis autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1627 motus appetitivae potentiae reducitur ad prosecutionem vel fugam.
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1628 Prosecutio autem vel fuga est alicuius et per se, et per accidens,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1629 per se quidem est prosecutio boni, fuga vero mali; per accidens
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1630 autem potest prosecutio esse mali, propter aliquod bonum adiunctum,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1631 et fuga boni, propter aliquod malum adiunctum. Quod autem est per
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1632 accidens, sequitur ad id quod est per se. Et ideo prosecutio mali,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1633 sequitur prosecutionem boni, sicut et fuga boni sequitur fugam
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1634 mali. Haec autem quatuor pertinent ad quatuor passiones, nam
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1635 prosecutio boni pertinet ad spem, fuga mali ad timorem, insecutio
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1636 mali terribilis pertinet ad audaciam, fuga vero boni pertinet ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1637 desperationem. Unde sequitur quod audacia consequitur ad spem, ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1638 hoc enim quod aliquis sperat superare terribile imminens, ex hoc
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1639 audacter insequitur ipsum. Ad timorem vero sequitur desperatio,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1640 ideo enim aliquis desperat, quia timet difficultatem quae est circa
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1641 bonum sperandum.</p><p title="I-II q. 45 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="35442"><span class="ref">[35442] Iª-IIae q. 45 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1642 ergo dicendum quod ratio sequeretur, si bonum et malum essent
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1643 obiecta non habentia ordinem ad invicem. Sed quia malum habet
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1644 aliquem ordinem ad bonum, est enim posterius bono, sicut privatio
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1645 habitu; ideo audacia, quae insequitur malum, est post spem, quae
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1646 insequitur bonum.</p><p title="I-II q. 45 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="35443"><span class="ref">[35443] Iª-IIae q. 45 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1647 dicendum quod, etsi bonum simpliciter sit prius quam malum, tamen
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1648 fuga per prius debetur malo quam bono, sicut insecutio per prius
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1649 debetur bono quam malo. Et ideo sicut spes est prior quam audacia,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1650 ita timor est prior quam desperatio. Et sicut ex timore non semper
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1651 sequitur desperatio, sed quando fuerit intensus; ita ex spe non
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1652 semper sequitur audacia, sed quando fuerit vehemens.</p><p title="I-II q. 45 a. 2 ad 3"><a name="35444"><span class="ref">[35444] Iª-IIae q. 45 a. 2 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1653 dicendum quod audacia, licet sit circa malum cui coniunctum est
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1654 bonum victoriae secundum aestimationem audacis, tamen respicit
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1655 malum, bonum vero adiunctum respicit spes. Et similiter desperatio
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1656 respicit bonum directe, quod refugit, malum vero adiunctum respicit
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1657 timor. Unde, proprie loquendo, audacia non est pars spei, sed eius
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1658 effectus, sicut nec desperatio est pars timoris, sed eius effectus.
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1659 Et propter hoc etiam audacia principalis passio esse non
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1660 potest.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 3</h3><p title="I-II q. 45 a. 3 arg. 1"><a name="35445"><span class="ref">[35445] Iª-IIae q. 45 a. 3 arg. 1</span></a> Ad tertium
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1661 sic proceditur. Videtur quod defectus aliquis sit causa audaciae.
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1662 Dicit enim philosophus, in libro de problematibus, quod <i>amatores
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1663 vini sunt fortes et audaces</i>. Sed ex vino sequitur defectus
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1664 ebrietatis. Ergo audacia causatur ex aliquo defectu.</p><p title="I-II q. 45 a. 3 arg. 2"><a name="35446"><span class="ref">[35446] Iª-IIae q. 45 a. 3 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1665 philosophus dicit, in II Rhetoric., quod <i>inexperti periculorum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1666 sunt audaces</i>. Sed inexperientia defectus quidam est. Ergo
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1667 audacia ex defectu causatur.</p><p title="I-II q. 45 a. 3 arg. 3"><a name="35447"><span class="ref">[35447] Iª-IIae q. 45 a. 3 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1668 iniusta passi audaciores esse solent; sicut etiam bestiae cum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1669 percutiuntur, ut dicitur in III Ethic. Sed iniustum pati ad
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1670 defectum pertinet. Ergo audacia ex aliquo defectu causatur.</p><p title="I-II q. 45 a. 3 s. c."><a name="35448"><span class="ref">[35448] Iª-IIae q. 45 a. 3 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1671 est quod philosophus dicit, in II Rhetoric., quod causa audaciae
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1672 est, <i>cum in phantasia spes fuerit salutarium ut prope
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1673 existentium, timendorum autem aut non entium, aut longe entium</i>.
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1674 Sed id quod pertinet ad defectum, vel pertinet ad salutarium
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1675 remotionem, vel ad terribilium propinquitatem. Ergo nihil quod ad
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1676 defectum pertinet, est causa audaciae.</p><p title="I-II q. 45 a. 3 co."><a name="35449"><span class="ref">[35449] Iª-IIae q. 45 a. 3 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1677 dicendum quod, sicut supra dictum est, audacia consequitur spem, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1678 contrariatur timori, unde quaecumque nata sunt causare spem, vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1679 excludere timorem, sunt causa audaciae. Quia vero timor et spes, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1680 etiam audacia, cum sint passiones quaedam, consistunt in motu
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1681 appetitus et in quadam transmutatione corporali; dupliciter potest
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1682 accipi causa audaciae, sive quantum ad provocationem spei, sive
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1683 quantum ad exclusionem timoris, uno modo quidem, ex parte
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1684 appetitivi motus; alio vero modo, ex parte transmutationis
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1685 corporalis. Ex parte quidem appetitivi motus, qui sequitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1686 apprehensionem, provocatur spes causans audaciam, per ea quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1687 faciunt nos aestimare quod possibile sit adipisci victoriam; vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1688 secundum propriam potentiam, sicut fortitudo corporis, experientia
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1689 in periculis, multitudo pecuniarum, et alia huiusmodi; sive per
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1690 potentiam aliorum, sicut multitudo amicorum vel quorumcumque
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1691 auxiliantium, et praecipue si homo confidat de auxilio divino;
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1692 <i>unde illi qui se bene habent ad divina, audaciores sunt</i>, ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1693 etiam philosophus dicit, in II Rhetoric. Timor autem excluditur,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1694 secundum istum modum, per remotionem terribilium appropinquantium,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1695 puta quia homo non habet inimicos, quia nulli nocuit, quia non
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1696 videt aliquod periculum imminere; illis enim videntur maxime
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1697 pericula imminere, qui aliis nocuerunt. Ex parte vero
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1698 transmutationis corporalis, causatur audacia per provocationem spei
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1699 et exclusionem timoris, ex his quae faciunt caliditatem circa cor.
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1700 Unde philosophus dicit, in libro de partibus animalium, quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1701 <i>illi qui habent parvum cor secundum quantitatem, sunt magis
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1702 audaces; et animalia habentia magnum cor secundum quantitatem, sunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1703 timida, quia calor naturalis non tantum potest calefacere magnum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1704 cor; sicut parvum, sicut ignis non tantum potest calefacere magnam
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1705 domum, sicut parvam</i>. Et in libro de problematibus dicit quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1706 <i>habentes pulmonem sanguineum, sunt audaciores, propter
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1707 caliditatem cordis exinde consequentem</i>. Et ibidem dicit quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1708 <i>vini amatores sunt magis audaces, propter caliditatem vini</i>,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1709 unde et supra dictum est quod ebrietas facit ad bonitatem spei,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1710 caliditas enim cordis repellit timorem, et causat spem, propter
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1711 cordis extensionem et amplificationem.</p><p title="I-II q. 45 a. 3 ad 1"><a name="35450"><span class="ref">[35450] Iª-IIae q. 45 a. 3 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1712 ergo dicendum quod ebrietas causat audaciam, non inquantum est
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1713 defectus, sed inquantum facit cordis dilatationem, et inquantum
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1714 etiam facit aestimationem cuiusdam magnitudinis.</p><p title="I-II q. 45 a. 3 ad 2"><a name="35451"><span class="ref">[35451] Iª-IIae q. 45 a. 3 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1715 dicendum quod illi qui sunt inexperti periculorum, sunt audaciores,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1716 non propter defectum, sed per accidens, inquantum scilicet, propter
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1717 inexperientiam, neque debilitatem suam cognoscunt, neque
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1718 praesentiam periculorum. Et ita, per subtractionem causae timoris,
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1719 sequitur audacia.</p><p title="I-II q. 45 a. 3 ad 3"><a name="35452"><span class="ref">[35452] Iª-IIae q. 45 a. 3 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1720 dicendum quod, sicut philosophus dicit in II Rhetoric., <i>iniustum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1721 passi redduntur audaciores, quia aestimant quod Deus iniustum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1722 passis auxilium ferat</i>. Et sic patet quod nullus defectus causat
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1723 audaciam nisi per accidens, inquantum scilicet habet adiunctam
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1724 aliquam excellentiam, vel veram vel aestimatam, vel ex parte sui
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1725 vel ex parte alterius.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 4</h3><p title="I-II q. 45 a. 4 arg. 1"><a name="35453"><span class="ref">[35453] Iª-IIae q. 45 a. 4 arg. 1</span></a> Ad quartum
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1726 sic proceditur. Videtur quod audaces non sint promptiores in
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1727 principio quam in ipsis periculis. Tremor enim ex timore causatur,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1728 qui contrariatur audaciae, ut ex dictis patet. Sed audaces
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1729 quandoque in principio tremunt, ut philosophus dicit, in libro de
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1730 problematibus. Ergo non sunt promptiores in principio quam in ipsis
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1731 periculis existentes.</p><p title="I-II q. 45 a. 4 arg. 2"><a name="35454"><span class="ref">[35454] Iª-IIae q. 45 a. 4 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1732 per augmentum obiecti augetur passio, sicut si bonum est amabile,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1733 et magis bonum est magis amabile. Sed arduum est obiectum audaciae.
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1734 Augmentato ergo arduo, augmentatur audacia. Sed magis fit arduum et
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1735 difficile periculum, quando est praesens. Ergo debet tunc magis
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1736 crescere audacia.</p><p title="I-II q. 45 a. 4 arg. 3"><a name="35455"><span class="ref">[35455] Iª-IIae q. 45 a. 4 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1737 ex vulneribus inflictis provocatur ira. Sed ira causat audaciam,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1738 dicit enim philosophus, in II Rhetoric., quod ira est ausivum. Ergo
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1739 quando iam sunt in ipsis periculis, et percutiuntur, videtur quod
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1740 magis audaces reddantur.</p><p title="I-II q. 45 a. 4 s. c."><a name="35456"><span class="ref">[35456] Iª-IIae q. 45 a. 4 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1741 est quod dicitur in III Ethic., quod <i>audaces praevolantes sunt
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1742 et volentes ante pericula, in ipsis autem discedunt</i>.</p><p title="I-II q. 45 a. 4 co."><a name="35457"><span class="ref">[35457] Iª-IIae q. 45 a. 4 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1743 dicendum quod audacia, cum sit quidam motus appetitus sensitivi,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1744 sequitur apprehensionem sensitivae virtutis. Virtus autem sensitiva
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1745 non est collativa nec inquisitiva singulorum quae circumstant rem,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1746 sed subitum habet iudicium. Contingit autem quandoque quod secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1747 subitam apprehensionem non possunt cognosci omnia quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1748 difficultatem in aliquo negotio afferunt, unde surgit audaciae
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1749 motus ad aggrediendum periculum. Unde quando iam experiuntur ipsum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1750 periculum, sentiunt maiorem difficultatem quam aestimaverunt. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1751 ideo deficiunt. Sed ratio est discussiva omnium quae afferunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1752 difficultatem negotio. Et ideo fortes, qui ex iudicio rationis
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1753 aggrediuntur pericula, in principio videntur remissi, quia non
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1754 passi, sed cum deliberatione debita aggrediuntur. Quando autem sunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1755 in ipsis periculis, non experiuntur aliquid improvisum; sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1756 quandoque minora illis quae praecogitaverunt. Et ideo magis
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1757 persistunt. Vel etiam quia propter bonum virtutis pericula
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1758 aggrediuntur, cuius boni voluntas in eis perseverat, quantacumque
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1759 sint pericula. Audaces autem, propter solam aestimationem facientem
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1760 spem et excludentem timorem, sicut dictum est.</p><p title="I-II q. 45 a. 4 ad 1"><a name="35458"><span class="ref">[35458] Iª-IIae q. 45 a. 4 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1761 ergo dicendum quod etiam in audacibus accidit tremor, propter
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1762 revocationem caloris ab exterioribus ad interiora, sicut etiam in
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1763 timentibus. Sed in audacibus revocatur calor ad cor, in timentibus
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1764 autem, ad inferiora.</p><p title="I-II q. 45 a. 4 ad 2"><a name="35459"><span class="ref">[35459] Iª-IIae q. 45 a. 4 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1765 dicendum quod obiectum amoris est simpliciter bonum, unde
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1766 augmentatum simpliciter augmentat amorem. Sed obiectum audaciae est
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1767 compositum ex bono et malo; et motus audaciae in malum,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1768 praesupponit motum spei in bonum. Et ideo si tantum addatur de
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1769 arduitate ad periculum quod excedat spem, non sequetur motus
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1770 audaciae, sed diminuetur. Si tamen sit motus audaciae, quanto maius
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1771 est periculum, tanto maior audacia reputatur.</p><p title="I-II q. 45 a. 4 ad 3"><a name="35460"><span class="ref">[35460] Iª-IIae q. 45 a. 4 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1772 dicendum quod ex laesione non causatur ira, nisi supposita aliqua
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1773 spe, ut infra dicetur. Et ideo si fuerit tantum periculum quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1774 excedat spem victoriae, non sequetur ira. Sed verum est quod, si
59 03759e5c1080 fix multi-para s.c. ht parents: 53 diff changeset	1775 ira sequatur, audacia augebitur.</p></div></div><div id="q46" class="q"><h2>Quaestio 46</h2><div class="p"><h3>Prooemium</h3><p title="I-II q. 46 pr."><a name="35461"><span class="ref">[35461]
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1776 Iª-IIae q. 46 pr.</span></a> Deinde considerandum est de ira.
