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annotate summa/latin/sth2085.html @ 86:dd8a8c8eb56d

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completed FP_ix
author ht
date Sun, 03 Feb 2013 10:50:36 +0000
parents 03759e5c1080
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1 <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "file:///c:/cygwin/usr/local/share/lib/xml/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
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2 <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" lang="LA" xml:lang="LA">
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3 <head>
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4 <meta name="generator" content="HTML Tidy for Windows (vers 1st February 2005), see www.w3.org"/>
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5 <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=us-ascii"/>
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6 <meta http-equiv="Content-Style-Type" content="text/css"/>
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7 <meta http-equiv="Content-Script-Type" content="text/javascript"/>
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8 <meta name="keywords" content="Thomas de Aquino, Summa Theologiae, Corpus Thomisticum"/>
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9 <meta name="language" content="Latin"/>
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10 <meta name="security" content="public"/>
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11 <meta name="owner" content="ealarcon@unav.es"/>
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12 <meta name="author" content="Enrique Alarcón"/>
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13 <meta name="abstract" content=""/>
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14 <link rel="stylesheet" media="screen" href="vscreen.css" type="text/css"/>
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15 <link rel="stylesheet" media="print" href="vprint.css" type="text/css"/>
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16 <title>Thomas de Aquino, Summa Theologiae, Iª-IIae q.
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17 85-89</title>
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18 </head>
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19 <body><a href="http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/"/><div class="tres">CORPUS THOMISTICUM</div><div class="uno">Sancti Thomae de Aquino</div><div class="uno">Summa Theologiae</div><div class="dos">prima pars secundae partis a quaestione LXXXV ad
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20 LXXXIX</div><div class="centro">
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21 <table align="center" summary="Imago">
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22 <tr>
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23 <th><img src="icons/fugit190.jpg" width="275" height="190" border="0" alt="Thomas de Aquino a Filippino Lippi depictus (Cappella Carafa, S. Maria sopra Minerva, Roma)" align="middle"/></th>
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24 </tr>
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25 </table>
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26 <br/>
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27 <span class="tres">Textum Leoninum Romae 1892 editum<br/>
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28 ac automato translatum a Roberto Busa SJ in taenias
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29 magneticas<br/>
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30 denuo recognovit Enrique Alarcón atque instruxit<br/>
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31 <br/></span><br/>
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32 <hr/>
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33 <br/>
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34 <p><a href="sth2075.html"><img src="icons/ageretro.gif" width="19" height="19" align="middle" border="0" alt="age retro"/></a>  
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35 <a href="sth2090.html"><img src="icons/ageultra.gif" width="19" height="19" align="middle" border="0" alt="age ultra"/></a></p>
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36 <script language="JavaScript" type="text/javascript">
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37 //
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38 &lt;!--
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39 // original code by Bill Trefzger 12/12/96; revised by Enrique Alarcon 12/9/2000
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40 function go(){if(document.selecter.select1.options[document.selecter.select1.selectedIndex].value !="none"){location=document.selecter.select1.options[document.selecter.select1.selectedIndex].value}}
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43 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="none"&gt;------------------------------------------------');
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132 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#37267"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 87 a. 2 co.');
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diff changeset
133 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#37268"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 87 a. 2 ad 1');
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134 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#37269"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 87 a. 2 ad 2');
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diff changeset
135 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#37270"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 87 a. 2 ad 3');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
136 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#37271"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 87 a. 3 arg. 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
137 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#37272"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 87 a. 3 arg. 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
138 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#37273"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 87 a. 3 arg. 3');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
139 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#37274"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 87 a. 3 arg. 4');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
140 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#37275"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 87 a. 3 s. c.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
141 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#37276"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 87 a. 3 co.');
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diff changeset
142 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#37277"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 87 a. 3 ad 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
143 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#37278"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 87 a. 3 ad 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
144 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#37279"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 87 a. 3 ad 3');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
145 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#37280"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 87 a. 3 ad 4');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
146 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#37281"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 87 a. 4 arg. 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
147 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#37282"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 87 a. 4 arg. 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
148 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#37283"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 87 a. 4 arg. 3');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
149 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#37284"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 87 a. 4 s. c.');
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parents: 28
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150 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#37285"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 87 a. 4 co.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
151 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#37286"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 87 a. 4 ad 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
152 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#37287"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 87 a. 4 ad 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
153 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#37288"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 87 a. 4 ad 3');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
154 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#37289"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 87 a. 5 arg. 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
155 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#37290"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 87 a. 5 arg. 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
156 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#37291"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 87 a. 5 arg. 3');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
157 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#37292"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 87 a. 5 s. c.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
158 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#37293"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 87 a. 5 co.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
159 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#37294"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 87 a. 5 ad 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
160 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#37295"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 87 a. 5 ad 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
161 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#37296"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 87 a. 5 ad 3');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
162 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#37297"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 87 a. 6 arg. 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
163 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#37298"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 87 a. 6 arg. 2');
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parents: 28
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164 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#37299"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 87 a. 6 arg. 3');
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parents: 28
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165 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#37300"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 87 a. 6 s. c.');
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parents: 28
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166 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#37301"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 87 a. 6 co.');
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parents: 28
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167 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#37302"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 87 a. 6 ad 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
168 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#37303"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 87 a. 6 ad 2');
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parents: 28
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169 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#37304"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 87 a. 6 ad 3');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
170 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#37305"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 87 a. 7 arg. 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
171 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#37306"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 87 a. 7 arg. 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
172 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#37307"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 87 a. 7 arg. 3');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
173 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#37308"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 87 a. 7 s. c.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
174 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#37309"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 87 a. 7 co.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
175 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#37310"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 87 a. 7 ad 1');
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parents: 28
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176 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#37311"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 87 a. 7 ad 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
177 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#37312"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 87 a. 7 ad 3');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
178 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#37313"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 87 a. 8 arg. 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
179 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#37314"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 87 a. 8 arg. 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
180 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#37315"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 87 a. 8 arg. 3');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
181 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#37316"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 87 a. 8 s. c.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
182 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#37317"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 87 a. 8 co.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
183 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#37318"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 87 a. 8 ad 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
184 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#37319"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 87 a. 8 ad 2');
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parents: 28
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185 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#37320"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 87 a. 8 ad 3');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
186 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#37321"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 88 pr.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
187 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#37322"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 88 a. 1 arg. 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
188 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#37323"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 88 a. 1 arg. 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
189 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#37324"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 88 a. 1 arg. 3');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
190 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#37325"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 88 a. 1 arg. 4');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
191 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#37326"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 88 a. 1 s. c.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
192 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#37327"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 88 a. 1 co.');
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parents: 28
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193 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#37328"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 88 a. 1 ad 1');
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parents: 28
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194 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#37329"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 88 a. 1 ad 2');
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parents: 28
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195 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#37330"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 88 a. 1 ad 3');
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parents: 28
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196 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#37331"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 88 a. 1 ad 4');
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parents: 28
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197 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#37332"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 88 a. 2 arg. 1');
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parents: 28
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198 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#37333"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 88 a. 2 arg. 2');
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parents: 28
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199 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#37334"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 88 a. 2 arg. 3');
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parents: 28
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200 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#37335"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 88 a. 2 s. c.');
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parents: 28
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201 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#37336"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 88 a. 2 co.');
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parents: 28
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202 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#37337"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 88 a. 2 ad 1');
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parents: 28
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203 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#37338"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 88 a. 2 ad 2');
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parents: 28
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204 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#37339"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 88 a. 2 ad 3');
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parents: 28
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205 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#37340"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 88 a. 3 arg. 1');
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parents: 28
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206 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#37341"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 88 a. 3 arg. 2');
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parents: 28
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207 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#37342"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 88 a. 3 arg. 3');
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parents: 28
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208 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#37343"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 88 a. 3 s. c.');
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parents: 28
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209 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#37344"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 88 a. 3 co.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
210 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#37345"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 88 a. 3 ad 1');
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parents: 28
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211 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#37346"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 88 a. 3 ad 2');
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parents: 28
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212 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#37347"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 88 a. 3 ad 3');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
213 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#37348"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 88 a. 4 arg. 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
214 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#37349"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 88 a. 4 arg. 2');
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parents: 28
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215 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#37350"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 88 a. 4 arg. 3');
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parents: 28
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216 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#37351"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 88 a. 4 arg. 4');
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parents: 28
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217 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#37352"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 88 a. 4 s. c.');
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parents: 28
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218 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#37353"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 88 a. 4 co.');
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parents: 28
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219 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#37354"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 88 a. 4 ad 1');
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parents: 28
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220 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#37355"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 88 a. 4 ad 2');
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parents: 28
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221 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#37356"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 88 a. 4 ad 3');
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parents: 28
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222 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#37357"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 88 a. 4 ad 4');
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parents: 28
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223 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#37358"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 88 a. 5 arg. 1');
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parents: 28
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224 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#37359"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 88 a. 5 arg. 2');
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parents: 28
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225 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#37360"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 88 a. 5 arg. 3');
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parents: 28
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226 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#37361"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 88 a. 5 s. c.');
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parents: 28
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227 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#37362"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 88 a. 5 co.');
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228 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#37363"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 88 a. 5 ad 1');
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parents: 28
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229 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#37364"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 88 a. 5 ad 2');
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parents: 28
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230 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#37365"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 88 a. 5 ad 3');
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parents: 28
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231 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#37366"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 88 a. 6 arg. 1');
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parents: 28
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232 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#37367"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 88 a. 6 arg. 2');
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parents: 28
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233 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#37368"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 88 a. 6 arg. 3');
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parents: 28
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234 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#37369"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 88 a. 6 s. c.');
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parents: 28
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235 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#37370"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 88 a. 6 co.');
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parents: 28
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236 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#37371"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 88 a. 6 ad 1');
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parents: 28
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237 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#37372"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 88 a. 6 ad 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
238 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#37373"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 88 a. 6 ad 3');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
239 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#37374"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 89 pr.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
240 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#37375"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 89 a. 1 arg. 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
241 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#37376"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 89 a. 1 arg. 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
242 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#37377"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 89 a. 1 arg. 3');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
243 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#37378"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 89 a. 1 s. c.');
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parents: 28
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244 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#37379"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 89 a. 1 co.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
245 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#37380"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 89 a. 1 ad 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
246 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#37381"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 89 a. 1 ad 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
247 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#37382"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 89 a. 1 ad 3');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
248 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#37383"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 89 a. 2 arg. 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
249 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#37384"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 89 a. 2 arg. 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
250 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#37385"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 89 a. 2 arg. 3');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
251 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#37386"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 89 a. 2 arg. 4');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
252 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#37387"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 89 a. 2 s. c.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
253 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#37388"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 89 a. 2 co.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
254 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#37389"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 89 a. 2 ad 1');
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255 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#37390"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 89 a. 2 ad 2');
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256 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#37391"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 89 a. 2 ad 3');
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257 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#37392"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 89 a. 2 ad 4');
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258 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#37393"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 89 a. 3 arg. 1');
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259 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#37394"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 89 a. 3 arg. 2');
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260 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#37395"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 89 a. 3 arg. 3');
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261 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#37396"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 89 a. 3 s. c.');
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262 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#37397"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 89 a. 3 co.');
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263 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#37398"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 89 a. 3 ad 1');
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264 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#37399"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 89 a. 3 ad 2');
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265 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#37400"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 89 a. 3 ad 3');
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266 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#37401"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 89 a. 4 arg. 1');
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267 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#37402"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 89 a. 4 arg. 2');
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268 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#37403"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 89 a. 4 arg. 3');
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269 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#37404"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 89 a. 4 s. c.');
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270 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#37405"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 89 a. 4 co.');
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271 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#37406"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 89 a. 4 ad 1');
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272 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#37407"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 89 a. 4 ad 2');
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273 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#37408"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 89 a. 4 ad 3');
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274 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#37409"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 89 a. 5 arg. 1');
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275 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#37410"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 89 a. 5 arg. 2');
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276 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#37411"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 89 a. 5 arg. 3');
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277 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#37412"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 89 a. 5 s. c.');
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278 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#37413"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 89 a. 5 co.');
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279 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#37414"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 89 a. 5 ad 1');
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280 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#37415"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 89 a. 5 ad 2');
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281 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#37416"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 89 a. 5 ad 3');
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282 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#37417"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 89 a. 6 arg. 1');
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283 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#37418"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 89 a. 6 arg. 2');
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284 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#37419"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 89 a. 6 arg. 3');
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285 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#37420"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 89 a. 6 s. c.');
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286 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#37421"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 89 a. 6 co.');
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287 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#37422"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 89 a. 6 ad 1');
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288 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#37423"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 89 a. 6 ad 2');
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289 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#37424"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 89 a. 6 ad 3');
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290 document.write('&lt;\/SELECT&gt;');
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291 document.write('&lt;BR&gt;&lt;BR&gt;');
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292 document.write('&lt;INPUT TYPE="button" VALUE="Agedum" ONCLICK="go()"&gt;');
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293 document.write('&lt;\/FORM&gt;');
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294 // --&gt;
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295 //
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296 </script><br/>
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297 <hr/>
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298 <br/></div><div id="q85" class="q"><h2>Quaestio 85</h2><div class="p"><h3>Prooemium</h3><p title="I-II q. 85 pr."><a name="37183"><span class="ref">[37183]
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299 Iª-IIae q. 85 pr.</span></a> Deinde considerandum est de
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300 effectibus peccati. Et primo quidem, de corruptione boni naturae;
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301 secundo, de macula animae; tertio, de reatu poenae. Circa primum
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302 quaeruntur sex. Primo, utrum bonum naturae diminuatur per peccatum.
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303 Secundo, utrum totaliter tolli possit. Tertio, de quatuor
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304 vulneribus quae Beda ponit, quibus natura humana vulnerata est
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305 propter peccatum. Quarto, utrum privatio modi, speciei et ordinis,
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306 sit effectus peccati. Quinto, utrum mors et alii defectus
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307 corporales sint effectus peccati. Sexto, utrum sint aliquo modo
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308 homini naturales.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 1</h3><p title="I-II q. 85 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="37184"><span class="ref">[37184] Iª-IIae q. 85 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad primum
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309 sic proceditur. Videtur quod peccatum non diminuat bonum naturae.
