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annotate summa/latin/sth2055.html @ 94:4fa8e40d9df7

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minor fixups through to the end
author ht
date Sun, 01 Jun 2014 11:19:28 +0000
parents 03759e5c1080
children 500614f45701
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1 <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "file:///c:/cygwin/usr/local/share/lib/xml/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
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2 <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" lang="LA" xml:lang="LA">
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3 <head>
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4 <meta name="generator" content="HTML Tidy for Windows (vers 1st February 2005), see www.w3.org"/>
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5 <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=us-ascii"/>
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6 <meta http-equiv="Content-Style-Type" content="text/css"/>
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7 <meta http-equiv="Content-Script-Type" content="text/javascript"/>
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8 <meta name="keywords" content="Thomas de Aquino, Summa Theologiae, Corpus Thomisticum"/>
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9 <meta name="language" content="Latin"/>
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10 <meta name="security" content="public"/>
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11 <meta name="owner" content="ealarcon@unav.es"/>
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12 <meta name="author" content="Enrique Alarcón"/>
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13 <meta name="abstract" content=""/>
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14 <link rel="stylesheet" media="screen" href="vscreen.css" type="text/css"/>
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15 <link rel="stylesheet" media="print" href="vprint.css" type="text/css"/>
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16 <title>Thomas de Aquino, Summa Theologiae, Iª-IIae q.
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17 55-70</title>
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18 </head>
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19 <body><a href="http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/"/><div class="tres">CORPUS THOMISTICUM</div><div class="uno">Sancti Thomae de Aquino</div><div class="uno">Summa Theologiae</div><div class="dos">prima pars secundae partis a quaestione LV ad
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20 quaestionem LXX</div><div class="centro">
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21 <table align="center" summary="Imago">
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22 <tr>
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23 <th><img src="icons/fugit190.jpg" width="275" height="190" border="0" alt="Thomas de Aquino a Filippino Lippi depictus (Cappella Carafa, S. Maria sopra Minerva, Roma)" align="middle"/></th>
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24 </tr>
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25 </table>
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26 <br/>
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27 <span class="tres">Textum Leoninum Romae 1891 editum<br/>
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28 ac automato translatum a Roberto Busa SJ in taenias
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29 magneticas<br/>
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30 denuo recognovit Enrique Alarcón atque instruxit<br/>
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31 <br/></span><br/>
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32 <hr/>
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33 <br/>
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34 <p><a href="sth2049.html"><img src="icons/ageretro.gif" width="19" height="19" align="middle" border="0" alt="age retro"/></a>  
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35 <a href="sth2071.html"><img src="icons/ageultra.gif" width="19" height="19" align="middle" border="0" alt="age ultra"/></a></p>
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36 <script language="JavaScript" type="text/javascript">
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37 //
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38 &lt;!--
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39 // original code by Bill Trefzger 12/12/96; revised by Enrique Alarcon 12/9/2000
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40 function go(){if(document.selecter.select1.options[document.selecter.select1.selectedIndex].value !="none"){location=document.selecter.select1.options[document.selecter.select1.selectedIndex].value}}
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43 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="none"&gt;------------------------------------------------');
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132 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35871"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 56 a. 5 ad 2');
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diff changeset
133 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35872"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 56 a. 5 ad 3');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
134 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35873"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 56 a. 6 arg. 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
135 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35874"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 56 a. 6 arg. 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
136 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35875"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 56 a. 6 arg. 3');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
137 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35876"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 56 a. 6 s. c.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
138 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35877"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 56 a. 6 co.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
139 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35878"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 56 a. 6 ad 1');
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diff changeset
140 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35879"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 56 a. 6 ad 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
141 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35880"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 56 a. 6 ad 3');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
142 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35881"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 57 pr.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
143 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35882"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 57 a. 1 arg. 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
144 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35883"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 57 a. 1 arg. 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
145 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35884"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 57 a. 1 arg. 3');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
146 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35885"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 57 a. 1 s. c.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
147 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35886"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 57 a. 1 co.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
148 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35887"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 57 a. 1 ad 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
149 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35888"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 57 a. 1 ad 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
150 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35889"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 57 a. 1 ad 3');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
151 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35890"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 57 a. 2 arg. 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
152 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35891"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 57 a. 2 arg. 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
153 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35892"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 57 a. 2 arg. 3');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
154 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35893"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 57 a. 2 s. c.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
155 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35894"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 57 a. 2 co.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
156 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35895"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 57 a. 2 ad 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
157 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35896"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 57 a. 2 ad 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
158 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35897"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 57 a. 2 ad 3');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
159 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35898"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 57 a. 3 arg. 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
160 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35899"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 57 a. 3 arg. 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
161 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35900"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 57 a. 3 arg. 3');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
162 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35901"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 57 a. 3 s. c.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
163 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35902"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 57 a. 3 co.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
164 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35903"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 57 a. 3 ad 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
165 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35904"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 57 a. 3 ad 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
166 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35905"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 57 a. 3 ad 3');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
167 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35906"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 57 a. 4 arg. 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
168 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35907"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 57 a. 4 arg. 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
169 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35908"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 57 a. 4 arg. 3');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
170 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35909"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 57 a. 4 s. c.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
171 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35910"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 57 a. 4 co.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
172 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35911"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 57 a. 4 ad 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
173 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35912"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 57 a. 4 ad 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
174 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35913"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 57 a. 4 ad 3');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
175 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35914"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 57 a. 5 arg. 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
176 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35915"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 57 a. 5 arg. 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
177 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35916"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 57 a. 5 arg. 3');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
178 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35917"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 57 a. 5 s. c.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
179 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35918"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 57 a. 5 co.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
180 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35919"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 57 a. 5 ad 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
181 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35920"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 57 a. 5 ad 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
182 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35921"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 57 a. 5 ad 3');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
183 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35922"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 57 a. 6 arg. 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
184 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35923"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 57 a. 6 arg. 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
185 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35924"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 57 a. 6 arg. 3');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
186 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35925"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 57 a. 6 arg. 4');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
187 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35926"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 57 a. 6 s. c.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
188 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35927"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 57 a. 6 co.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
189 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35928"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 57 a. 6 ad 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
190 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35929"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 57 a. 6 ad 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
191 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35930"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 57 a. 6 ad 3');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
192 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35931"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 57 a. 6 ad 4');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
193 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35932"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 58 pr.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
194 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35933"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 58 a. 1 arg. 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
195 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35934"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 58 a. 1 arg. 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
196 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35935"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 58 a. 1 arg. 3');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
197 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35936"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 58 a. 1 s. c.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
198 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35937"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 58 a. 1 co.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
199 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35938"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 58 a. 1 ad 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
200 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35939"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 58 a. 1 ad 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
201 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35940"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 58 a. 1 ad 3');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
202 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35941"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 58 a. 2 arg. 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
203 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35942"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 58 a. 2 arg. 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
204 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35943"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 58 a. 2 arg. 3');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
205 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35944"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 58 a. 2 arg. 4');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
206 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35945"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 58 a. 2 s. c.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
207 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35946"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 58 a. 2 co.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
208 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35947"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 58 a. 2 ad 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
209 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35948"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 58 a. 2 ad 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
210 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35949"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 58 a. 2 ad 3');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
211 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35950"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 58 a. 2 ad 4');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
212 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35951"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 58 a. 3 arg. 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
213 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35952"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 58 a. 3 arg. 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
214 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35953"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 58 a. 3 arg. 3');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
215 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35954"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 58 a. 3 s. c.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
216 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35955"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 58 a. 3 co.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
217 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35956"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 58 a. 3 ad 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
218 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35957"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 58 a. 3 ad 2');
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parents: 28
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219 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35958"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 58 a. 3 ad 3');
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parents: 28
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220 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35959"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 58 a. 4 arg. 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
221 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35960"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 58 a. 4 arg. 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
222 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35961"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 58 a. 4 arg. 3');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
223 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35962"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 58 a. 4 s. c.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
224 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35963"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 58 a. 4 co.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
225 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35964"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 58 a. 4 ad 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
226 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35965"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 58 a. 4 ad 2');
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parents: 28
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227 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35966"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 58 a. 4 ad 3');
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parents: 28
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228 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35967"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 58 a. 5 arg. 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
229 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35968"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 58 a. 5 arg. 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
230 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35969"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 58 a. 5 arg. 3');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
231 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35970"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 58 a. 5 s. c.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
232 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35971"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 58 a. 5 co.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
233 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35972"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 58 a. 5 ad 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
234 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35973"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 58 a. 5 ad 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
235 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35974"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 58 a. 5 ad 3');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
236 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35975"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 59 pr.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
237 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35976"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 59 a. 1 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
238 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35977"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 59 a. 1 arg. 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
239 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35978"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 59 a. 1 arg. 3');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
240 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35979"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 59 a. 1 s. c.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
241 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35980"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 59 a. 1 co.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
242 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35981"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 59 a. 1 ad 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
243 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35982"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 59 a. 1 ad 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
244 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35983"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 59 a. 1 ad 3');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
245 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35984"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 59 a. 2 arg. 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
246 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35985"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 59 a. 2 arg. 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
247 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35986"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 59 a. 2 arg. 3');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
248 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35987"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 59 a. 2 s. c.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
249 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35988"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 59 a. 2 co.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
250 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35989"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 59 a. 2 ad 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
251 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35990"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 59 a. 2 ad 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
252 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35991"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 59 a. 2 ad 3');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
253 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35992"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 59 a. 3 arg. 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
254 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35993"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 59 a. 3 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
255 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35994"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 59 a. 3 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
256 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35995"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 59 a. 3 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
257 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35996"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 59 a. 3 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
258 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35997"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 59 a. 3 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
259 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35998"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 59 a. 3 ad 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
260 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35999"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 59 a. 3 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
261 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36000"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 59 a. 4 arg. 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
262 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36001"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 59 a. 4 arg. 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
263 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36002"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 59 a. 4 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
264 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36003"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 59 a. 4 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
265 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36004"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 59 a. 4 co.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
266 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36005"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 59 a. 4 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
267 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36006"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 59 a. 4 ad 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
268 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36007"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 59 a. 4 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
269 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36008"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 59 a. 5 arg. 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
270 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36009"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 59 a. 5 arg. 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
271 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36010"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 59 a. 5 arg. 3');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
272 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36011"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 59 a. 5 s. c.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
273 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36012"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 59 a. 5 co.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
274 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36013"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 59 a. 5 ad 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
275 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36014"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 59 a. 5 ad 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
276 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36015"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 59 a. 5 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
277 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36016"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 60 pr.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
278 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36017"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 60 a. 1 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
279 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36018"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 60 a. 1 arg. 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
280 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36019"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 60 a. 1 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
281 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36020"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 60 a. 1 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
282 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36021"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 60 a. 1 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
283 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36022"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 60 a. 1 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
284 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36023"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 60 a. 1 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
285 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36024"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 60 a. 1 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
286 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36025"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 60 a. 2 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
287 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36026"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 60 a. 2 arg. 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
288 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36027"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 60 a. 2 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
289 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36028"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 60 a. 2 s. c.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
290 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36029"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 60 a. 2 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
291 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36030"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 60 a. 2 ad 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
292 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36031"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 60 a. 3 arg. 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
293 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36032"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 60 a. 3 arg. 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
294 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36033"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 60 a. 3 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
295 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36034"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 60 a. 3 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
296 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36035"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 60 a. 3 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
297 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36036"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 60 a. 3 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
298 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36037"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 60 a. 3 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
299 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36038"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 60 a. 3 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
300 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36039"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 60 a. 4 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
301 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36040"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 60 a. 4 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
302 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36041"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 60 a. 4 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
303 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36042"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 60 a. 4 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
304 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36043"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 60 a. 4 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
305 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36044"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 60 a. 4 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
306 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36045"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 60 a. 4 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
307 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36046"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 60 a. 4 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
308 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36047"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 60 a. 5 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
309 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36048"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 60 a. 5 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
310 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36049"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 60 a. 5 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
311 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36050"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 60 a. 5 arg. 4');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
312 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36051"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 60 a. 5 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
313 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36052"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 60 a. 5 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
314 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36053"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 60 a. 5 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
315 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36054"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 60 a. 5 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
316 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36055"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 60 a. 5 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
317 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36056"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 60 a. 5 ad 4');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
318 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36057"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 61 pr.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
319 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36058"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 61 a. 1 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
320 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36059"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 61 a. 1 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
321 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36060"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 61 a. 1 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
322 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36061"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 61 a. 1 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
323 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36062"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 61 a. 1 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
324 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36063"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 61 a. 1 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
325 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36064"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 61 a. 1 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
326 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36065"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 61 a. 1 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
327 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36066"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 61 a. 2 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
328 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36067"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 61 a. 2 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
329 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36068"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 61 a. 2 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
330 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36069"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 61 a. 2 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
331 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36070"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 61 a. 2 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
332 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36071"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 61 a. 2 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
333 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36072"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 61 a. 2 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
334 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36073"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 61 a. 2 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
335 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36074"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 61 a. 3 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
336 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36075"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 61 a. 3 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
337 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36076"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 61 a. 3 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
338 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36077"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 61 a. 3 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
339 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36078"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 61 a. 3 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
340 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36079"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 61 a. 3 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
341 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36080"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 61 a. 4 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
342 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36081"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 61 a. 4 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
343 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36082"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 61 a. 4 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
344 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36083"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 61 a. 4 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
345 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36084"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 61 a. 4 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
346 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36085"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 61 a. 4 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
347 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36086"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 61 a. 4 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
348 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36087"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 61 a. 4 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
349 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36088"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 61 a. 5 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
350 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36089"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 61 a. 5 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
351 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36090"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 61 a. 5 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
352 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36091"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 61 a. 5 arg. 4');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
353 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36092"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 61 a. 5 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
354 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36093"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 61 a. 5 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
355 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36094"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 61 a. 5 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
356 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36095"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 61 a. 5 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
357 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36096"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 61 a. 5 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
358 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36097"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 61 a. 5 ad 4');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
359 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36098"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 62 pr.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
360 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36099"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 62 a. 1 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
361 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36100"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 62 a. 1 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
362 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36101"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 62 a. 1 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
363 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36102"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 62 a. 1 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
364 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36103"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 62 a. 1 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
365 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36104"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 62 a. 1 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
366 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36105"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 62 a. 1 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
367 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36106"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 62 a. 1 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
368 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36107"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 62 a. 2 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
369 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36108"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 62 a. 2 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
370 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36109"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 62 a. 2 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
371 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36110"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 62 a. 2 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
372 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36111"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 62 a. 2 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
373 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36112"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 62 a. 2 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
374 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36113"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 62 a. 2 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
375 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36114"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 62 a. 2 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
376 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36115"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 62 a. 3 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
377 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36116"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 62 a. 3 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
378 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36117"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 62 a. 3 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
379 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36118"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 62 a. 3 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
380 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36119"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 62 a. 3 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
381 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36120"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 62 a. 3 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
382 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36121"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 62 a. 3 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
383 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36122"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 62 a. 3 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
384 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36123"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 62 a. 4 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
385 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36124"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 62 a. 4 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
386 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36125"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 62 a. 4 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
387 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36126"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 62 a. 4 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
388 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36127"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 62 a. 4 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
389 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36128"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 62 a. 4 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
390 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36129"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 62 a. 4 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
391 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36130"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 62 a. 4 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
392 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36131"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 63 pr.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
393 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36132"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 63 a. 1 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
394 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36133"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 63 a. 1 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
395 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36134"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 63 a. 1 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
396 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36135"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 63 a. 1 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
397 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36136"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 63 a. 1 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
398 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36137"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 63 a. 1 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
399 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36138"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 63 a. 2 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
400 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36139"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 63 a. 2 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
401 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36140"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 63 a. 2 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
402 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36141"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 63 a. 2 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
403 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36142"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 63 a. 2 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
404 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36143"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 63 a. 2 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
405 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36144"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 63 a. 2 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
406 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36145"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 63 a. 2 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
407 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36146"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 63 a. 3 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
408 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36147"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 63 a. 3 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
409 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36148"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 63 a. 3 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
410 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36149"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 63 a. 3 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
411 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36150"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 63 a. 3 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
412 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36151"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 63 a. 3 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
413 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36152"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 63 a. 3 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
414 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36153"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 63 a. 3 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
415 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36154"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 63 a. 4 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
416 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36155"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 63 a. 4 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
417 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36156"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 63 a. 4 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
418 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36157"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 63 a. 4 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
419 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36158"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 63 a. 4 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
420 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36159"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 63 a. 4 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
421 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36160"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 63 a. 4 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
422 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36161"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 63 a. 4 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
423 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36162"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 64 pr.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
424 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36163"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 64 a. 1 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
425 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36164"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 64 a. 1 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
426 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36165"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 64 a. 1 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
427 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36166"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 64 a. 1 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
428 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36167"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 64 a. 1 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
429 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36168"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 64 a. 1 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
430 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36169"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 64 a. 1 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
431 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36170"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 64 a. 1 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
432 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36171"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 64 a. 2 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
433 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36172"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 64 a. 2 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
434 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36173"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 64 a. 2 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
435 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36174"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 64 a. 2 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
436 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36175"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 64 a. 2 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
437 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36176"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 64 a. 2 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
438 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36177"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 64 a. 3 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
439 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36178"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 64 a. 3 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
440 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36179"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 64 a. 3 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
441 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36180"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 64 a. 3 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
442 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36181"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 64 a. 3 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
443 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36182"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 64 a. 3 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
444 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36183"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 64 a. 3 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
445 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36184"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 64 a. 3 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
446 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36185"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 64 a. 4 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
447 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36186"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 64 a. 4 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
448 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36187"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 64 a. 4 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
449 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36188"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 64 a. 4 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
450 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36189"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 64 a. 4 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
451 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36190"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 64 a. 4 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
452 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36191"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 64 a. 4 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
453 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36192"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 64 a. 4 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
454 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36193"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 65 pr.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
455 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36194"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 65 a. 1 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
456 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36195"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 65 a. 1 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
457 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36196"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 65 a. 1 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
458 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36197"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 65 a. 1 arg. 4');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
459 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36198"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 65 a. 1 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
460 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36199"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 65 a. 1 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
461 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36200"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 65 a. 1 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
462 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36201"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 65 a. 1 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
463 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36202"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 65 a. 1 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
464 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36203"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 65 a. 1 ad 4');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
465 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36204"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 65 a. 2 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
466 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36205"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 65 a. 2 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
467 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36206"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 65 a. 2 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
468 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36207"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 65 a. 2 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
469 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36208"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 65 a. 2 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
470 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36209"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 65 a. 2 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
471 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36210"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 65 a. 2 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
472 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36211"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 65 a. 2 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
473 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36212"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 65 a. 3 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
474 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36213"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 65 a. 3 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
475 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36214"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 65 a. 3 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
476 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36215"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 65 a. 3 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
477 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36216"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 65 a. 3 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
478 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36217"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 65 a. 3 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
479 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36218"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 65 a. 3 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
480 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36219"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 65 a. 3 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
481 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36220"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 65 a. 4 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
482 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36221"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 65 a. 4 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
483 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36222"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 65 a. 4 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
484 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36223"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 65 a. 4 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
485 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36224"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 65 a. 4 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
486 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36225"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 65 a. 4 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
487 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36226"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 65 a. 4 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
488 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36227"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 65 a. 4 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
489 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36228"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 65 a. 5 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
490 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36229"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 65 a. 5 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
491 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36230"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 65 a. 5 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
492 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36231"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 65 a. 5 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
493 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36232"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 65 a. 5 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
494 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36233"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 65 a. 5 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
495 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36234"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 65 a. 5 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
496 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36235"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 65 a. 5 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
497 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36236"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 66 pr.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
498 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36237"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 66 a. 1 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
499 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36238"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 66 a. 1 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
500 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36239"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 66 a. 1 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
501 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36240"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 66 a. 1 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
502 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36241"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 66 a. 1 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
503 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36242"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 66 a. 1 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
504 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36243"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 66 a. 1 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
505 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36244"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 66 a. 1 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
506 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36245"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 66 a. 2 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
507 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36246"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 66 a. 2 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
508 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36247"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 66 a. 2 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
509 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36248"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 66 a. 2 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
510 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36249"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 66 a. 2 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
511 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36250"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 66 a. 2 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
512 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36251"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 66 a. 2 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
513 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36252"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 66 a. 2 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
514 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36253"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 66 a. 3 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
515 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36254"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 66 a. 3 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
516 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36255"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 66 a. 3 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
517 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36256"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 66 a. 3 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
518 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36257"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 66 a. 3 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
519 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36258"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 66 a. 3 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
520 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36259"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 66 a. 3 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
521 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36260"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 66 a. 3 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
522 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36261"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 66 a. 4 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
523 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36262"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 66 a. 4 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
524 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36263"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 66 a. 4 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
525 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36264"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 66 a. 4 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
526 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36265"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 66 a. 4 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
527 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36266"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 66 a. 4 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
528 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36267"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 66 a. 4 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
529 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36268"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 66 a. 4 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
530 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36269"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 66 a. 5 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
531 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36270"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 66 a. 5 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
532 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36271"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 66 a. 5 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
533 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36272"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 66 a. 5 arg. 4');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
534 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36273"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 66 a. 5 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
535 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36274"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 66 a. 5 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
536 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36275"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 66 a. 5 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
537 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36276"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 66 a. 5 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
538 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36277"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 66 a. 5 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
539 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36278"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 66 a. 5 ad 4');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
540 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36279"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 66 a. 6 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
541 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36280"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 66 a. 6 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
542 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36281"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 66 a. 6 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
543 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36282"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 66 a. 6 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
544 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36283"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 66 a. 6 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
545 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36284"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 66 a. 6 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
546 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36285"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 66 a. 6 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
547 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36286"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 66 a. 6 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
548 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36287"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 67 pr.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
549 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36288"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 67 a. 1 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
550 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36289"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 67 a. 1 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
551 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36290"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 67 a. 1 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
552 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36291"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 67 a. 1 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
553 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36292"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 67 a. 1 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
554 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36293"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 67 a. 1 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
555 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36294"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 67 a. 1 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
556 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36295"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 67 a. 1 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
557 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36296"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 67 a. 2 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
558 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36297"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 67 a. 2 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
559 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36298"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 67 a. 2 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
560 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36299"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 67 a. 2 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
561 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36300"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 67 a. 2 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
562 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36301"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 67 a. 2 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
563 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36302"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 67 a. 2 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
564 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36303"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 67 a. 2 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
565 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36304"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 67 a. 3 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
566 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36305"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 67 a. 3 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
567 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36306"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 67 a. 3 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
568 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36307"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 67 a. 3 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
569 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36308"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 67 a. 3 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
570 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36309"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 67 a. 3 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
571 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36310"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 67 a. 3 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
572 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36311"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 67 a. 3 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
573 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36312"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 67 a. 4 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
574 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36313"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 67 a. 4 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
575 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36314"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 67 a. 4 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
576 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36315"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 67 a. 4 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
577 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36316"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 67 a. 4 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
578 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36317"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 67 a. 4 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
579 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36318"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 67 a. 4 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
580 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36319"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 67 a. 4 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
581 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36320"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 67 a. 5 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
582 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36321"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 67 a. 5 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
583 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36322"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 67 a. 5 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
584 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36323"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 67 a. 5 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
585 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36324"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 67 a. 5 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
586 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36325"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 67 a. 5 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
587 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36326"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 67 a. 5 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
588 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36327"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 67 a. 5 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
589 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36328"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 67 a. 6 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
590 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36329"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 67 a. 6 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
591 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36330"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 67 a. 6 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
592 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36331"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 67 a. 6 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
593 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36332"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 67 a. 6 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
594 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36333"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 67 a. 6 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
595 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36334"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 67 a. 6 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
596 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36335"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 67 a. 6 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
597 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36336"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 68 pr.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
598 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36337"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 68 a. 1 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
599 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36338"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 68 a. 1 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
600 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36339"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 68 a. 1 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
601 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36340"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 68 a. 1 arg. 4');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
602 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36341"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 68 a. 1 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
603 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36342"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 68 a. 1 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
604 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36343"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 68 a. 1 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
605 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36344"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 68 a. 1 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
606 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36345"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 68 a. 1 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
607 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36346"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 68 a. 1 ad 4');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
608 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36347"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 68 a. 2 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
609 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36348"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 68 a. 2 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
610 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36349"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 68 a. 2 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
611 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36350"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 68 a. 2 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
612 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36351"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 68 a. 2 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
613 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36352"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 68 a. 2 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
614 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36353"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 68 a. 2 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
615 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36354"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 68 a. 2 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
616 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36355"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 68 a. 3 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
617 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36356"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 68 a. 3 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
618 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36357"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 68 a. 3 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
619 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36358"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 68 a. 3 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
620 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36359"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 68 a. 3 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
621 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36360"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 68 a. 3 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
622 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36361"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 68 a. 3 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
623 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36362"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 68 a. 3 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
624 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36363"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 68 a. 4 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
625 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36364"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 68 a. 4 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
626 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36365"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 68 a. 4 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
627 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36366"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 68 a. 4 arg. 4');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
628 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36367"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 68 a. 4 arg. 5');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
629 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36368"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 68 a. 4 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
630 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36369"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 68 a. 4 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
631 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36370"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 68 a. 4 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
632 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36371"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 68 a. 4 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
633 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36372"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 68 a. 4 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
634 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36373"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 68 a. 4 ad 4');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
635 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36374"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 68 a. 4 ad 5');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
636 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36375"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 68 a. 5 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
637 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36376"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 68 a. 5 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
638 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36377"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 68 a. 5 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
639 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36378"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 68 a. 5 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
640 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36379"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 68 a. 5 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
641 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36380"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 68 a. 5 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
642 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36381"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 68 a. 5 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
643 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36382"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 68 a. 5 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
644 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36383"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 68 a. 6 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
645 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36384"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 68 a. 6 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
646 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36385"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 68 a. 6 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
647 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36386"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 68 a. 6 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
648 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36387"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 68 a. 6 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
649 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36388"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 68 a. 6 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
650 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36389"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 68 a. 6 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
651 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36390"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 68 a. 6 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
652 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36391"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 68 a. 7 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
653 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36392"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 68 a. 7 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
654 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36393"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 68 a. 7 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
655 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36394"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 68 a. 7 arg. 4');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
656 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36395"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 68 a. 7 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
657 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36396"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 68 a. 7 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
658 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36397"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 68 a. 7 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
659 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36398"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 68 a. 7 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
660 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36399"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 68 a. 7 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
661 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36400"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 68 a. 7 ad 4');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
662 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36401"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 68 a. 8 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
663 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36402"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 68 a. 8 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
664 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36403"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 68 a. 8 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
665 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36404"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 68 a. 8 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
666 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36405"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 68 a. 8 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
667 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36406"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 68 a. 8 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
668 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36407"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 68 a. 8 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
669 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36408"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 68 a. 8 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
670 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36409"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 69 pr.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
671 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36410"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 69 a. 1 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
672 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36411"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 69 a. 1 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
673 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36412"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 69 a. 1 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
674 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36413"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 69 a. 1 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
675 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36414"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 69 a. 1 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
676 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36415"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 69 a. 1 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
677 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36416"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 69 a. 1 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
678 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36417"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 69 a. 1 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
679 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36418"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 69 a. 2 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
680 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36419"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 69 a. 2 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
681 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36420"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 69 a. 2 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
682 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36421"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 69 a. 2 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
683 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36422"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 69 a. 2 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
684 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36423"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 69 a. 2 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
685 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36424"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 69 a. 2 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
686 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36425"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 69 a. 2 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
687 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36426"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 69 a. 3 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
688 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36427"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 69 a. 3 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
689 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36428"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 69 a. 3 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
690 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36429"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 69 a. 3 arg. 4');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
691 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36430"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 69 a. 3 s. c. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
692 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36431"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 69 a. 3 s. c. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
693 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36432"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 69 a. 3 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
694 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36433"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 69 a. 3 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
695 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36434"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 69 a. 3 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
696 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36435"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 69 a. 3 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
697 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36436"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 69 a. 3 ad 4');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
698 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36437"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 69 a. 3 ad 5');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
699 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36438"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 69 a. 3 ad 6');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
700 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36439"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 69 a. 4 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
701 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36440"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 69 a. 4 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
702 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36441"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 69 a. 4 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
703 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36442"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 69 a. 4 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
704 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36443"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 69 a. 4 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
705 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36444"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 69 a. 4 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
706 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36445"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 69 a. 4 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
707 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36446"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 69 a. 4 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
708 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36447"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 70 pr.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
709 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36448"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 70 a. 1 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
710 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36449"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 70 a. 1 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
711 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36450"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 70 a. 1 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
712 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36451"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 70 a. 1 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
713 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36452"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 70 a. 1 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
714 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36453"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 70 a. 1 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
715 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36454"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 70 a. 1 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
716 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36455"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 70 a. 1 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
717 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36456"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 70 a. 2 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
718 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36457"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 70 a. 2 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
719 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36458"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 70 a. 2 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
720 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36459"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 70 a. 2 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
721 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36460"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 70 a. 2 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
722 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36461"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 70 a. 2 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
723 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36462"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 70 a. 2 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
724 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36463"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 70 a. 2 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
725 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36464"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 70 a. 3 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
726 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36465"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 70 a. 3 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
727 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36466"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 70 a. 3 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
728 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36467"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 70 a. 3 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
729 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36468"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 70 a. 3 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
730 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36469"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 70 a. 3 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
731 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36470"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 70 a. 3 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
732 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36471"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 70 a. 3 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
733 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36472"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 70 a. 3 ad 4');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
734 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36473"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 70 a. 4 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
735 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36474"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 70 a. 4 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
736 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36475"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 70 a. 4 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
737 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36476"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 70 a. 4 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
738 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36477"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 70 a. 4 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
739 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36478"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 70 a. 4 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
740 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36479"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 70 a. 4 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
741 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36480"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 70 a. 4 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
742 document.write('&lt;\/SELECT&gt;');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
743 document.write('&lt;BR&gt;&lt;BR&gt;');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
744 document.write('&lt;INPUT TYPE="button" VALUE="Agedum" ONCLICK="go()"&gt;');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
745 document.write('&lt;\/FORM&gt;');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
746 // --&gt;
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diff changeset
747 //
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diff changeset
748 </script><br/>
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diff changeset
749 <hr/>
59
03759e5c1080 fix multi-para s.c.
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diff changeset
750 <br/></div><div id="q55" class="q"><h2>Quaestio 55</h2><div class="p"><h3>Prooemium</h3><p title="I-II q. 55 pr."><a name="35787"><span class="ref">[35787]
53
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diff changeset
751 Iª-IIae q. 55 pr.</span></a> Consequenter considerandum est de
28
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diff changeset
752 habitibus in speciali. Et quia habitus, ut dictum est,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
753 distinguuntur per bonum et malum, primo dicendum est de habitibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
754 bonis, qui sunt virtutes et alia eis adiuncta, scilicet dona,
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diff changeset
755 beatitudines et fructus; secundo, de habitibus malis, scilicet de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
756 vitiis et peccatis. Circa virtutes autem quinque consideranda sunt,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
757 primo, de essentia virtutis; secundo, de subiecto eius; tertio, de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
758 divisione virtutum; quarto, de causa virtutis; quinto, de quibusdam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
759 proprietatibus virtutis. Circa primum quaeruntur quatuor. Primo,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
760 utrum virtus humana sit habitus. Secundo, utrum sit habitus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
761 operativus. Tertio, utrum sit habitus bonus. Quarto, de definitione
53
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diff changeset
762 virtutis.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 1</h3><p title="I-II q. 55 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="35788"><span class="ref">[35788] Iª-IIae q. 55 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
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diff changeset
763 sic proceditur. Videtur quod virtus humana non sit habitus. Virtus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
764 enim est <i>ultimum potentiae</i>, ut dicitur in I de caelo. Sed
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diff changeset
765 ultimum uniuscuiusque reducitur ad genus illud cuius est ultimum,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
766 sicut punctum ad genus lineae. Ergo virtus reducitur ad genus
53
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diff changeset
767 potentiae, et non ad genus habitus.</p><p title="I-II q. 55 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="35789"><span class="ref">[35789] Iª-IIae q. 55 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
768 Augustinus dicit, in II de libero Arbit., quod <i>virtus est bonus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
769 usus liberi arbitrii</i>. Sed usus liberi arbitrii est actus. Ergo
53
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diff changeset
770 virtus non est habitus, sed actus.</p><p title="I-II q. 55 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="35790"><span class="ref">[35790] Iª-IIae q. 55 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
771 habitibus non meremur, sed actibus, alioquin homo mereretur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
772 continue, etiam dormiendo. Sed virtutibus meremur. Ergo virtutes
53
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diff changeset
773 non sunt habitus, sed actus.</p><p title="I-II q. 55 a. 1 arg. 4"><a name="35791"><span class="ref">[35791] Iª-IIae q. 55 a. 1 arg. 4</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
774 Augustinus dicit, in libro de moribus Eccles., quod <i>virtus est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
775 ordo amoris</i>. Et in libro octoginta trium quaest., dicit quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
776 <i>ordinatio quae virtus vocatur, est fruendis frui, et utendis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
777 uti</i>. Ordo autem, seu ordinatio, nominat vel actum, vel
53
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diff changeset
778 relationem. Ergo virtus non est habitus, sed actus vel relatio.</p><p title="I-II q. 55 a. 1 arg. 5"><a name="35792"><span class="ref">[35792] Iª-IIae q. 55 a. 1 arg. 5</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
779 sicut inveniuntur virtutes humanae, ita et virtutes naturales. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
780 virtutes naturales non sunt habitus, sed potentiae quaedam. Ergo
53
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diff changeset
781 etiam neque virtutes humanae.</p><p title="I-II q. 55 a. 1 s. c."><a name="35793"><span class="ref">[35793] Iª-IIae q. 55 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
782 est quod philosophus, in libro Praedicament., scientiam et virtutem
53
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diff changeset
783 ponit esse habitus.</p><p title="I-II q. 55 a. 1 co."><a name="35794"><span class="ref">[35794] Iª-IIae q. 55 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
784 dicendum quod virtus nominat quandam potentiae perfectionem.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
785 Uniuscuiusque autem perfectio praecipue consideratur in ordine ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
786 suum finem. Finis autem potentiae actus est. Unde potentia dicitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
787 esse perfecta, secundum quod determinatur ad suum actum. Sunt autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
788 quaedam potentiae quae secundum seipsas sunt determinatae ad suos
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
789 actus; sicut potentiae naturales activae. Et ideo huiusmodi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
790 potentiae naturales secundum seipsas dicuntur virtutes. Potentiae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
791 autem rationales, quae sunt propriae hominis, non sunt determinatae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
792 ad unum, sed se habent indeterminate ad multa, determinantur autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
793 ad actus per habitus, sicut ex supradictis patet. Et ideo virtutes
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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diff changeset
794 humanae habitus sunt.</p><p title="I-II q. 55 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="35795"><span class="ref">[35795] Iª-IIae q. 55 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
795 ergo dicendum quod quandoque virtus dicitur id ad quod est virtus,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
796 scilicet vel obiectum virtutis, vel actus eius, sicut fides dicitur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
797 quandoque id quod creditur, quandoque vero ipsum credere, quandoque
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
798 autem ipse habitus quo creditur. Unde quando dicitur quod virtus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
799 est ultimum potentiae, sumitur virtus pro obiecto virtutis. Id enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
800 in quod ultimo potentia potest, est id ad quod dicitur virtus rei,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
801 sicut si aliquis potest ferre centum libras et non plus, virtus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
802 eius consideratur secundum centum libras, non autem secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
803 sexaginta. Obiectio autem procedebat ac si essentialiter virtus
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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diff changeset
804 esset ultimum potentiae.</p><p title="I-II q. 55 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="35796"><span class="ref">[35796] Iª-IIae q. 55 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
805 dicendum quod bonus usus liberi arbitrii dicitur esse virtus,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
806 secundum eandem rationem, quia scilicet est id ad quod ordinatur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
807 virtus sicut ad proprium actum. Nihil est enim aliud actus virtutis
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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diff changeset
808 quam bonus usus liberi arbitrii.</p><p title="I-II q. 55 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="35797"><span class="ref">[35797] Iª-IIae q. 55 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
809 dicendum quod aliquo dicimur mereri dupliciter. Uno modo, sicut
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parents: 26
diff changeset
810 ipso merito, eo modo quo dicimur currere cursu, et hoc modo meremur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
811 actibus. Alio modo dicimur mereri aliquo sicut principio merendi,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
812 sicut dicimur currere potentia motiva, et sic dicimur mereri
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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diff changeset
813 virtutibus et habitibus.</p><p title="I-II q. 55 a. 1 ad 4"><a name="35798"><span class="ref">[35798] Iª-IIae q. 55 a. 1 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
814 dicendum quod virtus dicitur ordo vel ordinatio amoris, sicut id ad
53
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diff changeset
815 quod est virtus, per virtutem enim ordinatur amor in nobis.</p><p title="I-II q. 55 a. 1 ad 5"><a name="35799"><span class="ref">[35799] Iª-IIae q. 55 a. 1 ad 5</span></a> Ad quintum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
816 dicendum quod potentiae naturales sunt de se determinatae ad unum,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
817 non autem potentiae rationales. Et ideo non est simile, ut dictum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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diff changeset
818 est.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 2</h3><p title="I-II q. 55 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="35800"><span class="ref">[35800] Iª-IIae q. 55 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
819 sic proceditur. Videtur quod non sit de ratione virtutis humanae
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diff changeset
820 quod sit habitus operativus. Dicit enim Tullius, in IV de Tuscul.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
821 quaest., quod sicut est sanitas et pulchritudo corporis, ita est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
822 virtus animae. Sed sanitas et pulchritudo non sunt habitus
53
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diff changeset
823 operativi. Ergo neque etiam virtus.</p><p title="I-II q. 55 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="35801"><span class="ref">[35801] Iª-IIae q. 55 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
824 in rebus naturalibus invenitur virtus non solum ad agere, sed etiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
825 ad esse, ut patet per philosophum, in I de caelo, quod quaedam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
826 habent virtutem ut sint semper, quaedam vero non ad hoc quod sint
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parents: 26
diff changeset
827 semper, sed aliquo tempore determinato. Sed sicut se habet virtus
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diff changeset
828 naturalis in rebus naturalibus, ita se habet virtus humana in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
829 rationalibus. Ergo etiam virtus humana non solum est ad agere, sed
53
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diff changeset
830 etiam ad esse.</p><p title="I-II q. 55 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="35802"><span class="ref">[35802] Iª-IIae q. 55 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
831 philosophus dicit, in VII Physic., quod virtus est dispositio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
832 perfecti ad optimum. Optimum autem ad quod hominem oportet disponi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
833 per virtutem, est ipse Deus, ut probat Augustinus in libro II de
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parents: 26
diff changeset
834 moribus Eccles.; ad quem disponitur anima per assimilationem ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
835 ipsum. Ergo videtur quod virtus dicatur qualitas quaedam animae in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
836 ordine ad Deum, tanquam assimilativa ad ipsum, non autem in ordine
53
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diff changeset
837 ad operationem. Non igitur est habitus operativus.</p><p title="I-II q. 55 a. 2 s. c."><a name="35803"><span class="ref">[35803] Iª-IIae q. 55 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
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diff changeset
838 est quod philosophus dicit, in II Ethic., quod <i>virtus
53
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diff changeset
839 uniuscuiusque rei est quae opus eius bonum reddit</i>.</p><p title="I-II q. 55 a. 2 co."><a name="35804"><span class="ref">[35804] Iª-IIae q. 55 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
840 dicendum quod virtus, ex ipsa ratione nominis, importat quandam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
841 perfectionem potentiae, ut supra dictum est. Unde, cum duplex sit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
842 potentia, scilicet potentia ad esse et potentia ad agere, utriusque
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parents: 26
diff changeset
843 potentiae perfectio virtus vocatur. Sed potentia ad esse se tenet
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diff changeset
844 ex parte materiae, quae est ens in potentia, potentia autem ad
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diff changeset
845 agere se tenet ex parte formae, quae est principium agendi, eo quod
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diff changeset
846 unumquodque agit inquantum est actu. In constitutione autem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
847 hominis, corpus se habet sicut materia, anima vero sicut forma. Et
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diff changeset
848 quantum quidem ad corpus, homo communicat cum aliis animalibus; et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
849 similiter quantum ad vires quae sunt animae et corpori communes;
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parents: 26
diff changeset
850 solae autem illae vires quae sunt propriae animae, scilicet
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parents: 26
diff changeset
851 rationales, sunt hominis tantum. Et ideo virtus humana, de qua
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
852 loquimur, non potest pertinere ad corpus; sed pertinet tantum ad id
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parents: 26
diff changeset
853 quod est proprium animae. Unde virtus humana non importat ordinem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
854 ad esse, sed magis ad agere. Et ideo de ratione virtutis humanae
53
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diff changeset
855 est quod sit habitus operativus.</p><p title="I-II q. 55 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="35805"><span class="ref">[35805] Iª-IIae q. 55 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
856 ergo dicendum quod modus actionis sequitur dispositionem agentis,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
857 unumquodque enim quale est, talia operatur. Et ideo, cum virtus sit
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parents: 26
diff changeset
858 principium aliqualis operationis, oportet quod in operante
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parents: 26
diff changeset
859 praeexistat secundum virtutem aliqua conformis dispositio. Facit
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parents: 26
diff changeset
860 autem virtus operationem ordinatam. Et ideo ipsa virtus est quaedam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
861 dispositio ordinata in anima, secundum scilicet quod potentiae
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parents: 26
diff changeset
862 animae ordinantur aliqualiter ad invicem, et ad id quod est extra.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
863 Et ideo virtus, inquantum est conveniens dispositio animae,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
864 assimilatur sanitati et pulchritudini, quae sunt debitae
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parents: 26
diff changeset
865 dispositiones corporis. Sed per hoc non excluditur quin virtus
53
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diff changeset
866 etiam sit operationis principium.</p><p title="I-II q. 55 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="35806"><span class="ref">[35806] Iª-IIae q. 55 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
867 dicendum quod virtus quae est ad esse, non est propria hominis, sed
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parents: 26
diff changeset
868 solum virtus quae est ad opera rationis, quae sunt propria
53
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diff changeset
869 hominis.</p><p title="I-II q. 55 a. 2 ad 3"><a name="35807"><span class="ref">[35807] Iª-IIae q. 55 a. 2 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
870 dicendum quod, cum Dei substantia sit eius actio, summa assimilatio
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parents: 26
diff changeset
871 hominis ad Deum est secundum aliquam operationem. Unde, sicut supra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
872 dictum est, felicitas sive beatitudo, per quam homo maxime Deo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
873 conformatur, quae est finis humanae vitae, in operatione
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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diff changeset
874 consistit.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 3</h3><p title="I-II q. 55 a. 3 arg. 1"><a name="35808"><span class="ref">[35808] Iª-IIae q. 55 a. 3 arg. 1</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
875 sic proceditur. Videtur quod non sit de ratione virtutis quod sit
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parents: 26
diff changeset
876 habitus bonus. Peccatum enim in malo semper sumitur. Sed etiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
877 peccati est aliqua virtus; secundum illud I ad Cor. XV, <i>virtus
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
878 peccati lex</i>. Ergo virtus non semper est habitus bonus.</p><p title="I-II q. 55 a. 3 arg. 2"><a name="35809"><span class="ref">[35809] Iª-IIae q. 55 a. 3 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
879 virtus potentiae respondet. Sed potentia non solum se habet ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
880 bonum, sed etiam ad malum; secundum illud Isaiae V, <i>vae, qui
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parents: 26
diff changeset
881 potentes estis ad bibendum vinum, et viri fortes ad miscendam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
882 ebrietatem</i>. Ergo etiam virtus se habet et ad bonum et ad
53
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diff changeset
883 malum.</p><p title="I-II q. 55 a. 3 arg. 3"><a name="35810"><span class="ref">[35810] Iª-IIae q. 55 a. 3 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
884 secundum apostolum, II ad Cor. XII, virtus in infirmitate
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parents: 26
diff changeset
885 perficitur. Sed infirmitas est quoddam malum. Ergo virtus non solum
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
886 se habet ad bonum, sed etiam ad malum.</p><p title="I-II q. 55 a. 3 s. c."><a name="35811"><span class="ref">[35811] Iª-IIae q. 55 a. 3 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
887 est quod Augustinus dicit, in libro de moribus Eccles., <i>nemo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
888 autem dubitaverit quod virtus animam facit optimam</i>. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
889 philosophus dicit, in II Ethic., quod <i>virtus est quae bonum
53
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diff changeset
890 facit habentem, et opus eius bonum reddit</i>.</p><p title="I-II q. 55 a. 3 co."><a name="35812"><span class="ref">[35812] Iª-IIae q. 55 a. 3 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
891 dicendum quod, sicut supra dictum est, virtus importat perfectionem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
892 potentiae, unde virtus cuiuslibet rei determinatur ad ultimum in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
893 quod res potest, ut dicitur in I de caelo. Ultimum autem in quod
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
894 unaquaeque potentia potest, oportet quod sit bonum, nam omne malum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
895 defectum quendam importat; unde Dionysius dicit, in IV cap. de Div.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
896 Nom., quod omne malum est infirmum. Et propter hoc oportet quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
897 virtus cuiuslibet rei dicatur in ordine ad bonum. Unde virtus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
898 humana, quae est habitus operativus, est bonus habitus, et boni
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
899 operativus.</p><p title="I-II q. 55 a. 3 ad 1"><a name="35813"><span class="ref">[35813] Iª-IIae q. 55 a. 3 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
900 ergo dicendum quod sicut perfectum, ita et bonum dicitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
901 metaphorice in malis, dicitur enim et perfectus fur sive latro, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
902 bonus fur sive latro; ut patet per philosophum, in V Metaphys.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
903 Secundum hoc ergo, etiam virtus metaphorice in malis dicitur. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
904 sic virtus peccati dicitur lex, inquantum scilicet per legem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
905 occasionaliter est peccatum augmentatum, et quasi ad maximum suum
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
906 posse pervenit.</p><p title="I-II q. 55 a. 3 ad 2"><a name="35814"><span class="ref">[35814] Iª-IIae q. 55 a. 3 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
907 dicendum quod malum ebrietatis et nimiae potationis, consistit in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
908 defectu ordinis rationis. Contingit autem, cum defectu rationis,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
909 esse aliquam potentiam inferiorem perfectam ad id quod est sui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
910 generis, etiam cum repugnantia vel cum defectu rationis. Perfectio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
911 autem talis potentiae, cum sit cum defectu rationis, non posset
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
912 dici virtus humana.</p><p title="I-II q. 55 a. 3 ad 3"><a name="35815"><span class="ref">[35815] Iª-IIae q. 55 a. 3 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
913 dicendum quod tanto ratio perfectior esse ostenditur, quanto
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
914 infirmitates corporis et inferiorum partium magis potest vincere
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
915 seu tolerare. Et ideo virtus humana, quae rationi attribuitur, in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
916 infirmitate perfici dicitur, non quidem rationis, sed in
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
917 infirmitate corporis et inferiorum partium.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 4</h3><p title="I-II q. 55 a. 4 arg. 1"><a name="35816"><span class="ref">[35816] Iª-IIae q. 55 a. 4 arg. 1</span></a> Ad quartum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
918 sic proceditur. Videtur quod non sit conveniens definitio virtutis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
919 quae solet assignari, scilicet, virtus est bona qualitas mentis,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
920 qua recte vivitur, qua nullus male utitur, quam Deus in nobis sine
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
921 nobis operatur. Virtus enim est bonitas hominis, ipsa enim est quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
922 bonum facit habentem. Sed bonitas non videtur esse bona, sicut nec
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
923 albedo est alba. Igitur inconvenienter dicitur quod virtus est bona
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
924 qualitas.</p><p title="I-II q. 55 a. 4 arg. 2"><a name="35817"><span class="ref">[35817] Iª-IIae q. 55 a. 4 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
925 nulla differentia est communior suo genere, cum sit generis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
926 divisiva. Sed bonum est communius quam qualitas, convertitur enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
927 cum ente. Ergo bonum non debet poni in definitione virtutis, ut
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
928 differentia qualitatis.</p><p title="I-II q. 55 a. 4 arg. 3"><a name="35818"><span class="ref">[35818] Iª-IIae q. 55 a. 4 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
929 sicut Augustinus dicit, in XII de Trin., <i>ubi primo occurrit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
930 aliquid quod non sit nobis pecoribusque commune, illud ad mentem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
931 pertinet</i>. Sed quaedam virtutes sunt etiam irrationabilium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
932 partium; ut philosophus dicit, in III Ethic. Non ergo omnis virtus
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
933 est bona qualitas mentis.</p><p title="I-II q. 55 a. 4 arg. 4"><a name="35819"><span class="ref">[35819] Iª-IIae q. 55 a. 4 arg. 4</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
934 rectitudo videtur ad iustitiam pertinere, unde idem dicuntur recti,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
935 et iusti. Sed iustitia est species virtutis. Inconvenienter ergo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
936 ponitur rectum in definitione virtutis, cum dicitur, qua recte
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
937 vivitur.</p><p title="I-II q. 55 a. 4 arg. 5"><a name="35820"><span class="ref">[35820] Iª-IIae q. 55 a. 4 arg. 5</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
938 quicumque superbit de aliquo, male utitur eo. Sed multi superbiunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
939 de virtute, dicit enim Augustinus, in regula, <i>quod superbia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
940 etiam bonis operibus insidiatur, ut pereant</i>. Falsum est ergo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
941 quod nemo virtute male utatur.</p><p title="I-II q. 55 a. 4 arg. 6"><a name="35821"><span class="ref">[35821] Iª-IIae q. 55 a. 4 arg. 6</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
942 homo per virtutem iustificatur. Sed Augustinus dicit, super illud
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
943 Ioan., <i>maiora horum faciet, qui creavit te sine te, non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
944 iustificabit te sine te</i>. Inconvenienter ergo dicitur quod
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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diff changeset
945 virtutem Deus in nobis sine nobis operatur.</p><p title="I-II q. 55 a. 4 s. c."><a name="35822"><span class="ref">[35822] Iª-IIae q. 55 a. 4 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
946 est auctoritas Augustini, ex cuius verbis praedicta definitio
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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diff changeset
947 colligitur, et praecipue in II de libero arbitrio.</p><p title="I-II q. 55 a. 4 co."><a name="35823"><span class="ref">[35823] Iª-IIae q. 55 a. 4 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
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diff changeset
948 dicendum quod ista definitio perfecte complectitur totam rationem
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diff changeset
949 virtutis. Perfecta enim ratio uniuscuiusque rei colligitur ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
950 omnibus causis eius. Comprehendit autem praedicta definitio omnes
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parents: 26
diff changeset
951 causas virtutis. Causa namque formalis virtutis, sicut et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
952 cuiuslibet rei, accipitur ex eius genere et differentia, cum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
953 dicitur qualitas bona, genus enim virtutis qualitas est,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
954 differentia autem bonum. Esset tamen convenientior definitio, si
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
955 loco qualitatis habitus poneretur, qui est genus propinquum. Virtus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
956 autem non habet materiam ex qua, sicut nec alia accidentia, sed
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diff changeset
957 habet materiam circa quam; et materiam in qua, scilicet subiectum.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
958 Materia autem circa quam est obiectum virtutis; quod non potuit in
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diff changeset
959 praedicta definitione poni, eo quod per obiectum determinatur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
960 virtus ad speciem; hic autem assignatur definitio virtutis in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
961 communi. Unde ponitur subiectum loco causae materialis, cum dicitur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
962 quod est bona qualitas mentis. Finis autem virtutis, cum sit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
963 habitus operativus, est ipsa operatio. Sed notandum quod habituum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
964 operativorum aliqui sunt semper ad malum, sicut habitus vitiosi;
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parents: 26
diff changeset
965 aliqui vero quandoque ad bonum, et quandoque ad malum, sicut opinio
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parents: 26
diff changeset
966 se habet ad verum et ad falsum; virtus autem est habitus semper se
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parents: 26
diff changeset
967 habens ad bonum. Et ideo, ut discernatur virtus ab his quae semper
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parents: 26
diff changeset
968 se habent ad malum, dicitur, qua recte vivitur, ut autem
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diff changeset
969 discernatur ab his quae se habent quandoque ad bonum, quandoque ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
970 malum, dicitur, qua nullus male utitur. Causa autem efficiens
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diff changeset
971 virtutis infusae, de qua definitio datur, Deus est. Propter quod
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parents: 26
diff changeset
972 dicitur, quam Deus in nobis sine nobis operatur. Quae quidem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
973 particula si auferatur, reliquum definitionis erit commune omnibus
53
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diff changeset
974 virtutibus, et acquisitis et infusis.</p><p title="I-II q. 55 a. 4 ad 1"><a name="35824"><span class="ref">[35824] Iª-IIae q. 55 a. 4 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
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diff changeset
975 ergo dicendum quod id quod primo cadit in intellectu, est ens, unde
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diff changeset
976 unicuique apprehenso a nobis attribuimus quod sit ens; et per
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parents: 26
diff changeset
977 consequens quod sit unum et bonum, quae convertuntur cum ente. Unde
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diff changeset
978 dicimus quod essentia est ens et una et bona; et quod unitas est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
979 ens et una et bona; et similiter de bonitate. Non autem hoc habet
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parents: 26
diff changeset
980 locum in specialibus formis, sicut est albedo et sanitas, non enim
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diff changeset
981 omne quod apprehendimus, sub ratione albi et sani apprehendimus.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
982 Sed tamen considerandum quod sicut accidentia et formae non
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parents: 26
diff changeset
983 subsistentes dicuntur entia, non quia ipsa habeant esse, sed quia
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parents: 26
diff changeset
984 eis aliquid est; ita etiam dicuntur bona vel una, non quidem aliqua
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parents: 26
diff changeset
985 alia bonitate vel unitate, sed quia eis est aliquid bonum vel unum.
53
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diff changeset
986 Sic igitur et virtus dicitur bona, quia ea aliquid est bonum.</p><p title="I-II q. 55 a. 4 ad 2"><a name="35825"><span class="ref">[35825] Iª-IIae q. 55 a. 4 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
987 dicendum quod bonum quod ponitur in definitione virtutis, non est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
988 bonum commune, quod convertitur cum ente, et est in plus quam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
989 qualitas, sed est bonum rationis, secundum quod Dionysius dicit, in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
990 IV cap. de Div. Nom., <i>quod bonum animae est secundum rationem
53
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diff changeset
991 esse</i>.</p><p title="I-II q. 55 a. 4 ad 3"><a name="35826"><span class="ref">[35826] Iª-IIae q. 55 a. 4 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
992 dicendum quod virtus non potest esse in irrationali parte animae,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
993 nisi inquantum participat rationem, ut dicitur in I Ethic. Et ideo
53
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diff changeset
994 ratio, sive mens, est proprium subiectum virtutis humanae.</p><p title="I-II q. 55 a. 4 ad 4"><a name="35827"><span class="ref">[35827] Iª-IIae q. 55 a. 4 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
995 dicendum quod iustitiae est propria rectitudo quae constituitur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
996 circa res exteriores quae in usum hominis veniunt, quae sunt
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parents: 26
diff changeset
997 propria materia iustitiae, ut infra patebit. Sed rectitudo quae
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parents: 26
diff changeset
998 importat ordinem ad finem debitum et ad legem divinam, quae est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
999 regula voluntatis humanae, ut supra dictum est, communis est omni
53
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diff changeset
1000 virtuti.</p><p title="I-II q. 55 a. 4 ad 5"><a name="35828"><span class="ref">[35828] Iª-IIae q. 55 a. 4 ad 5</span></a> Ad quintum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1001 dicendum quod virtute potest aliquis male uti tanquam obiecto, puta
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1002 cum male sentit de virtute, cum odit eam, vel superbit de ea, non
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diff changeset
1003 autem tanquam principio usus, ita scilicet quod malus sit actus
53
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diff changeset
1004 virtutis.</p><p title="I-II q. 55 a. 4 ad 6"><a name="35829"><span class="ref">[35829] Iª-IIae q. 55 a. 4 ad 6</span></a> Ad sextum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1005 dicendum quod virtus infusa causatur in nobis a Deo sine nobis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1006 agentibus, non tamen sine nobis consentientibus. Et sic est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1007 intelligendum quod dicitur, quam Deus in nobis sine nobis operatur.
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diff changeset
1008 Quae vero per nos aguntur, Deus in nobis causat non sine nobis
59
03759e5c1080 fix multi-para s.c.
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diff changeset
1009 agentibus, ipse enim operatur in omni voluntate et natura.</p></div></div><div id="q56" class="q"><h2>Quaestio 56</h2><div class="p"><h3>Prooemium</h3><p title="I-II q. 56 pr."><a name="35830"><span class="ref">[35830]
53
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diff changeset
1010 Iª-IIae q. 56 pr.</span></a> Deinde considerandum est de
28
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diff changeset
1011 subiecto virtutis. Et circa hoc quaeruntur sex. Primo, utrum virtus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1012 sit in potentia animae sicut in subiecto. Secundo, utrum una virtus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1013 possit esse in pluribus potentiis. Tertio, utrum intellectus possit
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1014 esse subiectum virtutis. Quarto, utrum irascibilis et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1015 concupiscibilis. Quinto, utrum vires apprehensivae sensitivae.
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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diff changeset
1016 Sexto, utrum voluntas.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 1</h3><p title="I-II q. 56 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="35831"><span class="ref">[35831] Iª-IIae q. 56 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1017 sic proceditur. Videtur quod virtus non sit in potentia animae
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1018 sicut in subiecto. Dicit enim Augustinus, in II de Lib. Arbit.,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1019 quod virtus est qua recte vivitur. Vivere autem non est per
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1020 potentiam animae, sed per eius essentiam. Ergo virtus non est in
53
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diff changeset
1021 potentia animae, sed in eius essentia.</p><p title="I-II q. 56 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="35832"><span class="ref">[35832] Iª-IIae q. 56 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1022 philosophus dicit, in II Ethic., <i>virtus est quae bonum facit
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1023 habentem, et opus eius bonum reddit</i>. Sed sicut opus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1024 constituitur per potentiam, ita habens virtutem constituitur per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1025 essentiam animae. Ergo virtus non magis pertinet ad potentiam
53
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diff changeset
1026 animae, quam ad eius essentiam.</p><p title="I-II q. 56 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="35833"><span class="ref">[35833] Iª-IIae q. 56 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1027 potentia est in secunda specie qualitatis. Virtus autem est quaedam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1028 qualitas, ut supra dictum est. Qualitatis autem non est qualitas.
53
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diff changeset
1029 Ergo virtus non est in potentia animae sicut in subiecto.</p><p title="I-II q. 56 a. 1 s. c."><a name="35834"><span class="ref">[35834] Iª-IIae q. 56 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra,
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1030 virtus est ultimum potentiae, ut dicitur in I de caelo. Sed ultimum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1031 est in eo cuius est ultimum. Ergo virtus est in potentia
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1032 animae.</p><p title="I-II q. 56 a. 1 co."><a name="35835"><span class="ref">[35835] Iª-IIae q. 56 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1033 dicendum quod virtutem pertinere ad potentiam animae, ex tribus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1034 potest esse manifestum. Primo quidem, ex ipsa ratione virtutis,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1035 quae importat perfectionem potentiae, perfectio autem est in eo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1036 cuius est perfectio. Secundo, ex hoc quod est habitus operativus,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1037 ut supra dictum est, omnis autem operatio est ab anima per aliquam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1038 potentiam. Tertio, ex hoc quod disponit ad optimum, optimum autem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1039 est finis, qui vel est operatio rei, vel aliquid consecutum per
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1040 operationem a potentia egredientem. Unde virtus humana est in
53
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diff changeset
1041 potentia animae sicut in subiecto.</p><p title="I-II q. 56 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="35836"><span class="ref">[35836] Iª-IIae q. 56 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1042 ergo dicendum quod vivere dupliciter sumitur. Quandoque enim
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1043 dicitur vivere ipsum esse viventis, et sic pertinet ad essentiam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1044 animae, quae est viventi essendi principium. Alio modo vivere
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1045 dicitur operatio viventis, et sic virtute recte vivitur, inquantum
53
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diff changeset
1046 per eam aliquis recte operatur.</p><p title="I-II q. 56 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="35837"><span class="ref">[35837] Iª-IIae q. 56 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1047 dicendum quod bonum vel est finis, vel in ordine ad finem dicitur.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1048 Et ideo, cum bonum operantis consistat in operatione, hoc etiam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1049 ipsum quod virtus facit operantem bonum, refertur ad operationem,
53
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diff changeset
1050 et per consequens ad potentiam.</p><p title="I-II q. 56 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="35838"><span class="ref">[35838] Iª-IIae q. 56 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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diff changeset
1051 dicendum quod unum accidens dicitur esse in alio sicut in subiecto,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1052 non quia accidens per seipsum possit sustentare aliud accidens, sed
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1053 quia unum accidens inhaeret substantiae mediante alio accidente, ut
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1054 color corpori mediante superficie; unde superficies dicitur esse
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1055 subiectum coloris. Et eo modo potentia animae dicitur esse
53
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diff changeset
1056 subiectum virtutis.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 2</h3><p title="I-II q. 56 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="35839"><span class="ref">[35839] Iª-IIae q. 56 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad secundum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1057 sic proceditur. Videtur quod una virtus possit esse in duabus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1058 potentiis. Habitus enim cognoscuntur per actus. Sed unus actus
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1059 progreditur diversimode a diversis potentiis, sicut ambulatio
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1060 procedit a ratione ut a dirigente, a voluntate sicut a movente, et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1061 a potentia motiva sicut ab exequente. Ergo etiam unus habitus
53
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diff changeset
1062 virtutis potest esse in pluribus potentiis.</p><p title="I-II q. 56 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="35840"><span class="ref">[35840] Iª-IIae q. 56 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1063 philosophus dicit, in II Ethic., quod ad virtutem tria requiruntur,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1064 scilicet scire, velle et immobiliter operari. Sed scire pertinet ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1065 intellectum, velle ad voluntatem. Ergo virtus potest esse in
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1066 pluribus potentiis.</p><p title="I-II q. 56 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="35841"><span class="ref">[35841] Iª-IIae q. 56 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1067 prudentia est in ratione, cum sit recta ratio agibilium, ut dicitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1068 in VI Ethic. Est etiam in voluntate, quia non potest esse cum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1069 voluntate perversa, ut in eodem libro dicitur. Ergo una virtus
53
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diff changeset
1070 potest esse in duabus potentiis.</p><p title="I-II q. 56 a. 2 s. c."><a name="35842"><span class="ref">[35842] Iª-IIae q. 56 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra,
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1071 virtus est in potentia animae sicut in subiecto. Sed idem accidens
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1072 non potest esse in pluribus subiectis. Ergo una virtus non potest
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1073 esse in pluribus potentiis animae.</p><p title="I-II q. 56 a. 2 co."><a name="35843"><span class="ref">[35843] Iª-IIae q. 56 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1074 dicendum quod aliquid esse in duobus, contingit dupliciter. Uno
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diff changeset
1075 modo, sic quod ex aequo sit in utroque. Et sic impossibile est unam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1076 virtutem esse in duabus potentiis, quia diversitas potentiarum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1077 attenditur secundum generales conditiones obiectorum, diversitas
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1078 autem habituum secundum speciales; unde ubicumque est diversitas
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1079 potentiarum, est diversitas habituum, sed non convertitur. Alio
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1080 modo potest esse aliquid in duobus vel pluribus, non ex aequo, sed
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1081 ordine quodam. Et sic una virtus pertinere potest ad plures
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1082 potentias; ita quod in una sit principaliter, et se extendat ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1083 alias per modum diffusionis, vel per modum dispositionis; secundum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1084 quod una potentia movetur ab alia, et secundum quod una potentia
53
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diff changeset
1085 accipit ab alia.</p><p title="I-II q. 56 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="35844"><span class="ref">[35844] Iª-IIae q. 56 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1086 ergo dicendum quod idem actus non potest aequaliter, et eodem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1087 ordine, pertinere ad diversas potentias, sed secundum diversas
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1088 rationes, et diverso ordine.</p><p title="I-II q. 56 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="35845"><span class="ref">[35845] Iª-IIae q. 56 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1089 dicendum quod scire praeexigitur ad virtutem moralem, inquantum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1090 virtus moralis operatur secundum rationem rectam. Sed essentialiter
53
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diff changeset
1091 in appetendo virtus moralis consistit.</p><p title="I-II q. 56 a. 2 ad 3"><a name="35846"><span class="ref">[35846] Iª-IIae q. 56 a. 2 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1092 dicendum quod prudentia realiter est in ratione sicut in subiecto,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1093 sed praesupponit rectitudinem voluntatis sicut principium, ut infra
53
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diff changeset
1094 dicetur.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 3</h3><p title="I-II q. 56 a. 3 arg. 1"><a name="35847"><span class="ref">[35847] Iª-IIae q. 56 a. 3 arg. 1</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1095 sic proceditur. Videtur quod intellectus non sit subiectum
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1096 virtutis. Dicit enim Augustinus, in libro de moribus Eccles., quod
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1097 omnis virtus est amor. Subiectum autem amoris non est intellectus,
53
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diff changeset
1098 sed solum vis appetitiva. Ergo nulla virtus est in intellectu.</p><p title="I-II q. 56 a. 3 arg. 2"><a name="35848"><span class="ref">[35848] Iª-IIae q. 56 a. 3 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1099 virtus ordinatur ad bonum, sicut ex supradictis patet. Bonum autem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1100 non est obiectum intellectus, sed appetitivae virtutis. Ergo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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diff changeset
1101 subiectum virtutis non est intellectus, sed appetitiva virtus.</p><p title="I-II q. 56 a. 3 arg. 3"><a name="35849"><span class="ref">[35849] Iª-IIae q. 56 a. 3 arg. 3</span></a>
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1102 <i>Praeterea, virtus est quae bonum facit habentem</i>, ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1103 philosophus dicit. Sed habitus perficiens intellectum non facit
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1104 bonum habentem, non enim propter scientiam vel artem dicitur homo
53
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diff changeset
1105 bonus. Ergo intellectus non est subiectum virtutis.</p><p title="I-II q. 56 a. 3 s. c."><a name="35850"><span class="ref">[35850] Iª-IIae q. 56 a. 3 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
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diff changeset
1106 est quod mens maxime dicitur intellectus. Subiectum autem virtutis
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diff changeset
1107 est mens; ut patet ex definitione virtutis supra inducta. Ergo
53
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diff changeset
1108 intellectus est subiectum virtutis.</p><p title="I-II q. 56 a. 3 co."><a name="35851"><span class="ref">[35851] Iª-IIae q. 56 a. 3 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1109 dicendum quod, sicut supra dictum est, virtus est habitus quo quis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1110 bene operatur. Dupliciter autem habitus aliquis ordinatur ad bonum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1111 actum. Uno modo, inquantum per huiusmodi habitum acquiritur homini
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1112 facultas ad bonum actum, sicut per habitum grammaticae habet homo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1113 facultatem recte loquendi. Non tamen grammatica facit ut homo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1114 semper recte loquatur, potest enim grammaticus barbarizare aut
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1115 soloecismum facere. Et eadem ratio est in aliis scientiis et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1116 artibus. Alio modo, aliquis habitus non solum facit facultatem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1117 agendi, sed etiam facit quod aliquis recte facultate utatur, sicut
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1118 iustitia non solum facit quod homo sit promptae voluntatis ad iusta
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diff changeset
1119 operandum, sed etiam facit ut iuste operetur. Et quia bonum, sicut
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1120 et ens, non dicitur simpliciter aliquid secundum id quod est in
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1121 potentia, sed secundum id quod est in actu; ideo ab huiusmodi
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1122 habitibus simpliciter dicitur homo bonum operari, et esse bonus,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1123 puta quia est iustus vel temperatus; et eadem ratio est de
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1124 similibus. Et quia virtus est quae bonum facit habentem, et opus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1125 eius bonum reddit, huiusmodi habitus simpliciter dicuntur virtutes,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1126 quia reddunt bonum opus in actu, et simpliciter faciunt bonum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1127 habentem. Primi vero habitus non simpliciter dicuntur virtutes,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1128 quia non reddunt bonum opus nisi in quadam facultate, nec
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1129 simpliciter faciunt bonum habentem. Non enim dicitur simpliciter
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1130 aliquis homo bonus, ex hoc quod est sciens vel artifex, sed dicitur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1131 bonus solum secundum quid, puta bonus grammaticus, aut bonus faber.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1132 Et propter hoc, plerumque scientia et ars contra virtutem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1133 dividitur, quandoque autem virtutes dicuntur, ut patet in VI Ethic.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1134 Subiectum igitur habitus qui secundum quid dicitur virtus, potest
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1135 esse intellectus, non solum practicus, sed etiam intellectus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1136 speculativus, absque omni ordine ad voluntatem, sic enim
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1137 philosophus, in VI Ethic., scientiam, sapientiam et intellectum, et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1138 etiam artem, ponit esse intellectuales virtutes. Subiectum vero
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1139 habitus qui simpliciter dicitur virtus, non potest esse nisi
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1140 voluntas; vel aliqua potentia secundum quod est mota a voluntate.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1141 Cuius ratio est, quia voluntas movet omnes alias potentias quae
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1142 aliqualiter sunt rationales, ad suos actus, ut supra habitum est,
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diff changeset
1143 et ideo quod homo actu bene agat, contingit ex hoc quod homo habet
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1144 bonam voluntatem. Unde virtus quae facit bene agere in actu, non
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1145 solum in facultate, oportet quod vel sit in ipsa voluntate; vel in
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1146 aliqua potentia secundum quod est a voluntate mota. Contingit autem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1147 intellectum a voluntate moveri, sicut et alias potentias,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1148 considerat enim aliquis aliquid actu, eo quod vult. Et ideo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1149 intellectus, secundum quod habet ordinem ad voluntatem, potest esse
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1150 subiectum virtutis simpliciter dictae. Et hoc modo intellectus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1151 speculativus, vel ratio, est subiectum fidei, movetur enim
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1152 intellectus ad assentiendum his quae sunt fidei, ex imperio
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1153 voluntatis; nullus enim credit nisi volens. Intellectus vero
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1154 practicus est subiectum prudentiae. Cum enim prudentia sit recta
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1155 ratio agibilium, requiritur ad prudentiam quod homo se bene habeat
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1156 ad principia huius rationis agendorum, quae sunt fines; ad quos
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1157 bene se habet homo per rectitudinem voluntatis, sicut ad principia
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1158 speculabilium per naturale lumen intellectus agentis. Et ideo sicut
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1159 subiectum scientiae, quae est ratio recta speculabilium, est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1160 intellectus speculativus in ordine ad intellectum agentem; ita
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1161 subiectum prudentiae est intellectus practicus in ordine ad
53
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diff changeset
1162 voluntatem rectam.</p><p title="I-II q. 56 a. 3 ad 1"><a name="35852"><span class="ref">[35852] Iª-IIae q. 56 a. 3 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
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diff changeset
1163 ergo dicendum quod verbum Augustini intelligendum est de virtute
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1164 simpliciter dicta non quod omnis talis virtus sit simpliciter amor;
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diff changeset
1165 sed quia dependet aliqualiter ab amore, inquantum dependet a
53
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diff changeset
1166 voluntate, cuius prima affectio est amor, ut supra dictum est.</p><p title="I-II q. 56 a. 3 ad 2"><a name="35853"><span class="ref">[35853] Iª-IIae q. 56 a. 3 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1167 dicendum quod bonum uniuscuiusque est finis eius, et ideo, cum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1168 verum sit finis intellectus, cognoscere verum est bonus actus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1169 intellectus. Unde habitus perficiens intellectum ad verum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1170 cognoscendum, vel in speculativis vel in practicis, dicitur
53
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diff changeset
1171 virtus.</p><p title="I-II q. 56 a. 3 ad 3"><a name="35854"><span class="ref">[35854] Iª-IIae q. 56 a. 3 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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diff changeset
1172 dicendum quod ratio illa procedit de virtute simpliciter dicta.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 4</h3><p title="I-II q. 56 a. 4 arg. 1"><a name="35855"><span class="ref">[35855] Iª-IIae q. 56 a. 4 arg. 1</span></a> Ad quartum
28
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diff changeset
1173 sic proceditur. Videtur quod irascibilis et concupiscibilis non
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1174 possint esse subiectum virtutis. Huiusmodi enim vires sunt communes
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1175 nobis et brutis. Sed nunc loquimur de virtute secundum quod est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1176 propria homini, sic enim dicitur virtus humana. Non igitur humanae
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1177 virtutis potest esse subiectum irascibilis et concupiscibilis, quae
53
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diff changeset
1178 sunt partes appetitus sensitivi, ut in primo dictum est.</p><p title="I-II q. 56 a. 4 arg. 2"><a name="35856"><span class="ref">[35856] Iª-IIae q. 56 a. 4 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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diff changeset
1179 appetitus sensitivus est vis utens organo corporali. Sed bonum
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diff changeset
1180 virtutis non potest esse in corpore hominis, dicit enim apostolus,
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diff changeset
1181 Rom. VII, <i>scio quod non habitat in carne mea bonum</i>. Ergo
53
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diff changeset
1182 appetitus sensitivus non potest esse subiectum virtutis.</p><p title="I-II q. 56 a. 4 arg. 3"><a name="35857"><span class="ref">[35857] Iª-IIae q. 56 a. 4 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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diff changeset
1183 Augustinus probat, in libro de moribus Eccles., quod virtus non est
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diff changeset
1184 in corpore, sed in anima, eo quod per animam corpus regitur, unde
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diff changeset
1185 quod aliquis corpore bene utatur, totum refertur ad animam;
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diff changeset
1186 <i>sicut si mihi auriga obtemperans, equos quibus praeest, recte
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diff changeset
1187 regit, hoc totum mihi debetur</i>. Sed sicut anima regit corpus,
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diff changeset
1188 ita etiam ratio regit appetitum sensitivum. Ergo totum rationali
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1189 parti debetur, quod irascibilis et concupiscibilis recte regantur.