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1777 Et primo, de ira secundum se; secundo, de causa factiva irae, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1778 remedio eius; tertio, de effectu eius. Circa primum quaeruntur
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1779 octo. Primo, utrum ira sit passio specialis. Secundo, utrum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1780 obiectum irae sit bonum, an malum. Tertio, utrum ira sit in
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1781 concupiscibili. Quarto, utrum ira sit cum ratione. Quinto, utrum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1782 ira sit naturalior quam concupiscentia. Sexto, utrum ira sit
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1783 gravior quam odium. Septimo, utrum ira solum sit ad illos ad quos
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1784 est iustitia. Octavo, de speciebus irae.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 1</h3><p title="I-II q. 46 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="35462"><span class="ref">[35462] Iª-IIae q. 46 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad primum
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1785 sic proceditur. Videtur quod ira non sit passio specialis. Ab ira
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1786 enim denominatur potentia irascibilis. Sed huius potentiae non est
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1787 una tantum passio, sed multae. Ergo ira non est una passio
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1788 specialis.</p><p title="I-II q. 46 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="35463"><span class="ref">[35463] Iª-IIae q. 46 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1789 cuilibet passioni speciali est aliquid contrarium; ut patet
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1790 inducenti per singula. Sed irae non est aliqua passio contraria, ut
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1791 supra dictum est. Ergo ira non est passio specialis.</p><p title="I-II q. 46 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="35464"><span class="ref">[35464] Iª-IIae q. 46 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1792 una specialis passio non includit aliam. Sed ira includit multas
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1793 passiones, est enim cum tristitia, et cum delectatione, et cum spe,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1794 ut patet per philosophum, in II Rhetoric. Ergo ira non est passio
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1795 specialis.</p><p title="I-II q. 46 a. 1 s. c."><a name="35465"><span class="ref">[35465] Iª-IIae q. 46 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1796 est quod Damascenus ponit iram specialem passionem. Et similiter
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1797 Tullius, IV de Tusculanis quaest.</p><p title="I-II q. 46 a. 1 co."><a name="35466"><span class="ref">[35466] Iª-IIae q. 46 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1798 dicendum quod aliquid dicitur generale dupliciter. Uno modo, per
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1799 praedicationem, sicut animal est generale ad omnia animalia. Alio
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1800 modo, per causam, sicut sol est causa generalis omnium quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1801 generantur in his inferioribus, secundum Dionysium, in IV cap. de
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1802 Div. Nom. Sicut enim genus continet multas differentias potestate,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1803 secundum similitudinem materiae; ita causa agens continet multos
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1804 effectus secundum virtutem activam. Contingit autem aliquem
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1805 effectum ex concursu diversarum causarum produci, et quia omnis
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1806 causa aliquo modo in effectu manet, potest etiam dici, tertio modo,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1807 quod effectus ex congregatione multarum causarum productus, habet
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1808 quandam generalitatem, inquantum continet multas causas quodammodo
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1809 in actu. Primo ergo modo, ira non est passio generalis, sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1810 condivisa aliis passionibus, ut supra dictum est. Similiter autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1811 nec secundo modo. Non est enim causa aliarum passionum, sed per
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1812 hunc modum potest dici generalis passio amor, ut patet per
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1813 Augustinum, in XIV libro de Civ. Dei; amor enim est prima radix
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1814 omnium passionum, ut supra dictum est. Sed tertio modo potest ira
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1815 dici passio generalis, inquantum ex concursu multarum passionum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1816 causatur. Non enim insurgit motus irae nisi propter aliquam
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1817 tristitiam illatam et nisi adsit desiderium et spes ulciscendi,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1818 quia, ut philosophus dicit in II Rhetoric., <i>iratus habet spem
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1819 puniendi; appetit enim vindictam ut sibi possibilem</i>. Unde si
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1820 fuerit multum excellens persona quae nocumentum intulit, non
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1821 sequitur ira, sed solum tristitia, ut Avicenna dicit, in libro de
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1822 anima.</p><p title="I-II q. 46 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="35467"><span class="ref">[35467] Iª-IIae q. 46 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1823 ergo dicendum quod, vis irascibilis denominatur ab ira, non quia
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1824 omnis motus huius potentiae sit ira, sed quia ad iram terminantur
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1825 omnes motus huius potentiae; et inter alios eius motus, iste est
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1826 manifestior.</p><p title="I-II q. 46 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="35468"><span class="ref">[35468] Iª-IIae q. 46 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1827 dicendum quod ex hoc ipso quod ira causatur ex contrariis
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1828 passionibus, scilicet a spe, quae est boni, et a tristitia, quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1829 est mali, includit in seipsa contrarietatem, et ideo non habet
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1830 contrarium extra se. Sicut etiam in mediis coloribus non invenitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1831 contrarietas, nisi quae est simplicium colorum, ex quibus
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1832 causantur.</p><p title="I-II q. 46 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="35469"><span class="ref">[35469] Iª-IIae q. 46 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1833 dicendum quod ira includit multas passiones, non quidem sicut genus
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1834 species, sed magis secundum continentiam causae et effectus.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 2</h3><p title="I-II q. 46 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="35470"><span class="ref">[35470] Iª-IIae q. 46 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad secundum
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1835 sic proceditur. Videtur quod obiectum irae sit malum. Dicit enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1836 Gregorius Nyssenus quod ira est quasi armigera concupiscentiae,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1837 inquantum scilicet impugnat id quod concupiscentiam impedit. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1838 omne impedimentum habet rationem mali. Ergo ira respicit malum
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1839 tanquam obiectum.</p><p title="I-II q. 46 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="35471"><span class="ref">[35471] Iª-IIae q. 46 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1840 ira et odium conveniunt in effectu, utriusque enim est inferre
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1841 nocumentum alteri. Sed odium respicit malum tanquam obiectum, ut
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1842 supra dictum est. Ergo etiam et ira.</p><p title="I-II q. 46 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="35472"><span class="ref">[35472] Iª-IIae q. 46 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1843 ira causatur ex tristitia, unde philosophus dicit, in VII Ethic.,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1844 quod ira operatur cum tristitia. Sed tristitiae obiectum est malum.
59 03759e5c1080 fix multi-para s.c. ht parents: 53 diff changeset	1845 Ergo et irae.</p><div class="sc"><p title="I-II q. 46 a. 2 s. c. 1"><a name="35473"><span class="ref">[35473] Iª-IIae q. 46 a. 2 s. c. 1</span></a> Sed contra
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1846 est quod Augustinus dicit, in II Confess., quod ira appetit
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1847 vindictam. Sed appetitus vindictae est appetitus boni, cum vindicta
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1848 ad iustitiam pertineat. Ergo obiectum irae est bonum.</p><p title="I-II q. 46 a. 2 s. c. 2"><a name="35474"><span class="ref">[35474] Iª-IIae q. 46 a. 2 s. c. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1849 ira semper est cum spe, unde et delectationem causat, ut dicit
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1850 philosophus, in II Rhetoric. Sed spei et delectationis obiectum est
59 03759e5c1080 fix multi-para s.c. ht parents: 53 diff changeset	1851 bonum. Ergo et irae.</p></div><p title="I-II q. 46 a. 2 co."><a name="35475"><span class="ref">[35475] Iª-IIae q. 46 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1852 dicendum quod motus appetitivae virtutis sequitur actum virtutis
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1853 apprehensivae. Vis autem apprehensiva dupliciter aliquid
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1854 apprehendit, uno modo, per modum incomplexi, sicut cum intelligimus
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1855 quid est homo; alio modo, per modum complexi, sicut cum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1856 intelligimus album inesse homini. Unde utroque modo vis appetitiva
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1857 potest tendere in bonum et malum. Per modum quidem simplicis et
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1858 incomplexi, cum appetitus simpliciter sequitur vel inhaeret bono,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1859 vel refugit malum. Et tales motus sunt desiderium et spes,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1860 delectatio et tristitia, et alia huiusmodi. Per modum autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1861 complexi, sicut cum appetitus fertur in hoc quod aliquod bonum vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1862 malum insit vel fiat circa alterum, vel tendendo in hoc, vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1863 refugiendo ab hoc. Sicut manifeste apparet in amore et odio, amamus
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1864 enim aliquem, inquantum volumus ei inesse aliquod bonum; odimus
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1865 autem aliquem, inquantum volumus ei inesse aliquod malum. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1866 similiter est in ira, quicumque enim irascitur, quaerit vindicari
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1867 de aliquo. Et sic motus irae tendit in duo, scilicet in ipsam
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1868 vindictam, quam appetit et sperat sicut quoddam bonum, unde et de
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1869 ipsa delectatur, tendit etiam in illum de quo quaerit vindictam,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1870 sicut in contrarium et nocivum, quod pertinet ad rationem mali. Est
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1871 tamen duplex differentia attendenda circa hoc, irae ad odium et ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1872 amorem. Quarum prima est, quod ira semper respicit duo obiecta,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1873 amor vero et odium quandoque respiciunt unum obiectum tantum, sicut
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1874 cum dicitur aliquis amare vinum vel aliquid huiusmodi, aut etiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1875 odire. Secunda est, quia utrumque obiectorum quod respicit amor,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1876 est bonum, vult enim amans bonum alicui, tanquam sibi convenienti.
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1877 Utrumque vero eorum quae respicit odium, habet rationem mali, vult
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1878 enim odiens malum alicui, tamquam cuidam inconvenienti. Sed ira
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1879 respicit unum obiectum secundum rationem boni, scilicet vindictam,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1880 quam appetit, et aliud secundum rationem mali, scilicet hominem
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1881 nocivum, de quo vult vindicari. Et ideo est passio quodammodo
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1882 composita ex contrariis passionibus.</p><p title="I-II q. 46 a. 2 ad arg."><a name="35476"><span class="ref">[35476] Iª-IIae q. 46 a. 2 ad arg.</span></a> Et per hoc
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1883 patet responsio ad obiecta.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 3</h3><p title="I-II q. 46 a. 3 arg. 1"><a name="35477"><span class="ref">[35477] Iª-IIae q. 46 a. 3 arg. 1</span></a> Ad tertium
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1884 sic proceditur. Videtur quod ira sit in concupiscibili. Dicit enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1885 Tullius, in IV de Tusculanis quaest., quod ira est libido quaedam.