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310 Peccatum enim hominis non est gravius quam peccatum Daemonis. Sed
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311 bona naturalia in Daemonibus manent integra post peccatum, ut
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312 Dionysius dicit, IV cap. de Div. Nom. Ergo peccatum etiam bonum
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313 naturae humanae non diminuit.</p><p title="I-II q. 85 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="37185"><span class="ref">[37185] Iª-IIae q. 85 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
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314 transmutato posteriori, non transmutatur prius, manet enim
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315 substantia eadem, transmutatis accidentibus. Sed natura praeexistit
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316 actioni voluntariae. Ergo, facta deordinatione circa actionem
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317 voluntariam per peccatum, non transmutatur propter hoc natura, ita
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318 quod bonum naturae diminuatur.</p><p title="I-II q. 85 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="37186"><span class="ref">[37186] Iª-IIae q. 85 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
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319 peccatum est actus quidam, diminutio autem passio. Nullum autem
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320 agens, ex hoc ipso quod agit, patitur, potest autem contingere quod
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321 in unum agat, et ab alio patiatur. Ergo ille qui peccat, per
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322 peccatum non diminuit bonum suae naturae.</p><p title="I-II q. 85 a. 1 arg. 4"><a name="37187"><span class="ref">[37187] Iª-IIae q. 85 a. 1 arg. 4</span></a> Praeterea,
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323 nullum accidens agit in suum subiectum, quia quod patitur, est
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324 potentia ens; quod autem subiicitur accidenti, iam est actu ens
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325 secundum accidens illud. Sed peccatum est in bono naturae sicut
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326 accidens in subiecto. Ergo peccatum non diminuit bonum naturae,
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327 diminuere enim quoddam agere est.</p><p title="I-II q. 85 a. 1 s. c."><a name="37188"><span class="ref">[37188] Iª-IIae q. 85 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
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328 est quod, sicut dicitur Luc. X, <i>homo descendens a Ierusalem in
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329 Iericho, idest in defectum peccati, expoliatur gratuitis et
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330 vulneratur in naturalibus</i>, ut Beda exponit. Ergo peccatum
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331 diminuit bonum naturae.</p><p title="I-II q. 85 a. 1 co."><a name="37189"><span class="ref">[37189] Iª-IIae q. 85 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo
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332 dicendum quod bonum naturae humanae potest tripliciter dici. Primo,
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333 ipsa principia naturae, ex quibus natura constituitur, et
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334 proprietates ex his causatae, sicut potentiae animae et alia
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335 huiusmodi. Secundo, quia homo a natura habet inclinationem ad
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336 virtutem, ut supra habitum est, ipsa inclinatio ad virtutem est
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337 quoddam bonum naturae. Tertio modo potest dici bonum naturae donum
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338 originalis iustitiae, quod fuit in primo homine collatum toti
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339 humanae naturae. Primum igitur bonum naturae nec tollitur nec
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340 diminuitur per peccatum. Tertium vero bonum naturae totaliter est
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341 ablatum per peccatum primi parentis. Sed medium bonum naturae,
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342 scilicet ipsa naturalis inclinatio ad virtutem, diminuitur per
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343 peccatum. Per actus enim humanos fit quaedam inclinatio ad similes
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344 actus, ut supra habitum est. Oportet autem quod ex hoc quod aliquid
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345 inclinatur ad unum contrariorum, diminuatur inclinatio eius ad
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346 aliud. Unde cum peccatum sit contrarium virtuti, ex hoc ipso quod
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347 homo peccat, diminuitur bonum naturae quod est inclinatio ad
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348 virtutem.</p><p title="I-II q. 85 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="37190"><span class="ref">[37190] Iª-IIae q. 85 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
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349 ergo dicendum quod Dionysius loquitur de bono primo naturae, quod
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350 est esse, vivere et intelligere; ut patet eius verba intuenti.</p><p title="I-II q. 85 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="37191"><span class="ref">[37191] Iª-IIae q. 85 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
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351 dicendum quod natura, etsi sit prior quam voluntaria actio, tamen
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352 habet inclinationem ad quandam voluntariam actionem. Unde ipsa
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353 natura secundum se non variatur propter variationem voluntariae
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354 actionis, sed ipsa inclinatio variatur ex illa parte qua ordinatur
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355 ad terminum.</p><p title="I-II q. 85 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="37192"><span class="ref">[37192] Iª-IIae q. 85 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
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356 dicendum quod actio voluntaria procedit ex diversis potentiis,
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357 quarum una est activa et alia passiva. Et ex hoc contingit quod per
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358 actiones voluntarias causatur aliquid, vel aufertur ab homine sic
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359 agente, ut supra dictum est, cum de generatione habituum
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360 ageretur.</p><p title="I-II q. 85 a. 1 ad 4"><a name="37193"><span class="ref">[37193] Iª-IIae q. 85 a. 1 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
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361 dicendum quod accidens non agit effective in subiectum; agit tamen
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362 formaliter in ipsum, eo modo loquendi quo dicitur quod albedo facit
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363 album. Et sic nihil prohibet quod peccatum diminuat bonum naturae,
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364 eo tamen modo quo est ipsa diminutio boni naturae, inquantum
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365 pertinet ad inordinationem actus. Sed quantum ad inordinationem
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366 agentis, oportet dicere quod talis inordinatio causatur per hoc
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367 quod in actibus animae aliquid est activum et aliquid passivum,
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368 sicut sensibile movet appetitum sensitivum, et appetitus sensitivus
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369 inclinat rationem et voluntatem, ut supra dictum est. Et ex hoc
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370 causatur inordinatio, non quidem ita quod accidens agat in proprium
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371 subiectum; sed secundum quod obiectum agit in potentiam, et una
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372 potentia agit in aliam, et deordinat ipsam.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 2</h3><p title="I-II q. 85 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="37194"><span class="ref">[37194] Iª-IIae q. 85 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad secundum
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373 sic proceditur. Videtur quod totum bonum humanae naturae possit per
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374 peccatum auferri. Bonum enim naturae humanae finitum est, cum et
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375 ipsa natura humana sit finita. Sed quodlibet finitum totaliter
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376 consumitur, facta continua ablatione. Cum ergo bonum naturae
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377 continue per peccatum diminui possit, videtur quod possit quandoque
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378 totaliter consumi.</p><p title="I-II q. 85 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="37195"><span class="ref">[37195] Iª-IIae q. 85 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
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379 eorum quae sunt unius naturae, similis est ratio de toto et de
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380 partibus, sicut patet in aere et in aqua et carne, et omnibus
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381 corporibus similium partium. Sed bonum naturae est totaliter
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382 uniforme. Cum igitur pars eius possit auferri per peccatum, totum
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383 etiam per peccatum auferri posse videtur.</p><p title="I-II q. 85 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="37196"><span class="ref">[37196] Iª-IIae q. 85 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
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384 bonum naturae quod per peccatum minuitur, est habilitas ad
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385 virtutem. Sed in quibusdam propter peccatum habilitas praedicta
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386 totaliter tollitur, ut patet in damnatis, qui reparari ad virtutem
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387 non possunt, sicut nec caecus ad visum. Ergo peccatum potest
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388 totaliter tollere bonum naturae.</p><p title="I-II q. 85 a. 2 s. c."><a name="37197"><span class="ref">[37197] Iª-IIae q. 85 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
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389 est quod Augustinus dicit, in Enchirid., quod malum non est nisi in
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390 bono. Sed malum culpae non potest esse in bono virtutis vel
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391 gratiae, quia est ei contrarium. Ergo oportet quod sit in bono
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392 naturae. Non ergo totaliter tollit ipsum.</p><p title="I-II q. 85 a. 2 co."><a name="37198"><span class="ref">[37198] Iª-IIae q. 85 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo
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393 dicendum quod, sicut dictum est, bonum naturae quod per peccatum
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394 diminuitur, est naturalis inclinatio ad virtutem. Quae quidem
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395 convenit homini ex hoc ipso quod rationalis est, ex hoc enim habet
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396 quod secundum rationem operetur, quod est agere secundum virtutem.
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397 Per peccatum autem non potest totaliter ab homine tolli quod sit
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398 rationalis, quia iam non esset capax peccati. Unde non est
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399 possibile quod praedictum naturae bonum totaliter tollatur. Cum
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400 autem inveniatur huiusmodi bonum continue diminui per peccatum,
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diff changeset
401 quidam ad huius manifestationem usi sunt quodam exemplo, in quo
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402 invenitur aliquod finitum in infinitum diminui, nunquam tamen
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403 totaliter consumi. Dicit enim philosophus, in III Physic., quod si
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404 ab aliqua magnitudine finita continue auferatur aliquid secundum
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405 eandem quantitatem, totaliter tandem consumetur, puta si a
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406 quacumque quantitate finita semper subtraxero mensuram palmi. Si
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407 vero fiat subtractio semper secundum eandem proportionem, et non
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408 secundum eandem quantitatem, poterit in infinitum subtrahi, puta,
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409 si quantitas dividatur in duas partes, et a dimidio subtrahatur
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410 dimidium, ita in infinitum poterit procedi; ita tamen quod semper
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411 quod posterius subtrahitur, erit minus eo quod prius subtrahebatur.
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412 Sed hoc in proposito non habet locum, non enim sequens peccatum
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413 minus diminuit bonum naturae quam praecedens, sed forte magis, si
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414 sit gravius. Et ideo aliter est dicendum quod praedicta inclinatio
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415 intelligitur ut media inter duo, fundatur enim sicut in radice in
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416 natura rationali, et tendit in bonum virtutis sicut in terminum et
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417 finem. Dupliciter igitur potest intelligi eius diminutio, uno modo,
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418 ex parte radicis; alio modo, ex parte termini. Primo quidem modo
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419 non diminuitur per peccatum, eo quod peccatum non diminuit ipsam
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420 naturam, ut supra dictum est. Sed diminuitur secundo modo,
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421 inquantum scilicet ponitur impedimentum pertingendi ad terminum. Si
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422 autem primo modo diminueretur, oporteret quod quandoque totaliter
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423 consumeretur, natura rationali totaliter consumpta. Sed quia
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424 diminuitur ex parte impedimenti quod apponitur ne pertingat ad
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425 terminum, manifestum est quod diminui quidem potest in infinitum,
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426 quia in infinitum possunt impedimenta apponi, secundum quod homo
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427 potest in infinitum addere peccatum peccato, non tamen potest
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428 totaliter consumi, quia semper manet radix talis inclinationis.
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429 Sicut patet in diaphano corpore, quod quidem habet inclinationem ad
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430 susceptionem lucis ex hoc ipso quod est diaphanum, diminuitur autem
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431 haec inclinatio vel habilitas ex parte nebularum supervenientium,
53
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432 cum tamen semper maneat in radice naturae.</p><p title="I-II q. 85 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="37199"><span class="ref">[37199] Iª-IIae q. 85 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
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433 ergo dicendum quod obiectio illa procedit quando fit diminutio per
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434 subtractionem. Hic autem fit diminutio per appositionem
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435 impedimenti, quod neque tollit neque diminuit radicem
53
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436 inclinationis, ut dictum est.</p><p title="I-II q. 85 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="37200"><span class="ref">[37200] Iª-IIae q. 85 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
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437 dicendum quod inclinatio naturalis est quidem tota uniformis, sed
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438 tamen habet respectum et ad principium et ad terminum, secundum
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439 quam diversitatem quodammodo diminuitur et quodammodo non
53
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440 diminuitur.</p><p title="I-II q. 85 a. 2 ad 3"><a name="37201"><span class="ref">[37201] Iª-IIae q. 85 a. 2 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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441 dicendum quod etiam in damnatis manet naturalis inclinatio ad
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442 virtutem, alioquin non esset in eis remorsus conscientiae. Sed quod
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443 non reducatur in actum, contingit quia deest gratia, secundum
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444 divinam iustitiam. Sicut etiam in caeco remanet aptitudo ad
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445 videndum in ipsa radice naturae, inquantum est animal naturaliter
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446 habens visum, sed non reducitur in actum, quia deest causa quae
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447 reducere possit formando organum quod requiritur ad videndum.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 3</h3><p title="I-II q. 85 a. 3 arg. 1"><a name="37202"><span class="ref">[37202] Iª-IIae q. 85 a. 3 arg. 1</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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448 sic proceditur. Videtur quod inconvenienter ponantur vulnera
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449 naturae esse, ex peccato consequentia, infirmitas, ignorantia,
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450 malitia et concupiscentia. Non enim idem est effectus et causa
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451 eiusdem. Sed ista ponuntur causae peccatorum, ut ex supradictis
53
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452 patet. Ergo non debent poni effectus peccati.</p><p title="I-II q. 85 a. 3 arg. 2"><a name="37203"><span class="ref">[37203] Iª-IIae q. 85 a. 3 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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453 malitia nominat quoddam peccatum. Non ergo debet poni inter
53
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454 effectus peccati.</p><p title="I-II q. 85 a. 3 arg. 3"><a name="37204"><span class="ref">[37204] Iª-IIae q. 85 a. 3 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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455 concupiscentia est quiddam naturale, cum sit actus virtutis
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456 concupiscibilis. Sed illud quod est naturale, non debet poni vulnus
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457 naturae. Ergo concupiscentia non debet poni vulnus naturae.</p><p title="I-II q. 85 a. 3 arg. 4"><a name="37205"><span class="ref">[37205] Iª-IIae q. 85 a. 3 arg. 4</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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458 dictum est quod idem est peccare ex infirmitate, et ex passione.