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diff changeset
1190 Sed virtus est qua recte vivitur, ut supra dictum est. Virtus
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1191 igitur non est in irascibili et concupiscibili, sed solum in parte
53
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1192 rationali.</p><p title="I-II q. 56 a. 4 arg. 4"><a name="35858"><span class="ref">[35858] Iª-IIae q. 56 a. 4 arg. 4</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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diff changeset
1193 principalis actus virtutis moralis est electio, ut dicitur in VIII
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diff changeset
1194 Ethic. Sed electio non est actus irascibilis et concupiscibilis,
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diff changeset
1195 sed rationis, ut supra dictum est. Ergo virtus moralis non est in
53
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1196 irascibili et concupiscibili, sed in ratione.</p><p title="I-II q. 56 a. 4 s. c."><a name="35859"><span class="ref">[35859] Iª-IIae q. 56 a. 4 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
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1197 est quod fortitudo ponitur esse in irascibili, temperantia autem in
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diff changeset
1198 concupiscibili. Unde philosophus dicit, in III Ethic., quod <i>hae
53
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diff changeset
1199 virtutes sunt irrationabilium partium</i>.</p><p title="I-II q. 56 a. 4 co."><a name="35860"><span class="ref">[35860] Iª-IIae q. 56 a. 4 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
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diff changeset
1200 dicendum quod irascibilis et concupiscibilis dupliciter considerari
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diff changeset
1201 possunt. Uno modo secundum se, inquantum sunt partes appetitus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1202 sensitivi. Et hoc modo, non competit eis quod sint subiectum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1203 virtutis. Alio modo possunt considerari inquantum participant
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1204 rationem, per hoc quod natae sunt rationi obedire. Et sic
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diff changeset
1205 irascibilis vel concupiscibilis potest esse subiectum virtutis
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diff changeset
1206 humanae, sic enim est principium humani actus, inquantum participat
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diff changeset
1207 rationem. Et in his potentiis necesse est ponere virtutes. Quod
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diff changeset
1208 enim in irascibili et concupiscibili sint aliquae virtutes, patet.
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diff changeset
1209 Actus enim qui progreditur ab una potentia secundum quod est ab
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diff changeset
1210 alia mota, non potest esse perfectus, nisi utraque potentia sit
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diff changeset
1211 bene disposita ad actum, sicut actus artificis non potest esse
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diff changeset
1212 congruus, nisi et artifex sit bene dispositus ad agendum, et etiam
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diff changeset
1213 ipsum instrumentum. In his igitur circa quae operatur irascibilis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1214 et concupiscibilis secundum quod sunt a ratione motae, necesse est
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diff changeset
1215 ut aliquis habitus perficiens ad bene agendum sit non solum in
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diff changeset
1216 ratione, sed etiam in irascibili et concupiscibili. Et quia bona
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1217 dispositio potentiae moventis motae, attenditur secundum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1218 conformitatem ad potentiam moventem; ideo virtus quae est in
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diff changeset
1219 irascibili et concupiscibili, nihil aliud est quam quaedam
53
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diff changeset
1220 habitualis conformitas istarum potentiarum ad rationem.</p><p title="I-II q. 56 a. 4 ad 1"><a name="35861"><span class="ref">[35861] Iª-IIae q. 56 a. 4 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
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1221 ergo dicendum quod irascibilis et concupiscibilis secundum se
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diff changeset
1222 consideratae, prout sunt partes appetitus sensitivi, communes sunt
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diff changeset
1223 nobis et brutis. Sed secundum quod sunt rationales per
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diff changeset
1224 participationem, ut obedientes rationi, sic sunt propriae hominis.
53
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1225 Et hoc modo possunt esse subiectum virtutis humanae.</p><p title="I-II q. 56 a. 4 ad 2"><a name="35862"><span class="ref">[35862] Iª-IIae q. 56 a. 4 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
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diff changeset
1226 dicendum quod, sicut caro hominis ex se quidem non habet bonum
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diff changeset
1227 virtutis, fit tamen instrumentum virtuosi actus, inquantum, movente
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diff changeset
1228 ratione, membra nostra exhibemus ad serviendum iustitiae, ita etiam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1229 irascibilis et concupiscibilis ex se quidem non habent bonum
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diff changeset
1230 virtutis sed magis infectionem fomitis; inquantum vero conformantur
53
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diff changeset
1231 rationi, sic in eis adgeneratur bonum virtutis moralis.</p><p title="I-II q. 56 a. 4 ad 3"><a name="35863"><span class="ref">[35863] Iª-IIae q. 56 a. 4 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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diff changeset
1232 dicendum quod alia ratione regitur corpus ab anima, et irascibilis
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diff changeset
1233 et concupiscibilis a ratione. Corpus enim ad nutum obedit animae
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diff changeset
1234 absque contradictione, in his in quibus natum est ab anima moveri,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1235 unde philosophus dicit, in I Polit., quod anima regit corpus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1236 despotico principatu, idest sicut dominus servum. Et ideo totus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1237 motus corporis refertur ad animam. Et propter hoc in corpore non
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1238 est virtus, sed solum in anima. Sed irascibilis et concupiscibilis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1239 non ad nutum obediunt rationi, sed habent proprios motus suos,
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diff changeset
1240 quibus interdum rationi repugnant, unde in eodem libro philosophus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1241 dicit quod ratio regit irascibilem et concupiscibilem principatu
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1242 politico, quo scilicet reguntur liberi, qui habent in aliquibus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1243 propriam voluntatem. Et propter hoc etiam oportet in irascibili et
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diff changeset
1244 concupiscibili esse aliquas virtutes, quibus bene disponantur ad
53
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1245 actum.</p><p title="I-II q. 56 a. 4 ad 4"><a name="35864"><span class="ref">[35864] Iª-IIae q. 56 a. 4 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
28
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diff changeset
1246 dicendum quod in electione duo sunt, scilicet intentio finis, quae
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diff changeset
1247 pertinet ad virtutem moralem; et praeacceptio eius quod est ad
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diff changeset
1248 finem, quod pertinet ad prudentiam; ut dicitur in VI Ethic. Quod
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diff changeset
1249 autem habeat rectam intentionem finis circa passiones animae, hoc
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diff changeset
1250 contingit ex bona dispositione irascibilis et concupiscibilis. Et
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diff changeset
1251 ideo virtutes morales circa passiones, sunt in irascibili et
53
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1252 concupiscibili, sed prudentia est in ratione.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 5</h3><p title="I-II q. 56 a. 5 arg. 1"><a name="35865"><span class="ref">[35865] Iª-IIae q. 56 a. 5 arg. 1</span></a> Ad quintum
28
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1253 sic proceditur. Videtur quod in viribus sensitivis apprehensivis
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diff changeset
1254 interius, possit esse aliqua virtus. Appetitus enim sensitivus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1255 potest esse subiectum virtutis, inquantum obedit rationi. Sed vires
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1256 sensitivae apprehensivae interius, rationi obediunt, ad imperium
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diff changeset
1257 enim rationis operatur et imaginativa et cogitativa et memorativa.
53
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diff changeset
1258 Ergo in his viribus potest esse virtus.</p><p title="I-II q. 56 a. 5 arg. 2"><a name="35866"><span class="ref">[35866] Iª-IIae q. 56 a. 5 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1259 sicut appetitus rationalis, qui est voluntas, in suo actu potest
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1260 impediri, vel etiam adiuvari, per appetitum sensitivum; ita etiam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1261 intellectus vel ratio potest impediri, vel etiam iuvari, per vires
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1262 praedictas. Sicut ergo in viribus sensitivis appetitivis potest
53
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diff changeset
1263 esse virtus, ita etiam in apprehensivis.</p><p title="I-II q. 56 a. 5 arg. 3"><a name="35867"><span class="ref">[35867] Iª-IIae q. 56 a. 5 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1264 prudentia est quaedam virtus, cuius partem ponit Tullius memoriam,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1265 in sua rhetorica. Ergo etiam in vi memorativa potest esse aliqua
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1266 virtus. Et eadem ratione, in aliis interioribus apprehensivis
53
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diff changeset
1267 viribus.</p><p title="I-II q. 56 a. 5 s. c."><a name="35868"><span class="ref">[35868] Iª-IIae q. 56 a. 5 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
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diff changeset
1268 est quod omnes virtutes vel sunt intellectuales, vel morales, ut
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1269 dicitur in II Ethic. Morales autem virtutes omnes sunt in parte
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1270 appetitiva, intellectuales autem in intellectu vel ratione, sicut
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1271 patet in VI Ethic. Nulla ergo virtus est in viribus sensitivis
53
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diff changeset
1272 apprehensivis interius.</p><p title="I-II q. 56 a. 5 co."><a name="35869"><span class="ref">[35869] Iª-IIae q. 56 a. 5 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
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diff changeset
1273 dicendum quod in viribus sensitivis apprehensivis interius,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1274 ponuntur aliqui habitus. Quod patet ex hoc praecipue quod
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1275 philosophus dicit, in libro de memoria, <i>quod in memorando unum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1276 post aliud, operatur consuetudo, quae est quasi quaedam natura</i>,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1277 nihil autem est aliud habitus consuetudinalis quam habitudo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1278 acquisita per consuetudinem, quae est in modum naturae. Unde de
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1279 virtute dicit Tullius, in sua rhetorica, quod est <i>habitus in
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1280 modum naturae, rationi consentaneus</i>. In homine tamen id quod ex
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1281 consuetudine acquiritur in memoria, et in aliis viribus sensitivis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1282 apprehensivis, non est habitus per se; sed aliquid annexum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1283 habitibus intellectivae partis, ut supra dictum est. Sed tamen si
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diff changeset
1284 qui sunt habitus in talibus viribus, virtutes dici non possunt.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1285 Virtus enim est habitus perfectus, quo non contingit nisi bonum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1286 operari, unde oportet quod virtus sit in illa potentia quae est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1287 consummativa boni operis. Cognitio autem veri non consummatur in
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1288 viribus sensitivis apprehensivis; sed huiusmodi vires sunt quasi
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1289 praeparatoriae ad cognitionem intellectivam. Et ideo in huiusmodi
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diff changeset
1290 viribus non sunt virtutes, quibus cognoscitur verum; sed magis in
53
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diff changeset
1291 intellectu vel ratione.</p><p title="I-II q. 56 a. 5 ad 1"><a name="35870"><span class="ref">[35870] Iª-IIae q. 56 a. 5 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
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diff changeset
1292 ergo dicendum quod appetitus sensitivus se habet ad voluntatem,
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diff changeset
1293 quae est appetitus rationis, sicut motus ab eo. Et ideo opus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1294 appetitivae virtutis consummatur in appetitu sensitivo. Et propter
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1295 hoc, appetitus sensitivus est subiectum virtutis. Virtutes autem
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1296 sensitivae apprehensivae magis se habent ut moventes respectu
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1297 intellectus, eo quod phantasmata se habent ad animam intellectivam,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1298 sicut colores ad visum, ut dicitur in III de anima. Et ideo opus
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diff changeset
1299 cognitionis in intellectu terminatur. Et propter hoc, virtutes
53
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diff changeset
1300 cognoscitivae sunt in ipso intellectu vel ratione.</p><p title="I-II q. 56 a. 5 ad 2"><a name="35871"><span class="ref">[35871] Iª-IIae q. 56 a. 5 ad 2</span></a> Et per hoc
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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diff changeset
1301 patet solutio ad secundum.</p><p title="I-II q. 56 a. 5 ad 3"><a name="35872"><span class="ref">[35872] Iª-IIae q. 56 a. 5 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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diff changeset
1302 dicendum quod memoria non ponitur pars prudentiae, sicut species
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diff changeset
1303 est pars generis, quasi ipsa memoria sit quaedam virtus per se, sed
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diff changeset
1304 quia unum eorum quae requiruntur ad prudentiam, est bonitas
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diff changeset
1305 memoriae; ut sic quodammodo se habeat per modum partis
53
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diff changeset
1306 integralis.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 6</h3><p title="I-II q. 56 a. 6 arg. 1"><a name="35873"><span class="ref">[35873] Iª-IIae q. 56 a. 6 arg. 1</span></a> Ad sextum
28
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1307 sic proceditur. Videtur quod voluntas non sit subiectum alicuius
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diff changeset
1308 virtutis. Ad id enim quod convenit potentiae ex ipsa ratione
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1309 potentiae, non requiritur aliquis habitus. Sed de ipsa ratione
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1310 voluntatis, cum sit in ratione, secundum philosophum in III de
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1311 anima, est quod tendat in id quod est bonum secundum rationem, ad
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diff changeset
1312 quod ordinatur omnis virtus, quia unumquodque naturaliter appetit
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diff changeset
1313 proprium bonum, <i>virtus enim est habitus per modum naturae,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1314 consentaneus rationi</i>, ut Tullius dicit in sua rhetorica. Ergo
53
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diff changeset
1315 voluntas non est subiectum virtutis.</p><p title="I-II q. 56 a. 6 arg. 2"><a name="35874"><span class="ref">[35874] Iª-IIae q. 56 a. 6 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1316 omnis virtus aut est intellectualis, aut moralis, ut dicitur in I
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diff changeset
1317 et II Ethic. Sed virtus intellectualis est, sicut in subiecto, in
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diff changeset
1318 intellectu et ratione, non autem in voluntate, virtus autem moralis
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diff changeset
1319 est, sicut in subiecto, in irascibili et concupiscibili, quae sunt
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diff changeset
1320 rationales per participationem. Ergo nulla virtus est in voluntate
53
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diff changeset
1321 sicut in subiecto.</p><p title="I-II q. 56 a. 6 arg. 3"><a name="35875"><span class="ref">[35875] Iª-IIae q. 56 a. 6 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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1322 omnes actus humani, ad quos virtutes ordinantur, sunt voluntarii.
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diff changeset
1323 Si igitur respectu aliquorum humanorum actuum sit aliqua virtus in
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diff changeset
1324 voluntate, pari ratione respectu omnium actuum humanorum erit
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diff changeset
1325 virtus in voluntate. Aut ergo in nulla alia potentia erit aliqua
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diff changeset
1326 virtus, aut ad eundem actum ordinabuntur duae virtutes, quod
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diff changeset
1327 videtur inconveniens. Voluntas ergo non potest esse subiectum
53
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diff changeset
1328 virtutis.</p><p title="I-II q. 56 a. 6 s. c."><a name="35876"><span class="ref">[35876] Iª-IIae q. 56 a. 6 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
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diff changeset
1329 est quod maior perfectio requiritur in movente quam in moto. Sed
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diff changeset
1330 voluntas movet irascibilem et concupiscibilem. Multo ergo magis
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diff changeset
1331 debet esse virtus in voluntate, quam in irascibili et
53
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diff changeset
1332 concupiscibili.</p><p title="I-II q. 56 a. 6 co."><a name="35877"><span class="ref">[35877] Iª-IIae q. 56 a. 6 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
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diff changeset
1333 dicendum quod, cum per habitum perficiatur potentia ad agendum, ibi
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diff changeset
1334 indiget potentia habitu perficiente ad bene agendum, qui quidem
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diff changeset
1335 habitus est virtus, ubi ad hoc non sufficit propria ratio
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diff changeset
1336 potentiae. Omnis autem potentiae propria ratio attenditur in ordine
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diff changeset
1337 ad obiectum. Unde cum, sicut dictum est, obiectum voluntati sit
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diff changeset
1338 bonum rationis voluntati proportionatum, quantum ad hoc non indiget
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1339 voluntas virtute perficiente. Sed si quod bonum immineat homini
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1340 volendum, quod excedat proportionem volentis; sive quantum ad totam
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diff changeset
1341 speciem humanam, sicut bonum divinum, quod transcendit limites
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1342 humanae naturae, sive quantum ad individuum, sicut bonum proximi;
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diff changeset
1343 ibi voluntas indiget virtute. Et ideo huiusmodi virtutes quae
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diff changeset
1344 ordinant affectum hominis in Deum vel in proximum, sunt in
53
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diff changeset
1345 voluntate sicut in subiecto; ut caritas, iustitia et huiusmodi.</p><p title="I-II q. 56 a. 6 ad 1"><a name="35878"><span class="ref">[35878] Iª-IIae q. 56 a. 6 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
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diff changeset
1346 ergo dicendum quod ratio illa habet locum de virtute quae ordinat
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diff changeset
1347 ad bonum proprium ipsius volentis, sicut temperantia et fortitudo,
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diff changeset
1348 quae sunt circa passiones humanas et alia huiusmodi, ut ex dictis
53
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diff changeset
1349 patet.</p><p title="I-II q. 56 a. 6 ad 2"><a name="35879"><span class="ref">[35879] Iª-IIae q. 56 a. 6 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
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diff changeset
1350 dicendum quod rationale per participationem non solum est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1351 irascibilis et concupiscibilis; sed omnino, idest universaliter,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1352 appetitivum, ut dicitur in I Ethic. Sub appetitivo autem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1353 comprehenditur voluntas. Et ideo, si qua virtus est in voluntate,
53
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diff changeset
1354 erit moralis, nisi sit theologica, ut infra patebit.</p><p title="I-II q. 56 a. 6 ad 3"><a name="35880"><span class="ref">[35880] Iª-IIae q. 56 a. 6 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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diff changeset
1355 dicendum quod quaedam virtutes ordinantur ad bonum passionis
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diff changeset
1356 moderatae, quod est proprium huius vel illius hominis, et in
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1357 talibus non est necessarium quod sit aliqua virtus in voluntate,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1358 cum ad hoc sufficiat natura potentiae, ut dictum est. Sed hoc solum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1359 necessarium est in illis virtutibus quae ordinantur ad aliquod
59
03759e5c1080 fix multi-para s.c.
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diff changeset
1360 bonum extrinsecum.</p></div></div><div id="q57" class="q"><h2>Quaestio 57</h2><div class="p"><h3>Prooemium</h3><p title="I-II q. 57 pr."><a name="35881"><span class="ref">[35881]
53
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diff changeset
1361 Iª-IIae q. 57 pr.</span></a> Deinde considerandum est de
28
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diff changeset
1362 distinctione virtutum. Et primo, quantum ad virtutes
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1363 intellectuales; secundo, quantum ad morales; tertio, quantum ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1364 theologicas. Circa primum quaeruntur sex. Primo, utrum habitus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1365 intellectuales speculativi sint virtutes. Secundo, utrum sint tres,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1366 scilicet sapientia, scientia et intellectus. Tertio, utrum habitus
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diff changeset
1367 intellectualis qui est ars, sit virtus. Quarto, utrum prudentia sit
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diff changeset
1368 virtus distincta ab arte. Quinto, utrum prudentia sit virtus
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diff changeset
1369 necessaria homini. Sexto, utrum eubulia, synesis et gnome sint
53
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diff changeset
1370 virtutes adiunctae prudentiae.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 1</h3><p title="I-II q. 57 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="35882"><span class="ref">[35882] Iª-IIae q. 57 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
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diff changeset
1371 sic proceditur. Videtur quod habitus intellectuales speculativi non
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1372 sint virtutes. Virtus enim est habitus operativus, ut supra dictum
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diff changeset
1373 est. Sed habitus speculativi non sunt operativi, distinguitur enim
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diff changeset
1374 speculativum a practico, idest operativo. Ergo habitus
53
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diff changeset
1375 intellectuales speculativi non sunt virtutes.</p><p title="I-II q. 57 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="35883"><span class="ref">[35883] Iª-IIae q. 57 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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diff changeset
1376 virtus est eorum per quae fit homo felix sive beatus, eo quod
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diff changeset
1377 felicitas est virtutis praemium, ut dicitur in I Ethic. Sed habitus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1378 intellectuales non considerant actus humanos, aut alia bona humana,
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diff changeset
1379 per quae homo beatitudinem adipiscitur, sed magis res naturales et
53
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diff changeset
1380 divinas. Ergo huiusmodi habitus virtutes dici non possunt.</p><p title="I-II q. 57 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="35884"><span class="ref">[35884] Iª-IIae q. 57 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1381 scientia est habitus speculativus. Sed scientia et virtus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1382 distinguuntur sicut diversa genera non subalternatim posita; ut
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diff changeset
1383 patet per philosophum, in IV Topic. Ergo habitus speculativi non
53
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diff changeset
1384 sunt virtutes.</p><p title="I-II q. 57 a. 1 s. c."><a name="35885"><span class="ref">[35885] Iª-IIae q. 57 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra,
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1385 soli habitus speculativi considerant necessaria quae impossibile
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1386 est aliter se habere. Sed philosophus ponit, in VI Ethic., quasdam
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diff changeset
1387 virtutes intellectuales in parte animae quae considerat necessaria
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1388 quae non possunt aliter se habere. Ergo habitus intellectuales
53
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diff changeset
1389 speculativi sunt virtutes.</p><p title="I-II q. 57 a. 1 co."><a name="35886"><span class="ref">[35886] Iª-IIae q. 57 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
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diff changeset
1390 dicendum quod, cum omnis virtus dicatur in ordine ad bonum, sicut
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diff changeset
1391 supra dictum est, duplici ratione aliquis habitus dicitur virtus,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1392 ut supra dictum est, uno modo, quia facit facultatem bene operandi;
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1393 alio modo, quia cum facultate, facit etiam usum bonum. Et hoc,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1394 sicut supra dictum est, pertinet solum ad illos habitus qui
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1395 respiciunt partem appetitivam, eo quod vis appetitiva animae est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1396 quae facit uti omnibus potentiis et habitibus. Cum igitur habitus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1397 intellectuales speculativi non perficiant partem appetitivam, nec
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diff changeset
1398 aliquo modo ipsam respiciant, sed solam intellectivam; possunt
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1399 quidem dici virtutes inquantum faciunt facultatem bonae
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diff changeset
1400 operationis, quae est consideratio veri (hoc enim est bonum opus
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diff changeset
1401 intellectus), non tamen dicuntur virtutes secundo modo, quasi
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1402 facientes bene uti potentia seu habitu. Ex hoc enim quod aliquis
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diff changeset
1403 habet habitum scientiae speculativae, non inclinatur ad utendum,
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diff changeset
1404 sed fit potens speculari verum in his quorum habet scientiam, sed
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1405 quod utatur scientia habita, hoc est movente voluntate. Et ideo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1406 virtus quae perficit voluntatem, ut caritas vel iustitia, facit
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1407 etiam bene uti huiusmodi speculativis habitibus. Et secundum hoc
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1408 etiam, in actibus horum habituum potest esse meritum, si ex
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diff changeset
1409 caritate fiant, sicut Gregorius dicit, in VI Moral., quod
53
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diff changeset
1410 <i>contemplativa est maioris meriti quam activa</i>.</p><p title="I-II q. 57 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="35887"><span class="ref">[35887] Iª-IIae q. 57 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
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diff changeset
1411 ergo dicendum quod duplex est opus, scilicet exterius, et interius.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1412 Practicum ergo, vel operativum, quod dividitur contra speculativum,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1413 sumitur ab opere exteriori, ad quod non habet ordinem habitus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1414 speculativus. Sed tamen habet ordinem ad interius opus intellectus,
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diff changeset
1415 quod est speculari verum. Et secundum hoc est habitus
53
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diff changeset
1416 operativus.</p><p title="I-II q. 57 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="35888"><span class="ref">[35888] Iª-IIae q. 57 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1417 dicendum quod virtus est aliquorum dupliciter. Uno modo, sicut
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diff changeset
1418 obiectorum. Et sic huiusmodi virtutes speculativae non sunt eorum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1419 per quae homo fit beatus; nisi forte secundum quod ly per dicit
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1420 causam efficientem vel obiectum completae beatitudinis, quod est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1421 Deus, quod est summum speculabile. Alio modo dicitur virtus esse
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1422 aliquorum sicut actuum. Et hoc modo virtutes intellectuales sunt
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1423 eorum per quae homo fit beatus. Tum quia actus harum virtutum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1424 possunt esse meritorii, sicut dictum est. Tum etiam quia sunt
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1425 quaedam inchoatio perfectae beatitudinis, quae in contemplatione
53
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diff changeset
1426 veri consistit, sicut supra dictum est.</p><p title="I-II q. 57 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="35889"><span class="ref">[35889] Iª-IIae q. 57 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1427 dicendum quod scientia dividitur contra virtutem secundo modo
53
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diff changeset
1428 dictam, quae pertinet ad vim appetitivam.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 2</h3><p title="I-II q. 57 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="35890"><span class="ref">[35890] Iª-IIae q. 57 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad secundum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1429 sic proceditur. Videtur quod inconvenienter distinguantur tres
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1430 virtutes intellectuales speculativae, scilicet sapientia, scientia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1431 et intellectus. Species enim non debet condividi generi. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1432 sapientia est quaedam scientia, ut dicitur in VI Ethic. Ergo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1433 sapientia non debet condividi scientiae, in numero virtutum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1434 intellectualium.</p><p title="I-II q. 57 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="35891"><span class="ref">[35891] Iª-IIae q. 57 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1435 in distinctione potentiarum, habituum et actuum, quae attenditur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1436 secundum obiecta, attenditur principaliter distinctio quae est
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1437 secundum rationem formalem obiectorum, ut ex supradictis patet. Non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1438 ergo diversi habitus debent distingui secundum materiale obiectum;
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1439 sed secundum rationem formalem illius obiecti. Sed principium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1440 demonstrationis est ratio sciendi conclusiones. Non ergo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1441 intellectus principiorum debet poni habitus alius, aut alia virtus,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1442 a scientia conclusionum.</p><p title="I-II q. 57 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="35892"><span class="ref">[35892] Iª-IIae q. 57 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1443 virtus intellectualis dicitur quae est in ipso rationali per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1444 essentiam. Sed ratio, etiam speculativa, sicut ratiocinatur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1445 syllogizando demonstrative; ita etiam ratiocinatur syllogizando
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1446 dialectice. Ergo sicut scientia, quae causatur ex syllogismo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1447 demonstrativo, ponitur virtus intellectualis speculativa; ita etiam
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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diff changeset
1448 et opinio.</p><p title="I-II q. 57 a. 2 s. c."><a name="35893"><span class="ref">[35893] Iª-IIae q. 57 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1449 est quod philosophus, VI Ethic., ponit has solum tres virtutes
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1450 intellectuales speculativas, scilicet sapientiam, scientiam et
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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diff changeset
1451 intellectum.</p><p title="I-II q. 57 a. 2 co."><a name="35894"><span class="ref">[35894] Iª-IIae q. 57 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1452 dicendum quod, sicut iam dictum est, virtus intellectualis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1453 speculativa est per quam intellectus speculativus perficitur ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1454 considerandum verum, hoc enim est bonum opus eius. Verum autem est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1455 dupliciter considerabile, uno modo, sicut per se notum; alio modo,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1456 sicut per aliud notum. Quod autem est per se notum, se habet ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1457 principium; et percipitur statim ab intellectu. Et ideo habitus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1458 perficiens intellectum ad huiusmodi veri considerationem, vocatur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1459 intellectus, qui est habitus principiorum. Verum autem quod est per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1460 aliud notum, non statim percipitur ab intellectu, sed per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1461 inquisitionem rationis, et se habet in ratione termini. Quod quidem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1462 potest esse dupliciter, uno modo, ut sit ultimum in aliquo genere;
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1463 alio modo, ut sit ultimum respectu totius cognitionis humanae.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1464 <i>Et quia ea quae sunt posterius nota quoad nos, sunt priora et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1465 magis nota secundum naturam</i>, ut dicitur in I Physic.; ideo id
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1466 quod est ultimum respectu totius cognitionis humanae, est id quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1467 est primum et maxime cognoscibile secundum naturam. Et circa
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1468 huiusmodi est sapientia, quae considerat altissimas causas, ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1469 dicitur in I Metaphys. Unde convenienter iudicat et ordinat de
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1470 omnibus, quia iudicium perfectum et universale haberi non potest
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1471 nisi per resolutionem ad primas causas. Ad id vero quod est ultimum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1472 in hoc vel in illo genere cognoscibilium, perficit intellectum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1473 scientia. Et ideo secundum diversa genera scibilium, sunt diversi
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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diff changeset
1474 habitus scientiarum, cum tamen sapientia non sit nisi una.</p><p title="I-II q. 57 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="35895"><span class="ref">[35895] Iª-IIae q. 57 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
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diff changeset
1475 ergo dicendum quod sapientia est quaedam scientia, inquantum habet
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1476 id quod est commune omnibus scientiis, ut scilicet ex principiis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1477 conclusiones demonstret. Sed quia habet aliquid proprium supra
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1478 alias scientias, inquantum scilicet de omnibus iudicat; et non
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1479 solum quantum ad conclusiones, sed etiam quantum ad prima
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1480 principia, ideo habet rationem perfectioris virtutis quam
53
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diff changeset
1481 scientia.</p><p title="I-II q. 57 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="35896"><span class="ref">[35896] Iª-IIae q. 57 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
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diff changeset
1482 dicendum quod quando ratio obiecti sub uno actu refertur ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1483 potentiam vel habitum, tunc non distinguuntur habitus vel potentiae
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1484 penes rationem obiecti et obiectum materiale, sicut ad eandem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1485 potentiam visivam pertinet videre colorem, et lumen, quod est ratio
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1486 videndi colorem et simul cum ipso videtur. Principia vero
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1487 demonstrationis possunt seorsum considerari, absque hoc quod
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1488 considerentur conclusiones. Possunt etiam considerari simul cum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1489 conclusionibus, prout principia in conclusiones deducuntur.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1490 Considerare ergo hoc secundo modo principia, pertinet ad scientiam,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1491 quae considerat etiam conclusiones, sed considerare principia
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1492 secundum seipsa, pertinet ad intellectum. Unde, si quis recte
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1493 consideret, istae tres virtutes non ex aequo distinguuntur ab
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1494 invicem, sed ordine quodam; sicut accidit in totis potentialibus,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1495 quorum una pars est perfectior altera, sicut anima rationalis est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1496 perfectior quam sensibilis, et sensibilis quam vegetabilis. Hoc
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1497 enim modo, scientia dependet ab intellectu sicut a principaliori.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1498 Et utrumque dependet a sapientia sicut a principalissimo, quae sub
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1499 se continet et intellectum et scientiam, ut de conclusionibus
53
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1500 scientiarum diiudicans, et de principiis earundem.</p><p title="I-II q. 57 a. 2 ad 3"><a name="35897"><span class="ref">[35897] Iª-IIae q. 57 a. 2 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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diff changeset
1501 dicendum quod, sicut supra dictum est, habitus virtutis determinate
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1502 se habet ad bonum, nullo autem modo ad malum. Bonum autem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1503 intellectus est verum, malum autem eius est falsum. Unde soli illi
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1504 habitus virtutes intellectuales dicuntur, quibus semper dicitur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1505 verum, et nunquam falsum. Opinio vero et suspicio possunt esse veri
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1506 et falsi. Et ideo non sunt intellectuales virtutes, ut dicitur in
53
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diff changeset
1507 VI Ethic.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 3</h3><p title="I-II q. 57 a. 3 arg. 1"><a name="35898"><span class="ref">[35898] Iª-IIae q. 57 a. 3 arg. 1</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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diff changeset
1508 sic proceditur. Videtur quod ars non sit virtus intellectualis.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1509 Dicit enim Augustinus, in libro de libero arbitrio, quod virtute
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1510 nullus male utitur. Sed arte aliquis male utitur, potest enim
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1511 aliquis artifex, secundum scientiam artis suae, male operari. Ergo
53
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diff changeset
1512 ars non est virtus.</p><p title="I-II q. 57 a. 3 arg. 2"><a name="35899"><span class="ref">[35899] Iª-IIae q. 57 a. 3 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1513 virtutis non est virtus. Artis autem est aliqua virtus, ut dicitur
53
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diff changeset
1514 in VI Ethic. Ergo ars non est virtus.</p><p title="I-II q. 57 a. 3 arg. 3"><a name="35900"><span class="ref">[35900] Iª-IIae q. 57 a. 3 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1515 artes liberales sunt excellentiores quam artes mechanicae. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1516 sicut artes mechanicae sunt practicae, ita artes liberales sunt
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1517 speculativae. Ergo si ars esset virtus intellectualis, deberet
53
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diff changeset
1518 virtutibus speculativis annumerari.</p><p title="I-II q. 57 a. 3 s. c."><a name="35901"><span class="ref">[35901] Iª-IIae q. 57 a. 3 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
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diff changeset
1519 est quod philosophus, in VI Ethic., ponit artem esse virtutem; nec
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diff changeset
1520 tamen connumerat eam virtutibus speculativis, quarum subiectum
53
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diff changeset
1521 ponit scientificam partem animae.</p><p title="I-II q. 57 a. 3 co."><a name="35902"><span class="ref">[35902] Iª-IIae q. 57 a. 3 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1522 dicendum quod ars nihil aliud est quam ratio recta aliquorum operum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1523 faciendorum. Quorum tamen bonum non consistit in eo quod appetitus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1524 humanus aliquo modo se habet, sed in eo quod ipsum opus quod fit,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1525 in se bonum est. Non enim pertinet ad laudem artificis, inquantum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1526 artifex est, qua voluntate opus faciat; sed quale sit opus quod
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1527 facit. Sic igitur ars, proprie loquendo, habitus operativus est. Et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1528 tamen in aliquo convenit cum habitibus speculativis, quia etiam ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1529 ipsos habitus speculativos pertinet qualiter se habeat res quam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1530 considerant, non autem qualiter se habeat appetitus humanus ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1531 illas. Dummodo enim verum geometra demonstret, non refert qualiter
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1532 se habeat secundum appetitivam partem, utrum sit laetus vel iratus,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1533 sicut nec in artifice refert, ut dictum est. Et ideo eo modo ars
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1534 habet rationem virtutis, sicut et habitus speculativi, inquantum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1535 scilicet nec ars, nec habitus speculativus, faciunt bonum opus
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diff changeset
1536 quantum ad usum, quod est proprium virtutis perficientis appetitum;
53
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diff changeset
1537 sed solum quantum ad facultatem bene agendi.</p><p title="I-II q. 57 a. 3 ad 1"><a name="35903"><span class="ref">[35903] Iª-IIae q. 57 a. 3 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1538 ergo dicendum quod, cum aliquis habens artem operatur malum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1539 artificium, hoc non est opus artis, immo est contra artem, sicut
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1540 etiam cum aliquis sciens verum mentitur, hoc quod dicit non est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1541 secundum scientiam, sed contra scientiam. Unde sicut scientia se
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1542 habet semper ad bonum, ut dictum est, ita et ars, et secundum hoc
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1543 dicitur virtus. In hoc tamen deficit a perfecta ratione virtutis,
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diff changeset
1544 quia non facit ipsum bonum usum, sed ad hoc aliquid aliud
53
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diff changeset
1545 requiritur, quamvis bonus usus sine arte esse non possit.</p><p title="I-II q. 57 a. 3 ad 2"><a name="35904"><span class="ref">[35904] Iª-IIae q. 57 a. 3 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1546 dicendum quod, quia ad hoc ut homo bene utatur arte quam habet,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1547 requiritur bona voluntas, quae perficitur per virtutem moralem;
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1548 ideo philosophus dicit quod artis est virtus, scilicet moralis,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1549 inquantum ad bonum usum eius aliqua virtus moralis requiritur.
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diff changeset
1550 Manifestum est enim quod artifex per iustitiam, quae facit
53
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diff changeset
1551 voluntatem rectam, inclinatur ut opus fidele faciat.</p><p title="I-II q. 57 a. 3 ad 3"><a name="35905"><span class="ref">[35905] Iª-IIae q. 57 a. 3 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1552 dicendum quod etiam in ipsis speculabilibus est aliquid per modum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1553 cuiusdam operis, puta constructio syllogismi aut orationis congruae
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1554 aut opus numerandi vel mensurandi. Et ideo quicumque ad huiusmodi
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1555 opera rationis habitus speculativi ordinantur, dicuntur per quandam
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1556 similitudinem artes, sed liberales; ad differentiam illarum artium
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1557 quae ordinantur ad opera per corpus exercita, quae sunt quodammodo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1558 serviles, inquantum corpus serviliter subditur animae, et homo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1559 secundum animam est liber. Illae vero scientiae quae ad nullum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1560 huiusmodi opus ordinantur, simpliciter scientiae dicuntur, non
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1561 autem artes. Nec oportet, si liberales artes sunt nobiliores, quod
53
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diff changeset
1562 magis eis conveniat ratio artis.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 4</h3><p title="I-II q. 57 a. 4 arg. 1"><a name="35906"><span class="ref">[35906] Iª-IIae q. 57 a. 4 arg. 1</span></a> Ad quartum
28
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diff changeset
1563 sic proceditur. Videtur quod prudentia non sit alia virtus ab arte.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1564 Ars enim est ratio recta aliquorum operum. Sed diversa genera
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1565 operum non faciunt ut aliquid amittat rationem artis, sunt enim
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1566 diversae artes circa opera valde diversa. Cum igitur etiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1567 prudentia sit quaedam ratio recta operum, videtur quod etiam ipsa
53
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diff changeset
1568 debeat dici ars.</p><p title="I-II q. 57 a. 4 arg. 2"><a name="35907"><span class="ref">[35907] Iª-IIae q. 57 a. 4 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1569 prudentia magis convenit cum arte quam habitus speculativi,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1570 utrumque enim eorum est circa contingens aliter se habere, ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1571 dicitur in VI Ethic. Sed quidam habitus speculativi dicuntur artes.
53
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diff changeset
1572 Ergo multo magis prudentia debet dici ars.</p><p title="I-II q. 57 a. 4 arg. 3"><a name="35908"><span class="ref">[35908] Iª-IIae q. 57 a. 4 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1573 ad prudentiam pertinet bene consiliari, ut dicitur in VI Ethic. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1574 etiam in quibusdam artibus consiliari contingit, ut dicitur in III
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1575 Ethic., sicut in arte militari, et gubernativa, et medicinali. Ergo
53
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diff changeset
1576 prudentia ab arte non distinguitur.</p><p title="I-II q. 57 a. 4 s. c."><a name="35909"><span class="ref">[35909] Iª-IIae q. 57 a. 4 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1577 est quod philosophus distinguit prudentiam ab arte, in VI
53
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diff changeset
1578 Ethic.</p><p title="I-II q. 57 a. 4 co."><a name="35910"><span class="ref">[35910] Iª-IIae q. 57 a. 4 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1579 dicendum quod ubi invenitur diversa ratio virtutis, ibi oportet
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1580 virtutes distingui. Dictum est autem supra quod aliquis habitus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1581 habet rationem virtutis ex hoc solum quod facit facultatem boni
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1582 operis, aliquis autem ex hoc quod facit non solum facultatem boni
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1583 operis, sed etiam usum. Ars autem facit solum facultatem boni
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1584 operis, quia non respicit appetitum. Prudentia autem non solum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1585 facit boni operis facultatem, sed etiam usum, respicit enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1586 appetitum, tanquam praesupponens rectitudinem appetitus. Cuius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1587 differentiae ratio est, quia ars est recta ratio factibilium;
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1588 prudentia vero est recta ratio agibilium. Differt autem facere et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1589 agere quia, ut dicitur in IX Metaphys., factio est actus transiens
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1590 in exteriorem materiam, sicut aedificare, secare, et huiusmodi;
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1591 agere autem est actus permanens in ipso agente, sicut videre,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1592 velle, et huiusmodi. Sic igitur hoc modo se habet prudentia ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1593 huiusmodi actus humanos, qui sunt usus potentiarum et habituum,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1594 sicut se habet ars ad exteriores factiones, quia utraque est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1595 perfecta ratio respectu illorum ad quae comparatur. Perfectio autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1596 et rectitudo rationis in speculativis, dependet ex principiis, ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1597 quibus ratio syllogizat, sicut dictum est quod scientia dependet ab
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1598 intellectu, qui est habitus principiorum, et praesupponit ipsum. In
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1599 humanis autem actibus se habent fines sicut principia in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1600 speculativis, ut dicitur in VII Ethic. Et ideo ad prudentiam, quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1601 est recta ratio agibilium, requiritur quod homo sit bene dispositus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1602 circa fines, quod quidem est per appetitum rectum. Et ideo ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1603 prudentiam requiritur moralis virtus, per quam fit appetitus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1604 rectus. Bonum autem artificialium non est bonum appetitus humani,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1605 sed bonum ipsorum operum artificialium, et ideo ars non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1606 praesupponit appetitum rectum. Et inde est quod magis laudatur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1607 artifex qui volens peccat, quam qui peccat nolens; magis autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1608 contra prudentiam est quod aliquis peccet volens, quam nolens, quia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1609 rectitudo voluntatis est de ratione prudentiae, non autem de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1610 ratione artis. Sic igitur patet quod prudentia est virtus distincta
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1611 ab arte.</p><p title="I-II q. 57 a. 4 ad 1"><a name="35911"><span class="ref">[35911] Iª-IIae q. 57 a. 4 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1612 ergo dicendum quod diversa genera artificialium omnia sunt extra
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1613 hominem, et ideo non diversificatur ratio virtutis. Sed prudentia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1614 est recta ratio ipsorum actuum humanorum, unde diversificatur ratio
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1615 virtutis, ut dictum est.</p><p title="I-II q. 57 a. 4 ad 2"><a name="35912"><span class="ref">[35912] Iª-IIae q. 57 a. 4 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1616 dicendum quod prudentia magis convenit cum arte quam habitus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1617 speculativi, quantum ad subiectum et materiam, utrumque enim est in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1618 opinativa parte animae, et circa contingens aliter se habere. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1619 ars magis convenit cum habitibus speculativis in ratione virtutis,
53
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diff changeset
1620 quam cum prudentia, ut ex dictis patet.</p><p title="I-II q. 57 a. 4 ad 3"><a name="35913"><span class="ref">[35913] Iª-IIae q. 57 a. 4 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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diff changeset
1621 dicendum quod prudentia est bene consiliativa de his quae pertinent
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1622 ad totam vitam hominis, et ad ultimum finem vitae humanae. Sed in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1623 artibus aliquibus est consilium de his quae pertinent ad fines
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1624 proprios illarum artium. Unde aliqui, inquantum sunt bene
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1625 consiliativi in rebus bellicis vel nauticis, dicuntur prudentes
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1626 duces vel gubernatores, non autem prudentes simpliciter, sed illi
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1627 solum qui bene consiliantur de his quae conferunt ad totam
53
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diff changeset
1628 vitam.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 5</h3><p title="I-II q. 57 a. 5 arg. 1"><a name="35914"><span class="ref">[35914] Iª-IIae q. 57 a. 5 arg. 1</span></a> Ad quintum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1629 sic proceditur. Videtur quod prudentia non sit virtus necessaria ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1630 bene vivendum. Sicut enim se habet ars ad factibilia, quorum est
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1631 ratio recta; ita se habet prudentia ad agibilia, secundum quae vita
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1632 hominis consideratur, est enim eorum recta ratio prudentia, ut
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1633 dicitur in VI Ethic. Sed ars non est necessaria in rebus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1634 factibilibus nisi ad hoc quod fiant, non autem postquam sunt
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1635 factae. Ergo nec prudentia est necessaria homini ad bene vivendum,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1636 postquam est virtuosus, sed forte solum quantum ad hoc quod
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1637 virtuosus fiat.</p><p title="I-II q. 57 a. 5 arg. 2"><a name="35915"><span class="ref">[35915] Iª-IIae q. 57 a. 5 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1638 prudentia est per quam recte consiliamur, ut dicitur in VI Ethic.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1639 Sed homo potest ex bono consilio agere non solum proprio, sed etiam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1640 alieno. Ergo non est necessarium ad bene vivendum quod ipse homo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1641 habeat prudentiam; sed sufficit quod prudentum consilia
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1642 sequatur.</p><p title="I-II q. 57 a. 5 arg. 3"><a name="35916"><span class="ref">[35916] Iª-IIae q. 57 a. 5 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1643 virtus intellectualis est secundum quam contingit semper dicere
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1644 verum, et nunquam falsum. Sed hoc non videtur contingere secundum
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1645 prudentiam, non enim est humanum quod in consiliando de agendis
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1646 nunquam erretur; cum humana agibilia sint contingentia aliter se
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1647 habere. Unde dicitur Sap. IX, <i>cogitationes mortalium timidae, et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1648 incertae providentiae nostrae</i>. Ergo videtur quod prudentia non
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1649 debeat poni intellectualis virtus.</p><p title="I-II q. 57 a. 5 s. c."><a name="35917"><span class="ref">[35917] Iª-IIae q. 57 a. 5 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1650 est quod Sap. VIII, connumeratur aliis virtutibus necessariis ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1651 vitam humanam, cum dicitur de divina sapientia, <i>sobrietatem et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1652 prudentiam docet, iustitiam et virtutem, quibus utilius nihil est
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1653 in vita hominibus</i>.</p><p title="I-II q. 57 a. 5 co."><a name="35918"><span class="ref">[35918] Iª-IIae q. 57 a. 5 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1654 dicendum quod prudentia est virtus maxime necessaria ad vitam
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1655 humanam. Bene enim vivere consistit in bene operari. Ad hoc autem
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1656 quod aliquis bene operetur, non solum requiritur quid faciat, sed
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1657 etiam quomodo faciat; ut scilicet secundum electionem rectam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1658 operetur, non solum ex impetu aut passione. Cum autem electio sit
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1659 eorum quae sunt ad finem, rectitudo electionis duo requirit,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1660 scilicet debitum finem; et id quod convenienter ordinatur ad
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1661 debitum finem. Ad debitum autem finem homo convenienter disponitur
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1662 per virtutem quae perficit partem animae appetitivam, cuius
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1663 obiectum est bonum et finis. Ad id autem quod convenienter in finem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1664 debitum ordinatur, oportet quod homo directe disponatur per habitum
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1665 rationis, quia consiliari et eligere, quae sunt eorum quae sunt ad
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1666 finem, sunt actus rationis. Et ideo necesse est in ratione esse
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1667 aliquam virtutem intellectualem, per quam perficiatur ratio ad hoc
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1668 quod convenienter se habeat ad ea quae sunt ad finem. Et haec
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1669 virtus est prudentia. Unde prudentia est virtus necessaria ad bene
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1670 vivendum.</p><p title="I-II q. 57 a. 5 ad 1"><a name="35919"><span class="ref">[35919] Iª-IIae q. 57 a. 5 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1671 ergo dicendum quod bonum artis consideratur non in ipso artifice,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1672 sed magis in ipso artificiato, cum ars sit ratio recta factibilium,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1673 factio enim, in exteriorem materiam transiens, non est perfectio
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1674 facientis, sed facti, sicut motus est actus mobilis; ars autem
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1675 circa factibilia est. Sed prudentiae bonum attenditur in ipso
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1676 agente, cuius perfectio est ipsum agere, est enim prudentia recta
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1677 ratio agibilium, ut dictum est. Et ideo ad artem non requiritur
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1678 quod artifex bene operetur, sed quod bonum opus faciat.
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1679 Requireretur autem magis quod ipsum artificiatum bene operaretur,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1680 sicut quod cultellus bene incideret, vel serra bene secaret; si
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1681 proprie horum esset agere, et non magis agi, quia non habent
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1682 dominium sui actus. Et ideo ars non est necessaria ad bene vivendum
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1683 ipsi artificis; sed solum ad faciendum artificiatum bonum, et ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1684 conservandum ipsum. Prudentia autem est necessaria homini ad bene
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1685 vivendum, non solum ad hoc quod fiat bonus.</p><p title="I-II q. 57 a. 5 ad 2"><a name="35920"><span class="ref">[35920] Iª-IIae q. 57 a. 5 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1686 dicendum quod, cum homo bonum operatur non secundum propriam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1687 rationem, sed motus ex consilio alterius; nondum est omnino
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1688 perfecta operatio ipsius, quantum ad rationem dirigentem, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1689 quantum ad appetitum moventem. Unde si bonum operetur, non tamen
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1690 simpliciter bene; quod est bene vivere.</p><p title="I-II q. 57 a. 5 ad 3"><a name="35921"><span class="ref">[35921] Iª-IIae q. 57 a. 5 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1691 dicendum quod verum intellectus practici aliter accipitur quam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1692 verum intellectus speculativi, ut dicitur in VI Ethic. Nam verum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1693 intellectus speculativi accipitur per conformitatem intellectus ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1694 rem. Et quia intellectus non potest infallibiliter conformari rebus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1695 in contingentibus, sed solum in necessariis; ideo nullus habitus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1696 speculativus contingentium est intellectualis virtus, sed solum est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1697 circa necessaria. Verum autem intellectus practici accipitur per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1698 conformitatem ad appetitum rectum. Quae quidem conformitas in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1699 necessariis locum non habet, quae voluntate humana non fiunt, sed
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1700 solum in contingentibus quae possunt a nobis fieri, sive sint
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1701 agibilia interiora, sive factibilia exteriora. Et ideo circa sola
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1702 contingentia ponitur virtus intellectus practici, circa factibilia
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1703 quidem, ars; circa agibilia vero prudentia.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 6</h3><p title="I-II q. 57 a. 6 arg. 1"><a name="35922"><span class="ref">[35922] Iª-IIae q. 57 a. 6 arg. 1</span></a> Ad sextum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1704 sic proceditur. Videtur quod inconvenienter adiungantur prudentiae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1705 eubulia, synesis et gnome. Eubulia enim est habitus quo bene
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1706 consiliamur, ut dicitur in VI Ethic. Sed bene consiliari pertinet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1707 ad prudentiam, ut in eodem libro dicitur. Ergo eubulia non est
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1708 virtus adiuncta prudentiae, sed magis est ipsa prudentia.</p><p title="I-II q. 57 a. 6 arg. 2"><a name="35923"><span class="ref">[35923] Iª-IIae q. 57 a. 6 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1709 ad superiorem pertinet de inferioribus iudicare. Illa ergo virtus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1710 videtur suprema, cuius est actus iudicium. Sed synesis est bene
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1711 iudicativa. Ergo synesis non est virtus adiuncta prudentiae, sed
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1712 magis ipsa est principalis.</p><p title="I-II q. 57 a. 6 arg. 3"><a name="35924"><span class="ref">[35924] Iª-IIae q. 57 a. 6 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1713 sicut diversa sunt ea de quibus est iudicandum, ita etiam diversa
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1714 sunt ea de quibus est consiliandum. Sed circa omnia consiliabilia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1715 ponitur una virtus, scilicet eubulia. Ergo ad bene iudicandum de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1716 agendis, non oportet ponere, praeter synesim, aliam virtutem,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1717 scilicet gnomen.</p><p title="I-II q. 57 a. 6 arg. 4"><a name="35925"><span class="ref">[35925] Iª-IIae q. 57 a. 6 arg. 4</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1718 Tullius ponit, in sua rhetorica, tres alias partes prudentiae,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1719 scilicet memoriam praeteritorum, intelligentiam praesentium, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1720 providentiam futurorum. Macrobius etiam ponit, super somnium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1721 Scipionis, quasdam alias partes prudentiae, scilicet cautionem,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1722 docilitatem, et alia huiusmodi. Non videntur igitur solae huiusmodi
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1723 virtutes prudentiae adiungi.</p><p title="I-II q. 57 a. 6 s. c."><a name="35926"><span class="ref">[35926] Iª-IIae q. 57 a. 6 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1724 est auctoritas philosophi, in VI Ethic., qui has tres virtutes
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1725 ponit prudentiae adiunctas.</p><p title="I-II q. 57 a. 6 co."><a name="35927"><span class="ref">[35927] Iª-IIae q. 57 a. 6 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1726 dicendum quod in omnibus potentiis ordinatis illa est principalior,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1727 quae ad principaliorem actum ordinatur. Circa agibilia autem humana
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1728 tres actus rationis inveniuntur, quorum primus est consiliari,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1729 secundus iudicare, tertius est praecipere. Primi autem duo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1730 respondent actibus intellectus speculativi qui sunt inquirere et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1731 iudicare, nam consilium inquisitio quaedam est. Sed tertius actus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1732 proprius est practici intellectus, inquantum est operativus, non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1733 enim ratio habet praecipere ea quae per hominem fieri non possunt.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1734 Manifestum est autem quod in his quae per hominem fiunt,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1735 principalis actus est praecipere, ad quem alii ordinantur. Et ideo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1736 virtuti quae est bene praeceptiva, scilicet prudentiae, tanquam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1737 principaliori, adiunguntur tanquam secundariae, eubulia, quae est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1738 bene consiliativa, et synesis et gnome, quae sunt partes
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1739 iudicativae; de quarum distinctione dicetur.</p><p title="I-II q. 57 a. 6 ad 1"><a name="35928"><span class="ref">[35928] Iª-IIae q. 57 a. 6 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1740 ergo dicendum quod prudentia est bene consiliativa, non quasi bene
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1741 consiliari sit immediate actus eius, sed quia hunc actum perficit
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1742 mediante virtute sibi subiecta, quae est eubulia.</p><p title="I-II q. 57 a. 6 ad 2"><a name="35929"><span class="ref">[35929] Iª-IIae q. 57 a. 6 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1743 dicendum quod iudicium in agendis ad aliquid ulterius ordinatur,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1744 contingit enim aliquem bene iudicare de aliquo agendo, et tamen non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1745 recte exequi. Sed ultimum complementum est, quando ratio iam bene
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1746 praecipit de agendis.</p><p title="I-II q. 57 a. 6 ad 3"><a name="35930"><span class="ref">[35930] Iª-IIae q. 57 a. 6 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1747 dicendum quod iudicium de unaquaque re fit per propria principia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1748 eius. Inquisitio autem nondum est per propria principia, quia his
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1749 habitis, non esset opus inquisitione, sed iam res esset inventa. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1750 ideo una sola virtus ordinatur ad bene consiliandum, duae autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1751 virtutes ad bene iudicandum, quia distinctio non est in communibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1752 principiis, sed in propriis. Unde et in speculativis una est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1753 dialectica inquisitiva de omnibus, scientiae autem demonstrativae,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1754 quae sunt iudicativae, sunt diversae de diversis. Distinguuntur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1755 autem synesis et gnome secundum diversas regulas quibus iudicatur,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1756 nam synesis est iudicativa de agendis secundum communem legem;
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1757 gnome autem secundum ipsam rationem naturalem, in his in quibus
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1758 deficit lex communis; sicut plenius infra patebit.</p><p title="I-II q. 57 a. 6 ad 4"><a name="35931"><span class="ref">[35931] Iª-IIae q. 57 a. 6 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1759 dicendum quod memoria, intelligentia et providentia, similiter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1760 etiam cautio et docilitas, et alia huiusmodi, non sunt virtutes
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1761 diversae a prudentia, sed quodammodo comparantur ad ipsam sicut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1762 partes integrales, inquantum omnia ista requiruntur ad perfectionem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1763 prudentiae. Sunt etiam et quaedam partes subiectivae, seu species
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1764 prudentiae, sicut oeconomica, regnativa, et huiusmodi. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1765 praedicta tria sunt quasi partes potentiales prudentiae, quia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1766 ordinantur sicut secundarium ad principale. Et de his infra
59
03759e5c1080 fix multi-para s.c.