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1886 Sed libido est in concupiscibili. Ergo et ira.</p><p title="I-II q. 46 a. 3 arg. 2"><a name="35478"><span class="ref">[35478] Iª-IIae q. 46 a. 3 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1887 Augustinus dicit, in regula, quod ira crescit in odium. Et Tullius
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1888 dicit, in eodem libro, quod odium est ira inveterata. Sed odium est
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1889 in concupiscibili, sicut amor. Ergo ira est in concupiscibili.</p><p title="I-II q. 46 a. 3 arg. 3"><a name="35479"><span class="ref">[35479] Iª-IIae q. 46 a. 3 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1890 Damascenus et Gregorius Nyssenus dicunt quod ira componitur ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1891 tristitia et desiderio. Sed utrumque horum est in concupiscibili.
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1892 Ergo ira est in concupiscibili.</p><p title="I-II q. 46 a. 3 s. c."><a name="35480"><span class="ref">[35480] Iª-IIae q. 46 a. 3 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra,
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1893 vis concupiscibilis est alia ab irascibili. Si igitur ira esset in
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1894 concupiscibili, non denominaretur ab ea vis irascibilis.</p><p title="I-II q. 46 a. 3 co."><a name="35481"><span class="ref">[35481] Iª-IIae q. 46 a. 3 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1895 dicendum quod, sicut supra dictum est, passiones irascibilis in hoc
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1896 differunt a passionibus concupiscibilis, quod obiecta passionum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1897 concupiscibilis sunt bonum et malum absolute; obiecta autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1898 passionum irascibilis sunt bonum et malum cum quadam elevatione vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1899 arduitate. Dictum est autem quod ira respicit duo obiecta, scilicet
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1900 vindictam, quam appetit; et eum de quo vindictam quaerit. Et circa
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1901 utrumque quandam arduitatem ira requirit, non enim insurgit motus
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1902 irae, nisi aliqua magnitudine circa utrumque existente;
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1903 <i>quaecumque enim nihil sunt, aut modica valde nullo digna
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1904 aestimamus</i>, ut dicit philosophus, in II Rhetoric. Unde
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1905 manifestum est quod ira non est in concupiscibili, sed in
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1906 irascibili.</p><p title="I-II q. 46 a. 3 ad 1"><a name="35482"><span class="ref">[35482] Iª-IIae q. 46 a. 3 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1907 ergo dicendum quod Tullius libidinem nominat appetitum cuiuscumque
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1908 boni futuri non habita discretione ardui vel non ardui. Et secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1909 hoc, ponit iram sub libidine, inquantum est appetitus vindictae.
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1910 Sic autem libido communis est ad irascibilem et
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1911 concupiscibilem.</p><p title="I-II q. 46 a. 3 ad 2"><a name="35483"><span class="ref">[35483] Iª-IIae q. 46 a. 3 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1912 dicendum quod ira dicitur crescere in odium, non quod eadem numero
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1913 passio quae prius fuit ira, postmodum fiat odium per quandam
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1914 inveterationem, sed per quandam causalitatem. Ira enim, per
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1915 diuturnitatem, causat odium.</p><p title="I-II q. 46 a. 3 ad 3"><a name="35484"><span class="ref">[35484] Iª-IIae q. 46 a. 3 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1916 dicendum quod ira dicitur componi ex tristitia et desiderio, non
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1917 sicut ex partibus, sed sicut ex causis. Dictum est autem supra quod
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1918 passiones concupiscibilis sunt causae passionum irascibilis.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 4</h3><p title="I-II q. 46 a. 4 arg. 1"><a name="35485"><span class="ref">[35485] Iª-IIae q. 46 a. 4 arg. 1</span></a> Ad quartum
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1919 sic proceditur. Videtur quod ira non sit cum ratione. Ira enim, cum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1920 sit passio quaedam, est in appetitu sensitivo. Sed appetitus
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1921 sensitivus non sequitur rationis apprehensionem, sed sensitivae
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1922 partis. Ergo ira non est cum ratione.</p><p title="I-II q. 46 a. 4 arg. 2"><a name="35486"><span class="ref">[35486] Iª-IIae q. 46 a. 4 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1923 animalia bruta carent ratione. Et tamen in eis invenitur ira. Ergo
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1924 ira non est cum ratione.</p><p title="I-II q. 46 a. 4 arg. 3"><a name="35487"><span class="ref">[35487] Iª-IIae q. 46 a. 4 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1925 ebrietas ligat rationem. Adiuvat autem ad iram. Ergo ira non est
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1926 cum ratione.</p><p title="I-II q. 46 a. 4 s. c."><a name="35488"><span class="ref">[35488] Iª-IIae q. 46 a. 4 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1927 est quod philosophus dicit, in VII Ethic., quod <i>ira consequitur
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1928 rationem aliqualiter</i>.</p><p title="I-II q. 46 a. 4 co."><a name="35489"><span class="ref">[35489] Iª-IIae q. 46 a. 4 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1929 dicendum quod, sicut supra dictum est, ira est appetitus vindictae.
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1930 Haec autem collationem importat poenae infligendae ad nocumentum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1931 sibi illatum, unde, in VII Ethic., dicit philosophus quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1932 <i>syllogizans quoniam oportet talem oppugnare, irascitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1933 confestim</i>. Conferre autem et syllogizare est rationis. Et ideo
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1934 ira est quodammodo cum ratione.</p><p title="I-II q. 46 a. 4 ad 1"><a name="35490"><span class="ref">[35490] Iª-IIae q. 46 a. 4 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1935 ergo dicendum quod motus appetitivae virtutis potest esse cum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1936 ratione dupliciter. Uno modo, cum ratione praecipiente, et sic
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1937 voluntas est cum ratione; unde et dicitur appetitus rationalis.
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1938 Alio modo, cum ratione denuntiante, et sic ira est cum ratione.
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1939 Dicit enim philosophus, in libro de Problemat., quod ira est cum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1940 ratione, <i>non sicut praecipiente ratione, sed ut manifestante
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1941 iniuriam</i>. Appetitus enim sensitivus immediate rationi non
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1942 obedit, sed mediante voluntate.</p><p title="I-II q. 46 a. 4 ad 2"><a name="35491"><span class="ref">[35491] Iª-IIae q. 46 a. 4 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1943 dicendum quod bruta animalia habent instinctum naturalem ex divina
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1944 ratione eis inditum, per quem habent motus interiores et exteriores
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1945 similes motibus rationis, sicut supra dictum est.</p><p title="I-II q. 46 a. 4 ad 3"><a name="35492"><span class="ref">[35492] Iª-IIae q. 46 a. 4 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1946 dicendum quod, sicut dicitur in VII Ethic., ira audit aliqualiter
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1947 rationem, sicut nuntiantem quod iniuriatum est ei, sed non perfecte
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1948 audit, quia non observat regulam rationis in rependendo vindictam.
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1949 Ad iram ergo requiritur aliquis actus rationis; et additur
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1950 impedimentum rationis. Unde philosophus dicit, in libro de
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1951 Problemat., quod illi qui sunt multum ebrii, tanquam nihil habentes
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1952 de iudicio rationis, non irascuntur, sed quando sunt parum ebrii,
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1953 irascuntur, tanquam habentes iudicium rationis, sed impeditum.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 5</h3><p title="I-II q. 46 a. 5 arg. 1"><a name="35493"><span class="ref">[35493] Iª-IIae q. 46 a. 5 arg. 1</span></a> Ad quintum
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1954 sic proceditur. Videtur quod ira non sit naturalior quam
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1955 concupiscentia. Proprium enim hominis dicitur quod sit animal
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1956 mansuetum natura. Sed mansuetudo opponitur irae, ut dicit
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1957 philosophus, in II Rhetoric. Ergo ira non est naturalior quam
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1958 concupiscentia, sed omnino videtur esse contra hominis naturam.</p><p title="I-II q. 46 a. 5 arg. 2"><a name="35494"><span class="ref">[35494] Iª-IIae q. 46 a. 5 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1959 ratio contra naturam dividitur, ea enim quae secundum rationem
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1960 agunt, non dicimus secundum naturam agere. Sed ira est cum ratione,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1961 concupiscentia autem sine ratione, ut dicitur in VII Ethic. Ergo
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1962 concupiscentia est naturalior quam ira.</p><p title="I-II q. 46 a. 5 arg. 3"><a name="35495"><span class="ref">[35495] Iª-IIae q. 46 a. 5 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1963 ira est appetitus vindictae, concupiscentia autem maxime est
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1964 appetitus delectabilium secundum tactum, scilicet ciborum et
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1965 venereorum. Haec autem sunt magis naturalia homini quam vindicta.
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1966 Ergo concupiscentia est naturalior quam ira.</p><p title="I-II q. 46 a. 5 s. c."><a name="35496"><span class="ref">[35496] Iª-IIae q. 46 a. 5 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1967 est quod philosophus dicit, in VII Ethic., quod <i>ira est
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1968 naturalior quam concupiscentia</i>.</p><p title="I-II q. 46 a. 5 co."><a name="35497"><span class="ref">[35497] Iª-IIae q. 46 a. 5 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1969 dicendum quod naturale dicitur illud quod causatur a natura, ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1970 patet in II Physic. Unde utrum aliqua passio sit magis vel minus
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1971 naturalis, considerari non potest nisi ex causa sua. Causa autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1972 passionis, ut supra dictum est, dupliciter accipi potest, uno modo,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1973 ex parte obiecti; alio modo, ex parte subiecti. Si ergo
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1974 consideretur causa irae et concupiscentiae ex parte obiecti, sic
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1975 concupiscentia, et maxime ciborum et venereorum, naturalior est
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1976 quam ira, inquantum ista sunt magis naturalia quam vindicta. Si
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1977 autem consideretur causa irae ex parte subiecti, sic quodammodo ira
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1978 est naturalior, et quodammodo concupiscentia. Potest enim natura
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1979 alicuius hominis considerari vel secundum naturam generis, vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1980 secundum naturam speciei, vel secundum complexionem propriam
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1981 individui. Si igitur consideretur natura generis, quae est natura
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1982 huius hominis inquantum est animal; sic naturalior est
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1983 concupiscentia quam ira, quia ex ipsa natura communi habet homo
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1984 quandam inclinationem ad appetendum ea quae sunt conservativa
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1985 vitae, vel secundum speciem vel secundum individuum. Si autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1986 consideremus naturam hominis ex parte speciei, scilicet inquantum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1987 est rationalis; sic ira est magis naturalis homini quam
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1988 concupiscentia, inquantum ira est cum ratione magis quam
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1989 concupiscentia. Unde philosophus dicit, in IV Ethic., quod humanius
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1990 est punire, quod pertinet ad iram, quam mansuetum esse, unumquodque
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1991 enim naturaliter insurgit contra contraria et nociva. Si vero
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1992 consideretur natura huius individui secundum propriam complexionem,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1993 sic ira naturalior est quam concupiscentia, quia scilicet
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1994 habitudinem naturalem ad irascendum, quae est ex complexione, magis
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1995 de facili sequitur ira, quam concupiscentia vel aliqua alia passio.