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459 Sed concupiscentia passio quaedam est. Ergo non debet contra
53
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460 infirmitatem dividi.</p><p title="I-II q. 85 a. 3 arg. 5"><a name="37206"><span class="ref">[37206] Iª-IIae q. 85 a. 3 arg. 5</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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461 Augustinus, in libro de natura et gratia, ponit duo poenalia animae
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462 peccanti, scilicet ignorantiam et difficultatem, ex quibus oritur
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463 error et cruciatus, quae quidem quatuor non concordant istis
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464 quatuor. Ergo videtur quod alterum eorum insufficienter
53
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465 ponatur.</p><p title="I-II q. 85 a. 3 s. c."><a name="37207"><span class="ref">[37207] Iª-IIae q. 85 a. 3 s. c.</span></a> In
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466 contrarium est auctoritas Bedae.</p><p title="I-II q. 85 a. 3 co."><a name="37208"><span class="ref">[37208] Iª-IIae q. 85 a. 3 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
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467 dicendum quod per iustitiam originalem perfecte ratio continebat
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468 inferiores animae vires, et ipsa ratio a Deo perficiebatur ei
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469 subiecta. Haec autem originalis iustitia subtracta est per peccatum
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470 primi parentis, sicut iam dictum est. Et ideo omnes vires animae
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471 remanent quodammodo destitutae proprio ordine, quo naturaliter
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472 ordinantur ad virtutem, et ipsa destitutio vulneratio naturae
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473 dicitur. Sunt autem quatuor potentiae animae quae possunt esse
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474 subiecta virtutum, ut supra dictum est, scilicet ratio, in qua est
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475 prudentia; voluntas, in qua est iustitia; irascibilis, in qua est
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476 fortitudo; concupiscibilis, in qua est temperantia. Inquantum ergo
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477 ratio destituitur suo ordine ad verum, est vulnus ignorantiae;
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478 inquantum vero voluntas destituitur ordine ad bonum, est vulnus
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479 malitiae; inquantum vero irascibilis destituitur suo ordine ad
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480 arduum, est vulnus infirmitatis; inquantum vero concupiscentia
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481 destituitur ordine ad delectabile moderatum ratione, est vulnus
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482 concupiscentiae. Sic igitur ita quatuor sunt vulnera inflicta toti
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483 humanae naturae ex peccato primi parentis. Sed quia inclinatio ad
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484 bonum virtutis in unoquoque diminuitur per peccatum actuale, ut ex
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485 dictis patet, et ista sunt quatuor vulnera ex aliis peccatis
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486 consequentia, inquantum scilicet per peccatum et ratio hebetatur,
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487 praecipue in agendis; et voluntas induratur ad bonum; et maior
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488 difficultas bene agendi accrescit; et concupiscentia magis
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489 exardescit.</p><p title="I-II q. 85 a. 3 ad 1"><a name="37209"><span class="ref">[37209] Iª-IIae q. 85 a. 3 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
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490 ergo dicendum quod nihil prohibet id quod est effectus unius
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491 peccati, esse causam peccati alterius. Ex hoc enim quod anima
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492 deordinatur per peccatum praecedens, facilius inclinatur ad
53
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493 peccandum.</p><p title="I-II q. 85 a. 3 ad 2"><a name="37210"><span class="ref">[37210] Iª-IIae q. 85 a. 3 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
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494 dicendum quod malitia non sumitur hic pro peccato, sed pro quadam
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495 pronitate voluntatis ad malum; secundum quod dicitur Gen. VIII,
53
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496 <i>proni sunt sensus hominis ad malum ab adolescentia sua</i>.</p><p title="I-II q. 85 a. 3 ad 3"><a name="37211"><span class="ref">[37211] Iª-IIae q. 85 a. 3 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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diff changeset
497 dicendum quod, sicut supra dictum est, concupiscentia intantum est
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498 naturalis homini, inquantum subditur rationi. Quod autem excedat
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499 limites rationis, hoc est homini contra naturam.</p><p title="I-II q. 85 a. 3 ad 4"><a name="37212"><span class="ref">[37212] Iª-IIae q. 85 a. 3 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
28
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500 dicendum quod infirmitas communiter potest dici omnis passio,
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diff changeset
501 inquantum debilitat robur animae et impedit rationem. Sed Beda
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502 accepit infirmitatem stricte, secundum quod opponitur fortitudini,
53
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diff changeset
503 quae pertinet ad irascibilem.</p><p title="I-II q. 85 a. 3 ad 5"><a name="37213"><span class="ref">[37213] Iª-IIae q. 85 a. 3 ad 5</span></a> Ad quintum
28
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504 dicendum quod difficultas quae ponitur in libro Augustini, includit
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505 ista tria quae pertinent ad appetitivas potentias, scilicet
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diff changeset
506 malitiam, infirmitatem et concupiscentiam, ex his enim tribus
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507 contingit quod aliquis non facile tendit in bonum. Error autem et
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508 dolor sunt vulnera consequentia, ex hoc enim aliquis dolet, quod
53
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509 infirmatur circa ea quae concupiscit.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 4</h3><p title="I-II q. 85 a. 4 arg. 1"><a name="37214"><span class="ref">[37214] Iª-IIae q. 85 a. 4 arg. 1</span></a> Ad quartum
28
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diff changeset
510 sic proceditur. Videtur quod privatio modi, speciei et ordinis, non
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diff changeset
511 sit effectus peccati. Dicit enim Augustinus, in libro de natura
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diff changeset
512 boni, quod <i>ubi haec tria magna sunt, magnum bonum est; ubi
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diff changeset
513 parva, parvum; ubi nulla, nullum</i>. Sed peccatum non annullat
53
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diff changeset
514 bonum naturae. Ergo non privat modum, speciem et ordinem.</p><p title="I-II q. 85 a. 4 arg. 2"><a name="37215"><span class="ref">[37215] Iª-IIae q. 85 a. 4 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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diff changeset
515 nihil est causa sui ipsius. Sed ipsum peccatum est privatio modi,
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diff changeset
516 speciei et ordinis, ut Augustinus dicit, in libro de natura boni.
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517 Ergo privatio modi, speciei et ordinis, non est effectus
53
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518 peccati.</p><p title="I-II q. 85 a. 4 arg. 3"><a name="37216"><span class="ref">[37216] Iª-IIae q. 85 a. 4 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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diff changeset
519 diversa peccata diversos habent effectus. Sed modus, species et
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diff changeset
520 ordo, cum sint quaedam diversa, diversas privationes habere
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521 videntur. Ergo per diversa peccata privantur. Non ergo est effectus
53
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diff changeset
522 cuiuslibet peccati privatio modi, speciei et ordinis.</p><p title="I-II q. 85 a. 4 s. c."><a name="37217"><span class="ref">[37217] Iª-IIae q. 85 a. 4 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
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diff changeset
523 est quod peccatum est in anima sicut infirmitas in corpore;
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diff changeset
524 secundum illud Psalmi VI, <i>miserere mei, domine, quoniam infirmus
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diff changeset
525 sum</i>. Sed infirmitas privat modum, speciem et ordinem ipsius
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diff changeset
526 corporis. Ergo peccatum privat modum, speciem et ordinem
53
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diff changeset
527 animae.</p><p title="I-II q. 85 a. 4 co."><a name="37218"><span class="ref">[37218] Iª-IIae q. 85 a. 4 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
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diff changeset
528 dicendum quod, sicut in primo dictum est, modus, species et ordo
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diff changeset
529 consequuntur unumquodque bonum creatum inquantum huiusmodi, et
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530 etiam unumquodque ens. Omne enim esse et bonum consideratur per
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diff changeset
531 aliquam formam, secundum quam sumitur species. Forma autem
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diff changeset
532 uniuscuiusque rei, qualiscumque sit, sive substantialis sive
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diff changeset
533 accidentalis, est secundum aliquam mensuram, unde et in VIII
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diff changeset
534 Metaphys. dicitur quod formae rerum sunt sicut numeri. Et ex hoc
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diff changeset
535 habet modum quendam, qui mensuram respicit. Ex forma vero sua
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diff changeset
536 unumquodque ordinatur ad aliud. Sic igitur secundum diversos gradus
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diff changeset
537 bonorum, sunt diversi gradus modi, speciei et ordinis. Est ergo
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diff changeset
538 quoddam bonum pertinens ad ipsam substantiam naturae, quod habet
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diff changeset
539 suum modum, speciem et ordinem, et illud nec privatur nec
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parents: 26
diff changeset
540 diminuitur per peccatum. Est etiam quoddam bonum naturalis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
541 inclinationis, et hoc etiam habet suum modum, speciem et ordinem,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
542 et hoc diminuitur per peccatum, ut dictum est, sed non totaliter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
543 tollitur. Est etiam quoddam bonum virtutis et gratiae, quod etiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
544 habet suum modum, speciem et ordinem, et hoc totaliter tollitur per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
545 peccatum mortale. Est etiam quoddam bonum quod est ipse actus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
546 ordinatus, quod etiam habet suum modum, speciem et ordinem, et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
547 huius privatio est essentialiter ipsum peccatum. Et sic patet
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parents: 26
diff changeset
548 qualiter peccatum et est privatio modi, speciei et ordinis; et
53
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diff changeset
549 privat vel diminuit modum, speciem et ordinem.</p><p title="I-II q. 85 a. 4 ad 1"><a name="37219"><span class="ref">[37219] Iª-IIae q. 85 a. 4 ad 1</span></a> Unde patet
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diff changeset
550 responsio ad duo prima.</p><p title="I-II q. 85 a. 4 ad 3"><a name="37220"><span class="ref">[37220] Iª-IIae q. 85 a. 4 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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diff changeset
551 dicendum quod modus, species et ordo se consequuntur, sicut ex
53
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diff changeset
552 dictis patet. Unde simul privantur et diminuuntur.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 5</h3><p title="I-II q. 85 a. 5 arg. 1"><a name="37221"><span class="ref">[37221] Iª-IIae q. 85 a. 5 arg. 1</span></a> Ad quintum
28
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diff changeset
553 sic proceditur. Videtur quod mors et alii corporales defectus non
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diff changeset
554 sint effectus peccati. Si enim causa fuerit aequalis, et effectus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
555 erit aequalis. Sed huiusmodi defectus non sunt aequales in omnibus,
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diff changeset
556 sed in quibusdam huiusmodi defectus magis abundant, cum tamen
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parents: 26
diff changeset
557 peccatum originale sit in omnibus aequale, sicut dictum est, cuius
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parents: 26
diff changeset
558 videntur huiusmodi defectus maxime esse effectus. Ergo mors et
53
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diff changeset
559 huiusmodi defectus non sunt effectus peccati.</p><p title="I-II q. 85 a. 5 arg. 2"><a name="37222"><span class="ref">[37222] Iª-IIae q. 85 a. 5 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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diff changeset
560 remota causa, removetur effectus. Sed remoto omni peccato per
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parents: 26
diff changeset
561 Baptismum vel poenitentiam, non removentur huiusmodi defectus. Ergo
53
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diff changeset
562 non sunt effectus peccati.</p><p title="I-II q. 85 a. 5 arg. 3"><a name="37223"><span class="ref">[37223] Iª-IIae q. 85 a. 5 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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diff changeset
563 peccatum actuale habet plus de ratione culpae quam originale. Sed
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parents: 26
diff changeset
564 peccatum actuale non transmutat naturam corporis ad aliquem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
565 defectum. Ergo multo minus peccatum originale. Non ergo mors et
53
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diff changeset
566 alii defectus corporales sunt effectus peccati.</p><p title="I-II q. 85 a. 5 s. c."><a name="37224"><span class="ref">[37224] Iª-IIae q. 85 a. 5 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
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diff changeset
567 est quod apostolus dicit, Rom. V, <i>per unum hominem peccatum in
53
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diff changeset
568 hunc mundum intravit, et per peccatum mors</i>.</p><p title="I-II q. 85 a. 5 co."><a name="37225"><span class="ref">[37225] Iª-IIae q. 85 a. 5 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
569 dicendum quod aliquid est causa alterius dupliciter, uno quidem
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diff changeset
570 modo, per se; alio modo, per accidens. Per se quidem est causa
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parents: 26
diff changeset
571 alterius quod secundum virtutem suae naturae vel formae producit
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diff changeset
572 effectum, unde sequitur quod effectus sit per se intentus a causa.
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diff changeset
573 Unde cum mors et huiusmodi defectus sint praeter intentionem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
574 peccantis, manifestum est quod peccatum non est per se causa
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diff changeset
575 istorum defectuum. Per accidens autem aliquid est causa alterius,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
576 si sit causa removendo prohibens, sicut dicitur in VIII Physic.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
577 quod <i>divellens columnam, per accidens movet lapidem columnae
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diff changeset
578 superpositum</i>. Et hoc modo peccatum primi parentis est causa
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parents: 26
diff changeset
579 mortis et omnium huiusmodi defectuum in natura humana, inquantum
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diff changeset
580 per peccatum primi parentis sublata est originalis iustitia, per
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diff changeset
581 quam non solum inferiores animae vires continebantur sub ratione
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diff changeset
582 absque omni deordinatione, sed totum corpus continebatur sub anima
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parents: 26
diff changeset
583 absque omni defectu, ut in primo habitum est. Et ideo, subtracta
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parents: 26
diff changeset
584 hac originali iustitia per peccatum primi parentis, sicut vulnerata
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parents: 26
diff changeset
585 est humana natura quantum ad animam per deordinationem potentiarum,
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diff changeset
586 ut supra dictum est; ita etiam est corruptibilis effecta per
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parents: 26
diff changeset
587 deordinationem ipsius corporis. Subtractio autem originalis
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diff changeset
588 iustitiae habet rationem poenae, sicut etiam subtractio gratiae.
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diff changeset
589 Unde etiam mors, et omnes defectus corporales consequentes, sunt
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diff changeset
590 quaedam poenae originalis peccati. Et quamvis huiusmodi defectus
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diff changeset
591 non sint intenti a peccante, sunt tamen ordinati secundum iustitiam
53
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592 Dei punientis.</p><p title="I-II q. 85 a. 5 ad 1"><a name="37226"><span class="ref">[37226] Iª-IIae q. 85 a. 5 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
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593 ergo dicendum quod aequalitas causae per se, causat aequalem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
594 effectum, augmentata enim vel diminuta causa per se, augetur vel
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parents: 26
diff changeset
595 diminuitur effectus. Sed aequalitas causae removentis prohibens,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
596 non ostendit aequalitatem effectuum. Si quis enim aequali impulsu
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parents: 26
diff changeset
597 divellat duas columnas, non sequitur quod lapides superpositi
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diff changeset
598 aequaliter moveantur, sed ille velocius movebitur qui gravior erit
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diff changeset
599 secundum proprietatem suae naturae, cui relinquitur remoto
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parents: 26
diff changeset
600 prohibente. Sic igitur, remota originali iustitia, natura corporis
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diff changeset
601 humani relicta est sibi, et secundum hoc, secundum diversitatem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
602 naturalis complexionis, quorundam corpora pluribus defectibus
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diff changeset
603 subiacent, quorundam vero paucioribus, quamvis existente originali
53
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diff changeset
604 peccato aequali.</p><p title="I-II q. 85 a. 5 ad 2"><a name="37227"><span class="ref">[37227] Iª-IIae q. 85 a. 5 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
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diff changeset
605 dicendum quod culpa originalis et actualis removetur ab eodem a quo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
606 etiam removentur et huiusmodi defectus, secundum illud apostoli,
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diff changeset
607 Rom. VIII, <i>vivificabit mortalia corpora vestra per inhabitantem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
608 spiritum eius in vobis</i>, sed utrumque fit secundum ordinem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
609 divinae sapientiae, congruo tempore. Oportet enim quod ad
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diff changeset
610 immortalitatem et impassibilitatem gloriae, quae in Christo
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diff changeset
611 inchoata est, et per Christum nobis acquisita, perveniamus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
612 conformati prius passionibus eius. Unde oportet quod ad tempus
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diff changeset
613 passibilitas in nostris corporibus remaneat, ad impassibilitatem
53
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diff changeset
614 gloriae promerendam conformiter Christo.</p><p title="I-II q. 85 a. 5 ad 3"><a name="37228"><span class="ref">[37228] Iª-IIae q. 85 a. 5 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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diff changeset
615 dicendum quod in peccato actuali duo possumus considerare, scilicet
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diff changeset
616 ipsam substantiam actus, et rationem culpae. Ex parte quidem
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diff changeset
617 substantiae actus, potest peccatum actuale aliquem defectum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
618 corporalem causare, sicut ex superfluo cibo aliqui infirmantur et
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diff changeset
619 moriuntur. Sed ex parte culpae, privat gratiam quae datur homini ad
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diff changeset
620 rectificandum animae actus, non autem ad cohibendum defectus
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diff changeset
621 corporales, sicut originalis iustitia cohibebat. Et ideo peccatum
53
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622 actuale non causat huiusmodi defectus, sicut originale.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 6</h3><p title="I-II q. 85 a. 6 arg. 1"><a name="37229"><span class="ref">[37229] Iª-IIae q. 85 a. 6 arg. 1</span></a> Ad sextum
28
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diff changeset
623 sic proceditur. Videtur quod mors et huiusmodi defectus sint homini
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diff changeset
624 naturales. <i>Corruptibile enim et incorruptibile differunt
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diff changeset
625 genere</i>, ut dicitur in X Metaphys. Sed homo est eiusdem generis
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diff changeset
626 cum aliis animalibus, quae sunt naturaliter corruptibilia. Ergo
53
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diff changeset
627 homo est naturaliter corruptibilis.</p><p title="I-II q. 85 a. 6 arg. 2"><a name="37230"><span class="ref">[37230] Iª-IIae q. 85 a. 6 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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diff changeset
628 omne quod est compositum ex contrariis, est naturaliter
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diff changeset
629 corruptibile, quasi habens in se causam corruptionis suae. Sed
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diff changeset
630 corpus humanum est huiusmodi. Ergo est naturaliter
53
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diff changeset
631 corruptibile.</p><p title="I-II q. 85 a. 6 arg. 3"><a name="37231"><span class="ref">[37231] Iª-IIae q. 85 a. 6 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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diff changeset
632 calidum naturaliter consumit humidum. Vita autem hominis
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diff changeset
633 conservatur per calidum et humidum. Cum igitur operationes vitae
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diff changeset
634 expleantur per actum caloris naturalis, ut dicitur in II de anima,
59
03759e5c1080 fix multi-para s.c.