ht
parents: 53
diff changeset
1767 dicetur.</p></div></div><div id="q58" class="q"><h2>Quaestio 58</h2><div class="p"><h3>Prooemium</h3><p title="I-II q. 58 pr."><a name="35932"><span class="ref">[35932]
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1768 Iª-IIae q. 58 pr.</span></a> Deinde considerandum est de
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1769 virtutibus moralibus. Et primo, de distinctione earum a virtutibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1770 intellectualibus; secundo, de distinctione earum ab invicem,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1771 secundum propriam materiam; tertio, de distinctione principalium,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1772 vel cardinalium, ab aliis. Circa primum quaeruntur quinque. Primo,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1773 utrum omnis virtus sit virtus moralis. Secundo, utrum virtus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1774 moralis distinguatur ab intellectuali. Tertio, utrum sufficienter
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1775 dividatur virtus per intellectualem et moralem. Quarto, utrum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1776 moralis virtus possit esse sine intellectuali. Quinto, utrum e
53
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diff changeset
1777 converso, intellectualis virtus possit esse sine morali.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 1</h3><p title="I-II q. 58 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="35933"><span class="ref">[35933] Iª-IIae q. 58 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1778 sic proceditur. Videtur quod omnis virtus sit moralis. Virtus enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1779 moralis dicitur a more, idest consuetudine. Sed omnium virtutum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1780 actus consuescere possumus. Ergo omnis virtus est moralis.</p><p title="I-II q. 58 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="35934"><span class="ref">[35934] Iª-IIae q. 58 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1781 philosophus dicit, in II Ethic., quod <i>virtus moralis est habitus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1782 electivus in medietate rationis consistens</i>. Sed omnis virtus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1783 videtur esse habitus electivus, quia actus cuiuslibet virtutis
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1784 possumus ex electione facere. Omnis etiam virtus aliqualiter in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1785 medio rationis consistit, ut infra patebit. Ergo omnis virtus est
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1786 moralis.</p><p title="I-II q. 58 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="35935"><span class="ref">[35935] Iª-IIae q. 58 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1787 Tullius dicit, in sua rhetorica, quod <i>virtus est habitus in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1788 modum naturae, rationi consentaneus</i>. Sed cum omnis virtus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1789 humana ordinetur ad bonum hominis, oportet quod sit consentanea
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1790 rationi, cum bonum hominis sit secundum rationem esse, ut Dionysius
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1791 dicit. Ergo omnis virtus est moralis.</p><p title="I-II q. 58 a. 1 s. c."><a name="35936"><span class="ref">[35936] Iª-IIae q. 58 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1792 est quod philosophus dicit, in I Ethic., <i>dicentes de moribus,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1793 non dicimus quoniam sapiens vel intelligens; sed quoniam mitis vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1794 sobrius</i>. Sic igitur sapientia et intellectus non sunt morales.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1795 Quae tamen sunt virtutes, sicut supra dictum est. Non ergo omnis
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1796 virtus est moralis.</p><p title="I-II q. 58 a. 1 co."><a name="35937"><span class="ref">[35937] Iª-IIae q. 58 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1797 dicendum quod ad huius evidentiam, considerare oportet quid sit
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1798 mos, sic enim scire poterimus quid sit moralis virtus. Mos autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1799 duo significat. Quandoque enim significat consuetudinem, sicut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1800 dicitur Act. XV, <i>nisi circumcidamini secundum morem Moysi, non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1801 poteritis salvi fieri</i>. Quandoque vero significat inclinationem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1802 quandam naturalem, vel quasi naturalem, ad aliquid agendum, unde
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1803 etiam et brutorum animalium dicuntur aliqui mores; unde dicitur II
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1804 Machab. XI, quod <i>leonum more irruentes in hostes, prostraverunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1805 eos</i>. Et sic accipitur mos in Psalmo LXVII, ubi dicitur, <i>qui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1806 habitare facit unius moris in domo</i>. Et hae quidem duae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1807 significationes in nullo distinguuntur, apud Latinos, quantum ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1808 vocem. In Graeco autem distinguuntur, nam ethos, quod apud nos
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1809 morem significat, quandoque habet primam longam, et scribitur per
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1810 eta, Graecam litteram; quandoque habet primam correptam, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1811 scribitur per epsilon. Dicitur autem virtus moralis a more,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1812 secundum quod mos significat quandam inclinationem naturalem, vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1813 quasi naturalem, ad aliquid agendum. Et huic significationi moris
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1814 propinqua est alia significatio, qua significat consuetudinem, nam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1815 consuetudo quodammodo vertitur in naturam, et facit inclinationem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1816 similem naturali. Manifestum est autem quod inclinatio ad actum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1817 proprie convenit appetitivae virtuti, cuius est movere omnes
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1818 potentias ad agendum, ut ex supradictis patet. Et ideo non omnis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1819 virtus dicitur moralis, sed solum illa quae est in vi
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1820 appetitiva.</p><p title="I-II q. 58 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="35938"><span class="ref">[35938] Iª-IIae q. 58 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1821 ergo dicendum quod obiectio illa procedit de more, secundum quod
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1822 significat consuetudinem.</p><p title="I-II q. 58 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="35939"><span class="ref">[35939] Iª-IIae q. 58 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1823 dicendum quod omnis actus virtutis potest ex electione agi, sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1824 electionem rectam agit sola virtus quae est in appetitiva parte
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1825 animae, dictum est enim supra quod eligere est actus appetitivae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1826 partis. Unde habitus electivus, qui scilicet est electionis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1827 principium, est solum ille qui perficit vim appetitivam, quamvis
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1828 etiam aliorum habituum actus sub electione cadere possint.</p><p title="I-II q. 58 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="35940"><span class="ref">[35940] Iª-IIae q. 58 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1829 dicendum quod natura est principium motus, sicut dicitur in II
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1830 Physic. Movere autem ad agendum proprium est appetitivae partis. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1831 ideo assimilari naturae in consentiendo rationi, est proprium
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1832 virtutum quae sunt in vi appetitiva.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 2</h3><p title="I-II q. 58 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="35941"><span class="ref">[35941] Iª-IIae q. 58 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad secundum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1833 sic proceditur. Videtur quod virtus moralis ab intellectuali non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1834 distinguatur. Dicit enim Augustinus, in libro de Civ. Dei, quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1835 <i>virtus est ars recte vivendi</i>. Sed ars est virtus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1836 intellectualis. Ergo virtus moralis ab intellectuali non
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1837 differt.</p><p title="I-II q. 58 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="35942"><span class="ref">[35942] Iª-IIae q. 58 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1838 plerique in definitione virtutum moralium ponunt scientiam, sicut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1839 quidam definiunt quod perseverantia est scientia vel habitus eorum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1840 quibus est immanendum vel non immanendum; et sanctitas est scientia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1841 faciens fideles et servantes quae ad Deum iusta. Scientia autem est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1842 virtus intellectualis. Ergo virtus moralis non debet distingui ab
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1843 intellectuali.</p><p title="I-II q. 58 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="35943"><span class="ref">[35943] Iª-IIae q. 58 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1844 Augustinus dicit, in I Soliloq., quod <i>virtus est recta et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1845 perfecta ratio</i>. Sed hoc pertinet ad virtutem intellectualem, ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1846 patet in VI Ethic. ergo virtus moralis non est distincta ab
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1847 intellectuali.</p><p title="I-II q. 58 a. 2 arg. 4"><a name="35944"><span class="ref">[35944] Iª-IIae q. 58 a. 2 arg. 4</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1848 nihil distinguitur ab eo quod in eius definitione ponitur. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1849 virtus intellectualis ponitur in definitione virtutis moralis,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1850 dicit enim philosophus, in II Ethic., quod <i>virtus moralis est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1851 habitus electivus existens in medietate determinata ratione, prout
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1852 sapiens determinabit</i>. Huiusmodi autem recta ratio determinans
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1853 medium virtutis moralis, pertinet ad virtutem intellectualem, ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1854 dicitur in VI Ethic. Ergo virtus moralis non distinguitur ab
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1855 intellectuali.</p><p title="I-II q. 58 a. 2 s. c."><a name="35945"><span class="ref">[35945] Iª-IIae q. 58 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1856 est quod dicitur in I Ethic., <i>determinatur virtus secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1857 differentiam hanc, dicimus enim harum has quidem intellectuales,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1858 has vero morales</i>.</p><p title="I-II q. 58 a. 2 co."><a name="35946"><span class="ref">[35946] Iª-IIae q. 58 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1859 dicendum quod omnium humanorum operum principium primum ratio est,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1860 et quaecumque alia principia humanorum operum inveniantur,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1861 quodammodo rationi obediunt; diversimode tamen. Nam quaedam rationi
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1862 obediunt omnino ad nutum, absque omni contradictione, sicut
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1863 corporis membra, si fuerint in sua natura consistentia; statim enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1864 ad imperium rationis, manus aut pes movetur ad opus. Unde
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1865 philosophus dicit, in I Polit., quod anima regit corpus despotico
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1866 principatu, idest sicut dominus servum, qui ius contradicendi non
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1867 habet. Posuerunt igitur quidam quod omnia principia activa quae
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1868 sunt in homine, hoc modo se habent ad rationem. Quod quidem si
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1869 verum esset, sufficeret quod ratio esset perfecta, ad bene agendum.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1870 Unde, cum virtus sit habitus quo perficimur ad bene agendum,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1871 sequeretur quod in sola ratione esset, et sic nulla virtus esset
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1872 nisi intellectualis. Et haec fuit opinio Socratis, qui dixit omnes
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1873 virtutes esse prudentias, ut dicitur in VI Ethic. Unde ponebat quod
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1874 homo, scientia in eo existente, peccare non poterat; sed quicumque
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1875 peccabat, peccabat propter ignorantiam. Hoc autem procedit ex
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1876 suppositione falsi. Pars enim appetitiva obedit rationi non omnino
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1877 ad nutum, sed cum aliqua contradictione, unde philosophus dicit, in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1878 I Polit., quod ratio imperat appetitivae principatu politico, quo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1879 scilicet aliquis praeest liberis, qui habent ius in aliquo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1880 contradicendi. Unde Augustinus dicit, super Psalm., quod
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1881 <i>interdum praecedit intellectus, et sequitur tardus aut nullus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1882 affectus</i>, intantum quod quandoque passionibus vel habitibus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1883 appetitivae partis hoc agitur, ut usus rationis in particulari
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1884 impediatur. Et secundum hoc, aliqualiter verum est quod Socrates
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1885 dixit, quod scientia praesente, non peccatur, si tamen hoc
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1886 extendatur usque ad usum rationis in particulari eligibili. Sic
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1887 igitur ad hoc quod homo bene agat, requiritur quod non solum ratio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1888 sit bene disposita per habitum virtutis intellectualis; sed etiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1889 quod vis appetitiva sit bene disposita per habitum virtutis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1890 moralis. Sicut igitur appetitus distinguitur a ratione, ita virtus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1891 moralis distinguitur ab intellectuali. Unde sicut appetitus est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1892 principium humani actus secundum quod participat aliqualiter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1893 rationem, ita habitus moralis habet rationem virtutis humanae,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1894 inquantum rationi conformatur.</p><p title="I-II q. 58 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="35947"><span class="ref">[35947] Iª-IIae q. 58 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1895 ergo dicendum quod Augustinus communiter accipit artem, pro
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1896 qualibet recta ratione. Et sic sub arte includitur etiam prudentia,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1897 quae ita est recta ratio agibilium, sicut ars est recta ratio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1898 factibilium. Et secundum hoc, quod dicit quod virtus est ars recte
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1899 vivendi, essentialiter convenit prudentiae, participative autem
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1900 aliis virtutibus, prout secundum prudentiam diriguntur.</p><p title="I-II q. 58 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="35948"><span class="ref">[35948] Iª-IIae q. 58 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1901 dicendum quod tales definitiones, a quibuscumque inveniantur datae,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1902 processerunt ex opinione Socratica, et sunt exponendae eo modo quo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1903 de arte praedictum est.</p><p title="I-II q. 58 a. 2 ad 3"><a name="35949"><span class="ref">[35949] Iª-IIae q. 58 a. 2 ad 3</span></a> Et similiter
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1904 dicendum est ad tertium.</p><p title="I-II q. 58 a. 2 ad 4"><a name="35950"><span class="ref">[35950] Iª-IIae q. 58 a. 2 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1905 dicendum quod recta ratio, quae est secundum prudentiam, ponitur in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1906 definitione virtutis moralis, non tanquam pars essentiae eius, sed
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1907 sicut quiddam participatum in omnibus virtutibus moralibus,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1908 inquantum prudentia dirigit omnes virtutes morales.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 3</h3><p title="I-II q. 58 a. 3 arg. 1"><a name="35951"><span class="ref">[35951] Iª-IIae q. 58 a. 3 arg. 1</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1909 sic proceditur. Videtur quod virtus humana non sufficienter
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1910 dividatur per virtutem moralem et intellectualem. Prudentia enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1911 videtur esse aliquid medium inter virtutem moralem et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1912 intellectualem, connumeratur enim virtutibus intellectualibus in VI
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1913 Ethic.; et etiam ab omnibus communiter connumeratur inter quatuor
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1914 virtutes cardinales, quae sunt morales, ut infra patebit. Non ergo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1915 sufficienter dividitur virtus per intellectualem et moralem, sicut
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1916 per immediata.</p><p title="I-II q. 58 a. 3 arg. 2"><a name="35952"><span class="ref">[35952] Iª-IIae q. 58 a. 3 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1917 continentia et perseverantia, et etiam patientia, non computantur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1918 inter virtutes intellectuales. Nec etiam sunt virtutes morales,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1919 quia non tenent medium in passionibus, sed abundant in eis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1920 passiones. Non ergo sufficienter dividitur virtus per
53
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1921 intellectuales et morales.</p><p title="I-II q. 58 a. 3 arg. 3"><a name="35953"><span class="ref">[35953] Iª-IIae q. 58 a. 3 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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1922 fides, spes et caritas quaedam virtutes sunt. Non tamen sunt
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1923 virtutes intellectuales, hae enim solum sunt quinque, scilicet
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1924 scientia, sapientia, intellectus, prudentia et ars, ut dictum est.
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1925 Nec etiam sunt virtutes morales, quia non sunt circa passiones,
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1926 circa quas maxime est moralis virtus. Ergo virtus non sufficienter
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1927 dividitur per intellectuales et morales.</p><p title="I-II q. 58 a. 3 s. c."><a name="35954"><span class="ref">[35954] Iª-IIae q. 58 a. 3 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
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1928 est quod philosophus dicit, in II Ethic., <i>duplicem esse
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1929 virtutem, hanc quidem intellectualem, illam autem moralem</i>.</p><p title="I-II q. 58 a. 3 co."><a name="35955"><span class="ref">[35955] Iª-IIae q. 58 a. 3 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
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1930 dicendum quod virtus humana est quidam habitus perficiens hominem
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1931 ad bene operandum. Principium autem humanorum actuum in homine non
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1932 est nisi duplex, scilicet intellectus sive ratio, et appetitus,
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1933 haec enim sunt duo moventia in homine, ut dicitur in III de anima.
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1934 Unde omnis virtus humana oportet quod sit perfectiva alicuius
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1935 istorum principiorum. Si quidem igitur sit perfectiva intellectus
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1936 speculativi vel practici ad bonum hominis actum, erit virtus
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1937 intellectualis, si autem sit perfectiva appetitivae partis, erit
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1938 virtus moralis. Unde relinquitur quod omnis virtus humana vel est
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1939 intellectualis vel moralis.</p><p title="I-II q. 58 a. 3 ad 1"><a name="35956"><span class="ref">[35956] Iª-IIae q. 58 a. 3 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
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1940 ergo dicendum quod prudentia, secundum essentiam suam, est
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1941 intellectualis virtus. Sed secundum materiam, convenit cum
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1942 virtutibus moralibus, est enim recta ratio agibilium, ut supra
53
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1943 dictum est. Et secundum hoc, virtutibus moralibus connumeratur.</p><p title="I-II q. 58 a. 3 ad 2"><a name="35957"><span class="ref">[35957] Iª-IIae q. 58 a. 3 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
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1944 dicendum quod continentia et perseverantia non sunt perfectiones
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1945 appetitivae virtutis sensitivae. Quod ex hoc patet, quod in
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1946 continente et perseverante superabundant inordinatae passiones,
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1947 quod non esset, si appetitus sensitivus esset perfectus aliquo
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1948 habitu conformante ipsum rationi. Est autem continentia, seu
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1949 perseverantia, perfectio rationalis partis, quae se tenet contra
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1950 passiones ne deducatur. Deficit tamen a ratione virtutis, quia
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1951 virtus intellectiva quae facit rationem se bene habere circa
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1952 moralia, praesupponit appetitum rectum finis, ut recte se habeat
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1953 circa principia, idest fines, ex quibus ratiocinatur; quod
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1954 continenti et perseveranti deest. Neque etiam potest esse perfecta
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1955 operatio quae a duabus potentiis procedit, nisi utraque potentia
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1956 perficiatur per debitum habitum, sicut non sequitur perfecta actio
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1957 alicuius agentis per instrumentum, si instrumentum non sit bene
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1958 dispositum, quantumcumque principale agens sit perfectum. Unde si
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1959 appetitus sensitivus, quem movet rationalis pars, non sit
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1960 perfectus; quantumcumque rationalis pars sit perfecta, actio
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1961 consequens non erit perfecta. Unde nec principium actionis erit
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1962 virtus. Et propter hoc, continentia a delectationibus, et
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1963 perseverantia a tristitiis, non sunt virtutes, sed aliquid minus
53
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1964 virtute, ut philosophus dicit, in VII Ethic.</p><p title="I-II q. 58 a. 3 ad 3"><a name="35958"><span class="ref">[35958] Iª-IIae q. 58 a. 3 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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1965 dicendum quod fides, spes et caritas sunt supra virtutes humanas,
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1966 sunt enim virtutes hominis prout est factus particeps divinae
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1967 gratiae.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 4</h3><p title="I-II q. 58 a. 4 arg. 1"><a name="35959"><span class="ref">[35959] Iª-IIae q. 58 a. 4 arg. 1</span></a> Ad quartum
28
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1968 sic proceditur. Videtur quod virtus moralis possit esse sine
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1969 intellectuali. <i>Virtus enim moralis</i>, ut dicit Tullius, <i>est
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1970 habitus in modum naturae, rationi consentaneus</i>. Sed natura etsi
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1971 consentiat alicui superiori rationi moventi, non tamen oportet quod
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1972 illa ratio naturae coniungatur in eodem, sicut patet in rebus
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1973 naturalibus cognitione carentibus. Ergo potest esse in homine
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1974 virtus moralis in modum naturae, inclinans ad consentiendum
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1975 rationi, quamvis illius hominis ratio non sit perfecta per virtutem
53
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1976 intellectualem.</p><p title="I-II q. 58 a. 4 arg. 2"><a name="35960"><span class="ref">[35960] Iª-IIae q. 58 a. 4 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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1977 per virtutem intellectualem homo consequitur rationis usum
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1978 perfectum. Sed quandoque contingit quod aliqui in quibus non multum
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1979 viget usus rationis, sunt virtuosi et Deo accepti. Ergo videtur
53
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1980 quod virtus moralis possit esse sine virtute intellectuali.</p><p title="I-II q. 58 a. 4 arg. 3"><a name="35961"><span class="ref">[35961] Iª-IIae q. 58 a. 4 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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1981 virtus moralis facit inclinationem ad bene operandum. Sed quidam
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1982 habent naturalem inclinationem ad bene operandum, etiam absque
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1983 rationis iudicio. Ergo virtutes morales possunt esse sine
53
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1984 intellectuali.</p><p title="I-II q. 58 a. 4 s. c."><a name="35962"><span class="ref">[35962] Iª-IIae q. 58 a. 4 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
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1985 est quod Gregorius dicit, in XXII Moral., quod <i>ceterae virtutes,
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1986 nisi ea quae appetunt, prudenter agant, virtutes esse nequaquam
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diff changeset
1987 possunt</i>. Sed prudentia est virtus intellectualis, ut supra
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1988 dictum est. Ergo virtutes morales non possunt esse sine
53
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1989 intellectualibus.</p><p title="I-II q. 58 a. 4 co."><a name="35963"><span class="ref">[35963] Iª-IIae q. 58 a. 4 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
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1990 dicendum quod virtus moralis potest quidem esse sine quibusdam
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1991 intellectualibus virtutibus, sicut sine sapientia, scientia et
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1992 arte, non autem potest esse sine intellectu et prudentia. Sine
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1993 prudentia quidem esse non potest moralis virtus, quia moralis
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1994 virtus est habitus electivus, idest faciens bonam electionem. Ad
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diff changeset
1995 hoc autem quod electio sit bona, duo requiruntur. Primo, ut sit
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diff changeset
1996 debita intentio finis, et hoc fit per virtutem moralem, quae vim
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diff changeset
1997 appetitivam inclinat ad bonum conveniens rationi, quod est finis
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1998 debitus. Secundo, ut homo recte accipiat ea quae sunt ad finem, et
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diff changeset
1999 hoc non potest esse nisi per rationem recte consiliantem,
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diff changeset
2000 iudicantem et praecipientem; quod pertinet ad prudentiam et ad
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diff changeset
2001 virtutes sibi annexas, ut supra dictum est. Unde virtus moralis
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diff changeset
2002 sine prudentia esse non potest. Et per consequens nec sine
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diff changeset
2003 intellectu. Per intellectum enim cognoscuntur principia naturaliter
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diff changeset
2004 nota, tam in speculativis quam in operativis. Unde sicut recta
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diff changeset
2005 ratio in speculativis, inquantum procedit ex principiis naturaliter
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2006 cognitis, praesupponit intellectum principiorum; ita etiam
53
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2007 prudentia, quae est recta ratio agibilium.</p><p title="I-II q. 58 a. 4 ad 1"><a name="35964"><span class="ref">[35964] Iª-IIae q. 58 a. 4 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
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2008 ergo dicendum quod inclinatio naturae in rebus carentibus ratione,
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diff changeset
2009 est absque electione, et ideo talis inclinatio non requirit ex
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diff changeset
2010 necessitate rationem. Sed inclinatio virtutis moralis est cum
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diff changeset
2011 electione, et ideo ad suam perfectionem indiget quod sit ratio
53
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2012 perfecta per virtutem intellectualem.</p><p title="I-II q. 58 a. 4 ad 2"><a name="35965"><span class="ref">[35965] Iª-IIae q. 58 a. 4 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
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2013 dicendum quod in virtuoso non oportet quod vigeat usus rationis
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diff changeset
2014 quantum ad omnia, sed solum quantum ad ea quae sunt agenda secundum
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2015 virtutem. Et sic usus rationis viget in omnibus virtuosis. Unde
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2016 etiam qui videntur simplices, eo quod carent mundana astutia,
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2017 possunt esse prudentes; secundum illud Matth. X, <i>estote
53
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2018 prudentes sicut serpentes, et simplices sicut columbae</i>.</p><p title="I-II q. 58 a. 4 ad 3"><a name="35966"><span class="ref">[35966] Iª-IIae q. 58 a. 4 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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2019 dicendum quod naturalis inclinatio ad bonum virtutis, est quaedam
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2020 inchoatio virtutis, non autem est virtus perfecta. Huiusmodi enim
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2021 inclinatio, quanto est fortior, tanto potest esse periculosior,
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diff changeset
2022 nisi recta ratio adiungatur, per quam fiat recta electio eorum quae
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diff changeset
2023 conveniunt ad debitum finem, sicut equus currens, si sit caecus,
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diff changeset
2024 tanto fortius impingit et laeditur, quanto fortius currit. Et ideo,
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diff changeset
2025 etsi virtus moralis non sit ratio recta, ut Socrates dicebat; non
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diff changeset
2026 tamen solum est secundum rationem rectam, inquantum inclinat ad id
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diff changeset
2027 quod est secundum rationem rectam, ut Platonici posuerunt; sed
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2028 etiam oportet quod sit cum ratione recta, ut Aristoteles dicit, in
53
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2029 VI Ethic.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 5</h3><p title="I-II q. 58 a. 5 arg. 1"><a name="35967"><span class="ref">[35967] Iª-IIae q. 58 a. 5 arg. 1</span></a> Ad quintum
28
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diff changeset
2030 sic proceditur. Videtur quod virtus intellectualis possit esse sine
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diff changeset
2031 virtute morali. Perfectio enim prioris non dependet a perfectione
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
2032 posterioris. Sed ratio est prior appetitu sensitivo, et movens
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diff changeset
2033 ipsum. Ergo virtus intellectualis quae est perfectio rationis, non
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diff changeset
2034 dependet a virtute morali, quae est perfectio appetitivae partis.
53
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2035 Potest ergo esse sine ea.</p><p title="I-II q. 58 a. 5 arg. 2"><a name="35968"><span class="ref">[35968] Iª-IIae q. 58 a. 5 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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2036 moralia sunt materia prudentiae, sicut factibilia sunt materia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
2037 artis. Sed ars potest esse sine propria materia, sicut faber sine
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
2038 ferro. Ergo et prudentia potest esse sine virtutibus moralibus,
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diff changeset
2039 quae tamen inter omnes intellectuales virtutes, maxime moralibus
53
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2040 coniuncta videtur.</p><p title="I-II q. 58 a. 5 arg. 3"><a name="35969"><span class="ref">[35969] Iª-IIae q. 58 a. 5 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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diff changeset
2041 prudentia est virtus bene consiliativa, ut dicitur in VI Ethic. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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2042 multi bene consiliantur, quibus tamen virtutes morales desunt. Ergo
53
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2043 prudentia potest esse sine virtute morali.</p><p title="I-II q. 58 a. 5 s. c."><a name="35970"><span class="ref">[35970] Iª-IIae q. 58 a. 5 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra,
28
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diff changeset
2044 velle malum facere opponitur directe virtuti morali; non autem
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diff changeset
2045 opponitur alicui quod sine virtute morali esse potest. Opponitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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2046 autem prudentiae quod volens peccet, ut dicitur in VI Ethic. Non
53
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2047 ergo prudentia potest esse sine virtute morali.</p><p title="I-II q. 58 a. 5 co."><a name="35971"><span class="ref">[35971] Iª-IIae q. 58 a. 5 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
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diff changeset
2048 dicendum quod aliae virtutes intellectuales sine virtute morali
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2049 esse possunt, sed prudentia sine virtute morali esse non potest.
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diff changeset
2050 Cuius ratio est, quia prudentia est recta ratio agibilium; non
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diff changeset
2051 autem solum in universali, sed etiam in particulari, in quibus sunt
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2052 actiones. Recta autem ratio praeexigit principia ex quibus ratio
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diff changeset
2053 procedit. Oportet autem rationem circa particularia procedere non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
2054 solum ex principiis universalibus, sed etiam ex principiis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2055 particularibus. Circa principia quidem universalia agibilium, homo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
2056 recte se habet per naturalem intellectum principiorum, per quem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2057 homo cognoscit quod nullum malum est agendum; vel etiam per aliquam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2058 scientiam practicam. Sed hoc non sufficit ad recte ratiocinandum
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diff changeset
2059 circa particularia. Contingit enim quandoque quod huiusmodi
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diff changeset
2060 universale principium cognitum per intellectum vel scientiam,
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diff changeset
2061 corrumpitur in particulari per aliquam passionem, sicut
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diff changeset
2062 concupiscenti, quando concupiscentia vincit, videtur hoc esse bonum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2063 quod concupiscit, licet sit contra universale iudicium rationis. Et
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diff changeset
2064 ideo, sicut homo disponitur ad recte se habendum circa principia
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diff changeset
2065 universalia, per intellectum naturalem vel per habitum scientiae;
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diff changeset
2066 ita ad hoc quod recte se habeat circa principia particularia
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diff changeset
2067 agibilium, quae sunt fines, oportet quod perficiatur per aliquos
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diff changeset
2068 habitus secundum quos fiat quodammodo homini connaturale recte
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2069 iudicare de fine. Et hoc fit per virtutem moralem, virtuosus enim
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2070 recte iudicat de fine virtutis, <i>quia qualis unusquisque est,
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diff changeset
2071 talis finis videtur ei</i>, ut dicitur in III Ethic. Et ideo ad
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diff changeset
2072 rectam rationem agibilium, quae est prudentia, requiritur quod homo
53
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diff changeset
2073 habeat virtutem moralem.</p><p title="I-II q. 58 a. 5 ad 1"><a name="35972"><span class="ref">[35972] Iª-IIae q. 58 a. 5 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
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diff changeset
2074 ergo dicendum quod ratio, secundum quod est apprehensiva finis,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2075 praecedit appetitum finis, sed appetitus finis praecedit rationem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2076 ratiocinantem ad eligendum ea quae sunt ad finem, quod pertinet ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2077 prudentiam. Sicut etiam in speculativis, intellectus principiorum
53
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diff changeset
2078 est principium rationis syllogizantis.</p><p title="I-II q. 58 a. 5 ad 2"><a name="35973"><span class="ref">[35973] Iª-IIae q. 58 a. 5 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2079 dicendum quod principia artificialium non diiudicantur a nobis bene
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2080 vel male secundum dispositionem appetitus nostri, sicut fines, qui
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2081 sunt moralium principia, sed solum per considerationem rationis. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2082 ideo ars non requirit virtutem perficientem appetitum, sicut
53
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diff changeset
2083 requirit prudentia.</p><p title="I-II q. 58 a. 5 ad 3"><a name="35974"><span class="ref">[35974] Iª-IIae q. 58 a. 5 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2084 dicendum quod prudentia non solum est bene consiliativa, sed etiam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2085 bene iudicativa et bene praeceptiva. Quod esse non potest, nisi
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2086 removeatur impedimentum passionum corrumpentium iudicium et
59
03759e5c1080 fix multi-para s.c.
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diff changeset
2087 praeceptum prudentiae; et hoc per virtutem moralem.</p></div></div><div id="q59" class="q"><h2>Quaestio 59</h2><div class="p"><h3>Prooemium</h3><p title="I-II q. 59 pr."><a name="35975"><span class="ref">[35975]
53
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diff changeset
2088 Iª-IIae q. 59 pr.</span></a> Deinde considerandum est de
28
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diff changeset
2089 distinctione moralium virtutum ad invicem. Et quia virtutes morales
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2090 quae sunt circa passiones, distinguuntur secundum diversitatem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2091 passionum, oportet primo considerare comparationem virtutis ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2092 passionem; secundo, distinctionem moralium virtutum secundum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2093 passiones. Circa primum quaeruntur quinque. Primo, utrum virtus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2094 moralis sit passio. Secundo, utrum virtus moralis possit esse cum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2095 passione. Tertio, utrum possit esse cum tristitia. Quarto, utrum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2096 omnis virtus moralis sit circa passionem. Quinto, utrum aliqua
53
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diff changeset
2097 virtus moralis possit esse sine passione.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 1</h3><p title="I-II q. 59 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="35976"><span class="ref">[35976] Iª-IIae q. 59 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2098 sic proceditur. Videtur quod virtus moralis sit passio. Medium enim
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2099 est eiusdem generis cum extremis. Sed virtus moralis est medium
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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diff changeset
2100 inter passiones. Ergo virtus moralis est passio.</p><p title="I-II q. 59 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="35977"><span class="ref">[35977] Iª-IIae q. 59 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2101 virtus et vitium, cum sint contraria, sunt in eodem genere. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2102 quaedam passiones vitia esse dicuntur, ut invidia et ira. Ergo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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diff changeset
2103 etiam quaedam passiones sunt virtutes.</p><p title="I-II q. 59 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="35978"><span class="ref">[35978] Iª-IIae q. 59 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2104 misericordia quaedam passio est, est enim tristitia de alienis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2105 malis, ut supra dictum est. <i>Hanc autem Cicero, locutor egregius,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2106 non dubitavit appellare virtutem</i>; ut Augustinus dicit, in IX de
53
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diff changeset
2107 Civ. Dei. Ergo passio potest esse virtus moralis.</p><p title="I-II q. 59 a. 1 s. c."><a name="35979"><span class="ref">[35979] Iª-IIae q. 59 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
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diff changeset
2108 est quod dicitur in II Ethic., quod <i>passiones neque virtutes
53
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diff changeset
2109 sunt neque malitiae</i>.</p><p title="I-II q. 59 a. 1 co."><a name="35980"><span class="ref">[35980] Iª-IIae q. 59 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2110 dicendum quod virtus moralis non potest esse passio. Et hoc patet
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2111 triplici ratione. Primo quidem, quia passio est motus quidam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2112 appetitus sensitivi, ut supra dictum est. Virtus autem moralis non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2113 est motus aliquis, sed magis principium appetitivi motus, habitus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2114 quidam existens. Secundo quia passiones ex seipsis non habent
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2115 rationem boni vel mali. Bonum enim vel malum hominis est secundum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2116 rationem, unde passiones, secundum se consideratae, se habent et ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2117 bonum et ad malum, secundum quod possunt convenire rationi vel non
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2118 convenire. Nihil autem tale potest esse virtus, cum virtus solum ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2119 bonum se habeat, ut supra dictum est. Tertio quia, dato quod aliqua
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2120 passio se habeat solum ad bonum, vel solum ad malum, secundum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2121 aliquem modum; tamen motus passionis, inquantum passio est,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2122 principium habet in ipso appetitu, et terminum in ratione, in cuius
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2123 conformitatem appetitus tendit. Motus autem virtutis est e
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2124 converso, principium habens in ratione et terminum in appetitu,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2125 secundum quod a ratione movetur. Unde in definitione virtutis
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2126 moralis dicitur, in II Ethic., <i>quod est habitus electivus in
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2127 medietate consistens determinata ratione, prout sapiens
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2128 determinabit</i>.</p><p title="I-II q. 59 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="35981"><span class="ref">[35981] Iª-IIae q. 59 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2129 ergo dicendum quod virtus, secundum suam essentiam, non est medium
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2130 inter passiones, sed secundum suum effectum, quia scilicet inter
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
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diff changeset
2131 passiones medium constituit.</p><p title="I-II q. 59 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="35982"><span class="ref">[35982] Iª-IIae q. 59 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2132 dicendum quod, si vitium dicatur habitus secundum quem quis male
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2133 operatur, manifestum est quod nulla passio est vitium. Si vero
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2134 dicatur vitium peccatum, quod est actus vitiosus, sic nihil
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2135 prohibet passionem esse vitium, et e contrario concurrere ad actum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2136 virtutis; secundum quod passio vel contrariatur rationi, vel
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2137 sequitur actum rationis.</p><p title="I-II q. 59 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="35983"><span class="ref">[35983] Iª-IIae q. 59 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2138 dicendum quod misericordia dicitur esse virtus, idest virtutis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2139 actus, secundum quod <i>motus ille animi rationi servit, quando
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2140 scilicet ita praebetur misericordia, ut iustitia conservetur, sive
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2141 cum indigenti tribuitur, sive cum ignoscitur poenitenti</i>, ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2142 Augustinus dicit ibidem. Si tamen misericordia dicatur aliquis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2143 habitus quo homo perficitur ad rationabiliter miserendum, nihil
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2144 prohibet misericordiam sic dictam esse virtutem. Et eadem est ratio
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2145 de similibus passionibus.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 2</h3><p title="I-II q. 59 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="35984"><span class="ref">[35984] Iª-IIae q. 59 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad secundum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2146 sic proceditur. Videtur quod virtus moralis cum passione esse non
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2147 possit. Dicit enim philosophus, in IV Topic., quod <i>mitis est qui
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2148 non patitur, patiens autem qui patitur et non deducitur</i>. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2149 eadem ratio est de omnibus virtutibus moralibus. Ergo omnis virtus
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2150 moralis est sine passione.</p><p title="I-II q. 59 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="35985"><span class="ref">[35985] Iª-IIae q. 59 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2151 virtus est quaedam recta habitudo animae, sicut sanitas corporis,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2152 ut dicitur in VII Physic., unde virtus quaedam sanitas animae esse
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2153 videtur, ut Tullius dicit, in IV de Tuscul. quaest. Passiones autem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2154 animae dicuntur morbi quidam animae, ut in eodem libro Tullius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2155 dicit. Sanitas autem non compatitur secum morbum. Ergo neque virtus
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2156 compatitur animae passionem.</p><p title="I-II q. 59 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="35986"><span class="ref">[35986] Iª-IIae q. 59 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2157 virtus moralis requirit perfectum usum rationis etiam in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2158 particularibus. Sed hoc impeditur per passiones, dicit enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2159 philosophus, in VI Ethic., quod <i>delectationes corrumpunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2160 existimationem prudentiae</i>; et Sallustius dicit, in Catilinario,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2161 quod non facile verum perspicit animus, ubi illa officiunt,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2162 scilicet animi passiones. Virtus ergo moralis non potest esse cum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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diff changeset
2163 passione.</p><p title="I-II q. 59 a. 2 s. c."><a name="35987"><span class="ref">[35987] Iª-IIae q. 59 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2164 est quod Augustinus dicit, in XIV de Civ. Dei, <i>si perversa est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2165 voluntas, perversos habebit hos motus</i>, scilicet passionum, si
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2166 autem recta est, <i>non solum inculpabiles, verum etiam laudabiles
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2167 erunt</i>. Sed nullum laudabile excluditur per virtutem moralem.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2168 Virtus ergo moralis non excludit passiones, sed potest esse cum
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2169 ipsis.</p><p title="I-II q. 59 a. 2 co."><a name="35988"><span class="ref">[35988] Iª-IIae q. 59 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2170 dicendum quod circa hoc fuit discordia inter Stoicos et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2171 Peripateticos, sicut Augustinus dicit, IX de Civ. Dei. Stoici enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2172 posuerunt quod passiones animae non possunt esse in sapiente, sive
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2173 virtuoso, Peripatetici vero, quorum sectam Aristoteles instituit,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2174 ut Augustinus dicit in IX de Civ. Dei, posuerunt quod passiones
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2175 simul cum virtute morali esse possunt, sed ad medium reductae. Haec
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2176 autem diversitas, sicut Augustinus ibidem dicit, magis erat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2177 secundum verba, quam secundum eorum sententias. Quia enim Stoici
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2178 non distinguebant inter appetitum intellectivum, qui est voluntas,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2179 et inter appetitum sensitivum, qui per irascibilem et
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2180 concupiscibilem dividitur; non distinguebant in hoc passiones
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2181 animae ab aliis affectionibus humanis, quod passiones animae sint
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2182 motus appetitus sensitivi, aliae vero affectiones, quae non sunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2183 passiones animae, sunt motus appetitus intellectivi, qui dicitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2184 voluntas, sicut Peripatetici distinxerunt, sed solum quantum ad hoc
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2185 quod passiones esse dicebant quascumque affectiones rationi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2186 repugnantes. Quae si ex deliberatione oriantur, in sapiente, seu in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2187 virtuoso, esse non possunt. Si autem subito oriantur, hoc in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2188 virtuoso potest accidere, <i>eo quod animi visa quae appellant
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2189 phantasias, non est in potestate nostra utrum aliquando incidant
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2190 animo; et cum veniunt ex terribilibus rebus, necesse est ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2191 sapientis animum moveant, ita ut paulisper vel pavescat metu, vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2192 tristitia contrahatur, tanquam his passionibus praevenientibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2193 rationis officium; nec tamen approbant ista, eisque
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2194 consentiunt</i>; ut Augustinus narrat in IX de Civ. Dei, ab Agellio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2195 dictum. Sic igitur, si passiones dicantur inordinatae affectiones,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2196 non possunt esse in virtuoso, ita quod post deliberationem eis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2197 consentiatur; ut Stoici posuerunt. Si vero passiones dicantur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2198 quicumque motus appetitus sensitivi, sic possunt esse in virtuoso,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2199 secundum quod sunt a ratione ordinati. Unde Aristoteles dicit, in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2200 II Ethic., quod <i>non bene quidam determinant virtutes
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2201 impassibilitates quasdam et quietes, quoniam simpliciter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2202 dicunt</i>, sed deberent dicere quod sunt quietes a passionibus
53
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diff changeset
2203 quae sunt ut non oportet, et quando non oportet.</p><p title="I-II q. 59 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="35989"><span class="ref">[35989] Iª-IIae q. 59 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
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diff changeset
2204 ergo dicendum quod philosophus exemplum illud inducit, sicut et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2205 multa alia in libris logicalibus, non secundum opinionem propriam,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2206 sed secundum opinionem aliorum. Haec autem fuit opinio Stoicorum,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2207 quod virtutes essent sine passionibus animae. Quam opinionem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2208 philosophus excludit in II Ethic., dicens virtutes non esse
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2209 impassibilitates. Potest tamen dici quod, cum dicitur quod mitis
53
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diff changeset
2210 non patitur, intelligendum est secundum passionem inordinatam.</p><p title="I-II q. 59 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="35990"><span class="ref">[35990] Iª-IIae q. 59 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
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diff changeset
2211 dicendum quod ratio illa, et omnes similes quas Tullius ad hoc
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diff changeset
2212 inducit in IV libro de Tuscul. quaest., procedit de passionibus
53
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diff changeset
2213 secundum quod significant inordinatas affectiones.</p><p title="I-II q. 59 a. 2 ad 3"><a name="35991"><span class="ref">[35991] Iª-IIae q. 59 a. 2 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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diff changeset
2214 dicendum quod passio praeveniens iudicium rationis, si in animo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2215 praevaleat ut ei consentiatur, impedit consilium et iudicium
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diff changeset
2216 rationis. Si vero sequatur, quasi ex ratione imperata, adiuvat ad
53
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diff changeset
2217 exequendum imperium rationis.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 3</h3><p title="I-II q. 59 a. 3 arg. 1"><a name="35992"><span class="ref">[35992] Iª-IIae q. 59 a. 3 arg. 1</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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2218 sic proceditur. Videtur quod virtus cum tristitia esse non possit.
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diff changeset
2219 Virtutes enim sunt sapientiae effectus, secundum illud Sap. VIII,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2220 sobrietatem et iustitiam docet, scilicet divina sapientia,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2221 prudentiam et virtutem. Sed sapientiae convictus non habet
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2222 amaritudinem, ut postea subditur. Ergo nec virtutes cum tristitia
53
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diff changeset
2223 esse possunt.</p><p title="I-II q. 59 a. 3 arg. 2"><a name="35993"><span class="ref">[35993] Iª-IIae q. 59 a. 3 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2224 tristitia est impedimentum operationis; ut patet per philosophum,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2225 in VII et X Ethic. Sed impedimentum bonae operationis repugnat
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2226 virtuti. Ergo tristitia repugnat virtuti.</p><p title="I-II q. 59 a. 3 arg. 3"><a name="35994"><span class="ref">[35994] Iª-IIae q. 59 a. 3 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2227 tristitia est quaedam animi aegritudo; ut Tullius eam vocat, in III
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2228 de Tuscul. quaest. Sed aegritudo animae contrariatur virtuti, quae
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2229 est bona animae habitudo. Ergo tristitia contrariatur virtuti, nec
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2230 potest simul esse cum ea.</p><p title="I-II q. 59 a. 3 s. c."><a name="35995"><span class="ref">[35995] Iª-IIae q. 59 a. 3 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2231 est quod Christus fuit perfectus virtute. Sed in eo fuit tristitia,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2232 dicit enim, ut habetur Matth. XXVI, <i>tristis est anima mea usque
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2233 ad mortem</i>. Ergo tristitia potest esse cum virtute.</p><p title="I-II q. 59 a. 3 co."><a name="35996"><span class="ref">[35996] Iª-IIae q. 59 a. 3 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2234 dicendum quod sicut dicit Augustinus, XIV de Civ. Dei, <i>Stoici
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2235 voluerunt, pro tribus perturbationibus, in animo sapientis esse
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2236 tres eupathias, idest tres bonas passiones, pro cupiditate scilicet
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2237 voluntatem; pro laetitia, gaudium; pro metu, cautionem</i>. Pro
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2238 tristitia vero, negaverunt posse aliquid esse in animo sapientis,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2239 duplici ratione. Primo quidem, quia tristitia est de malo quod iam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2240 accidit. Nullum autem malum aestimant posse accidere sapienti,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2241 crediderunt enim quod, sicut solum hominis bonum est virtus, bona
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2242 autem corporalia nulla bona hominis sunt; ita solum inhonestum est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2243 hominis malum, quod in virtuoso esse non potest. Sed hoc
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2244 irrationabiliter dicitur. Cum enim homo sit ex anima et corpore
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2245 compositus, id quod confert ad vitam corporis conservandam, aliquod
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2246 bonum hominis est, non tamen maximum, quia eo potest homo male uti.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2247 Unde et malum huic bono contrarium in sapiente esse potest, et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2248 tristitiam moderatam inducere. Praeterea, etsi virtuosus sine gravi
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2249 peccato esse possit, nullus tamen invenitur qui absque levibus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2250 peccatis vitam ducat, secundum illud I Ioan. I, <i>si dixerimus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2251 quia peccatum non habemus, nos ipsos seducimus</i>. Tertio, quia
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2252 virtuosus, etsi peccatum non habeat, forte quandoque habuit. Et de
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2253 hoc laudabiliter dolet; secundum illud II ad Cor. VII, <i>quae
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2254 secundum Deum est tristitia, poenitentiam in salutem stabilem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2255 operatur</i>. Quarto, quia potest etiam dolere laudabiliter de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2256 peccato alterius. Unde eo modo quo virtus moralis compatitur alias
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2257 passiones ratione moderatas, compatitur etiam tristitiam. Secundo,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2258 movebantur ex hoc, quod tristitia est de praesenti malo, timor
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2259 autem de malo futuro, sicut delectatio de bono praesenti,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2260 desiderium vero de bono futuro. Potest autem hoc ad virtutem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2261 pertinere, quod aliquis bono habito fruatur, vel non habitum habere
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2262 desideret, vel quod etiam malum futurum caveat. Sed quod malo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2263 praesenti animus hominis substernatur, quod fit per tristitiam,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2264 omnino videtur contrarium rationi, unde cum virtute esse non
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2265 potest. Sed hoc irrationabiliter dicitur. Est enim aliquod malum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2266 quod potest esse virtuoso praesens, ut dictum est. Quod quidem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2267 malum ratio detestatur. Unde appetitus sensitivus in hoc sequitur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2268 detestationem rationis, quod de huiusmodi malo tristatur, moderate
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2269 tamen, secundum rationis iudicium. Hoc autem pertinet ad virtutem,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2270 ut appetitus sensitivus rationi conformetur, ut dictum est. Unde ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2271 virtutem pertinet quod tristetur moderate in quibus tristandum est,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2272 sicut etiam philosophus dicit in II Ethic. Et hoc etiam utile est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2273 ad fugiendum mala. Sicut enim bona propter delectationem promptius
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2274 quaeruntur, ita mala propter tristitiam fortius fugiuntur. Sic
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2275 igitur dicendum est quod tristitia de his quae conveniunt virtuti,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2276 non potest simul esse cum virtute, quia virtus in propriis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2277 delectatur. Sed de his quae quocumque modo repugnant virtuti,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2278 virtus moderate tristatur.</p><p title="I-II q. 59 a. 3 ad 1"><a name="35997"><span class="ref">[35997] Iª-IIae q. 59 a. 3 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2279 ergo dicendum quod ex illa auctoritate habetur quod de sapientia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2280 sapiens non tristetur. Tristatur tamen de his quae sunt impeditiva
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2281 sapientiae. Et ideo in beatis, in quibus nullum impedimentum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2282 sapientiae esse potest, tristitia locum non habet.</p><p title="I-II q. 59 a. 3 ad 2"><a name="35998"><span class="ref">[35998] Iª-IIae q. 59 a. 3 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2283 dicendum quod tristitia impedit operationem de qua tristamur, sed
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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diff changeset
2284 adiuvat ad ea promptius exequenda per quae tristitia fugitur.</p><p title="I-II q. 59 a. 3 ad 3"><a name="35999"><span class="ref">[35999] Iª-IIae q. 59 a. 3 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2285 dicendum quod tristitia immoderata est animae aegritudo, tristitia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2286 autem moderata ad bonam habitudinem animae pertinet, secundum
53
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diff changeset
2287 statum praesentis vitae.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 4</h3><p title="I-II q. 59 a. 4 arg. 1"><a name="36000"><span class="ref">[36000] Iª-IIae q. 59 a. 4 arg. 1</span></a> Ad quartum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2288 sic proceditur. Videtur quod omnis virtus moralis sit circa
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2289 passiones. Dicit enim philosophus, in II Ethic., quod <i>circa
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2290 voluptates et tristitias est moralis virtus</i>. Sed delectatio et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2291 tristitia sunt passiones, ut supra dictum est. Ergo omnis virtus
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2292 moralis est circa passiones.</p><p title="I-II q. 59 a. 4 arg. 2"><a name="36001"><span class="ref">[36001] Iª-IIae q. 59 a. 4 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2293 rationale per participationem est subiectum moralium virtutum, ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2294 dicitur in I Ethic. Sed huiusmodi pars animae est in qua sunt
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2295 passiones, ut supra dictum est. Ergo omnis virtus moralis est circa
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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diff changeset
2296 passiones.</p><p title="I-II q. 59 a. 4 arg. 3"><a name="36002"><span class="ref">[36002] Iª-IIae q. 59 a. 4 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2297 in omni virtute morali est invenire aliquam passionem. Aut ergo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2298 omnes sunt circa passiones, aut nulla. Sed aliquae sunt circa
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2299 passiones, ut fortitudo et temperantia, ut dicitur in III Ethic.
53
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diff changeset
2300 Ergo omnes virtutes morales sunt circa passiones.</p><p title="I-II q. 59 a. 4 s. c."><a name="36003"><span class="ref">[36003] Iª-IIae q. 59 a. 4 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2301 est quod iustitia, quae est virtus moralis, non est circa
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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diff changeset
2302 passiones, ut dicitur in V Ethic.</p><p title="I-II q. 59 a. 4 co."><a name="36004"><span class="ref">[36004] Iª-IIae q. 59 a. 4 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2303 dicendum quod virtus moralis perficit appetitivam partem animae
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2304 ordinando ipsam in bonum rationis. Est autem rationis bonum id quod
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2305 est secundum rationem moderatum seu ordinatum. Unde circa omne id
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2306 quod contingit ratione ordinari et moderari, contingit esse
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2307 virtutem moralem. Ratio autem ordinat non solum passiones appetitus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2308 sensitivi; sed etiam ordinat operationes appetitus intellectivi,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2309 qui est voluntas, quae non est subiectum passionis, ut supra dictum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2310 est. Et ideo non omnis virtus moralis est circa passiones; sed
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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diff changeset
2311 quaedam circa passiones, quaedam circa operationes.</p><p title="I-II q. 59 a. 4 ad 1"><a name="36005"><span class="ref">[36005] Iª-IIae q. 59 a. 4 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2312 ergo dicendum quod non omnis virtus moralis est circa delectationes
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2313 et tristitias sicut circa propriam materiam, sed sicut circa
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2314 aliquid consequens proprium actum. Omnis enim virtuosus delectatur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2315 in actu virtutis, et tristatur in contrario. Unde philosophus post
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2316 praemissa verba subdit quod, <i>si virtutes sunt circa actus et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2317 passiones; omni autem passioni et omni actui sequitur delectatio et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2318 tristitia; propter hoc virtus erit circa delectationes et
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2319 tristitias</i>, scilicet sicut circa aliquid consequens.</p><p title="I-II q. 59 a. 4 ad 2"><a name="36006"><span class="ref">[36006] Iª-IIae q. 59 a. 4 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2320 dicendum quod rationale per participationem non solum est appetitus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2321 sensitivus, qui est subiectum passionum; sed etiam voluntas, in qua
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2322 non sunt passiones, ut dictum est.</p><p title="I-II q. 59 a. 4 ad 3"><a name="36007"><span class="ref">[36007] Iª-IIae q. 59 a. 4 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2323 dicendum quod in quibusdam virtutibus sunt passiones sicut propria
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2324 materia, in quibusdam autem non. Unde non est eadem ratio de
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2325 omnibus, ut infra ostendetur.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 5</h3><p title="I-II q. 59 a. 5 arg. 1"><a name="36008"><span class="ref">[36008] Iª-IIae q. 59 a. 5 arg. 1</span></a> Ad quintum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2326 sic proceditur. Videtur quod virtus moralis possit esse absque
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2327 passione. Quanto enim virtus moralis est perfectior, tanto magis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2328 superat passiones. Ergo in suo perfectissimo esse, est omnino
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2329 absque passionibus.</p><p title="I-II q. 59 a. 5 arg. 2"><a name="36009"><span class="ref">[36009] Iª-IIae q. 59 a. 5 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2330 tunc unumquodque est perfectum, quando est remotum a suo contrario,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2331 et ab his quae ad contrarium inclinant. Sed passiones inclinant ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2332 peccatum, quod virtuti contrariatur, unde Rom. VII, nominantur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2333 passiones peccatorum. Ergo perfecta virtus est omnino absque
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2334 passione.</p><p title="I-II q. 59 a. 5 arg. 3"><a name="36010"><span class="ref">[36010] Iª-IIae q. 59 a. 5 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2335 secundum virtutem Deo conformamur; ut patet per Augustinum, in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2336 libro de moribus Eccles. Sed Deus omnia operatur sine passione.
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2337 Ergo virtus perfectissima est absque omni passione.</p><p title="I-II q. 59 a. 5 s. c."><a name="36011"><span class="ref">[36011] Iª-IIae q. 59 a. 5 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2338 est quod nullus iustus est qui non gaudet iusta operatione, ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2339 dicitur in I Ethic. Sed gaudium est passio. Ergo iustitia non
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2340 potest esse sine passione. Et multo minus aliae virtutes.</p><p title="I-II q. 59 a. 5 co."><a name="36012"><span class="ref">[36012] Iª-IIae q. 59 a. 5 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2341 dicendum quod, si passiones dicamus inordinatas affectiones, sicut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2342 Stoici posuerunt; sic manifestum est quod virtus perfecta est sine
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2343 passionibus. Si vero passiones dicamus omnes motus appetitus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2344 sensitivi, sic planum est quod virtutes morales quae sunt circa
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2345 passiones sicut circa propriam materiam, sine passionibus esse non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2346 possunt. Cuius ratio est, quia secundum hoc, sequeretur quod virtus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2347 moralis faceret appetitum sensitivum omnino otiosum. Non autem ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2348 virtutem pertinet quod ea quae sunt subiecta rationi, a propriis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2349 actibus vacent, sed quod exequantur imperium rationis, proprios
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2350 actus agendo. Unde sicut virtus membra corporis ordinat ad actus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2351 exteriores debitos, ita appetitum sensitivum ad motus proprios
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2352 ordinatos. Virtutes vero morales quae non sunt circa passiones, sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2353 circa operationes, possunt esse sine passionibus (et huiusmodi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2354 virtus est iustitia), quia per eas applicatur voluntas ad proprium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2355 actum, qui non est passio. Sed tamen ad actum iustitiae sequitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2356 gaudium, ad minus in voluntate, quod non est passio. Et si hoc
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2357 gaudium multiplicetur per iustitiae perfectionem, fiet gaudii
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2358 redundantia usque ad appetitum sensitivum; secundum quod vires
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2359 inferiores sequuntur motum superiorum, ut supra dictum est. Et sic
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2360 per redundantiam huiusmodi, quanto virtus fuerit perfectior, tanto
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2361 magis passionem causat.</p><p title="I-II q. 59 a. 5 ad 1"><a name="36013"><span class="ref">[36013] Iª-IIae q. 59 a. 5 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
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diff changeset
2362 ergo dicendum quod virtus passiones inordinatas superat, moderatas
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2363 autem producit.</p><p title="I-II q. 59 a. 5 ad 2"><a name="36014"><span class="ref">[36014] Iª-IIae q. 59 a. 5 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2364 dicendum quod passiones inordinatae inducunt ad peccandum, non
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2365 autem si sunt moderatae.</p><p title="I-II q. 59 a. 5 ad 3"><a name="36015"><span class="ref">[36015] Iª-IIae q. 59 a. 5 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2366 dicendum quod bonum in unoquoque consideratur secundum conditionem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2367 suae naturae. In Deo autem et Angelis non est appetitus sensitivus,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2368 sicut est in homine. Et ideo bona operatio Dei et Angeli est omnino
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2369 sine passione, sicut et sine corpore, bona autem operatio hominis
59
03759e5c1080 fix multi-para s.c.