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1996 Est enim homo dispositus ad irascendum, secundum quod habet
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1997 cholericam complexionem, cholera autem, inter alios humores, citius
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1998 movetur; assimilatur enim igni. Et ideo magis est in promptu ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1999 ille qui est dispositus secundum naturalem complexionem ad iram,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2000 irascatur; quam de eo qui est dispositus ad concupiscendum, quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2001 concupiscat. Et propter hoc philosophus dicit, in VII Ethic., quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2002 ira magis traducitur a parentibus in filios, quam
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	2003 concupiscentia.</p><p title="I-II q. 46 a. 5 ad 1"><a name="35498"><span class="ref">[35498] Iª-IIae q. 46 a. 5 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2004 ergo dicendum quod in homine considerari potest et naturalis
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2005 complexio ex parte corporis, quae est temperata; et ipsa ratio. Ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2006 parte igitur complexionis corporalis, naturaliter homo, secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2007 suam speciem, est non habens superexcellentiam neque irae neque
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2008 alicuius alterius passionis, propter temperamentum suae
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2009 complexionis. Alia vero animalia, secundum quod recedunt ab hac
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2010 qualitate complexionis ad dispositionem alicuius complexionis
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2011 extremae, secundum hoc etiam naturaliter disponuntur ad excessum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2012 alicuius passionis, ut leo ad audaciam, canis ad iram, lepus ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2013 timorem, et sic de aliis. Ex parte vero rationis, est naturale
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2014 homini et irasci et mansuetum esse, secundum quod ratio quodammodo
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2015 causat iram, inquantum nuntiat causam irae; et quodammodo sedat
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2016 iram, inquantum iratus non totaliter audit imperium rationis, ut
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	2017 supra dictum est.</p><p title="I-II q. 46 a. 5 ad 2"><a name="35499"><span class="ref">[35499] Iª-IIae q. 46 a. 5 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2018 dicendum quod ipsa ratio pertinet ad naturam hominis. Unde ex hoc
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2019 ipso quod ira est cum ratione, sequitur quod secundum aliquem modum
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	2020 sit homini naturalis.</p><p title="I-II q. 46 a. 5 ad 3"><a name="35500"><span class="ref">[35500] Iª-IIae q. 46 a. 5 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2021 dicendum quod ratio illa procedit de ira et concupiscentia, ex
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	2022 parte obiecti.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 6</h3><p title="I-II q. 46 a. 6 arg. 1"><a name="35501"><span class="ref">[35501] Iª-IIae q. 46 a. 6 arg. 1</span></a> Ad sextum
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2023 sic proceditur. Videtur quod ira sit gravior quam odium. Dicitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2024 enim Prov. XXVII, quod <i>ira non habet misericordiam, nec erumpens
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2025 furor</i>. Odium autem quandoque habet misericordiam. Ergo ira est
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	2026 gravior quam odium.</p><p title="I-II q. 46 a. 6 arg. 2"><a name="35502"><span class="ref">[35502] Iª-IIae q. 46 a. 6 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2027 maius est pati malum et de malo dolere, quam simpliciter pati. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2028 illi qui habet aliquem odio, sufficit quod ille quem odit, patiatur
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2029 malum, irato autem non sufficit, sed quaerit quod cognoscat illud
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2030 et de illo doleat, ut dicit philosophus, in II Rhetoric. Ergo ira
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	2031 est gravior quam odium.</p><p title="I-II q. 46 a. 6 arg. 3"><a name="35503"><span class="ref">[35503] Iª-IIae q. 46 a. 6 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2032 quanto ad constitutionem alicuius plura concurrunt, tanto videtur
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2033 esse stabilius, sicut habitus permanentior est qui ex pluribus
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2034 actibus causatur. Sed ira causatur ex concursu plurium passionum,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2035 ut supra dictum est, non autem odium. Ergo ira est stabilior et
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	2036 gravior quam odium.</p><p title="I-II q. 46 a. 6 s. c."><a name="35504"><span class="ref">[35504] Iª-IIae q. 46 a. 6 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2037 est quod Augustinus, in regula, odium comparat trabi, iram vero
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	2038 festucae.</p><p title="I-II q. 46 a. 6 co."><a name="35505"><span class="ref">[35505] Iª-IIae q. 46 a. 6 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2039 dicendum quod species passionis, et ratio ipsius, ex obiecto
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2040 pensatur. Est autem obiectum irae et odii idem subiecto, nam sicut
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2041 odiens appetit malum ei quem odit, ita iratus ei contra quem
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2042 irascitur. Sed non eadem ratione, sed odiens appetit malum inimici,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2043 inquantum est malum; iratus autem appetit malum eius contra quem
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2044 irascitur, non inquantum est malum, sed inquantum habet quandam
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2045 rationem boni, scilicet prout aestimat illud esse iustum, inquantum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2046 est vindicativum. Unde etiam supra dictum est quod odium est per
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2047 applicationem mali ad malum; ira autem per applicationem boni ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2048 malum. Manifestum est autem quod appetere malum sub ratione iusti,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2049 minus habet de ratione mali quam velle malum alicuius simpliciter.
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2050 Velle enim malum alicuius sub ratione iusti, potest esse etiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2051 secundum virtutem iustitiae, si praecepto rationis obtemperetur,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2052 sed ira in hoc solum deficit, quod non obedit rationis praecepto in
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2053 ulciscendo. Unde manifestum est quod odium est multo deterius et
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	2054 gravius quam ira.</p><p title="I-II q. 46 a. 6 ad 1"><a name="35506"><span class="ref">[35506] Iª-IIae q. 46 a. 6 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2055 ergo dicendum quod in ira et odio duo possunt considerari, scilicet
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2056 ipsum quod desideratur, et intensio desiderii. Quantum igitur ad id
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2057 quod desideratur, ira habet magis misericordiam quam odium. Quia
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2058 enim odium appetit malum alterius secundum se, nulla mensura mali
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2059 satiatur, ea enim quae secundum se appetuntur, sine mensura
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2060 appetuntur, ut philosophus dicit I Politic., sicut avarus divitias.
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2061 Unde dicitur Eccli. XII, <i>inimicus si invenerit tempus, non
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2062 satiabitur sanguine</i>. Sed ira non appetit malum nisi sub ratione
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2063 iusti vindicativi. Unde quando malum illatum excedit mensuram
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2064 iustitiae, secundum aestimationem irascentis, tunc miseretur. Unde
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2065 philosophus dicit, in II Rhetoric., quod <i>iratus, si fiant multa,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2066 miserebitur, odiens autem pro nullo</i>. Quantum vero ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2067 intensionem desiderii, ira magis excludit misericordiam quam odium,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2068 quia motus irae est impetuosior, propter cholerae inflammationem.
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2069 Unde statim subditur, <i>impetum concitati spiritus ferre quis
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	2070 poterit?</i></p><p title="I-II q. 46 a. 6 ad 2"><a name="35507"><span class="ref">[35507] Iª-IIae q. 46 a. 6 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2071 dicendum quod, sicut dictum est, iratus appetit malum alicuius,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2072 inquantum habet rationem iusti vindicativi. Vindicta autem fit per
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2073 illationem poenae. Est autem de ratione poenae quod sit contraria
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2074 voluntati, et quod sit afflictiva, et quod pro aliqua culpa
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2075 inferatur. Et ideo iratus hoc appetit, ut ille cui nocumentum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2076 infert, percipiat, et doleat, et quod cognoscat propter iniuriam
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2077 illatam sibi hoc provenire. Sed odiens de hoc nihil curat, quia
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2078 appetit malum alterius inquantum huiusmodi. Non est autem verum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2079 quod id de quo quis tristatur, sit peius, iniustitia enim et
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2080 imprudentia, cum sint mala, quia tamen sunt voluntaria, non
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2081 contristant eos quibus insunt, ut dicit philosophus, in II
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	2082 Rhetoric.</p><p title="I-II q. 46 a. 6 ad 3"><a name="35508"><span class="ref">[35508] Iª-IIae q. 46 a. 6 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2083 dicendum quod id quod ex pluribus causis causatur, tunc est
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2084 stabilius, quando causae accipiuntur unius rationis, sed una causa
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2085 potest praevalere multis aliis. Odium autem provenit ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2086 permanentiori causa quam ira. Nam ira provenit ex aliqua commotione
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2087 animi propter laesionem illatam, sed odium procedit ex aliqua
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2088 dispositione hominis, secundum quam reputat sibi contrarium et
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2089 nocivum id quod odit. Et ideo sicut passio citius transit quam
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2090 dispositio vel habitus, ita ira citius transit quam odium; quamvis
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2091 etiam odium sit passio ex tali dispositione proveniens. Et propter
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2092 hoc philosophus dicit, in II Rhetoric., quod <i>odium est magis
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	2093 insanabile quam ira</i>.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 7</h3><p title="I-II q. 46 a. 7 arg. 1"><a name="35509"><span class="ref">[35509] Iª-IIae q. 46 a. 7 arg. 1</span></a> Ad septimum
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2094 sic proceditur. Videtur quod ira non solum sit ad illos ad quos est
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2095 iustitia. Non enim est iustitia hominis ad res irrationales. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2096 tamen homo quandoque irascitur rebus irrationalibus, puta cum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2097 scriptor ex ira proiicit pennam, vel eques percutit equum. Ergo ira
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	2098 non solum est ad illos ad quos est iustitia.</p><p title="I-II q. 46 a. 7 arg. 2"><a name="35510"><span class="ref">[35510] Iª-IIae q. 46 a. 7 arg. 2</span></a>
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2099 <i>Praeterea, non est iustitia hominis ad seipsum, nec ad ea quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2100 sui ipsius sunt</i>, ut dicitur in V Ethic. Sed homo quandoque sibi
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2101 ipsi irascitur, sicut poenitens propter peccatum, unde dicitur in
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2102 Psalmo IV, <i>irascimini, et nolite peccare</i>. Ergo ira non solum
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	2103 est ad quos est iustitia.</p><p title="I-II q. 46 a. 7 arg. 3"><a name="35511"><span class="ref">[35511] Iª-IIae q. 46 a. 7 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2104 iustitia et iniustitia potest esse alicuius ad totum aliquod genus,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2105 vel ad totam aliquam communitatem, puta cum civitas aliquem laesit.