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diff changeset
635 videtur quod mors et huiusmodi defectus sint homini naturales.</p><div class="sc"><p title="I-II q. 85 a. 6 s. c. 1"><a name="37232"><span class="ref">[37232] Iª-IIae q. 85 a. 6 s. c. 1</span></a> Sed
28
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diff changeset
636 contra, quidquid est homini naturale, Deus in homine fecit. Sed
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diff changeset
637 Deus mortem non fecit, ut dicitur Sap. I. Ergo mors non est homini
53
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diff changeset
638 naturalis.</p><p title="I-II q. 85 a. 6 s. c. 2"><a name="37233"><span class="ref">[37233] Iª-IIae q. 85 a. 6 s. c. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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diff changeset
639 id quod est secundum naturam, non potest dici poena nec malum, quia
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diff changeset
640 unicuique rei est conveniens id quod est ei naturale. Sed mors et
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diff changeset
641 huiusmodi defectus sunt poena peccati originalis, ut supra dictum
53
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diff changeset
642 est. Ergo non sunt homini naturales.</p><p title="I-II q. 85 a. 6 s. c. 3"><a name="37234"><span class="ref">[37234] Iª-IIae q. 85 a. 6 s. c. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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diff changeset
643 materia proportionatur formae, et quaelibet res suo fini. Finis
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diff changeset
644 autem hominis est beatitudo perpetua, ut supra dictum est. Forma
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diff changeset
645 etiam humani corporis est anima rationalis, quae est
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diff changeset
646 incorruptibilis, ut in primo habitum est. Ergo corpus humanum est
59
03759e5c1080 fix multi-para s.c.
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parents: 53
diff changeset
647 naturaliter incorruptibile.</p></div><p title="I-II q. 85 a. 6 co."><a name="37235"><span class="ref">[37235] Iª-IIae q. 85 a. 6 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
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diff changeset
648 dicendum quod de unaquaque re corruptibili dupliciter loqui
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diff changeset
649 possumus, uno modo, secundum naturam universalem; alio modo,
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diff changeset
650 secundum naturam particularem. Natura quidem particularis est
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diff changeset
651 propria virtus activa et conservativa uniuscuiusque rei. Et
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diff changeset
652 secundum hanc, omnis corruptio et defectus est contra naturam, ut
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diff changeset
653 dicitur in II de caelo, quia huiusmodi virtus intendit esse et
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diff changeset
654 conservationem eius cuius est. Natura vero universalis est virtus
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diff changeset
655 activa in aliquo universali principio naturae, puta in aliquo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
656 caelestium corporum; vel alicuius superioris substantiae, secundum
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diff changeset
657 quod etiam Deus a quibusdam dicitur natura naturans. Quae quidem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
658 virtus intendit bonum et conservationem universi, ad quod exigitur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
659 alternatio generationis et corruptionis in rebus. Et secundum hoc,
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diff changeset
660 corruptiones et defectus rerum sunt naturales, non quidem secundum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
661 inclinationem formae, quae est principium essendi et perfectionis;
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diff changeset
662 sed secundum inclinationem materiae, quae proportionaliter
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parents: 26
diff changeset
663 attribuitur tali formae secundum distributionem universalis
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diff changeset
664 agentis. Et quamvis omnis forma intendat perpetuum esse quantum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
665 potest, nulla tamen forma rei corruptibilis potest assequi
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diff changeset
666 perpetuitatem sui, praeter animam rationalem, eo quod ipsa non est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
667 subiecta omnino materiae corporali, sicut aliae formae; quinimmo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
668 habet propriam operationem immaterialem, ut in primo habitum est.
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diff changeset
669 Unde ex parte suae formae, naturalior est homini incorruptio quam
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diff changeset
670 aliis rebus corruptibilibus. Sed quia et ipsa habet materiam ex
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diff changeset
671 contrariis compositam, ex inclinatione materiae sequitur
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diff changeset
672 corruptibilitas in toto. Et secundum hoc, homo est naturaliter
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diff changeset
673 corruptibilis secundum naturam materiae sibi relictae, sed non
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diff changeset
674 secundum naturam formae. Primae autem tres rationes procedunt ex
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diff changeset
675 parte materiae, aliae vero tres procedunt ex parte formae. Unde ad
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diff changeset
676 earum solutionem, considerandum est quod forma hominis, quae est
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diff changeset
677 anima rationalis, secundum suam incorruptibilitatem proportionata
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parents: 26
diff changeset
678 est suo fini, qui est beatitudo perpetua. Sed corpus humanum, quod
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parents: 26
diff changeset
679 est corruptibile secundum suam naturam consideratum, quodammodo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
680 proportionatum est suae formae, et quodammodo non. Duplex enim
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parents: 26
diff changeset
681 conditio potest attendi in aliqua materia, una scilicet quam agens
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parents: 26
diff changeset
682 eligit; alia quae non est ab agente electa, sed est secundum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
683 conditionem naturalem materiae. Sicut faber ad faciendum cultellum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
684 eligit materiam duram et ductilem, quae subtiliari possit ut sit
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parents: 26
diff changeset
685 apta incisioni, et secundum hanc conditionem ferrum est materia
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parents: 26
diff changeset
686 proportionata cultello, sed hoc quod ferrum sit frangibile et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
687 rubiginem contrahens, consequitur ex naturali dispositione ferri,
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diff changeset
688 nec hoc eligit artifex in ferro, sed magis repudiaret si posset.
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diff changeset
689 Unde haec dispositio materiae non est proportionata intentioni
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diff changeset
690 artificis, nec intentioni artis. Similiter corpus humanum est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
691 materia electa a natura quantum ad hoc, quod est temperatae
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parents: 26
diff changeset
692 complexionis, ut possit esse convenientissimum organum tactus et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
693 aliarum virtutum sensitivarum et motivarum. Sed quod sit
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parents: 26
diff changeset
694 corruptibile, hoc est ex conditione materiae, nec est electum a
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diff changeset
695 natura, quin potius natura eligeret materiam incorruptibilem, si
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diff changeset
696 posset. Sed Deus, cui subiacet omnis natura, in ipsa institutione
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parents: 26
diff changeset
697 hominis supplevit defectum naturae, et dono iustitiae originalis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
698 dedit corpori incorruptibilitatem quandam, ut in primo dictum est.
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diff changeset
699 Et secundum hoc dicitur quod Deus mortem non fecit, et quod mors
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
700 est poena peccati.</p><p title="I-II q. 85 a. 6 ad arg."><a name="37236"><span class="ref">[37236] Iª-IIae q. 85 a. 6 ad arg.</span></a> Unde patet
59
03759e5c1080 fix multi-para s.c.
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diff changeset
701 responsio ad obiecta.</p></div></div><div id="q86" class="q"><h2>Quaestio 86</h2><div class="p"><h3>Prooemium</h3><p title="I-II q. 86 pr."><a name="37237"><span class="ref">[37237]
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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diff changeset
702 Iª-IIae q. 86 pr.</span></a> Deinde considerandum est de
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
703 macula peccati. Et circa hoc quaeruntur duo. Primo, utrum macula
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
704 animae sit effectus peccati. Secundo, utrum remaneat in anima post
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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diff changeset
705 actum peccati.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 1</h3><p title="I-II q. 86 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="37238"><span class="ref">[37238] Iª-IIae q. 86 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
706 sic proceditur. Videtur quod peccatum non causet aliquam maculam in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
707 anima. Natura enim superior non potest inquinari ex contactu
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
708 naturae inferioris, unde radius solaris non inquinatur per tactum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
709 corporum fetidorum, ut Augustinus dicit, in libro contra quinque
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
710 haereses. Sed anima humana est multo superioris naturae quam res
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
711 commutabiles, ad quas peccando convertitur. Ergo ex eis maculam non
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
712 contrahit peccando.</p><p title="I-II q. 86 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="37239"><span class="ref">[37239] Iª-IIae q. 86 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
713 peccatum est principaliter in voluntate, ut supra dictum est.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
714 Voluntas autem est in ratione, ut dicitur in III de anima. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
715 ratio, sive intellectus, non maculatur ex consideratione
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
716 quarumcumque rerum, sed magis perficitur. Ergo nec voluntas ex
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
717 peccato maculatur.</p><p title="I-II q. 86 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="37240"><span class="ref">[37240] Iª-IIae q. 86 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
718 si peccatum maculam causat, aut macula illa est aliquid positive,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
719 aut est privatio pura. Si sit aliquid positive, non potest esse
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
720 nisi dispositio vel habitus, nihil enim aliud videtur ex actu
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
721 causari. Dispositio autem et habitus non est, contingit enim,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
722 remota dispositione vel habitu, adhuc remanere maculam; ut patet in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
723 eo qui peccavit mortaliter prodigalitate, et postea transmutatur,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
724 mortaliter peccando, in habitum vitii oppositi. Non ergo macula
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
725 ponit aliquid positive in anima. Similiter etiam nec est privatio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
726 pura. Quia omnia peccata conveniunt ex parte aversionis et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
727 privationis gratiae. Sequeretur ergo quod omnium peccatorum esset
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
728 macula una. Ergo macula non est effectus peccati.</p><p title="I-II q. 86 a. 1 s. c."><a name="37241"><span class="ref">[37241] Iª-IIae q. 86 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
729 est quod dicitur, Eccli. XLVII, Salomoni, <i>dedisti maculam in
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parents: 26
diff changeset
730 gloria tua</i>. Et Ephes. V, <i>ut exhiberet sibi gloriosam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
731 Ecclesiam non habentem maculam aut rugam</i>. Et utrobique loquitur
53
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diff changeset
732 de macula peccati. Ergo macula est effectus peccati.</p><p title="I-II q. 86 a. 1 co."><a name="37242"><span class="ref">[37242] Iª-IIae q. 86 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
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diff changeset
733 dicendum quod macula proprie dicitur in corporalibus, quando
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parents: 26
diff changeset
734 aliquod corpus nitidum perdit suum nitorem ex contactu alterius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
735 corporis, sicut vestis et aurum et argentum, aut aliud huiusmodi.
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
736 In rebus autem spiritualibus ad similitudinem huius oportet maculam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
737 dici. Habet autem anima hominis duplicem nitorem, unum quidem ex
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parents: 26
diff changeset
738 refulgentia luminis naturalis rationis, per quam dirigitur in suis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
739 actibus; alium vero ex refulgentia divini luminis, scilicet
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parents: 26
diff changeset
740 sapientiae et gratiae, per quam etiam homo perficitur ad bene et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
741 decenter agendum. Est autem quasi quidam animae tactus, quando
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parents: 26
diff changeset
742 inhaeret aliquibus rebus per amorem. Cum autem peccat, adhaeret
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
743 rebus aliquibus contra lumen rationis et divinae legis, ut ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
744 supradictis patet. Unde ipsum detrimentum nitoris ex tali contactu
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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diff changeset
745 proveniens, macula animae metaphorice vocatur.</p><p title="I-II q. 86 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="37243"><span class="ref">[37243] Iª-IIae q. 86 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
746 ergo dicendum quod anima non inquinatur ex rebus inferioribus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
747 virtute earum, quasi agentibus eis in animam, sed magis e converso
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
748 anima sua actione se inquinat, inordinate eis inhaerendo, contra
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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diff changeset
749 lumen rationis et divinae legis.</p><p title="I-II q. 86 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="37244"><span class="ref">[37244] Iª-IIae q. 86 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
750 dicendum quod actio intellectus perficitur secundum quod res
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parents: 26
diff changeset
751 intelligibiles sunt in intellectu per modum ipsius intellectus, et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
752 ideo intellectus ex eis non inficitur, sed magis perficitur. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
753 actus voluntatis consistit in motu ad ipsas res, ita quod amor
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parents: 26
diff changeset
754 conglutinat animam rei amatae. Et ex hoc anima maculatur, quando in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
755 ordinate inhaeret; secundum illud Osee IX, <i>facti sunt
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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diff changeset
756 abominabiles, sicut ea quae dilexerunt</i>.</p><p title="I-II q. 86 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="37245"><span class="ref">[37245] Iª-IIae q. 86 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
757 dicendum quod macula non est aliquid positive in anima, nec
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
758 significat privationem solam, sed significat privationem quandam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
759 nitoris animae in ordine ad suam causam, quae est peccatum. Et ideo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
760 diversa peccata diversas maculas inducunt. Et est simile de umbra,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
761 quae est privatio luminis ex obiecto alicuius corporis, et secundum
53
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diff changeset
762 diversitatem corporum obiectorum diversificantur umbrae.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 2</h3><p title="I-II q. 86 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="37246"><span class="ref">[37246] Iª-IIae q. 86 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad secundum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
763 sic proceditur. Videtur quod macula non maneat in anima post actum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
764 peccati. Nihil enim manet in anima post actum, nisi habitus vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
765 dispositio. Sed macula non est habitus vel dispositio, ut supra
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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diff changeset
766 habitum est. Ergo macula non manet in anima post actum peccati.</p><p title="I-II q. 86 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="37247"><span class="ref">[37247] Iª-IIae q. 86 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
767 hoc modo se habet macula ad peccatum, sicut umbra ad corpus, ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
768 supra dictum est. Sed transeunte corpore, non manet umbra. Ergo,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
769 transeunte actu peccati, non manet macula.</p><p title="I-II q. 86 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="37248"><span class="ref">[37248] Iª-IIae q. 86 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
770 omnis effectus dependet ex sua causa. Causa autem maculae est actus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
771 peccati. Ergo, remoto actu peccati, non remanet macula in
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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diff changeset
772 anima.</p><p title="I-II q. 86 a. 2 s. c."><a name="37249"><span class="ref">[37249] Iª-IIae q. 86 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
773 est quod dicitur Iosue XXII, <i>an parum vobis est quod peccastis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
774 in Beelphegor, et usque in praesentem diem macula huius sceleris in
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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diff changeset
775 vobis permanet?</i></p><p title="I-II q. 86 a. 2 co."><a name="37250"><span class="ref">[37250] Iª-IIae q. 86 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
776 dicendum quod macula peccati remanet in anima, etiam transeunte
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
777 actu peccati. Cuius ratio est quia macula, sicut dictum est,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
778 importat quendam defectum nitoris propter recessum a lumine
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
779 rationis vel divinae legis. Et ideo quandiu homo manet extra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
780 huiusmodi lumen, manet in eo macula peccati, sed postquam redit ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
781 lumen divinum et ad lumen rationis, quod fit per gratiam, tunc
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
782 macula cessat. Licet autem cesset actus peccati, quo homo discessit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
783 a lumine rationis vel legis divinae, non tamen statim homo ad illud
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
784 redit in quo fuerat, sed requiritur aliquis motus voluntatis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
785 contrarius primo motui. Sicut si aliquis sit distans alicui per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
786 aliquem motum, non statim cessante motu fit ei propinquus, sed
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
787 oportet quod appropinquet rediens per motum contrarium.</p><p title="I-II q. 86 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="37251"><span class="ref">[37251] Iª-IIae q. 86 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
788 ergo dicendum quod post actum peccati nihil positive remanet in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
789 anima nisi dispositio vel habitus, remanet tamen aliquid privative,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
790 scilicet privatio coniunctionis ad divinum lumen.</p><p title="I-II q. 86 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="37252"><span class="ref">[37252] Iª-IIae q. 86 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
791 dicendum quod, transeunte obstaculo corporis, remanet corpus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
792 diaphanum in aequali propinquitate et habitudine ad corpus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
793 illuminans, et ideo statim umbra transit. Sed remoto actu peccati,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
794 non remanet anima in eadem habitudine ad Deum. Unde non est similis
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
795 ratio.</p><p title="I-II q. 86 a. 2 ad 3"><a name="37253"><span class="ref">[37253] Iª-IIae q. 86 a. 2 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
796 dicendum quod actus peccati facit distantiam a Deo, quam quidem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
797 distantiam sequitur defectus nitoris, hoc modo sicut motus localis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
798 facit localem distantiam. Unde sicut, cessante motu, non tollitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
799 distantia localis; ita nec, cessante actu peccati, tollitur
59
03759e5c1080 fix multi-para s.c.