ht
parents: 53
diff changeset
2370 est cum passione, sicut et cum corporis ministerio.</p></div></div><div id="q60" class="q"><h2>Quaestio 60</h2><div class="p"><h3>Prooemium</h3><p title="I-II q. 60 pr."><a name="36016"><span class="ref">[36016]
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2371 Iª-IIae q. 60 pr.</span></a> Deinde considerandum est de
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2372 distinctione virtutum moralium ad invicem. Et circa hoc quaeruntur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2373 quinque. Primo, utrum sit tantum una virtus moralis. Secundo, utrum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2374 distinguantur virtutes morales quae sunt circa operationes, ab his
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2375 quae sunt circa passiones. Tertio, utrum circa operationes sit una
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2376 tantum moralis virtus. Quarto, utrum circa diversas passiones sint
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2377 diversae morales virtutes. Quinto, utrum virtutes morales
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2378 distinguantur secundum diversa obiecta passionum.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 1</h3><p title="I-II q. 60 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="36017"><span class="ref">[36017] Iª-IIae q. 60 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2379 sic proceditur. Videtur quod sit una tantum moralis virtus. Sicut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2380 enim in actibus moralibus directio pertinet ad rationem, quae est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2381 subiectum intellectualium virtutum; ita inclinatio pertinet ad vim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2382 appetitivam, quae est subiectum moralium virtutum. Sed una est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2383 intellectualis virtus dirigens in omnibus moralibus actibus,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2384 scilicet prudentia. Ergo etiam una tantum est moralis virtus
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2385 inclinans in omnibus moralibus actibus.</p><p title="I-II q. 60 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="36018"><span class="ref">[36018] Iª-IIae q. 60 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2386 habitus non distinguuntur secundum materialia obiecta, sed secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2387 formales rationes obiectorum. Formalis autem ratio boni ad quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2388 ordinatur virtus moralis, est unum, scilicet modus rationis. Ergo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2389 videtur quod sit una tantum moralis virtus.</p><p title="I-II q. 60 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="36019"><span class="ref">[36019] Iª-IIae q. 60 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2390 moralia recipiunt speciem a fine, ut supra dictum est. Sed finis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2391 omnium virtutum moralium communis est unus, scilicet felicitas;
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2392 proprii autem et propinqui sunt infiniti. Non sunt autem infinitae
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2393 virtutes morales. Ergo videtur quod sit una tantum.</p><p title="I-II q. 60 a. 1 s. c."><a name="36020"><span class="ref">[36020] Iª-IIae q. 60 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2394 est quod unus habitus non potest esse in diversis potentiis, ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2395 supra dictum est. Sed subiectum virtutum moralium est pars
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2396 appetitiva animae, quae per diversas potentias distinguitur, ut in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2397 primo dictum est. Ergo non potest esse una tantum virtus
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2398 moralis.</p><p title="I-II q. 60 a. 1 co."><a name="36021"><span class="ref">[36021] Iª-IIae q. 60 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2399 dicendum quod, sicut supra dictum est, virtutes morales sunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2400 habitus quidam appetitivae partis. Habitus autem specie differunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2401 secundum speciales differentias obiectorum, ut supra dictum est.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2402 Species autem obiecti appetibilis, sicut et cuiuslibet rei,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2403 attenditur secundum formam specificam, quae est ab agente. Est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2404 autem considerandum quod materia patientis se habet ad agens
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2405 dupliciter. Quandoque enim recipit formam agentis secundum eandem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2406 rationem, prout est in agente, sicut est in omnibus agentibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2407 univocis. Et sic necesse est quod, si agens est unum specie, quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2408 materia recipiat formam unius speciei, sicut ab igne non generatur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2409 univoce nisi aliquid existens in specie ignis. Aliquando vero
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2410 materia recipit formam ab agente non secundum eandem rationem,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2411 prout est in agente, sicut patet in generantibus non univocis, ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2412 animal generatur a sole. Et tunc formae receptae in materia ab
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2413 eodem agente, non sunt unius speciei sed diversificantur secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2414 diversam proportionem materiae ad recipiendum influxum agentis,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2415 sicut videmus quod ab una actione solis generantur per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2416 putrefactionem animalia diversarum specierum secundum diversam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2417 proportionem materiae. Manifestum est autem quod in moralibus ratio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2418 est sicut imperans et movens; vis autem appetitiva est sicut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2419 imperata et mota. Non autem appetitus recipit impressionem rationis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2420 quasi univoce, quia non fit rationale per essentiam, sed per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2421 participationem, ut dicitur in I Ethic. Unde appetibilia secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2422 motionem rationis constituuntur in diversis speciebus, secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2423 quod diversimode se habent ad rationem. Et ita sequitur quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2424 virtutes morales sint diversae secundum speciem, et non una
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2425 tantum.</p><p title="I-II q. 60 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="36022"><span class="ref">[36022] Iª-IIae q. 60 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2426 ergo dicendum quod obiectum rationis est verum. Est autem eadem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2427 ratio veri in omnibus moralibus, quae sunt contingentia agibilia.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2428 Unde est una sola virtus in eis dirigens, scilicet prudentia.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2429 Obiectum autem appetitivae virtutis est bonum appetibile. Cuius est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2430 diversa ratio, secundum diversam habitudinem ad rationem
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2431 dirigentem.</p><p title="I-II q. 60 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="36023"><span class="ref">[36023] Iª-IIae q. 60 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2432 dicendum quod illud formale est unum genere, propter unitatem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2433 agentis. Sed diversificatur specie, propter diversas habitudines
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2434 recipientium, ut supra dictum est.</p><p title="I-II q. 60 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="36024"><span class="ref">[36024] Iª-IIae q. 60 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2435 dicendum quod moralia non habent speciem a fine ultimo sed a
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2436 finibus proximis, qui quidem, etsi infiniti sint numero, non tamen
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2437 infiniti sunt specie.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 2</h3><p title="I-II q. 60 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="36025"><span class="ref">[36025] Iª-IIae q. 60 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2438 sic proceditur. Videtur quod virtutes morales non distinguantur ab
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2439 invicem per hoc quod quaedam sunt circa operationes, quaedam circa
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2440 passiones. Dicit enim philosophus, in II Ethic., quod virtus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2441 moralis est circa delectationes et tristitias optimorum operativa.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2442 Sed voluptates et tristitiae sunt passiones quaedam, ut supra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2443 dictum est. Ergo eadem virtus quae est circa passiones, est etiam
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2444 circa operationes, utpote operativa existens.</p><p title="I-II q. 60 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="36026"><span class="ref">[36026] Iª-IIae q. 60 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2445 passiones sunt principia exteriorum operationum. Si ergo aliquae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2446 virtutes rectificant passiones, oportet quod etiam per consequens
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2447 rectificent operationes. Eaedem ergo virtutes morales sunt circa
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2448 passiones et operationes.</p><p title="I-II q. 60 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="36027"><span class="ref">[36027] Iª-IIae q. 60 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2449 ad omnem operationem exteriorem movetur appetitus sensitivus bene
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2450 vel male. Sed motus appetitus sensitivi sunt passiones. Ergo eaedem
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2451 virtutes quae sunt circa operationes, sunt circa passiones.</p><p title="I-II q. 60 a. 2 s. c."><a name="36028"><span class="ref">[36028] Iª-IIae q. 60 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2452 est quod philosophus ponit iustitiam circa operationes;
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2453 temperantiam autem et fortitudinem et mansuetudinem, circa
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2454 passiones quasdam.</p><p title="I-II q. 60 a. 2 co."><a name="36029"><span class="ref">[36029] Iª-IIae q. 60 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2455 dicendum quod operatio et passio dupliciter potest comparari ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2456 virtutem. Uno modo, sicut effectus. Et hoc modo, omnis moralis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2457 virtus habet aliquas operationes bonas, quarum est productiva; et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2458 delectationem aliquam vel tristitiam, quae sunt passiones, ut supra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2459 dictum est. Alio modo potest comparari operatio ad virtutem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2460 moralem, sicut materia circa quam est. Et secundum hoc, oportet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2461 alias esse virtutes morales circa operationes, et alias circa
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2462 passiones. Cuius ratio est, quia bonum et malum in quibusdam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2463 operationibus attenditur secundum seipsas, qualitercumque homo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2464 afficiatur ad eas, inquantum scilicet bonum in eis et malum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2465 accipitur secundum rationem commensurationis ad alterum. Et in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2466 talibus oportet quod sit aliqua virtus directiva operationum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2467 secundum seipsas, sicut sunt emptio et venditio, et omnes huiusmodi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2468 operationes in quibus attenditur ratio debiti vel indebiti ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2469 alterum. Et propter hoc, iustitia et partes eius proprie sunt circa
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2470 operationes sicut circa propriam materiam. In quibusdam vero
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2471 operationibus bonum et malum attenditur solum secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2472 commensurationem ad operantem. Et ideo oportet in his bonum et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2473 malum considerari, secundum quod homo bene vel male afficitur circa
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2474 huiusmodi. Et propter hoc, oportet quod virtutes in talibus sint
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2475 principaliter circa interiores affectiones, quae dicuntur animae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2476 passiones, sicut patet de temperantia, fortitudine et aliis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2477 huiusmodi. Contingit autem quod in operationibus quae sunt ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2478 alterum, praetermittatur bonum virtutis propter inordinatam animi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2479 passionem. Et tunc, inquantum corrumpitur commensuratio exterioris
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2480 operationis, est corruptio iustitiae, inquantum autem corrumpitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2481 commensuratio interiorum passionum, est corruptio alicuius alterius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2482 virtutis. Sicut cum propter iram aliquis alium percutit, in ipsa
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2483 percussione indebita corrumpitur iustitia, in immoderantia vero
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2484 irae corrumpitur mansuetudo. Et idem patet in aliis.</p><p title="I-II q. 60 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="36030"><span class="ref">[36030] Iª-IIae q. 60 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Et per hoc
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2485 patet responsio ad obiecta. Nam prima ratio procedit de operatione,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2486 secundum quod est effectus virtutis. Aliae vero duae rationes
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2487 procedunt ex hoc, quod ad idem concurrunt operatio et passio. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2488 in quibusdam virtus est principaliter circa operationem, in
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2489 quibusdam circa passionem, ratione praedicta.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 3</h3><p title="I-II q. 60 a. 3 arg. 1"><a name="36031"><span class="ref">[36031] Iª-IIae q. 60 a. 3 arg. 1</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2490 sic proceditur. Videtur quod sit una tantum virtus moralis circa
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2491 operationes. Rectitudo enim omnium operationum exteriorum videtur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2492 ad iustitiam pertinere. Sed iustitia est una virtus. Ergo una sola
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2493 virtus est circa operationes.</p><p title="I-II q. 60 a. 3 arg. 2"><a name="36032"><span class="ref">[36032] Iª-IIae q. 60 a. 3 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2494 operationes maxime differentes esse videntur quae ordinantur ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2495 bonum unius, et quae ordinantur ad bonum multitudinis. Sed ista
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2496 diversitas non diversificat virtutes morales, dicit enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2497 philosophus, in V Ethic., quod iustitia legalis, quae ordinat actus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2498 hominum ad commune bonum, non est aliud a virtute quae ordinat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2499 actus hominis ad unum tantum, nisi secundum rationem. Ergo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2500 diversitas operationum non causat diversitatem virtutum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2501 moralium.</p><p title="I-II q. 60 a. 3 arg. 3"><a name="36033"><span class="ref">[36033] Iª-IIae q. 60 a. 3 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2502 si sunt diversae virtutes morales circa diversas operationes,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2503 oporteret quod secundum diversitatem operationum, esset diversitas
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2504 virtutum moralium. Sed hoc patet esse falsum, nam ad iustitiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2505 pertinet in diversis generibus commutationum rectitudinem statuere,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2506 et etiam in distributionibus, ut patet in V Ethic. Non ergo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2507 diversae virtutes sunt diversarum operationum.</p><p title="I-II q. 60 a. 3 s. c."><a name="36034"><span class="ref">[36034] Iª-IIae q. 60 a. 3 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2508 est quod religio est alia virtus a pietate, quarum tamen utraque
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2509 est circa operationes quasdam.</p><p title="I-II q. 60 a. 3 co."><a name="36035"><span class="ref">[36035] Iª-IIae q. 60 a. 3 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2510 dicendum quod omnes virtutes morales quae sunt circa operationes,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2511 conveniunt in quadam generali ratione iustitiae, quae attenditur
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2512 secundum debitum ad alterum, distinguuntur autem secundum diversas
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2513 speciales rationes. Cuius ratio est quia in operationibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2514 exterioribus ordo rationis instituitur sicut dictum est, non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2515 secundum proportionem ad affectionem hominis, sed secundum ipsam
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2516 convenientiam rei in seipsa; secundum quam convenientiam accipitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2517 ratio debiti, ex quo constituitur ratio iustitiae, ad iustitiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2518 enim pertinere videtur ut quis debitum reddat. Unde omnes huiusmodi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2519 virtutes quae sunt circa operationes, habent aliquo modo rationem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2520 iustitiae. Sed debitum non est unius rationis in omnibus, aliter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2521 enim debetur aliquid aequali, aliter superiori, aliter minori; et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2522 aliter ex pacto, vel ex promisso, vel ex beneficio suscepto. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2523 secundum has diversas rationes debiti, sumuntur diversae virtutes,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2524 puta religio est per quam redditur debitum Deo; pietas est per quam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2525 redditur debitum parentibus vel patriae; gratia est per quam
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2526 redditur debitum benefactoribus; et sic de aliis.</p><p title="I-II q. 60 a. 3 ad 1"><a name="36036"><span class="ref">[36036] Iª-IIae q. 60 a. 3 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2527 ergo dicendum quod iustitia proprie dicta est una specialis virtus,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2528 quae attendit perfectam rationem debiti, quod secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2529 aequivalentiam potest restitui. Dicitur tamen et ampliato nomine
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2530 iustitia, secundum quamcumque debiti redditionem. Et sic non est
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2531 una specialis virtus.</p><p title="I-II q. 60 a. 3 ad 2"><a name="36037"><span class="ref">[36037] Iª-IIae q. 60 a. 3 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2532 dicendum quod iustitia quae intendit bonum commune, est alia virtus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2533 a iustitia quae ordinatur ad bonum privatum alicuius, unde et ius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2534 commune distinguitur a iure privato; et Tullius ponit unam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2535 specialem virtutem, pietatem, quae ordinat ad bonum patriae. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2536 iustitia ordinans hominem ad bonum commune, est generalis per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2537 imperium, quia omnes actus virtutum ordinat ad finem suum, scilicet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2538 ad bonum commune. Virtus autem secundum quod a tali iustitia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2539 imperatur, etiam iustitiae nomen accipit. Et sic virtus a iustitia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2540 legali non differt nisi ratione, sicut sola ratione differt virtus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2541 operans secundum seipsam, et virtus operans ad imperium
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2542 alterius.</p><p title="I-II q. 60 a. 3 ad 3"><a name="36038"><span class="ref">[36038] Iª-IIae q. 60 a. 3 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2543 dicendum quod in omnibus operationibus ad iustitiam specialem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2544 pertinentibus, est eadem ratio debiti. Et ideo est eadem virtus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2545 iustitiae, praecipue quantum ad commutationes. Forte enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2546 distributiva est alterius speciei a commutativa, sed de hoc infra
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2547 quaeretur.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 4</h3><p title="I-II q. 60 a. 4 arg. 1"><a name="36039"><span class="ref">[36039] Iª-IIae q. 60 a. 4 arg. 1</span></a> Ad quartum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2548 sic proceditur. Videtur quod circa diversas passiones non sint
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2549 diversae virtutes morales. Eorum enim quae conveniunt in principio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2550 et fine, unus est habitus, sicut patet maxime in scientiis. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2551 omnium passionum unum est principium, scilicet amor; et omnes ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2552 eundem finem terminantur, scilicet ad delectationem vel tristitiam;
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2553 ut supra habitum est. Ergo circa omnes passiones est una tantum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2554 moralis virtus.</p><p title="I-II q. 60 a. 4 arg. 2"><a name="36040"><span class="ref">[36040] Iª-IIae q. 60 a. 4 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2555 si circa diversas passiones essent diversae virtutes morales,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2556 sequeretur quod tot essent virtutes morales quot passiones. Sed hoc
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2557 patet esse falsum, quia circa oppositas passiones est una et eadem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2558 virtus moralis, sicut fortitudo circa timores et audacias,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2559 temperantia circa delectationes et tristitias. Non ergo oportet
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2560 quod circa diversas passiones sint diversae virtutes morales.</p><p title="I-II q. 60 a. 4 arg. 3"><a name="36041"><span class="ref">[36041] Iª-IIae q. 60 a. 4 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2561 amor, concupiscentia et delectatio sunt passiones specie
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2562 differentes, ut supra habitum est. Sed circa omnes has est una
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2563 virtus, scilicet temperantia. Ergo virtutes morales non sunt
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2564 diversae circa diversas passiones.</p><p title="I-II q. 60 a. 4 s. c."><a name="36042"><span class="ref">[36042] Iª-IIae q. 60 a. 4 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2565 est quod fortitudo est circa timores et audacias; temperantia circa
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2566 concupiscentias; mansuetudo circa iras; ut dicitur in III et IV
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2567 Ethic.</p><p title="I-II q. 60 a. 4 co."><a name="36043"><span class="ref">[36043] Iª-IIae q. 60 a. 4 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2568 dicendum quod non potest dici quod circa omnes passiones sit una
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2569 sola virtus moralis, sunt enim quaedam passiones ad diversas
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2570 potentias pertinentes; aliae namque pertinent ad irascibilem, aliae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2571 ad concupiscibilem, ut supra dictum est. Nec tamen oportet quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2572 omnis diversitas passionum sufficiat ad virtutes morales
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2573 diversificandas. Primo quidem, quia quaedam passiones sunt quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2574 sibi opponuntur secundum contrarietatem, sicut gaudium et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2575 tristitia, timor et audacia, et alia huiusmodi. Et circa huiusmodi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2576 passiones sic oppositas, oportet esse unam et eandem virtutem. Cum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2577 enim virtus moralis in quadam medietate consistat, medium in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2578 contrariis passionibus secundum eandem rationem instituitur, sicut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2579 et in naturalibus idem est medium inter contraria, ut inter album
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2580 et nigrum. Secundo, quia diversae passiones inveniuntur secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2581 eundem modum rationi repugnantes, puta secundum impulsum ad id quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2582 est contra rationem; vel secundum retractionem ab eo quod est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2583 secundum rationem. Et ideo diversae passiones concupiscibilis non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2584 pertinent ad diversas virtutes morales, quia earum motus secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2585 quendam ordinem se invicem consequuntur, utpote ad idem ordinati,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2586 scilicet ad consequendum bonum, vel ad fugiendum malum; sicut ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2587 amore procedit concupiscentia, et ex concupiscentia pervenitur ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2588 delectationem. Et eadem ratio est de oppositis, quia ex odio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2589 sequitur fuga vel abominatio, quae perducit ad tristitiam. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2590 passiones irascibilis non sunt unius ordinis, sed ad diversa
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2591 ordinantur, nam audacia et timor ordinantur ad aliquod magnum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2592 periculum; spes et desperatio ad aliquod bonum arduum; ira autem ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2593 superandum aliquod contrarium quod nocumentum intulit. Et ideo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2594 circa has passiones diversae virtutes ordinantur, utpote
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2595 temperantia circa passiones concupiscibilis; fortitudo circa
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2596 timores et audacias; magnanimitas circa spem et desperationem;
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2597 mansuetudo circa iras.</p><p title="I-II q. 60 a. 4 ad 1"><a name="36044"><span class="ref">[36044] Iª-IIae q. 60 a. 4 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2598 ergo dicendum quod omnes passiones conveniunt in uno principio et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2599 fine communi, non autem in uno proprio principio seu fine. Unde hoc
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2600 non sufficit ad unitatem virtutis moralis.</p><p title="I-II q. 60 a. 4 ad 2"><a name="36045"><span class="ref">[36045] Iª-IIae q. 60 a. 4 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2601 dicendum quod, sicut in naturalibus idem est principium quo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2602 receditur ab uno principio, et acceditur ad aliud; et in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2603 rationalibus est eadem ratio contrariorum, ita etiam virtus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2604 moralis, quae in modum naturae rationi consentit, est eadem
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2605 contrariarum passionum.</p><p title="I-II q. 60 a. 4 ad 3"><a name="36046"><span class="ref">[36046] Iª-IIae q. 60 a. 4 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2606 dicendum quod illae tres passiones ad idem obiectum ordinantur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2607 secundum quendam ordinem, ut dictum est. Et ideo ad eandem virtutem
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2608 moralem pertinent.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 5</h3><p title="I-II q. 60 a. 5 arg. 1"><a name="36047"><span class="ref">[36047] Iª-IIae q. 60 a. 5 arg. 1</span></a> Ad quintum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2609 sic proceditur. Videtur quod virtutes morales non distinguantur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2610 secundum obiecta passionum. Sicut enim sunt obiecta passionum, ita
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2611 sunt obiecta operationum. Sed virtutes morales quae sunt circa
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2612 operationes, non distinguuntur secundum obiecta operationum, ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2613 eandem enim virtutem iustitiae pertinet emere vel vendere domum, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2614 equum. Ergo etiam nec virtutes morales quae sunt circa passiones,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2615 diversificantur per obiecta passionum.</p><p title="I-II q. 60 a. 5 arg. 2"><a name="36048"><span class="ref">[36048] Iª-IIae q. 60 a. 5 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2616 passiones sunt quidam actus vel motus appetitus sensitivi. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2617 maior diversitas requiritur ad diversitatem habituum, quam ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2618 diversitatem actuum. Diversa igitur obiecta quae non diversificant
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2619 speciem passionis, non diversificabunt speciem virtutis moralis.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2620 Ita scilicet quod de omnibus delectabilibus erit una virtus
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2621 moralis, et similiter est de aliis.</p><p title="I-II q. 60 a. 5 arg. 3"><a name="36049"><span class="ref">[36049] Iª-IIae q. 60 a. 5 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2622 magis et minus non diversificant speciem. Sed diversa delectabilia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2623 non differunt nisi secundum magis et minus. Ergo omnia delectabilia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2624 pertinent ad unam speciem virtutis. Et eadem ratione, omnia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2625 terribilia, et similiter de aliis. Non ergo virtus moralis
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2626 distinguitur secundum obiecta passionum.</p><p title="I-II q. 60 a. 5 arg. 4"><a name="36050"><span class="ref">[36050] Iª-IIae q. 60 a. 5 arg. 4</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2627 sicut virtus est operativa boni, ita est impeditiva mali. Sed circa
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2628 concupiscentias bonorum sunt diversae virtutes, sicut temperantia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2629 circa concupiscentias delectationum tactus, et eutrapelia circa
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2630 delectationes ludi. Ergo etiam circa timores malorum debent esse
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2631 diversae virtutes.</p><p title="I-II q. 60 a. 5 s. c."><a name="36051"><span class="ref">[36051] Iª-IIae q. 60 a. 5 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2632 est quod castitas est circa delectabilia venereorum; abstinentia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2633 vero est circa delectabilia ciborum; et eutrapelia circa
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2634 delectabilia ludorum.</p><p title="I-II q. 60 a. 5 co."><a name="36052"><span class="ref">[36052] Iª-IIae q. 60 a. 5 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2635 dicendum quod perfectio virtutis ex ratione dependet, perfectio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2636 autem passionis, ex ipso appetitu sensitivo. Unde oportet quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2637 virtutes diversificentur secundum ordinem ad rationem, passiones
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2638 autem, secundum ordinem ad appetitum. Obiecta igitur passionum,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2639 secundum quod diversimode comparantur ad appetitum sensitivum,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2640 causant diversas passionum species, secundum vero quod comparantur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2641 ad rationem, causant diversas species virtutum. Non est autem idem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2642 motus rationis, et appetitus sensitivi. Unde nihil prohibet aliquam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2643 differentiam obiectorum causare diversitatem passionum, quae non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2644 causat diversitatem virtutum, sicut quando una virtus est circa
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2645 multas passiones, ut dictum est, et aliquam etiam differentiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2646 obiectorum causare diversitatem virtutum, quae non causat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2647 diversitatem passionum, cum circa unam passionem, puta
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2648 delectationem, diversae virtutes ordinentur. Et quia diversae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2649 passiones ad diversas potentias pertinentes, semper pertinent ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2650 diversas virtutes, ut dictum est; ideo diversitas obiectorum quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2651 respicit diversitatem potentiarum, semper diversificat species
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2652 virtutum; puta quod aliquid sit bonum absolute, et aliquid bonum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2653 cum aliqua arduitate. Et quia ordine quodam ratio inferiores
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2654 hominis partes regit, et etiam se ad exteriora extendit; ideo etiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2655 secundum quod unum obiectum passionis apprehenditur sensu vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2656 imaginatione, aut etiam ratione; et secundum etiam quod pertinet ad
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2657 animam, corpus, vel exteriores res; diversam habitudinem habet ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2658 rationem; et per consequens natum est diversificare virtutes. Bonum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2659 igitur hominis, quod est obiectum amoris, concupiscentiae et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2660 delectationis, potest accipi vel ad sensum corporis pertinens; vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2661 ad interiorem animae apprehensionem. Et hoc, sive ordinetur ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2662 bonum hominis in seipso, vel quantum ad corpus vel quantum ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2663 animam; sive ordinetur ad bonum hominis in ordine ad alios. Et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2664 omnis talis diversitas, propter diversum ordinem ad rationem,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2665 diversificat virtutem. Sic igitur si consideretur aliquod bonum, si
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2666 quidem sit per sensum tactus apprehensum, et ad consistentiam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2667 humanae vitae pertinens in individuo vel in specie, sicut sunt
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2668 delectabilia ciborum et venereorum; erit pertinens ad virtutem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2669 temperantiae. Delectationes autem aliorum sensuum, cum non sint
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2670 vehementes, non praestant aliquam difficultatem rationi, et ideo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2671 circa eas non ponitur aliqua virtus, quae est circa difficile,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2672 sicut et ars, ut dicitur in II Ethic. Bonum autem non sensu, sed
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2673 interiori virtute apprehensum, ad ipsum hominem pertinens secundum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2674 seipsum, est sicut pecunia et honor; quorum pecunia ordinabilis est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2675 de se ad bonum corporis; honor autem consistit in apprehensione
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2676 animae. Et haec quidem bona considerari possunt vel absolute,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2677 secundum quod pertinent ad concupiscibilem; vel cum arduitate
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2678 quadam, secundum quod pertinent ad irascibilem. Quae quidem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2679 distinctio non habet locum in bonis quae delectant tactum, quia
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2680 huiusmodi sunt quaedam infima, et competunt homini secundum quod
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2681 convenit cum brutis. Circa bonum igitur pecuniae absolute sumptum,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2682 secundum quod est obiectum concupiscentiae vel delectationis aut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2683 amoris, est liberalitas. Circa bonum autem huiusmodi cum arduitate
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2684 sumptum, secundum quod est obiectum spei, est magnificentia. Circa
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2685 bonum vero quod est honor, si quidem sit absolute sumptum, secundum
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2686 quod est obiectum amoris, sic est quaedam virtus quae vocatur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2687 philotimia, idest amor honoris. Si vero cum arduitate consideretur,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2688 secundum quod est obiectum spei, sic est magnanimitas. Unde
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2689 liberalitas et philotimia videntur esse in concupiscibili,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2690 magnificentia vero et magnanimitas in irascibili. Bonum vero
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2691 hominis in ordine ad alium, non videtur arduitatem habere, sed
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2692 accipitur ut absolute sumptum, prout est obiectum passionum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2693 concupiscibilis. Quod quidem bonum potest esse alicui delectabile
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2694 secundum quod praebet se alteri vel in his quae serio fiunt, idest
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2695 in actionibus per rationem ordinatis ad debitum finem; vel in his
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2696 quae fiunt ludo, idest in actionibus ordinatis ad delectationem
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2697 tantum, quae non eodem modo se habent ad rationem sicut prima. In
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2698 seriis autem se exhibet aliquis alteri dupliciter. Uno modo, ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2699 delectabilem decentibus verbis et factis, et hoc pertinet ad
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2700 quandam virtutem quam Aristoteles nominat amicitiam; et potest dici
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2701 affabilitas. Alio modo praebet se aliquis alteri ut manifestum, per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2702 dicta et facta, et hoc pertinet ad aliam virtutem, quam nominat
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2703 veritatem. Manifestatio enim propinquius accedit ad rationem quam
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2704 delectatio; et seria quam iocosa. Unde et circa delectationes
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2705 ludorum est alia virtus, quam philosophus eutrapeliam nominat. Sic
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2706 igitur patet quod, secundum Aristotelem, sunt decem virtutes
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2707 morales circa passiones, scilicet fortitudo, temperantia,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2708 liberalitas, magnificentia, magnanimitas, philotimia, mansuetudo,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2709 amicitia, veritas et eutrapelia. Et distinguuntur secundum diversas
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2710 materias vel secundum diversas passiones; vel secundum diversa
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2711 obiecta. Si igitur addatur iustitia, quae est circa operationes,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2712 erunt omnes undecim.</p><p title="I-II q. 60 a. 5 ad 1"><a name="36053"><span class="ref">[36053] Iª-IIae q. 60 a. 5 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2713 ergo dicendum quod omnia obiecta eiusdem operationis secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2714 speciem, eandem habitudinem habent ad rationem; non autem omnia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2715 obiecta eiusdem passionis secundum speciem, quia operationes non
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2716 repugnant rationi, sicut passiones.</p><p title="I-II q. 60 a. 5 ad 2"><a name="36054"><span class="ref">[36054] Iª-IIae q. 60 a. 5 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2717 dicendum quod alia ratione diversificantur passiones, et alia
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2718 virtutes, sicut dictum est.</p><p title="I-II q. 60 a. 5 ad 3"><a name="36055"><span class="ref">[36055] Iª-IIae q. 60 a. 5 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2719 dicendum quod magis et minus non diversificant speciem, nisi
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2720 propter diversam habitudinem ad rationem.</p><p title="I-II q. 60 a. 5 ad 4"><a name="36056"><span class="ref">[36056] Iª-IIae q. 60 a. 5 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2721 dicendum quod bonum fortius est ad movendum quam malum quia malum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2722 non agit nisi virtute boni, ut Dionysius dicit, IV cap. de Div.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2723 Nom. Unde malum non facit difficultatem rationi quae requirat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2724 virtutem, nisi sit excellens, quod videtur esse unum in uno genere
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2725 passionis. Unde circa iras non ponitur nisi una virtus, scilicet
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2726 mansuetudo, et similiter circa audacias una sola, scilicet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2727 fortitudo. Sed bonum ingerit difficultatem, quae requirit virtutem,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2728 etiam si non sit excellens in genere talis passionis. Et ideo circa
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2729 concupiscentias ponuntur diversae virtutes morales, ut dictum
59
03759e5c1080 fix multi-para s.c.
ht
parents: 53
diff changeset
2730 est.</p></div></div><div id="q61" class="q"><h2>Quaestio 61</h2><div class="p"><h3>Prooemium</h3><p title="I-II q. 61 pr."><a name="36057"><span class="ref">[36057]
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2731 Iª-IIae q. 61 pr.</span></a> Deinde considerandum est de
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2732 virtutibus cardinalibus. Et circa hoc quaeruntur quinque. Primo,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2733 utrum virtutes morales debeant dici cardinales, vel principales.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2734 Secundo, de numero earum. Tertio, quae sint. Quarto, utrum
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2735 differant ab invicem. Quinto, utrum dividantur convenienter in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2736 virtutes politicas, et purgatorias, et purgati animi, et
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2737 exemplares.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 1</h3><p title="I-II q. 61 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="36058"><span class="ref">[36058] Iª-IIae q. 61 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2738 sic proceditur. Videtur quod virtutes morales non debeant dici
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2739 cardinales, seu principales. Quae enim ex opposito dividuntur, sunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2740 simul natura, ut dicitur in praedicamentis, et sic unum non est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2741 altero principalius. Sed omnes virtutes ex opposito dividunt genus
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2742 virtutis. Ergo nullae earum debent dici principales.</p><p title="I-II q. 61 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="36059"><span class="ref">[36059] Iª-IIae q. 61 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2743 finis principalior est his quae sunt ad finem. Sed virtutes
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2744 theologicae sunt circa finem, virtutes autem morales circa ea quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2745 sunt ad finem. Ergo virtutes morales non debent dici principales,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2746 seu cardinales; sed magis theologicae.</p><p title="I-II q. 61 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="36060"><span class="ref">[36060] Iª-IIae q. 61 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2747 principalius est quod est per essentiam, quam quod est per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2748 participationem. Sed virtutes intellectuales pertinent ad rationale
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2749 per essentiam, virtutes autem morales ad rationale per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2750 participationem, ut supra dictum est. Ergo virtutes morales non
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2751 sunt principales, sed magis virtutes intellectuales.</p><p title="I-II q. 61 a. 1 s. c."><a name="36061"><span class="ref">[36061] Iª-IIae q. 61 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2752 est quod Ambrosius dicit, super Lucam, exponens illud, <i>beati
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2753 pauperes spiritu, scimus virtutes esse quatuor cardinales, scilicet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2754 temperantiam, iustitiam, prudentiam, fortitudinem</i>. Hae autem
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2755 sunt virtutes morales. Ergo virtutes morales sunt cardinales.</p><p title="I-II q. 61 a. 1 co."><a name="36062"><span class="ref">[36062] Iª-IIae q. 61 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2756 dicendum quod, cum simpliciter de virtute loquimur, intelligimur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2757 loqui de virtute humana. Virtus autem humana, ut supra dictum est,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2758 secundum perfectam rationem virtutis dicitur, quae requirit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2759 rectitudinem appetitus, huiusmodi enim virtus non solum facit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2760 facultatem bene agendi, sed ipsum etiam usum boni operis causat.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2761 Sed secundum imperfectam rationem virtutis dicitur virtus quae non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2762 requirit rectitudinem appetitus, quia solum facit facultatem bene
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2763 agendi, non autem causat boni operis usum. Constat autem quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2764 perfectum est principalius imperfecto. Et ideo virtutes quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2765 continent rectitudinem appetitus, dicuntur principales. Huiusmodi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2766 autem sunt virtutes morales; et inter intellectuales, sola
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2767 prudentia, quae etiam quodammodo moralis est, secundum materiam, ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2768 ex supradictis patet, unde convenienter inter virtutes morales
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2769 ponuntur illae quae dicuntur principales, seu cardinales.</p><p title="I-II q. 61 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="36063"><span class="ref">[36063] Iª-IIae q. 61 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2770 ergo dicendum quod, quando genus univocum dividitur in suas
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2771 species, tunc partes divisionis ex aequo se habent secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2772 rationem generis; licet secundum naturam rei, una species sit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2773 principalior et perfectior alia, sicut homo aliis animalibus. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2774 quando est divisio alicuius analogi, quod dicitur de pluribus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2775 secundum prius et posterius; tunc nihil prohibet unum esse
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2776 principalius altero, etiam secundum communem rationem; sicut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2777 substantia principalius dicitur ens quam accidens. Et talis est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2778 divisio virtutum in diversa genera virtutum, eo quod bonum rationis
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2779 non secundum eundem ordinem invenitur in omnibus.</p><p title="I-II q. 61 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="36064"><span class="ref">[36064] Iª-IIae q. 61 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2780 dicendum quod virtutes theologicae sunt supra hominem, ut supra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2781 dictum est. Unde non proprie dicuntur virtutes humanae, sed
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2782 superhumanae, vel divinae.</p><p title="I-II q. 61 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="36065"><span class="ref">[36065] Iª-IIae q. 61 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2783 dicendum, quod aliae virtutes intellectuales a prudentia, etsi sint
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2784 principaliores quam morales quantum ad subiectum; non tamen sunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2785 principaliores quantum ad rationem virtutis, quae respicit bonum,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2786 quod est obiectum appetitus.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 2</h3><p title="I-II q. 61 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="36066"><span class="ref">[36066] Iª-IIae q. 61 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2787 sic proceditur. Videtur quod non sint quatuor virtutes cardinales.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2788 Prudentia enim est directiva aliarum virtutum moralium, ut ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2789 supradictis patet. Sed id quod est directivum aliorum, principalius
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2790 est. Ergo prudentia sola est virtus principalis.</p><p title="I-II q. 61 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="36067"><span class="ref">[36067] Iª-IIae q. 61 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2791 virtutes principales sunt aliquo modo morales. Sed ad operationes
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2792 morales ordinamur per rationem practicam, et appetitum rectum, ut
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2793 dicitur in VI Ethic. Ergo solae duae virtutes cardinales sunt.</p><p title="I-II q. 61 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="36068"><span class="ref">[36068] Iª-IIae q. 61 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2794 inter alias etiam virtutes una est principalior altera. Sed ad hoc
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2795 quod virtus dicatur principalis, non requiritur quod sit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2796 principalis respectu omnium, sed respectu quarundam. Ergo videtur
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2797 quod sint multo plures principales virtutes.</p><p title="I-II q. 61 a. 2 s. c."><a name="36069"><span class="ref">[36069] Iª-IIae q. 61 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2798 est quod Gregorius dicit, in II Moral., <i>in quatuor virtutibus
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2799 tota boni operis structura consurgit</i>.</p><p title="I-II q. 61 a. 2 co."><a name="36070"><span class="ref">[36070] Iª-IIae q. 61 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2800 dicendum quod numerus aliquorum accipi potest aut secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2801 principia formalia aut secundum subiecta, et utroque modo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2802 inveniuntur quatuor cardinales virtutes. Principium enim formale
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2803 virtutis de qua nunc loquimur, est rationis bonum. Quod quidem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2804 dupliciter potest considerari. Uno modo, secundum quod in ipsa
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2805 consideratione rationis consistit. Et sic erit una virtus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2806 principalis, quae dicitur prudentia. Alio modo, secundum quod circa
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2807 aliquid ponitur rationis ordo. Et hoc vel circa operationes, et sic
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2808 est iustitia, vel circa passiones, et sic necesse est esse duas
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2809 virtutes. Ordinem enim rationis necesse est ponere circa passiones,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2810 considerata repugnantia ipsarum ad rationem. Quae quidem potest
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2811 esse dupliciter. Uno modo secundum quod passio impellit ad aliquid
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2812 contrarium rationi, et sic necesse est quod passio reprimatur, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2813 ab hoc denominatur temperantia. Alio modo, secundum quod passio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2814 retrahit ab eo quod ratio dictat, sicut timor periculorum vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2815 laborum, et sic necesse est quod homo firmetur in eo quod est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2816 rationis, ne recedat; et ab hoc denominatur fortitudo. Similiter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2817 secundum subiecta, idem numerus invenitur. Quadruplex enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2818 invenitur subiectum huius virtutis de qua nunc loquimur, scilicet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2819 rationale per essentiam, quod prudentia perficit; et rationale per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2820 participationem, quod dividitur in tria; idest in voluntatem, quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2821 est subiectum iustitiae; et in concupiscibilem, quae est subiectum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2822 temperantiae; et in irascibilem, quae est subiectum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2823 fortitudinis.</p><p title="I-II q. 61 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="36071"><span class="ref">[36071] Iª-IIae q. 61 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2824 ergo dicendum quod prudentia est simpliciter principalior omnibus.
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2825 Sed aliae ponuntur principales unaquaeque in suo genere.</p><p title="I-II q. 61 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="36072"><span class="ref">[36072] Iª-IIae q. 61 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2826 dicendum quod rationale per participationem dividitur in tria, ut
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2827 dictum est.</p><p title="I-II q. 61 a. 2 ad 3"><a name="36073"><span class="ref">[36073] Iª-IIae q. 61 a. 2 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2828 dicendum quod omnes aliae virtutes, quarum una est principalior
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2829 alia, reducuntur ad praedictas quatuor, et quantum ad subiectum, et
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2830 quantum ad rationes formales.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 3</h3><p title="I-II q. 61 a. 3 arg. 1"><a name="36074"><span class="ref">[36074] Iª-IIae q. 61 a. 3 arg. 1</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2831 sic proceditur. Videtur quod aliae virtutes debeant dici magis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2832 principales quam istae. Id enim quod est maximum in unoquoque
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2833 genere, videtur esse principalius. Sed magnanimitas operatur magnum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2834 in omnibus virtutibus, ut dicitur in IV Ethic. Ergo magnanimitas
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2835 maxime debet dici principalis virtus.</p><p title="I-II q. 61 a. 3 arg. 2"><a name="36075"><span class="ref">[36075] Iª-IIae q. 61 a. 3 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2836 illud per quod aliae virtutes firmantur, videtur esse maxime
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2837 principalis virtus. Sed humilitas est huiusmodi, dicit enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2838 Gregorius quod <i>qui ceteras virtutes sine humilitate congregat,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2839 quasi paleas in ventum portat</i>. Ergo humilitas videtur esse
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2840 maxime principalis.</p><p title="I-II q. 61 a. 3 arg. 3"><a name="36076"><span class="ref">[36076] Iª-IIae q. 61 a. 3 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2841 illud videtur esse principale, quod est perfectissimum. Sed hoc
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2842 pertinet ad patientiam; secundum illud Iacobi I, <i>patientia opus
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2843 perfectum habet</i>. Ergo patientia debet poni principalis.</p><p title="I-II q. 61 a. 3 s. c."><a name="36077"><span class="ref">[36077] Iª-IIae q. 61 a. 3 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2844 est quod Tullius, in sua rhetorica, ad has quatuor omnes alias
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2845 reducit.</p><p title="I-II q. 61 a. 3 co."><a name="36078"><span class="ref">[36078] Iª-IIae q. 61 a. 3 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2846 dicendum quod sicut supra dictum est, huiusmodi quatuor virtutes
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2847 cardinales accipiuntur secundum quatuor formales rationes virtutis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2848 de qua loquimur. Quae quidem in aliquibus actibus vel passionibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2849 principaliter inveniuntur. Sicut bonum consistens in consideratione
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2850 rationis, principaliter invenitur in ipso rationis imperio; non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2851 autem in consilio, neque in iudicio, ut supra dictum est. Similiter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2852 autem bonum rationis prout ponitur in operationibus secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2853 rationem recti et debiti, principaliter invenitur in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2854 commutationibus vel distributionibus quae sunt ad alterum cum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2855 aequalitate. Bonum autem refraenandi passiones principaliter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2856 invenitur in passionibus quas maxime difficile est reprimere,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2857 scilicet in delectationibus tactus. Bonum autem firmitatis ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2858 standum in bono rationis contra impetum passionum, praecipue
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2859 invenitur in periculis mortis, contra quae difficillimum est stare.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2860 Sic igitur praedictas quatuor virtutes dupliciter considerare
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2861 possumus. Uno modo, secundum communes rationes formales. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2862 secundum hoc, dicuntur principales, quasi generales ad omnes
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2863 virtutes, utputa quod omnis virtus quae facit bonum in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2864 consideratione rationis, dicatur prudentia; et quod omnis virtus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2865 quae facit bonum debiti et recti in operationibus, dicatur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2866 iustitia; et omnis virtus quae cohibet passiones et deprimit,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2867 dicatur temperantia; et omnis virtus quae facit firmitatem animi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2868 contra quascumque passiones, dicatur fortitudo. Et sic multi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2869 loquuntur de istis virtutibus, tam sacri doctores quam etiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2870 philosophi. Et sic aliae virtutes sub ipsis continentur unde
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2871 cessant omnes obiectiones. Alio vero modo possunt accipi, secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2872 quod istae virtutes denominantur ab eo quod est praecipuum in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2873 unaquaque materia. Et sic sunt speciales virtutes, contra alias
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2874 divisae. Dicuntur tamen principales respectu aliarum, propter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2875 principalitatem materiae, puta quod prudentia dicatur quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2876 praeceptiva est; iustitia, quae est circa actiones debitas inter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2877 aequales; temperantia, quae reprimit concupiscentias delectationum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2878 tactus; fortitudo, quae firmat contra pericula mortis.</p><p title="I-II q. 61 a. 3 ad 1"><a name="36079"><span class="ref">[36079] Iª-IIae q. 61 a. 3 ad 1</span></a> Et sic etiam
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2879 cessant obiectiones, quia aliae virtutes possunt habere aliquas
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2880 alias principalitates, sed istae dicuntur principales ratione
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2881 materiae, ut supra dictum est.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 4</h3><p title="I-II q. 61 a. 4 arg. 1"><a name="36080"><span class="ref">[36080] Iª-IIae q. 61 a. 4 arg. 1</span></a> Ad quartum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2882 sic proceditur. Videtur quod quatuor praedictae virtutes non sint
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2883 diversae virtutes, et ab invicem distinctae. Dicit enim Gregorius,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2884 in XXII Moral., <i>prudentia vera non est, quae iusta, temperans et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2885 fortis non est; nec perfecta temperantia, quae fortis, iusta et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2886 prudens non est; nec fortitudo integra, quae prudens, temperans et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2887 iusta non est; nec vera iustitia, quae prudens, fortis et temperans
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2888 non est</i>. Hoc autem non contingeret, si praedictae quatuor
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2889 virtutes essent ab invicem distinctae, diversae enim species
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2890 eiusdem generis non denominant se invicem. Ergo praedictae virtutes
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2891 non sunt ab invicem distinctae.</p><p title="I-II q. 61 a. 4 arg. 2"><a name="36081"><span class="ref">[36081] Iª-IIae q. 61 a. 4 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2892 eorum quae ab invicem sunt distincta, quod est unius, non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2893 attribuitur alteri. Sed illud quod est temperantiae, attribuitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2894 fortitudini, dicit enim Ambrosius, in I libro de Offic., <i>iure ea
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2895 fortitudo vocatur, quando unusquisque seipsum vincit, nullis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2896 illecebris emollitur atque inflectitur</i>. De temperantia etiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2897 dicit quod modum vel ordinem servat <i>omnium quae vel agenda vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2898 dicenda arbitramur</i>. Ergo videtur quod huiusmodi virtutes non
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2899 sunt ab invicem distinctae.</p><p title="I-II q. 61 a. 4 arg. 3"><a name="36082"><span class="ref">[36082] Iª-IIae q. 61 a. 4 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2900 philosophus dicit, in II Ethic., quod ad virtutem haec requiruntur,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2901 <i>primum quidem, si sciens; deinde, si eligens, et eligens propter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2902 hoc; tertium autem, si firme et immobiliter habeat et operetur</i>.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2903 Sed horum primum videtur ad prudentiam pertinere, quae est recta
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2904 ratio agibilium; secundum, scilicet eligere, ad temperantiam, ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2905 aliquis non ex passione, sed ex electione agat, passionibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2906 refraenatis; tertium, ut aliquis propter debitum finem operetur,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2907 rectitudinem quandam continet, quae videtur ad iustitiam pertinere
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2908 aliud, scilicet firmitas et immobilitas, pertinet ad fortitudinem.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2909 Ergo quaelibet harum virtutum est generalis ad omnes virtutes. Ergo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2910 non distinguuntur ad invicem.</p><p title="I-II q. 61 a. 4 s. c."><a name="36083"><span class="ref">[36083] Iª-IIae q. 61 a. 4 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2911 est quod Augustinus dicit, in libro de moribus Eccles., quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2912 <i>quadripartita dicitur virtus, ex ipsius amoris vario
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2913 affectu</i>, et subiungit de praedictis quatuor virtutibus.
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2914 Praedictae ergo quatuor virtutes sunt ab invicem distinctae.</p><p title="I-II q. 61 a. 4 co."><a name="36084"><span class="ref">[36084] Iª-IIae q. 61 a. 4 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2915 dicendum quod, sicut supra dictum est, praedictae quatuor virtutes
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2916 dupliciter a diversis accipiuntur. Quidam enim accipiunt eas, prout
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2917 significant quasdam generales conditiones humani animi, quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2918 inveniuntur in omnibus virtutibus, ita scilicet quod prudentia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2919 nihil sit aliud quam quaedam rectitudo discretionis in quibuscumque
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2920 actibus vel materiis; iustitia vero sit quaedam rectitudo animi,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2921 per quam homo operatur quod debet in quacumque materia; temperantia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2922 vero sit quaedam dispositio animi quae modum quibuscumque
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2923 passionibus vel operationibus imponit, ne ultra debitum efferantur;
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2924 fortitudo vero sit quaedam dispositio animae per quam firmetur in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2925 eo quod est secundum rationem, contra quoscumque impetus passionum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2926 vel operationum labores. Haec autem quatuor sic distincta, non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2927 important diversitatem habituum virtuosorum quantum ad iustitiam,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2928 temperantiam et fortitudinem. Cuilibet enim virtuti morali, ex hoc
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2929 quod est habitus, convenit quaedam firmitas, ut a contrario non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2930 moveatur, quod dictum est ad fortitudinem pertinere. Ex hoc vero
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2931 quod est virtus, habet quod ordinetur ad bonum, in quo importatur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2932 ratio recti vel debiti, quod dicebatur ad iustitiam pertinere. In
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2933 hoc vero quod est virtus moralis rationem participans, habet quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2934 modum rationis in omnibus servet, et ultra se non extendat, quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2935 dicebatur pertinere ad temperantiam. Solum autem hoc quod est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2936 discretionem habere, quod attribuebatur prudentiae, videtur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2937 distingui ab aliis tribus, inquantum hoc est ipsius rationis per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2938 essentiam; alia vero tria important quandam participationem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2939 rationis, per modum applicationis cuiusdam ad passiones vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2940 operationes. Sic igitur, secundum praedicta, prudentia quidem esset
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2941 virtus distincta ab aliis tribus, sed aliae tres non essent
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2942 virtutes distinctae ab invicem; manifestum est enim quod una et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2943 eadem virtus et est habitus, et est virtus, et est moralis. Alii
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2944 vero, et melius, accipiunt has quatuor virtutes secundum quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2945 determinantur ad materias speciales; unaquaeque quidem illarum ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2946 unam materiam, in qua principaliter laudatur illa generalis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2947 conditio a qua nomen virtutis accipitur, ut supra dictum est. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2948 secundum hoc, manifestum est quod praedictae virtutes sunt diversi
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2949 habitus, secundum diversitatem obiectorum distincti.</p><p title="I-II q. 61 a. 4 ad 1"><a name="36085"><span class="ref">[36085] Iª-IIae q. 61 a. 4 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2950 ergo dicendum quod Gregorius loquitur de praedictis quatuor
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2951 virtutibus secundum primam acceptionem. Vel potest dici quod istae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2952 quatuor virtutes denominantur ab invicem per redundantiam quandam.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2953 Id enim quod est prudentiae, redundat in alias virtutes, inquantum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2954 a prudentia diriguntur. Unaquaeque vero aliarum redundat in alias
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2955 ea ratione, quod qui potest quod est difficilius, potest et id quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2956 minus est difficile. Unde qui potest refraenare concupiscentias
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2957 delectabilium secundum tactum, ne modum excedant, quod est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2958 difficillimum; ex hoc ipso redditur habilior ut refraenet audaciam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2959 in periculis mortis, ne ultra modum procedat, quod est longe
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2960 facilius; et secundum hoc, fortitudo dicitur temperata. Temperantia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2961 etiam dicitur fortis, ex redundantia fortitudinis in temperantiam,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2962 inquantum scilicet ille qui per fortitudinem habet animum firmum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2963 contra pericula mortis, quod est difficillimum, est habilior ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2964 retineat animi firmitatem contra impetus delectationum; quia, ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2965 dicit Tullius in I de Offic., <i>non est consentaneum ut qui metu
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2966 non frangitur, cupiditate frangatur; nec qui invictum se a labore
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2967 praestiterit, vinci a voluptate</i>.</p><p title="I-II q. 61 a. 4 ad 2"><a name="36086"><span class="ref">[36086] Iª-IIae q. 61 a. 4 ad 2</span></a> Et per hoc
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2968 etiam patet responsio ad secundum. Sic enim temperantia in omnibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2969 modum servat, et fortitudo contra illecebras voluptatum animum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2970 servat inflexum, vel inquantum istae virtutes denominant quasdam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2971 generales conditiones virtutum; vel per redundantiam
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2972 praedictam.</p><p title="I-II q. 61 a. 4 ad 3"><a name="36087"><span class="ref">[36087] Iª-IIae q. 61 a. 4 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2973 dicendum quod illae quatuor generales virtutum conditiones quas
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2974 ponit philosophus, non sunt propriae praedictis virtutibus. Sed
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2975 possunt eis appropriari, secundum modum iam dictum.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 5</h3><p title="I-II q. 61 a. 5 arg. 1"><a name="36088"><span class="ref">[36088] Iª-IIae q. 61 a. 5 arg. 1</span></a> Ad quintum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2976 sic proceditur. Videtur quod inconvenienter huiusmodi quatuor
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2977 virtutes dividantur in virtutes exemplares, purgati animi,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2978 purgatorias, et politicas. Ut enim Macrobius dicit, in I super
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2979 somnium Scipionis, <i>virtutes exemplares sunt quae in ipsa divina
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2980 mente consistunt</i>. Sed philosophus, in X Ethic., dicit quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2981 <i>ridiculum est Deo iustitiam, fortitudinem, temperantiam et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2982 prudentiam attribuere</i>. Ergo virtutes huiusmodi non possunt esse
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2983 exemplares.</p><p title="I-II q. 61 a. 5 arg. 2"><a name="36089"><span class="ref">[36089] Iª-IIae q. 61 a. 5 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2984 virtutes purgati animi dicuntur quae sunt absque passionibus, dicit
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2985 enim ibidem Macrobius quod <i>temperantiae purgati animi est
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2986 terrenas cupiditates non reprimere, sed penitus oblivisci;
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2987 fortitudinis autem passiones ignorare, non vincere</i>. Dictum est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2988 autem supra quod huiusmodi virtutes sine passionibus esse non
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2989 possunt. Ergo huiusmodi virtutes purgati animi esse non
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2990 possunt.</p><p title="I-II q. 61 a. 5 arg. 3"><a name="36090"><span class="ref">[36090] Iª-IIae q. 61 a. 5 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2991 virtutes purgatorias dicit esse eorum <i>qui quadam humanorum fuga
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2992 solis se inserunt divinis</i>. Sed hoc videtur esse vitiosum, dicit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2993 enim Tullius, in I de Offic., <i>quod qui despicere se dicunt ea
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2994 quae plerique mirantur imperia et magistratus, his non modo non
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2995 laudi, verum etiam vitio dandum puto</i>. Ergo non sunt aliquae
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2996 virtutes purgatoriae.</p><p title="I-II q. 61 a. 5 arg. 4"><a name="36091"><span class="ref">[36091] Iª-IIae q. 61 a. 5 arg. 4</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2997 virtutes politicas esse dicit <i>quibus boni viri reipublicae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2998 consulunt, urbesque tuentur</i>. Sed ad bonum commune sola iustitia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2999 legalis ordinatur; ut philosophus dicit, in V Ethic. Ergo aliae
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
3000 virtutes non debent dici politicae.</p><p title="I-II q. 61 a. 5 s. c."><a name="36092"><span class="ref">[36092] Iª-IIae q. 61 a. 5 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3001 est quod Macrobius ibidem dicit, <i>Plotinus, inter philosophiae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3002 professores cum Platone princeps, quatuor sunt, inquit, quaternarum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3003 genera virtutum. Ex his primae politicae vocantur; secundae,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3004 purgatoriae; tertiae autem, iam purgati animi; quartae,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3005 exemplares</i>.</p><p title="I-II q. 61 a. 5 co."><a name="36093"><span class="ref">[36093] Iª-IIae q. 61 a. 5 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3006 dicendum quod, sicut Augustinus dicit in libro de moribus Eccles.,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3007 <i>oportet quod anima aliquid sequatur, ad hoc quod ei possit
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3008 virtus innasci, et hoc Deus est, quem si sequimur, bene
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3009 vivimus</i>. Oportet igitur quod exemplar humanae virtutis in Deo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3010 praeexistat, sicut et in eo praeexistunt omnium rerum rationes. Sic
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3011 igitur virtus potest considerari vel prout est exemplariter in Deo,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3012 et sic dicuntur virtutes exemplares. Ita scilicet quod ipsa divina
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3013 mens in Deo dicatur prudentia; temperantia vero, conversio divinae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3014 intentionis ad seipsum, sicut in nobis temperantia dicitur per hoc
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3015 quod concupiscibilis conformatur rationi; fortitudo autem Dei est
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3016 eius immutabilitas; iustitia vero Dei est observatio legis aeternae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3017 in suis operibus, sicut Plotinus dixit. Et quia homo secundum suam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3018 naturam est animal politicum, virtutes huiusmodi, prout in homine
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3019 existunt secundum conditionem suae naturae, politicae vocantur,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3020 prout scilicet homo secundum has virtutes recte se habet in rebus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3021 humanis gerendis. Secundum quem modum hactenus de his virtutibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3022 locuti sumus. Sed quia ad hominem pertinet ut etiam ad divina se
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3023 trahat quantum potest, ut etiam philosophus dicit, in X Ethic.; et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3024 hoc nobis in sacra Scriptura multipliciter commendatur, ut est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3025 illud Matth. V, <i>estote perfecti, sicut et pater vester caelestis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3026 perfectus est</i>, necesse est ponere quasdam virtutes medias inter
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3027 politicas, quae sunt virtutes humanae, et exemplares, quae sunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3028 virtutes divinae. Quae quidem virtutes distinguuntur secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3029 diversitatem motus et termini. Ita scilicet quod quaedam sunt
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3030 virtutes transeuntium et in divinam similitudinem tendentium, et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3031 hae vocantur virtutes purgatoriae. Ita scilicet quod prudentia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3032 omnia mundana divinorum contemplatione despiciat, omnemque animae
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3033 cogitationem in divina sola dirigat; temperantia vero relinquat,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3034 inquantum natura patitur, quae corporis usus requirit; fortitudinis
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3035 autem est ut anima non terreatur propter excessum a corpore, et
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3036 accessum ad superna; iustitia vero est ut tota anima consentiat ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3037 huius propositi viam. Quaedam vero sunt virtutes iam assequentium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3038 divinam similitudinem, quae vocantur virtutes iam purgati animi.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3039 Ita scilicet quod prudentia sola divina intueatur; temperantia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3040 terrenas cupiditates nesciat; fortitudo passiones ignoret; iustitia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3041 cum divina mente perpetuo foedere societur, eam scilicet imitando.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3042 Quas quidem virtutes dicimus esse beatorum, vel aliquorum in hac
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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diff changeset
3043 vita perfectissimorum.</p><p title="I-II q. 61 a. 5 ad 1"><a name="36094"><span class="ref">[36094] Iª-IIae q. 61 a. 5 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3044 ergo dicendum quod philosophus loquitur de his virtutibus secundum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3045 quod sunt circa res humanas, puta iustitia circa emptiones et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3046 venditiones, fortitudo circa timores, temperantia circa
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3047 concupiscentias. Sic enim ridiculum est eas Deo attribuere.</p><p title="I-II q. 61 a. 5 ad 2"><a name="36095"><span class="ref">[36095] Iª-IIae q. 61 a. 5 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3048 dicendum quod virtutes humanae sunt circa passiones, scilicet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3049 virtutes hominum in hoc mundo conversantium. Sed virtutes eorum qui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3050 plenam beatitudinem assequuntur, sunt absque passionibus. Unde
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3051 Plotinus dicit quod passiones politicae virtutes molliunt, idest ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3052 medium reducunt; secundae, scilicet purgatoriae, auferunt; tertiae,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3053 quae sunt purgati animi, obliviscuntur; in quartis, scilicet
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3054 exemplaribus, nefas est nominari. Quamvis dici possit quod loquitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3055 hic de passionibus secundum quod significant aliquos inordinatos
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3056 motus.</p><p title="I-II q. 61 a. 5 ad 3"><a name="36096"><span class="ref">[36096] Iª-IIae q. 61 a. 5 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3057 dicendum quod deserere res humanas ubi necessitas imponitur,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3058 vitiosum est, alias est virtuosum. Unde parum supra Tullius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3059 praemittit, <i>his forsitan concedendum est rempublicam non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3060 capessentibus, qui excellenti ingenio doctrinae se dederunt; et his
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3061 qui aut valetudinis imbecillitate, aut aliqua graviori causa
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3062 impediti, a republica recesserunt; cum eius administrandae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3063 potestatem aliis laudemque concederent</i>. Quod consonat ei quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3064 Augustinus dicit, XIX de Civ. Dei, <i>otium sanctum quaerit caritas
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3065 veritatis; negotium iustum suscipit necessitas caritatis. Quam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3066 sarcinam si nullus imponit, percipiendae atque intuendae vacandum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3067 est veritati, si autem imponitur, suscipienda est, propter
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3068 caritatis necessitatem</i>.</p><p title="I-II q. 61 a. 5 ad 4"><a name="36097"><span class="ref">[36097] Iª-IIae q. 61 a. 5 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3069 dicendum quod sola iustitia legalis directe respicit bonum commune,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3070 sed per imperium omnes alias virtutes ad bonum commune trahit, ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3071 in V Ethic. dicit philosophus. Est enim considerandum quod ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3072 politicas virtutes, secundum quod hic dicuntur, pertinet non solum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3073 bene operari ad commune, sed etiam bene operari ad partes communis,
59
03759e5c1080 fix multi-para s.c.
ht
parents: 53
diff changeset
3074 scilicet ad domum, vel aliquam singularem personam.</p></div></div><div id="q62" class="q"><h2>Quaestio 62</h2><div class="p"><h3>Prooemium</h3><p title="I-II q. 62 pr."><a name="36098"><span class="ref">[36098]
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3075 Iª-IIae q. 62 pr.</span></a> Deinde considerandum est de
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3076 virtutibus theologicis. Et circa hoc quaeruntur quatuor. Primo,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3077 utrum sint aliquae virtutes theologicae. Secundo, utrum virtutes
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3078 theologicae distinguantur ab intellectualibus et moralibus. Tertio,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3079 quot, et quae sint. Quarto, de ordine earum.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 1</h3><p title="I-II q. 62 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="36099"><span class="ref">[36099] Iª-IIae q. 62 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3080 sic proceditur. Videtur quod non sint aliquae virtutes theologicae.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3081 Ut enim dicitur in VII Physic., <i>virtus est dispositio perfecti
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3082 ad optimum, dico autem perfectum, quod est dispositum secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3083 naturam</i>. Sed id quod est divinum, est supra naturam hominis.
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3084 Ergo virtutes theologicae non sunt virtutes hominis.</p><p title="I-II q. 62 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="36100"><span class="ref">[36100] Iª-IIae q. 62 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3085 virtutes theologicae dicuntur quasi virtutes divinae. Sed virtutes
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3086 divinae sunt exemplares, ut dictum est, quae quidem non sunt in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3087 nobis, sed in Deo. Ergo virtutes theologicae non sunt virtutes
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3088 hominis.</p><p title="I-II q. 62 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="36101"><span class="ref">[36101] Iª-IIae q. 62 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3089 virtutes theologicae dicuntur quibus ordinamur in Deum, qui est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3090 primum principium et ultimus finis rerum. Sed homo ex ipsa natura
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3091 rationis et voluntatis, habet ordinem ad primum principium et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3092 ultimum finem. Non ergo requiruntur aliqui habitus virtutum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3093 theologicarum, quibus ratio et voluntas ordinetur in Deum.</p><p title="I-II q. 62 a. 1 s. c."><a name="36102"><span class="ref">[36102] Iª-IIae q. 62 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3094 est quod praecepta legis sunt de actibus virtutum. Sed de actibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3095 fidei, spei et caritatis dantur praecepta in lege divina, dicitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3096 enim Eccli. II, qui timetis Deum, credite illi; item, sperate in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3097 illum; item, diligite illum. Ergo fides, spes et caritas sunt
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3098 virtutes in Deum ordinantes. Sunt ergo theologicae.</p><p title="I-II q. 62 a. 1 co."><a name="36103"><span class="ref">[36103] Iª-IIae q. 62 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3099 dicendum quod per virtutem perficitur homo ad actus quibus in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3100 beatitudinem ordinatur, ut ex supradictis patet. Est autem duplex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3101 hominis beatitudo sive felicitas, ut supra dictum est. Una quidem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3102 proportionata humanae naturae, ad quam scilicet homo pervenire
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3103 potest per principia suae naturae. Alia autem est beatitudo naturam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3104 hominis excedens, ad quam homo sola divina virtute pervenire
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3105 potest, secundum quandam divinitatis participationem; secundum quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3106 dicitur II Petr. I, quod per Christum facti sumus consortes divinae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3107 naturae. Et quia huiusmodi beatitudo proportionem humanae naturae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3108 excedit, principia naturalia hominis, ex quibus procedit ad bene
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3109 agendum secundum suam proportionem, non sufficiunt ad ordinandum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3110 hominem in beatitudinem praedictam. Unde oportet quod superaddantur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3111 homini divinitus aliqua principia, per quae ita ordinetur ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3112 beatitudinem supernaturalem, sicut per principia naturalia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3113 ordinatur ad finem connaturalem, non tamen absque adiutorio divino.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3114 Et huiusmodi principia virtutes dicuntur theologicae, tum quia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3115 habent Deum pro obiecto, inquantum per eas recte ordinamur in Deum;
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3116 tum quia a solo Deo nobis infunduntur; tum quia sola divina
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3117 revelatione, in sacra Scriptura, huiusmodi virtutes traduntur.</p><p title="I-II q. 62 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="36104"><span class="ref">[36104] Iª-IIae q. 62 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3118 ergo dicendum quod aliqua natura potest attribui alicui rei
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3119 dupliciter. Uno modo, essentialiter, et sic huiusmodi virtutes
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3120 theologicae excedunt hominis naturam. Alio modo, participative,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3121 sicut lignum ignitum participat naturam ignis, et sic quodammodo
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3122 fit homo particeps divinae naturae, ut dictum est. Et sic istae
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3123 virtutes conveniunt homini secundum naturam participatam.</p><p title="I-II q. 62 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="36105"><span class="ref">[36105] Iª-IIae q. 62 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3124 dicendum quod istae virtutes non dicuntur divinae, sicut quibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3125 Deus sit virtuosus, sed sicut quibus nos efficimur virtuosi a Deo,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3126 et in ordine ad Deum. Unde non sunt exemplares, sed exemplatae.</p><p title="I-II q. 62 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="36106"><span class="ref">[36106] Iª-IIae q. 62 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3127 dicendum quod ad Deum naturaliter ratio et voluntas ordinatur prout
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3128 est naturae principium et finis, secundum tamen proportionem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3129 naturae. Sed ad ipsum secundum quod est obiectum beatitudinis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3130 supernaturalis, ratio et voluntas secundum suam naturam non
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3131 ordinantur sufficienter.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 2</h3><p title="I-II q. 62 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="36107"><span class="ref">[36107] Iª-IIae q. 62 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3132 sic proceditur. Videtur quod virtutes theologicae non distinguantur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3133 a moralibus et intellectualibus. Virtutes enim theologicae, si sunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3134 in anima humana, oportet quod perficiant ipsam vel secundum partem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3135 intellectivam vel secundum partem appetitivam. Sed virtutes quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3136 perficiunt partem intellectivam, dicuntur intellectuales, virtutes
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3137 autem quae perficiunt partem appetitivam, sunt morales. Ergo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3138 virtutes theologicae non distinguuntur a virtutibus moralibus et
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3139 intellectualibus.</p><p title="I-II q. 62 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="36108"><span class="ref">[36108] Iª-IIae q. 62 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3140 virtutes theologicae dicuntur quae ordinant nos ad Deum. Sed inter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3141 intellectuales virtutes est aliqua quae ordinat nos ad Deum,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3142 scilicet sapientia, quae est de divinis, utpote causam altissimam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3143 considerans. Ergo virtutes theologicae ab intellectualibus
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3144 virtutibus non distinguuntur.</p><p title="I-II q. 62 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="36109"><span class="ref">[36109] Iª-IIae q. 62 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3145 Augustinus, in libro de moribus Eccles., manifestat in quatuor
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3146 virtutibus cardinalibus quod sunt ordo amoris. Sed amor est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3147 caritas, quae ponitur virtus theologica. Ergo virtutes morales non
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3148 distinguuntur a theologicis.</p><p title="I-II q. 62 a. 2 s. c."><a name="36110"><span class="ref">[36110] Iª-IIae q. 62 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra,
28
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3149 id quod est supra naturam hominis, distinguitur ab eo quod est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3150 secundum naturam hominis. Sed virtutes theologicae sunt super
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3151 naturam hominis, cui secundum naturam conveniunt virtutes
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3152 intellectuales et morales, ut ex supradictis patet. Ergo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3153 distinguuntur ab invicem.</p><p title="I-II q. 62 a. 2 co."><a name="36111"><span class="ref">[36111] Iª-IIae q. 62 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3154 dicendum quod, sicut supra dictum est, habitus specie distinguuntur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3155 secundum formalem differentiam obiectorum. Obiectum autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3156 theologicarum virtutum est ipse Deus, qui est ultimus rerum finis,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3157 prout nostrae rationis cognitionem excedit. Obiectum autem virtutum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3158 intellectualium et moralium est aliquid quod humana ratione
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3159 comprehendi potest. Unde virtutes theologicae specie distinguuntur
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3160 a moralibus et intellectualibus.</p><p title="I-II q. 62 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="36112"><span class="ref">[36112] Iª-IIae q. 62 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3161 ergo dicendum quod virtutes intellectuales et morales perficiunt
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3162 intellectum et appetitum hominis secundum proportionem naturae
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3163 humanae, sed theologicae supernaturaliter.</p><p title="I-II q. 62 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="36113"><span class="ref">[36113] Iª-IIae q. 62 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3164 dicendum quod sapientia quae a philosopho ponitur intellectualis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3165 virtus, considerat divina secundum quod sunt investigabilia ratione
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3166 humana. Sed theologica virtus est circa ea secundum quod rationem
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3167 humanam excedunt.</p><p title="I-II q. 62 a. 2 ad 3"><a name="36114"><span class="ref">[36114] Iª-IIae q. 62 a. 2 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3168 dicendum quod, licet caritas sit amor, non tamen omnis amor est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3169 caritas. Cum ergo dicitur quod omnis virtus est ordo amoris, potest
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3170 intelligi vel de amore communiter dicto; vel de amore caritatis. Si
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3171 de amore communiter dicto, sic dicitur quaelibet virtus esse ordo
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3172 amoris, inquantum ad quamlibet cardinalium virtutum requiritur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3173 ordinata affectio, omnis autem affectionis radix et principium est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3174 amor, ut supra dictum est. Si autem intelligatur de amore
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3175 caritatis, non datur per hoc intelligi quod quaelibet alia virtus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3176 essentialiter sit caritas, sed quod omnes aliae virtutes
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3177 aliqualiter a caritate dependeant, ut infra patebit.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 3</h3><p title="I-II q. 62 a. 3 arg. 1"><a name="36115"><span class="ref">[36115] Iª-IIae q. 62 a. 3 arg. 1</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3178 sic proceditur. Videtur quod inconvenienter ponantur tres virtutes
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3179 theologicae, fides, spes et caritas. Virtutes enim theologicae se
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3180 habent in ordine ad beatitudinem divinam, sicut inclinatio naturae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3181 ad finem connaturalem. Sed inter virtutes ordinatas ad finem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3182 connaturalem, ponitur una sola virtus naturalis, scilicet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3183 intellectus principiorum. Ergo debet poni una sola virtus
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3184 theologica.</p><p title="I-II q. 62 a. 3 arg. 2"><a name="36116"><span class="ref">[36116] Iª-IIae q. 62 a. 3 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3185 theologicae virtutes sunt perfectiores virtutibus intellectualibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3186 et moralibus. Sed inter intellectuales virtutes fides non ponitur,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3187 sed est aliquid minus virtute, cum sit cognitio imperfecta.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3188 Similiter etiam inter virtutes morales non ponitur spes, sed est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3189 aliquid minus virtute, cum sit passio. Ergo multo minus debent poni
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3190 virtutes theologicae.</p><p title="I-II q. 62 a. 3 arg. 3"><a name="36117"><span class="ref">[36117] Iª-IIae q. 62 a. 3 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3191 virtutes theologicae ordinant animam hominis ad Deum. Sed ad Deum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3192 non potest anima hominis ordinari nisi per intellectivam partem, in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3193 qua est intellectus et voluntas. Ergo non debent esse nisi duae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3194 virtutes theologicae, una quae perficiat intellectum, alia quae
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3195 perficiat voluntatem.</p><p title="I-II q. 62 a. 3 s. c."><a name="36118"><span class="ref">[36118] Iª-IIae q. 62 a. 3 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3196 est quod apostolus dicit, I ad Cor. XIII, <i>nunc autem manent
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3197 fides, spes, caritas, tria haec</i>.</p><p title="I-II q. 62 a. 3 co."><a name="36119"><span class="ref">[36119] Iª-IIae q. 62 a. 3 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3198 dicendum quod, sicut supra dictum est, virtutes theologicae hoc
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3199 modo ordinant hominem ad beatitudinem supernaturalem, sicut per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3200 naturalem inclinationem ordinatur homo in finem sibi connaturalem.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3201 Hoc autem contingit secundum duo. Primo quidem, secundum rationem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3202 vel intellectum, inquantum continet prima principia universalia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3203 cognita nobis per naturale lumen intellectus, ex quibus procedit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3204 ratio tam in speculandis quam in agendis. Secundo, per rectitudinem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3205 voluntatis naturaliter tendentis in bonum rationis. Sed haec duo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3206 deficiunt ab ordine beatitudinis supernaturalis; secundum illud I
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3207 ad Cor. II, <i>oculus non vidit, et auris non audivit, et in cor
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3208 hominis non ascendit, quae praeparavit Deus diligentibus se</i>.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3209 Unde oportuit quod quantum ad utrumque, aliquid homini
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3210 supernaturaliter adderetur, ad ordinandum ipsum in finem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3211 supernaturalem. Et primo quidem, quantum ad intellectum, adduntur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3212 homini quaedam principia supernaturalia, quae divino lumine
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3213 capiuntur, et haec sunt credibilia, de quibus est fides. Secundo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3214 vero, voluntas ordinatur in illum finem et quantum ad motum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3215 intentionis, in ipsum tendentem sicut in id quod est possibile
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3216 consequi, quod pertinet ad spem, et quantum ad unionem quandam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3217 spiritualem, per quam quodammodo transformatur in illum finem, quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3218 fit per caritatem. Appetitus enim uniuscuiusque rei naturaliter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3219 movetur et tendit in finem sibi connaturalem, et iste motus
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3220 provenit ex quadam conformitate rei ad suum finem.</p><p title="I-II q. 62 a. 3 ad 1"><a name="36120"><span class="ref">[36120] Iª-IIae q. 62 a. 3 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3221 ergo dicendum quod intellectus indiget speciebus intelligibilibus,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3222 per quas intelligat, et ideo oportet quod in eo ponatur aliquis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3223 habitus naturalis superadditus potentiae. Sed ipsa natura
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3224 voluntatis sufficit ad naturalem ordinem in finem, sive quantum ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3225 intentionem finis, sive quantum ad conformitatem ad ipsum. Sed in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3226 ordine ad ea quae supra naturam sunt, ad nihil horum sufficit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3227 natura potentiae. Et ideo oportet fieri superadditionem habitus
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3228 supernaturalis quantum ad utrumque.</p><p title="I-II q. 62 a. 3 ad 2"><a name="36121"><span class="ref">[36121] Iª-IIae q. 62 a. 3 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3229 dicendum quod fides et spes imperfectionem quandam important, quia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3230 fides est de his quae non videntur, et spes de his quae non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3231 habentur. Unde habere fidem et spem de his quae subduntur humanae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3232 potestati, deficit a ratione virtutis. Sed habere fidem et spem de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3233 his quae sunt supra facultatem naturae humanae, excedit omnem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3234 virtutem homini proportionatam; secundum illud I ad Cor. I, <i>quod
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3235 infirmum est Dei, fortius est hominibus</i>.</p><p title="I-II q. 62 a. 3 ad 3"><a name="36122"><span class="ref">[36122] Iª-IIae q. 62 a. 3 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3236 dicendum quod ad appetitum duo pertinent, scilicet motus in finem;
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3237 et conformatio ad finem per amorem. Et sic oportet quod in appetitu
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3238 humano duae virtutes theologicae ponantur, scilicet spes et
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3239 caritas.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 4</h3><p title="I-II q. 62 a. 4 arg. 1"><a name="36123"><span class="ref">[36123] Iª-IIae q. 62 a. 4 arg. 1</span></a> Ad quartum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3240 sic proceditur. Videtur quod non sit hic ordo theologicarum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3241 virtutum, quod fides sit prior spe, et spes prior caritate. Radix
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3242 enim est prior eo quod est ex radice. Sed caritas est radix omnium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3243 virtutum; secundum illud ad Ephes. III, <i>in caritate radicati et
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3244 fundati</i>. Ergo caritas est prior aliis.</p><p title="I-II q. 62 a. 4 arg. 2"><a name="36124"><span class="ref">[36124] Iª-IIae q. 62 a. 4 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3245 Augustinus dicit, in I de Doct. Christ., <i>non potest aliquis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3246 diligere quod esse non crediderit. Porro si credit et diligit, bene
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3247 agendo efficit ut etiam speret</i>. Ergo videtur quod fides
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3248 praecedat caritatem, et caritas spem.</p><p title="I-II q. 62 a. 4 arg. 3"><a name="36125"><span class="ref">[36125] Iª-IIae q. 62 a. 4 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3249 amor est principium omnis affectionis, ut supra dictum est. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3250 spes nominat quandam affectionem; est enim quaedam passio, ut supra
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3251 dictum est. Ergo caritas, quae est amor, est prior spe.</p><p title="I-II q. 62 a. 4 s. c."><a name="36126"><span class="ref">[36126] Iª-IIae q. 62 a. 4 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3252 est ordo quo apostolus ista enumerat, dicens, <i>nunc autem manent
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3253 fides, spes, caritas</i>.</p><p title="I-II q. 62 a. 4 co."><a name="36127"><span class="ref">[36127] Iª-IIae q. 62 a. 4 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3254 dicendum quod duplex est ordo, scilicet generationis, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3255 perfectionis. Ordine quidem generationis, quo materia est prior
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3256 forma, et imperfectum perfecto, in uno et eodem; fides praecedit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3257 spem, et spes caritatem, secundum actus (nam habitus simul
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3258 infunduntur). Non enim potest in aliquid motus appetitivus tendere
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3259 vel sperando vel amando, nisi quod est apprehensum sensu aut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3260 intellectu. Per fidem autem apprehendit intellectus ea quae sperat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3261 et amat. Unde oportet quod, ordine generationis, fides praecedat
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3262 spem et caritatem. Similiter autem ex hoc homo aliquid amat, quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3263 apprehendit illud ut bonum suum. Per hoc autem quod homo ab aliquo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3264 sperat se bonum consequi posse, reputat ipsum in quo spem habet,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3265 quoddam bonum suum. Unde ex hoc ipso quod homo sperat de aliquo,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3266 procedit ad amandum ipsum. Et sic, ordine generationis, secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3267 actus, spes praecedit caritatem. Ordine vero perfectionis, caritas
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3268 praecedit fidem et spem, eo quod tam fides quam spes per caritatem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3269 formatur, et perfectionem virtutis acquirit. Sic enim caritas est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3270 mater omnium virtutum et radix, inquantum est omnium virtutum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
3271 forma, ut infra dicetur.</p><p title="I-II q. 62 a. 4 ad 1"><a name="36128"><span class="ref">[36128] Iª-IIae q. 62 a. 4 ad 1</span></a> Et per hoc
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3272 patet responsio ad primum.</p><p title="I-II q. 62 a. 4 ad 2"><a name="36129"><span class="ref">[36129] Iª-IIae q. 62 a. 4 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3273 dicendum quod Augustinus loquitur de spe qua quis sperat ex meritis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3274 iam habitis se ad beatitudinem perventurum, quod est spei formatae,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3275 quae sequitur caritatem. Potest autem aliquis sperare antequam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3276 habeat caritatem, non ex meritis quae iam habet, sed quae sperat se
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3277 habiturum.</p><p title="I-II q. 62 a. 4 ad 3"><a name="36130"><span class="ref">[36130] Iª-IIae q. 62 a. 4 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3278 dicendum quod, sicut supra dictum est, cum de passionibus ageretur,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3279 spes respicit duo. Unum quidem sicut principale obiectum, scilicet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3280 bonum quod speratur. Et respectu huius, semper amor praecedit spem,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3281 nunquam enim speratur aliquod bonum nisi desideratum et amatum.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3282 Respicit etiam spes illum a quo se sperat posse consequi bonum. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3283 respectu huius, primo quidem spes praecedit amorem; quamvis postea
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3284 ex ipso amore spes augeatur. Per hoc enim quod aliquis reputat per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3285 aliquem se posse consequi aliquod bonum, incipit amare ipsum, et ex
59
03759e5c1080 fix multi-para s.c.
ht
parents: 53
diff changeset
3286 hoc ipso quod ipsum amat, postea fortius de eo sperat.</p></div></div><div id="q63" class="q"><h2>Quaestio 63</h2><div class="p"><h3>Prooemium</h3><p title="I-II q. 63 pr."><a name="36131"><span class="ref">[36131]
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
3287 Iª-IIae q. 63 pr.</span></a> Deinde considerandum est de causa
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3288 virtutum. Et circa hoc quaeruntur quatuor. Primo, utrum virtus sit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3289 in nobis a natura. Secundo, utrum aliqua virtus causetur in nobis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3290 ex assuetudine operum. Tertio, utrum aliquae virtutes morales sint
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3291 in nobis per infusionem. Quarto, utrum virtus quam acquirimus ex
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
3292 assuetudine operum, sit eiusdem speciei cum virtute infusa.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 1</h3><p title="I-II q. 63 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="36132"><span class="ref">[36132] Iª-IIae q. 63 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3293 sic proceditur. Videtur quod virtus sit in nobis a natura. Dicit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3294 enim Damascenus, in III libro, <i>naturales sunt virtutes, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3295 aequaliter insunt omnibus</i>. Et Antonius dicit, in sermone ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3296 monachos, <i>si naturam voluntas mutaverit, perversitas est;
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3297 conditio servetur, et virtus est</i>. Et Matth. IV, super illud,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3298 <i>circuibat Iesus</i> etc., dicit Glossa, <i>docet naturales
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3299 iustitias, scilicet castitatem, iustitiam, humilitatem, quas
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3300 naturaliter habet homo</i>.</p><p title="I-II q. 63 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="36133"><span class="ref">[36133] Iª-IIae q. 63 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3301 bonum virtutis est secundum rationem esse, ut ex dictis patet. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3302 id quod est secundum rationem, est homini naturale, cum ratio sit
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3303 hominis natura. Ergo virtus inest homini a natura.</p><p title="I-II q. 63 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="36134"><span class="ref">[36134] Iª-IIae q. 63 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3304 illud dicitur esse nobis naturale, quod nobis a nativitate inest.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3305 Sed virtutes quibusdam a nativitate insunt, dicitur enim Iob XXXI,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3306 <i>ab infantia crevit mecum miseratio, et de utero egressa est
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3307 mecum</i>. Ergo virtus inest homini a natura.</p><p title="I-II q. 63 a. 1 s. c."><a name="36135"><span class="ref">[36135] Iª-IIae q. 63 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3308 id quod inest homini a natura, est omnibus hominibus commune, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3309 non tollitur per peccatum, quia etiam in Daemonibus bona naturalia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3310 manent, ut Dionysius dicit, in IV cap. de Div. Nom. Sed virtus non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3311 inest omnibus hominibus; et abiicitur per peccatum. Ergo non inest
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
3312 homini a natura.</p><p title="I-II q. 63 a. 1 co."><a name="36136"><span class="ref">[36136] Iª-IIae q. 63 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3313 dicendum quod circa formas corporales, aliqui dixerunt quod sunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3314 totaliter ab intrinseco, sicut ponentes latitationem formarum.