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2106 Sed ira non est ad aliquod genus, sed solum ad aliquod singularium,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2107 ut dicit philosophus, in II Rhetoric. Ergo ira non proprie est ad
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	2108 quos est iustitia et iniustitia.</p><p title="I-II q. 46 a. 7 s. c."><a name="35512"><span class="ref">[35512] Iª-IIae q. 46 a. 7 s. c.</span></a> Sed
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	2109 contrarium accipi potest a philosopho in II Rhetoric.</p><p title="I-II q. 46 a. 7 co."><a name="35513"><span class="ref">[35513] Iª-IIae q. 46 a. 7 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2110 dicendum quod, sicut supra dictum est, ira appetit malum, inquantum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2111 habet rationem iusti vindicativi. Et ideo ad eosdem est ira, ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2112 quos est iustitia et iniustitia. Nam inferre vindictam ad iustitiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2113 pertinet, laedere autem aliquem pertinet ad iniustitiam. Unde tam
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2114 ex parte causae, quae est laesio illata ab altero; quam etiam ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2115 parte vindictae, quam appetit iratus; manifestum est quod ad eosdem
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	2116 pertinet ira, ad quos iustitia et iniustitia.</p><p title="I-II q. 46 a. 7 ad 1"><a name="35514"><span class="ref">[35514] Iª-IIae q. 46 a. 7 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2117 ergo dicendum quod, sicut supra dictum est, ira, quamvis sit cum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2118 ratione, potest tamen etiam esse in brutis animalibus, quae ratione
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2119 carent, inquantum naturali instinctu per imaginationem moventur ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2120 aliquid simile operibus rationis. Sic igitur, cum in homine sit et
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2121 ratio et imaginatio, dupliciter in homine potest motus irae
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2122 insurgere. Uno modo, ex sola imaginatione nuntiante laesionem. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2123 sic insurgit aliquis motus irae etiam ad res irrationales et
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2124 inanimatas, secundum similitudinem illius motus qui est in
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2125 animalibus contra quodlibet nocivum. Alio modo, ex ratione
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2126 nuntiante laesionem. Et sic, ut philosophus dicit II Rhetoric.,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2127 <i>nullo modo potest esse ira ad res insensibiles, neque ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2128 mortuos</i>. Tum quia non dolent, quod maxime quaerunt irati in eis
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2129 quibus irascuntur. Tum etiam quia non est ad eos vindicta, cum
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	2130 eorum non sit iniuriam facere.</p><p title="I-II q. 46 a. 7 ad 2"><a name="35515"><span class="ref">[35515] Iª-IIae q. 46 a. 7 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2131 dicendum quod, sicut philosophus dicit in V Ethic., <i>quaedam
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2132 metaphorica iustitia et iniustitia est hominis ad seipsum</i>,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2133 inquantum scilicet ratio regit irascibilem et concupiscibilem. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2134 secundum hoc etiam homo dicitur de seipso vindictam facere, et per
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2135 consequens sibi ipsi irasci. Proprie autem et per se, non contingit
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	2136 aliquem sibi ipsi irasci.</p><p title="I-II q. 46 a. 7 ad 3"><a name="35516"><span class="ref">[35516] Iª-IIae q. 46 a. 7 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2137 dicendum quod philosophus, in II Rhetoric., assignat unam
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2138 differentiam inter odium et iram, quod <i>odium potest esse ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2139 aliquod genus, sicut habemus odio omne latronum genus, sed ira non
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2140 est nisi ad aliquod singulare</i>. Cuius ratio est, quia odium
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2141 causatur ex hoc quod qualitas alicuius rei apprehenditur ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2142 dissonans nostrae dispositioni, et hoc potest esse vel in
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2143 universali, vel in particulari. Sed ira causatur ex hoc quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2144 aliquis nos laesit per suum actum. Actus autem omnes sunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2145 singularium. Et ideo ira semper est circa aliquod singulare. Cum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2146 autem tota civitas nos laeserit, tota civitas computatur sicut unum
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	2147 singulare.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 8</h3><p title="I-II q. 46 a. 8 arg. 1"><a name="35517"><span class="ref">[35517] Iª-IIae q. 46 a. 8 arg. 1</span></a> Ad octavum
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2148 sic proceditur. Videtur quod Damascenus inconvenienter assignet
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2149 tres species irae, scilicet fel, maniam et furorem. Nullius enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2150 generis species diversificantur secundum aliquod accidens. Sed ista
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2151 tria diversificantur secundum aliquod accidens, <i>principium enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2152 motus irae fel vocatur; ira autem permanens dicitur mania; furor
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2153 autem est ira observans tempus in vindictam</i>. Ergo non sunt
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	2154 diversae species irae.</p><p title="I-II q. 46 a. 8 arg. 2"><a name="35518"><span class="ref">[35518] Iª-IIae q. 46 a. 8 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2155 Tullius, in IV de Tusculanis quaest., dicit quod <i>excandescentia
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2156 Graece dicitur thymosis; et est ira modo nascens et modo
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2157 desistens</i>. Thymosis autem secundum Damascenum, est idem quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2158 furor. Non ergo furor tempus quaerit ad vindictam, sed tempore
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	2159 deficit.</p><p title="I-II q. 46 a. 8 arg. 3"><a name="35519"><span class="ref">[35519] Iª-IIae q. 46 a. 8 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2160 Gregorius, XXI Moral., ponit tres gradus irae, scilicet <i>iram
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2161 sine voce, et iram cum voce, et iram cum verbo expresso</i>,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2162 secundum illa tria quae dominus ponit Matth. V, qui irascitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2163 fratri suo, ubi tangitur ira sine voce; et postea subdit, qui
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2164 dixerit fratri suo, raca, ubi tangitur ira cum voce, sed necdum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2165 pleno verbo formata; et postea dicit, qui autem dixerit fratri suo,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2166 fatue, ubi expletur vox perfectione sermonis. Ergo insufficienter
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	2167 divisit Damascenus iram, nihil ponens ex parte vocis.</p><p title="I-II q. 46 a. 8 s. c."><a name="35520"><span class="ref">[35520] Iª-IIae q. 46 a. 8 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	2168 est auctoritas Damasceni et Gregorii Nysseni.</p><p title="I-II q. 46 a. 8 co."><a name="35521"><span class="ref">[35521] Iª-IIae q. 46 a. 8 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2169 dicendum quod tres species irae quas Damascenus ponit, et etiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2170 Gregorius Nyssenus, sumuntur secundum ea quae dant irae aliquod
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2171 augmentum. Quod quidem contingit tripliciter. Uno modo, ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2172 facilitate ipsius motus, et talem iram vocat fel, quia cito
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2173 accenditur. Alio modo, ex parte tristitiae causantis iram, quae diu
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2174 in memoria manet, et haec pertinet ad maniam, quae a manendo
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2175 dicitur. Tertio, ex parte eius quod iratus appetit, scilicet
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2176 vindictae, et haec pertinet ad furorem, qui nunquam quiescit donec
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2177 puniat. Unde philosophus, in IV Ethic., quosdam irascentium vocat
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2178 acutos, quia cito irascuntur; quosdam amaros, quia diu retinent
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	2179 iram; quosdam difficiles, quia nunquam quiescunt nisi puniant.</p><p title="I-II q. 46 a. 8 ad 1"><a name="35522"><span class="ref">[35522] Iª-IIae q. 46 a. 8 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2180 ergo dicendum quod omnia illa per quae ira recipit aliquam
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2181 perfectionem, non omnino per accidens se habent ad iram. Et ideo
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	2182 nihil prohibet secundum ea species irae assignari.</p><p title="I-II q. 46 a. 8 ad 2"><a name="35523"><span class="ref">[35523] Iª-IIae q. 46 a. 8 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2183 dicendum quod excandescentia, quam Tullius ponit, magis videtur
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2184 pertinere ad primam speciem irae, quae perficitur secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2185 velocitatem irae, quam ad furorem. Nihil autem prohibet ut thymosis
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2186 Graece, quod Latine furor dicitur, utrumque importet, et
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	2187 velocitatem ad irascendum et firmitatem propositi ad puniendum.</p><p title="I-II q. 46 a. 8 ad 3"><a name="35524"><span class="ref">[35524] Iª-IIae q. 46 a. 8 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2188 dicendum quod gradus illi irae distinguuntur secundum effectum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2189 irae, non autem secundum diversam perfectionem ipsius motus
59 03759e5c1080 fix multi-para s.c. ht parents: 53 diff changeset	2190 irae.</p></div></div><div id="q47" class="q"><h2>Quaestio 47</h2><div class="p"><h3>Prooemium</h3><p title="I-II q. 47 pr."><a name="35525"><span class="ref">[35525]
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	2191 Iª-IIae q. 47 pr.</span></a> Deinde considerandum est de causa
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2192 effectiva irae, et de remediis eius. Et circa hoc quaeruntur
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2193 quatuor. Primo, utrum semper motivum irae sit aliquid factum contra
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2194 eum qui irascitur. Secundo, utrum sola parvipensio vel despectio
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2195 sit motivum irae. Tertio, de causa irae ex parte irascentis.
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2196 Quarto, de causa irae ex parte eius contra quem aliquis
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	2197 irascitur.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 1</h3><p title="I-II q. 47 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="35526"><span class="ref">[35526] Iª-IIae q. 47 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad primum
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2198 sic proceditur. Videtur quod non semper aliquis irascatur propter
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2199 aliquid contra se factum. Homo enim, peccando, nihil contra Deum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2200 facere potest, dicitur enim Iob XXXV, <i>si multiplicatae fuerint
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2201 iniquitates tuae, quid facies contra illum?</i> Dicitur tamen Deus
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2202 irasci contra homines propter peccata; secundum illud Psalmi CV,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2203 <i>iratus est furore dominus in populum suum</i>. Ergo non semper
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	2204 aliquis irascitur propter aliquid contra se factum.</p><p title="I-II q. 47 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="35527"><span class="ref">[35527] Iª-IIae q. 47 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2205 ira est appetitus vindictae. Sed aliquis appetit vindictam facere
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2206 etiam de his quae contra alios fiunt. Ergo non semper motivum irae
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	2207 est aliquid contra nos factum.</p><p title="I-II q. 47 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="35528"><span class="ref">[35528] Iª-IIae q. 47 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2208 sicut philosophus dicit, in II Rhetoric., homines irascuntur
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2209 praecipue contra eos qui despiciunt <i>ea circa quae ipsi maxime
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2210 student, sicut qui student in philosophia, irascuntur contra eos
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2211 qui philosophiam despiciunt</i>, et simile est in aliis. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2212 despicere philosophiam non est nocere ipsi studenti. Non ergo
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	2213 semper irascimur propter id quod contra nos fit.</p><p title="I-II q. 47 a. 1 arg. 4"><a name="35529"><span class="ref">[35529] Iª-IIae q. 47 a. 1 arg. 4</span></a> Praeterea,
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2214 ille qui tacet contra contumeliantem, magis ipsum ad iram provocat,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2215 ut dicit Chrysostomus. Sed in hoc contra ipsum nihil agit, quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2216 tacet. Ergo non semper ira alicuius provocatur propter aliquid quod
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	2217 contra ipsum fit.</p><p title="I-II q. 47 a. 1 s. c."><a name="35530"><span class="ref">[35530] Iª-IIae q. 47 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2218 est quod philosophus dicit, in II Rhetoric., quod <i>ira fit semper
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2219 ex his quae ad seipsum. Inimicitia autem et sine his quae ad ipsum,
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	2220 si enim putemus talem esse odimus</i>.</p><p title="I-II q. 47 a. 1 co."><a name="35531"><span class="ref">[35531] Iª-IIae q. 47 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2221 dicendum quod, sicut supra dictum est, ira est appetitus nocendi
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2222 alteri sub ratione iusti vindicativi. Vindicta autem locum non
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2223 habet nisi ubi praecessit iniuria. Nec iniuria omnis ad vindictam
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2224 provocat, sed illa sola quae ad eum pertinet qui appetit vindictam,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2225 sicut enim unumquodque naturaliter appetit proprium bonum, ita
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2226 etiam naturaliter repellit proprium malum. Iniuria autem ab aliquo
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2227 facta non pertinet ad aliquem, nisi aliquid fecerit quod aliquo
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2228 modo sit contra ipsum. Unde sequitur quod motivum irae alicuius
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	2229 semper sit aliquid contra ipsum factum.</p><p title="I-II q. 47 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="35532"><span class="ref">[35532] Iª-IIae q. 47 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2230 ergo dicendum quod ira non dicitur in Deo secundum passionem animi,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2231 sed secundum iudicium iustitiae, prout vult vindictam facere de
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2232 peccato. Peccator enim, peccando, Deo nihil nocere effective
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2233 potest, tamen ex parte sua dupliciter contra Deum agit. Primo
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2234 quidem, inquantum eum in suis mandatis contemnit. Secundo,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2235 inquantum nocumentum aliquod infert alicui, vel sibi vel alteri,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2236 quod ad Deum pertinet, prout ille cui nocumentum infertur, sub Dei
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	2237 providentia et tutela continetur.</p><p title="I-II q. 47 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="35533"><span class="ref">[35533] Iª-IIae q. 47 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2238 dicendum quod irascimur contra illos qui aliis nocent et vindictam
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2239 appetimus, inquantum illi quibus nocetur, aliquo modo ad nos
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2240 pertinent, vel per aliquam affinitatem, vel per amicitiam, vel
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	2241 saltem per communionem naturae.</p><p title="I-II q. 47 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="35534"><span class="ref">[35534] Iª-IIae q. 47 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2242 dicendum quod id in quo maxime studemus, reputamus esse bonum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2243 nostrum. Et ideo, cum illud despicitur, reputamus nos quoque
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	2244 despici, et arbitramur nos laesos.</p><p title="I-II q. 47 a. 1 ad 4"><a name="35535"><span class="ref">[35535] Iª-IIae q. 47 a. 1 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2245 dicendum quod tunc aliquis tacens ad iram provocat iniuriantem,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2246 quando videtur ex contemptu tacere, quasi parvipendat alterius
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	2247 iram. Ipsa autem parvipensio quidam actus est.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 2</h3><p title="I-II q. 47 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="35536"><span class="ref">[35536] Iª-IIae q. 47 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad secundum
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2248 sic proceditur. Videtur quod non sola parvipensio vel despectio sit
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2249 motivum irae. Dicit enim Damascenus quod <i>iniuriam passi, vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2250 aestimantes pati, irascimur</i>. Sed homo potest iniuriam pati
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2251 etiam absque despectu vel parvipensione. Ergo non sola parvipensio
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	2252 est irae motivum.</p><p title="I-II q. 47 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="35537"><span class="ref">[35537] Iª-IIae q. 47 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2253 eiusdem est appetere honorem, et contristari de parvipensione. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2254 bruta animalia non appetunt honorem. Ergo non contristantur de
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2255 parvipensione. Et tamen in eis provocatur ira propter hoc quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2256 vulnerantur, ut dicit philosophus, in III Ethic. Ergo non sola
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	2257 parvipensio videtur esse motivum irae.</p><p title="I-II q. 47 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="35538"><span class="ref">[35538] Iª-IIae q. 47 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2258 philosophus, in II Rhetoric., ponit multas alias causas irae, puta
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2259 <i>oblivionem, et exultationem in infortuniis, denuntiationem
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2260 malorum, impedimentum consequendae propriae voluntatis</i>. Non
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	2261 ergo sola parvipensio est provocativum irae.</p><p title="I-II q. 47 a. 2 s. c."><a name="35539"><span class="ref">[35539] Iª-IIae q. 47 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2262 est quod philosophus dicit, in II Rhetoric., quod <i>ira est
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2263 appetitus cum tristitia punitionis, propter apparentem
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	2264 parvipensionem non convenienter factam</i>.</p><p title="I-II q. 47 a. 2 co."><a name="35540"><span class="ref">[35540] Iª-IIae q. 47 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2265 dicendum quod omnes causae irae reducuntur ad parvipensionem. Sunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2266 enim tres species parvipensionis, ut dicitur in II Rhetoric.,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2267 scilicet despectus, epereasmus, idest impedimentum voluntatis
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2268 implendae, et contumeliatio, et ad haec tria omnia motiva irae
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2269 reducuntur. Cuius ratio potest accipi duplex. Prima est, quia ira
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2270 appetit nocumentum alterius, inquantum habet rationem iusti
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2271 vindicativi, et ideo intantum quaerit vindictam, inquantum videtur
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2272 esse iusta. Iusta autem vindicta non fit nisi de eo quod est
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2273 iniuste factum, et ideo provocativum ad iram semper est aliquid sub
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2274 ratione iniusti. Unde dicit philosophus, in II Rhetoric., quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2275 <i>si homines putaverint eos qui laeserunt, esse iuste passos, non
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2276 irascuntur, non enim fit ira ad iustum</i>. Contingit autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2277 tripliciter nocumentum alicui inferri, scilicet ex ignorantia, ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2278 passione, et ex electione. Tunc autem aliquis maxime iniustum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2279 facit, quando ex electione vel industria, vel ex certa malitia
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2280 nocumentum infert, ut dicitur in V Ethic. Et ideo maxime irascimur
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2281 contra illos quos putamus ex industria nobis nocuisse. Si enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2282 putemus aliquos vel per ignorantiam, vel ex passione nobis
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2283 intulisse iniuriam, vel non irascimur contra eos, vel multo minus,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2284 agere enim aliquid ex ignorantia vel ex passione, diminuit rationem
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2285 iniuriae, et est quodammodo provocativum misericordiae et veniae.