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parents: 53
diff changeset
800 macula.</p></div></div><div id="q87" class="q"><h2>Quaestio 87</h2><div class="p"><h3>Prooemium</h3><p title="I-II q. 87 pr."><a name="37254"><span class="ref">[37254]
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
801 Iª-IIae q. 87 pr.</span></a> Deinde considerandum est de reatu
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
802 poenae. Et primo, de ipso reatu; secundo, de mortali et veniali
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
803 peccato, quae distinguuntur secundum reatum. Circa primum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
804 quaeruntur octo. Primo, utrum reatus poenae sit effectus peccati.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
805 Secundo, utrum peccatum possit esse poena alterius peccati. Tertio,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
806 utrum aliquod peccatum faciat reum aeterna poena. Quarto, utrum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
807 faciat reum poena infinita secundum quantitatem. Quinto, utrum omne
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
808 peccatum faciat reum aeterna et infinita poena. Sexto, utrum reatus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
809 poenae possit remanere post peccatum. Septimo, utrum omnis poena
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
810 inferatur pro aliquo peccato. Octavo, utrum unus sit reus poenae
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
811 pro peccato alterius.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 1</h3><p title="I-II q. 87 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="37255"><span class="ref">[37255] Iª-IIae q. 87 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
812 sic proceditur. Videtur quod reatus poenae non sit effectus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
813 peccati. Quod enim per accidens se habet ad aliquid, non videtur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
814 esse proprius effectus eius. Sed reatus poenae per accidens se
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
815 habet ad peccatum, cum sit praeter intentionem peccantis. Ergo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
816 reatus poenae non est effectus peccati.</p><p title="I-II q. 87 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="37256"><span class="ref">[37256] Iª-IIae q. 87 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
817 malum non est causa boni. Sed poena bona est, cum sit iusta, et a
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
818 Deo. Ergo non est effectus peccati, quod est malum.</p><p title="I-II q. 87 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="37257"><span class="ref">[37257] Iª-IIae q. 87 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
819 Augustinus dicit, in I Confess., quod <i>omnis inordinatus animus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
820 sibi ipsi est poena</i>. Sed poena non causat reatum alterius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
821 poenae, quia sic iretur in infinitum. Ergo peccatum non causat
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
822 reatum poenae.</p><p title="I-II q. 87 a. 1 s. c."><a name="37258"><span class="ref">[37258] Iª-IIae q. 87 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
823 est quod dicitur Rom. II, <i>tribulatio et angustia in animam omnem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
824 operantis malum</i>. Sed operari malum est peccare. Ergo peccatum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
825 inducit poenam, quae nomine tribulationis et angustiae
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
826 designatur.</p><p title="I-II q. 87 a. 1 co."><a name="37259"><span class="ref">[37259] Iª-IIae q. 87 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
827 dicendum quod ex rebus naturalibus ad res humanas derivatur ut id
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parents: 26
diff changeset
828 quod contra aliquid insurgit, ab eo detrimentum patiatur. Videmus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
829 enim in rebus naturalibus quod unum contrarium vehementius agit,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
830 altero contrario superveniente, propter quod aquae calefactae magis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
831 congelantur, ut dicitur in I Meteor. Unde in hominibus hoc ex
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parents: 26
diff changeset
832 naturali inclinatione invenitur, ut unusquisque deprimat eum qui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
833 contra ipsum insurgit. Manifestum est autem quod quaecumque
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parents: 26
diff changeset
834 continentur sub aliquo ordine, sunt quodammodo unum in ordine ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
835 principium ordinis. Unde quidquid contra ordinem aliquem insurgit,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
836 consequens est ut ab ipso ordine, vel principe ordinis, deprimatur.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
837 Cum autem peccatum sit actus inordinatus, manifestum est quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
838 quicumque peccat, contra aliquem ordinem agit. Et ideo ab ipso
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
839 ordine consequens est quod deprimatur. Quae quidem depressio poena
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parents: 26
diff changeset
840 est. Unde secundum tres ordines quibus subditur humana voluntas,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
841 triplici poena potest homo puniri. Primo quidem enim subditur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
842 humana natura ordini propriae rationis; secundo, ordini exterioris
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parents: 26
diff changeset
843 hominis gubernantis vel spiritualiter vel temporaliter, politice
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parents: 26
diff changeset
844 seu oeconomice; tertio, subditur universali ordini divini
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parents: 26
diff changeset
845 regiminis. Quilibet autem horum ordinum per peccatum pervertitur,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
846 dum ille qui peccat, agit et contra rationem, et contra legem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
847 humanam, et contra legem divinam. Unde triplicem poenam incurrit,
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diff changeset
848 unam quidem a seipso, quae est conscientiae remorsus, aliam vero ab
53
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diff changeset
849 homine, tertiam vero a Deo.</p><p title="I-II q. 87 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="37260"><span class="ref">[37260] Iª-IIae q. 87 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
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diff changeset
850 ergo dicendum quod poena consequitur peccatum inquantum malum est,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
851 ratione suae inordinationis. Unde sicut malum est per accidens in
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parents: 26
diff changeset
852 actu peccantis, praeter intentionem ipsius, ita et reatus
53
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diff changeset
853 poenae.</p><p title="I-II q. 87 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="37261"><span class="ref">[37261] Iª-IIae q. 87 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
854 dicendum quod poena quidem iusta esse potest et a Deo et ab homine
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parents: 26
diff changeset
855 inflicta, unde ipsa poena non est effectus peccati directe, sed
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parents: 26
diff changeset
856 solum dispositive. Sed peccatum facit hominem esse reum poenae,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
857 quod est malum, dicit enim Dionysius, IV cap. de Div. Nom., quod
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diff changeset
858 <i>puniri non est malum, sed fieri poena dignum</i>. Unde reatus
53
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diff changeset
859 poenae directe ponitur effectus peccati.</p><p title="I-II q. 87 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="37262"><span class="ref">[37262] Iª-IIae q. 87 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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diff changeset
860 dicendum quod poena illa inordinati animi debetur peccato ex hoc
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
861 quod ordinem rationis pervertit. Fit autem reus alterius poenae,
53
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diff changeset
862 per hoc quod pervertit ordinem legis divinae vel humanae.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 2</h3><p title="I-II q. 87 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="37263"><span class="ref">[37263] Iª-IIae q. 87 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
863 sic proceditur. Videtur quod peccatum non possit esse poena
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
864 peccati. Poenae enim sunt inductae ut per eas homines reducantur ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
865 bonum virtutis, ut patet per philosophum, in X Ethic. Sed per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
866 peccatum non reducitur homo in bonum virtutis, sed in oppositum.
53
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diff changeset
867 Ergo peccatum non est poena peccati.</p><p title="I-II q. 87 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="37264"><span class="ref">[37264] Iª-IIae q. 87 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
868 poenae iustae sunt a Deo, ut patet per Augustinum, in libro
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
869 octoginta trium quaest. Peccatum autem non est a Deo, et est
53
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diff changeset
870 iniustum. Non ergo peccatum potest esse poena peccati.</p><p title="I-II q. 87 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="37265"><span class="ref">[37265] Iª-IIae q. 87 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
871 de ratione poenae est quod sit contra voluntatem. Sed peccatum est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
872 a voluntate, ut ex supradictis patet. Ergo peccatum non potest esse
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
873 poena peccati.</p><p title="I-II q. 87 a. 2 s. c."><a name="37266"><span class="ref">[37266] Iª-IIae q. 87 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
874 est quod Gregorius dicit, super Ezech., quod quaedam peccata sunt
53
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diff changeset
875 poenae peccati.</p><p title="I-II q. 87 a. 2 co."><a name="37267"><span class="ref">[37267] Iª-IIae q. 87 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
876 dicendum quod de peccato dupliciter loqui possumus, per se, et per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
877 accidens. Per se quidem nullo modo peccatum potest esse poena
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
878 peccati. Peccatum enim per se consideratur secundum quod egreditur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
879 a voluntate, sic enim habet rationem culpae. De ratione autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
880 poenae est quod sit contra voluntatem, ut in primo habitum est.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
881 Unde manifestum est quod nullo modo, per se loquendo, peccatum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
882 potest esse poena peccati. Per accidens autem peccatum potest esse
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
883 poena peccati, tripliciter. Primo quidem, ex parte causae quae est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
884 remotio prohibentis. Sunt enim causae inclinantes ad peccatum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
885 passiones, tentatio Diaboli, et alia huiusmodi; quae quidem causae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
886 impediuntur per auxilium divinae gratiae, quae subtrahitur per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
887 peccatum. Unde cum ipsa subtractio gratiae sit quaedam poena, et a
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
888 Deo, ut supra dictum est; sequitur quod per accidens etiam peccatum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
889 quod ex hoc sequitur, poena dicatur. Et hoc modo loquitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
890 apostolus, Rom. I, dicens, <i>propter quod tradidit eos Deus in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
891 desideria cordis eorum</i>, quae sunt animae passiones, quia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
892 scilicet deserti homines ab auxilio divinae gratiae, vincuntur a
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
893 passionibus. Et hoc modo semper peccatum dicitur esse poena
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
894 praecedentis peccati. Alio modo ex parte substantiae actus, quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
895 afflictionem inducit, sive sit actus interior, ut patet in ira et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
896 invidia; sive actus exterior, ut patet cum aliqui gravi labore
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
897 opprimuntur et damno, ut expleant actum peccati, secundum illud
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
898 Sap. V, <i>lassati sumus in via iniquitatis</i>. Tertio modo, ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
899 parte effectus, ut scilicet aliquod peccatum dicatur poena respectu
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
900 effectus consequentis. Et his duobus ultimis modis, unum peccatum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
901 non solum est poena praecedentis peccati, sed etiam sui.</p><p title="I-II q. 87 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="37268"><span class="ref">[37268] Iª-IIae q. 87 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
902 ergo dicendum quod hoc etiam quod aliqui puniuntur a Deo, dum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
903 permittit eos in aliqua peccata profluere, ad bonum virtutis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
904 ordinatur. Quandoque quidem etiam ipsorum qui peccant, cum scilicet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
905 post peccatum humiliores et cautiores resurgunt. Semper autem est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
906 ad emendationem aliorum, qui videntes aliquos ruere de peccato in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
907 peccatum, magis reformidant peccare. In aliis autem duobus modis,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
908 manifestum est quod poena ordinatur ad emendationem quia hoc ipsum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
909 quod homo laborem et detrimentum patitur in peccando, natum est
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
910 retrahere homines a peccato.</p><p title="I-II q. 87 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="37269"><span class="ref">[37269] Iª-IIae q. 87 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
911 dicendum quod ratio illa procedit de peccato secundum se.</p><p title="I-II q. 87 a. 2 ad 3"><a name="37270"><span class="ref">[37270] Iª-IIae q. 87 a. 2 ad 3</span></a> Et similiter
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
912 dicendum est ad tertium.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 3</h3><p title="I-II q. 87 a. 3 arg. 1"><a name="37271"><span class="ref">[37271] Iª-IIae q. 87 a. 3 arg. 1</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
913 sic proceditur. Videtur quod nullum peccatum inducat reatum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
914 aeternae poenae. Poena enim iusta adaequatur culpae, iustitia enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
915 aequalitas est. Unde dicitur Isaiae XXVII, <i>in mensura contra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
916 mensuram, cum abiecta fuerit, iudicabit eam</i>. Sed peccatum est
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
917 temporale. Ergo non inducit reatum poenae aeternae.</p><p title="I-II q. 87 a. 3 arg. 2"><a name="37272"><span class="ref">[37272] Iª-IIae q. 87 a. 3 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
918 poenae medicinae quaedam sunt, ut dicitur in II Ethic. Sed nulla
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
919 medicina debet esse infinita, quia ordinatur ad finem; <i>quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
920 autem ordinatur ad finem, non est infinitum</i>, ut philosophus
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
921 dicit, in I Polit. Ergo nulla poena debet esse infinita.</p><p title="I-II q. 87 a. 3 arg. 3"><a name="37273"><span class="ref">[37273] Iª-IIae q. 87 a. 3 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
922 nullus semper facit aliquid, nisi propter se in ipso delectetur.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
923 <i>Sed Deus non delectatur in perditione hominum</i>, ut dicitur
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
924 Sap. I. Ergo non puniet homines poena sempiterna.</p><p title="I-II q. 87 a. 3 arg. 4"><a name="37274"><span class="ref">[37274] Iª-IIae q. 87 a. 3 arg. 4</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
925 nihil quod est per accidens, est infinitum. Sed poena est per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
926 accidens, non est enim secundum naturam eius qui punitur. Ergo non
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
927 potest in infinitum durare.</p><p title="I-II q. 87 a. 3 s. c."><a name="37275"><span class="ref">[37275] Iª-IIae q. 87 a. 3 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
928 est quod dicitur Matth. XXV, <i>ibunt hi in supplicium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
929 aeternum</i>. Et Marc. III dicitur, <i>qui autem blasphemaverit in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
930 spiritum sanctum, non habebit remissionem in aeternum, sed erit
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
931 reus aeterni delicti</i>.</p><p title="I-II q. 87 a. 3 co."><a name="37276"><span class="ref">[37276] Iª-IIae q. 87 a. 3 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
932 dicendum quod, sicut supra dictum est, peccatum ex hoc inducit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
933 reatum poenae, quod pervertit aliquem ordinem. Manente autem causa,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
934 manet effectus. Unde quandiu perversitas ordinis remanet, necesse
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
935 est quod remaneat reatus poenae. Pervertit autem aliquis ordinem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
936 quandoque quidem reparabiliter, quandoque autem irreparabiliter.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
937 Semper enim defectus quo subtrahitur principium, irreparabilis est,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
938 si autem salvetur principium, eius virtute defectus reparari
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
939 possunt. Sicut si corrumpatur principium visivum, non potest fieri
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
940 visionis reparatio, nisi sola virtute divina, si vero, salvo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
941 principio visivo, aliqua impedimenta adveniant visioni, reparari
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
942 possunt per naturam vel per artem. Cuiuslibet autem ordinis est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
943 aliquod principium, per quod aliquis fit particeps illius ordinis.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
944 Et ideo si per peccatum corrumpatur principium ordinis quo voluntas
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
945 hominis subditur Deo, erit inordinatio, quantum est de se,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
946 irreparabilis, etsi reparari possit virtute divina. Principium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
947 autem huius ordinis est ultimus finis, cui homo inhaeret per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
948 caritatem. Et ideo quaecumque peccata avertunt a Deo, caritatem