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3315 Aliqui vero, quod totaliter sint ab extrinseco, sicut ponentes
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3316 formas corporales esse ab aliqua causa separata. Aliqui vero, quod
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3317 partim sint ab intrinseco, inquantum scilicet praeexistunt in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3318 materia in potentia; et partim ab extrinseco, inquantum scilicet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3319 reducuntur ad actum per agens. Ita etiam circa scientias et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3320 virtutes, aliqui quidem posuerunt eas totaliter esse ab intrinseco,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3321 ita scilicet quod omnes virtutes et scientiae naturaliter
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3322 praeexistunt in anima; sed per disciplinam et exercitium
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3323 impedimenta scientiae et virtutis tolluntur, quae adveniunt animae
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3324 ex corporis gravitate; sicut cum ferrum clarificatur per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3325 limationem. Et haec fuit opinio Platonicorum. Alii vero dixerunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3326 quod sunt totaliter ab extrinseco, idest ex influentia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3327 intelligentiae agentis, ut ponit Avicenna. Alii vero dixerunt quod
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3328 secundum aptitudinem scientiae et virtutes sunt in nobis a natura,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3329 non autem secundum perfectionem, ut philosophus dicit, in II Ethic.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3330 Et hoc verius est. Ad cuius manifestationem, oportet considerare
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3331 quod aliquid dicitur alicui homini naturale dupliciter, uno modo,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3332 ex natura speciei; alio modo, ex natura individui. Et quia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3333 unumquodque habet speciem secundum suam formam, individuatur vero
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3334 secundum materiam; forma vero hominis est anima rationalis, materia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3335 vero corpus, id quod convenit homini secundum animam rationalem,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3336 est ei naturale secundum rationem speciei; id vero quod est ei
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3337 naturale secundum determinatam corporis complexionem, est ei
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3338 naturale secundum naturam individui. Quod enim est naturale homini
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3339 ex parte corporis secundum speciem, quodammodo refertur ad animam,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3340 inquantum scilicet tale corpus est tali animae proportionatum.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3341 Utroque autem modo virtus est homini naturalis secundum quandam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3342 inchoationem. Secundum quidem naturam speciei, inquantum in ratione
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3343 homini insunt naturaliter quaedam principia naturaliter cognita tam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3344 scibilium quam agendorum, quae sunt quaedam seminalia
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3345 intellectualium virtutum et moralium; et inquantum in voluntate
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3346 inest quidam naturalis appetitus boni quod est secundum rationem.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3347 Secundum vero naturam individui, inquantum ex corporis dispositione
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3348 aliqui sunt dispositi vel melius vel peius ad quasdam virtutes,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3349 prout scilicet vires quaedam sensitivae actus sunt quarundam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3350 partium corporis, ex quarum dispositione adiuvantur vel impediuntur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3351 huiusmodi vires in suis actibus, et per consequens vires
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3352 rationales, quibus huiusmodi sensitivae vires deserviunt. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3353 secundum hoc, unus homo habet naturalem aptitudinem ad scientiam,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3354 alius ad fortitudinem, alius ad temperantiam. Et his modis tam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3355 virtutes intellectuales quam morales, secundum quandam aptitudinis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3356 inchoationem, sunt in nobis a natura. Non autem consummatio earum.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3357 Quia natura determinatur ad unum, consummatio autem huiusmodi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3358 virtutum non est secundum unum modum actionis, sed diversimode,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3359 secundum diversas materias in quibus virtutes operantur, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3360 secundum diversas circumstantias. Sic ergo patet quod virtutes in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3361 nobis sunt a natura secundum aptitudinem et inchoationem, non autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3362 secundum perfectionem, praeter virtutes theologicas, quae sunt
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3363 totaliter ab extrinseco.</p><p title="I-II q. 63 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="36137"><span class="ref">[36137] Iª-IIae q. 63 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Et per hoc
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3364 patet responsio ad obiecta. Nam primae duae rationes procedunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3365 secundum quod seminalia virtutum insunt nobis a natura, inquantum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3366 rationales sumus. Tertia vero ratio procedit secundum quod ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3367 naturali dispositione corporis, quam habet ex nativitate, unus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3368 habet aptitudinem ad miserendum, alius ad temperate vivendum, alius
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3369 ad aliam virtutem.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 2</h3><p title="I-II q. 63 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="36138"><span class="ref">[36138] Iª-IIae q. 63 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3370 sic proceditur. Videtur quod virtutes in nobis causari non possint
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3371 ex assuetudine operum. Quia super illud Rom. XIV, <i>omne quod non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3372 est ex fide, peccatum est</i>, dicit Glossa Augustini, <i>omnis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3373 infidelium vita peccatum est; et nihil est bonum sine summo bono.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3374 Ubi deest cognitio veritatis, falsa est virtus etiam in optimis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3375 moribus</i>. Sed fides non potest acquiri ex operibus, sed causatur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3376 in nobis a Deo; secundum illud Ephes. II, <i>gratia estis salvati
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3377 per fidem</i>. Ergo nulla virtus potest in nobis acquiri ex
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3378 assuetudine operum.</p><p title="I-II q. 63 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="36139"><span class="ref">[36139] Iª-IIae q. 63 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3379 peccatum, cum contrarietur virtuti, non compatitur secum virtutem.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3380 Sed homo non potest vitare peccatum nisi per gratiam Dei; secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3381 illud Sap. VIII, <i>didici quod non possum esse aliter continens,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3382 nisi Deus det</i>. Ergo nec virtutes aliquae possunt in nobis
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3383 causari ex assuetudine operum; sed solum dono Dei.</p><p title="I-II q. 63 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="36140"><span class="ref">[36140] Iª-IIae q. 63 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3384 actus qui sunt in virtutem, deficiunt a perfectione virtutis. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3385 effectus non potest esse perfectior causa. Ergo virtus non potest
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3386 causari ex actibus praecedentibus virtutem.</p><p title="I-II q. 63 a. 2 s. c."><a name="36141"><span class="ref">[36141] Iª-IIae q. 63 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3387 est quod Dionysius dicit, IV cap. de Div. Nom., quod bonum est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3388 virtuosius quam malum. Sed ex malis actibus causantur habitus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3389 vitiorum. Ergo multo magis ex bonis actibus possunt causari habitus
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3390 virtutum.</p><p title="I-II q. 63 a. 2 co."><a name="36142"><span class="ref">[36142] Iª-IIae q. 63 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3391 dicendum quod de generatione habituum ex actibus, supra in generali
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3392 dictum est. Nunc autem specialiter quantum ad virtutem,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3393 considerandum est quod sicut supra dictum est, virtus hominis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3394 perficit ipsum ad bonum. Cum autem ratio boni consistat in modo,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3395 specie et ordine, ut Augustinus dicit in libro de natura boni; sive
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3396 in numero, pondere et mensura, ut dicitur Sap. XI, oportet quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3397 bonum hominis secundum aliquam regulam consideretur. Quae quidem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3398 est duplex, ut supra dictum est, scilicet ratio humana, et lex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3399 divina. Et quia lex divina est superior regula, ideo ad plura se
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3400 extendit, ita quod quidquid regulatur ratione humana, regulatur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3401 etiam lege divina, sed non convertitur. Virtus igitur hominis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3402 ordinata ad bonum quod modificatur secundum regulam rationis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3403 humanae, potest ex actibus humanis causari, inquantum huiusmodi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3404 actus procedunt a ratione, sub cuius potestate et regula tale bonum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3405 consistit. Virtus vero ordinans hominem ad bonum secundum quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3406 modificatur per legem divinam, et non per rationem humanam, non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3407 potest causari per actus humanos, quorum principium est ratio, sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3408 causatur solum in nobis per operationem divinam. Et ideo, huiusmodi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3409 virtutem definiens, Augustinus posuit in definitione virtutis, quam
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
3410 Deus in nobis sine nobis operatur.</p><p title="I-II q. 63 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="36143"><span class="ref">[36143] Iª-IIae q. 63 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Et de
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
3411 huiusmodi etiam virtutibus prima ratio procedit.</p><p title="I-II q. 63 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="36144"><span class="ref">[36144] Iª-IIae q. 63 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3412 dicendum quod virtus divinitus infusa, maxime si in sua perfectione
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3413 consideretur, non compatitur secum aliquod peccatum mortale. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3414 virtus humanitus acquisita potest secum compati aliquem actum
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3415 peccati, etiam mortalis, quia usus habitus in nobis est nostrae
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3416 voluntati subiectus, ut supra dictum est; non autem per unum actum
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3417 peccati corrumpitur habitus virtutis acquisitae; habitui enim non
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3418 contrariatur directe actus, sed habitus. Et ideo, licet sine gratia
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3419 homo non possit peccatum mortale vitare, ita quod nunquam peccet
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3420 mortaliter; non tamen impeditur quin possit habitum virtutis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3421 acquirere, per quam a malis operibus abstineat ut in pluribus, et
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3422 praecipue ab his quae sunt valde rationi contraria. Sunt etiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3423 quaedam peccata mortalia quae homo sine gratia nullo modo potest
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3424 vitare, quae scilicet directe opponuntur virtutibus theologicis,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3425 quae ex dono gratiae sunt in nobis. Hoc tamen infra manifestius
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
3426 fiet.</p><p title="I-II q. 63 a. 2 ad 3"><a name="36145"><span class="ref">[36145] Iª-IIae q. 63 a. 2 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3427 dicendum quod, sicut dictum est, virtutum acquisitarum praeexistunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3428 in nobis quaedam semina sive principia, secundum naturam. Quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3429 quidem principia sunt nobiliora virtutibus eorum virtute
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3430 acquisitis, sicut intellectus principiorum speculabilium est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3431 nobilior scientia conclusionum; et naturalis rectitudo rationis est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3432 nobilior rectificatione appetitus quae fit per participationem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3433 rationis, quae quidem rectificatio pertinet ad virtutem moralem.
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3434 Sic igitur actus humani, inquantum procedunt ex altioribus
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
3435 principiis, possunt causare virtutes acquisitas humanas.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 3</h3><p title="I-II q. 63 a. 3 arg. 1"><a name="36146"><span class="ref">[36146] Iª-IIae q. 63 a. 3 arg. 1</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3436 sic proceditur. Videtur quod praeter virtutes theologicas, non sint
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3437 aliae virtutes nobis infusae a Deo. Ea enim quae possunt fieri a
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3438 causis secundis, non fiunt immediate a Deo, nisi forte aliquando
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3439 miraculose, quia, ut Dionysius dicit, lex divinitatis est ultima
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3440 per media adducere. Sed virtutes intellectuales et morales possunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3441 in nobis causari per nostros actus, ut dictum est. Non ergo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3442 convenienter causantur in nobis per infusionem.</p><p title="I-II q. 63 a. 3 arg. 2"><a name="36147"><span class="ref">[36147] Iª-IIae q. 63 a. 3 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3443 in operibus Dei multo minus est aliquid superfluum quam in operibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3444 naturae. Sed ad ordinandum nos in bonum supernaturale, sufficiunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3445 virtutes theologicae. Ergo non sunt aliae virtutes supernaturales,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3446 quas oporteat in nobis causari a Deo.</p><p title="I-II q. 63 a. 3 arg. 3"><a name="36148"><span class="ref">[36148] Iª-IIae q. 63 a. 3 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3447 natura non facit per duo, quod potest facere per unum, et multo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3448 minus Deus. Sed Deus inseruit animae nostrae semina virtutum, ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3449 dicit Glossa Heb. I. Ergo non oportet quod alias virtutes in nobis
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
3450 per infusionem causet.</p><p title="I-II q. 63 a. 3 s. c."><a name="36149"><span class="ref">[36149] Iª-IIae q. 63 a. 3 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3451 est quod dicitur Sap. VIII, <i>sobrietatem et iustitiam docet,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3452 prudentiam et virtutem</i>.</p><p title="I-II q. 63 a. 3 co."><a name="36150"><span class="ref">[36150] Iª-IIae q. 63 a. 3 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3453 dicendum quod oportet effectus esse suis causis et principiis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3454 proportionatos. Omnes autem virtutes tam intellectuales quam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3455 morales, quae ex nostris actibus acquiruntur, procedunt ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3456 quibusdam naturalibus principiis in nobis praeexistentibus, ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3457 supra dictum est. Loco quorum naturalium principiorum, conferuntur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3458 nobis a Deo virtutes theologicae, quibus ordinamur ad finem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3459 supernaturalem, sicut supra dictum est. Unde oportet quod his etiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3460 virtutibus theologicis proportionaliter respondeant alii habitus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3461 divinitus causati in nobis, qui sic se habeant ad virtutes
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3462 theologicas sicut se habent virtutes morales et intellectuales ad
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3463 principia naturalia virtutum.</p><p title="I-II q. 63 a. 3 ad 1"><a name="36151"><span class="ref">[36151] Iª-IIae q. 63 a. 3 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3464 ergo dicendum quod aliquae quidem virtutes morales et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3465 intellectuales possunt causari in nobis ex nostris actibus, tamen
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3466 illae non sunt proportionatae virtutibus theologicis. Et ideo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3467 oportet alias, eis proportionatas, immediate a Deo causari.</p><p title="I-II q. 63 a. 3 ad 2"><a name="36152"><span class="ref">[36152] Iª-IIae q. 63 a. 3 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3468 dicendum quod virtutes theologicae sufficienter nos ordinant in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3469 finem supernaturalem, secundum quandam inchoationem, quantum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3470 scilicet ad ipsum Deum immediate. Sed oportet quod per alias
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3471 virtutes infusas perficiatur anima circa alias res, in ordine tamen
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3472 ad Deum.</p><p title="I-II q. 63 a. 3 ad 3"><a name="36153"><span class="ref">[36153] Iª-IIae q. 63 a. 3 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3473 dicendum quod virtus illorum principiorum naturaliter inditorum,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3474 non se extendit ultra proportionem naturae. Et ideo in ordine ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3475 finem supernaturalem, indiget homo perfici per alia principia
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3476 superaddita.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 4</h3><p title="I-II q. 63 a. 4 arg. 1"><a name="36154"><span class="ref">[36154] Iª-IIae q. 63 a. 4 arg. 1</span></a> Ad quartum
28
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3477 sic proceditur. Videtur quod virtutes infusae non sint alterius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3478 speciei a virtutibus acquisitis. Virtus enim acquisita et virtus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3479 infusa, secundum praedicta, non videntur differre nisi secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3480 ordinem ad ultimum finem. Sed habitus et actus humani non recipiunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3481 speciem ab ultimo fine, sed a proximo. Non ergo virtutes morales
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3482 vel intellectuales infusae differunt specie ab acquisitis.</p><p title="I-II q. 63 a. 4 arg. 2"><a name="36155"><span class="ref">[36155] Iª-IIae q. 63 a. 4 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3483 habitus per actus cognoscuntur. Sed idem est actus temperantiae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3484 infusae, et acquisitae, scilicet moderari concupiscentias tactus.
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3485 Ergo non differunt specie.</p><p title="I-II q. 63 a. 4 arg. 3"><a name="36156"><span class="ref">[36156] Iª-IIae q. 63 a. 4 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3486 virtus acquisita et infusa differunt secundum illud quod est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3487 immediate a Deo factum, et a creatura. Sed idem est specie homo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3488 quem Deus formavit, et quem generat natura; et oculus quem caeco
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3489 nato dedit, et quem virtus formativa causat. Ergo videtur quod est
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3490 eadem specie virtus acquisita, et infusa.</p><p title="I-II q. 63 a. 4 s. c."><a name="36157"><span class="ref">[36157] Iª-IIae q. 63 a. 4 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra,
28
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3491 quaelibet differentia in definitione posita, mutata diversificat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3492 speciem. Sed in definitione virtutis infusae ponitur, quam Deus in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3493 nobis sine nobis operatur, ut supra dictum est. Ergo virtus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3494 acquisita, cui hoc non convenit, non est eiusdem speciei cum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3495 infusa.</p><p title="I-II q. 63 a. 4 co."><a name="36158"><span class="ref">[36158] Iª-IIae q. 63 a. 4 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3496 dicendum quod dupliciter habitus distinguuntur specie. Uno modo,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3497 sicut praedictum est, secundum speciales et formales rationes
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3498 obiectorum. Obiectum autem virtutis cuiuslibet est bonum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3499 consideratum in materia propria, sicut temperantiae obiectum est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3500 bonum delectabilium in concupiscentiis tactus. Cuius quidem obiecti
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3501 formalis ratio est a ratione, quae instituit modum in his
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3502 concupiscentiis, materiale autem est id quod est ex parte
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3503 concupiscentiarum. Manifestum est autem quod alterius rationis est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3504 modus qui imponitur in huiusmodi concupiscentiis secundum regulam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3505 rationis humanae, et secundum regulam divinam. Puta in sumptione
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3506 ciborum, ratione humana modus statuitur ut non noceat valetudini
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3507 corporis, nec impediat rationis actum, secundum autem regulam legis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3508 divinae, requiritur quod homo castiget corpus suum, et in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3509 servitutem redigat, per abstinentiam cibi et potus, et aliorum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3510 huiusmodi. Unde manifestum est quod temperantia infusa et acquisita
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3511 differunt specie, et eadem ratio est de aliis virtutibus. Alio modo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3512 habitus distinguuntur specie secundum ea ad quae ordinantur, non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3513 enim est eadem specie sanitas hominis et equi, propter diversas
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3514 naturas ad quas ordinantur. Et eodem modo dicit philosophus, in III
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3515 Polit., quod diversae sunt virtutes civium, secundum quod bene se
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3516 habent ad diversas politias. Et per hunc etiam modum differunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3517 specie virtutes morales infusae, per quas homines bene se habent in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3518 ordine ad hoc quod sint cives sanctorum et domestici Dei; et aliae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3519 virtutes acquisitae, secundum quas homo se bene habet in ordine ad
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3520 res humanas.</p><p title="I-II q. 63 a. 4 ad 1"><a name="36159"><span class="ref">[36159] Iª-IIae q. 63 a. 4 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3521 ergo dicendum quod virtus infusa et acquisita non solum differunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3522 secundum ordinem ad ultimum finem; sed etiam secundum ordinem ad
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3523 propria obiecta, ut dictum est.</p><p title="I-II q. 63 a. 4 ad 2"><a name="36160"><span class="ref">[36160] Iª-IIae q. 63 a. 4 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3524 dicendum quod alia ratione modificat concupiscentias delectabilium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3525 tactus temperantia acquisita, et temperantia infusa, ut dictum est.
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3526 Unde non habent eundem actum.</p><p title="I-II q. 63 a. 4 ad 3"><a name="36161"><span class="ref">[36161] Iª-IIae q. 63 a. 4 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3527 dicendum quod oculum caeci nati Deus fecit ad eundem actum ad quem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3528 formantur alii oculi secundum naturam, et ideo fuit eiusdem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3529 speciei. Et eadem ratio esset, si Deus vellet miraculose causare in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3530 homine virtutes quales acquiruntur ex actibus. Sed ita non est in
59
03759e5c1080 fix multi-para s.c.
ht
parents: 53
diff changeset
3531 proposito, ut dictum est.</p></div></div><div id="q64" class="q"><h2>Quaestio 64</h2><div class="p"><h3>Prooemium</h3><p title="I-II q. 64 pr."><a name="36162"><span class="ref">[36162]
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3532 Iª-IIae q. 64 pr.</span></a> Deinde considerandum est de
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3533 proprietatibus virtutum. Et primo quidem, de medio virtutum;
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3534 secundo, de connexione virtutum; tertio, de aequalitate earum;
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3535 quarto, de ipsarum duratione. Circa primum quaeruntur quatuor.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3536 Primo, utrum virtutes morales sint in medio. Secundo, utrum medium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3537 virtutis moralis sit medium rei, vel rationis. Tertio, utrum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3538 intellectuales virtutes consistant in medio. Quarto, utrum virtutes
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3539 theologicae.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 1</h3><p title="I-II q. 64 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="36163"><span class="ref">[36163] Iª-IIae q. 64 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3540 sic proceditur. Videtur quod virtus moralis non consistat in medio.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3541 Ultimum enim repugnat rationi medii. Sed de ratione virtutis est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3542 ultimum, dicitur enim in I de caelo, quod virtus est ultimum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
3543 potentiae. Ergo virtus moralis non consistit in medio.</p><p title="I-II q. 64 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="36164"><span class="ref">[36164] Iª-IIae q. 64 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3544 illud quod est maximum, non est medium. Sed quaedam virtutes
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3545 morales tendunt in aliquod maximum, sicut magnanimitas est circa
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3546 maximos honores, et magnificentia circa maximos sumptus, ut dicitur
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3547 in IV Ethic. Ergo non omnis virtus moralis est in medio.</p><p title="I-II q. 64 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="36165"><span class="ref">[36165] Iª-IIae q. 64 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3548 si de ratione virtutis moralis sit in medio esse, oportet quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3549 virtus moralis non perficiatur, sed magis corrumpatur, per hoc quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3550 tendit ad extremum. Sed quaedam virtutes morales perficiuntur per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3551 hoc quod tendunt ad extremum, sicut virginitas, quae abstinet ab
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3552 omni delectabili venereo, et sic tenet extremum, et est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3553 perfectissima castitas. Et dare omnia pauperibus est perfectissima
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3554 misericordia vel liberalitas. Ergo videtur quod non sit de ratione
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3555 virtutis moralis esse in medio.</p><p title="I-II q. 64 a. 1 s. c."><a name="36166"><span class="ref">[36166] Iª-IIae q. 64 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3556 est quod philosophus dicit, in II Ethic., quod <i>virtus moralis
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3557 est habitus electivus in medietate existens</i>.</p><p title="I-II q. 64 a. 1 co."><a name="36167"><span class="ref">[36167] Iª-IIae q. 64 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3558 dicendum quod, sicut ex supradictis patet, virtus de sui ratione
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3559 ordinat hominem ad bonum. Moralis autem virtus proprie est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3560 perfectiva appetitivae partis animae circa aliquam determinatam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3561 materiam. Mensura autem et regula appetitivi motus circa
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3562 appetibilia, est ipsa ratio. Bonum autem cuiuslibet mensurati et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3563 regulati consistit in hoc quod conformetur suae regulae, sicut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3564 bonum in artificiatis est ut consequantur regulam artis. Malum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3565 autem per consequens in huiusmodi est per hoc quod aliquid
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3566 discordat a sua regula vel mensura. Quod quidem contingit vel per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3567 hoc quod superexcedit mensuram, vel per hoc quod deficit ab ea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3568 sicut manifeste apparet in omnibus regulatis et mensuratis. Et ideo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3569 patet quod bonum virtutis moralis consistit in adaequatione ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3570 mensuram rationis. Manifestum est autem quod inter excessum et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3571 defectum medium est aequalitas sive conformitas. Unde manifeste
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3572 apparet quod virtus moralis in medio consistit.</p><p title="I-II q. 64 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="36168"><span class="ref">[36168] Iª-IIae q. 64 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3573 ergo dicendum quod virtus moralis bonitatem habet ex regula
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3574 rationis, pro materia autem habet passiones vel operationes. Si
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3575 ergo comparetur virtus moralis ad rationem, sic, secundum id quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3576 rationis est, habet rationem extremi unius, quod est conformitas,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3577 excessus vero et defectus habet rationem alterius extremi, quod est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3578 difformitas. Si vero consideretur virtus moralis secundum suam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3579 materiam, sic habet rationem medii, inquantum passionem reducit ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3580 regulam rationis. Unde philosophus dicit, in II Ethic., quod virtus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3581 secundum substantiam medietas est, inquantum regula virtutis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3582 ponitur circa propriam materiam, secundum optimum autem et bene,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3583 est extremitas, scilicet secundum conformitatem rationis.</p><p title="I-II q. 64 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="36169"><span class="ref">[36169] Iª-IIae q. 64 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3584 dicendum quod medium et extrema considerantur in actionibus et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3585 passionibus secundum diversas circumstantias, unde nihil prohibet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3586 in aliqua virtute esse extremum secundum unam circumstantiam, quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3587 tamen est medium secundum alias circumstantias, per conformitatem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3588 ad rationem. Et sic est in magnificentia et magnanimitate. Nam si
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3589 consideretur quantitas absoluta eius in quod tendit magnificus et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3590 magnanimus, dicetur extremum et maximum, sed si consideretur hoc
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3591 ipsum per comparationem ad alias circumstantias, sic habet rationem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3592 medii; quia in hoc tendunt huiusmodi virtutes secundum regulam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3593 rationis, idest ubi oportet, et quando oportet, et propter quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3594 oportet. Excessus autem, si in hoc maximum tendatur quando non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3595 oportet, vel ubi non oportet, vel propter quod non oportet;
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3596 defectus autem est, si non tendatur in hoc maximum ubi oportet, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3597 quando oportet. Et hoc est quod philosophus dicit, in IV Ethic.,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3598 quod <i>magnanimus est quidem magnitudine extremus; eo autem quod
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3599 ut oportet, medius</i>.</p><p title="I-II q. 64 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="36170"><span class="ref">[36170] Iª-IIae q. 64 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3600 dicendum quod eadem ratio est de virginitate et paupertate, quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3601 est de magnanimitate. Abstinet enim virginitas ab omnibus venereis,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3602 et paupertas ab omnibus divitiis, propter quod oportet, et secundum
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3603 quod oportet; idest secundum mandatum Dei, et propter vitam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3604 aeternam. Si autem hoc fiat secundum quod non oportet, idest
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3605 secundum aliquam superstitionem illicitam, vel etiam propter inanem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3606 gloriam; erit superfluum. Si autem non fiat quando oportet, vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3607 secundum quod oportet, est vitium per defectum, ut patet in
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3608 transgredientibus votum virginitatis vel paupertatis.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 2</h3><p title="I-II q. 64 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="36171"><span class="ref">[36171] Iª-IIae q. 64 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3609 sic proceditur. Videtur quod medium virtutis moralis non sit medium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3610 rationis, sed medium rei. Bonum enim virtutis moralis consistit in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3611 hoc quod est in medio. Bonum autem, ut dicitur in VI Metaphys., est
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3612 in rebus ipsis. Ergo medium virtutis moralis est medium rei.</p><p title="I-II q. 64 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="36172"><span class="ref">[36172] Iª-IIae q. 64 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3613 ratio est vis apprehensiva. Sed virtus moralis non consistit in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3614 medio apprehensionum; sed magis in medio operationum et passionum.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3615 Ergo medium virtutis moralis non est medium rationis, sed medium
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3616 rei.</p><p title="I-II q. 64 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="36173"><span class="ref">[36173] Iª-IIae q. 64 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3617 medium quod accipitur secundum proportionem arithmeticam vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3618 geometricam, est medium rei. Sed tale est medium iustitiae, ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3619 dicitur in V Ethic. Ergo medium virtutis moralis non est medium
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3620 rationis, sed rei.</p><p title="I-II q. 64 a. 2 s. c."><a name="36174"><span class="ref">[36174] Iª-IIae q. 64 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3621 est quod philosophus dicit, in II Ethic., quod <i>virtus moralis in
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3622 medio consistit quoad nos, determinata ratione</i>.</p><p title="I-II q. 64 a. 2 co."><a name="36175"><span class="ref">[36175] Iª-IIae q. 64 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3623 dicendum quod medium rationis dupliciter potest intelligi. Uno
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3624 modo, secundum quod medium in ipso actu rationis existit, quasi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3625 ipse actus rationis ad medium reducatur. Et sic, quia virtus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3626 moralis non perficit actum rationis, sed actum virtutis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3627 appetitivae; medium virtutis moralis non est medium rationis. Alio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3628 modo potest dici medium rationis id quod a ratione ponitur in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3629 aliqua materia. Et sic omne medium virtutis moralis est medium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3630 rationis, quia, sicut dictum est, virtus moralis dicitur consistere
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3631 in medio, per conformitatem ad rationem rectam. Sed quandoque
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3632 contingit quod medium rationis est etiam medium rei, et tunc
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3633 oportet quod virtutis moralis medium sit medium rei; sicut est in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3634 iustitia. Quandoque autem medium rationis non est medium rei, sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3635 accipitur per comparationem ad nos, et sic est medium in omnibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3636 aliis virtutibus moralibus. Cuius ratio est quia iustitia est circa
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3637 operationes, quae consistunt in rebus exterioribus, in quibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3638 rectum institui debet simpliciter et secundum se, ut supra dictum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3639 est, et ideo medium rationis in iustitia est idem cum medio rei,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3640 inquantum scilicet iustitia dat unicuique quod debet, et non plus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3641 nec minus. Aliae vero virtutes morales consistunt circa passiones
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3642 interiores, in quibus non potest rectum constitui eodem modo,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3643 propter hoc quod homines diversimode se habent ad passiones, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3644 ideo oportet quod rectitudo rationis in passionibus instituatur per
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3645 respectum ad nos, qui afficimur secundum passiones.</p><p title="I-II q. 64 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="36176"><span class="ref">[36176] Iª-IIae q. 64 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Et per hoc
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3646 patet responsio ad obiecta. Nam, primae duae rationes procedunt de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3647 medio rationis quod scilicet invenitur in ipso actu rationis.
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3648 Tertia vero ratio procedit de medio iustitiae.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 3</h3><p title="I-II q. 64 a. 3 arg. 1"><a name="36177"><span class="ref">[36177] Iª-IIae q. 64 a. 3 arg. 1</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3649 sic proceditur. Videtur quod virtutes intellectuales non consistant
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3650 in medio. Virtutes enim morales consistunt in medio, inquantum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3651 conformantur regulae rationis. Sed virtutes intellectuales sunt in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3652 ipsa ratione; et sic non videntur habere superiorem regulam. Ergo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3653 virtutes intellectuales non consistunt in medio.</p><p title="I-II q. 64 a. 3 arg. 2"><a name="36178"><span class="ref">[36178] Iª-IIae q. 64 a. 3 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3654 medium virtutis moralis determinatur a virtute intellectuali,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3655 dicitur enim in II Ethic., quod <i>virtus consistit in medietate
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3656 determinata ratione, prout sapiens determinabit</i>. Si igitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3657 virtus intellectualis iterum consistat in medio, oportet quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3658 determinetur sibi medium per aliquam aliam virtutem. Et sic
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3659 procedetur in infinitum in virtutibus.</p><p title="I-II q. 64 a. 3 arg. 3"><a name="36179"><span class="ref">[36179] Iª-IIae q. 64 a. 3 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3660 medium proprie est inter contraria; ut patet per philosophum, in X
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3661 Metaphys. Sed in intellectu non videtur esse aliqua contrarietas,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3662 cum etiam ipsa contraria, secundum quod sunt in intellectu, non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3663 sint contraria, sed simul intelligantur, ut album et nigrum, sanum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3664 et aegrum. Ergo in intellectualibus virtutibus non est medium.</p><p title="I-II q. 64 a. 3 s. c."><a name="36180"><span class="ref">[36180] Iª-IIae q. 64 a. 3 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3665 est quod ars est virtus intellectualis, ut dicitur in VI Ethic.; et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3666 tamen artis est aliquod medium, ut dicitur in II Ethic. Ergo etiam
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3667 virtus intellectualis consistit in medio.</p><p title="I-II q. 64 a. 3 co."><a name="36181"><span class="ref">[36181] Iª-IIae q. 64 a. 3 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3668 dicendum quod bonum alicuius rei consistit in medio, secundum quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3669 conformatur regulae vel mensurae quam contingit transcendere et ab
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3670 ea deficere, sicut dictum est. Virtus autem intellectualis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3671 ordinatur ad bonum, sicut et moralis, ut supra dictum est. Unde
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3672 secundum quod bonum virtutis intellectualis se habet ad mensuram,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3673 sic se habet ad rationem medii. Bonum autem virtutis intellectualis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3674 est verum, speculativae quidem virtutis, verum absolute, ut in VI
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3675 Ethic. dicitur; practicae autem virtutis, verum secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3676 conformitatem ad appetitum rectum. Verum autem intellectus nostri
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3677 absolute consideratum, est sicut mensuratum a re, res enim est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3678 mensura intellectus nostri, ut dicitur in X Metaphys.; ex eo enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3679 quod res est vel non est, veritas est in opinione et in oratione.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3680 Sic igitur bonum virtutis intellectualis speculativae consistit in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3681 quodam medio, per conformitatem ad ipsam rem, secundum quod dicit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3682 esse quod est, vel non esse quod non est; in quo ratio veri
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3683 consistit. Excessus autem est secundum affirmationem falsam, per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3684 quam dicitur esse quod non est, defectus autem accipitur secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3685 negationem falsam, per quam dicitur non esse quod est. Verum autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3686 virtutis intellectualis practicae, comparatum quidem ad rem, habet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3687 rationem mensurati. Et sic eodem modo accipitur medium per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3688 conformitatem ad rem, in virtutibus intellectualibus practicis,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3689 sicut in speculativis. Sed respectu appetitus, habet rationem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3690 regulae et mensurae. Unde idem medium, quod est virtutis moralis,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3691 etiam est ipsius prudentiae, scilicet rectitudo rationis, sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3692 prudentiae quidem est istud medium ut regulantis et mensurantis;
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3693 virtutis autem moralis, ut mensuratae et regulatae. Similiter
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3694 excessus et defectus accipitur diversimode utrobique.</p><p title="I-II q. 64 a. 3 ad 1"><a name="36182"><span class="ref">[36182] Iª-IIae q. 64 a. 3 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3695 ergo dicendum quod etiam virtus intellectualis habet suam mensuram,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3696 ut dictum est, et per conformitatem ad ipsam, accipitur in ipsa
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3697 medium.</p><p title="I-II q. 64 a. 3 ad 2"><a name="36183"><span class="ref">[36183] Iª-IIae q. 64 a. 3 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3698 dicendum quod non est necesse in infinitum procedere in virtutibus,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3699 quia mensura et regula intellectualis virtutis non est aliquod
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3700 aliud genus virtutis, sed ipsa res.</p><p title="I-II q. 64 a. 3 ad 3"><a name="36184"><span class="ref">[36184] Iª-IIae q. 64 a. 3 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3701 dicendum quod ipsae res contrariae non habent contrarietatem in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3702 anima, quia unum est ratio cognoscendi alterum, et tamen in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3703 intellectu est contrarietas affirmationis et negationis, quae sunt
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3704 contraria, ut dicitur in fine peri hermeneias. Quamvis enim esse et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3705 non esse non sint contraria, sed contradictorie opposita, si
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3706 considerentur ipsa significata prout sunt in rebus, quia alterum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3707 est ens, et alterum est pure non ens, tamen si referantur ad actum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3708 animae, utrumque ponit aliquid. Unde esse et non esse sunt
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3709 contradictoria, sed opinio qua opinamur quod bonum est bonum, est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3710 contraria opinioni qua opinamur quod bonum non est bonum. Et inter
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
3711 huiusmodi contraria medium est virtus intellectualis.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 4</h3><p title="I-II q. 64 a. 4 arg. 1"><a name="36185"><span class="ref">[36185] Iª-IIae q. 64 a. 4 arg. 1</span></a> Ad quartum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3712 sic proceditur. Videtur quod virtus theologica consistat in medio.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3713 Bonum enim aliarum virtutum consistit in medio. Sed virtus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3714 theologica excedit in bonitate alias virtutes. Ergo virtus
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3715 theologica multo magis est in medio.</p><p title="I-II q. 64 a. 4 arg. 2"><a name="36186"><span class="ref">[36186] Iª-IIae q. 64 a. 4 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3716 medium virtutis accipitur, moralis quidem secundum quod appetitus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3717 regulatur per rationem; intellectualis vero secundum quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3718 intellectus noster mensuratur a re. Sed virtus theologica et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3719 perficit intellectum, et appetitum, ut supra dictum est. Ergo etiam
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
3720 virtus theologica consistit in medio.</p><p title="I-II q. 64 a. 4 arg. 3"><a name="36187"><span class="ref">[36187] Iª-IIae q. 64 a. 4 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3721 spes quae est virtus theologica, medium est inter desperationem et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3722 praesumptionem. Similiter etiam fides incedit media inter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3723 contrarias haereses, ut Boetius dicit, in libro de duabus naturis,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3724 quod enim confitemur in Christo unam personam et duas naturas,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3725 medium est inter haeresim Nestorii, qui dicit duas personas et duas
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3726 naturas; et haeresim Eutychis, qui dicit unam personam et unam
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
3727 naturam. Ergo virtus theologica consistit in medio.</p><p title="I-II q. 64 a. 4 s. c."><a name="36188"><span class="ref">[36188] Iª-IIae q. 64 a. 4 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3728 in omnibus in quibus consistit virtus in medio, contingit peccare
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3729 per excessum, sicut et per defectum. Sed circa Deum, qui est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3730 obiectum virtutis theologicae, non contingit peccare per excessum,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3731 dicitur enim Eccli. XLIII, <i>benedicentes Deum, exaltate illum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3732 quantum potestis, maior enim est omni laude</i>. Ergo virtus
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
3733 theologica non consistit in medio.</p><p title="I-II q. 64 a. 4 co."><a name="36189"><span class="ref">[36189] Iª-IIae q. 64 a. 4 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3734 dicendum quod, sicut dictum est, medium virtutis accipitur per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3735 conformitatem ad suam regulam vel mensuram, secundum quod contingit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3736 ipsam transcendere vel ab ea deficere. Virtutis autem theologicae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3737 duplex potest accipi mensura. Una quidem secundum ipsam rationem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3738 virtutis. Et sic mensura et regula virtutis theologicae est ipse
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3739 Deus, fides enim nostra regulatur secundum veritatem divinam,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3740 caritas autem secundum bonitatem eius, spes autem secundum
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3741 magnitudinem omnipotentiae et pietatis eius. Et ista est mensura
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3742 excellens omnem humanam facultatem, unde nunquam potest homo tantum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3743 diligere Deum quantum diligi debet, nec tantum credere aut sperare
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3744 in ipsum, quantum debet. Unde multo minus potest ibi esse excessus.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3745 Et sic bonum talis virtutis non consistit in medio, sed tanto est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3746 melius, quanto magis acceditur ad summum. Alia vero regula vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3747 mensura virtutis theologicae est ex parte nostra, quia etsi non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3748 possumus ferri in Deum quantum debemus, debemus tamen ferri in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3749 ipsum credendo, sperando et amando, secundum mensuram nostrae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3750 conditionis. Unde per accidens potest in virtute theologica
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3751 considerari medium et extrema, ex parte nostra.</p><p title="I-II q. 64 a. 4 ad 1"><a name="36190"><span class="ref">[36190] Iª-IIae q. 64 a. 4 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3752 ergo dicendum quod bonum virtutum intellectualium et moralium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3753 consistit in medio per conformitatem ad regulam vel mensuram quam
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3754 transcendere contingit. Quod non est in virtutibus theologicis, per
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3755 se loquendo, ut dictum est.</p><p title="I-II q. 64 a. 4 ad 2"><a name="36191"><span class="ref">[36191] Iª-IIae q. 64 a. 4 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3756 dicendum quod virtutes morales et intellectuales perficiunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3757 intellectum et appetitum nostrum in ordine ad mensuram et regulam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3758 creatam, virtutes autem theologicae in ordine ad mensuram et
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3759 regulam increatam. Unde non est similis ratio.</p><p title="I-II q. 64 a. 4 ad 3"><a name="36192"><span class="ref">[36192] Iª-IIae q. 64 a. 4 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3760 dicendum quod spes est media inter praesumptionem et desperationem,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3761 ex parte nostra, inquantum scilicet aliquis praesumere dicitur ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3762 eo quod sperat a Deo bonum quod excedit suam conditionem; vel non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3763 sperat quod secundum suam conditionem sperare posset. Non autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3764 potest esse superabundantia spei ex parte Dei, cuius bonitas est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3765 infinita. Similiter etiam fides est media inter contrarias
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3766 haereses, non per comparationem ad obiectum, quod est Deus, cui non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3767 potest aliquis nimis credere, sed inquantum ipsa opinio humana est
59
03759e5c1080 fix multi-para s.c.
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parents: 53
diff changeset
3768 media inter contrarias opiniones, ut ex supradictis patet.</p></div></div><div id="q65" class="q"><h2>Quaestio 65</h2><div class="p"><h3>Prooemium</h3><p title="I-II q. 65 pr."><a name="36193"><span class="ref">[36193]
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
3769 Iª-IIae q. 65 pr.</span></a> Deinde considerandum est de
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3770 connexione virtutum. Et circa hoc quaeruntur quinque. Primo, utrum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3771 virtutes morales sint ad invicem connexae. Secundo, utrum virtutes
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3772 morales possint esse sine caritate. Tertio, utrum caritas possit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3773 esse sine eis. Quarto, utrum fides et spes possint esse sine
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3774 caritate. Quinto, utrum caritas possit esse sine eis.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 1</h3><p title="I-II q. 65 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="36194"><span class="ref">[36194] Iª-IIae q. 65 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3775 sic proceditur. Videtur quod virtutes morales non sint ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3776 necessitate connexae. Virtutes enim morales quandoque causantur ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3777 exercitio actuum, ut probatur in II Ethic. Sed homo potest
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3778 exercitari in actibus alicuius virtutis sine hoc quod exercitetur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3779 in actibus alterius virtutis. Ergo una virtus moralis potest haberi
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3780 sine altera.</p><p title="I-II q. 65 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="36195"><span class="ref">[36195] Iª-IIae q. 65 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3781 magnificentia et magnanimitas sunt quaedam virtutes morales. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3782 aliquis potest habere alias virtutes morales, sine hoc quod habeat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3783 magnificentiam et magnanimitatem, dicit enim philosophus, in IV
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3784 Ethic., quod inops non potest esse magnificus, qui tamen potest
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3785 habere quasdam alias virtutes; et quod <i>ille qui parvis est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3786 dignus, et his se dignificat, temperatus est, magnanimus autem non
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3787 est</i>. Ergo virtutes morales non sunt connexae.</p><p title="I-II q. 65 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="36196"><span class="ref">[36196] Iª-IIae q. 65 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3788 sicut virtutes morales perficiunt partem appetitivam animae, ita
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3789 virtutes intellectuales perficiunt partem intellectivam. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3790 virtutes intellectuales non sunt connexae, potest enim aliquis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3791 habere unam scientiam, sine hoc quod habeat aliam. Ergo etiam neque
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3792 virtutes morales sunt connexae.</p><p title="I-II q. 65 a. 1 arg. 4"><a name="36197"><span class="ref">[36197] Iª-IIae q. 65 a. 1 arg. 4</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3793 si virtutes morales sint connexae, hoc non est nisi quia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3794 connectuntur in prudentia. Sed hoc non sufficit ad connexionem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3795 virtutum moralium. Videtur enim quod aliquis possit esse prudens
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3796 circa agibilia quae pertinent ad unam virtutem, sine hoc quod sit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3797 prudens in his quae pertinent ad aliam, sicut etiam aliquis potest
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3798 habere artem circa quaedam factibilia, sine hoc quod habeat artem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3799 circa alia. Prudentia autem est recta ratio agibilium. Ergo non est
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3800 necessarium virtutes morales esse connexas.</p><p title="I-II q. 65 a. 1 s. c."><a name="36198"><span class="ref">[36198] Iª-IIae q. 65 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3801 est quod Ambrosius dicit, super Lucam, <i>connexae sibi sunt,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3802 concatenataeque virtutes, ut qui unam habet, plures habere
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3803 videatur</i>. Augustinus etiam dicit, in VI de Trin., quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3804 <i>virtutes quae sunt in animo humano, nullo modo separantur ab
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3805 invicem</i>. Et Gregorius dicit, XXII Moral., quod <i>una virtus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3806 sine aliis aut omnino nulla est, aut imperfecta</i>. Et Tullius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3807 dicit, in II de Tuscul. quaest., <i>si unam virtutem confessus es
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3808 te non habere, nullam necesse est te habiturum</i>.</p><p title="I-II q. 65 a. 1 co."><a name="36199"><span class="ref">[36199] Iª-IIae q. 65 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3809 dicendum quod virtus moralis potest accipi vel perfecta vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3810 imperfecta. Imperfecta quidem moralis virtus, ut temperantia vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3811 fortitudo, nihil aliud est quam aliqua inclinatio in nobis existens
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3812 ad opus aliquod de genere bonorum faciendum, sive talis inclinatio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3813 sit in nobis a natura, sive ex assuetudine. Et hoc modo accipiendo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3814 virtutes morales, non sunt connexae, videmus enim aliquem ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3815 naturali complexione, vel ex aliqua consuetudine, esse promptum ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3816 opera liberalitatis, qui tamen non est promptus ad opera
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3817 castitatis. Perfecta autem virtus moralis est habitus inclinans in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3818 bonum opus bene agendum. Et sic accipiendo virtutes morales,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3819 dicendum est eas connexas esse; ut fere ab omnibus ponitur. Cuius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3820 ratio duplex assignatur, secundum quod diversimode aliqui virtutes
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3821 cardinales distinguunt. Ut enim dictum est, quidam distinguunt eas
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3822 secundum quasdam generales conditiones virtutum, utpote quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3823 discretio pertineat ad prudentiam, rectitudo ad iustitiam,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3824 moderantia ad temperantiam, firmitas animi ad fortitudinem, in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3825 quacumque materia ista considerentur. Et secundum hoc, manifeste
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3826 apparet ratio connexionis, non enim firmitas habet laudem virtutis,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3827 si sit sine moderatione, vel rectitudine, aut discretione; et eadem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3828 ratio est de aliis. Et hanc rationem connexionis assignat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3829 Gregorius, XXII Moral., dicens quod <i>virtutes, si sint
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3830 disiunctae, non possunt esse perfectae</i>, secundum rationem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3831 virtutis, <i>quia nec prudentia vera est quae iusta, temperans et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3832 fortis non est</i>; et idem subdit de aliis virtutibus. Et similem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3833 rationem assignat Augustinus, in VI de Trin. Alii vero distinguunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3834 praedictas virtutes secundum materias. Et secundum hoc assignatur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3835 ratio connexionis ab Aristotele, in VI Ethic. Quia sicut supra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3836 dictum est, nulla virtus moralis potest sine prudentia haberi, eo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3837 quod proprium virtutis moralis est facere electionem rectam, cum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3838 sit habitus electivus; ad rectam autem electionem non solum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3839 sufficit inclinatio in debitum finem, quod est directe per habitum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3840 virtutis moralis; sed etiam quod aliquis directe eligat ea quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3841 sunt ad finem, quod fit per prudentiam, quae est consiliativa et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3842 iudicativa et praeceptiva eorum quae sunt ad finem. Similiter etiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3843 prudentia non potest haberi nisi habeantur virtutes morales, cum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3844 prudentia sit recta ratio agibilium, quae, sicut ex principiis,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3845 procedit ex finibus agibilium, ad quos aliquis recte se habet per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3846 virtutes morales. Unde sicut scientia speculativa non potest haberi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3847 sine intellectu principiorum, ita nec prudentia sine virtutibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3848 moralibus. Ex quo manifeste sequitur virtutes morales esse
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3849 connexas.</p><p title="I-II q. 65 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="36200"><span class="ref">[36200] Iª-IIae q. 65 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3850 ergo dicendum quod virtutum moralium quaedam perficiunt hominem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3851 secundum communem statum, scilicet quantum ad ea quae communiter in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3852 omni vita hominum occurrunt agenda. Unde oportet quod homo simul
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3853 exercitetur circa materias omnium virtutum moralium. Et si quidem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3854 circa omnes exercitetur bene operando, acquiret habitus omnium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3855 virtutum moralium. Si autem exercitetur bene operando circa unam
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3856 materiam, non autem circa aliam, puta bene se habendo circa iras,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3857 non autem circa concupiscentias; acquiret quidem habitum aliquem ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3858 refrenandum iras, qui tamen non habebit rationem virtutis, propter
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3859 defectum prudentiae, quae circa concupiscentias corrumpitur. Sicut
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3860 etiam naturales inclinationes non habent perfectam rationem
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3861 virtutis, si prudentia desit. Quaedam vero virtutes morales sunt
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3862 quae perficiunt hominem secundum aliquem eminentem statum, sicut
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3863 magnificentia, et magnanimitas. Et quia exercitium circa materias
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3864 harum virtutum non occurrit unicuique communiter, potest aliquis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3865 habere alias virtutes morales, sine hoc quod habitus harum virtutum
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3866 habeat actu, loquendo de virtutibus acquisitis. Sed tamen,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3867 acquisitis aliis virtutibus, habet istas virtutes in potentia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3868 propinqua. Cum enim aliquis per exercitium adeptus est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3869 liberalitatem circa mediocres donationes et sumptus, si superveniat
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3870 ei abundantia pecuniarum, modico exercitio acquiret magnificentiae
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3871 habitum, sicut geometer modico studio acquirit scientiam alicuius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3872 conclusionis quam nunquam consideravit. Illud autem habere dicimur,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3873 quod in promptu est ut habeamus; secundum illud philosophi, in II
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
3874 Physic., <i>quod parum deest, quasi nihil deesse videtur</i>.</p><p title="I-II q. 65 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="36201"><span class="ref">[36201] Iª-IIae q. 65 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Et per hoc
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
3875 patet responsio ad secundum.</p><p title="I-II q. 65 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="36202"><span class="ref">[36202] Iª-IIae q. 65 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3876 dicendum quod virtutes intellectuales sunt circa diversas materias
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3877 ad invicem non ordinatas, sicut patet in diversis scientiis et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3878 artibus. Et ideo non invenitur in eis connexio quae invenitur in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3879 virtutibus moralibus existentibus circa passiones et operationes,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3880 quae manifeste habent ordinem ad invicem. Nam omnes passiones, a
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3881 quibusdam primis procedentes, scilicet amore et odio, ad quasdam
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3882 alias terminantur, scilicet delectationem et tristitiam. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3883 similiter omnes operationes quae sunt virtutis moralis materia,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3884 habent ordinem ad invicem, et etiam ad passiones. Et ideo tota
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3885 materia moralium virtutum sub una ratione prudentiae cadit. Habent
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3886 tamen omnia intelligibilia ordinem ad prima principia. Et secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3887 hoc, omnes virtutes intellectuales dependent ab intellectu
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3888 principiorum; sicut prudentia a virtutibus moralibus, ut dictum
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3889 est. Principia autem universalia, quorum est intellectus
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3890 principiorum, non dependent a conclusionibus, de quibus sunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3891 reliquae intellectuales virtutes; sicut morales dependent a
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3892 prudentia, eo quod appetitus movet quodammodo rationem, et ratio
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3893 appetitum, ut supra dictum est.</p><p title="I-II q. 65 a. 1 ad 4"><a name="36203"><span class="ref">[36203] Iª-IIae q. 65 a. 1 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3894 dicendum quod ea ad quae inclinant virtutes morales, se habent ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3895 prudentiam sicut principia, non autem factibilia se habent ad artem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3896 sicut principia, sed solum sicut materia. Manifestum est autem
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3897 quod, etsi ratio possit esse recta in una parte materiae, et non in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3898 alia; nullo tamen modo potest dici ratio recta, si sit defectus
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3899 cuiuscumque principii. Sicut si quis erraret circa hoc principium,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3900 omne totum est maius sua parte, non posset habere scientiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3901 geometricam, quia oporteret multum recedere a veritate in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3902 sequentibus. Et praeterea, agibilia sunt ordinata ad invicem; non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3903 autem factibilia, ut dictum est. Et ideo defectus prudentiae circa
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3904 unam partem agibilium, induceret defectum etiam circa alia
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
3905 agibilia. Quod in factibilibus non contingit.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 2</h3><p title="I-II q. 65 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="36204"><span class="ref">[36204] Iª-IIae q. 65 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad secundum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3906 sic proceditur. Videtur quod virtutes morales possint esse sine
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3907 caritate. Dicitur enim in libro sententiarum prosperi, quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3908 <i>omnis virtus praeter caritatem, potest esse communis bonis et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3909 malis</i>. Sed caritas non potest esse nisi in bonis, ut dicitur
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3910 ibidem. Ergo aliae virtutes possunt haberi sine caritate.</p><p title="I-II q. 65 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="36205"><span class="ref">[36205] Iª-IIae q. 65 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3911 virtutes morales possunt acquiri ex actibus humanis, ut dicitur in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3912 II Ethic. Sed caritas non habetur nisi ex infusione; secundum illud
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3913 Rom. V, <i>caritas Dei diffusa est in cordibus nostris per spiritum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3914 sanctum, qui datus est nobis</i>. Ergo aliae virtutes possunt
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3915 haberi sine caritate.</p><p title="I-II q. 65 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="36206"><span class="ref">[36206] Iª-IIae q. 65 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3916 virtutes morales connectuntur ad invicem, inquantum dependent a
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3917 prudentia. Sed caritas non dependet a prudentia; immo prudentiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3918 excedit, secundum illud Ephes. III, <i>supereminentem scientiae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3919 caritatem Christi</i>. Ergo virtutes morales non connectuntur
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3920 caritati, sed sine ea esse possunt.</p><p title="I-II q. 65 a. 2 s. c."><a name="36207"><span class="ref">[36207] Iª-IIae q. 65 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3921 est quod dicitur I Ioan. III, <i>qui non diligit, manet in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3922 morte</i>. Sed per virtutes perficitur vita spiritualis, ipsae enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3923 sunt quibus recte vivitur, ut Augustinus dicit, in II de Lib.
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3924 Arbit. Ergo non possunt esse sine dilectione caritatis.</p><p title="I-II q. 65 a. 2 co."><a name="36208"><span class="ref">[36208] Iª-IIae q. 65 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3925 dicendum quod, sicut supra dictum est, virtutes morales prout sunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3926 operativae boni in ordine ad finem qui non excedit facultatem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3927 naturalem hominis, possunt per opera humana acquiri. Et sic
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3928 acquisitae sine caritate esse possunt, sicut fuerunt in multis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3929 gentilibus. Secundum autem quod sunt operativae boni in ordine ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3930 ultimum finem supernaturalem, sic perfecte et vere habent rationem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3931 virtutis; et non possunt humanis actibus acquiri, sed infunduntur a
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3932 Deo. Et huiusmodi virtutes morales sine caritate esse non possunt.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3933 Dictum est enim supra quod aliae virtutes morales non possunt esse
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3934 sine prudentia; prudentia autem non potest esse sine virtutibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3935 moralibus, inquantum virtutes morales faciunt bene se habere ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3936 quosdam fines, ex quibus procedit ratio prudentiae. Ad rectam autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3937 rationem prudentiae multo magis requiritur quod homo bene se habeat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3938 circa ultimum finem, quod fit per caritatem, quam circa alios
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3939 fines, quod fit per virtutes morales, sicut ratio recta in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3940 speculativis maxime indiget primo principio indemonstrabili, quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3941 est contradictoria non simul esse vera. Unde manifestum fit quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3942 nec prudentia infusa potest esse sine caritate; nec aliae virtutes
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3943 morales consequenter, quae sine prudentia esse non possunt. Patet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3944 igitur ex dictis quod solae virtutes infusae sunt perfectae, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3945 simpliciter dicendae virtutes, quia bene ordinant hominem ad finem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3946 ultimum simpliciter. Aliae vero virtutes, scilicet acquisitae, sunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3947 secundum quid virtutes, non autem simpliciter, ordinant enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3948 hominem bene respectu finis ultimi in aliquo genere, non autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3949 respectu finis ultimi simpliciter. Unde Rom. XIV super illud,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3950 <i>omne quod non est ex fide, peccatum est</i>, dicit Glossa
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3951 Augustini, <i>ubi deest agnitio veritatis, falsa est virtus etiam
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3952 in bonis moribus</i>.</p><p title="I-II q. 65 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="36209"><span class="ref">[36209] Iª-IIae q. 65 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3953 ergo dicendum quod virtutes ibi accipiuntur secundum imperfectam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3954 rationem virtutis. Alioquin, si virtus moralis secundum perfectam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3955 rationem virtutis accipiatur, bonum facit habentem; et per
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3956 consequens in malis esse non potest.</p><p title="I-II q. 65 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="36210"><span class="ref">[36210] Iª-IIae q. 65 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3957 dicendum quod ratio illa procedit de virtutibus moralibus
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3958 acquisitis.</p><p title="I-II q. 65 a. 2 ad 3"><a name="36211"><span class="ref">[36211] Iª-IIae q. 65 a. 2 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3959 dicendum quod, etsi caritas excedat scientiam et prudentiam, tamen
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3960 prudentia dependet a caritate, ut dictum est. Et per consequens,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3961 omnes virtutes morales infusae.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 3</h3><p title="I-II q. 65 a. 3 arg. 1"><a name="36212"><span class="ref">[36212] Iª-IIae q. 65 a. 3 arg. 1</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3962 sic proceditur. Videtur quod caritas sine aliis virtutibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3963 moralibus haberi possit. Ad id enim ad quod sufficit unum,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3964 indebitum est quod plura ordinentur. Sed sola caritas sufficit ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3965 omnia opera virtutis implenda, ut patet per id quod dicitur I ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3966 Cor. XIII, <i>caritas patiens est, benigna est,</i> et cetera. Ergo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3967 videtur quod, habita caritate, aliae virtutes superfluerent.</p><p title="I-II q. 65 a. 3 arg. 2"><a name="36213"><span class="ref">[36213] Iª-IIae q. 65 a. 3 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3968 qui habet habitum virtutis, de facili operatur ea quae sunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3969 virtutis, et ei secundum se placent, unde et signum habitus est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3970 delectatio quae fit in opere, ut dicitur in II Ethic. Sed multi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3971 habent caritatem, absque peccato mortali existentes, qui tamen
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3972 difficultatem in operibus virtutum patiuntur, neque eis secundum se
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3973 placent, sed solum secundum quod referuntur ad caritatem. Ergo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3974 multi habent caritatem, qui non habent alias virtutes.</p><p title="I-II q. 65 a. 3 arg. 3"><a name="36214"><span class="ref">[36214] Iª-IIae q. 65 a. 3 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3975 caritas in omnibus sanctis invenitur. Sed quidam sunt sancti qui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3976 tamen aliquibus virtutibus carent, dicit enim Beda quod sancti
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3977 magis humiliantur de virtutibus quas non habent, quam de virtutibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3978 quas habent, glorientur. Ergo non est necessarium quod qui habet
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3979 caritatem, omnes virtutes morales habeat.</p><p title="I-II q. 65 a. 3 s. c."><a name="36215"><span class="ref">[36215] Iª-IIae q. 65 a. 3 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3980 est quod per caritatem tota lex impletur, dicitur enim Rom. XIII,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3981 <i>qui diligit proximum, legem implevit</i>. Sed tota lex impleri
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3982 non potest nisi per omnes virtutes morales, quia lex praecipit de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3983 omnibus actibus virtutum, ut dicitur in V Ethic. Ergo qui habet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3984 caritatem, habet omnes virtutes morales. Augustinus etiam dicit, in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3985 quadam epistola, quod caritas includit in se omnes virtutes
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3986 cardinales.</p><p title="I-II q. 65 a. 3 co."><a name="36216"><span class="ref">[36216] Iª-IIae q. 65 a. 3 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3987 dicendum quod cum caritate simul infunduntur omnes virtutes
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3988 morales. Cuius ratio est quia Deus non minus perfecte operatur in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3989 operibus gratiae, quam in operibus naturae. Sic autem videmus in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3990 operibus naturae, quod non invenitur principium aliquorum operum in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3991 aliqua re, quin inveniantur in ea quae sunt necessaria ad huiusmodi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3992 opera perficienda, sicut in animalibus inveniuntur organa quibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3993 perfici possunt opera ad quae peragenda anima habet potestatem.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3994 Manifestum est autem quod caritas, inquantum ordinat hominem ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3995 finem ultimum, est principium omnium bonorum operum quae in finem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3996 ultimum ordinari possunt. Unde oportet quod cum caritate simul
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3997 infundantur omnes virtutes morales, quibus homo perficit singula
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3998 genera bonorum operum. Et sic patet quod virtutes morales infusae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3999 non solum habent connexionem propter prudentiam; sed etiam propter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4000 caritatem. Et quod qui amittit caritatem per peccatum mortale,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4001 amittit omnes virtutes morales infusas.</p><p title="I-II q. 65 a. 3 ad 1"><a name="36217"><span class="ref">[36217] Iª-IIae q. 65 a. 3 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4002 ergo dicendum quod ad hoc quod actus inferioris potentiae sit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4003 perfectus, requiritur quod non solum adsit perfectio in superiori
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4004 potentia, sed etiam in inferiori, si enim principale agens debito
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4005 modo se haberet, non sequeretur actio perfecta, si instrumentum non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4006 esset bene dispositum. Unde oportet ad hoc quod homo bene operetur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4007 in his quae sunt ad finem, quod non solum habeat virtutem qua bene
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4008 se habeat circa finem, sed etiam virtutes quibus bene se habeat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4009 circa ea quae sunt ad finem, nam virtus quae est circa finem, se
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4010 habet ut principalis et motiva respectu earum quae sunt ad finem.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4011 Et ideo cum caritate necesse est etiam habere alias virtutes
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
4012 morales.</p><p title="I-II q. 65 a. 3 ad 2"><a name="36218"><span class="ref">[36218] Iª-IIae q. 65 a. 3 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4013 dicendum quod quandoque contingit quod aliquis habens habitum,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4014 patitur difficultatem in operando, et per consequens non sentit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4015 delectationem et complacentiam in actu, propter aliquod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4016 impedimentum extrinsecus superveniens, sicut ille qui habet habitum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4017 scientiae, patitur difficultatem in intelligendo, propter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4018 somnolentiam vel aliquam infirmitatem. Et similiter habitus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4019 moralium virtutum infusarum patiuntur interdum difficultatem in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4020 operando, propter aliquas dispositiones contrarias ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4021 praecedentibus actibus relictas. Quae quidem difficultas non ita
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4022 accidit in virtutibus moralibus acquisitis, quia per exercitium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4023 actuum, quo acquiruntur, tolluntur etiam contrariae
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4024 dispositiones.</p><p title="I-II q. 65 a. 3 ad 3"><a name="36219"><span class="ref">[36219] Iª-IIae q. 65 a. 3 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4025 dicendum quod aliqui sancti dicuntur aliquas virtutes non habere,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4026 inquantum patiuntur difficultatem in actibus earum, ratione iam
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4027 dicta; quamvis habitus omnium virtutum habeant.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 4</h3><p title="I-II q. 65 a. 4 arg. 1"><a name="36220"><span class="ref">[36220] Iª-IIae q. 65 a. 4 arg. 1</span></a> Ad quartum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4028 sic proceditur. Videtur quod fides et spes nunquam sint sine
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4029 caritate. Cum enim sint virtutes theologicae, digniores esse
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4030 videntur virtutibus moralibus, etiam infusis. Sed virtutes morales
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4031 infusae non possunt esse sine caritate. Ergo neque fides et
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4032 spes.</p><p title="I-II q. 65 a. 4 arg. 2"><a name="36221"><span class="ref">[36221] Iª-IIae q. 65 a. 4 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4033 nullus credit nisi volens, sed caritas est in voluntate ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4034 Augustinus dicit, super Ioan. Sicut perfectio eius, ut supra dictum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4035 est. Ergo fides non potest esse sine caritate.</p><p title="I-II q. 65 a. 4 arg. 3"><a name="36222"><span class="ref">[36222] Iª-IIae q. 65 a. 4 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4036 Augustinus dicit, in Enchirid., quod <i>spes sine amore esse non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4037 potest</i>. Amor autem est caritas, de hoc enim amore ibi loquitur.