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2286 Illi autem qui ex industria nocumentum inferunt, ex contemptu
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2287 peccare videntur, et ideo contra eos maxime irascimur. Unde
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2288 philosophus dicit, in II Rhetoric., quod <i>his qui propter iram
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2289 aliquid fecerunt, aut non irascimur, aut minus irascimur, non enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2290 propter parvipensionem videntur egisse</i>. Secunda ratio est, quia
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2291 parvipensio excellentiae hominis opponitur, quae enim homines
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2292 putant nullo digna esse, parvipendunt, ut dicitur in II Rhetoric.
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2293 Ex omnibus autem bonis nostris aliquam excellentiam quaerimus. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2294 ideo quodcumque nocumentum nobis inferatur, inquantum excellentiae
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	2295 derogat, videtur ad parvipensionem pertinere.</p><p title="I-II q. 47 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="35541"><span class="ref">[35541] Iª-IIae q. 47 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2296 ergo dicendum quod ex quacumque alia causa aliquis iniuriam
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2297 patiatur quam ex contemptu, illa causa minuit rationem iniuriae.
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2298 Sed solus contemptus, vel parvipensio, rationem irae auget. Et ideo
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	2299 est per se causa irascendi.</p><p title="I-II q. 47 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="35542"><span class="ref">[35542] Iª-IIae q. 47 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2300 dicendum quod, licet animal brutum non appetat honorem sub ratione
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2301 honoris, appetit tamen naturaliter quandam excellentiam, et
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	2302 irascitur contra ea quae illi excellentiae derogant.</p><p title="I-II q. 47 a. 2 ad 3"><a name="35543"><span class="ref">[35543] Iª-IIae q. 47 a. 2 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2303 dicendum quod omnes illae causae ad quandam parvipensionem
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2304 reducuntur. Oblivio enim parvipensionis est evidens signum, ea enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2305 quae magna aestimamus, magis memoriae infigimus. Similiter ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2306 quadam parvipensione est quod aliquis non vereatur contristare
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2307 aliquem, denuntiando sibi aliqua tristia. Qui etiam in infortuniis
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2308 alicuius hilaritatis signa ostendit, videtur parum curare de bono
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2309 vel malo eius. Similiter etiam qui impedit aliquem a sui propositi
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2310 assecutione, non propter aliquam utilitatem sibi inde provenientem,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2311 non videtur multum curare de amicitia eius. Et ideo omnia talia,
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	2312 inquantum sunt signa contemptus, sunt provocativa irae.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 3</h3><p title="I-II q. 47 a. 3 arg. 1"><a name="35544"><span class="ref">[35544] Iª-IIae q. 47 a. 3 arg. 1</span></a> Ad tertium
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2313 sic proceditur. Videtur quod excellentia alicuius non sit causa
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2314 quod facilius irascatur. Dicit enim philosophus, in II Rhetoric.,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2315 quod <i>maxime aliqui irascuntur cum tristantur, ut infirmi, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2316 egentes, et qui non habent id quod concupiscunt</i>. Sed omnia ista
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2317 ad defectum pertinere videntur. Ergo magis facit pronum ad iram
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	2318 defectus quam excellentia.</p><p title="I-II q. 47 a. 3 arg. 2"><a name="35545"><span class="ref">[35545] Iª-IIae q. 47 a. 3 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2319 philosophus dicit ibidem quod <i>tunc aliqui maxime irascuntur,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2320 quando in eis despicitur id de quo potest esse suspicio quod vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2321 non insit eis, vel quod insit eis debiliter, sed cum putant se
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2322 multum excellere in illis in quibus despiciuntur, non curant</i>.
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2323 Sed praedicta suspicio ex defectu provenit. Ergo defectus est magis
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	2324 causa quod aliquis irascatur, quam excellentia.</p><p title="I-II q. 47 a. 3 arg. 3"><a name="35546"><span class="ref">[35546] Iª-IIae q. 47 a. 3 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2325 ea quae ad excellentiam pertinent, maxime faciunt homines iucundos
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2326 et bonae spei esse. Sed philosophus dicit, in II Rhetoric., quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2327 <i>in ludo, in risu, in festo, in prosperitate, in consummatione
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2328 operum, in delectatione non turpi, et in spe optima, homines non
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	2329 irascuntur</i>. Ergo excellentia non est causa irae.</p><p title="I-II q. 47 a. 3 s. c."><a name="35547"><span class="ref">[35547] Iª-IIae q. 47 a. 3 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2330 est quod philosophus, in eodem libro, dicit quod homines propter
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	2331 excellentiam indignantur.</p><p title="I-II q. 47 a. 3 co."><a name="35548"><span class="ref">[35548] Iª-IIae q. 47 a. 3 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2332 dicendum quod causa irae in eo qui irascitur, dupliciter accipi
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2333 potest. Uno modo, secundum habitudinem ad motivum irae. Et sic
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2334 excellentia est causa ut aliquis de facili irascatur. Est enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2335 motivum irae iniusta parvipensio, ut dictum est. Constat autem quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2336 quanto aliquis est excellentior, iniustius parvipenditur in hoc in
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2337 quo excellit. Et ideo illi qui sunt in aliqua excellentia, maxime
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2338 irascuntur, si parvipendantur, puta si dives parvipenditur in
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2339 pecunia, et rhetor in loquendo, et sic de aliis. Alio modo potest
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2340 considerari causa irae in eo qui irascitur, ex parte dispositionis
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2341 quae in eo relinquitur ex tali motivo. Manifestum est autem quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2342 nihil movet ad iram, nisi nocumentum quod contristat. Ea autem quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2343 ad defectum pertinent, maxime sunt contristantia, quia homines
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2344 defectibus subiacentes facilius laeduntur. Et ista est causa quare
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2345 homines qui sunt infirmi, vel in aliis defectibus, facilius
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	2346 irascuntur, quia facilius contristantur.</p><p title="I-II q. 47 a. 3 ad 1"><a name="35549"><span class="ref">[35549] Iª-IIae q. 47 a. 3 ad 1</span></a> Et per hoc
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	2347 patet responsio ad primum.</p><p title="I-II q. 47 a. 3 ad 2"><a name="35550"><span class="ref">[35550] Iª-IIae q. 47 a. 3 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2348 dicendum quod ille qui despicitur in eo in quo manifeste multum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2349 excellit, non reputat se aliquam iacturam pati, et ideo non
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2350 contristatur, et ex hac parte minus irascitur. Sed ex alia parte,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2351 inquantum indignius despicitur, habet maiorem rationem irascendi.
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2352 Nisi forte reputet se non invideri vel subsannari propter
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2353 despectum; sed propter ignorantiam, vel propter aliud
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	2354 huiusmodi.</p><p title="I-II q. 47 a. 3 ad 3"><a name="35551"><span class="ref">[35551] Iª-IIae q. 47 a. 3 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2355 dicendum quod omnia illa impediunt iram, inquantum impediunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2356 tristitiam. Sed ex alia parte, nata sunt provocare iram, secundum
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	2357 quod faciunt hominem inconvenientius despici.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 4</h3><p title="I-II q. 47 a. 4 arg. 1"><a name="35552"><span class="ref">[35552] Iª-IIae q. 47 a. 4 arg. 1</span></a> Ad quartum
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2358 sic proceditur. Videtur quod defectus alicuius non sit causa ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2359 contra ipsum facilius irascamur. Dicit enim philosophus, in II
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2360 Rhetoric., quod <i>his qui confitentur et poenitent et humiliantur,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2361 non irascimur, sed magis ad eos mitescimus. Unde et canes non
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2362 mordent eos qui resident</i>. Sed haec pertinent ad parvitatem et
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2363 defectum. Ergo parvitas alicuius est causa ut ei minus
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	2364 irascamur.</p><p title="I-II q. 47 a. 4 arg. 2"><a name="35553"><span class="ref">[35553] Iª-IIae q. 47 a. 4 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2365 nullus est maior defectus quam mortis. Sed ad mortuos desinit ira.
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2366 Ergo defectus alicuius non est causa provocativa irae contra
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	2367 ipsum.</p><p title="I-II q. 47 a. 4 arg. 3"><a name="35554"><span class="ref">[35554] Iª-IIae q. 47 a. 4 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2368 nullus aestimat aliquem parvum ex hoc quod est sibi amicus. Sed ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2369 amicos, si nos offenderint, vel si non iuverint, magis offendimur,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2370 unde dicitur in Psalmo LIV, <i>si inimicus meus maledixisset mihi,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2371 sustinuissem utique</i>. Ergo defectus alicuius non est causa ut
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	2372 contra ipsum facilius irascamur.</p><p title="I-II q. 47 a. 4 s. c."><a name="35555"><span class="ref">[35555] Iª-IIae q. 47 a. 4 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2373 est quod philosophus dicit, in II Rhetoric., quod <i>dives
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2374 irascitur contra pauperem, si eum despiciat; et principans contra
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	2375 subiectum</i>.</p><p title="I-II q. 47 a. 4 co."><a name="35556"><span class="ref">[35556] Iª-IIae q. 47 a. 4 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2376 dicendum quod, sicut supra dictum est, indigna despectio est maxime
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2377 provocativa irae. Defectus igitur vel parvitas eius contra quem
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2378 irascimur, facit ad augmentum irae, inquantum auget indignam
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2379 despectionem. Sicut enim quanto aliquis est maior, tanto indignius
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2380 despicitur; ita quanto aliquis est minor, tanto indignius despicit.