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
949 auferentia, quantum est de se, inducunt reatum aeternae poenae.</p><p title="I-II q. 87 a. 3 ad 1"><a name="37277"><span class="ref">[37277] Iª-IIae q. 87 a. 3 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
950 ergo dicendum quod poena peccato proportionatur secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
951 acerbitatem, tam in iudicio divino quam in humano, sicut Augustinus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
952 dicit, XXI de Civ. Dei, in nullo iudicio requiritur ut poena
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
953 adaequetur culpae secundum durationem. Non enim quia adulterium vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
954 homicidium in momento committitur, propter hoc momentanea poena
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
955 punitur, sed quandoque quidem perpetuo carcere vel exilio,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
956 quandoque etiam morte. In qua non consideratur occisionis mora, sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
957 potius quod in perpetuum auferatur a societate viventium, et sic
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
958 repraesentat suo modo aeternitatem poenae inflictae divinitus.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
959 Iustum autem est, secundum Gregorium, quod qui in suo aeterno
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
960 peccavit contra Deum, in aeterno Dei puniatur. Dicitur autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
961 aliquis in suo aeterno peccasse, non solum secundum continuationem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
962 actus in tota hominis vita durantis, sed quia ex hoc ipso quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
963 finem in peccato constituit, voluntatem habet in aeternum peccandi.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
964 Unde dicit Gregorius, XXXIV Moral., quod <i>iniqui voluissent sine
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parents: 26
diff changeset
965 fine vivere, ut sine fine potuissent in iniquitatibus
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
966 permanere</i>.</p><p title="I-II q. 87 a. 3 ad 2"><a name="37278"><span class="ref">[37278] Iª-IIae q. 87 a. 3 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
967 dicendum quod poena etiam quae secundum leges humanas infligitur,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
968 non semper est medicinalis ei qui punitur, sed solum aliis, sicut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
969 cum latro suspenditur, non ut ipse emendetur, sed propter alios, ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
970 saltem metu poenae peccare desistant; secundum illud Prov. XIX,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
971 <i>pestilente flagellato, stultus sapientior erit</i>. Sic igitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
972 et aeternae poenae reproborum a Deo inflictae, sunt medicinales his
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
973 qui consideratione poenarum abstinent a peccatis; secundum illud
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
974 Psalmi LIX, <i>dedisti metuentibus te significationem, ut fugiant a
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
975 facie arcus, ut liberentur dilecti tui</i>.</p><p title="I-II q. 87 a. 3 ad 3"><a name="37279"><span class="ref">[37279] Iª-IIae q. 87 a. 3 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
976 dicendum quod Deus non delectatur in poenis propter ipsas; sed
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
977 delectatur in ordine suae iustitiae, quae haec requirit.</p><p title="I-II q. 87 a. 3 ad 4"><a name="37280"><span class="ref">[37280] Iª-IIae q. 87 a. 3 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
978 dicendum quod poena, etsi per accidens ordinetur ad naturam, per se
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
979 tamen ordinatur ad privationem ordinis et ad Dei iustitiam. Et
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
980 ideo, durante inordinatione, semper durat poena.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 4</h3><p title="I-II q. 87 a. 4 arg. 1"><a name="37281"><span class="ref">[37281] Iª-IIae q. 87 a. 4 arg. 1</span></a> Ad quartum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
981 sic proceditur. Videtur quod peccato debeatur poena infinita
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
982 secundum quantitatem. Dicitur enim Ierem. X, <i>corripe me, domine,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
983 veruntamen in iudicio, et non in furore tuo, ne forte ad nihilum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
984 redigas me</i>. Ira autem vel furor Dei metaphorice significat
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parents: 26
diff changeset
985 vindictam divinae iustitiae, redigi autem in nihilum est poena
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parents: 26
diff changeset
986 infinita, sicut et ex nihilo aliquid facere est virtutis infinitae.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
987 Ergo secundum vindictam divinam, peccatum punitur poena infinita
53
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diff changeset
988 secundum quantitatem.</p><p title="I-II q. 87 a. 4 arg. 2"><a name="37282"><span class="ref">[37282] Iª-IIae q. 87 a. 4 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
989 quantitati culpae respondet quantitas poenae; secundum illud
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
990 Deuteron. XXV, <i>pro mensura peccati erit et plagarum modus</i>.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
991 Sed peccatum quod contra Deum committitur, est infinitum, tanto
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
992 enim gravius est peccatum, quanto maior est persona contra quam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
993 peccatur, sicut gravius peccatum est percutere principem quam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
994 percutere hominem privatum; Dei autem magnitudo est infinita. Ergo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
995 poena infinita debetur pro peccato quod contra Deum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
996 committitur.</p><p title="I-II q. 87 a. 4 arg. 3"><a name="37283"><span class="ref">[37283] Iª-IIae q. 87 a. 4 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
997 dupliciter est aliquid infinitum, duratione scilicet, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
998 quantitate. Sed duratione est poena infinita. Ergo et
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
999 quantitate.</p><p title="I-II q. 87 a. 4 s. c."><a name="37284"><span class="ref">[37284] Iª-IIae q. 87 a. 4 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1000 est quia secundum hoc omnium mortalium peccatorum poenae essent
53
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diff changeset
1001 aequales, non enim est infinitum infinito maius.</p><p title="I-II q. 87 a. 4 co."><a name="37285"><span class="ref">[37285] Iª-IIae q. 87 a. 4 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1002 dicendum quod poena proportionatur peccato. In peccato autem duo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1003 sunt. Quorum unum est aversio ab incommutabili bono, quod est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1004 infinitum, unde ex hac parte peccatum est infinitum. Aliud quod est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1005 in peccato, est inordinata conversio ad commutabile bonum. Et ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1006 hac parte peccatum est finitum, tum quia ipsum bonum commutabile
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1007 est finitum; tum quia ipsa conversio est finita, non enim possunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1008 esse actus creaturae infiniti. Ex parte igitur aversionis,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1009 respondet peccato poena damni, quae etiam est infinita, est enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1010 amissio infiniti boni, scilicet Dei. Ex parte autem inordinatae
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1011 conversionis, respondet ei poena sensus, quae etiam est finita.</p><p title="I-II q. 87 a. 4 ad 1"><a name="37286"><span class="ref">[37286] Iª-IIae q. 87 a. 4 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1012 ergo dicendum quod omnino redigi in nihilum eum qui peccat, non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1013 convenit divinae iustitiae, quia repugnat perpetuitati poenae, quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1014 est secundum divinam iustitiam, ut dictum est. Sed in nihilum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1015 redigi dicitur qui spiritualibus bonis privatur; secundum illud I
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1016 Cor. XIII, <i>si non habuero caritatem, nihil sum</i>.</p><p title="I-II q. 87 a. 4 ad 2"><a name="37287"><span class="ref">[37287] Iª-IIae q. 87 a. 4 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1017 dicendum quod ratio illa procedit de peccato ex parte aversionis,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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diff changeset
1018 sic enim homo contra Deum peccat.</p><p title="I-II q. 87 a. 4 ad 3"><a name="37288"><span class="ref">[37288] Iª-IIae q. 87 a. 4 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1019 dicendum quod duratio poenae respondet durationi culpae, non quidem
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1020 ex parte actus, sed ex parte maculae, qua durante manet reatus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1021 poenae. Sed acerbitas poenae respondet gravitati culpae. Culpa
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1022 autem quae est irreparabilis, de se habet quod perpetuo duret, et
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1023 ideo debetur ei poena aeterna. Non autem ex parte conversionis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1024 habet infinitatem, et ideo non debetur ei ex hac parte poena
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1025 infinita secundum quantitatem.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 5</h3><p title="I-II q. 87 a. 5 arg. 1"><a name="37289"><span class="ref">[37289] Iª-IIae q. 87 a. 5 arg. 1</span></a> Ad quintum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1026 sic proceditur. Videtur quod omne peccatum inducat reatum poenae
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1027 aeternae. Poena enim, ut dictum est, proportionatur culpae. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1028 poena aeterna differt a temporali in infinitum. Nullum autem
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1029 peccatum differre videtur ab altero in infinitum, cum omne peccatum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1030 sit humanus actus, qui infinitus esse non potest. Cum ergo alicui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1031 peccato debeatur poena aeterna, sicut dictum est, videtur quod
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1032 nulli peccato debeatur poena temporalis tantum.</p><p title="I-II q. 87 a. 5 arg. 2"><a name="37290"><span class="ref">[37290] Iª-IIae q. 87 a. 5 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1033 peccatum originale est minimum peccatorum, unde et Augustinus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1034 dicit, in Enchirid., quod <i>mitissima poena est eorum qui pro solo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1035 peccato originali puniuntur</i>. Sed peccato originali debetur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1036 poena perpetua, nunquam enim videbunt regnum Dei pueri qui sine
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1037 Baptismo decesserunt cum originali peccato; ut patet per id quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1038 dominus dicit, Ioan. III, <i>nisi quis renatus fuerit denuo, non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1039 potest videre regnum Dei</i>. Ergo multo magis omnium aliorum
53
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diff changeset
1040 peccatorum poena erit aeterna.</p><p title="I-II q. 87 a. 5 arg. 3"><a name="37291"><span class="ref">[37291] Iª-IIae q. 87 a. 5 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1041 peccato non debetur maior poena ex hoc quod alteri peccato
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1042 adiungitur, cum utrumque peccatum suam habeat poenam taxatam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1043 secundum divinam iustitiam. Sed peccato veniali debetur poena
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1044 aeterna, si cum mortali peccato inveniatur in aliquo damnato, quia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1045 in Inferno nulla potest esse remissio. Ergo peccato veniali
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1046 simpliciter debetur poena aeterna. Nulli ergo peccato debetur poena
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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diff changeset
1047 temporalis.</p><p title="I-II q. 87 a. 5 s. c."><a name="37292"><span class="ref">[37292] Iª-IIae q. 87 a. 5 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1048 est quod Gregorius dicit, in IV Dialog., quod quaedam leviores
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1049 culpae post hanc vitam remittuntur. Non ergo omnia peccata aeterna
53
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diff changeset
1050 poena puniuntur.</p><p title="I-II q. 87 a. 5 co."><a name="37293"><span class="ref">[37293] Iª-IIae q. 87 a. 5 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1051 dicendum quod, sicut supra dictum est, peccatum causat reatum
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1052 poenae aeternae, inquantum irreparabiliter repugnat ordini divinae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1053 iustitiae, per hoc scilicet quod contrariatur ipsi principio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1054 ordinis, quod est ultimus finis. Manifestum est autem quod in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1055 quibusdam peccatis est quidem aliqua inordinatio, non tamen per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1056 contrarietatem ad ultimum finem, sed solum circa ea quae sunt ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1057 finem, inquantum plus vel minus debite eis intenditur, salvato
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1058 tamen ordine ad ultimum finem, puta cum homo, etsi nimis ad aliquam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1059 rem temporalem afficiatur, non tamen pro ea vellet Deum offendere,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1060 aliquid contra praeceptum eius faciendo. Unde huiusmodi peccatis
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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diff changeset
1061 non debetur aeterna poena, sed temporalis.</p><p title="I-II q. 87 a. 5 ad 1"><a name="37294"><span class="ref">[37294] Iª-IIae q. 87 a. 5 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1062 ergo dicendum quod peccata non differunt in infinitum ex parte
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1063 conversionis ad bonum commutabile, in qua consistit substantia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1064 actus, differunt autem in infinitum ex parte aversionis. Nam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1065 quaedam peccata committuntur per aversionem ab ultimo fine, quaedam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1066 vero per inordinationem circa ea quae sunt ad finem. Finis autem
53
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diff changeset
1067 ultimus ab his quae sunt ad finem, in infinitum differt.</p><p title="I-II q. 87 a. 5 ad 2"><a name="37295"><span class="ref">[37295] Iª-IIae q. 87 a. 5 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1068 dicendum quod peccato originali non debetur poena aeterna ratione
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1069 suae gravitatis, sed ratione conditionis subiecti, scilicet hominis
53
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diff changeset
1070 qui sine gratia invenitur, per quam solam fit remissio poenae.</p><p title="I-II q. 87 a. 5 ad 3"><a name="37296"><span class="ref">[37296] Iª-IIae q. 87 a. 5 ad 3</span></a> Et similiter
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1071 dicendum est ad tertium, de veniali peccato. Aeternitas enim poenae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1072 non respondet quantitati culpae, sed irremissibilitati ipsius, ut
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1073 dictum est.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 6</h3><p title="I-II q. 87 a. 6 arg. 1"><a name="37297"><span class="ref">[37297] Iª-IIae q. 87 a. 6 arg. 1</span></a> Ad sextum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1074 sic proceditur. Videtur quod reatus poenae non remaneat post
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1075 peccatum. Remota enim causa, removetur effectus. Sed peccatum est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1076 causa reatus poenae. Ergo, remoto peccato, cessat reatus
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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diff changeset
1077 poenae.</p><p title="I-II q. 87 a. 6 arg. 2"><a name="37298"><span class="ref">[37298] Iª-IIae q. 87 a. 6 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1078 peccatum removetur per hoc quod homo ad virtutem redit. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1079 virtuoso non debetur poena, sed magis praemium. Ergo, remoto
53
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diff changeset
1080 peccato, non remanet reatus poenae.</p><p title="I-II q. 87 a. 6 arg. 3"><a name="37299"><span class="ref">[37299] Iª-IIae q. 87 a. 6 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1081 poenae sunt medicinae, ut dicitur in II Ethic. Sed postquam aliquis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1082 iam est ab infirmitate curatus, non adhibetur sibi medicina. Ergo,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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diff changeset
1083 remoto peccato, non remanet debitum poenae.</p><p title="I-II q. 87 a. 6 s. c."><a name="37300"><span class="ref">[37300] Iª-IIae q. 87 a. 6 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1084 est quod dicitur II Reg. XII, quod <i>David dixit ad Nathan,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1085 peccavi domino. Dixitque Nathan ad David, dominus quoque transtulit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1086 peccatum tuum, non morieris. Veruntamen quia blasphemare fecisti
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1087 inimicos nomen domini, filius qui natus est tibi, morte
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1088 morietur</i>. Punitur ergo aliquis a Deo etiam postquam ei peccatum
53
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diff changeset
1089 dimittitur. Et sic reatus poenae remanet, peccato remoto.</p><p title="I-II q. 87 a. 6 co."><a name="37301"><span class="ref">[37301] Iª-IIae q. 87 a. 6 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1090 dicendum quod in peccato duo possunt considerari, scilicet actus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1091 culpae, et macula sequens. Planum est autem quod, cessante actu
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1092 peccati, remanet reatus, in omnibus peccatis actualibus. Actus enim
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1093 peccati facit hominem reum poenae, inquantum transgreditur ordinem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1094 divinae iustitiae; ad quem non redit nisi per quandam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1095 recompensationem poenae, quae ad aequalitatem iustitiae reducit; ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1096 scilicet qui plus voluntati suae indulsit quam debuit, contra
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1097 mandatum Dei agens, secundum ordinem divinae iustitiae, aliquid
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1098 contra illud quod vellet, spontaneus vel invitus patiatur. Quod