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
4038 Ergo spes non potest esse sine caritate.</p><p title="I-II q. 65 a. 4 s. c."><a name="36223"><span class="ref">[36223] Iª-IIae q. 65 a. 4 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4039 est quod Matth. I, dicitur in Glossa quod <i>fides generat spem,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4040 spes vero caritatem</i>. Sed generans est prius generato, et potest
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4041 esse sine eo. Ergo fides potest esse sine spe; et spes sine
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4042 caritate.</p><p title="I-II q. 65 a. 4 co."><a name="36224"><span class="ref">[36224] Iª-IIae q. 65 a. 4 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4043 dicendum quod fides et spes, sicut et virtutes morales, dupliciter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4044 considerari possunt. Uno modo, secundum inchoationem quandam; alio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4045 modo, secundum perfectum esse virtutis. Cum enim virtus ordinetur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4046 ad bonum opus agendum, virtus quidem perfecta dicitur ex hoc quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4047 potest in opus perfecte bonum, quod quidem est dum non solum bonum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4048 est quod fit, sed etiam bene fit. Alioquin, si bonum sit quod fit,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4049 non autem bene fiat, non erit perfecte bonum, unde nec habitus qui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4050 est talis operis principium, habebit perfecte rationem virtutis.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4051 Sicut si aliquis operetur iusta, bonum quidem facit, sed non erit
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4052 opus perfectae virtutis, nisi hoc bene faciat, idest secundum
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4053 electionem rectam, quod est per prudentiam, et ideo iustitia sine
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4054 prudentia non potest esse virtus perfecta. Sic igitur fides et spes
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4055 sine caritate possunt quidem aliqualiter esse, perfectae autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4056 virtutis rationem sine caritate non habent. Cum enim fidei opus sit
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4057 credere Deo; credere autem sit alicui propria voluntate assentire,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4058 si non debito modo velit, non erit fidei opus perfectum. Quod autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4059 debito modo velit, hoc est per caritatem, quae perficit voluntatem,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4060 omnis enim rectus motus voluntatis ex recto amore procedit, ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4061 Augustinus dicit, in XIV de Civ. Dei. Sic igitur fides est quidem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4062 sine caritate, sed non perfecta virtus, sicut temperantia vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4063 fortitudo sine prudentia. Et similiter dicendum est de spe. Nam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4064 actus spei est expectare futuram beatitudinem a Deo. Qui quidem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4065 actus perfectus est, si fiat ex meritis quae quis habet, quod non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4066 potest esse sine caritate. Si autem hoc expectet ex meritis quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4067 nondum habet, sed proponit in futurum acquirere, erit actus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4068 imperfectus, et hoc potest esse sine caritate. Et ideo fides et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4069 spes possunt esse sine caritate, sed sine caritate, proprie
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4070 loquendo, virtutes non sunt; nam ad rationem virtutis pertinet ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4071 non solum secundum ipsam aliquod bonum operemur, sed etiam bene, ut
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4072 dicitur in II Ethic.</p><p title="I-II q. 65 a. 4 ad 1"><a name="36225"><span class="ref">[36225] Iª-IIae q. 65 a. 4 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4073 ergo dicendum quod virtutes morales dependent a prudentia,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4074 prudentia autem infusa nec rationem prudentiae habere potest absque
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4075 caritate, utpote deficiente debita habitudine ad primum principium,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4076 quod est ultimus finis. Fides autem et spes, secundum proprias
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4077 rationes, nec a prudentia nec a caritate dependent. Et ideo sine
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4078 caritate esse possunt; licet non sint virtutes sine caritate, ut
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4079 dictum est.</p><p title="I-II q. 65 a. 4 ad 2"><a name="36226"><span class="ref">[36226] Iª-IIae q. 65 a. 4 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4080 dicendum quod ratio illa procedit de fide quae habet perfectam
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4081 rationem virtutis.</p><p title="I-II q. 65 a. 4 ad 3"><a name="36227"><span class="ref">[36227] Iª-IIae q. 65 a. 4 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4082 dicendum quod Augustinus loquitur ibi de spe, secundum quod aliquis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4083 expectat futuram beatitudinem per merita quae iam habet, quod non
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4084 est sine caritate.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 5</h3><p title="I-II q. 65 a. 5 arg. 1"><a name="36228"><span class="ref">[36228] Iª-IIae q. 65 a. 5 arg. 1</span></a> Ad quintum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4085 sic proceditur. Videtur quod caritas possit esse sine fide et spe.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4086 Caritas enim est amor Dei. Sed Deus potest a nobis amari
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4087 naturaliter, etiam non praesupposita fide, vel spe futurae
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4088 beatitudinis. Ergo caritas potest esse sine fide et spe.</p><p title="I-II q. 65 a. 5 arg. 2"><a name="36229"><span class="ref">[36229] Iª-IIae q. 65 a. 5 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4089 caritas est radix omnium virtutum; secundum illud Ephes. III, <i>in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4090 caritate radicati et fundati</i>. Sed radix aliquando est sine
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4091 ramis. Ergo caritas potest esse aliquando sine fide et spe et aliis
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4092 virtutibus.</p><p title="I-II q. 65 a. 5 arg. 3"><a name="36230"><span class="ref">[36230] Iª-IIae q. 65 a. 5 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4093 in Christo fuit perfecta caritas. Ipse tamen non habuit fidem et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4094 spem, quia fuit perfectus comprehensor, ut infra dicetur. Ergo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4095 caritas potest esse sine fide et spe.</p><p title="I-II q. 65 a. 5 s. c."><a name="36231"><span class="ref">[36231] Iª-IIae q. 65 a. 5 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4096 est quod apostolus dicit, Heb. XI, <i>sine fide impossibile est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4097 placere Deo</i>; quod maxime pertinet ad caritatem, ut patet;
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4098 secundum illud Proverb. VIII, <i>ego diligentes me diligo</i>. Spes
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4099 etiam est quae introducit ad caritatem, ut supra dictum est. Ergo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4100 caritas non potest haberi sine fide et spe.</p><p title="I-II q. 65 a. 5 co."><a name="36232"><span class="ref">[36232] Iª-IIae q. 65 a. 5 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4101 dicendum quod caritas non solum significat amorem Dei, sed etiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4102 amicitiam quandam ad ipsum; quae quidem super amorem addit mutuam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4103 redamationem cum quadam mutua communicatione, ut dicitur in VIII
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4104 Ethic. Et quod hoc ad caritatem pertineat, patet per id quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4105 dicitur I Ioan. IV, <i>qui manet in caritate, in Deo manet, et Deus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4106 in eo</i>. Et I ad Cor. I dicitur, <i>fidelis Deus, per quem vocati
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4107 estis in societatem filii eius</i>. Haec autem societas hominis ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4108 Deum, quae est quaedam familiaris conversatio cum ipso, inchoatur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4109 quidem hic in praesenti per gratiam, perficietur autem in futuro
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4110 per gloriam, quorum utrumque fide et spe tenetur. Unde sicut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4111 aliquis non posset cum aliquo amicitiam habere, si discrederet vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4112 desperaret se posse habere aliquam societatem vel familiarem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4113 conversationem cum ipso; ita aliquis non potest habere amicitiam ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4114 Deum, quae est caritas, nisi fidem habeat, per quam credat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4115 huiusmodi societatem et conversationem hominis cum Deo, et speret
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4116 se ad hanc societatem pertinere. Et sic caritas sine fide et spe
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4117 nullo modo esse potest.</p><p title="I-II q. 65 a. 5 ad 1"><a name="36233"><span class="ref">[36233] Iª-IIae q. 65 a. 5 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4118 ergo dicendum quod caritas non est qualiscumque amor Dei, sed amor
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4119 Dei quo diligitur ut beatitudinis obiectum, ad quod ordinamur per
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4120 fidem et spem.</p><p title="I-II q. 65 a. 5 ad 2"><a name="36234"><span class="ref">[36234] Iª-IIae q. 65 a. 5 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4121 dicendum quod caritas est radix fidei et spei, inquantum dat eis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4122 perfectionem virtutis. Sed fides et spes, secundum rationem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4123 propriam, praesupponuntur ad caritatem, ut supra dictum est. Et sic
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4124 caritas sine eis esse non potest.</p><p title="I-II q. 65 a. 5 ad 3"><a name="36235"><span class="ref">[36235] Iª-IIae q. 65 a. 5 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4125 dicendum quod Christo defuit fides et spes, propter id quod est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4126 imperfectionis in eis. Sed loco fidei, habuit apertam visionem; et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4127 loco spei, plenam comprehensionem. Et sic fuit perfecta caritas in
59
03759e5c1080 fix multi-para s.c.
ht
parents: 53
diff changeset
4128 eo.</p></div></div><div id="q66" class="q"><h2>Quaestio 66</h2><div class="p"><h3>Prooemium</h3><p title="I-II q. 66 pr."><a name="36236"><span class="ref">[36236]
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4129 Iª-IIae q. 66 pr.</span></a> Deinde considerandum est de
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4130 aequalitate virtutum. Et circa hoc quaeruntur sex. Primo, utrum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4131 virtus possit esse maior vel minor. Secundo, utrum omnes virtutes
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4132 simul in eodem existentes, sint aequales. Tertio, de comparatione
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4133 virtutum moralium ad intellectuales. Quarto, de comparatione
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4134 virtutum moralium ad invicem. Quinto, de comparatione virtutum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4135 intellectualium ad invicem. Sexto, de comparatione virtutum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4136 theologicarum ad invicem.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 1</h3><p title="I-II q. 66 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="36237"><span class="ref">[36237] Iª-IIae q. 66 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4137 sic proceditur. Videtur quod virtus non possit esse maior vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4138 minor. Dicitur enim in Apoc. XXI, quod latera civitatis Ierusalem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4139 sunt aequalia. Per haec autem significantur virtutes, ut Glossa
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4140 dicit ibidem. Ergo omnes virtutes sunt aequales. Non ergo potest
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4141 esse virtus maior virtute.</p><p title="I-II q. 66 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="36238"><span class="ref">[36238] Iª-IIae q. 66 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4142 omne illud cuius ratio consistit in maximo, non potest esse maius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4143 vel minus. Sed ratio virtutis consistit in maximo, est enim virtus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4144 ultimum potentiae, ut philosophus dicit in I de caelo; et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4145 Augustinus etiam dicit, in II de Lib. Arb., quod <i>virtutes sunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4146 maxima bona, quibus nullus potest male uti</i>. Ergo videtur quod
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4147 virtus non possit esse maior neque minor.</p><p title="I-II q. 66 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="36239"><span class="ref">[36239] Iª-IIae q. 66 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4148 quantitas effectus pensatur secundum virtutem agentis. Sed virtutes
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4149 perfectae, quae sunt virtutes infusae, sunt a Deo, cuius virtus est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4150 uniformis et infinita. Ergo videtur quod virtus non possit esse
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4151 maior virtute.</p><p title="I-II q. 66 a. 1 s. c."><a name="36240"><span class="ref">[36240] Iª-IIae q. 66 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4152 ubicumque potest esse augmentum et superabundantia, potest esse
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4153 inaequalitas. Sed in virtutibus invenitur superabundantia et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4154 augmentum, dicitur enim Matth. V, <i>nisi abundaverit iustitia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4155 vestra plus quam Scribarum et Pharisaeorum, non intrabitis in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4156 regnum caelorum</i>; et Proverb. XV dicitur, <i>in abundanti
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4157 iustitia virtus maxima est</i>. Ergo videtur quod virtus possit
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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diff changeset
4158 esse maior vel minor.</p><p title="I-II q. 66 a. 1 co."><a name="36241"><span class="ref">[36241] Iª-IIae q. 66 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4159 dicendum quod cum quaeritur utrum virtus una possit esse maior
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4160 alia, dupliciter intelligi potest quaestio. Uno modo, in virtutibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4161 specie differentibus. Et sic manifestum est quod una virtus est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4162 alia maior. Semper enim est potior causa suo effectu, et in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4163 effectibus, tanto aliquid est potius, quanto est causae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4164 propinquius. Manifestum est autem ex dictis quod causa et radix
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4165 humani boni est ratio. Et ideo prudentia, quae perficit rationem,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4166 praefertur in bonitate aliis virtutibus moralibus, perficientibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4167 vim appetitivam inquantum participat rationem. Et in his etiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4168 tanto est una altera melior, quanto magis ad rationem accedit. Unde
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4169 et iustitia, quae est in voluntate, praefertur aliis virtutibus
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4170 moralibus, et fortitudo, quae est in irascibili, praefertur
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4171 temperantiae, quae est in concupiscibili, quae minus participat
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4172 rationem, ut patet in VII Ethic. Alio modo potest intelligi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4173 quaestio in virtute eiusdem speciei. Et sic, secundum ea quae dicta
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4174 sunt supra, cum de intensionibus habituum ageretur, virtus potest
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4175 dupliciter dici maior et minor, uno modo, secundum seipsam; alio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4176 modo, ex parte participantis subiecti. Si igitur secundum seipsam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4177 consideretur, magnitudo vel parvitas eius attenditur secundum ea ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4178 quae se extendit. Quicumque autem habet aliquam virtutem, puta
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4179 temperantiam, habet ipsam quantum ad omnia ad quae se temperantia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4180 extendit. Quod de scientia et arte non contingit, non enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4181 quicumque est grammaticus, scit omnia quae ad grammaticam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4182 pertinent. Et secundum hoc bene dixerunt Stoici, ut Simplicius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4183 dicit in commento praedicamentorum, quod virtus non recipit magis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4184 et minus, sicut scientia vel ars; eo quod ratio virtutis consistit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4185 in maximo. Si vero consideretur virtus ex parte subiecti
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4186 participantis, sic contingit virtutem esse maiorem vel minorem,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4187 sive secundum diversa tempora, in eodem; sive in diversis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4188 hominibus. Quia ad attingendum medium virtutis, quod est secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4189 rationem rectam, unus est melius dispositus quam alius, vel propter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4190 maiorem assuetudinem, vel propter meliorem dispositionem naturae,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4191 vel propter perspicacius iudicium rationis, aut etiam propter maius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4192 gratiae donum, quod unicuique donatur secundum mensuram donationis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4193 Christi, ut dicitur ad Ephes. IV. Et in hoc deficiebant Stoici,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4194 aestimantes nullum esse virtuosum dicendum, nisi qui summe fuerit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4195 dispositus ad virtutem. Non enim exigitur ad rationem virtutis,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4196 quod attingat rectae rationis medium in indivisibili, sicut Stoici
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4197 putabant, sed sufficit prope medium esse, ut in II Ethic. dicitur.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4198 Idem etiam indivisibile signum unus propinquius et promptius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4199 attingit quam alius, sicut etiam patet in sagittatoribus
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4200 trahentibus ad certum signum.</p><p title="I-II q. 66 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="36242"><span class="ref">[36242] Iª-IIae q. 66 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4201 ergo dicendum quod aequalitas illa non est secundum quantitatem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4202 absolutam, sed est secundum proportionem intelligenda, quia omnes
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4203 virtutes proportionaliter crescunt in homine, ut infra dicetur.</p><p title="I-II q. 66 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="36243"><span class="ref">[36243] Iª-IIae q. 66 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4204 dicendum quod illud ultimum quod pertinet ad virtutem, potest
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4205 habere rationem magis vel minus boni secundum praedictos modos, cum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4206 non sit ultimum indivisibile, ut dictum est.</p><p title="I-II q. 66 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="36244"><span class="ref">[36244] Iª-IIae q. 66 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4207 dicendum quod Deus non operatur secundum necessitatem naturae, sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4208 secundum ordinem suae sapientiae, secundum quam diversam mensuram
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4209 virtutis hominibus largitur, secundum illud ad Ephes. IV,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4210 <i>unicuique vestrum data est gratia secundum mensuram donationis
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4211 Christi</i>.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 2</h3><p title="I-II q. 66 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="36245"><span class="ref">[36245] Iª-IIae q. 66 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4212 sic proceditur. Videtur quod non omnes virtutes in uno et eodem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4213 sint aequaliter intensae. Dicit enim apostolus, I ad Cor. VII,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4214 <i>unusquisque habet proprium donum a Deo, alius quidem sic, alius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4215 autem sic</i>. Non esset autem unum donum magis proprium alicui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4216 quam aliud, si omnes virtutes dono Dei infusas quilibet aequaliter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4217 haberet. Ergo videtur quod non omnes virtutes sint aequales in uno
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4218 et eodem.</p><p title="I-II q. 66 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="36246"><span class="ref">[36246] Iª-IIae q. 66 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4219 si omnes virtutes essent aeque intensae in uno et eodem, sequeretur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4220 quod quicumque excederet aliquem in una virtute, excederet ipsum in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4221 omnibus aliis virtutibus. Sed hoc patet esse falsum, quia diversi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4222 sancti de diversis virtutibus praecipue laudantur; sicut Abraham de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4223 fide, Moyses de mansuetudine, Iob de patientia. Unde et de quolibet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4224 confessore cantatur in Ecclesia, <i>non est inventus similis illi,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4225 qui conservaret legem excelsi</i>; eo quod quilibet habuit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4226 praerogativam alicuius virtutis. Non ergo omnes virtutes sunt
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4227 aequales in uno et eodem.</p><p title="I-II q. 66 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="36247"><span class="ref">[36247] Iª-IIae q. 66 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4228 quanto habitus est intensior, tanto homo secundum ipsum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4229 delectabilius et promptius operatur. Sed experimento patet quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4230 unus homo delectabilius et promptius operatur actum unius virtutis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4231 quam actum alterius. Non ergo omnes virtutes sunt aequales in uno
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4232 et eodem.</p><p title="I-II q. 66 a. 2 s. c."><a name="36248"><span class="ref">[36248] Iª-IIae q. 66 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4233 est quod Augustinus dicit, in VI de Trin., quod <i>quicumque sunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4234 aequales in fortitudine, aequales sunt in prudentia et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4235 temperantia</i>; et sic de aliis. Hoc autem non esset, nisi omnes
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4236 virtutes unius hominis essent aequales. Ergo omnes virtutes unius
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4237 hominis sunt aequales.</p><p title="I-II q. 66 a. 2 co."><a name="36249"><span class="ref">[36249] Iª-IIae q. 66 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4238 dicendum quod quantitas virtutum, sicut ex dictis patet, potest
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4239 attendi dupliciter. Uno modo, secundum rationem speciei. Et sic non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4240 est dubium quod una virtus unius hominis sit maior quam alia, sicut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4241 caritas fide et spe. Alio modo potest attendi secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4242 participationem subiecti, prout scilicet intenditur vel remittitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4243 in subiecto. Et secundum hoc, omnes virtutes unius hominis sunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4244 aequales quadam aequalitate proportionis, inquantum aequaliter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4245 crescunt in homine, sicut digiti manus sunt inaequales secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4246 quantitatem, sed sunt aequales secundum proportionem, cum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4247 proportionaliter augeantur. Huiusmodi autem aequalitatis oportet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4248 eodem modo rationem accipere, sicut et connexionis, aequalitas enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4249 est quaedam connexio virtutum secundum quantitatem. Dictum est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4250 autem supra quod ratio connexionis virtutum dupliciter assignari
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4251 potest. Uno modo, secundum intellectum eorum qui intelligunt per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4252 has quatuor virtutes, quatuor conditiones generales virtutum,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4253 quarum una simul invenitur cum aliis in qualibet materia. Et sic
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4254 virtus in qualibet materia non potest aequalis dici, nisi habeat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4255 omnes istas conditiones aequales. Et hanc rationem aequalitatis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4256 virtutum assignat Augustinus, in VI de Trin., dicens, <i>si dixeris
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4257 aequales esse istos fortitudine, sed illum praestare prudentia;
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4258 sequitur quod huius fortitudo minus prudens sit. Ac per hoc, nec
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4259 fortitudine aequales sunt, quando est illius fortitudo prudentior.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4260 Atque ita de ceteris virtutibus invenies, si omnes eadem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4261 consideratione percurras</i>. Alio modo assignata est ratio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4262 connexionis virtutum secundum eos qui intelligunt huiusmodi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4263 virtutes habere materias determinatas. Et secundum hoc, ratio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4264 connexionis virtutum moralium accipitur ex parte prudentiae, et ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4265 parte caritatis quantum ad virtutes infusas, non autem ex parte
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4266 inclinationis, quae est ex parte subiecti, ut supra dictum est. Sic
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4267 igitur et ratio aequalitatis virtutum potest accipi ex parte
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4268 prudentiae, quantum ad id quod est formale in omnibus virtutibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4269 moralibus, existente enim ratione aequaliter perfecta in uno et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4270 eodem, oportet quod proportionaliter secundum rationem rectam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4271 medium constituatur in qualibet materia virtutum. Quantum vero ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4272 id quod est materiale in virtutibus moralibus, scilicet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4273 inclinationem ipsam ad actum virtutis; potest esse unus homo magis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4274 promptus ad actum unius virtutis quam ad actum alterius, vel ex
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4275 natura, vel ex consuetudine, vel etiam ex gratiae dono.</p><p title="I-II q. 66 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="36250"><span class="ref">[36250] Iª-IIae q. 66 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4276 ergo dicendum quod verbum apostoli potest intelligi de donis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4277 gratiae gratis datae, quae non sunt communia omnibus, nec omnia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4278 aequalia in uno et eodem. Vel potest dici quod refertur ad mensuram
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4279 gratiae gratum facientis; secundum quam unus abundat in omnibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4280 virtutibus plus quam alius, propter maiorem abundantiam prudentiae,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4281 vel etiam caritatis, in qua connectuntur omnes virtutes
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4282 infusae.</p><p title="I-II q. 66 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="36251"><span class="ref">[36251] Iª-IIae q. 66 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4283 dicendum quod unus sanctus laudatur praecipue de una virtute, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4284 alius de alia, propter excellentiorem promptitudinem ad actum unius
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4285 virtutis, quam ad actum alterius.</p><p title="I-II q. 66 a. 2 ad 3"><a name="36252"><span class="ref">[36252] Iª-IIae q. 66 a. 2 ad 3</span></a> Et per hoc
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4286 etiam patet responsio ad tertium.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 3</h3><p title="I-II q. 66 a. 3 arg. 1"><a name="36253"><span class="ref">[36253] Iª-IIae q. 66 a. 3 arg. 1</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4287 sic proceditur. Videtur quod virtutes morales praeemineant
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4288 intellectualibus. Quod enim magis est necessarium, et permanentius,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4289 est melius. Sed virtutes morales sunt permanentiores etiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4290 disciplinis, quae sunt virtutes intellectuales, et sunt etiam magis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4291 necessariae ad vitam humanam. Ergo sunt praeferendae virtutibus
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4292 intellectualibus.</p><p title="I-II q. 66 a. 3 arg. 2"><a name="36254"><span class="ref">[36254] Iª-IIae q. 66 a. 3 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4293 de ratione virtutis est quod bonum faciat habentem. Sed secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4294 virtutes morales dicitur homo bonus, non autem secundum virtutes
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4295 intellectuales, nisi forte secundum solam prudentiam. Ergo virtus
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4296 moralis est melior quam intellectualis.</p><p title="I-II q. 66 a. 3 arg. 3"><a name="36255"><span class="ref">[36255] Iª-IIae q. 66 a. 3 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4297 finis est nobilior his quae sunt ad finem. Sed sicut dicitur in VI
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4298 Ethic., <i>virtus moralis facit rectam intentionem finis; prudentia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4299 autem facit rectam electionem eorum quae sunt ad finem</i>. Ergo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4300 virtus moralis est nobilior prudentia, quae est virtus
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4301 intellectualis circa moralia.</p><p title="I-II q. 66 a. 3 s. c."><a name="36256"><span class="ref">[36256] Iª-IIae q. 66 a. 3 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4302 virtus moralis est in rationali per participationem; virtus autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4303 intellectualis in rationali per essentiam, sicut dicitur in I
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4304 Ethic. Sed rationale per essentiam est nobilius quam rationale per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4305 participationem. Ergo virtus intellectualis est nobilior virtute
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
4306 morali.</p><p title="I-II q. 66 a. 3 co."><a name="36257"><span class="ref">[36257] Iª-IIae q. 66 a. 3 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4307 dicendum quod aliquid potest dici maius vel minus, dupliciter, uno
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4308 modo, simpliciter; alio modo, secundum quid. Nihil enim prohibet
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4309 aliquid esse melius simpliciter, ut philosophari quam ditari, quod
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4310 tamen non est melius secundum quid, idest necessitatem patienti.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4311 Simpliciter autem consideratur unumquodque, quando consideratur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4312 secundum propriam rationem suae speciei. Habet autem virtus speciem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4313 ex obiecto, ut ex dictis patet. Unde, simpliciter loquendo, illa
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4314 virtus nobilior est quae habet nobilius obiectum. Manifestum est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4315 autem quod obiectum rationis est nobilius quam obiectum appetitus,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4316 ratio enim apprehendit aliquid in universali; sed appetitus tendit
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4317 in res, quae habent esse particulare. Unde, simpliciter loquendo,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4318 virtutes intellectuales, quae perficiunt rationem, sunt nobiliores
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4319 quam morales, quae perficiunt appetitum. Sed si consideretur virtus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4320 in ordine ad actum, sic virtus moralis, quae perficit appetitum,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4321 cuius est movere alias potentias ad actum, ut supra dictum est,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4322 nobilior est. Et quia virtus dicitur ex eo quod est principium
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4323 alicuius actus, cum sit perfectio potentiae, sequitur etiam quod
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4324 ratio virtutis magis competat virtutibus moralibus quam virtutibus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4325 intellectualibus, quamvis virtutes intellectuales sint nobiliores
53
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diff changeset
4326 habitus simpliciter.</p><p title="I-II q. 66 a. 3 ad 1"><a name="36258"><span class="ref">[36258] Iª-IIae q. 66 a. 3 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4327 ergo dicendum quod virtutes morales sunt magis permanentes quam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4328 intellectuales, propter exercitium earum in his quae pertinent ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4329 vitam communem. Sed manifestum est quod obiecta disciplinarum, quae
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4330 sunt necessaria et semper eodem modo se habentia, sunt
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4331 permanentiora quam obiecta virtutum moralium, quae sunt quaedam
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4332 particularia agibilia. Quod autem virtutes morales sunt magis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4333 necessariae ad vitam humanam, non ostendit eas esse nobiliores
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4334 simpliciter, sed quoad hoc. Quinimmo virtutes intellectuales
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4335 speculativae, ex hoc ipso quod non ordinantur ad aliud sicut utile
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4336 ordinatur ad finem, sunt digniores. Hoc enim contingit quia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4337 secundum eas quodammodo inchoatur in nobis beatitudo, quae
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
4338 consistit in cognitione veritatis, sicut supra dictum est.</p><p title="I-II q. 66 a. 3 ad 2"><a name="36259"><span class="ref">[36259] Iª-IIae q. 66 a. 3 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4339 dicendum quod secundum virtutes morales dicitur homo bonus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4340 simpliciter, et non secundum intellectuales, ea ratione, quia
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4341 appetitus movet alias potentias ad suum actum, ut supra dictum est.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4342 Unde per hoc etiam non probatur nisi quod virtus moralis sit melior
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
4343 secundum quid.</p><p title="I-II q. 66 a. 3 ad 3"><a name="36260"><span class="ref">[36260] Iª-IIae q. 66 a. 3 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4344 dicendum quod prudentia non solum dirigit virtutes morales in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4345 eligendo ea quae sunt ad finem, sed etiam in praestituendo finem.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4346 Est autem finis uniuscuiusque virtutis moralis attingere medium in
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4347 propria materia, quod quidem medium determinatur secundum rectam
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4348 rationem prudentiae, ut dicitur in II et VI Ethic.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 4</h3><p title="I-II q. 66 a. 4 arg. 1"><a name="36261"><span class="ref">[36261] Iª-IIae q. 66 a. 4 arg. 1</span></a> Ad quartum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4349 sic proceditur. Videtur quod iustitia non sit praecipua inter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4350 virtutes morales. Maius enim est dare alicui de proprio, quam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4351 reddere alicui quod ei debetur. Sed primum pertinet ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4352 liberalitatem; secundum autem ad iustitiam. Ergo videtur quod
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
4353 liberalitas sit maior virtus quam iustitia.</p><p title="I-II q. 66 a. 4 arg. 2"><a name="36262"><span class="ref">[36262] Iª-IIae q. 66 a. 4 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4354 illud videtur esse maximum in unoquoque, quod est perfectissimum in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4355 ipso. Sed sicut dicitur Iac. I, <i>patientia opus perfectum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
4356 habet</i>. Ergo videtur quod patientia sit maior quam iustitia.</p><p title="I-II q. 66 a. 4 arg. 3"><a name="36263"><span class="ref">[36263] Iª-IIae q. 66 a. 4 arg. 3</span></a>
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4357 <i>Praeterea, magnanimitas operatur magnum, in omnibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4358 virtutibus</i>, ut dicitur in IV Ethic. Ergo magnificat etiam ipsam
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
4359 iustitiam. Est igitur maior quam iustitia.</p><p title="I-II q. 66 a. 4 s. c."><a name="36264"><span class="ref">[36264] Iª-IIae q. 66 a. 4 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4360 est quod philosophus dicit, in V Ethic., quod <i>iustitia est
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4361 praeclarissima virtutum</i>.</p><p title="I-II q. 66 a. 4 co."><a name="36265"><span class="ref">[36265] Iª-IIae q. 66 a. 4 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4362 dicendum quod virtus aliqua secundum suam speciem potest dici maior
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4363 vel minor, vel simpliciter, vel secundum quid. Simpliciter quidem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4364 virtus dicitur maior, secundum quod in ea maius bonum rationis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4365 relucet, ut supra dictum est. Et secundum hoc, iustitia inter omnes
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4366 virtutes morales praecellit, tanquam propinquior rationi. Quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4367 patet et ex subiecto, et ex obiecto. Ex subiecto quidem, quia est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4368 in voluntate sicut in subiecto, voluntas autem est appetitus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4369 rationalis, ut ex dictis patet. Secundum autem obiectum sive
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4370 materiam, quia est circa operationes, quibus homo ordinatur non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4371 solum in seipso, sed etiam ad alterum. Unde iustitia est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4372 praeclarissima virtutum, ut dicitur in V Ethic. Inter alias autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4373 virtutes morales, quae sunt circa passiones, tanto in unaquaque
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4374 magis relucet rationis bonum, quanto circa maiora motus appetitivus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4375 subditur rationi. Maximum autem in his quae ad hominem pertinent,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4376 est vita, a qua omnia alia dependent. Et ideo fortitudo, quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4377 appetitivum motum subdit rationi in his quae ad mortem et vitam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4378 pertinent, primum locum tenet inter virtutes morales quae sunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4379 circa passiones, tamen ordinatur infra iustitiam. Unde philosophus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4380 dicit, in I Rhetoric., quod <i>necesse est maximas esse virtutes,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4381 quae sunt aliis honoratissimae, siquidem est virtus potentia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4382 benefactiva. Propter hoc, fortes et iustos maxime honorant, haec
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4383 quidem enim in bello, scilicet fortitudo; haec autem, scilicet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4384 iustitia, et in bello et in pace utilis est</i>. Post fortitudinem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4385 autem ordinatur temperantia, quae subiicit rationi appetitum circa
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4386 ea quae immediate ordinantur ad vitam, vel in eodem secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4387 numerum, vel in eodem secundum speciem, scilicet in cibis et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4388 venereis. Et sic istae tres virtutes, simul cum prudentia, dicuntur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4389 esse principales etiam dignitate. Secundum quid autem dicitur
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4390 aliqua virtus esse maior, secundum quod adminiculum vel ornamentum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4391 praebet principali virtuti. Sicut substantia est simpliciter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4392 dignior accidente; aliquod tamen accidens est secundum quid dignius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4393 substantia, inquantum perficit substantiam in aliquo esse
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4394 accidentali.</p><p title="I-II q. 66 a. 4 ad 1"><a name="36266"><span class="ref">[36266] Iª-IIae q. 66 a. 4 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4395 ergo dicendum quod actus liberalitatis oportet quod fundetur super
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4396 actum iustitiae, <i>non enim esset liberalis datio, si non de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4397 proprio daret</i>, ut in II Polit. dicitur. Unde liberalitas sine
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4398 iustitia esse non posset, quae secernit suum a non suo. Iustitia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4399 autem potest esse sine liberalitate. Unde iustitia simpliciter est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4400 maior liberalitate, tanquam communior, et fundamentum ipsius,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4401 liberalitas autem est secundum quid maior, cum sit quidam ornatus
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4402 iustitiae, et complementum eius.</p><p title="I-II q. 66 a. 4 ad 2"><a name="36267"><span class="ref">[36267] Iª-IIae q. 66 a. 4 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4403 dicendum quod patientia dicitur habere opus perfectum in tolerantia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4404 malorum, in quibus non solum excludit iniustam vindictam, quam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4405 etiam excludit iustitia; neque solum odium quod facit caritas;
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4406 neque solum iram, quod facit mansuetudo; sed etiam excludit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4407 tristitiam inordinatam, quae est radix omnium praedictorum. Et ideo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4408 in hoc est perfectior et maior, quod in hac materia extirpat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4409 radicem. Non autem est simpliciter perfectior omnibus aliis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4410 virtutibus. Quia fortitudo non solum sustinet molestias absque
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4411 perturbatione, quod est patientiae, sed etiam ingerit se eis, cum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4412 opus fuerit. Unde quicumque est fortis, est patiens, sed non
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4413 convertitur, est enim patientia quaedam fortitudinis pars.</p><p title="I-II q. 66 a. 4 ad 3"><a name="36268"><span class="ref">[36268] Iª-IIae q. 66 a. 4 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4414 dicendum quod magnanimitas non potest esse nisi aliis virtutibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4415 praeexistentibus, ut dicitur in IV Ethic. Unde comparatur ad alias
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4416 sicut ornatus earum. Et sic secundum quid est maior omnibus aliis,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4417 non tamen simpliciter.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 5</h3><p title="I-II q. 66 a. 5 arg. 1"><a name="36269"><span class="ref">[36269] Iª-IIae q. 66 a. 5 arg. 1</span></a> Ad quintum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4418 sic proceditur. Videtur quod sapientia non sit maxima inter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4419 virtutes intellectuales. Imperans enim maius est eo cui imperatur.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4420 Sed prudentia videtur imperare sapientiae, dicitur enim I Ethic.,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4421 quod <i>quales disciplinarum debitum est esse in civitatibus, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4422 quales unumquemque addiscere, et usquequo, haec praeordinat</i>,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4423 scilicet politica, quae ad prudentiam pertinet, ut dicitur in VI
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4424 Ethic. Cum igitur inter disciplinas etiam sapientia contineatur,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4425 videtur quod prudentia sit maior quam sapientia.</p><p title="I-II q. 66 a. 5 arg. 2"><a name="36270"><span class="ref">[36270] Iª-IIae q. 66 a. 5 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4426 de ratione virtutis est quod ordinet hominem ad felicitatem, est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4427 enim virtus dispositio perfecti ad optimum, ut dicitur in VII
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4428 Physic. Sed prudentia est recta ratio agibilium, per quae homo ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4429 felicitatem perducitur, sapientia autem non considerat humanos
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4430 actus, quibus ad beatitudinem pervenitur. Ergo prudentia est maior
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4431 virtus quam sapientia.</p><p title="I-II q. 66 a. 5 arg. 3"><a name="36271"><span class="ref">[36271] Iª-IIae q. 66 a. 5 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4432 quanto cognitio est perfectior, tanto videtur esse maior. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4433 perfectiorem cognitionem habere possumus de rebus humanis, de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4434 quibus est scientia, quam de rebus divinis, de quibus est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4435 sapientia, ut distinguit Augustinus in XII de Trin., quia divina
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4436 incomprehensibilia sunt, secundum illud Iob XXXVI, <i>ecce Deus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4437 magnus, vincens scientiam nostram</i>. Ergo scientia est maior
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4438 virtus quam sapientia.</p><p title="I-II q. 66 a. 5 arg. 4"><a name="36272"><span class="ref">[36272] Iª-IIae q. 66 a. 5 arg. 4</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4439 cognitio principiorum est dignior quam cognitio conclusionum. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4440 sapientia concludit ex principiis indemonstrabilibus, quorum est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4441 intellectus; sicut et aliae scientiae. Ergo intellectus est maior
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4442 virtus quam sapientia.</p><p title="I-II q. 66 a. 5 s. c."><a name="36273"><span class="ref">[36273] Iª-IIae q. 66 a. 5 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4443 est quod philosophus dicit, in VI Ethic., quod sapientia est sicut
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4444 caput inter virtutes intellectuales.</p><p title="I-II q. 66 a. 5 co."><a name="36274"><span class="ref">[36274] Iª-IIae q. 66 a. 5 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4445 dicendum quod, sicut dictum est, magnitudo virtutis secundum suam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4446 speciem, consideratur ex obiecto. Obiectum autem sapientiae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4447 praecellit inter obiecta omnium virtutum intellectualium,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4448 considerat enim causam altissimam, quae Deus est, ut dicitur in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4449 principio Metaphys. Et quia per causam iudicatur de effectu, et per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4450 causam superiorem de causis inferioribus; inde est quod sapientia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4451 habet iudicium de omnibus aliis virtutibus intellectualibus; et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4452 eius est ordinare omnes; et ipsa est quasi architectonica respectu
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
4453 omnium.</p><p title="I-II q. 66 a. 5 ad 1"><a name="36275"><span class="ref">[36275] Iª-IIae q. 66 a. 5 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4454 ergo dicendum quod, cum prudentia sit circa res humanas, sapientia
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4455 vero circa causam altissimam; impossibile est quod prudentia sit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4456 maior virtus quam sapientia, <i>nisi</i>, ut dicitur in VI Ethic.,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4457 <i>maximum eorum quae sunt in mundo, esset homo</i>. Unde dicendum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4458 est, sicut in eodem libro dicitur, quod prudentia non imperat ipsi
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4459 sapientiae, sed potius e converso, quia <i>spiritualis iudicat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4460 omnia, et ipse a nemine iudicatur</i>, ut dicitur I ad Cor. II. Non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4461 enim prudentia habet se intromittere de altissimis, quae considerat
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4462 sapientia, sed imperat de his quae ordinantur ad sapientiam,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4463 scilicet quomodo homines debeant ad sapientiam pervenire. Unde in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4464 hoc est prudentia, seu politica, ministra sapientiae, introducit
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
4465 enim ad eam, praeparans ei viam, sicut ostiarius ad regem.</p><p title="I-II q. 66 a. 5 ad 2"><a name="36276"><span class="ref">[36276] Iª-IIae q. 66 a. 5 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4466 dicendum quod prudentia considerat ea quibus pervenitur ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4467 felicitatem, sed sapientia considerat ipsum obiectum felicitatis,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4468 quod est altissimum intelligibile. Et si quidem esset perfecta
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4469 consideratio sapientiae respectu sui obiecti, esset perfecta
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4470 felicitas in actu sapientiae. Sed quia actus sapientiae in hac vita
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4471 est imperfectus respectu principalis obiecti, quod est Deus; ideo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4472 actus sapientiae est quaedam inchoatio seu participatio futurae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4473 felicitatis. Et sic propinquius se habet ad felicitatem quam
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
4474 prudentia.</p><p title="I-II q. 66 a. 5 ad 3"><a name="36277"><span class="ref">[36277] Iª-IIae q. 66 a. 5 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4475 dicendum quod, sicut philosophus dicit, in I de anima, <i>una
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4476 notitia praefertur alteri aut ex eo quod est nobiliorum, aut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4477 propter certitudinem</i>. Si igitur subiecta sint aequalia in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4478 bonitate et nobilitate, illa quae est certior, erit maior virtus.
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4479 Sed illa quae est minus certa de altioribus et maioribus,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4480 praefertur ei quae est magis certa de inferioribus rebus. Unde
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4481 philosophus dicit, in II de caelo, quod magnum est de rebus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4482 caelestibus aliquid posse cognoscere etiam debili et topica
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4483 ratione. Et in I de partibus Animal., dicit quod <i>amabile est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4484 magis parvum aliquid cognoscere de rebus nobilioribus quam multa
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4485 cognoscere de rebus ignobilioribus</i>. Sapientia igitur ad quam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4486 pertinet Dei cognitio, homini, maxime in statu huius vitae, non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4487 potest perfecte advenire, ut sit quasi eius possessio; sed hoc
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4488 solius Dei est, ut dicitur in I Metaphys. Sed tamen illa modica
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4489 cognitio quae per sapientiam de Deo haberi potest, omni alii
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4490 cognitioni praefertur.</p><p title="I-II q. 66 a. 5 ad 4"><a name="36278"><span class="ref">[36278] Iª-IIae q. 66 a. 5 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4491 dicendum quod veritas et cognitio principiorum indemonstrabilium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4492 dependet ex ratione terminorum, cognito enim quid est totum et quid
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4493 pars, statim cognoscitur quod omne totum est maius sua parte.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4494 Cognoscere autem rationem entis et non entis, et totius et partis,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4495 et aliorum quae consequuntur ad ens, ex quibus sicut ex terminis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4496 constituuntur principia indemonstrabilia, pertinet ad sapientiam,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4497 quia ens commune est proprius effectus causae altissimae, scilicet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4498 Dei. Et ideo sapientia non solum utitur principiis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4499 indemonstrabilibus, quorum est intellectus, concludendo ex eis,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4500 sicut aliae scientiae; sed etiam iudicando de eis, et disputando
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4501 contra negantes. Unde sequitur quod sapientia sit maior virtus quam
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
4502 intellectus.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 6</h3><p title="I-II q. 66 a. 6 arg. 1"><a name="36279"><span class="ref">[36279] Iª-IIae q. 66 a. 6 arg. 1</span></a> Ad sextum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4503 sic proceditur. Videtur quod caritas non sit maxima inter virtutes
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4504 theologicas. Cum enim fides sit in intellectu, spes autem et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4505 caritas in vi appetitiva, ut supra dictum est; videtur quod fides
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4506 comparetur ad spem et caritatem, sicut virtus intellectualis ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4507 moralem. Sed virtus intellectualis est maior morali, ut ex dictis
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
4508 patet. Ergo fides est maior spe et caritate.</p><p title="I-II q. 66 a. 6 arg. 2"><a name="36280"><span class="ref">[36280] Iª-IIae q. 66 a. 6 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4509 quod se habet ex additione ad aliud, videtur esse maius eo. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4510 spes, ut videtur, se habet ex additione ad caritatem, praesupponit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4511 enim spes amorem, ut Augustinus dicit in Enchirid.; addit autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4512 quendam motum protensionis in rem amatam. Ergo spes est maior
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4513 caritate.</p><p title="I-II q. 66 a. 6 arg. 3"><a name="36281"><span class="ref">[36281] Iª-IIae q. 66 a. 6 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4514 causa est potior effectu. Sed fides et spes sunt causa caritatis,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4515 dicitur enim Matth. I, in Glossa, quod <i>fides generat spem, et
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
4516 spes caritatem</i>. Ergo fides et spes sunt maiores caritate.</p><p title="I-II q. 66 a. 6 s. c."><a name="36282"><span class="ref">[36282] Iª-IIae q. 66 a. 6 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4517 est quod apostolus dicit, I ad Cor. XIII, <i>nunc autem manent
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4518 fides, spes, caritas, tria haec; maior autem horum est
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
4519 caritas</i>.</p><p title="I-II q. 66 a. 6 co."><a name="36283"><span class="ref">[36283] Iª-IIae q. 66 a. 6 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4520 dicendum quod, sicut supra dictum est, magnitudo virtutis secundum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4521 suam speciem, consideratur ex obiecto. Cum autem tres virtutes
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4522 theologicae respiciant Deum sicut proprium obiectum, non potest una
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4523 earum dici maior altera ex hoc quod sit circa maius obiectum; sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4524 ex eo quod una se habet propinquius ad obiectum quam alia. Et hoc
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4525 modo caritas est maior aliis. Nam aliae important in sui ratione
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4526 quandam distantiam ab obiecto, est enim fides de non visis, spes
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4527 autem de non habitis. Sed amor caritatis est de eo quod iam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4528 habetur, est enim amatum quodammodo in amante, et etiam amans per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4529 affectum trahitur ad unionem amati; propter quod dicitur I Ioan.
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
4530 IV, <i>qui manet in caritate, in Deo manet, et Deus in eo</i>.</p><p title="I-II q. 66 a. 6 ad 1"><a name="36284"><span class="ref">[36284] Iª-IIae q. 66 a. 6 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4531 ergo dicendum quod non hoc modo se habent fides et spes ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4532 caritatem, sicut prudentia ad virtutem moralem. Et hoc propter duo.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4533 Primo quidem, quia virtutes theologicae habent obiectum quod est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4534 supra animam humanam, sed prudentia et virtutes morales sunt circa
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4535 ea quae sunt infra hominem. In his autem quae sunt supra hominem,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4536 nobilior est dilectio quam cognitio. Perficitur enim cognitio,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4537 secundum quod cognita sunt in cognoscente, dilectio vero, secundum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4538 quod diligens trahitur ad rem dilectam. Id autem quod est supra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4539 hominem, nobilius est in seipso quam sit in homine, quia
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4540 unumquodque est in altero per modum eius in quo est. E converso
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4541 autem est in his quae sunt infra hominem. Secundo, quia prudentia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4542 moderatur motus appetitivos ad morales virtutes pertinentes, sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4543 fides non moderatur motum appetitivum tendentem in Deum, qui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4544 pertinet ad virtutes theologicas; sed solum ostendit obiectum.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4545 Motus autem appetitivus in obiectum, excedit cognitionem humanam;
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4546 secundum illud ad Ephes. III, <i>supereminentem scientiae caritatem
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
4547 Christi</i>.</p><p title="I-II q. 66 a. 6 ad 2"><a name="36285"><span class="ref">[36285] Iª-IIae q. 66 a. 6 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4548 dicendum quod spes praesupponit amorem eius quod quis adipisci se
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4549 sperat, qui est amor concupiscentiae, quo quidem amore magis se
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4550 amat qui concupiscit bonum, quam aliquid aliud. Caritas autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4551 importat amorem amicitiae, ad quam pervenitur spe, ut supra dictum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4552 est.</p><p title="I-II q. 66 a. 6 ad 3"><a name="36286"><span class="ref">[36286] Iª-IIae q. 66 a. 6 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4553 dicendum quod causa perficiens est potior effectu, non autem causa
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4554 disponens. Sic enim calor ignis esset potior quam anima, ad quam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4555 disponit materiam, quod patet esse falsum. Sic autem fides generat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4556 spem, et spes caritatem, secundum scilicet quod una disponit ad
59
03759e5c1080 fix multi-para s.c.
ht
parents: 53
diff changeset
4557 alteram.</p></div></div><div id="q67" class="q"><h2>Quaestio 67</h2><div class="p"><h3>Prooemium</h3><p title="I-II q. 67 pr."><a name="36287"><span class="ref">[36287]
53
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ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4558 Iª-IIae q. 67 pr.</span></a> Deinde considerandum est de
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4559 duratione virtutum post hanc vitam. Et circa hoc quaeruntur sex.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4560 Primo, utrum virtutes morales maneant post hanc vitam. Secundo,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4561 utrum virtutes intellectuales. Tertio, utrum fides. Quarto, utrum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4562 remaneat spes. Quinto, utrum aliquid fidei maneat, vel spei. Sexto,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
4563 utrum maneat caritas.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 1</h3><p title="I-II q. 67 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="36288"><span class="ref">[36288] Iª-IIae q. 67 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4564 sic proceditur. Videtur quod virtutes morales non maneant post hanc
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4565 vitam. Homines enim in statu futurae gloriae erunt similes Angelis,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4566 ut dicitur Matth. XXII. Sed ridiculum est in Angelis ponere
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4567 virtutes morales, ut dicitur in X Ethic. Ergo neque in hominibus,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
4568 post hanc vitam, erunt virtutes morales.</p><p title="I-II q. 67 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="36289"><span class="ref">[36289] Iª-IIae q. 67 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4569 virtutes morales perficiunt hominem in vita activa. Sed vita activa
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4570 non manet post hanc vitam, dicit enim Gregorius, in VI Moral.,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4571 <i>activae vitae opera cum corpore transeunt</i>. Ergo virtutes
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4572 morales non manent post hanc vitam.</p><p title="I-II q. 67 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="36290"><span class="ref">[36290] Iª-IIae q. 67 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4573 temperantia et fortitudo, quae sunt virtutes morales, sunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4574 irrationalium partium, ut philosophus dicit, in III Ethic. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4575 irrationales partes animae corrumpuntur, corrupto corpore, eo quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4576 sunt actus organorum corporalium. Ergo videtur quod virtutes
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4577 morales non maneant post hanc vitam.</p><p title="I-II q. 67 a. 1 s. c."><a name="36291"><span class="ref">[36291] Iª-IIae q. 67 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4578 est quod dicitur Sap. I, quod <i>iustitia perpetua est et
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4579 immortalis</i>.</p><p title="I-II q. 67 a. 1 co."><a name="36292"><span class="ref">[36292] Iª-IIae q. 67 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4580 dicendum quod, sicut Augustinus dicit, in XIV de Trin., Tullius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4581 posuit post hanc vitam quatuor virtutes cardinales non esse; sed in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4582 alia vita homines esse beatos sola cognitione naturae, in qua nihil
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4583 est melius aut amabilius, ut Augustinus dicit ibidem, ea natura
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4584 quae creavit omnes naturas. Ipse autem postea determinat huiusmodi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4585 quatuor virtutes in futura vita existere, tamen alio modo. Ad cuius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4586 evidentiam, sciendum est quod in huiusmodi virtutibus aliquid est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4587 formale; et aliquid quasi materiale. Materiale quidem est in his
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4588 virtutibus inclinatio quaedam partis appetitivae ad passiones vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4589 operationes secundum modum aliquem. Sed quia iste modus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4590 determinatur a ratione, ideo formale in omnibus virtutibus est ipse
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4591 ordo rationis. Sic igitur dicendum est quod huiusmodi virtutes
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4592 morales in futura vita non manent, quantum ad id quod est materiale
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4593 in eis. Non enim habebunt in futura vita locum concupiscentiae et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4594 delectationes ciborum et venereorum; neque etiam timores et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4595 audaciae circa pericula mortis; neque etiam distributiones et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4596 communicationes rerum quae veniunt in usum praesentis vitae. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4597 quantum ad id quod est formale, remanebunt in beatis perfectissimae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4598 post hanc vitam, inquantum ratio uniuscuiusque rectissima erit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4599 circa ea quae ad ipsum pertinent secundum statum illum; et vis
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4600 appetitiva omnino movebitur secundum ordinem rationis, in his quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4601 ad statum illum pertinent. Unde Augustinus ibidem dicit quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4602 <i>prudentia ibi erit sine ullo periculo erroris; fortitudo, sine
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4603 molestia tolerandorum malorum; temperantia, sine repugnatione
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4604 libidinum. Ut prudentiae sit nullum bonum Deo praeponere vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4605 aequare; fortitudinis, ei firmissime cohaerere; temperantiae, nullo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4606 defectu noxio delectari</i>. De iustitia vero manifestius est quem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4607 actum ibi habebit, scilicet esse subditum Deo, quia etiam in hac
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
4608 vita ad iustitiam pertinet esse subditum superiori.</p><p title="I-II q. 67 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="36293"><span class="ref">[36293] Iª-IIae q. 67 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4609 ergo dicendum quod philosophus loquitur ibi de huiusmodi virtutibus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4610 moralibus, quantum ad id quod materiale est in eis, sicut de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4611 iustitia, quantum ad commutationes et depositiones; de fortitudine,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4612 quantum ad terribilia et pericula; de temperantia, quantum ad
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4613 concupiscentias pravas.</p><p title="I-II q. 67 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="36294"><span class="ref">[36294] Iª-IIae q. 67 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Et similiter
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4614 dicendum est ad secundum. Ea enim quae sunt activae vitae,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
4615 materialiter se habent ad virtutes.</p><p title="I-II q. 67 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="36295"><span class="ref">[36295] Iª-IIae q. 67 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4616 dicendum quod status post hanc vitam est duplex, unus quidem ante
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4617 resurrectionem, quando animae erunt a corporibus separatae; alius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4618 autem post resurrectionem, quando animae iterato corporibus suis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4619 unientur. In illo ergo resurrectionis statu, erunt vires
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4620 irrationales in organis corporis, sicut et nunc sunt. Unde et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4621 poterit in irascibili esse fortitudo, et in concupiscibili
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4622 temperantia, inquantum utraque vis perfecte erit disposita ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4623 obediendum rationi. Sed in statu ante resurrectionem, partes
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4624 irrationales non erunt actu in anima, sed solum radicaliter in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4625 essentia ipsius, ut in primo dictum est. Unde nec huiusmodi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4626 virtutes erunt in actu nisi in radice, scilicet in ratione et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4627 voluntate, in quibus sunt seminalia quaedam harum virtutum, ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4628 dictum est. Sed iustitia, quae est in voluntate, etiam actu
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4629 remanebit. Unde specialiter de ea dictum est quod est perpetua et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4630 immortalis, tum ratione subiecti, quia voluntas incorruptibilis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4631 est; tum etiam propter similitudinem actus, ut prius dictum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
4632 est.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 2</h3><p title="I-II q. 67 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="36296"><span class="ref">[36296] Iª-IIae q. 67 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad secundum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4633 sic proceditur. Videtur quod virtutes intellectuales non maneant
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4634 post hanc vitam. Dicit enim apostolus, I ad Cor. XIII, quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4635 scientia destruetur, et ratio est quia ex parte cognoscimus. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4636 sicut cognitio scientiae est ex parte, idest imperfecta; ita etiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4637 cognitio aliarum virtutum intellectualium, quandiu haec vita durat.