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2381 Et ideo nobiles irascuntur si despiciantur a rusticis, vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2382 sapientes ab insipientibus, vel domini a servis. Si vero parvitas
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2383 vel defectus diminuat despectionem indignam, talis parvitas non
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2384 auget, sed diminuit iram. Et hoc modo illi qui poenitent de
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2385 iniuriis factis, et confitentur se male fecisse, et humiliantur et
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2386 veniam petunt, mitigant iram, secundum illud Prov. XV, <i>responsio
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2387 mollis frangit iram</i>, inquantum scilicet tales videntur non
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	2388 despicere, sed magis magnipendere eos quibus se humiliant.</p><p title="I-II q. 47 a. 4 ad 1"><a name="35557"><span class="ref">[35557] Iª-IIae q. 47 a. 4 ad 1</span></a> Et per hoc
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	2389 patet responsio ad primum.</p><p title="I-II q. 47 a. 4 ad 2"><a name="35558"><span class="ref">[35558] Iª-IIae q. 47 a. 4 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2390 dicendum quod duplex est causa quare ad mortuos cessat ira. Una,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2391 quia non possunt dolere et sentire, quod maxime quaerunt irati in
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2392 his quibus irascuntur. Alio modo, quia iam videntur ad ultimum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2393 malorum pervenisse. Unde etiam ad quoscumque graviter laesos cessat
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2394 ira, inquantum eorum malum excedit mensuram iustae
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	2395 retributionis.</p><p title="I-II q. 47 a. 4 ad 3"><a name="35559"><span class="ref">[35559] Iª-IIae q. 47 a. 4 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2396 dicendum quod etiam despectio quae est ab amicis, videtur esse
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2397 magis indigna. Et ideo ex simili causa magis irascimur contra eos,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2398 si despiciant, vel nocendo vel non iuvando, sicut et contra
59 03759e5c1080 fix multi-para s.c. ht parents: 53 diff changeset	2399 minores.</p></div></div><div id="q48" class="q"><h2>Quaestio 48</h2><div class="p"><h3>Prooemium</h3><p title="I-II q. 48 pr."><a name="35560"><span class="ref">[35560]
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	2400 Iª-IIae q. 48 pr.</span></a> Deinde considerandum est de
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2401 effectibus irae. Et circa hoc quaeruntur quatuor. Primo, utrum ira
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2402 causet delectationem. Secundo, utrum maxime causet fervorem in
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2403 corde. Tertio, utrum maxime impediat rationis usum. Quarto, utrum
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	2404 causet taciturnitatem.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 1</h3><p title="I-II q. 48 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="35561"><span class="ref">[35561] Iª-IIae q. 48 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad primum
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2405 sic proceditur. Videtur quod ira non causet delectationem.
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2406 Tristitia enim delectationem excludit. Sed ira est semper cum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2407 tristitia, quia, ut dicitur in VII Ethic., <i>omnis qui facit
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2408 aliquid per iram, facit tristatus</i>. Ergo ira non causat
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	2409 delectationem.</p><p title="I-II q. 48 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="35562"><span class="ref">[35562] Iª-IIae q. 48 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2410 philosophus dicit, in IV Ethic., quod <i>punitio quietat impetum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2411 irae, delectationem pro tristitia faciens</i>, ex quo potest accipi
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2412 quod delectatio irato provenit ex punitione, punitio autem excludit
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2413 iram. Ergo, adveniente delectatione, ira tollitur. Non est ergo
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	2414 effectus delectationi coniunctus.</p><p title="I-II q. 48 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="35563"><span class="ref">[35563] Iª-IIae q. 48 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2415 nullus effectus impedit causam suam, cum sit suae causae conformis.
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2416 Sed delectationes impediunt iram, ut dicitur in II Rhetoric. Ergo
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	2417 delectatio non est effectus irae.</p><p title="I-II q. 48 a. 1 s. c."><a name="35564"><span class="ref">[35564] Iª-IIae q. 48 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2418 est quod philosophus, in eodem libro, inducit proverbium, quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2419 <i>ira multo dulcior melle distillante in pectoribus virorum
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	2420 crescit</i>.</p><p title="I-II q. 48 a. 1 co."><a name="35565"><span class="ref">[35565] Iª-IIae q. 48 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2421 dicendum quod, sicut philosophus dicit in VII Ethic.,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2422 delectationes, maxime sensibiles et corporales, sunt medicinae
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2423 quaedam contra tristitiam, et ideo quanto per delectationem contra
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2424 maiorem tristitiam vel anxietatem remedium praestatur, tanto
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2425 delectatio magis percipitur; sicut patet quod quando aliquis sitit,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2426 delectabilior fit ei potus. Manifestum est autem ex praedictis quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2427 motus irae insurgit ex aliqua illata iniuria contristante; cui
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2428 quidem tristitiae remedium adhibetur per vindictam. Et ideo ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2429 praesentiam vindictae delectatio sequitur, et tanto maior, quanto
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2430 maior fuit tristitia. Si igitur vindicta fuerit praesens realiter,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2431 fit perfecta delectatio, quae totaliter excludit tristitiam, et per
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2432 hoc quietat motum irae. Sed antequam vindicta sit praesens
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2433 realiter, fit irascenti praesens dupliciter. Uno modo, per spem,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2434 quia nullus irascitur nisi sperans vindictam, ut supra dictum est.
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2435 Alio modo, secundum continuam cogitationem. Unicuique enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2436 concupiscenti est delectabile immorari in cogitatione eorum quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2437 concupiscit, propter quod etiam imaginationes somniorum sunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2438 delectabiles. Et ideo, cum iratus multum in animo suo cogitet de
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2439 vindicta, ex hoc delectatur. Tamen delectatio non est perfecta,
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	2440 quae tollat tristitiam, et per consequens iram.</p><p title="I-II q. 48 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="35566"><span class="ref">[35566] Iª-IIae q. 48 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2441 ergo dicendum quod non de eodem iratus tristatur et gaudet, sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2442 tristatur de illata iniuria, delectatur autem de vindicta cogitata
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2443 et sperata. Unde tristitia se habet ad iram sicut principium, sed
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	2444 delectatio sicut effectus vel terminus.</p><p title="I-II q. 48 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="35567"><span class="ref">[35567] Iª-IIae q. 48 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2445 dicendum quod obiectio illa procedit de delectatione quae causatur
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	2446 ex reali praesentia vindictae, quae totaliter tollit iram.</p><p title="I-II q. 48 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="35568"><span class="ref">[35568] Iª-IIae q. 48 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2447 dicendum quod delectationes praecedentes impediunt ne sequatur
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2448 tristitia; et per consequens impediunt iram. Sed delectatio de
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	2449 vindicta consequitur ipsam.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 2</h3><p title="I-II q. 48 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="35569"><span class="ref">[35569] Iª-IIae q. 48 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad secundum
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2450 sic proceditur. Videtur quod fervor non sit maxime effectus irae.
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2451 Fervor enim, sicut supra dictum est, pertinet ad amorem. Sed amor,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2452 sicut supra dictum est, principium est et causa omnium passionum.
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2453 Cum ergo causa sit potior effectu, videtur quod ira non faciat
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	2454 maxime fervorem.</p><p title="I-II q. 48 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="35570"><span class="ref">[35570] Iª-IIae q. 48 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2455 illa quae de se excitant fervorem, per temporis assiduitatem magis
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2456 augentur, sicut amor diuturnitate convalescit. Sed ira per tractum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2457 temporis debilitatur, dicit enim philosophus, in II Rhetoric., quod
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	2458 tempus quietat iram. Ergo ira non proprie causat fervorem.</p><p title="I-II q. 48 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="35571"><span class="ref">[35571] Iª-IIae q. 48 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2459 fervor additus fervori, augmentat fervorem. <i>Sed maior ira
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2460 superveniens facit iram mitescere</i>, ut philosophus dicit, in II
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	2461 Rhetoric. Ergo ira non causat fervorem.</p><p title="I-II q. 48 a. 2 s. c."><a name="35572"><span class="ref">[35572] Iª-IIae q. 48 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2462 est quod Damascenus dicit, quod <i>ira est fervor eius qui circa
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	2463 cor est sanguinis, ex evaporatione fellis fiens</i>.</p><p title="I-II q. 48 a. 2 co."><a name="35573"><span class="ref">[35573] Iª-IIae q. 48 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2464 dicendum quod, sicut dictum est, corporalis transmutatio quae est
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2465 in passionibus animae, proportionatur motui appetitus. Manifestum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2466 est autem quod quilibet appetitus, etiam naturalis, fortius tendit
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2467 in id quod est sibi contrarium, si fuerit praesens, unde videmus
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2468 quod aqua calefacta magis congelatur, quasi frigido vehementius in
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2469 calidum agente. Motus autem appetitivus irae causatur ex aliqua
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2470 iniuria illata, sicut ex quodam contrario iniacente. Et ideo
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2471 appetitus potissime tendit ad repellendum iniuriam per appetitum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2472 vindictae, et ex hoc sequitur magna vehementia et impetuositas in
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2473 motu irae. Et quia motus irae non est per modum retractionis, cui
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2474 proportionatur frigus; sed magis per modum insecutionis, cui
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2475 proportionatur calor; consequenter fit motus irae causativus
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2476 cuiusdam fervoris sanguinis et spirituum circa cor, quod est
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2477 instrumentum passionum animae. Et exinde est quod, propter magnam
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2478 perturbationem cordis quae est in ira, maxime apparent in iratis
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2479 indicia quaedam in exterioribus membris. Ut enim Gregorius dicit,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2480 in V Moral., <i>irae suae stimulis accensum cor palpitat, corpus
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2481 tremit, lingua se praepedit, facies ignescit, exasperantur oculi,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2482 et nequaquam recognoscuntur noti, ore quidem clamorem format, sed
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	2483 sensus quid loquatur, ignorat</i>.</p><p title="I-II q. 48 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="35574"><span class="ref">[35574] Iª-IIae q. 48 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2484 ergo dicendum quod <i>amor ipse non ita sentitur, nisi cum eum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2485 prodit indigentia</i>, ut Augustinus dicit, in X de Trin. Et ideo
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2486 quando homo patitur detrimentum amatae excellentiae propter
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2487 iniuriam illatam, magis sentitur amor; et ideo ferventius cor
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2488 mutatur ad removendum impedimentum rei amatae; ut sic fervor ipse
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2489 amoris per iram crescat, et magis sentiatur. Et tamen fervor qui
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2490 consequitur calorem, alia ratione pertinet ad amorem, et ad iram.
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2491 Nam fervor amoris est cum quadam dulcedine et lenitate, est enim in
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2492 bonum amatum. Et ideo assimilatur calori aeris et sanguinis,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2493 propter quod, sanguinei sunt magis amativi; et dicitur quod cogit
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2494 amare iecur, in quo fit quaedam generatio sanguinis. Fervor autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2495 irae est cum amaritudine, ad consumendum, quia tendit ad punitionem
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2496 contrarii. Unde assimilatur calori ignis et cholerae, et propter
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2497 hoc Damascenus dicit quod <i>procedit ex evaporatione fellis, et
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	2498 fellea nominatur</i>.</p><p title="I-II q. 48 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="35575"><span class="ref">[35575] Iª-IIae q. 48 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2499 dicendum quod omne illud cuius causa per tempus diminuitur, necesse
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2500 est quod tempore debilitetur. Manifestum est autem quod memoria
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2501 tempore diminuitur, quae enim antiqua sunt, a memoria de facili
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2502 excidunt. Ira autem causatur ex memoria iniuriae illatae. Et ideo
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2503 causa irae per tempus paulatim diminuitur, quousque totaliter
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2504 tollatur. Maior etiam videtur iniuria quando primo sentitur; et
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2505 paulatim diminuitur eius aestimatio, secundum quod magis receditur
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2506 a praesenti sensu iniuriae. Et similiter etiam est de amore, si
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2507 amoris causa remaneat in sola memoria, unde philosophus dicit, in
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2508 VIII Ethic., quod si <i>diuturna fiat amici absentia, videtur
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2509 amicitiae oblivionem facere</i>. Sed in praesentia amici, semper
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2510 per tempus multiplicatur causa amicitiae, et ideo amicitia crescit.