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1099 etiam in iniuriis hominibus factis observatur, ut per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1100 recompensationem poenae reintegretur aequalitas iustitiae. Unde
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1101 patet quod, cessante actu peccati vel iniuriae illatae, adhuc
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1102 remanet debitum poenae. Sed si loquamur de ablatione peccati
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1103 quantum ad maculam, sic manifestum est quod macula peccati ab anima
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1104 auferri non potest, nisi per hoc quod anima Deo coniungitur, per
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1105 cuius distantiam detrimentum proprii nitoris incurrebat, quod est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1106 macula, ut supra dictum est. Coniungitur autem homo Deo per
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1107 voluntatem. Unde macula peccati ab homine tolli non potest nisi
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1108 voluntas hominis ordinem divinae iustitiae acceptet, ut scilicet
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1109 vel ipse poenam sibi spontaneus assumat in recompensationem culpae
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1110 praeteritae, vel etiam a Deo illatam patienter sustineat, utroque
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1111 enim modo poena rationem satisfactionis habet. Poena autem
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1112 satisfactoria diminuit aliquid de ratione poenae. Est enim de
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1113 ratione poenae quod sit contra voluntatem. Poena autem
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1114 satisfactoria, etsi secundum absolutam considerationem sit contra
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1115 voluntatem, tamen tunc, et pro hoc, est voluntaria. Unde
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1116 simpliciter est voluntaria, secundum quid autem involuntaria, sicut
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1117 patet ex his quae supra de voluntario et involuntario dicta sunt.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1118 Dicendum est ergo quod, remota macula culpae, potest quidem
53
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1119 remanere reatus non poenae simpliciter, sed satisfactoriae.</p><p title="I-II q. 87 a. 6 ad 1"><a name="37302"><span class="ref">[37302] Iª-IIae q. 87 a. 6 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1120 ergo dicendum quod sicut, cessante actu peccati, remanet macula, ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1121 supra dictum est; ita etiam potest remanere reatus. Cessante vero
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1122 macula, non remanet reatus secundum eandem rationem, ut dictum
53
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diff changeset
1123 est.</p><p title="I-II q. 87 a. 6 ad 2"><a name="37303"><span class="ref">[37303] Iª-IIae q. 87 a. 6 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
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diff changeset
1124 dicendum quod virtuoso non debetur poena simpliciter, potest tamen
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1125 sibi deberi poena ut satisfactoria, quia hoc ipsum ad virtutem
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diff changeset
1126 pertinet, ut satisfaciat pro his in quibus offendit vel Deum vel
53
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diff changeset
1127 hominem.</p><p title="I-II q. 87 a. 6 ad 3"><a name="37304"><span class="ref">[37304] Iª-IIae q. 87 a. 6 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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diff changeset
1128 dicendum quod, remota macula, sanatum est vulnus peccati quantum ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1129 voluntatem. Requiritur autem adhuc poena ad sanationem aliarum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1130 virium animae, quae per peccatum praecedens deordinatae fuerunt, ut
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1131 scilicet per contraria curentur. Requiritur etiam ad restituendum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1132 aequalitatem iustitiae; et ad amovendum scandalum aliorum, ut
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diff changeset
1133 aedificentur in poena qui sunt scandalizati in culpa; ut patet ex
53
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diff changeset
1134 exemplo de David inducto.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 7</h3><p title="I-II q. 87 a. 7 arg. 1"><a name="37305"><span class="ref">[37305] Iª-IIae q. 87 a. 7 arg. 1</span></a> Ad septimum
28
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diff changeset
1135 sic proceditur. Videtur quod non omnis poena sit propter aliquam
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diff changeset
1136 culpam. Dicitur enim Ioan. IX, de caeco nato, <i>neque hic
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diff changeset
1137 peccavit, neque parentes eius, ut nasceretur caecus</i>. Et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1138 similiter videmus quod multi pueri, etiam baptizati, graves poenas
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1139 patiuntur, ut puta febres, Daemonum oppressiones, et multa
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1140 huiusmodi, cum tamen in eis non sit peccatum, postquam sunt
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diff changeset
1141 baptizati. Et antequam sint baptizati, non est in eis plus de
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diff changeset
1142 peccato quam in aliis pueris, qui haec non patiuntur. Non ergo
53
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diff changeset
1143 omnis poena est pro peccato.</p><p title="I-II q. 87 a. 7 arg. 2"><a name="37306"><span class="ref">[37306] Iª-IIae q. 87 a. 7 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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diff changeset
1144 eiusdem rationis esse videtur quod peccatores prosperentur, et quod
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1145 aliqui innocentes puniantur. Utrumque autem in rebus humanis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1146 frequenter invenimus, dicitur enim de iniquis in Psalmo LXXII,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1147 <i>in labore hominum non sunt, et cum hominibus non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1148 flagellabuntur</i>; et Iob XXI, <i>impii vivunt, sublevati sunt,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1149 confortatique divitiis</i>; et Habacuc I, dicitur, <i>quare
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1150 respicis contemptores et taces, conculcante impio iustiorem se?</i>
53
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diff changeset
1151 Non ergo omnis poena infligitur pro culpa.</p><p title="I-II q. 87 a. 7 arg. 3"><a name="37307"><span class="ref">[37307] Iª-IIae q. 87 a. 7 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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diff changeset
1152 de Christo dicitur I Pet. II, quod <i>peccatum non fecit, nec
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1153 inventus est dolus in ore eius</i>. Et tamen ibidem dicitur quod
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diff changeset
1154 <i>passus est pro nobis</i>. Ergo non semper poena a Deo
53
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diff changeset
1155 dispensatur pro culpa.</p><p title="I-II q. 87 a. 7 s. c."><a name="37308"><span class="ref">[37308] Iª-IIae q. 87 a. 7 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
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diff changeset
1156 est quod dicitur Iob IV, <i>quis unquam innocens periit? Aut quando
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1157 recti deleti sunt? Quin potius vidi eos qui operantur iniquitatem,
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diff changeset
1158 flante Deo, periisse</i>. Et Augustinus dicit, in I Retract., quod
53
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diff changeset
1159 <i>omnis poena iusta est, et pro peccato aliquo impenditur</i>.</p><p title="I-II q. 87 a. 7 co."><a name="37309"><span class="ref">[37309] Iª-IIae q. 87 a. 7 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
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diff changeset
1160 dicendum quod, sicut iam dictum est, poena potest dupliciter
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1161 considerari, simpliciter, et inquantum est satisfactoria. Poena
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1162 quidem satisfactoria est quodammodo voluntaria. Et quia contingit
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1163 eos qui differunt in reatu poenae, esse unum secundum voluntatem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1164 unione amoris, inde est quod interdum aliquis qui non peccavit,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1165 poenam voluntarius pro alio portat, sicut etiam in rebus humanis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1166 videmus quod aliquis in se transfert alterius debitum. Si vero
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1167 loquamur de poena simpliciter, secundum quod habet rationem poenae,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1168 sic semper habet ordinem ad culpam propriam, sed quandoque quidem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1169 ad culpam actualem, puta quando aliquis vel a Deo vel ab homine pro
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1170 peccato commisso punitur; quandoque vero ad culpam originalem. Et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1171 hoc quidem vel principaliter, vel consequenter. Principaliter
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1172 quidem poena originalis peccati est quod natura humana sibi
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1173 relinquitur, destituta auxilio originalis iustitiae, sed ad hoc
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1174 consequuntur omnes poenalitates quae ex defectu naturae in
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1175 hominibus contingunt. Sciendum tamen est quod quandoque aliquid
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1176 videtur esse poenale, quod tamen non habet simpliciter rationem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1177 poenae. Poena enim est species mali, ut in primo dictum est. Malum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1178 autem est privatio boni. Cum autem sint plura hominis bona,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1179 scilicet animae, corporis, et exteriorum rerum; contingit interdum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1180 quod homo patiatur detrimentum in minori bono, ut augeatur in
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1181 maiori, sicut cum patitur detrimentum pecuniae propter sanitatem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1182 corporis, vel in utroque horum propter salutem animae et propter
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1183 gloriam Dei. Et tunc tale detrimentum non est simpliciter malum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1184 hominis, sed secundum quid. Unde non dicit simpliciter rationem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1185 poenae, sed medicinae, nam et medici austeras potiones propinant
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1186 infirmis, ut conferant sanitatem. Et quia huiusmodi non proprie
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1187 habent rationem poenae, non reducuntur ad culpam sicut ad causam,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1188 nisi pro tanto, quia hoc ipsum quod oportet humanae naturae
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1189 medicinas poenales exhibere, est ex corruptione naturae, quae est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1190 poena originalis peccati. In statu enim innocentiae non oportuisset
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1191 aliquem ad profectum virtutis inducere per poenalia exercitia. Unde
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1192 hoc ipsum quod est poenale in talibus reducitur ad originalem
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1193 culpam sicut ad causam.</p><p title="I-II q. 87 a. 7 ad 1"><a name="37310"><span class="ref">[37310] Iª-IIae q. 87 a. 7 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
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diff changeset
1194 ergo dicendum quod huiusmodi defectus eorum qui nascuntur, vel
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1195 etiam puerorum, sunt effectus et poenae originalis peccati, ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1196 dictum est. Et manent etiam post Baptismum, propter causam superius
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1197 dictam. Et quod non sint aequaliter in omnibus, contingit propter
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1198 naturae diversitatem, quae sibi relinquitur, ut supra dictum est.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1199 Ordinantur tamen huiusmodi defectus, secundum divinam providentiam,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1200 ad salutem hominum, vel eorum qui patiuntur, vel aliorum, qui
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1201 poenis admonentur; et etiam ad gloriam Dei.</p><p title="I-II q. 87 a. 7 ad 2"><a name="37311"><span class="ref">[37311] Iª-IIae q. 87 a. 7 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1202 dicendum quod bona temporalia et corporalia sunt quidem aliqua bona
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1203 hominis, sed parva, bona vero spiritualia sunt magna hominis bona.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1204 Pertinet igitur ad divinam iustitiam ut virtuosis det spiritualia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1205 bona; et de temporalibus bonis vel malis tantum det eis, quantum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1206 sufficit ad virtutem, ut enim Dionysius dicit, VIII cap. de Div.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1207 Nom., <i>divinae iustitiae est non emollire optimorum fortitudinem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1208 materialium donationibus</i>. Aliis vero hoc ipsum quod temporalia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1209 dantur, in malum spiritualium cedit. Unde in Psalmo LXXII
53
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diff changeset
1210 concluditur, <i>ideo tenuit eos superbia</i>.</p><p title="I-II q. 87 a. 7 ad 3"><a name="37312"><span class="ref">[37312] Iª-IIae q. 87 a. 7 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1211 dicendum quod Christus poenam sustinuit satisfactoriam non pro
53
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diff changeset
1212 suis, sed pro nostris peccatis.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 8</h3><p title="I-II q. 87 a. 8 arg. 1"><a name="37313"><span class="ref">[37313] Iª-IIae q. 87 a. 8 arg. 1</span></a> Ad octavum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1213 sic proceditur. Videtur quod aliquis puniatur pro peccato alterius.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1214 Dicitur enim Exodi XX, <i>ego sum Deus Zelotes, visitans
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1215 iniquitatem patrum in filios in tertiam et quartam generationem,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1216 his qui oderunt me</i>. Et Matth. XXIII dicitur, <i>ut veniat super
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1217 vos omnis sanguis iustus qui effusus est super terram</i>.</p><p title="I-II q. 87 a. 8 arg. 2"><a name="37314"><span class="ref">[37314] Iª-IIae q. 87 a. 8 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1218 iustitia humana derivatur a iustitia divina. Sed secundum iustitiam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1219 humanam aliquando filii puniuntur pro parentibus, sicut patet in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1220 crimine laesae maiestatis. Ergo etiam secundum divinam iustitiam,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1221 unus punitur pro peccato alterius.</p><p title="I-II q. 87 a. 8 arg. 3"><a name="37315"><span class="ref">[37315] Iª-IIae q. 87 a. 8 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1222 si dicatur filius non puniri pro peccato patris, sed pro peccato
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1223 proprio, inquantum imitatur malitiam paternam, non magis hoc
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1224 diceretur de filiis quam de extraneis, qui simili poena puniuntur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1225 his quorum peccata imitantur. Non ergo videtur quod filii pro
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1226 peccatis propriis puniantur, sed pro peccatis parentum.</p><p title="I-II q. 87 a. 8 s. c."><a name="37316"><span class="ref">[37316] Iª-IIae q. 87 a. 8 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1227 est quod dicitur Ezech. XVIII, <i>filius non portabit iniquitatem
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1228 patris</i>.</p><p title="I-II q. 87 a. 8 co."><a name="37317"><span class="ref">[37317] Iª-IIae q. 87 a. 8 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1229 dicendum quod, si loquamur de poena satisfactoria, quae voluntarie
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1230 assumitur, contingit quod unus portet poenam alterius inquantum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1231 sunt quodammodo unum, sicut iam dictum est. Si autem loquamur de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1232 poena pro peccato inflicta, inquantum habet rationem poenae, sic
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1233 solum unusquisque pro peccato suo punitur, quia actus peccati
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1234 aliquid personale est. Si autem loquamur de poena quae habet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1235 rationem medicinae, sic contingit quod unus punitur pro peccato
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1236 alterius. Dictum est enim quod detrimenta corporalium rerum, vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1237 etiam ipsius corporis, sunt quaedam poenales medicinae ordinatae ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1238 salutem animae. Unde nihil prohibet talibus poenis aliquem puniri
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1239 pro peccato alterius, vel a Deo vel ab homine, utpote filios pro
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1240 patribus, et subditos pro dominis, inquantum sunt quaedam res
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1241 eorum. Ita tamen quod, si filius vel subditus est particeps culpae,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1242 huiusmodi poenalis defectus habet rationem poenae quantum ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1243 utrumque, scilicet eum qui punitur, et eum pro quo punitur. Si vero
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1244 non sit particeps culpae, habet rationem poenae quantum ad eum pro
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1245 quo punitur, quantum vero ad eum qui punitur, rationem medicinae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1246 tantum, nisi per accidens, inquantum peccato alterius consentit;
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1247 ordinatur enim ei ad bonum animae, si patienter sustineat. Poenae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1248 vero spirituales non sunt medicinales tantum, quia bonum animae non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1249 ordinatur ad aliud melius bonum. Unde in bonis animae nullus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1250 patitur detrimentum sine culpa propria. Et propter hoc etiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1251 talibus poenis, ut dicit Augustinus in epistola ad avitum, unus non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1252 punitur pro alio, quia quantum ad animam, filius non est res
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1253 patris. Unde et huius causam dominus assignans, dicit, Ezech.