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
4638 Ergo omnes virtutes intellectuales post hanc vitam cessabunt.</p><p title="I-II q. 67 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="36297"><span class="ref">[36297] Iª-IIae q. 67 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4639 philosophus dicit, in praedicamentis, quod scientia, cum sit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4640 habitus, est qualitas difficile mobilis, non enim de facili
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4641 amittitur, nisi ex aliqua forti transmutatione vel aegritudine. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4642 nulla est tanta transmutatio corporis humani sicut per mortem. Ergo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4643 scientia et aliae virtutes intellectuales non manent post hanc
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4644 vitam.</p><p title="I-II q. 67 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="36298"><span class="ref">[36298] Iª-IIae q. 67 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4645 virtutes intellectuales perficiunt intellectum ad bene operandum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4646 proprium actum. Sed actus intellectus non videtur esse post hanc
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4647 vitam, eo quod nihil intelligit anima sine phantasmate, ut dicitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4648 in III de anima; phantasmata autem post hanc vitam non manent, cum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4649 non sint nisi in organis corporeis. Ergo virtutes intellectuales
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4650 non manent post hanc vitam.</p><p title="I-II q. 67 a. 2 s. c."><a name="36299"><span class="ref">[36299] Iª-IIae q. 67 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4651 est quod firmior est cognitio universalium et necessariorum, quam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4652 particularium et contingentium. Sed in homine remanet post hanc
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4653 vitam cognitio particularium contingentium, puta eorum quae quis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4654 fecit vel passus est; secundum illud Luc. XVI, <i>recordare quia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4655 recepisti bona in vita tua, et Lazarus similiter mala</i>. Ergo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4656 multo magis remanet cognitio universalium et necessariorum, quae
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4657 pertinent ad scientiam et ad alias virtutes intellectuales.</p><p title="I-II q. 67 a. 2 co."><a name="36300"><span class="ref">[36300] Iª-IIae q. 67 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4658 dicendum quod, sicut in primo dictum est, quidam posuerunt quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4659 species intelligibiles non permanent in intellectu possibili nisi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4660 quandiu actu intelligit, nec est aliqua conservatio specierum,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4661 cessante consideratione actuali, nisi in viribus sensitivis, quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4662 sunt actus corporalium organorum, scilicet in imaginativa et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4663 memorativa. Huiusmodi autem vires corrumpuntur, corrupto corpore.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4664 Et ideo secundum hoc, scientia nullo modo post hanc vitam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4665 remanebit, corpore corrupto; neque aliqua alia intellectualis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4666 virtus. Sed haec opinio est contra sententiam Aristotelis, qui in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4667 III de anima dicit quod <i>intellectus possibilis est in actu, cum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4668 fit singula, sicut sciens; cum tamen sit in potentia ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4669 considerandum in actu</i>. Est etiam contra rationem, quia species
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4670 intelligibiles recipiuntur in intellectu possibili immobiliter,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4671 secundum modum recipientis. Unde et intellectus possibilis dicitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4672 locus specierum, quasi species intelligibiles conservans. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4673 phantasmata, ad quae respiciendo homo intelligit in hac vita,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4674 applicando ad ipsa species intelligibiles, ut in primo dictum est,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4675 corrupto corpore corrumpuntur. Unde quantum ad ipsa phantasmata,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4676 quae sunt quasi materialia in virtutibus intellectualibus, virtutes
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4677 intellectuales destruuntur, destructo corpore, sed quantum ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4678 species intelligibiles, quae sunt in intellectu possibili, virtutes
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4679 intellectuales manent. Species autem se habent in virtutibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4680 intellectualibus sicut formales. Unde intellectuales virtutes
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4681 manent post hanc vitam, quantum ad id quod est formale in eis, non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4682 autem quantum ad id quod est materiale, sicut et de moralibus
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4683 dictum est.</p><p title="I-II q. 67 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="36301"><span class="ref">[36301] Iª-IIae q. 67 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4684 ergo dicendum quod verbum apostoli est intelligendum quantum ad id
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4685 quod est materiale in scientia, et quantum ad modum intelligendi,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4686 quia scilicet neque phantasmata remanebunt, destructo corpore;
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4687 neque erit usus scientiae per conversionem ad phantasmata.</p><p title="I-II q. 67 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="36302"><span class="ref">[36302] Iª-IIae q. 67 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4688 dicendum quod per aegritudinem corrumpitur habitus scientiae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4689 quantum ad id quod est materiale in eo, scilicet quantum ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4690 phantasmata, non autem quantum ad species intelligibiles, quae sunt
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4691 in intellectu possibili.</p><p title="I-II q. 67 a. 2 ad 3"><a name="36303"><span class="ref">[36303] Iª-IIae q. 67 a. 2 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4692 dicendum quod anima separata post mortem habet alium modum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4693 intelligendi quam per conversionem ad phantasmata, ut in primo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4694 dictum est. Et sic scientia manet, non tamen secundum eundem modum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4695 operandi, sicut et de virtutibus moralibus dictum est.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 3</h3><p title="I-II q. 67 a. 3 arg. 1"><a name="36304"><span class="ref">[36304] Iª-IIae q. 67 a. 3 arg. 1</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4696 sic proceditur. Videtur quod fides maneat post hanc vitam. Nobilior
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4697 enim est fides quam scientia. Sed scientia manet post hanc vitam,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4698 ut dictum est. Ergo et fides.</p><p title="I-II q. 67 a. 3 arg. 2"><a name="36305"><span class="ref">[36305] Iª-IIae q. 67 a. 3 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4699 I ad Cor. III, dicitur, <i>fundamentum aliud nemo potest ponere,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4700 praeter id quod positum est, quod est Christus Iesus</i>, idest
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4701 fides Christi Iesu. Sed sublato fundamento, non remanet id quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4702 superaedificatur. Ergo, si fides non remanet post hanc vitam, nulla
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4703 alia virtus remaneret.</p><p title="I-II q. 67 a. 3 arg. 3"><a name="36306"><span class="ref">[36306] Iª-IIae q. 67 a. 3 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4704 cognitio fidei et cognitio gloriae differunt secundum perfectum et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4705 imperfectum. Sed cognitio imperfecta potest esse simul cum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4706 cognitione perfecta, sicut in Angelo simul potest esse cognitio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4707 vespertina cum cognitione matutina; et aliquis homo potest simul
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4708 habere de eadem conclusione scientiam per syllogismum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4709 demonstrativum, et opinionem per syllogismum dialecticum. Ergo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4710 etiam fides simul esse potest, post hanc vitam, cum cognitione
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4711 gloriae.</p><p title="I-II q. 67 a. 3 s. c."><a name="36307"><span class="ref">[36307] Iª-IIae q. 67 a. 3 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4712 est quod apostolus dicit, II ad Cor. V, <i>quandiu sumus in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4713 corpore, peregrinamur a domino, per fidem enim ambulamus, et non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4714 per speciem</i>. Sed illi qui sunt in gloria, non peregrinantur a
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4715 domino, sed sunt ei praesentes. Ergo fides non manet post hanc
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4716 vitam in gloria.</p><p title="I-II q. 67 a. 3 co."><a name="36308"><span class="ref">[36308] Iª-IIae q. 67 a. 3 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4717 dicendum quod oppositio est per se et propria causa quod unum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4718 excludatur ab alio, inquantum scilicet in omnibus oppositis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4719 includitur oppositio affirmationis et negationis. Invenitur autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4720 in quibusdam oppositio secundum contrarias formas, sicut in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4721 coloribus album et nigrum. In quibusdam autem, secundum perfectum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4722 et imperfectum, unde in alterationibus magis et minus accipiuntur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4723 ut contraria, ut cum de minus calido fit magis calidum, ut dicitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4724 in V Physic. Et quia perfectum et imperfectum opponuntur,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4725 impossibile est quod simul, secundum idem, sit perfectio et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4726 imperfectio. Est autem considerandum quod imperfectio quidem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4727 quandoque est de ratione rei, et pertinet ad speciem ipsius, sicut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4728 defectus rationis pertinet ad rationem speciei equi vel bovis. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4729 quia unum et idem numero manens non potest transferri de una specie
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4730 in aliam, inde est quod, tali imperfectione sublata, tollitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4731 species rei, sicut iam non esset bos vel equus, si esset
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4732 rationalis. Quandoque vero imperfectio non pertinet ad rationem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4733 speciei, sed accidit individuo secundum aliquid aliud, sicut alicui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4734 homini quandoque accidit defectus rationis, inquantum impeditur in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4735 eo rationis usus, propter somnum vel ebrietatem vel aliquid
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4736 huiusmodi. Patet autem quod, tali imperfectione remota, nihilominus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4737 substantia rei manet. Manifestum est autem quod imperfectio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4738 cognitionis est de ratione fidei. Ponitur enim in eius definitione,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4739 <i>fides enim est substantia sperandarum rerum, argumentum non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4740 apparentium</i>, ut dicitur ad Heb. XI. Et Augustinus dicit,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4741 <i>quid est fides? Credere quod non vides</i>. Quod autem cognitio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4742 sit sine apparitione vel visione, hoc ad imperfectionem cognitionis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4743 pertinet. Et sic imperfectio cognitionis est de ratione fidei. Unde
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4744 manifestum est quod fides non potest esse perfecta cognitio, eadem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4745 numero manens. Sed ulterius considerandum est utrum simul possit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4746 esse cum cognitione perfecta, nihil enim prohibet aliquam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4747 cognitionem imperfectam simul esse aliquando cum cognitione
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4748 perfecta. Est igitur considerandum quod cognitio potest esse
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4749 imperfecta tripliciter, uno modo, ex parte obiecti cognoscibilis;
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4750 alio modo, ex parte medii; tertio modo, ex parte subiecti. Ex parte
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4751 quidem obiecti cognoscibilis, differunt secundum perfectum et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4752 imperfectum cognitio matutina et vespertina in Angelis, nam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4753 cognitio matutina est de rebus secundum quod habent esse in verbo;
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4754 cognitio autem vespertina est de eis secundum quod habent esse in
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4755 propria natura, quod est imperfectum respectu primi esse. Ex parte
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4756 vero medii, differunt secundum perfectum et imperfectum cognitio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4757 quae est de aliqua conclusione per medium demonstrativum, et per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4758 medium probabile. Ex parte vero subiecti differunt secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4759 perfectum et imperfectum opinio, fides et scientia. Nam de ratione
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4760 opinionis est quod accipiatur unum cum formidine alterius oppositi,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4761 unde non habet firmam inhaesionem. De ratione vero scientiae est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4762 quod habeat firmam inhaesionem cum visione intellectiva, habet enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4763 certitudinem procedentem ex intellectu principiorum. Fides autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4764 medio modo se habet, excedit enim opinionem, in hoc quod habet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4765 firmam inhaesionem; deficit vero a scientia, in hoc quod non habet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4766 visionem. Manifestum est autem quod perfectum et imperfectum non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4767 possunt simul esse secundum idem, sed ea quae differunt secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4768 perfectum et imperfectum, secundum aliquid idem possunt simul esse
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4769 in aliquo alio eodem. Sic igitur cognitio perfecta et imperfecta ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4770 parte obiecti, nullo modo possunt esse de eodem obiecto. Possunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4771 tamen convenire in eodem medio, et in eodem subiecto, nihil enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4772 prohibet quod unus homo simul et semel per unum et idem medium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4773 habeat cognitionem de duobus, quorum unum est perfectum et aliud
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4774 imperfectum, sicut de sanitate et aegritudine, et bono et malo.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4775 Similiter etiam impossibile est quod cognitio perfecta et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4776 imperfecta ex parte medii, conveniant in uno medio. Sed nihil
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4777 prohibet quin conveniant in uno obiecto, et in uno subiecto, potest
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4778 enim unus homo cognoscere eandem conclusionem per medium probabile,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4779 et demonstrativum. Et est similiter impossibile quod cognitio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4780 perfecta et imperfecta ex parte subiecti, sint simul in eodem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4781 subiecto. Fides autem in sui ratione habet imperfectionem quae est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4782 ex parte subiecti, ut scilicet credens non videat id quod credit,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4783 beatitudo autem de sui ratione habet perfectionem ex parte
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4784 subiecti, ut scilicet beatus videat id quo beatificatur, ut supra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4785 dictum est. Unde manifestum est quod impossibile est quod fides
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4786 maneat simul cum beatitudine in eodem subiecto.</p><p title="I-II q. 67 a. 3 ad 1"><a name="36309"><span class="ref">[36309] Iª-IIae q. 67 a. 3 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4787 ergo dicendum quod fides est nobilior quam scientia, ex parte
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4788 obiecti, quia eius obiectum est veritas prima. Sed scientia habet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4789 perfectiorem modum cognoscendi, qui non repugnat perfectioni
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4790 beatitudinis, scilicet visioni, sicut repugnat ei modus fidei.</p><p title="I-II q. 67 a. 3 ad 2"><a name="36310"><span class="ref">[36310] Iª-IIae q. 67 a. 3 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4791 dicendum quod fides est fundamentum quantum ad id quod habet de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4792 cognitione. Et ideo quando perficietur cognitio, erit perfectius
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4793 fundamentum.</p><p title="I-II q. 67 a. 3 ad 3"><a name="36311"><span class="ref">[36311] Iª-IIae q. 67 a. 3 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
4794 patet solutio ex his quae dicta sunt.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 4</h3><p title="I-II q. 67 a. 4 arg. 1"><a name="36312"><span class="ref">[36312] Iª-IIae q. 67 a. 4 arg. 1</span></a> Ad quartum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4795 sic proceditur. Videtur quod spes maneat post mortem in statu
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4796 gloriae. Spes enim nobiliori modo perficit appetitum humanum quam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4797 virtutes morales. Sed virtutes morales manent post hanc vitam, ut
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4798 patet per Augustinum, in XIV de Trin. Ergo multo magis spes.</p><p title="I-II q. 67 a. 4 arg. 2"><a name="36313"><span class="ref">[36313] Iª-IIae q. 67 a. 4 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4799 spei opponitur timor. Sed timor manet post hanc vitam, et in beatis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4800 quidem timor filialis, qui manet in saeculum; et in damnatis timor
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
4801 poenarum. Ergo spes, pari ratione, potest permanere.</p><p title="I-II q. 67 a. 4 arg. 3"><a name="36314"><span class="ref">[36314] Iª-IIae q. 67 a. 4 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4802 sicut spes est futuri boni, ita et desiderium. Sed in beatis est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4803 desiderium futuri boni, et quantum ad gloriam corporis, quam animae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4804 beatorum desiderant, ut dicit Augustinus, XII super Gen. ad Litt.;
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4805 et etiam quantum ad gloriam animae, secundum illud Eccli. XXIV,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4806 <i>qui edunt me, adhuc esurient, et qui bibunt me, adhuc
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4807 sitient</i>; et I Petr. I, dicitur, <i>in quem desiderant Angeli
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4808 prospicere</i>. Ergo videtur quod possit esse spes post hanc vitam
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
4809 in beatis.</p><p title="I-II q. 67 a. 4 s. c."><a name="36315"><span class="ref">[36315] Iª-IIae q. 67 a. 4 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4810 est quod apostolus dicit, Rom. VIII, <i>quod videt quis, quid
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4811 sperat?</i> Sed beati vident id quod est obiectum spei, scilicet
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
4812 Deum. Ergo non sperant.</p><p title="I-II q. 67 a. 4 co."><a name="36316"><span class="ref">[36316] Iª-IIae q. 67 a. 4 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4813 dicendum quod, sicut dictum est, id quod de ratione sui importat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4814 imperfectionem subiecti, non potest simul stare cum subiecto
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4815 opposita perfectione perfecto. Sicut patet quod motus in ratione
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4816 sui importat imperfectionem subiecti, est enim actus existentis in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4817 potentia, inquantum huiusmodi, unde quando illa potentia reducitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4818 ad actum, iam cessat motus; non enim adhuc albatur, postquam iam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4819 aliquid factum est album. Spes autem importat motum quendam in id
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4820 quod non habetur; ut patet ex his quae supra de passione spei
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4821 diximus. Et ideo quando habebitur id quod speratur, scilicet divina
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
4822 fruitio, iam spes esse non poterit.</p><p title="I-II q. 67 a. 4 ad 1"><a name="36317"><span class="ref">[36317] Iª-IIae q. 67 a. 4 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4823 ergo dicendum quod spes est nobilior virtutibus moralibus quantum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4824 ad obiectum, quod est Deus. Sed actus virtutum moralium non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4825 repugnant perfectioni beatitudinis, sicut actus spei; nisi forte
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4826 ratione materiae, secundum quam non manent. Non enim virtus moralis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4827 perficit appetitum solum in id quod nondum habetur; sed etiam circa
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4828 id quod praesentialiter habetur.</p><p title="I-II q. 67 a. 4 ad 2"><a name="36318"><span class="ref">[36318] Iª-IIae q. 67 a. 4 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4829 dicendum quod timor est duplex, servilis et filialis, ut infra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4830 dicetur. Servilis quidem est timor poenae, qui non poterit esse in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4831 gloria, nulla possibilitate ad poenam remanente. Timor vero
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4832 filialis habet duos actus, scilicet revereri Deum, et quantum ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4833 hunc actum manet; et timere separationem ab ipso, et quantum ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4834 hunc actum non manet. Separari enim a Deo habet rationem mali,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4835 nullum autem malum ibi timebitur, secundum illud Proverb. I,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4836 <i>abundantia perfruetur, malorum timore sublato</i>. Timor autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4837 opponitur spei oppositione boni et mali, ut supra dictum est, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4838 ideo timor qui remanet in gloria, non opponitur spei. In damnatis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4839 autem magis potest esse timor poenae, quam in beatis spes gloriae.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4840 Quia in damnatis erit successio poenarum, et sic remanet ibi ratio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4841 futuri, quod est obiectum timoris, sed gloria sanctorum est absque
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4842 successione, secundum quandam aeternitatis participationem, in qua
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4843 non est praeteritum et futurum, sed solum praesens. Et tamen nec
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4844 etiam in damnatis est proprie timor. Nam sicut supra dictum est,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4845 timor nunquam est sine aliqua spe evasionis, quae omnino in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4846 damnatis non erit. Unde nec timor; nisi communiter loquendo,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4847 secundum quod quaelibet expectatio mali futuri dicitur timor.</p><p title="I-II q. 67 a. 4 ad 3"><a name="36319"><span class="ref">[36319] Iª-IIae q. 67 a. 4 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4848 dicendum quod quantum ad gloriam animae, non potest esse in beatis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4849 desiderium, secundum quod respicit futurum, ratione iam dicta.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4850 Dicitur autem ibi esse esuries et sitis, per remotionem fastidii,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4851 et eadem ratione dicitur esse desiderium in Angelis. Respectu autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4852 gloriae corporis, in animabus sanctorum potest quidem esse
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4853 desiderium, non tamen spes, proprie loquendo, neque secundum quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4854 spes est virtus theologica, sic enim eius obiectum est Deus, non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4855 autem aliquod bonum creatum; neque secundum quod communiter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4856 sumitur. Quia obiectum spei est arduum, ut supra dictum est, bonum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4857 autem cuius iam inevitabilem causam habemus, non comparatur ad nos
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4858 in ratione ardui. Unde non proprie dicitur aliquis qui habet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4859 argentum, sperare se habiturum aliquid quod statim in potestate
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4860 eius est ut emat. Et similiter illi qui habent gloriam animae, non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4861 proprie dicuntur sperare gloriam corporis; sed solum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4862 desiderare.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 5</h3><p title="I-II q. 67 a. 5 arg. 1"><a name="36320"><span class="ref">[36320] Iª-IIae q. 67 a. 5 arg. 1</span></a> Ad quintum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4863 sic proceditur. Videtur quod aliquid fidei vel spei remaneat in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4864 gloria. Remoto enim eo quod est proprium, remanet id quod est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4865 commune, sicut dicitur in libro de causis, quod, <i>remoto
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4866 rationali, remanet vivum; et remoto vivo, remanet ens</i>. Sed in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4867 fide est aliquid quod habet commune cum beatitudine, scilicet ipsa
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4868 cognitio, aliquid autem quod est sibi proprium, scilicet aenigma;
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4869 est enim fides cognitio aenigmatica. Ergo, remoto aenigmate fidei,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4870 adhuc remanet ipsa cognitio fidei.</p><p title="I-II q. 67 a. 5 arg. 2"><a name="36321"><span class="ref">[36321] Iª-IIae q. 67 a. 5 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4871 fides est quoddam spirituale lumen animae, secundum illud Ephes. I,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4872 <i>illuminatos oculos cordis vestri in agnitionem Dei</i>; sed hoc
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4873 lumen est imperfectum respectu luminis gloriae, de quo dicitur in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4874 Psalmo XXXV, <i>in lumine tuo videbimus lumen</i>. Lumen autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4875 imperfectum remanet, superveniente lumine perfecto, non enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4876 candela extinguitur, claritate solis superveniente. Ergo videtur
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4877 quod ipsum lumen fidei maneat cum lumine gloriae.</p><p title="I-II q. 67 a. 5 arg. 3"><a name="36322"><span class="ref">[36322] Iª-IIae q. 67 a. 5 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4878 substantia habitus non tollitur per hoc quod subtrahitur materia,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4879 potest enim homo habitum liberalitatis retinere, etiam amissa
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4880 pecunia; sed actum habere non potest. Obiectum autem fidei est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4881 veritas prima non visa. Ergo, hoc remoto per hoc quod videtur
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4882 veritas prima, adhuc potest remanere ipse habitus fidei.</p><p title="I-II q. 67 a. 5 s. c."><a name="36323"><span class="ref">[36323] Iª-IIae q. 67 a. 5 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4883 est quod fides est quidam habitus simplex. Simplex autem vel totum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4884 tollitur, vel totum manet. Cum igitur fides non totaliter maneat,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4885 sed evacuetur, ut dictum est; videtur quod totaliter tollatur.</p><p title="I-II q. 67 a. 5 co."><a name="36324"><span class="ref">[36324] Iª-IIae q. 67 a. 5 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4886 dicendum quod quidam dixerunt quod spes totaliter tollitur, fides
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4887 autem partim tollitur, scilicet quantum ad aenigma, et partim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4888 manet, scilicet quantum ad substantiam cognitionis. Quod quidem si
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4889 sic intelligatur quod maneat non idem numero, sed idem genere,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4890 verissime dictum est, fides enim cum visione patriae convenit in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4891 genere, quod est cognitio. Spes autem non convenit cum beatitudine
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4892 in genere, comparatur enim spes ad beatitudinis fruitionem, sicut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4893 motus ad quietem in termino. Si autem intelligatur quod eadem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4894 numero cognitio quae est fidei, maneat in patria; hoc est omnino
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4895 impossibile. Non enim, remota differentia alicuius speciei, remanet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4896 substantia generis eadem numero, sicut, remota differentia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4897 constitutiva albedinis, non remanet eadem substantia coloris
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4898 numero, ut sic idem numero color sit quandoque albedo, quandoque
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4899 vero nigredo. Non enim comparatur genus ad differentiam sicut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4900 materia ad formam, ut remaneat substantia generis eadem numero,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4901 differentia remota; sicut remanet eadem numero substantia materiae,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4902 remota forma. Genus enim et differentia non sunt partes speciei,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4903 alioquin non praedicarentur de specie. Sed sicut species significat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4904 totum, idest compositum ex materia et forma in rebus materialibus,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4905 ita differentia significat totum, et similiter genus, sed genus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4906 denominat totum ab eo quod est sicut materia; differentia vero ab
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4907 eo quod est sicut forma; species vero ab utroque. Sicut in homine
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4908 sensitiva natura materialiter se habet ad intellectivam, animal
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4909 autem dicitur quod habet naturam sensitivam; rationale quod habet
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4910 intellectivam; homo vero quod habet utrumque. Et sic idem totum
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4911 significatur per haec tria, sed non ab eodem. Unde patet quod, cum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4912 differentia non sit nisi designativa generis, remota differentia,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4913 non potest substantia generis eadem remanere, non enim remanet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4914 eadem animalitas, si sit alia anima constituens animal. Unde non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4915 potest esse quod eadem numero cognitio, quae prius fuit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4916 aenigmatica, postea fiat visio aperta. Et sic patet quod nihil idem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4917 numero vel specie quod est in fide, remanet in patria; sed solum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
4918 idem genere.</p><p title="I-II q. 67 a. 5 ad 1"><a name="36325"><span class="ref">[36325] Iª-IIae q. 67 a. 5 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4919 ergo dicendum quod, remoto rationali, non remanet vivum idem
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4920 numero, sed idem genere, ut ex dictis patet.</p><p title="I-II q. 67 a. 5 ad 2"><a name="36326"><span class="ref">[36326] Iª-IIae q. 67 a. 5 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4921 dicendum quod imperfectio luminis candelae non opponitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4922 perfectioni solaris luminis, quia non respiciunt idem subiectum.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4923 Sed imperfectio fidei et perfectio gloriae opponuntur ad invicem,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4924 et respiciunt idem subiectum. Unde non possunt esse simul, sicut
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
4925 nec claritas aeris cum obscuritate eius.</p><p title="I-II q. 67 a. 5 ad 3"><a name="36327"><span class="ref">[36327] Iª-IIae q. 67 a. 5 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4926 dicendum quod ille qui amittit pecuniam, non amittit possibilitatem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4927 habendi pecuniam, et ideo convenienter remanet habitus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4928 liberalitatis. Sed in statu gloriae non solum actu tollitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4929 obiectum fidei, quod est non visum; sed etiam secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4930 possibilitatem, propter beatitudinis stabilitatem. Et ideo frustra
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
4931 talis habitus remaneret.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 6</h3><p title="I-II q. 67 a. 6 arg. 1"><a name="36328"><span class="ref">[36328] Iª-IIae q. 67 a. 6 arg. 1</span></a> Ad sextum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4932 sic proceditur. Videtur quod caritas non maneat post hanc vitam in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4933 gloria. Quia, ut dicitur I ad Cor. XIII, <i>cum venerit quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4934 perfectum est, evacuabitur quod ex parte est</i>, idest quod est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4935 imperfectum. Sed caritas viae est imperfecta. Ergo evacuabitur,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4936 adveniente perfectione gloriae.</p><p title="I-II q. 67 a. 6 arg. 2"><a name="36329"><span class="ref">[36329] Iª-IIae q. 67 a. 6 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4937 habitus et actus distinguuntur secundum obiecta. Sed obiectum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4938 amoris est bonum apprehensum. Cum ergo alia sit apprehensio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4939 praesentis vitae, et alia apprehensio futurae vitae; videtur quod
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4940 non maneat eadem caritas utrobique.</p><p title="I-II q. 67 a. 6 arg. 3"><a name="36330"><span class="ref">[36330] Iª-IIae q. 67 a. 6 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4941 eorum quae sunt unius rationis, imperfectum potest venire ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4942 aequalitatem perfectionis, per continuum augmentum. Sed caritas
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4943 viae nunquam potest pervenire ad aequalitatem caritatis patriae,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4944 quantumcumque augeatur. Ergo videtur quod caritas viae non remaneat
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4945 in patria.</p><p title="I-II q. 67 a. 6 s. c."><a name="36331"><span class="ref">[36331] Iª-IIae q. 67 a. 6 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4946 est quod apostolus dicit, I ad Cor. XIII, <i>caritas nunquam
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
4947 excidit</i>.</p><p title="I-II q. 67 a. 6 co."><a name="36332"><span class="ref">[36332] Iª-IIae q. 67 a. 6 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4948 dicendum quod, sicut supra dictum est, quando imperfectio alicuius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4949 rei non est de ratione speciei ipsius, nihil prohibet idem numero
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4950 quod prius fuit imperfectum, postea perfectum esse, sicut homo per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4951 augmentum perficitur, et albedo per intensionem. Caritas autem est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4952 amor; de cuius ratione non est aliqua imperfectio, potest enim esse
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4953 et habiti et non habiti, et visi et non visi. Unde caritas non
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4954 evacuatur per gloriae perfectionem, sed eadem numero manet.</p><p title="I-II q. 67 a. 6 ad 1"><a name="36333"><span class="ref">[36333] Iª-IIae q. 67 a. 6 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4955 ergo dicendum quod imperfectio caritatis per accidens se habet ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4956 ipsam, quia non est de ratione amoris imperfectio. Remoto autem eo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4957 quod est per accidens, nihilominus remanet substantia rei. Unde,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
4958 evacuata imperfectione caritatis, non evacuatur ipsa caritas.</p><p title="I-II q. 67 a. 6 ad 2"><a name="36334"><span class="ref">[36334] Iª-IIae q. 67 a. 6 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4959 dicendum quod caritas non habet pro obiecto ipsam cognitionem, sic
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4960 enim non esset eadem in via et in patria. Sed habet pro obiecto
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4961 ipsam rem cognitam, quae est eadem, scilicet ipsum Deum.</p><p title="I-II q. 67 a. 6 ad 3"><a name="36335"><span class="ref">[36335] Iª-IIae q. 67 a. 6 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4962 dicendum quod caritas viae per augmentum non potest pervenire ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4963 aequalitatem caritatis patriae, propter differentiam quae est ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4964 parte causae, visio enim est quaedam causa amoris, ut dicitur in IX
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4965 Ethic. Deus autem quanto perfectius cognoscitur, tanto perfectius
59
03759e5c1080 fix multi-para s.c.
ht
parents: 53
diff changeset
4966 amatur.</p></div></div><div id="q68" class="q"><h2>Quaestio 68</h2><div class="p"><h3>Prooemium</h3><p title="I-II q. 68 pr."><a name="36336"><span class="ref">[36336]
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
4967 Iª-IIae q. 68 pr.</span></a> Consequenter considerandum est de
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4968 donis. Et circa hoc quaeruntur octo. Primo, utrum dona differant a
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4969 virtutibus. Secundo, de necessitate donorum. Tertio, utrum dona
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4970 sint habitus. Quarto, quae, et quot sint. Quinto, utrum dona sint
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4971 connexa. Sexto, utrum maneant in patria. Septimo, de comparatione
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
4972 eorum ad invicem. Octavo, de comparatione eorum ad virtutes.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 1</h3><p title="I-II q. 68 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="36337"><span class="ref">[36337] Iª-IIae q. 68 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4973 sic proceditur. Videtur quod dona non distinguantur a virtutibus.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4974 Dicit enim Gregorius, in I Moral., exponens illud Iob, <i>nati sunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4975 ei septem filii, septem nobis nascuntur filii, cum per conceptionem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4976 bonae cogitationis, sancti spiritus septem in nobis virtutes
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4977 oriuntur</i>. Et inducit illud quod habetur Isaiae XI, requiescet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4978 super eum spiritus intellectus etc., ubi enumerantur septem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4979 spiritus sancti dona. Ergo septem dona spiritus sancti sunt
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4980 virtutes.</p><p title="I-II q. 68 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="36338"><span class="ref">[36338] Iª-IIae q. 68 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4981 Augustinus dicit, in libro de Quaestionib. Evang., exponens illud
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4982 quod habetur Matth. XII, <i>tunc vadit, et assumit septem alios
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4983 spiritus etc., septem vitia sunt contraria septem virtutibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4984 spiritus sancti</i>, idest septem donis. Sunt autem septem vitia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4985 contraria virtutibus communiter dictis. Ergo dona non distinguuntur
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4986 a virtutibus communiter dictis.</p><p title="I-II q. 68 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="36339"><span class="ref">[36339] Iª-IIae q. 68 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4987 quorum est definitio eadem, ipsa quoque sunt eadem. Sed definitio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4988 virtutis convenit donis, unumquodque enim donum est bona qualitas
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4989 mentis qua recte vivitur, et cetera. Similiter definitio doni
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4990 convenit virtutibus infusis, est enim donum datio irreddibilis,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4991 secundum philosophum. Ergo virtutes et dona non distinguuntur.</p><p title="I-II q. 68 a. 1 arg. 4"><a name="36340"><span class="ref">[36340] Iª-IIae q. 68 a. 1 arg. 4</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4992 plura eorum quae enumerantur inter dona, sunt virtutes. Nam sicut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4993 supra dictum est, sapientia et intellectus et scientia sunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4994 virtutes intellectuales; consilium autem ad prudentiam pertinet;
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4995 pietas autem species est iustitiae; fortitudo autem quaedam virtus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4996 est moralis. Ergo videtur quod virtutes non distinguantur a
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4997 donis.</p><p title="I-II q. 68 a. 1 s. c."><a name="36341"><span class="ref">[36341] Iª-IIae q. 68 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4998 est quod Gregorius, I Moral., distinguit septem dona, quae dicit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4999 significari per septem filios Iob, a tribus virtutibus theologicis,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5000 quas dicit significari per tres filias Iob. Et in II Moral.,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5001 distinguit eadem septem dona a quatuor virtutibus cardinalibus,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5002 quae dicit significari per quatuor angulos domus.</p><p title="I-II q. 68 a. 1 co."><a name="36342"><span class="ref">[36342] Iª-IIae q. 68 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5003 dicendum quod, si loquamur de dono et virtute secundum nominis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5004 rationem, sic nullam oppositionem habent ad invicem. Nam ratio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5005 virtutis sumitur secundum quod perficit hominem ad bene agendum, ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5006 supra dictum est, ratio autem doni sumitur secundum comparationem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5007 ad causam a qua est. Nihil autem prohibet illud quod est ab alio ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5008 donum, esse perfectivum alicuius ad bene operandum, praesertim cum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5009 supra dixerimus quod virtutes quaedam nobis sunt infusae a Deo.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5010 Unde secundum hoc, donum a virtute distingui non potest. Et ideo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5011 quidam posuerunt quod dona non essent a virtutibus distinguenda.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5012 Sed eis remanet non minor difficultas, ut scilicet rationem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5013 assignent quare quaedam virtutes dicantur dona, et non omnes; et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5014 quare aliqua computantur inter dona, quae non computantur inter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5015 virtutes, ut patet de timore. Unde alii dixerunt dona a virtutibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5016 esse distinguenda; sed non assignaverunt convenientem distinctionis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5017 causam, quae scilicet ita communis esset virtutibus, quod nullo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5018 modo donis, aut e converso. Considerantes enim aliqui quod, inter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5019 septem dona, quatuor pertinent ad rationem, scilicet sapientia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5020 scientia, intellectus et consilium; et tria ad vim appetitivam,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5021 scilicet fortitudo, pietas et timor; posuerunt quod dona
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5022 perficiebant liberum arbitrium secundum quod est facultas rationis,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5023 virtutes vero secundum quod est facultas voluntatis, quia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5024 invenerunt duas solas virtutes in ratione vel intellectu, scilicet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5025 fidem et prudentiam, alias vero in vi appetitiva vel affectiva.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5026 Oporteret autem, si haec distinctio esset conveniens, quod omnes
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5027 virtutes essent in vi appetitiva, et omnia dona in ratione. Quidam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5028 vero, considerantes quod Gregorius dicit, in II Moral., quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5029 <i>donum spiritus sancti, quod in mente sibi subiecta format
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5030 temperantiam, prudentiam, iustitiam et fortitudinem; eandem mentem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5031 munit contra singula tentamenta per septem dona</i>, dixerunt quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5032 virtutes ordinantur ad bene operandum, dona vero ad resistendum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5033 tentationibus. Sed nec ista distinctio sufficit. Quia etiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5034 virtutes tentationibus resistunt, inducentibus ad peccata, quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5035 contrariantur virtutibus, unumquodque enim resistit naturaliter suo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5036 contrario. Quod praecipue patet de caritate, de qua dicitur Cantic.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5037 VIII, <i>aquae multae non potuerunt extinguere caritatem</i>. Alii
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5038 vero, considerantes quod ista dona traduntur in Scriptura secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5039 quod fuerunt in Christo, ut patet Isaiae XI; dixerunt quod virtutes
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5040 ordinantur simpliciter ad bene operandum; sed dona ordinantur ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5041 hoc ut per ea conformemur Christo, praecipue quantum ad ea quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5042 passus est, quia in passione eius praecipue huiusmodi dona
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5043 resplenduerunt. Sed hoc etiam non videtur esse sufficiens. Quia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5044 ipse dominus praecipue nos inducit ad sui conformitatem secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5045 humilitatem et mansuetudinem, Matth. XI, <i>discite a me, quia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5046 mitis sum et humilis corde</i>; et secundum caritatem, ut Ioan. XV,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5047 <i>diligatis invicem, sicut dilexi vos</i>. Et hae etiam virtutes
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5048 praecipue in passione Christi refulserunt. Et ideo ad distinguendum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5049 dona a virtutibus, debemus sequi modum loquendi Scripturae, in qua
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5050 nobis traduntur non quidem sub nomine donorum, sed magis sub nomine
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5051 spirituum, sic enim dicitur Isaiae XI, <i>requiescet super eum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5052 spiritus sapientiae et intellectus,</i> et cetera. Ex quibus verbis
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5053 manifeste datur intelligi quod ista septem enumerantur ibi,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5054 secundum quod sunt in nobis ab inspiratione divina. Inspiratio
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5055 autem significat quandam motionem ab exteriori. Est enim
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5056 considerandum quod in homine est duplex principium movens, unum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5057 quidem interius, quod est ratio; aliud autem exterius, quod est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5058 Deus, ut supra dictum est; et etiam philosophus hoc dicit, in cap.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5059 de bona fortuna. Manifestum est autem quod omne quod movetur,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5060 necesse est proportionatum esse motori, et haec est perfectio
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5061 mobilis inquantum est mobile, dispositio qua disponitur ad hoc quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5062 bene moveatur a suo motore. Quanto igitur movens est altior, tanto
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5063 necesse est quod mobile perfectiori dispositione ei proportionetur,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5064 sicut videmus quod perfectius oportet esse discipulum dispositum,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5065 ad hoc quod altiorem doctrinam capiat a docente. Manifestum est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5066 autem quod virtutes humanae perficiunt hominem secundum quod homo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5067 natus est moveri per rationem in his quae interius vel exterius
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5068 agit. Oportet igitur inesse homini altiores perfectiones, secundum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5069 quas sit dispositus ad hoc quod divinitus moveatur. Et istae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5070 perfectiones vocantur dona, non solum quia infunduntur a Deo; sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5071 quia secundum ea homo disponitur ut efficiatur prompte mobilis ab
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5072 inspiratione divina, sicut dicitur Isaiae l, <i>dominus aperuit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5073 mihi aurem; ego autem non contradico, retrorsum non abii</i>. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5074 philosophus etiam dicit, in cap. de bona fortuna, quod his qui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5075 moventur per instinctum divinum, non expedit consiliari secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5076 rationem humanam, sed quod sequantur interiorem instinctum, quia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5077 moventur a meliori principio quam sit ratio humana. Et hoc est quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5078 quidam dicunt, quod dona perficiunt hominem ad altiores actus quam
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
5079 sint actus virtutum.</p><p title="I-II q. 68 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="36343"><span class="ref">[36343] Iª-IIae q. 68 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5080 ergo dicendum quod huiusmodi dona nominantur quandoque virtutes,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5081 secundum communem rationem virtutis. Habent tamen aliquid
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5082 supereminens rationi communi virtutis, inquantum sunt quaedam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5083 divinae virtutes, perficientes hominem inquantum est a Deo motus.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5084 Unde et philosophus, in VII Ethic., supra virtutem communem ponit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5085 quandam virtutem heroicam vel divinam, secundum quam dicuntur
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5086 aliqui divini viri.</p><p title="I-II q. 68 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="36344"><span class="ref">[36344] Iª-IIae q. 68 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5087 dicendum quod vitia, inquantum sunt contra bonum rationis,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5088 contrariantur virtutibus, inquantum autem sunt contra divinum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5089 instinctum, contrariantur donis. Idem enim contrariatur Deo et
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5090 rationi, cuius lumen a Deo derivatur.</p><p title="I-II q. 68 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="36345"><span class="ref">[36345] Iª-IIae q. 68 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5091 dicendum quod definitio illa datur de virtute secundum communem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5092 modum virtutis. Unde si volumus definitionem restringere ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5093 virtutes prout distinguuntur a donis, dicemus quod hoc quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5094 dicitur, qua recte vivitur, intelligendum est de rectitudine vitae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5095 quae accipitur secundum regulam rationis. Similiter autem donum,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5096 prout distinguitur a virtute infusa, potest dici id quod datur a
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5097 Deo in ordine ad motionem ipsius; quod scilicet facit hominem bene
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
5098 sequentem suos instinctus.</p><p title="I-II q. 68 a. 1 ad 4"><a name="36346"><span class="ref">[36346] Iª-IIae q. 68 a. 1 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5099 dicendum quod sapientia dicitur intellectualis virtus, secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5100 quod procedit ex iudicio rationis, dicitur autem donum, secundum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5101 quod operatur ex instinctu divino. Et similiter dicendum est de
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5102 aliis.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 2</h3><p title="I-II q. 68 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="36347"><span class="ref">[36347] Iª-IIae q. 68 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5103 sic proceditur. Videtur quod dona non sint necessaria homini ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5104 salutem. Dona enim ordinantur ad quandam perfectionem ultra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5105 communem perfectionem virtutis. Non autem est homini necessarium ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5106 salutem ut huiusmodi perfectionem consequatur, quae est ultra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5107 communem statum virtutis, quia huiusmodi perfectio non cadit sub
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5108 praecepto, sed sub consilio. Ergo dona non sunt necessaria homini
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5109 ad salutem.</p><p title="I-II q. 68 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="36348"><span class="ref">[36348] Iª-IIae q. 68 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5110 ad salutem hominis sufficit quod homo se bene habeat et circa
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5111 divina et circa humana. Sed per virtutes theologicas homo se habet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5112 bene circa divina; per virtutes autem morales, circa humana. Ergo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5113 dona non sunt homini necessaria ad salutem.</p><p title="I-II q. 68 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="36349"><span class="ref">[36349] Iª-IIae q. 68 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5114 Gregorius dicit, in II Moral., quod <i>spiritus sanctus dat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5115 sapientiam contra stultitiam, intellectum contra hebetudinem,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5116 consilium contra praecipitationem, fortitudinem contra timorem,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5117 scientiam contra ignorantiam, pietatem contra duritiam, timorem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5118 contra superbiam</i>. Sed sufficiens remedium potest adhiberi ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5119 omnia ista tollenda per virtutes. Ergo dona non sunt necessaria
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5120 homini ad salutem.</p><p title="I-II q. 68 a. 2 s. c."><a name="36350"><span class="ref">[36350] Iª-IIae q. 68 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5121 inter dona summum videtur esse sapientia, infimum autem timor.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5122 Utrumque autem horum necessarium est ad salutem, quia de sapientia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5123 dicitur, Sap. VII, <i>neminem diligit Deus nisi eum qui cum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5124 sapientia inhabitat</i>; et de timore dicitur, Eccli. I, <i>qui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5125 sine timore est, non poterit iustificari</i>. Ergo etiam alia dona
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5126 media sunt necessaria ad salutem.</p><p title="I-II q. 68 a. 2 co."><a name="36351"><span class="ref">[36351] Iª-IIae q. 68 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5127 dicendum quod, sicut dictum est, dona sunt quaedam hominis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5128 perfectiones, quibus homo disponitur ad hoc quod bene sequatur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5129 instinctum divinum. Unde in his in quibus non sufficit instinctus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5130 rationis, sed est necessarius spiritus sancti instinctus, per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5131 consequens est necessarium donum. Ratio autem hominis est perfecta
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5132 dupliciter a Deo, primo quidem, naturali perfectione, scilicet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5133 secundum lumen naturale rationis; alio modo, quadam supernaturali
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5134 perfectione, per virtutes theologicas, ut dictum est supra. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5135 quamvis haec secunda perfectio sit maior quam prima, tamen prima
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5136 perfectiori modo habetur ab homine quam secunda, nam prima habetur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5137 ab homine quasi plena possessio, secunda autem habetur quasi
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5138 imperfecta; imperfecte enim diligimus et cognoscimus Deum.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5139 Manifestum est autem quod unumquodque quod perfecte habet naturam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5140 vel formam aliquam aut virtutem, potest per se secundum illam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5141 operari, non tamen exclusa operatione Dei, qui in omni natura et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5142 voluntate interius operatur. Sed id quod imperfecte habet naturam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5143 aliquam vel formam aut virtutem, non potest per se operari, nisi ab
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5144 altero moveatur. Sicut sol, quia est perfecte lucidus, per seipsum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5145 potest illuminare, luna autem, in qua est imperfecte natura lucis,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5146 non illuminat nisi illuminata. Medicus etiam, qui perfecte novit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5147 artem medicinae, potest per se operari, sed discipulus eius, qui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5148 nondum est plene instructus, non potest per se operari, nisi ab eo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5149 instruatur. Sic igitur quantum ad ea quae subsunt humanae rationi,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5150 in ordine scilicet ad finem connaturalem homini; homo potest
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5151 operari, per iudicium rationis. Si tamen etiam in hoc homo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5152 adiuvetur a Deo per specialem instinctum, hoc erit superabundantis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5153 bonitatis, unde secundum philosophos, non quicumque habebat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5154 virtutes morales acquisitas, habebat virtutes heroicas vel divinas.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5155 Sed in ordine ad finem ultimum supernaturalem, ad quem ratio movet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5156 secundum quod est aliqualiter et imperfecte formata per virtutes
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5157 theologicas; non sufficit ipsa motio rationis, nisi desuper adsit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5158 instinctus et motio spiritus sancti; secundum illud Rom. VIII,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5159 <i>qui spiritu Dei aguntur, hi filii Dei sunt; et si filii, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5160 haeredes</i>, et in Psalmo CXLII, dicitur, <i>spiritus tuus bonus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5161 deducet me in terram rectam</i>; quia scilicet in haereditatem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5162 illius terrae beatorum nullus potest pervenire, nisi moveatur et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5163 deducatur a spiritu sancto. Et ideo ad illum finem consequendum,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5164 necessarium est homini habere donum spiritus sancti.</p><p title="I-II q. 68 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="36352"><span class="ref">[36352] Iª-IIae q. 68 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5165 ergo dicendum quod dona excedunt communem perfectionem virtutum,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5166 non quantum ad genus operum, eo modo quo consilia excedunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5167 praecepta, sed quantum ad modum operandi, secundum quod movetur
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5168 homo ab altiori principio.</p><p title="I-II q. 68 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="36353"><span class="ref">[36353] Iª-IIae q. 68 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5169 dicendum quod per virtutes theologicas et morales non ita
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5170 perficitur homo in ordine ad ultimum finem, quin semper indigeat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5171 moveri quodam superiori instinctu spiritus sancti, ratione iam
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5172 dicta.</p><p title="I-II q. 68 a. 2 ad 3"><a name="36354"><span class="ref">[36354] Iª-IIae q. 68 a. 2 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5173 dicendum quod rationi humanae non sunt omnia cognita, neque omnia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5174 possibilia, sive accipiatur ut perfecta perfectione naturali, sive
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5175 accipiatur ut perfecta theologicis virtutibus. Unde non potest
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5176 quantum ad omnia repellere stultitiam, et alia huiusmodi, de quibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5177 ibi fit mentio. Sed Deus cuius scientiae et potestati omnia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5178 subsunt, sua motione ab omni stultitia et ignorantia et hebetudine
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5179 et duritia et ceteris huiusmodi, nos tutos reddit. Et ideo dona
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5180 spiritus sancti, quae faciunt nos bene sequentes instinctum ipsius,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5181 dicuntur contra huiusmodi defectus dari.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 3</h3><p title="I-II q. 68 a. 3 arg. 1"><a name="36355"><span class="ref">[36355] Iª-IIae q. 68 a. 3 arg. 1</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5182 sic proceditur. Videtur quod dona spiritus sancti non sint habitus.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5183 Habitus enim est qualitas in homine manens, est enim qualitas
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5184 difficile mobilis, ut dicitur in praedicamentis. Sed proprium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5185 Christi est quod dona spiritus sancti in eo requiescant; ut dicitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5186 Isaiae XI. Et Ioan. I, dicitur, <i>super quem videris spiritum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5187 descendentem, et manentem super eum, hic est qui baptizat</i>, quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5188 exponens Gregorius, in II Moral., dicit, <i>in cunctis fidelibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5189 spiritus sanctus venit; sed in solo mediatore semper singulariter
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5190 permanet</i>. Ergo dona spiritus sancti non sunt habitus.</p><p title="I-II q. 68 a. 3 arg. 2"><a name="36356"><span class="ref">[36356] Iª-IIae q. 68 a. 3 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5191 dona spiritus sancti perficiunt hominem secundum quod agitur a
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5192 spiritu Dei, sicut dictum est. Sed inquantum homo agitur a spiritu
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5193 Dei, se habet quodammodo ut instrumentum respectu eius. Non autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5194 convenit ut instrumentum perficiatur per habitum, sed principale
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5195 agens. Ergo dona spiritus sancti non sunt habitus.</p><p title="I-II q. 68 a. 3 arg. 3"><a name="36357"><span class="ref">[36357] Iª-IIae q. 68 a. 3 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5196 sicut dona spiritus sancti sunt ex inspiratione divina, ita et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5197 donum prophetiae. Sed prophetia non est habitus, non enim semper
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5198 spiritus prophetiae adest prophetis, ut Gregorius dicit, in I
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5199 homilia Ezechielis. Ergo neque etiam dona spiritus sancti sunt
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5200 habitus.</p><p title="I-II q. 68 a. 3 s. c."><a name="36358"><span class="ref">[36358] Iª-IIae q. 68 a. 3 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5201 est quod dominus dicit discipulis, de spiritu sancto loquens, Ioan.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5202 XIV, <i>apud vos manebit, et in vobis erit</i>. Spiritus autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5203 sanctus non est in hominibus absque donis eius. Ergo dona eius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5204 manent in hominibus. Ergo non solum sunt actus vel passiones, sed
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
5205 etiam habitus permanentes.</p><p title="I-II q. 68 a. 3 co."><a name="36359"><span class="ref">[36359] Iª-IIae q. 68 a. 3 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5206 dicendum quod, sicut dictum est, dona sunt quaedam perfectiones
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5207 hominis, quibus disponitur ad hoc quod homo bene sequatur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5208 instinctum spiritus sancti. Manifestum est autem ex supradictis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5209 quod virtutes morales perficiunt vim appetitivam secundum quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5210 participat aliqualiter rationem, inquantum scilicet nata est moveri
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5211 per imperium rationis. Hoc igitur modo dona spiritus sancti se
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5212 habent ad hominem in comparatione ad spiritum sanctum, sicut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5213 virtutes morales se habent ad vim appetitivam in comparatione ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5214 rationem. Virtutes autem morales habitus quidam sunt, quibus vires
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5215 appetitivae disponuntur ad prompte obediendum rationi. Unde et dona
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5216 spiritus sancti sunt quidam habitus, quibus homo perficitur ad
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5217 prompte obediendum spiritui sancto.</p><p title="I-II q. 68 a. 3 ad 1"><a name="36360"><span class="ref">[36360] Iª-IIae q. 68 a. 3 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5218 ergo dicendum quod Gregorius ibidem solvit, dicens quod <i>in illis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5219 donis sine quibus ad vitam perveniri non potest, spiritus sanctus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5220 in electis omnibus semper manet, sed in aliis non semper manet</i>.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5221 Septem autem dona sunt necessaria ad salutem, ut dictum est. Unde
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5222 quantum ad ea, spiritus sanctus semper manet in sanctis.</p><p title="I-II q. 68 a. 3 ad 2"><a name="36361"><span class="ref">[36361] Iª-IIae q. 68 a. 3 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5223 dicendum quod ratio illa procedit de instrumento cuius non est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5224 agere, sed solum agi. Tale autem instrumentum non est homo; sed sic
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5225 agitur a spiritu sancto, quod etiam agit, inquantum est liberi
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5226 arbitrii. Unde indiget habitu.</p><p title="I-II q. 68 a. 3 ad 3"><a name="36362"><span class="ref">[36362] Iª-IIae q. 68 a. 3 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5227 dicendum quod prophetia est de donis quae sunt ad manifestationem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5228 spiritus, non autem ad necessitatem salutis. Unde non est
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5229 simile.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 4</h3><p title="I-II q. 68 a. 4 arg. 1"><a name="36363"><span class="ref">[36363] Iª-IIae q. 68 a. 4 arg. 1</span></a> Ad quartum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5230 sic proceditur. Videtur quod inconvenienter septem dona spiritus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5231 sancti enumerentur. In illa enim enumeratione ponuntur quatuor
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5232 pertinentia ad virtutes intellectuales, scilicet sapientia,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5233 intellectus, scientia et consilium, quod pertinet ad prudentiam,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5234 nihil autem ibi ponitur quod pertineat ad artem, quae est quinta
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5235 virtus intellectualis. Similiter etiam ponitur aliquid pertinens ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5236 iustitiam, scilicet pietas, et aliquid pertinens ad fortitudinem,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5237 scilicet donum fortitudinis, nihil autem ponitur ibi pertinens ad
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5238 temperantiam. Ergo insufficienter enumerantur dona.</p><p title="I-II q. 68 a. 4 arg. 2"><a name="36364"><span class="ref">[36364] Iª-IIae q. 68 a. 4 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5239 pietas est pars iustitiae. Sed circa fortitudinem non ponitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5240 aliqua pars eius, sed ipsa fortitudo. Ergo non debuit poni pietas,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5241 sed ipsa iustitia.</p><p title="I-II q. 68 a. 4 arg. 3"><a name="36365"><span class="ref">[36365] Iª-IIae q. 68 a. 4 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5242 virtutes theologicae maxime ordinant nos ad Deum. Cum ergo dona
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5243 perficiant hominem secundum quod movetur a Deo, videtur quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5244 debuissent poni aliqua dona pertinentia ad theologicas
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5245 virtutes.</p><p title="I-II q. 68 a. 4 arg. 4"><a name="36366"><span class="ref">[36366] Iª-IIae q. 68 a. 4 arg. 4</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5246 sicut Deus timetur, ita etiam amatur, et in ipsum aliquis sperat,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5247 et de eo delectatur. Amor autem, spes et delectatio sunt passiones
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5248 condivisae timori. Ergo, sicut timor ponitur donum, ita et alia
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5249 tria debent poni dona.</p><p title="I-II q. 68 a. 4 arg. 5"><a name="36367"><span class="ref">[36367] Iª-IIae q. 68 a. 4 arg. 5</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5250 intellectui adiungitur sapientia quae regit ipsum; fortitudini
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5251 autem consilium, pietati vero scientia. Ergo et timori debuit addi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5252 aliquod donum directivum. Inconvenienter ergo septem dona spiritus
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5253 sancti enumerantur.</p><p title="I-II q. 68 a. 4 s. c."><a name="36368"><span class="ref">[36368] Iª-IIae q. 68 a. 4 s. c.</span></a> Sed in
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5254 contrarium est auctoritas Scripturae, Isaiae XI.</p><p title="I-II q. 68 a. 4 co."><a name="36369"><span class="ref">[36369] Iª-IIae q. 68 a. 4 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5255 dicendum quod, sicut dictum est, dona sunt quidam habitus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5256 perficientes hominem ad hoc quod prompte sequatur instinctum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5257 spiritus sancti, sicut virtutes morales perficiunt vires
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5258 appetitivas ad obediendum rationi. Sicut autem vires appetitivae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5259 natae sunt moveri per imperium rationis, ita omnes vires humanae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5260 natae sunt moveri per instinctum Dei, sicut a quadam superiori
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5261 potentia. Et ideo in omnibus viribus hominis quae possunt esse
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5262 principia humanorum actuum, sicut sunt virtutes, ita etiam sunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5263 dona, scilicet in ratione, et in vi appetitiva. Ratio autem est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5264 speculativa et practica, et in utraque consideratur apprehensio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5265 veritatis, quae pertinet ad inventionem; et iudicium de veritate.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5266 Ad apprehensionem igitur veritatis, perficitur speculativa ratio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5267 per intellectum; practica vero per consilium. Ad recte autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5268 iudicandum, speculativa quidem per sapientiam, practica vero per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5269 scientiam perficitur. Appetitiva autem virtus, in his quidem quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5270 sunt ad alterum, perficitur per pietatem. In his autem quae sunt ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5271 seipsum, perficitur per fortitudinem contra terrorem periculorum,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5272 contra concupiscentiam vero inordinatam delectabilium, per timorem,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5273 secundum illud Proverb. XV, <i>per timorem domini declinat omnis a
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5274 malo</i>; et in Psalmo CXVIII, <i>confige timore tuo carnes meas, a
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5275 iudiciis enim tuis timui</i>. Et sic patet quod haec dona extendunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5276 se ad omnia ad quae se extendunt virtutes tam intellectuales quam
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5277 morales.</p><p title="I-II q. 68 a. 4 ad 1"><a name="36370"><span class="ref">[36370] Iª-IIae q. 68 a. 4 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5278 ergo dicendum quod dona spiritus sancti perficiunt hominem in his
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5279 quae pertinent ad bene vivendum, ad quae non ordinatur ars, sed ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5280 exteriora factibilia; est enim ars ratio recta non agibilium, sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5281 factibilium, ut dicitur in VI Ethic. Potest tamen dici quod,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5282 quantum ad infusionem donorum, ars pertinet ad spiritum sanctum,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5283 qui est principaliter movens; non autem ad homines, qui sunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5284 quaedam organa eius dum ab eo moventur. Temperantiae autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5285 respondet quodammodo donum timoris. Sicut enim ad virtutem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5286 temperantiae pertinet, secundum eius propriam rationem, ut aliquis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5287 recedat a delectationibus pravis propter bonum rationis; ita ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5288 donum timoris pertinet quod aliquis recedat a delectationibus
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5289 pravis propter Dei timorem.</p><p title="I-II q. 68 a. 4 ad 2"><a name="36371"><span class="ref">[36371] Iª-IIae q. 68 a. 4 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5290 dicendum quod nomen iustitiae imponitur a rectitudine rationis, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5291 ideo nomen virtutis est convenientius quam nomen doni. Sed nomen
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5292 pietatis importat reverentiam quam habemus ad patrem et ad patriam.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5293 Et quia pater omnium Deus est, etiam cultus Dei pietas nominatur;
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5294 ut Augustinus dicit, X de Civ. Dei. Et ideo convenienter donum quo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5295 aliquis propter reverentiam Dei bonum operatur ad omnes, pietas
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5296 nominatur.</p><p title="I-II q. 68 a. 4 ad 3"><a name="36372"><span class="ref">[36372] Iª-IIae q. 68 a. 4 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5297 dicendum quod animus hominis non movetur a spiritu sancto, nisi ei
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5298 secundum aliquem modum uniatur, sicut instrumentum non movetur ab
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5299 artifice nisi per contactum, aut per aliquam aliam unionem. Prima
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5300 autem unio hominis est per fidem, spem et caritatem. Unde istae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5301 virtutes praesupponuntur ad dona, sicut radices quaedam donorum.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5302 Unde omnia dona pertinent ad has tres virtutes, sicut quaedam
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5303 derivationes praedictarum virtutum.</p><p title="I-II q. 68 a. 4 ad 4"><a name="36373"><span class="ref">[36373] Iª-IIae q. 68 a. 4 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5304 dicendum quod amor et spes et delectatio habent bonum pro obiecto.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5305 Summum autem bonum Deus est, unde nomina harum passionum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5306 transferuntur ad virtutes theologicas, quibus anima coniungitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5307 Deo. Timoris autem obiectum est malum, quod Deo nullo modo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5308 competit, unde non importat coniunctionem ad Deum, sed magis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5309 recessum ab aliquibus rebus propter reverentiam Dei. Et ideo non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5310 est nomen virtutis theologicae, sed doni, quod eminentius retrahit
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5311 a malis quam virtus moralis.</p><p title="I-II q. 68 a. 4 ad 5"><a name="36374"><span class="ref">[36374] Iª-IIae q. 68 a. 4 ad 5</span></a> Ad quintum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5312 dicendum quod per sapientiam dirigitur et hominis intellectus, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5313 hominis affectus. Et ideo ponuntur duo correspondentia sapientiae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5314 tanquam directivo, ex parte quidem intellectus, donum intellectus;
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5315 ex parte autem affectus, donum timoris. Ratio enim timendi Deum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5316 praecipue sumitur ex consideratione excellentiae divinae, quam
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5317 considerat sapientia.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 5</h3><p title="I-II q. 68 a. 5 arg. 1"><a name="36375"><span class="ref">[36375] Iª-IIae q. 68 a. 5 arg. 1</span></a> Ad quintum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5318 sic proceditur. Videtur quod dona non sint connexa. Dicit enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5319 apostolus, I ad Cor. XII, <i>alii datur per spiritum sermo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5320 sapientiae, alii sermo scientiae secundum eundem spiritum</i>. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5321 sapientia et scientia inter dona spiritus sancti computantur. Ergo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5322 dona spiritus sancti dantur diversis, et non connectuntur sibi
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5323 invicem in eodem.</p><p title="I-II q. 68 a. 5 arg. 2"><a name="36376"><span class="ref">[36376] Iª-IIae q. 68 a. 5 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5324 Augustinus dicit, in XIV de Trin., quod <i>scientia non pollent
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5325 fideles plurimi, quamvis polleant ipsa fide</i>. Sed fidem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5326 concomitatur aliquod de donis, ad minus donum timoris. Ergo videtur
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5327 quod dona non sint ex necessitate connexa in uno et eodem.</p><p title="I-II q. 68 a. 5 arg. 3"><a name="36377"><span class="ref">[36377] Iª-IIae q. 68 a. 5 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5328 Gregorius, in I Moral., dicit quod <i>minor est sapientia, si
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5329 intellectu careat; et valde inutilis est intellectus, si ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5330 sapientia non subsistat. Vile est consilium, cui opus fortitudinis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5331 deest; et valde fortitudo destruitur, nisi per consilium fulciatur.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5332 Nulla est scientia, si utilitatem pietatis non habet; et valde
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5333 inutilis est pietas, si scientiae discretione caret. Timor quoque
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5334 ipse, si non has virtutes habuerit, ad nullum opus bonae actionis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5335 surgit</i>. Ex quibus videtur quod unum donum possit sine alio
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5336 haberi. Non ergo dona spiritus sancti sunt connexa.</p><p title="I-II q. 68 a. 5 s. c."><a name="36378"><span class="ref">[36378] Iª-IIae q. 68 a. 5 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5337 est quod ibidem Gregorius praemittit, dicens, <i>illud in hoc
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5338 filiorum convivio perscrutandum videtur, quod semetipsos invicem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5339 pascunt</i>. Per filios autem Iob, de quibus loquitur, designantur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5340 dona spiritus sancti. Ergo dona spiritus sancti sunt connexa, per
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5341 hoc quod se invicem reficiunt.</p><p title="I-II q. 68 a. 5 co."><a name="36379"><span class="ref">[36379] Iª-IIae q. 68 a. 5 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5342 dicendum quod huius quaestionis veritas de facili ex praemissis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5343 potest haberi. Dictum est enim supra quod sicut vires appetitivae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5344 disponuntur per virtutes morales in comparatione ad regimen
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5345 rationis, ita omnes vires animae disponuntur per dona in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5346 comparatione ad spiritum sanctum moventem. Spiritus autem sanctus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5347 habitat in nobis per caritatem, secundum illud Rom. V, <i>caritas
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5348 Dei diffusa est in cordibus nostris per spiritum sanctum, qui datus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5349 est nobis</i>, sicut et ratio nostra perficitur per prudentiam.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5350 Unde sicut virtutes morales connectuntur sibi invicem in prudentia,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5351 ita dona spiritus sancti connectuntur sibi invicem in caritate, ita
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5352 scilicet quod qui caritatem habet, omnia dona spiritus sancti
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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diff changeset
5353 habet; quorum nullum sine caritate haberi potest.</p><p title="I-II q. 68 a. 5 ad 1"><a name="36380"><span class="ref">[36380] Iª-IIae q. 68 a. 5 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5354 ergo dicendum quod sapientia et scientia uno modo possunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5355 considerari secundum quod sunt gratiae gratis datae, prout scilicet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5356 aliquis abundat intantum in cognitione rerum divinarum et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5357 humanarum, ut possit et fideles instruere et adversarios confutare.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5358 Et sic loquitur ibi apostolus de sapientia et scientia, unde
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5359 signanter fit mentio de sermone sapientiae et scientiae. Alio modo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5360 possunt accipi prout sunt dona spiritus sancti. Et sic sapientia et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5361 scientia nihil aliud sunt quam quaedam perfectiones humanae mentis,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5362 secundum quas disponitur ad sequendum instinctus spiritus sancti in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5363 cognitione divinorum vel humanorum. Et sic patet quod huiusmodi
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
5364 dona sunt in omnibus habentibus caritatem.</p><p title="I-II q. 68 a. 5 ad 2"><a name="36381"><span class="ref">[36381] Iª-IIae q. 68 a. 5 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5365 dicendum quod Augustinus ibi loquitur de scientia exponens
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5366 praedictam auctoritatem apostoli, unde loquitur de scientia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5367 praedicto modo accepta, secundum quod est gratia gratis data. Quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5368 patet ex hoc quod subdit, <i>aliud enim est scire tantummodo quid
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5369 homo credere debeat propter adipiscendam vitam beatam, quae non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5370 nisi aeterna est; aliud autem scire quemadmodum hoc ipsum et piis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5371 opituletur, et contra impios defendatur; quam proprio appellare
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
5372 vocabulo scientiam videtur apostolus</i>.</p><p title="I-II q. 68 a. 5 ad 3"><a name="36382"><span class="ref">[36382] Iª-IIae q. 68 a. 5 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5373 dicendum quod, sicut uno modo connexio virtutum cardinalium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5374 probatur per hoc quod una earum perficitur quodammodo per aliam, ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5375 supra dictum est; ita Gregorius eodem modo vult probare connexionem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5376 donorum, per hoc quod unum sine alio non potest esse perfectum.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5377 Unde praemittit dicens, <i>valde singula quaelibet destituitur, si
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5378 non una alii virtus virtuti suffragetur</i>. Non ergo datur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5379 intelligi quod unum donum possit esse sine alio, sed quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5380 intellectus, si esset sine sapientia, non esset donum; sicut
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
5381 temperantia, si esset sine iustitia, non esset virtus.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 6</h3><p title="I-II q. 68 a. 6 arg. 1"><a name="36383"><span class="ref">[36383] Iª-IIae q. 68 a. 6 arg. 1</span></a> Ad sextum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5382 sic proceditur. Videtur quod dona spiritus sancti non maneant in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5383 patria. Dicit enim Gregorius, in II Moral., quod <i>spiritus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5384 sanctus contra singula tentamenta septem donis erudit mentem</i>.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5385 Sed in patria non erunt aliqua tentamenta; secundum illud Isaiae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5386 XI, <i>non nocebunt et non occident in universo monte sancto
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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diff changeset
5387 meo</i>. Ergo dona spiritus sancti non erunt in patria.</p><p title="I-II q. 68 a. 6 arg. 2"><a name="36384"><span class="ref">[36384] Iª-IIae q. 68 a. 6 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5388 dona spiritus sancti sunt habitus quidam, ut supra dictum est.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5389 Frustra autem essent habitus, ubi actus esse non possunt. Actus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5390 autem quorundam donorum in patria esse non possunt, dicit enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5391 Gregorius, in I Moral., quod <i>intellectus facit audita penetrare,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5392 et consilium prohibet esse praecipitem, et fortitudo facit non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5393 metuere adversa, et pietas replet cordis viscera operibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5394 misericordiae</i>; haec autem non competunt statui patriae. Ergo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
5395 huiusmodi dona non erunt in statu gloriae.</p><p title="I-II q. 68 a. 6 arg. 3"><a name="36385"><span class="ref">[36385] Iª-IIae q. 68 a. 6 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5396 donorum quaedam perficiunt hominem in vita contemplativa, ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5397 sapientia et intellectus; quaedam in vita activa, ut pietas et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5398 fortitudo. Sed activa vita cum hac vita terminatur; ut Gregorius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5399 dicit, in VI Moral. Ergo in statu gloriae non erunt omnia dona
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
5400 spiritus sancti.</p><p title="I-II q. 68 a. 6 s. c."><a name="36386"><span class="ref">[36386] Iª-IIae q. 68 a. 6 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5401 est quod Ambrosius dicit, in libro de spiritu sancto, <i>civitas
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5402 Dei illa, Ierusalem caelestis, non meatu alicuius fluvii terrestris
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5403 abluitur; sed ex vitae fonte procedens spiritus sanctus, cuius nos
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5404 brevi satiamur haustu, in illis caelestibus spiritibus redundantius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5405 videtur affluere, pleno septem virtutum spiritualium fervens
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5406 meatu</i>.</p><p title="I-II q. 68 a. 6 co."><a name="36387"><span class="ref">[36387] Iª-IIae q. 68 a. 6 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5407 dicendum quod de donis dupliciter possumus loqui. Uno modo, quantum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5408 ad essentiam donorum, et sic perfectissime erunt in patria, sicut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5409 patet per auctoritatem Ambrosii inductam. Cuius ratio est quia dona
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5410 spiritus sancti perficiunt mentem humanam ad sequendam motionem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5411 spiritus sancti, quod praecipue erit in patria, quando Deus erit
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5412 omnia in omnibus, ut dicitur I ad Cor. XV, et quando homo erit
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5413 totaliter subditus Deo. Alio modo possunt considerari quantum ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5414 materiam circa quam operantur, et sic in praesenti habent
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5415 operationem circa aliquam materiam circa quam non habebunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5416 operationem in statu gloriae. Et secundum hoc, non manebunt in
53
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diff changeset
5417 patria, sicut supra de virtutibus cardinalibus dictum est.</p><p title="I-II q. 68 a. 6 ad 1"><a name="36388"><span class="ref">[36388] Iª-IIae q. 68 a. 6 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5418 ergo dicendum quod Gregorius loquitur ibi de donis secundum quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5419 competunt statui praesenti, sic enim donis protegimur contra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5420 tentamenta malorum. Sed in statu gloriae, cessantibus malis, per
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5421 dona spiritus sancti perficiemur in bono.</p><p title="I-II q. 68 a. 6 ad 2"><a name="36389"><span class="ref">[36389] Iª-IIae q. 68 a. 6 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5422 dicendum quod Gregorius quasi in singulis donis ponit aliquid quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5423 transit cum statu praesenti, et aliquid quod permanet etiam in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5424 futuro. Dicit enim quod sapientia mentem de aeternorum spe et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5425 certitudine reficit, quorum duorum spes transit, sed certitudo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5426 remanet. Et de intellectu dicit quod in eo quod audita penetrat,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5427 reficiendo cor, tenebras eius illustrat, quorum auditus transit,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5428 quia non docebit vir fratrem suum, ut dicitur Ierem. XXXI; sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5429 illustratio mentis manebit. De consilio autem dicit quod prohibet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5430 esse praecipitem, quod est necessarium in praesenti, et iterum quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5431 ratione animum replet, quod est necessarium etiam in futuro. De
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5432 fortitudine vero dicit quod adversa non metuit, quod est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5433 necessarium in praesenti, et iterum quod confidentiae cibos
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5434 apponit, quod permanet etiam in futuro. De scientia vero unum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5435 tantum ponit, scilicet quod ignorantiae ieiunium superat, quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5436 pertinet ad statum praesentem. Sed quod addit, in ventre mentis,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5437 potest figuraliter intelligi repletio cognitionis, quae pertinet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5438 etiam ad statum futurum. De pietate vero dicit quod cordis viscera
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5439 misericordiae operibus replet. Quod quidem secundum verba, pertinet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5440 tantum ad statum praesentem. Sed ipse intimus affectus proximorum,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5441 per viscera designatus, pertinet etiam ad futurum statum; in quo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5442 pietas non exhibebit misericordiae opera, sed congratulationis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5443 affectum. De timore vero dicit quod premit mentem, ne de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5444 praesentibus superbiat, quod pertinet ad statum praesentem; et quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5445 de futuris cibo spei confortat, quod etiam pertinet ad statum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5446 praesentem, quantum ad spem; sed potest etiam ad statum futurum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5447 pertinere, quantum ad confortationem de rebus hic speratis, et ibi
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5448 obtentis.</p><p title="I-II q. 68 a. 6 ad 3"><a name="36390"><span class="ref">[36390] Iª-IIae q. 68 a. 6 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5449 dicendum quod ratio illa procedit de donis quantum ad materiam.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5450 Opera enim activae vitae non erunt materia donorum, sed omnia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5451 habebunt actus suos circa ea quae pertinent ad vitam
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5452 contemplativam, quae est vita beata.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 7</h3><p title="I-II q. 68 a. 7 arg. 1"><a name="36391"><span class="ref">[36391] Iª-IIae q. 68 a. 7 arg. 1</span></a> Ad septimum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5453 sic proceditur. Videtur quod dignitas donorum non attenditur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5454 secundum enumerationem qua enumerantur Isaiae XI. Illud enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5455 videtur esse potissimum in donis, quod maxime Deus ab homine
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5456 requirit. Sed maxime requirit Deus ab homine timorem, dicitur enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5457 Deut. X, <i>et nunc, Israel, quid dominus Deus tuus petit a te,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5458 nisi ut timeas dominum Deum tuum?</i> Et Malach. I, dicitur, <i>si
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5459 ego dominus, ubi timor meus?</i> Ergo videtur quod timor, qui
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5460 enumeratur ultimo, non sit infimum donorum, sed maximum.</p><p title="I-II q. 68 a. 7 arg. 2"><a name="36392"><span class="ref">[36392] Iª-IIae q. 68 a. 7 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5461 pietas videtur esse quoddam bonum universale, dicit enim apostolus,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5462 I ad Tim. IV, quod <i>pietas ad omnia utilis est</i>. Sed bonum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5463 universale praefertur particularibus bonis. Ergo pietas, quae
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5464 penultimo enumeratur, videtur esse potissimum donorum.</p><p title="I-II q. 68 a. 7 arg. 3"><a name="36393"><span class="ref">[36393] Iª-IIae q. 68 a. 7 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5465 scientia perficit iudicium hominis; consilium autem ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5466 inquisitionem pertinet. Sed iudicium praeeminet inquisitioni. Ergo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5467 scientia est potius donum quam consilium, cum tamen post
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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diff changeset
5468 enumeretur.</p><p title="I-II q. 68 a. 7 arg. 4"><a name="36394"><span class="ref">[36394] Iª-IIae q. 68 a. 7 arg. 4</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5469 fortitudo pertinet ad vim appetitivam; scientia autem ad rationem.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5470 Sed ratio est eminentior quam vis appetitiva. Ergo et scientia est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5471 eminentius donum quam fortitudo, quae tamen primo enumeratur. Non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5472 ergo dignitas donorum attenditur secundum ordinem enumerationis
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5473 eorum.</p><p title="I-II q. 68 a. 7 s. c."><a name="36395"><span class="ref">[36395] Iª-IIae q. 68 a. 7 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5474 est quod Augustinus dicit, in libro de Serm. Dom. in monte,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5475 <i>videtur mihi septiformis operatio spiritus sancti, de qua Isaias
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5476 loquitur, his gradibus sententiisque congruere</i> (de quibus fit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5477 mentio Matth. V); sed interest ordinis. Nam ibi (scilicet in Isaia)
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5478 <i>enumeratio ab excellentioribus coepit, hic vero, ab
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5479 inferioribus</i>.</p><p title="I-II q. 68 a. 7 co."><a name="36396"><span class="ref">[36396] Iª-IIae q. 68 a. 7 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5480 dicendum quod dignitas donorum dupliciter potest attendi, uno modo,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5481 simpliciter, scilicet per comparationem ad proprios actus prout
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5482 procedunt a suis principiis; alio modo, secundum quid, scilicet per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5483 comparationem ad materiam. Simpliciter autem loquendo de dignitate
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5484 donorum, eadem est ratio comparationis in ipsis et in virtutibus,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5485 quia dona ad omnes actus potentiarum animae perficiunt hominem, ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5486 quos perficiunt virtutes, ut supra dictum est. Unde sicut virtutes
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5487 intellectuales praeferuntur virtutibus moralibus; et in ipsis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5488 virtutibus intellectualibus contemplativae praeferuntur activis, ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5489 sapientia intellectui, et scientia prudentiae et arti; ita tamen
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5490 quod sapientia praefertur intellectui, et intellectus scientiae,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5491 sicut prudentia et synesis eubuliae, ita etiam in donis sapientia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5492 et intellectus, scientia et consilium, praeferuntur pietati et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5493 fortitudini et timori; in quibus etiam pietas praefertur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5494 fortitudini, et fortitudo timori, sicut iustitia fortitudini, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5495 fortitudo temperantiae. Sed quantum ad materiam, fortitudo et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5496 consilium praeferuntur scientiae et pietati, quia scilicet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5497 fortitudo et consilium in arduis locum habent; pietas autem, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5498 etiam scientia, in communibus. Sic igitur donorum dignitas ordini
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5499 enumerationis respondet, partim quidem simpliciter, secundum quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5500 sapientia et intellectus omnibus praeferuntur, partim autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5501 secundum ordinem materiae, secundum quod consilium et fortitudo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5502 praeferuntur scientiae et pietati.</p><p title="I-II q. 68 a. 7 ad 1"><a name="36397"><span class="ref">[36397] Iª-IIae q. 68 a. 7 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5503 ergo dicendum quod timor maxime requiritur quasi primordium quoddam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5504 perfectionis donorum, quia initium sapientiae timor domini, non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5505 propter hoc quod sit ceteris dignius. Prius enim est, secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5506 ordinem generationis, ut aliquis recedat a malo, quod fit per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5507 timorem, ut dicitur Proverb. XVI; quam quod operetur bonum, quod
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5508 fit per alia dona.</p><p title="I-II q. 68 a. 7 ad 2"><a name="36398"><span class="ref">[36398] Iª-IIae q. 68 a. 7 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5509 dicendum quod pietas non comparatur in verbis apostoli, omnibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5510 donis Dei, sed soli corporali exercitationi, de qua praemittit quod
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5511 ad modicum utilis est.</p><p title="I-II q. 68 a. 7 ad 3"><a name="36399"><span class="ref">[36399] Iª-IIae q. 68 a. 7 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5512 dicendum quod scientia etsi praeferatur consilio ratione iudicii,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5513 tamen consilium praefertur ratione materiae, nam consilium non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5514 habet locum nisi in arduis, ut dicitur in III Ethic.; sed iudicium
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5515 scientiae in omnibus locum habet.</p><p title="I-II q. 68 a. 7 ad 4"><a name="36400"><span class="ref">[36400] Iª-IIae q. 68 a. 7 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5516 dicendum quod dona directiva, quae pertinent ad rationem, donis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5517 exequentibus digniora sunt, si considerentur per comparationem ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5518 actus prout egrediuntur a potentiis, ratio enim appetitivae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5519 praeeminet, ut regulans regulato. Sed ratione materiae, adiungitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5520 consilium fortitudini, sicut directivum exequenti, et similiter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5521 scientia pietati, quia scilicet consilium et fortitudo in arduis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5522 locum habent, scientia autem et pietas etiam in communibus. Et ideo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5523 consilium simul cum fortitudine, ratione materiae, numeratur ante
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5524 scientiam et pietatem.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 8</h3><p title="I-II q. 68 a. 8 arg. 1"><a name="36401"><span class="ref">[36401] Iª-IIae q. 68 a. 8 arg. 1</span></a> Ad octavum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5525 sic proceditur. Videtur quod virtutes sint praeferendae donis.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5526 Dicit enim Augustinus, in XV de Trin., de caritate loquens,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5527 <i>nullum est isto Dei dono excellentius. Solum est quod dividit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5528 inter filios regni aeterni, et filios perditionis aeternae, dantur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5529 et alia per spiritum sanctum munera, sed sine caritate nihil
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5530 prosunt</i>. Sed caritas est virtus. Ergo virtus est potior donis
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5531 spiritus sancti.</p><p title="I-II q. 68 a. 8 arg. 2"><a name="36402"><span class="ref">[36402] Iª-IIae q. 68 a. 8 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5532 ea quae sunt priora naturaliter, videntur esse potiora. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5533 virtutes sunt priores donis spiritus sancti, dicit enim Gregorius,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5534 in II Moral., quod <i>donum spiritus sancti in subiecta mente ante
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5535 alia iustitiam, prudentiam, fortitudinem et temperantiam format, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5536 sic eandem mentem septem mox virtutibus</i> (idest donis)
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5537 <i>temperat, ut contra stultitiam, sapientiam; contra hebetudinem,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5538 intellectum; contra praecipitationem, consilium; contra timorem,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5539 fortitudinem; contra ignorantiam, scientiam; contra duritiam,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5540 pietatem; contra superbiam, det timorem</i>. Ergo virtutes sunt
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5541 potiores donis.</p><p title="I-II q. 68 a. 8 arg. 3"><a name="36403"><span class="ref">[36403] Iª-IIae q. 68 a. 8 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5542 virtutibus nullus male uti potest, ut Augustinus dicit. Donis autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5543 potest aliquis male uti, dicit enim Gregorius, in I Moral., quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5544 <i>hostiam nostrae precis immolamus ne sapientia elevet; ne
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5545 intellectus, dum subtiliter currit, oberret; ne consilium, dum se
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5546 multiplicat, confundat; ne fortitudo, dum fiduciam praebet,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5547 praecipitet; ne scientia, dum novit et non diligit, inflet; ne
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5548 pietas, dum se extra rectitudinem inclinat, intorqueat; ne timor,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5549 dum plus iusto trepidat, in desperationis foveam mergat</i>. Ergo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5550 virtutes sunt digniores donis spiritus sancti.</p><p title="I-II q. 68 a. 8 s. c."><a name="36404"><span class="ref">[36404] Iª-IIae q. 68 a. 8 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5551 est quod dona dantur in adiutorium virtutum contra defectus, ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5552 patet in auctoritate inducta; et sic videtur quod perficiant quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5553 virtutes perficere non possunt. Sunt ergo dona potiora
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5554 virtutibus.</p><p title="I-II q. 68 a. 8 co."><a name="36405"><span class="ref">[36405] Iª-IIae q. 68 a. 8 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5555 dicendum quod, sicut ex supradictis patet, virtutes in tria genera
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5556 distinguuntur, sunt enim quaedam virtutes theologicae, quaedam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5557 intellectuales, quaedam morales. Virtutes quidem theologicae sunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5558 quibus mens humana Deo coniungitur; virtutes autem intellectuales
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5559 sunt quibus ratio ipsa perficitur; virtutes autem morales sunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5560 quibus vires appetitivae perficiuntur ad obediendum rationi. Dona
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5561 autem spiritus sancti sunt quibus omnes vires animae disponuntur ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5562 hoc quod subdantur motioni divinae. Sic ergo eadem videtur esse
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5563 comparatio donorum ad virtutes theologicas, per quas homo unitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5564 spiritui sancto moventi; sicut virtutum moralium ad virtutes
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5565 intellectuales, per quas perficitur ratio, quae est virtutum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5566 moralium motiva. Unde sicut virtutes intellectuales praeferuntur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5567 virtutibus moralibus, et regulant eas; ita virtutes theologicae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5568 praeferuntur donis spiritus sancti, et regulant ea. Unde Gregorius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5569 dicit, in I Moral., quod <i>neque ad denarii perfectionem septem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5570 filii</i> (idest septem dona) <i>perveniunt, nisi in fide, spe et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5571 caritate fuerit omne quod agunt</i>. Sed si comparemus dona ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5572 alias virtutes intellectuales vel morales, dona praeferuntur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5573 virtutibus. Quia dona perficiunt vires animae in comparatione ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5574 spiritum sanctum moventem, virtutes autem perficiunt vel ipsam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5575 rationem, vel alias vires in ordine ad rationem. Manifestum est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5576 autem quod ad altiorem motorem oportet maiori perfectione mobile
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5577 esse dispositum. Unde perfectiora sunt dona virtutibus.</p><p title="I-II q. 68 a. 8 ad 1"><a name="36406"><span class="ref">[36406] Iª-IIae q. 68 a. 8 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5578 ergo dicendum quod caritas est virtus theologica; de qua concedimus
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5579 quod sit potior donis.</p><p title="I-II q. 68 a. 8 ad 2"><a name="36407"><span class="ref">[36407] Iª-IIae q. 68 a. 8 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5580 dicendum quod aliquid est prius altero dupliciter. Uno modo, ordine
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5581 perfectionis et dignitatis, sicut dilectio Dei est prior dilectione
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5582 proximi. Et hoc modo dona sunt priora virtutibus intellectualibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5583 et moralibus, posteriora vero virtutibus theologicis. Alio modo,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5584 ordine generationis seu dispositionis, sicut dilectio proximi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5585 praecedit dilectionem Dei, quantum ad actum. Et sic virtutes
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5586 morales et intellectuales praecedunt dona, quia per hoc quod homo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5587 bene se habet circa rationem propriam, disponitur ad hoc quod se
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5588 bene habeat in ordine ad Deum.</p><p title="I-II q. 68 a. 8 ad 3"><a name="36408"><span class="ref">[36408] Iª-IIae q. 68 a. 8 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5589 dicendum quod sapientia et intellectus et alia huiusmodi sunt dona
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5590 spiritus sancti, secundum quod caritate informantur; quae non agit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5591 perperam, ut dicitur I ad Cor. XIII. Et ideo sapientia et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5592 intellectu et aliis huiusmodi nullus male utitur, secundum quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5593 sunt dona spiritus sancti. Sed ad hoc quod a caritatis perfectione
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5594 non recedant, unum ab altero adiuvatur. Et hoc est quod Gregorius
59
03759e5c1080 fix multi-para s.c.