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2511 Et similiter esset de ira, si continue multiplicaretur causa
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2512 ipsius. Tamen hoc ipsum quod ira cito consumitur, attestatur
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2513 vehementi fervori ipsius. Sicut enim ignis magnus cito extinguitur,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2514 consumpta materia; ita etiam ira, propter suam vehementiam, cito
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	2515 deficit.</p><p title="I-II q. 48 a. 2 ad 3"><a name="35576"><span class="ref">[35576] Iª-IIae q. 48 a. 2 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2516 dicendum quod omnis virtus divisa in plures partes, diminuitur. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2517 ideo quando aliquis iratus alicui, irascitur postmodum alteri, ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2518 hoc ipso diminuitur ira ad primum. Et praecipue si ad secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2519 fuerit maior ira, nam iniuria quae excitavit iram ad primum,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2520 videbitur, comparatione secundae iniuriae, quae aestimatur maior,
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	2521 esse parva vel nulla.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 3</h3><p title="I-II q. 48 a. 3 arg. 1"><a name="35577"><span class="ref">[35577] Iª-IIae q. 48 a. 3 arg. 1</span></a> Ad tertium
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2522 sic proceditur. Videtur quod ira non impediat rationem. Illud enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2523 quod est cum ratione, non videtur esse rationis impedimentum. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2524 ira est cum ratione, ut dicitur in VII Ethic. Ergo ira non impedit
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	2525 rationem.</p><p title="I-II q. 48 a. 3 arg. 2"><a name="35578"><span class="ref">[35578] Iª-IIae q. 48 a. 3 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2526 quanto magis impeditur ratio, tanto diminuitur manifestatio. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2527 philosophus dicit in VII Ethic., quod <i>iracundus non est
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2528 insidiator, sed manifestus</i>. Ergo ira non videtur impedire usum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2529 rationis, sicut concupiscentia; quae est insidiosa, ut ibidem
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	2530 dicitur.</p><p title="I-II q. 48 a. 3 arg. 3"><a name="35579"><span class="ref">[35579] Iª-IIae q. 48 a. 3 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2531 iudicium rationis evidentius fit ex adiunctione contrarii, quia
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2532 contraria iuxta se posita magis elucescunt. Sed ex hoc etiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2533 crescit ira, dicit enim philosophus, in II Rhetoric., quod <i>magis
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2534 homines irascuntur, si contraria praeexistunt, sicut honorati si
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2535 dehonorentur</i>; et sic de aliis. Ergo ex eodem et ira crescit, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2536 iudicium rationis adiuvatur. Non ergo ira impedit iudicium
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	2537 rationis.</p><p title="I-II q. 48 a. 3 s. c."><a name="35580"><span class="ref">[35580] Iª-IIae q. 48 a. 3 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2538 est quod Gregorius dicit, in V Moral., quod <i>ira intelligentiae
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	2539 lucem subtrahit, cum mentem permovendo confundit</i>.</p><p title="I-II q. 48 a. 3 co."><a name="35581"><span class="ref">[35581] Iª-IIae q. 48 a. 3 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2540 dicendum quod mens vel ratio quamvis non utatur organo corporali in
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2541 suo proprio actu; tamen, quia indiget ad sui actum quibusdam
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2542 viribus sensitivis, quorum actus impediuntur corpore perturbato;
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2543 necesse est quod perturbationes corporales etiam iudicium rationis
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2544 impediant, sicut patet in ebrietate et somno. Dictum est autem quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2545 ira maxime facit perturbationem corporalem circa cor, ita ut etiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2546 usque ad exteriora membra derivetur. Unde ira, inter ceteras
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2547 passiones, manifestius impedit iudicium rationis; secundum illud
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	2548 Psalmi XXX, <i>conturbatus est in ira oculus meus</i>.</p><p title="I-II q. 48 a. 3 ad 1"><a name="35582"><span class="ref">[35582] Iª-IIae q. 48 a. 3 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2549 ergo dicendum quod a ratione est principium irae, quantum ad motum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2550 appetitivum, qui est formalis in ira. Sed perfectum iudicium
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2551 rationis passio irae praeoccupat quasi non perfecte rationem
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2552 audiens, propter commotionem caloris velociter impellentis, quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2553 est materialis in ira. Et quantum ad hoc, impedit iudicium
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	2554 rationis.</p><p title="I-II q. 48 a. 3 ad 2"><a name="35583"><span class="ref">[35583] Iª-IIae q. 48 a. 3 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2555 dicendum quod iracundus dicitur esse manifestus, non quia
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2556 manifestum sit sibi quid facere debeat, sed quia manifeste
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2557 operatur, non quaerens aliquam occultationem. Quod partim contingit
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2558 propter impedimentum rationis, quae non potest discernere quid sit
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2559 occultandum et quid manifestandum, nec etiam excogitare occultandi
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2560 vias. Partim vero est ex ampliatione cordis, quae pertinet ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2561 magnanimitatem, quam facit ira, unde et de magnanimo philosophus
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2562 dicit, in IV Ethic., quod <i>est manifestus oditor et amator et
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2563 manifeste dicit et operatur</i>. Concupiscentia autem dicitur esse
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2564 latens et insidiosa, quia, ut plurimum, delectabilia quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2565 concupiscuntur, habent turpitudinem quandam et mollitiem, in quibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2566 homo vult latere. In his autem quae sunt virilitatis et
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2567 excellentiae, cuiusmodi sunt vindictae, quaerit homo manifestus
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	2568 esse.</p><p title="I-II q. 48 a. 3 ad 3"><a name="35584"><span class="ref">[35584] Iª-IIae q. 48 a. 3 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2569 dicendum quod, sicut dictum est, motus irae a ratione incipit, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2570 ideo secundum idem appositio contrarii ad contrarium adiuvat
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2571 iudicium rationis, et auget iram. Cum enim aliquis habet honorem
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2572 vel divitias, et postea incurrit alicuius detrimentum, illud
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2573 detrimentum apparet maius, tum propter vicinitatem contrarii; tum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2574 quia erat inopinatum. Et ideo causat maiorem tristitiam, sicut
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2575 etiam magna bona ex inopinato venientia, causant maiorem
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2576 delectationem. Et secundum augmentum tristitiae praecedentis,
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	2577 consequenter augetur et ira.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 4</h3><p title="I-II q. 48 a. 4 arg. 1"><a name="35585"><span class="ref">[35585] Iª-IIae q. 48 a. 4 arg. 1</span></a> Ad quartum
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2578 sic proceditur. Videtur quod ira non causet taciturnitatem.
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2579 Taciturnitas enim locutioni opponitur. Sed per crementum irae usque
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2580 ad locutionem pervenitur, ut patet per gradus irae quos dominus
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2581 assignat, Matth. V, dicens, <i>qui irascitur fratri suo; et, qui
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2582 dixerit fratri suo, raca; et, qui dixerit fratri suo, fatue</i>.
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	2583 Ergo ira non causat taciturnitatem.</p><p title="I-II q. 48 a. 4 arg. 2"><a name="35586"><span class="ref">[35586] Iª-IIae q. 48 a. 4 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2584 ex hoc quod custodia rationis deficit, contingit quod homo
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2585 prorumpat ad verba inordinata, unde dicitur Prov. XXV, <i>sicut
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2586 urbs patens et absque murorum ambitu, ita vir qui non potest
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2587 cohibere in loquendo spiritum suum</i>. Sed ira maxime impedit
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2588 iudicium rationis, ut dictum est. Ergo facit maxime profluere in
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	2589 verba inordinata. Non ergo causat taciturnitatem.</p><p title="I-II q. 48 a. 4 arg. 3"><a name="35587"><span class="ref">[35587] Iª-IIae q. 48 a. 4 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2590 Matth. XII dicitur, ex abundantia cordis os loquitur. Sed per iram
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2591 cor maxime perturbatur, ut dictum est. Ergo maxime causat
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	2592 locutionem. Non ergo causat taciturnitatem.</p><p title="I-II q. 48 a. 4 s. c."><a name="35588"><span class="ref">[35588] Iª-IIae q. 48 a. 4 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2593 est quod Gregorius dicit, in V Moral., quod <i>ira per silentium
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	2594 clausa, intra mentem vehementius aestuat</i>.</p><p title="I-II q. 48 a. 4 co."><a name="35589"><span class="ref">[35589] Iª-IIae q. 48 a. 4 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2595 dicendum quod ira, sicut iam dictum est, et cum ratione est, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2596 impedit rationem. Et ex utraque parte, potest taciturnitatem
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2597 causare. Ex parte quidem rationis, quando iudicium rationis
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2598 intantum viget quod, etsi non cohibeat affectum ab inordinato
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2599 appetitu vindictae, cohibet tamen linguam ab inordinata locutione.
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2600 Unde Gregorius, in V Moral., dicit, <i>aliquando ira perturbato
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2601 animo, quasi ex iudicio, silentium indicit</i>. Ex parte vero
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2602 impedimenti rationis, quia, sicut dictum est, perturbatio irae
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2603 usque ad exteriora membra perducitur; et maxime ad illa membra in
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2604 quibus expressius relucet vestigium cordis, sicut in oculis et in
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2605 facie et in lingua; unde, sicut dictum est, <i>lingua se praepedit,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2606 facies ignescit, exasperantur oculi</i>. Potest ergo esse tanta
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2607 perturbatio irae, quod omnino impediatur lingua ab usu loquendi. Et
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	2608 tunc sequitur taciturnitas.</p><p title="I-II q. 48 a. 4 ad 1"><a name="35590"><span class="ref">[35590] Iª-IIae q. 48 a. 4 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2609 ergo dicendum quod augmentum irae quandoque est usque ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2610 impediendum rationem a cohibitione linguae. Quandoque autem ultra
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2611 procedit, usque ad impediendum motum linguae, et aliorum membrorum
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	2612 exteriorum.</p><p title="I-II q. 48 a. 4 ad 2"><a name="35591"><span class="ref">[35591] Iª-IIae q. 48 a. 4 ad 2</span></a> Et per hoc
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	2613 etiam patet solutio ad secundum.</p><p title="I-II q. 48 a. 4 ad 3"><a name="35592"><span class="ref">[35592] Iª-IIae q. 48 a. 4 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2614 dicendum quod perturbatio cordis quandoque potest superabundare
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2615 usque ad hoc, quod per inordinatum motum cordis impediatur motus
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2616 exteriorum membrorum. Et tunc causatur taciturnitas, et immobilitas
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2617 exteriorum membrorum, et quandoque etiam mors. Si autem non fuerit
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	2618 tanta perturbatio, tunc ex abundantia perturbationis cordis,
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	2619 sequitur oris locutio.</p></div></div><div class="centro"><br/>
59 03759e5c1080 fix multi-para s.c. ht parents: 53 diff changeset	2620 <p><a href="sth2026.html"><img src="icons/ageretro.gif" width="19" height="19" align="middle" border="0" alt="age retro"/></a>
03759e5c1080 fix multi-para s.c. ht parents: 53 diff changeset	2621 <a href="sth2049.html"><img src="icons/ageultra.gif" width="19" height="19" align="middle" border="0" alt="age ultra"/></a></p>
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	2622 <br/>
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	2623 <hr/>
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	2624 <br/>
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	2625 <address>© 2006 Fundación Tomás de Aquino quoad
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	2626 hanc editionem<br/>
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	2627 Iura omnia asservantur<br/>
59 03759e5c1080 fix multi-para s.c. ht parents: 53 diff changeset	2628 OCLC nr. <a href="http://worldcatlibraries.org/wcpa/oclc/49644264" style="text-decoration=none">49644264</a></address>
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	2629 </div></body>
59 03759e5c1080 fix multi-para s.c. ht parents: 53 diff changeset	2630 </html>

Mercurial > hg > Aquinas

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