ht
parents: 53
diff changeset
5595 dicere intendit.</p></div></div><div id="q69" class="q"><h2>Quaestio 69</h2><div class="p"><h3>Prooemium</h3><p title="I-II q. 69 pr."><a name="36409"><span class="ref">[36409]
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5596 Iª-IIae q. 69 pr.</span></a> Deinde considerandum est de
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5597 beatitudinibus. Et circa hoc quaeruntur quatuor. Primo, utrum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5598 beatitudines a donis et virtutibus distinguantur. Secundo, de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5599 praemiis beatitudinum, utrum pertineant ad hanc vitam. Tertio, de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5600 numero beatitudinum. Quarto, de convenientia praemiorum quae eis
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5601 attribuuntur.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 1</h3><p title="I-II q. 69 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="36410"><span class="ref">[36410] Iª-IIae q. 69 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5602 sic proceditur. Videtur quod beatitudines a virtutibus et donis non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5603 distinguantur. Augustinus enim, in libro de Serm. Dom. in monte,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5604 attribuit beatitudines in Matthaeo enumeratas, donis spiritus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5605 sancti, Ambrosius autem, super Lucam, attribuit beatitudines ibi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5606 enumeratas quatuor virtutibus cardinalibus. Ergo beatitudines non
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5607 distinguuntur a virtutibus et donis.</p><p title="I-II q. 69 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="36411"><span class="ref">[36411] Iª-IIae q. 69 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5608 humanae voluntatis non est nisi duplex regula, scilicet ratio, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5609 lex aeterna, ut supra habitum est. Sed virtutes perficiunt hominem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5610 in ordine ad rationem; dona autem in ordine ad legem aeternam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5611 spiritus sancti, ut ex dictis patet. Ergo non potest esse aliquid
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5612 aliud pertinens ad rectitudinem voluntatis humanae, praeter
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5613 virtutes et dona. Non ergo beatitudines ab eis distinguuntur.</p><p title="I-II q. 69 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="36412"><span class="ref">[36412] Iª-IIae q. 69 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5614 in enumeratione beatitudinum ponitur mititas, et iustitia, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5615 misericordia; quae dicuntur esse quaedam virtutes. Ergo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5616 beatitudines non distinguuntur a virtutibus et donis.</p><p title="I-II q. 69 a. 1 s. c."><a name="36413"><span class="ref">[36413] Iª-IIae q. 69 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5617 est quod quaedam enumerantur inter beatitudines, quae nec sunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5618 virtutes nec dona; sicut paupertas, et luctus, et pax. Differunt
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5619 ergo beatitudines et a virtutibus et a donis.</p><p title="I-II q. 69 a. 1 co."><a name="36414"><span class="ref">[36414] Iª-IIae q. 69 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5620 dicendum quod, sicut supra dictum est, beatitudo est ultimus finis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5621 humanae vitae. Dicitur autem aliquis iam finem habere, propter spem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5622 finis obtinendi, unde et philosophus dicit, in I Ethic., quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5623 <i>pueri dicuntur beati propter spem</i>; et apostolus dicit, Rom.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5624 VIII, <i>spe salvi facti sumus</i>. Spes autem de fine consequendo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5625 insurgit ex hoc quod aliquis convenienter movetur ad finem, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5626 appropinquat ad ipsum, quod quidem fit per aliquam actionem. Ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5627 finem autem beatitudinis movetur aliquis et appropinquat per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5628 operationes virtutum; et praecipue per operationes donorum, si
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5629 loquamur de beatitudine aeterna, ad quam ratio non sufficit, sed in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5630 eam inducit spiritus sanctus, ad cuius obedientiam et sequelam per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5631 dona perficimur. Et ideo beatitudines distinguuntur quidem a
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5632 virtutibus et donis, non sicut habitus ab eis distincti, sed sicut
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5633 actus distinguuntur ab habitibus.</p><p title="I-II q. 69 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="36415"><span class="ref">[36415] Iª-IIae q. 69 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5634 ergo dicendum quod Augustinus et Ambrosius attribuunt beatitudines
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5635 donis et virtutibus, sicut actus attribuuntur habitibus. Dona autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5636 sunt eminentiora virtutibus cardinalibus, ut supra dictum est. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5637 ideo Ambrosius, exponens beatitudines turbis propositas, attribuit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5638 eas virtutibus cardinalibus; Augustinus autem, exponens
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5639 beatitudines discipulis propositas in monte, tanquam
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5640 perfectioribus, attribuit eas donis spiritus sancti.</p><p title="I-II q. 69 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="36416"><span class="ref">[36416] Iª-IIae q. 69 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5641 dicendum quod ratio illa probat quod non sunt alii habitus
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5642 rectificantes humanam vitam, praeter virtutes et dona.</p><p title="I-II q. 69 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="36417"><span class="ref">[36417] Iª-IIae q. 69 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5643 dicendum quod mititas accipitur pro actu mansuetudinis, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5644 similiter dicendum est de iustitia et de misericordia. Et quamvis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5645 haec videantur esse virtutes, attribuuntur tamen donis, quia etiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5646 dona perficiunt hominem circa omnia circa quae perficiunt virtutes,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
5647 ut dictum est.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 2</h3><p title="I-II q. 69 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="36418"><span class="ref">[36418] Iª-IIae q. 69 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5648 sic proceditur. Videtur quod praemia quae attribuuntur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5649 beatitudinibus, non pertineant ad hanc vitam. Dicuntur enim aliqui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5650 beati propter spem praemiorum, ut dictum est. Sed obiectum spei
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5651 beatitudo est futura. Ergo praemia ista pertinent ad vitam
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5652 futuram.</p><p title="I-II q. 69 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="36419"><span class="ref">[36419] Iª-IIae q. 69 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5653 Luc. VI, ponuntur quaedam poenae per oppositum ad beatitudines, cum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5654 dicitur, <i>vae vobis qui saturati estis, quia esurietis. Vae vobis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5655 qui ridetis nunc, quia lugebitis et flebitis</i>. Sed istae poenae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5656 non intelliguntur in hac vita, quia frequenter homines in hac vita
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5657 non puniuntur, secundum illud Iob XXI, <i>ducunt in bonis dies
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5658 suos</i>. Ergo nec praemia beatitudinum pertinent ad hanc
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5659 vitam.</p><p title="I-II q. 69 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="36420"><span class="ref">[36420] Iª-IIae q. 69 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5660 regnum caelorum, quod ponitur praemium paupertatis, est beatitudo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5661 caelestis; ut Augustinus dicit, XIX de Civ. Dei. Plena etiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5662 saturitas non nisi in futura vita habetur; secundum illud Psalmi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5663 XVI, <i>satiabor cum apparuerit gloria tua</i>. Visio etiam Dei, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5664 manifestatio filiationis divinae, ad vitam futuram pertinent;
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5665 secundum illud I Ioan. III, <i>nunc filii Dei sumus, et nondum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5666 apparuit quid erimus. Scimus quoniam cum apparuerit, similes ei
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5667 erimus, quoniam videbimus eum sicuti est</i>. Ergo praemia illa
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5668 pertinent ad vitam futuram.</p><p title="I-II q. 69 a. 2 s. c."><a name="36421"><span class="ref">[36421] Iª-IIae q. 69 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5669 est quod Augustinus dicit, in libro de Serm. Dom. in monte, <i>ista
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5670 quidem in hac vita compleri possunt, sicut completa esse in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5671 apostolis credimus. Nam illa omnimoda, et in angelicam formam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5672 mutatio, quae post hanc vitam promittitur, nullis verbis exponi
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5673 potest</i>.</p><p title="I-II q. 69 a. 2 co."><a name="36422"><span class="ref">[36422] Iª-IIae q. 69 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5674 dicendum quod circa ista praemia expositores sacrae Scripturae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5675 diversimode sunt locuti. Quidam enim omnia ista praemia ad futuram
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5676 beatitudinem pertinere dicunt, sicut Ambrosius, super Lucam.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5677 Augustinus vero dicit ea ad praesentem vitam pertinere.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5678 Chrysostomus autem, in suis homiliis, quaedam eorum dicit pertinere
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5679 ad futuram vitam, quaedam autem ad praesentem. Ad cuius evidentiam,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5680 considerandum est quod spes futurae beatitudinis potest esse in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5681 nobis propter duo, primo quidem, propter aliquam praeparationem vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5682 dispositionem ad futuram beatitudinem, quod est per modum meriti;
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5683 alio modo, per quandam inchoationem imperfectam futurae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5684 beatitudinis in viris sanctis, etiam in hac vita. Aliter enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5685 habetur spes fructificationis arboris cum virescit frondibus, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5686 aliter cum iam primordia fructuum incipiunt apparere. Sic igitur ea
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5687 quae in beatitudinibus tanguntur tanquam merita, sunt quaedam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5688 praeparationes vel dispositiones ad beatitudinem, vel perfectam vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5689 inchoatam. Ea vero quae ponuntur tanquam praemia, possunt esse vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5690 ipsa beatitudo perfecta, et sic pertinent ad futuram vitam, vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5691 aliqua inchoatio beatitudinis, sicut est in viris perfectis, et sic
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5692 praemia pertinent ad praesentem vitam. Cum enim aliquis incipit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5693 proficere in actibus virtutum et donorum, potest sperari de eo quod
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5694 perveniet et ad perfectionem viae, et ad perfectionem patriae.</p><p title="I-II q. 69 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="36423"><span class="ref">[36423] Iª-IIae q. 69 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5695 ergo dicendum quod spes est de futura beatitudine sicut de ultimo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5696 fine, potest etiam esse et de auxilio gratiae, sicut de eo quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5697 ducit ad finem, secundum illud Psalmi XXVII, <i>in Deo speravit cor
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5698 meum, et adiutus sum</i>.</p><p title="I-II q. 69 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="36424"><span class="ref">[36424] Iª-IIae q. 69 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5699 dicendum quod mali, etsi interdum in hac vita temporales poenas non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5700 patiantur, patiuntur tamen spirituales. Unde Augustinus dicit, in I
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5701 Confess., <i>iussisti, domine, et sic est, ut poena sibi sit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5702 inordinatus animus</i>. Et philosophus dicit, in IX Ethic., de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5703 malis, quod <i>contendit ipsorum anima, et hoc quidem huc trahit,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5704 illud autem illuc</i>; et postea concludit, <i>si autem sic miserum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5705 est malum esse, fugiendum est malitiam intense</i>. Et similiter e
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5706 converso boni, etsi in hac vita quandoque non habeant corporalia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5707 praemia, nunquam tamen deficiunt a spiritualibus, etiam in hac
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5708 vita; secundum illud Matth. XIX, et Marc. X, <i>centuplum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5709 accipietis etiam in hoc saeculo</i>.</p><p title="I-II q. 69 a. 2 ad 3"><a name="36425"><span class="ref">[36425] Iª-IIae q. 69 a. 2 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5710 dicendum quod omnia illa praemia perfecte quidem consummabuntur in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5711 vita futura, sed interim etiam in hac vita quodammodo inchoantur.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5712 Nam regnum caelorum, ut Augustinus dicit, potest intelligi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5713 perfectae sapientiae initium, secundum quod incipit in eis spiritus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5714 regnare. Possessio etiam terrae significat affectum bonum animae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5715 requiescentis per desiderium in stabilitate haereditatis perpetuae,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5716 per terram significatae. Consolantur autem in hac vita, spiritum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5717 sanctum, qui Paracletus, idest consolator, dicitur, participando.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5718 Saturantur etiam in hac vita illo cibo de quo dominus dicit,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5719 <i>meus cibus est ut faciam voluntatem patris mei</i>. In hac etiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5720 vita consequuntur homines misericordiam Dei. In hac etiam vita,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5721 purgato oculo per donum intellectus, Deus quodammodo videri potest.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5722 Similiter etiam in hac vita qui motus suos pacificant, ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5723 similitudinem Dei accedentes, filii Dei nominantur. Tamen haec
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5724 perfectius erunt in patria.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 3</h3><p title="I-II q. 69 a. 3 arg. 1"><a name="36426"><span class="ref">[36426] Iª-IIae q. 69 a. 3 arg. 1</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5725 sic proceditur. Videtur quod inconvenienter enumerentur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5726 beatitudines. Attribuuntur enim beatitudines donis, ut dictum est.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5727 Donorum autem quaedam pertinent ad vitam contemplativam, scilicet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5728 sapientia et intellectus, nulla autem beatitudo ponitur in actu
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5729 contemplationis, sed omnes in his quae pertinent ad vitam activam.
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5730 Ergo insufficienter beatitudines enumerantur.</p><p title="I-II q. 69 a. 3 arg. 2"><a name="36427"><span class="ref">[36427] Iª-IIae q. 69 a. 3 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5731 ad vitam activam non solum pertinent dona exequentia; sed etiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5732 quaedam dona dirigentia, ut scientia et consilium. Nihil autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5733 ponitur inter beatitudines quod directe ad actum scientiae vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5734 consilii pertinere videatur. Ergo insufficienter beatitudines
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5735 tanguntur.</p><p title="I-II q. 69 a. 3 arg. 3"><a name="36428"><span class="ref">[36428] Iª-IIae q. 69 a. 3 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5736 inter dona exequentia in vita activa, timor ponitur ad paupertatem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5737 pertinere; pietas autem videtur pertinere ad beatitudinem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5738 misericordiae. Nihil autem ponitur directe ad fortitudinem
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5739 pertinens. Ergo insufficienter enumerantur beatitudines.</p><p title="I-II q. 69 a. 3 arg. 4"><a name="36429"><span class="ref">[36429] Iª-IIae q. 69 a. 3 arg. 4</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5740 in sacra Scriptura tanguntur multae aliae beatitudines, sicut Iob
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5741 V, dicitur, <i>beatus homo qui corripitur a domino</i>; et in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5742 Psalmo I, <i>beatus vir qui non abiit in consilio impiorum</i>; et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5743 Proverb. III, <i>beatus vir qui invenit sapientiam</i>. Ergo
59
03759e5c1080 fix multi-para s.c.
ht
parents: 53
diff changeset
5744 insufficienter beatitudines enumerantur.</p><div class="sc"><p title="I-II q. 69 a. 3 s. c. 1"><a name="36430"><span class="ref">[36430] Iª-IIae q. 69 a. 3 s. c. 1</span></a> Sed
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5745 contra, videtur quod superflue enumerentur. Sunt enim septem dona
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5746 spiritus sancti. Beatitudines autem tanguntur octo.</p><p title="I-II q. 69 a. 3 s. c. 2"><a name="36431"><span class="ref">[36431] Iª-IIae q. 69 a. 3 s. c. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5747 Luc. VI, ponuntur quatuor tantum beatitudines. Superflue ergo
59
03759e5c1080 fix multi-para s.c.
ht
parents: 53
diff changeset
5748 enumerantur septem, vel octo, in Matthaeo.</p></div><p title="I-II q. 69 a. 3 co."><a name="36432"><span class="ref">[36432] Iª-IIae q. 69 a. 3 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5749 dicendum quod beatitudines istae convenientissime enumerantur. Ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5750 cuius evidentiam, est considerandum quod triplicem beatitudinem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5751 aliqui posuerunt, quidam enim posuerunt beatitudinem in vita
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5752 voluptuosa; quidam in vita activa; quidam vero in vita
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5753 contemplativa. Hae autem tres beatitudines diversimode se habent ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5754 beatitudinem futuram, cuius spe dicimur hic beati. Nam beatitudo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5755 voluptuosa, quia falsa est et rationi contraria, impedimentum est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5756 beatitudinis futurae. Beatitudo vero activae vitae dispositiva est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5757 ad beatitudinem futuram. Beatitudo autem contemplativa, si sit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5758 perfecta, est essentialiter ipsa futura beatitudo, si autem sit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5759 imperfecta, est quaedam inchoatio eius. Et ideo dominus primo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5760 quidem posuit quasdam beatitudines quasi removentes impedimentum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5761 voluptuosae beatitudinis. Consistit enim voluptuosa vita in duobus.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5762 Primo quidem, in affluentia exteriorum bonorum, sive sint divitiae,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5763 sive sint honores. A quibus quidem retrahitur homo per virtutem sic
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5764 ut moderate eis utatur, per donum autem excellentiori modo, ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5765 scilicet homo totaliter ea contemnat. Unde prima beatitudo ponitur,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5766 beati pauperes spiritu, quod potest referri vel ad contemptum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5767 divitiarum; vel ad contemptum honorum, quod fit per humilitatem.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5768 Secundo vero voluptuosa vita consistit in sequendo proprias
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5769 passiones, sive irascibilis sive concupiscibilis. A sequela autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5770 passionum irascibilis, retrahit virtus ne homo in eis superfluat,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5771 secundum regulam rationis, donum autem excellentiori modo, ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5772 scilicet homo, secundum voluntatem divinam, totaliter ab eis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5773 tranquillus reddatur. Unde secunda beatitudo ponitur, beati mites.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5774 A sequela vero passionum concupiscibilis, retrahit virtus, moderate
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5775 huiusmodi passionibus utendo, donum vero, eas, si necesse fuerit,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5776 totaliter abiiciendo; quinimmo, si necessarium fuerit, voluntarium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5777 luctum assumendo. Unde tertia beatitudo ponitur, beati qui lugent.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5778 Activa vero vita in his consistit praecipue quae proximis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5779 exhibemus, vel sub ratione debiti, vel sub ratione spontanei
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5780 beneficii. Et ad primum quidem nos virtus disponit, ut ea quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5781 debemus proximis, non recusemus exhibere, quod pertinet ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5782 iustitiam. Donum autem ad hoc ipsum abundantiori quodam affectu nos
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5783 inducit, ut scilicet ferventi desiderio opera iustitiae impleamus,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5784 sicut ferventi desiderio esuriens et sitiens cupit cibum vel potum.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5785 Unde quarta beatitudo ponitur, beati qui esuriunt et sitiunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5786 iustitiam. Circa spontanea vero dona nos perficit virtus ut illis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5787 donemus quibus ratio dictat esse donandum, puta amicis aut aliis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5788 nobis coniunctis, quod pertinet ad virtutem liberalitatis. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5789 donum, propter Dei reverentiam, solam necessitatem considerat in
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5790 his quibus gratuita beneficia praestat, unde dicitur Luc. XIV,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5791 <i>cum facis prandium aut coenam, noli vocare amicos neque fratres
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5792 tuos etc., sed voca pauperes et debiles</i> etc., quod proprie est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5793 misereri. Et ideo quinta beatitudo ponitur, beati misericordes. Ea
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5794 vero quae ad contemplativam vitam pertinent, vel sunt ipsa
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5795 beatitudo finalis, vel aliqua inchoatio eius, et ideo non ponuntur
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5796 in beatitudinibus tanquam merita, sed tanquam praemia. Ponuntur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5797 autem tanquam merita effectus activae vitae, quibus homo disponitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5798 ad contemplativam vitam. Effectus autem activae vitae, quantum ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5799 virtutes et dona quibus homo perficitur in seipso, est munditia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5800 cordis, ut scilicet mens hominis passionibus non inquinetur. Unde
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5801 sexta beatitudo ponitur, beati mundo corde. Quantum vero ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5802 virtutes et dona quibus homo perficitur in comparatione ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5803 proximum, effectus activae vitae est pax; secundum illud Isaiae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5804 XXXII, <i>opus iustitiae pax</i>. Et ideo septima beatitudo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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diff changeset
5805 ponitur, beati pacifici.</p><p title="I-II q. 69 a. 3 ad 1"><a name="36433"><span class="ref">[36433] Iª-IIae q. 69 a. 3 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5806 ergo dicendum quod actus donorum pertinentium ad vitam activam,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5807 exprimuntur in ipsis meritis, sed actus donorum pertinentium ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5808 vitam contemplativam, exprimuntur in praemiis, ratione iam dicta.
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5809 Videre enim Deum respondet dono intellectus; et conformari Deo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
5810 quadam filiatione adoptiva, pertinet ad donum sapientiae.</p><p title="I-II q. 69 a. 3 ad 2"><a name="36434"><span class="ref">[36434] Iª-IIae q. 69 a. 3 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5811 dicendum quod in his quae pertinent ad activam vitam, cognitio non
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5812 quaeritur propter seipsam, sed propter operationem, ut etiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5813 philosophus dicit, in II Ethic. Et ideo, quia beatitudo aliquid
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5814 ultimum importat, non computantur inter beatitudines actus donorum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5815 dirigentium in vita activa, quos scilicet eliciunt, sicut
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5816 consiliari est actus consilii, et iudicare est actus scientiae, sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5817 magis attribuuntur eis actus operativi in quibus dirigunt, sicut
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
5818 scientiae lugere, et consilio misereri.</p><p title="I-II q. 69 a. 3 ad 3"><a name="36435"><span class="ref">[36435] Iª-IIae q. 69 a. 3 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5819 dicendum quod in attributione beatitudinum ad dona, possunt duo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5820 considerari. Quorum unum est conformitas materiae. Et secundum hoc,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5821 omnes primae quinque beatitudines possunt attribui scientiae et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5822 consilio, tanquam dirigentibus. Sed inter dona exequentia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5823 distribuuntur, ita scilicet quod esuries et sitis iustitiae, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5824 etiam misericordia, pertineant ad pietatem, quae perficit hominem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5825 in his quae sunt ad alterum; mititas autem ad fortitudinem, dicit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5826 enim Ambrosius, super Lucam, quod <i>fortitudinis est iram vincere,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5827 indignationem cohibere</i>, est enim fortitudo circa passiones
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5828 irascibilis; paupertas vero et luctus ad donum timoris, quo homo se
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5829 retrahit a cupiditatibus et delectationibus mundi. Alio modo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5830 possumus in his beatitudinibus considerare motiva ipsarum, et sic,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5831 quantum ad aliqua eorum, oportet aliter attribuere. Praecipue enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5832 ad mansuetudinem movet reverentia ad Deum; quae pertinet ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5833 pietatem. Ad lugendum autem movet praecipue scientia, per quam homo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5834 cognoscit defectus suos et rerum mundanarum; secundum illud Eccle.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5835 I, <i>qui addit scientiam, addit et dolorem</i>. Ad esuriendum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5836 autem iustitiae opera, praecipue movet animi fortitudo. Ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5837 miserendum vero praecipue movet consilium Dei; secundum illud Dan.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5838 IV, <i>consilium meum regi placeat, peccata tua eleemosynis redime,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5839 et iniquitates tuas misericordiis pauperum</i>. Et hunc modum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5840 attributionis sequitur Augustinus, in libro de Serm. Dom. in
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5841 monte.</p><p title="I-II q. 69 a. 3 ad 4"><a name="36436"><span class="ref">[36436] Iª-IIae q. 69 a. 3 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5842 dicendum quod necesse est beatitudines omnes quae in sacra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5843 Scriptura ponuntur, ad has reduci vel quantum ad merita, vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5844 quantum ad praemia, quia necesse est quod omnes pertineant aliquo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5845 modo vel ad vitam activam, vel ad vitam contemplativam. Unde quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5846 dicitur, beatus vir qui corripitur a domino, pertinet ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5847 beatitudinem luctus. Quod vero dicitur, beatus vir qui non abiit in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5848 consilio impiorum, pertinet ad munditiam cordis. Quod vero dicitur,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5849 beatus vir qui invenit sapientiam, pertinet ad praemium septimae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5850 beatitudinis. Et idem patet de omnibus aliis quae possunt
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5851 induci.</p><p title="I-II q. 69 a. 3 ad 5"><a name="36437"><span class="ref">[36437] Iª-IIae q. 69 a. 3 ad 5</span></a> Ad quintum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5852 dicendum quod octava beatitudo est quaedam confirmatio et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5853 manifestatio omnium praecedentium. Ex hoc enim quod aliquis est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5854 confirmatus in paupertate spiritus et mititate et aliis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5855 sequentibus, provenit quod ab his bonis propter nullam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5856 persecutionem recedit. Unde octava beatitudo quodammodo ad septem
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5857 praecedentes pertinet.</p><p title="I-II q. 69 a. 3 ad 6"><a name="36438"><span class="ref">[36438] Iª-IIae q. 69 a. 3 ad 6</span></a> Ad sextum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5858 dicendum quod Lucas narrat sermonem domini factum esse ad turbas.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5859 Unde beatitudines numerantur ab eo secundum capacitatem turbarum,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5860 quae solam voluptuosam et temporalem et terrenam beatitudinem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5861 noverunt. Unde dominus per quatuor beatitudines quatuor excludit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5862 quae ad praedictam beatitudinem pertinere videntur. Quorum primum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5863 est abundantia bonorum exteriorum, quod excludit per hoc quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5864 dicit, beati pauperes. Secundum est quod sit bene homini quantum ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5865 corpus, in cibis et potibus et aliis huiusmodi, et hoc excludit per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5866 secundum quod ponit, beati qui esuritis. Tertium est quod sit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5867 homini bene quantum ad cordis iucunditatem, et hoc excludit tertio,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5868 dicens, beati qui nunc fletis. Quartum est exterior hominum favor,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5869 et hoc excludit quarto, dicens, beati eritis cum vos oderint
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5870 homines. Et sicut Ambrosius dicit, <i>paupertas pertinet ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5871 temperantiam, quae illecebrosa non quaerit; esuries ad iustitiam,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5872 quia qui esurit, compatitur, et, compatiendo, largitur; fletus ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5873 prudentiam, cuius est flere occidua; pati odium hominum, ad
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5874 fortitudinem</i>.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 4</h3><p title="I-II q. 69 a. 4 arg. 1"><a name="36439"><span class="ref">[36439] Iª-IIae q. 69 a. 4 arg. 1</span></a> Ad quartum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5875 sic proceditur. Videtur quod praemia beatitudinum inconvenienter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5876 enumerentur. In regno enim caelorum, quod est vita aeterna, bona
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5877 omnia continentur. Posito ergo regno caelorum, non oportuit alia
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5878 praemia ponere.</p><p title="I-II q. 69 a. 4 arg. 2"><a name="36440"><span class="ref">[36440] Iª-IIae q. 69 a. 4 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5879 regnum caelorum ponitur pro praemio et in prima beatitudine et in
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5880 octava. Ergo, eadem ratione, debuit poni in omnibus.</p><p title="I-II q. 69 a. 4 arg. 3"><a name="36441"><span class="ref">[36441] Iª-IIae q. 69 a. 4 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5881 in beatitudinibus proceditur ascendendo, sicut Augustinus dicit. In
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5882 praemiis autem videtur procedi descendendo, nam possessio terrae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5883 est minus quam regnum caelorum. Ergo inconvenienter huiusmodi
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5884 praemia assignantur.</p><p title="I-II q. 69 a. 4 s. c."><a name="36442"><span class="ref">[36442] Iª-IIae q. 69 a. 4 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5885 est auctoritas ipsius domini, praemia huiusmodi proponentis.</p><p title="I-II q. 69 a. 4 co."><a name="36443"><span class="ref">[36443] Iª-IIae q. 69 a. 4 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5886 dicendum quod praemia ista convenientissime assignantur,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5887 considerata conditione beatitudinum secundum tres beatitudines
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5888 supra assignatas. Tres enim primae beatitudines accipiuntur per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5889 retractionem ab his in quibus voluptuosa beatitudo consistit, quam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5890 homo desiderat quaerens id quod naturaliter desideratur, non ubi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5891 quaerere debet, scilicet in Deo, sed in rebus temporalibus et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5892 caducis. Et ideo praemia trium primarum beatitudinum accipiuntur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5893 secundum ea quae in beatitudine terrena aliqui quaerunt. Quaerunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5894 enim homines in rebus exterioribus, scilicet divitiis et honoribus,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5895 excellentiam quandam et abundantiam, quorum utrumque importat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5896 regnum caelorum, per quod homo consequitur excellentiam et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5897 abundantiam bonorum in Deo. Et ideo regnum caelorum dominus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5898 pauperibus spiritu repromisit. Quaerunt autem homines feroces et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5899 immites per litigia et bella securitatem sibi acquirere, inimicos
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5900 suos destruendo. Unde dominus repromisit mitibus securam et quietam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5901 possessionem terrae viventium, per quam significatur soliditas
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5902 aeternorum bonorum. Quaerunt autem homines in concupiscentiis et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5903 delectationibus mundi, habere consolationem contra praesentis vitae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5904 labores. Et ideo dominus consolationem lugentibus repromittit.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5905 Aliae vero duae beatitudines pertinent ad opera activae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5906 beatitudinis, quae sunt opera virtutum ordinantium hominem ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5907 proximum, a quibus operibus aliqui retrahuntur propter inordinatum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5908 amorem proprii boni. Et ideo dominus attribuit illa praemia his
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5909 beatitudinibus, propter quae homines ab eis discedunt. Discedunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5910 enim aliqui ab operibus iustitiae, non reddentes debitum, sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5911 potius aliena rapientes ut bonis temporalibus repleantur. Et ideo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5912 dominus esurientibus iustitiam, saturitatem repromisit. Discedunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5913 etiam aliqui ab operibus misericordiae, ne se immisceant miseriis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5914 alienis. Et ideo dominus misericordibus repromittit misericordiam,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5915 per quam ab omni miseria liberentur. Aliae vero duae ultimae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5916 beatitudines pertinent ad contemplativam felicitatem seu
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5917 beatitudinem, et ideo secundum convenientiam dispositionum quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5918 ponuntur in merito, praemia redduntur. Nam munditia oculi disponit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5919 ad clare videndum, unde mundis corde divina visio repromittitur.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5920 Constituere vero pacem vel in seipso vel inter alios, manifestat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5921 hominem esse Dei imitatorem, qui est Deus unitatis et pacis. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5922 ideo pro praemio redditur ei gloria divinae filiationis, quae est
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5923 in perfecta coniunctione ad Deum per sapientiam consummatam.</p><p title="I-II q. 69 a. 4 ad 1"><a name="36444"><span class="ref">[36444] Iª-IIae q. 69 a. 4 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5924 ergo dicendum quod, sicut Chrysostomus dicit, omnia praemia ista
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5925 unum sunt in re, scilicet beatitudo aeterna; quam intellectus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5926 humanus non capit. Et ideo oportuit quod per diversa bona nobis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5927 nota, describeretur, observata convenientia ad merita quibus
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5928 praemia attribuuntur.</p><p title="I-II q. 69 a. 4 ad 2"><a name="36445"><span class="ref">[36445] Iª-IIae q. 69 a. 4 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5929 dicendum quod, sicut octava beatitudo est firmitas quaedam omnium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5930 beatitudinum, ita debentur sibi omnium beatitudinum praemia. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5931 ideo redit ad caput, ut intelligantur sibi consequenter omnia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5932 praemia attribui. Vel, secundum Ambrosium, pauperibus spiritu
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5933 repromittitur regnum caelorum, quantum ad gloriam animae, sed
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5934 passis persecutionem in corpore, quantum ad gloriam corporis.</p><p title="I-II q. 69 a. 4 ad 3"><a name="36446"><span class="ref">[36446] Iª-IIae q. 69 a. 4 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5935 dicendum quod etiam praemia secundum additionem se habent ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5936 invicem. Nam plus est possidere terram regni caelorum, quam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5937 simpliciter habere, multa enim habemus quae non firmiter et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5938 pacifice possidemus. Plus est etiam consolari in regno, quam habere
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5939 et possidere, multa enim cum dolore possidemus. Plus est etiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5940 saturari quam simpliciter consolari, nam saturitas abundantiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5941 consolationis importat. Misericordia vero excedit saturitatem, ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5942 plus scilicet homo accipiat quam meruerit, vel desiderare potuerit.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5943 Adhuc autem maius est Deum videre, sicut maior est qui in curia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5944 regis non solum prandet, sed etiam faciem regis videt. Summam autem
59
03759e5c1080 fix multi-para s.c.
ht
parents: 53
diff changeset
5945 dignitatem in domo regia filius regis habet.</p></div></div><div id="q70" class="q"><h2>Quaestio 70</h2><div class="p"><h3>Prooemium</h3><p title="I-II q. 70 pr."><a name="36447"><span class="ref">[36447]
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5946 Iª-IIae q. 70 pr.</span></a> Deinde considerandum est de
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5947 fructibus. Et circa hoc quaeruntur quatuor. Primo, utrum fructus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5948 spiritus sancti sint actus. Secundo, utrum differant a
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5949 beatitudinibus. Tertio, de eorum numero. Quarto, de oppositione
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5950 eorum ad opera carnis.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 1</h3><p title="I-II q. 70 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="36448"><span class="ref">[36448] Iª-IIae q. 70 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5951 sic proceditur. Videtur quod fructus spiritus sancti quos apostolus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5952 nominat ad Galat. V, non sint actus. Id enim cuius est alius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5953 fructus, non debet dici fructus, sic enim in infinitum iretur. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5954 actuum nostrorum est aliquis fructus, dicitur enim Sap. III,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5955 <i>bonorum laborum gloriosus est fructus</i>; et Ioan. IV, <i>qui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5956 metit, mercedem accipit, et fructum congregat in vitam
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5957 aeternam</i>. Ergo ipsi actus nostri non dicuntur fructus.</p><p title="I-II q. 70 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="36449"><span class="ref">[36449] Iª-IIae q. 70 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5958 sicut Augustinus dicit, in X de Trin., <i>fruimur cognitis in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5959 quibus voluntas propter ipsa delectata conquiescit</i>. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5960 voluntas nostra non debet conquiescere in actibus nostris propter
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5961 se. Ergo actus nostri fructus dici non debent.</p><p title="I-II q. 70 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="36450"><span class="ref">[36450] Iª-IIae q. 70 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5962 inter fructus spiritus sancti enumerantur ab apostolo aliquae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5963 virtutes scilicet caritas, mansuetudo, fides et castitas. Virtutes
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5964 autem non sunt actus, sed habitus, ut supra dictum est. Ergo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5965 fructus non sunt actus.</p><p title="I-II q. 70 a. 1 s. c."><a name="36451"><span class="ref">[36451] Iª-IIae q. 70 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5966 est quod dicitur Matth. XII, <i>ex fructu arbor cognoscitur</i>;
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5967 idest, ex operibus suis homo, ut ibi exponitur a sanctis. Ergo ipsi
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5968 actus humani dicuntur fructus.</p><p title="I-II q. 70 a. 1 co."><a name="36452"><span class="ref">[36452] Iª-IIae q. 70 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5969 dicendum quod nomen fructus a corporalibus ad spiritualia est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5970 translatum. Dicitur autem in corporalibus fructus, quod ex planta
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5971 producitur cum ad perfectionem pervenerit, et quandam in se
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5972 suavitatem habet. Qui quidem fructus ad duo comparari potest,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5973 scilicet ad arborem producentem ipsum; et ad hominem qui fructum ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5974 arbore adipiscitur. Secundum hoc igitur, nomen fructus in rebus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5975 spiritualibus dupliciter accipere possumus, uno modo, ut dicatur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5976 fructus hominis, quasi arboris, id quod ab eo producitur; alio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5977 modo, ut dicatur fructus hominis id quod homo adipiscitur. Non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5978 autem omne id quod adipiscitur homo, habet rationem fructus, sed id
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5979 quod est ultimum, delectationem habens. Habet enim homo et agrum et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5980 arborem, quae fructus non dicuntur; sed solum id quod est ultimum,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5981 quod scilicet ex agro et arbore homo intendit habere. Et secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5982 hoc, fructus hominis dicitur ultimus hominis finis, quo debet frui.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5983 Si autem dicatur fructus hominis id quod ex homine producitur, sic
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5984 ipsi actus humani fructus dicuntur, operatio enim est actus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5985 secundus operantis, et delectationem habet, si sit conveniens
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5986 operanti. Si igitur operatio hominis procedat ab homine secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5987 facultatem suae rationis, sic dicitur esse fructus rationis. Si
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5988 vero procedat ab homine secundum altiorem virtutem, quae est virtus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5989 spiritus sancti; sic dicitur esse operatio hominis fructus spiritus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5990 sancti, quasi cuiusdam divini seminis, dicitur enim I Ioan. III,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5991 <i>omnis qui natus est ex Deo, peccatum non facit, quoniam semen
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
5992 ipsius in eo manet</i>.</p><p title="I-II q. 70 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="36453"><span class="ref">[36453] Iª-IIae q. 70 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5993 ergo dicendum quod, cum fructus habeat quodammodo rationem ultimi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5994 et finis, nihil prohibet alicuius fructus esse alium fructum, sicut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5995 finis ad finem ordinatur. Opera igitur nostra inquantum sunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5996 effectus quidam spiritus sancti in nobis operantis, habent rationem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5997 fructus, sed inquantum ordinantur ad finem vitae aeternae, sic
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5998 magis habent rationem florum. Unde dicitur Eccli. XXIV, <i>flores
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5999 mei fructus honoris et honestatis</i>.</p><p title="I-II q. 70 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="36454"><span class="ref">[36454] Iª-IIae q. 70 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6000 dicendum quod, cum dicitur voluntas in aliquo propter se delectari,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6001 potest intelligi dupliciter. Uno modo, secundum quod ly propter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6002 dicit causam finalem, et sic propter se non delectatur aliquis nisi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6003 in ultimo fine. Alio modo, secundum quod designat causam formalem,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6004 et sic propter se aliquis potest delectari in omni eo quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6005 delectabile est secundum suam formam. Sicut patet quod infirmus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6006 delectatur in sanitate propter se, sicut in fine; in medicina autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6007 suavi, non sicut in fine, sed sicut in habente saporem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6008 delectabilem; in medicina autem austera, nullo modo propter se, sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6009 solum propter aliud. Sic igitur dicendum est quod in Deo delectari
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6010 debet homo propter se, sicut propter ultimum finem, in actibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6011 autem virtuosis, non sicut propter finem, sed propter honestatem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6012 quam continent, delectabilem virtuosis. Unde Ambrosius dicit quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6013 opera virtutum dicuntur fructus, <i>quia suos possessores sancta et
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
6014 sincera delectatione reficiunt</i>.</p><p title="I-II q. 70 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="36455"><span class="ref">[36455] Iª-IIae q. 70 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6015 dicendum quod nomina virtutum sumuntur quandoque pro actibus earum,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6016 sicut Augustinus dicit quod <i>fides est credere quod non vides; et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6017 caritas est motus animi ad diligendum Deum et proximum</i>. Et hoc
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
6018 modo sumuntur nomina virtutum in enumeratione fructuum.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 2</h3><p title="I-II q. 70 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="36456"><span class="ref">[36456] Iª-IIae q. 70 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6019 sic proceditur. Videtur quod fructus a beatitudinibus non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6020 differant. Beatitudines enim attribuuntur donis, ut supra dictum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6021 est. Sed dona perficiunt hominem secundum quod movetur a spiritu
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
6022 sancto. Ergo beatitudines ipsae sunt fructus spiritus sancti.</p><p title="I-II q. 70 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="36457"><span class="ref">[36457] Iª-IIae q. 70 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6023 sicut se habet fructus vitae aeternae ad beatitudinem futuram, quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6024 est rei; ita se habent fructus praesentis vitae ad beatitudines
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6025 praesentis vitae, quae sunt spei. Sed fructus vitae aeternae est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6026 ipsa beatitudo futura. Ergo fructus vitae praesentis sunt ipsae
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
6027 beatitudines.</p><p title="I-II q. 70 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="36458"><span class="ref">[36458] Iª-IIae q. 70 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6028 de ratione fructus est quod sit quiddam ultimum et delectabile. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6029 hoc pertinet ad rationem beatitudinis, ut supra dictum est. Ergo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6030 eadem ratio est fructus et beatitudinis. Ergo non debent ab invicem
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
6031 distingui.</p><p title="I-II q. 70 a. 2 s. c."><a name="36459"><span class="ref">[36459] Iª-IIae q. 70 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6032 quorum species sunt diversae, ipsa quoque sunt diversa. Sed in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6033 diversas partes dividuntur et fructus et beatitudines; ut patet per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6034 numerationem utrorumque. Ergo fructus differunt a
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
6035 beatitudinibus.</p><p title="I-II q. 70 a. 2 co."><a name="36460"><span class="ref">[36460] Iª-IIae q. 70 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6036 dicendum quod plus requiritur ad rationem beatitudinis, quam ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6037 rationem fructus. Nam ad rationem fructus sufficit quod sit aliquid
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6038 habens rationem ultimi et delectabilis, sed ad rationem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6039 beatitudinis, ulterius requiritur quod sit aliquid perfectum et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6040 excellens. Unde omnes beatitudines possunt dici fructus, sed non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6041 convertitur. Sunt enim fructus quaecumque virtuosa opera, in quibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6042 homo delectatur. Sed beatitudines dicuntur solum perfecta opera,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6043 quae etiam, ratione suae perfectionis, magis attribuuntur donis
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
6044 quam virtutibus, ut supra dictum est.</p><p title="I-II q. 70 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="36461"><span class="ref">[36461] Iª-IIae q. 70 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6045 ergo dicendum quod ratio illa probat quod beatitudines sint
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
6046 fructus, non autem quod omnes fructus beatitudines sint.</p><p title="I-II q. 70 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="36462"><span class="ref">[36462] Iª-IIae q. 70 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6047 dicendum quod fructus vitae aeternae est simpliciter ultimus et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6048 perfectus, et ideo in nullo distinguitur a beatitudine futura.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6049 Fructus autem praesentis vitae non sunt simpliciter ultimi et
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
6050 perfecti, et ideo non omnes fructus sunt beatitudines.</p><p title="I-II q. 70 a. 2 ad 3"><a name="36463"><span class="ref">[36463] Iª-IIae q. 70 a. 2 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6051 dicendum quod aliquid amplius est de ratione beatitudinis quam de
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
6052 ratione fructus, ut dictum est.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 3</h3><p title="I-II q. 70 a. 3 arg. 1"><a name="36464"><span class="ref">[36464] Iª-IIae q. 70 a. 3 arg. 1</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6053 sic proceditur. Videtur quod apostolus inconvenienter enumeret, ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6054 Galat. V, duodecim fructus. Alibi enim dicit esse tantum unum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6055 fructum praesentis vitae; secundum illud Rom. VI, habetis fructum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6056 vestrum in sanctificatione et Isaiae XXVII dicitur, <i>hic est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6057 omnis fructus, ut auferatur peccatum</i>. Non ergo ponendi sunt
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
6058 duodecim fructus.</p><p title="I-II q. 70 a. 3 arg. 2"><a name="36465"><span class="ref">[36465] Iª-IIae q. 70 a. 3 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6059 fructus est qui ex spirituali semine exoritur, ut dictum est. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6060 dominus, Matth. XIII, ponit triplicem terrae bonae fructum ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6061 spirituali semine provenientem, scilicet centesimum, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6062 sexagesimum, et trigesimum. Ergo non sunt ponendi duodecim
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
6063 fructus.</p><p title="I-II q. 70 a. 3 arg. 3"><a name="36466"><span class="ref">[36466] Iª-IIae q. 70 a. 3 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6064 fructus habet in sui ratione quod sit ultimum et delectabile. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6065 ratio ista non invenitur in omnibus fructibus ab apostolo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6066 enumeratis, patientia enim et longanimitas videntur in rebus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6067 contristantibus esse; fides autem non habet rationem ultimi, sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6068 magis rationem primi fundamenti. Superflue igitur huiusmodi fructus
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
6069 enumerantur.</p><p title="I-II q. 70 a. 3 s. c."><a name="36467"><span class="ref">[36467] Iª-IIae q. 70 a. 3 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6070 videtur quod insufficienter et diminute enumerentur. Dictum est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6071 enim quod omnes beatitudines fructus dici possunt, sed non omnes
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6072 hic enumerantur. Nihil etiam hic ponitur ad actum sapientiae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6073 pertinens, et multarum aliarum virtutum. Ergo videtur quod
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
6074 insufficienter enumerentur fructus.</p><p title="I-II q. 70 a. 3 co."><a name="36468"><span class="ref">[36468] Iª-IIae q. 70 a. 3 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6075 dicendum quod numerus duodecim fructuum ab apostolo enumeratorum,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6076 conveniens est, et possunt significari per duodecim fructus de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6077 quibus dicitur Apoc. ult., <i>ex utraque parte fluminis lignum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6078 vitae, afferens fructus duodecim</i>. Quia vero fructus dicitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6079 quod ex aliquo principio procedit sicut ex semine vel radice,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6080 attendenda est distinctio horum fructuum secundum diversum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6081 processum spiritus sancti in nobis. Qui quidem processus attenditur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6082 secundum hoc, ut primo mens hominis in seipsa ordinetur; secundo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6083 vero, ordinetur ad ea quae sunt iuxta; tertio vero, ad ea quae sunt
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diff changeset
6084 infra. Tunc autem bene mens hominis disponitur in seipsa, quando
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diff changeset
6085 mens hominis bene se habet et in bonis et in malis. Prima autem
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diff changeset
6086 dispositio mentis humanae ad bonum, est per amorem, qui est prima
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diff changeset
6087 affectio et omnium affectionum radix, ut supra dictum est. Et ideo
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diff changeset
6088 inter fructus spiritus primo ponitur caritas; in qua specialiter
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diff changeset
6089 spiritus sanctus datur, sicut in propria similitudine, cum et ipse
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diff changeset
6090 sit amor. Unde dicitur Rom. V, <i>caritas Dei diffusa est in
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diff changeset
6091 cordibus nostris per spiritum sanctum, qui datus est nobis</i>. Ad
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diff changeset
6092 amorem autem caritatis ex necessitate sequitur gaudium. Omnis enim
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diff changeset
6093 amans gaudet ex coniunctione amati. Caritas autem semper habet
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diff changeset
6094 praesentem Deum, quem amat; secundum illud I Ioan. IV, <i>qui manet
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diff changeset
6095 in caritate, in Deo manet, et Deus in eo</i>. Unde sequela
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diff changeset
6096 caritatis est gaudium. Perfectio autem gaudii est pax, quantum ad
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diff changeset
6097 duo. Primo quidem, quantum ad quietem ab exterioribus
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diff changeset
6098 conturbantibus, non enim potest perfecte gaudere de bono amato, qui
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diff changeset
6099 in eius fruitione ab aliis perturbatur; et iterum, qui perfecte cor
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diff changeset
6100 habet in uno pacatum, a nullo alio molestari potest, cum alia quasi
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diff changeset
6101 nihil reputet; unde dicitur in Psalmo CXVIII, <i>pax multa
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diff changeset
6102 diligentibus legem tuam, et non est illis scandalum</i>, quia
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diff changeset
6103 scilicet ab exterioribus non perturbantur, quin Deo fruantur.
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diff changeset
6104 Secundo, quantum ad sedationem desiderii fluctuantis, non enim
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diff changeset
6105 perfecte gaudet de aliquo, cui non sufficit id de quo gaudet. Haec
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diff changeset
6106 autem duo importat pax, scilicet ut neque ab exterioribus
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diff changeset
6107 perturbemur; et ut desideria nostra conquiescant in uno. Unde post
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diff changeset
6108 caritatem et gaudium, tertio ponitur pax. In malis autem bene se
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diff changeset
6109 habet mens quantum ad duo. Primo quidem, ut non perturbetur mens
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diff changeset
6110 per imminentiam malorum, quod pertinet ad patientiam. Secundo, ut
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diff changeset
6111 non perturbetur in dilatione bonorum, quod pertinet ad
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diff changeset
6112 longanimitatem, nam carere bono habet rationem mali, ut dicitur in
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diff changeset
6113 V Ethic. Ad id autem quod est iuxta hominem, scilicet proximum,
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diff changeset
6114 bene disponitur mens hominis, primo quidem, quantum ad voluntatem
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diff changeset
6115 bene faciendi. Et ad hoc pertinet bonitas. Secundo, quantum ad
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diff changeset
6116 beneficentiae executionem. Et ad hoc pertinet benignitas, dicuntur
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diff changeset
6117 enim benigni quos bonus ignis amoris fervere facit ad benefaciendum
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diff changeset
6118 proximis. Tertio, quantum ad hoc quod aequanimiter tolerentur mala
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diff changeset
6119 ab eis illata. Et ad hoc pertinet mansuetudo, quae cohibet iras.
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diff changeset
6120 Quarto, quantum ad hoc quod non solum per iram proximis non
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diff changeset
6121 noceamus, sed etiam neque per fraudem vel per dolum. Et ad hoc
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diff changeset
6122 pertinet fides, si pro fidelitate sumatur. Sed si sumatur pro fide
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diff changeset
6123 qua creditur in Deum, sic per hanc ordinatur homo ad id quod est
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diff changeset
6124 supra se, ut scilicet homo intellectum suum Deo subiiciat, et per
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diff changeset
6125 consequens omnia quae ipsius sunt. Sed ad id quod infra est, bene
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diff changeset
6126 disponitur homo, primo quidem, quantum ad exteriores actiones, per
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diff changeset
6127 modestiam, quae in omnibus dictis et factis modum observat. Quantum
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diff changeset
6128 ad interiores concupiscentias, per continentiam et castitatem, sive
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diff changeset
6129 haec duo distinguantur per hoc, quod castitas refrenat hominem ad
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diff changeset
6130 illicitis, continentia vero etiam a licitis; sive per hoc quod
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diff changeset
6131 continens patitur concupiscentias sed non deducitur, castus autem
53
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diff changeset
6132 neque patitur neque deducitur.</p><p title="I-II q. 70 a. 3 ad 1"><a name="36469"><span class="ref">[36469] Iª-IIae q. 70 a. 3 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
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diff changeset
6133 ergo dicendum quod sanctificatio fit per omnes virtutes per quas
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diff changeset
6134 etiam peccata tolluntur. Unde fructus ibi singulariter nominatur
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diff changeset
6135 propter unitatem generis, quod in multas species dividitur,
53
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diff changeset
6136 secundum quas dicuntur multi fructus.</p><p title="I-II q. 70 a. 3 ad 2"><a name="36470"><span class="ref">[36470] Iª-IIae q. 70 a. 3 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
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diff changeset
6137 dicendum quod fructus centesimus, sexagesimus et trigesimus non
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diff changeset
6138 diversificantur secundum diversas species virtuosorum actuum, sed
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diff changeset
6139 secundum diversos perfectionis gradus etiam unius virtutis. Sicut
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diff changeset
6140 continentia coniugalis dicitur significari per fructum trigesimum;
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diff changeset
6141 continentia vidualis per sexagesimum; virginalis autem per
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diff changeset
6142 centesimum. Et aliis etiam modis sancti distinguunt tres
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diff changeset
6143 evangelicos fructus secundum tres gradus virtutis. Et ponuntur tres
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diff changeset
6144 gradus, quia cuiuslibet rei perfectio attenditur secundum
53
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diff changeset
6145 principium, medium et finem.</p><p title="I-II q. 70 a. 3 ad 3"><a name="36471"><span class="ref">[36471] Iª-IIae q. 70 a. 3 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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diff changeset
6146 dicendum quod ipsum quod est in tristitiis non perturbari, rationem
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diff changeset
6147 delectabilis habet. Et fides etiam si accipiatur prout est
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diff changeset
6148 fundamentum, habet quandam rationem ultimi et delectabilis,
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diff changeset
6149 secundum quod continet certitudinem, unde Glossa exponit, <i>fides,
53
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diff changeset
6150 idest de invisibilibus certitudo</i>.</p><p title="I-II q. 70 a. 3 ad 4"><a name="36472"><span class="ref">[36472] Iª-IIae q. 70 a. 3 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
28
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diff changeset
6151 dicendum quod, sicut Augustinus dicit, super epistolam ad Galat.,
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diff changeset
6152 <i>apostolus non hoc ita suscepit, ut doceret quod sunt</i> (vel
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diff changeset
6153 opera carnis, vel fructus spiritus); sed <i>ut ostenderet in quo
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diff changeset
6154 genere illa vitanda, illa vero sectanda sint</i>. Unde potuissent
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diff changeset
6155 vel plures, vel etiam pauciores fructus enumerari. Et tamen omnes
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diff changeset
6156 donorum et virtutum actus possunt secundum quandam convenientiam ad
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diff changeset
6157 haec reduci, secundum quod omnes virtutes et dona necesse est quod
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diff changeset
6158 ordinent mentem aliquo praedictorum modorum. Unde et actus
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diff changeset
6159 sapientiae, et quorumcumque donorum ordinantium ad bonum,
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diff changeset
6160 reducuntur ad caritatem, gaudium et pacem. Ideo tamen potius haec
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diff changeset
6161 quam alia enumeravit, quia hic enumerata magis important vel
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diff changeset
6162 fruitionem bonorum, vel sedationem malorum; quod videtur ad
53
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diff changeset
6163 rationem fructus pertinere.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 4</h3><p title="I-II q. 70 a. 4 arg. 1"><a name="36473"><span class="ref">[36473] Iª-IIae q. 70 a. 4 arg. 1</span></a> Ad quartum
28
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diff changeset
6164 sic proceditur. Videtur quod fructus non contrarientur operibus
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diff changeset
6165 carnis quae apostolus enumerat. Contraria enim sunt in eodem
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diff changeset
6166 genere. Sed opera carnis non dicuntur fructus. Ergo fructus
53
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diff changeset
6167 spiritus eis non contrariantur.</p><p title="I-II q. 70 a. 4 arg. 2"><a name="36474"><span class="ref">[36474] Iª-IIae q. 70 a. 4 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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diff changeset
6168 unum uni est contrarium. Sed plura enumerat apostolus opera carnis
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diff changeset
6169 quam fructus spiritus. Ergo fructus spiritus et opera carnis non
53
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diff changeset
6170 contrariantur.</p><p title="I-II q. 70 a. 4 arg. 3"><a name="36475"><span class="ref">[36475] Iª-IIae q. 70 a. 4 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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diff changeset
6171 inter fructus spiritus primo ponuntur caritas, gaudium, pax, quibus
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diff changeset
6172 non correspondent ea quae primo enumerantur inter opera carnis,
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diff changeset
6173 quae sunt fornicatio, immunditia, impudicitia. Ergo fructus
53
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diff changeset
6174 spiritus non contrariantur operibus carnis.</p><p title="I-II q. 70 a. 4 s. c."><a name="36476"><span class="ref">[36476] Iª-IIae q. 70 a. 4 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
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diff changeset
6175 est quod apostolus dicit ibidem, quod <i>caro concupiscit adversus
53
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diff changeset
6176 spiritum, et spiritus adversus carnem</i>.</p><p title="I-II q. 70 a. 4 co."><a name="36477"><span class="ref">[36477] Iª-IIae q. 70 a. 4 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
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diff changeset
6177 dicendum quod opera carnis et fructus spiritus possunt accipi
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diff changeset
6178 dupliciter. Uno modo, secundum communem rationem. Et hoc modo in
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diff changeset
6179 communi fructus spiritus sancti contrariantur operibus carnis.
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diff changeset
6180 Spiritus enim sanctus movet humanam mentem ad id quod est secundum
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diff changeset
6181 rationem, vel potius ad id quod est supra rationem, appetitus autem
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diff changeset
6182 carnis, qui est appetitus sensitivus, trahit ad bona sensibilia,
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diff changeset
6183 quae sunt infra hominem. Unde sicut motus sursum et motus deorsum
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diff changeset
6184 contrariantur in naturalibus, ita in operibus humanis contrariantur
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diff changeset
6185 opera carnis fructibus spiritus. Alio modo possunt considerari
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diff changeset
6186 secundum proprias rationes singulorum fructuum enumeratorum, et
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diff changeset
6187 operum carnis. Et sic non oportet quod singula singulis
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diff changeset
6188 contraponantur, quia, sicut dictum est, apostolus non intendit
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diff changeset
6189 enumerare omnia opera spiritualia, nec omnia opera carnalia. Sed
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diff changeset
6190 tamen, secundum quandam adaptationem, Augustinus, super epistolam
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diff changeset
6191 ad Galat., contraponit singulis operibus carnis singulos fructus.
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diff changeset
6192 <i>Sicut fornicationi, quae est amor explendae libidinis a legitimo
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diff changeset
6193 connubio solutus, opponitur caritas, per quam anima coniungitur Deo
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diff changeset
6194 in qua etiam est vera castitas. Immunditiae autem sunt omnes
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diff changeset
6195 perturbationes de illa fornicatione conceptae, quibus gaudium
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diff changeset
6196 tranquillitatis opponitur. Idolorum autem servitus, propter quam
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diff changeset
6197 bellum est gestum adversus Evangelium Dei, opponitur paci. Contra
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diff changeset
6198 veneficia autem, et inimicitias et contentiones et aemulationes,
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diff changeset
6199 animositates et dissensiones, opponuntur longanimitas, ad
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diff changeset
6200 sustinendum mala hominum inter quos vivimus; et ad curandum,
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diff changeset
6201 benignitas; et ad ignoscendum, bonitas. Haeresibus autem opponitur
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diff changeset
6202 fides, invidiae, mansuetudo; ebrietatibus et comessationibus,
53
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diff changeset
6203 continentia</i>.</p><p title="I-II q. 70 a. 4 ad 1"><a name="36478"><span class="ref">[36478] Iª-IIae q. 70 a. 4 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
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diff changeset
6204 ergo dicendum quod id quod procedit ab arbore contra naturam
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diff changeset
6205 arboris, non dicitur esse fructus eius, sed magis corruptio
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diff changeset
6206 quaedam. Et quia virtutum opera sunt connaturalia rationi, opera
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diff changeset
6207 vero vitiorum sunt contra rationem; ideo opera virtutum fructus
53
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diff changeset
6208 dicuntur, non autem opera vitiorum.</p><p title="I-II q. 70 a. 4 ad 2"><a name="36479"><span class="ref">[36479] Iª-IIae q. 70 a. 4 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
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diff changeset
6209 dicendum quod <i>bonum contingit uno modo, malum vero
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diff changeset
6210 omnifariam</i>, ut Dionysius dicit, IV cap. de Div. Nom., unde et
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diff changeset
6211 uni virtuti plura vitia opponuntur. Et propter hoc, non est mirum
53
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diff changeset
6212 si plura ponuntur opera carnis quam fructus spiritus.</p><p title="I-II q. 70 a. 4 ad 3"><a name="36480"><span class="ref">[36480] Iª-IIae q. 70 a. 4 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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diff changeset
6213 patet solutio ex dictis.</p></div></div><div class="centro"><br/>
59
03759e5c1080 fix multi-para s.c.
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diff changeset
6214 <p><a href="sth2049.html"><img src="icons/ageretro.gif" width="19" height="19" align="middle" border="0" alt="age retro"/></a>  
03759e5c1080 fix multi-para s.c.
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diff changeset
6215 <a href="sth2071.html"><img src="icons/ageultra.gif" width="19" height="19" align="middle" border="0" alt="age ultra"/></a></p>
53
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6216 <br/>
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diff changeset
6217 <hr/>
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6218 <br/>
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6219 <address>© 2006 Fundación Tomás de Aquino quoad
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diff changeset
6220 hanc editionem<br/>
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diff changeset
6221 Iura omnia asservantur<br/>
59
03759e5c1080 fix multi-para s.c.
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diff changeset
6222 OCLC nr. <a href="http://worldcatlibraries.org/wcpa/oclc/49644264" style="text-decoration=none">49644264</a></address>
53
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diff changeset
6223 </div></body>
59
03759e5c1080 fix multi-para s.c.
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6224 </html>