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1254 XVIII, <i>omnes animae meae sunt</i>.</p><p title="I-II q. 87 a. 8 ad 1"><a name="37318"><span class="ref">[37318] Iª-IIae q. 87 a. 8 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1255 ergo dicendum quod utrumque dictum videtur esse referendum ad
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1256 poenas temporales vel corporales, inquantum filii sunt res quaedam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1257 parentum, et successores praedecessorum. Vel si referatur ad poenas
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1258 spirituales, hoc dicitur propter imitationem culpae, unde in Exodo
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1259 additur, <i>his qui oderunt me</i>; et in Matthaeo dicitur, <i>et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1260 vos implete mensuram patrum vestrorum</i>. Dicit autem puniri
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1261 peccata patrum in filiis, quia filii, in peccatis parentum nutriti,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1262 proniores sunt ad peccandum, tum propter consuetudinem; tum etiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1263 propter exemplum, patrum quasi auctoritatem sequentes. Sunt etiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1264 maiori poena digni, si, poenas patrum videntes, correcti non sunt.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1265 Ideo autem addidit, in tertiam et quartam generationem, quia tantum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1266 consueverunt homines vivere, ut tertiam et quartam generationem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1267 videant; et sic mutuo videre possunt et filii peccata patrum ad
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1268 imitandum, et patres poenas filiorum ad dolendum.</p><p title="I-II q. 87 a. 8 ad 2"><a name="37319"><span class="ref">[37319] Iª-IIae q. 87 a. 8 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1269 dicendum quod poenae illae sunt corporales et temporales quas
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1270 iustitia humana uni pro peccato alterius infligit. Et sunt remedia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1271 quaedam, vel medicinae, contra culpas sequentes, ut vel ipsi qui
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1272 puniuntur, vel alii, cohibeantur a similibus culpis.</p><p title="I-II q. 87 a. 8 ad 3"><a name="37320"><span class="ref">[37320] Iª-IIae q. 87 a. 8 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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diff changeset
1273 dicendum quod magis dicuntur puniri pro peccatis aliorum propinqui
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1274 quam extranei, tum quia poena propinquorum quodammodo redundat in
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1275 illos qui peccaverunt, ut dictum est, inquantum filius est quaedam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1276 res patris. Tum etiam quia et domestica exempla, et domesticae
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1277 poenae, magis movent. Unde quando aliquis nutritus est in peccatis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1278 parentum, vehementius ea sequitur; et si ex eorum poenis non est
59
03759e5c1080 fix multi-para s.c.
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diff changeset
1279 deterritus, obstinatior videtur; unde et maiori poena dignus.</p></div></div><div id="q88" class="q"><h2>Quaestio 88</h2><div class="p"><h3>Prooemium</h3><p title="I-II q. 88 pr."><a name="37321"><span class="ref">[37321]
53
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diff changeset
1280 Iª-IIae q. 88 pr.</span></a> Deinde, quia peccatum veniale et
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1281 mortale distinguuntur secundum reatum, considerandum est de eis. Et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1282 primo, considerandum est de veniali per comparationem ad mortale;
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1283 secundo, de veniali secundum se. Circa primum quaeruntur sex.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1284 Primo, utrum veniale peccatum convenienter dividatur contra
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1285 mortale. Secundo, utrum distinguantur genere. Tertio, utrum veniale
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1286 peccatum sit dispositio ad mortale. Quarto, utrum veniale peccatum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1287 possit fieri mortale. Quinto, utrum circumstantia aggravans possit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1288 de veniali peccato facere mortale. Sexto, utrum peccatum mortale
53
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diff changeset
1289 possit fieri veniale.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 1</h3><p title="I-II q. 88 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="37322"><span class="ref">[37322] Iª-IIae q. 88 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1290 sic proceditur. Videtur quod veniale peccatum non convenienter
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1291 dividatur contra mortale. Dicit enim Augustinus, XXII libro contra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1292 Faustum, <i>peccatum est dictum vel factum vel concupitum contra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1293 legem aeternam</i>. Sed esse contra legem aeternam, dat peccato
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1294 quod sit mortale. Ergo omne peccatum est mortale. Non ergo peccatum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1295 veniale dividitur contra mortale.</p><p title="I-II q. 88 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="37323"><span class="ref">[37323] Iª-IIae q. 88 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1296 apostolus dicit, I Cor. X, <i>sive manducatis, sive bibitis, sive
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1297 aliquid aliud facitis, omnia in gloriam Dei facite</i>. Sed contra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1298 hoc praeceptum facit quicumque peccat, non enim peccatum fit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1299 propter gloriam Dei. Cum ergo facere contra praeceptum sit peccatum
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1300 mortale, videtur quod quicumque peccat, mortaliter peccet.</p><p title="I-II q. 88 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="37324"><span class="ref">[37324] Iª-IIae q. 88 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1301 quicumque amore alicui rei inhaeret, inhaeret ei vel sicut fruens,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1302 vel sicut utens; ut patet per Augustinum, in I de Doctr. Christ.
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1303 Sed nullus peccans inhaeret bono commutabili quasi utens, non enim
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1304 refert ipsum ad bonum quod nos beatos facit, quod proprie est uti,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1305 ut Augustinus dicit ibidem. Ergo quicumque peccat, fruitur bono
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1306 commutabili. <i>Sed frui rebus utendis est humana perversitas</i>,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1307 ut Augustinus dicit, in libro octoginta trium quaest. Cum ergo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1308 perversitas peccatum mortale nominet, videtur quod quicumque
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1309 peccat, mortaliter peccet.</p><p title="I-II q. 88 a. 1 arg. 4"><a name="37325"><span class="ref">[37325] Iª-IIae q. 88 a. 1 arg. 4</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1310 quicumque accedit ad unum terminum, ex hoc ipso recedit ab alio.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1311 Sed quicumque peccat, accedit ad bonum commutabile. Ergo recedit a
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1312 bono incommutabili. Ergo peccat mortaliter. Non ergo convenienter
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1313 peccatum veniale contra mortale dividitur.</p><p title="I-II q. 88 a. 1 s. c."><a name="37326"><span class="ref">[37326] Iª-IIae q. 88 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1314 est quod Augustinus dicit, in Homil. XLI super Ioan., <i>quod
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1315 crimen est quod damnationem meretur, veniale autem est quod non
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1316 meretur damnationem</i>. Sed crimen nominat peccatum mortale. Ergo
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1317 veniale peccatum convenienter dividitur contra mortale.</p><p title="I-II q. 88 a. 1 co."><a name="37327"><span class="ref">[37327] Iª-IIae q. 88 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1318 dicendum quod aliqua, secundum quod proprie accipiuntur, non
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1319 videntur esse opposita, quae si metaphorice accipiantur, opponi
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1320 inveniuntur, sicut ridere non opponitur ei quod est arescere; sed
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1321 secundum quod ridere metaphorice de prato dicitur propter eius
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1322 floritionem et virorem, opponitur ei quod est arescere. Similiter
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1323 si mortale proprie accipiatur, prout refertur ad mortem corporalem,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1324 non videtur oppositionem habere cum veniali, nec ad idem genus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1325 pertinere. Sed si mortale accipiatur metaphorice, secundum quod
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1326 dicitur in peccatis, mortale opponitur ei quod est veniale. Cum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1327 enim peccatum sit quaedam infirmitas animae, ut supra habitum est,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1328 peccatum aliquod mortale dicitur ad similitudinem morbi, qui
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1329 dicitur mortalis ex eo quod inducit defectum irreparabilem per
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1330 destitutionem alicuius principii, ut dictum est. Principium autem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1331 spiritualis vitae, quae est secundum virtutem, est ordo ad ultimum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1332 finem, ut supra dictum est. Qui quidem si destitutus fuerit,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1333 reparari non potest per aliquod principium intrinsecum, sed solum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1334 per virtutem divinam, ut supra dictum est, quia inordinationes
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1335 eorum quae sunt ad finem, reparantur ex fine, sicut error qui
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1336 accidit circa conclusiones, per veritatem principiorum. Defectus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1337 ergo ordinis ultimi finis non potest per aliquid aliud reparari
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1338 quod sit principalius; sicut nec error qui est circa principia. Et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1339 ideo huiusmodi peccata dicuntur mortalia, quasi irreparabilia.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1340 Peccata autem quae habent inordinationem circa ea quae sunt ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1341 finem, conservato ordine ad ultimum finem, reparabilia sunt. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1342 haec dicuntur venialia, tunc enim peccatum veniam habet, quando
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1343 reatus poenae tollitur, qui cessat cessante peccato, ut dictum est.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1344 Secundum hoc ergo, mortale et veniale opponuntur sicut reparabile
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1345 et irreparabile. Et hoc dico per principium interius, non autem per
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1346 comparationem ad virtutem divinam, quae omnem morbum et corporalem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1347 et spiritualem potest reparare. Et propter hoc veniale peccatum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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diff changeset
1348 convenienter dividitur contra mortale.</p><p title="I-II q. 88 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="37328"><span class="ref">[37328] Iª-IIae q. 88 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1349 ergo dicendum quod divisio peccati venialis et mortalis non est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1350 divisio generis in species, quae aequaliter participent rationem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1351 generis, sed analogi in ea de quibus praedicatur secundum prius et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1352 posterius. Et ideo perfecta ratio peccati, quam Augustinus ponit,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1353 convenit peccato mortali. Peccatum autem veniale dicitur peccatum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1354 secundum rationem imperfectam, et in ordine ad peccatum mortale,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1355 sicut accidens dicitur ens in ordine ad substantiam, secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1356 imperfectam rationem entis. Non enim est contra legem, quia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1357 venialiter peccans non facit quod lex prohibet, nec praetermittit
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1358 id ad quod lex per praeceptum obligat; sed facit praeter legem,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1359 quia non observat modum rationis quem lex intendit.</p><p title="I-II q. 88 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="37329"><span class="ref">[37329] Iª-IIae q. 88 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1360 dicendum quod illud praeceptum apostoli est affirmativum, unde non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1361 obligat ad semper. Et sic non facit contra hoc praeceptum quicumque
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1362 non actu refert in gloriam Dei omne quod facit. Sufficit ergo quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1363 aliquis habitualiter referat se et omnia sua in Deum, ad hoc quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1364 non semper mortaliter peccet, cum aliquem actum non refert in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1365 gloriam Dei actualiter. Veniale autem peccatum non excludit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1366 habitualem ordinationem actus humani in gloriam Dei, sed solum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1367 actualem, quia non excludit caritatem, quae habitualiter ordinat in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1368 Deum. Unde non sequitur quod ille qui peccat venialiter, peccet
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1369 mortaliter.</p><p title="I-II q. 88 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="37330"><span class="ref">[37330] Iª-IIae q. 88 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1370 dicendum quod ille qui peccat venialiter, inhaeret bono temporali
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1371 non ut fruens, quia non constituit in eo finem; sed ut utens,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1372 referens in Deum non actu, sed habitu.</p><p title="I-II q. 88 a. 1 ad 4"><a name="37331"><span class="ref">[37331] Iª-IIae q. 88 a. 1 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1373 dicendum quod bonum commutabile non accipitur ut terminus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1374 contrapositus incommutabili bono, nisi quando constituitur in eo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1375 finis. Quod enim est ad finem, non habet rationem termini.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 2</h3><p title="I-II q. 88 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="37332"><span class="ref">[37332] Iª-IIae q. 88 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1376 sic proceditur. Videtur quod peccatum veniale et mortale non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1377 differant genere, ita scilicet quod aliquod sit peccatum mortale ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1378 genere, et aliquod veniale ex genere. Bonum enim et malum ex genere
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1379 in actibus humanis accipitur per comparationem ad materiam sive ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1380 obiectum, ut supra dictum est. Sed secundum quodlibet obiectum vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1381 materiam, contingit peccare mortaliter et venialiter, quodlibet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1382 enim bonum commutabile potest homo diligere vel infra Deum, quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1383 est peccare venialiter, vel supra Deum quod est peccare mortaliter.
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1384 Ergo peccatum veniale et mortale non differunt genere.</p><p title="I-II q. 88 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="37333"><span class="ref">[37333] Iª-IIae q. 88 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1385 sicut dictum est supra, peccatum mortale dicitur quod est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1386 irreparabile, peccatum autem veniale quod est reparabile. Sed esse
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1387 irreparabile convenit peccato quod fit ex malitia, quod secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1388 quosdam irremissibile dicitur, esse autem reparabile convenit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1389 peccato quod fit per infirmitatem vel ignorantiam, quod dicitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1390 remissibile. Ergo peccatum mortale et veniale differunt sicut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1391 peccatum quod est ex malitia commissum, vel ex infirmitate et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1392 ignorantia. Sed secundum hoc non differunt peccata genere, sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1393 causa, ut supra dictum est. Ergo peccatum veniale et mortale non
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1394 differunt genere.</p><p title="I-II q. 88 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="37334"><span class="ref">[37334] Iª-IIae q. 88 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1395 supra dictum est quod subiti motus tam sensualitatis quam rationis,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1396 sunt peccata venialia. Sed subiti motus inveniuntur in quolibet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1397 peccati genere. Ergo non sunt aliqua peccata venialia ex
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1398 genere.</p><p title="I-II q. 88 a. 2 s. c."><a name="37335"><span class="ref">[37335] Iª-IIae q. 88 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1399 est quod Augustinus, in sermone de Purgatorio, enumerat quaedam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1400 genera peccatorum venialium, et quaedam genera peccatorum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1401 mortalium.</p><p title="I-II q. 88 a. 2 co."><a name="37336"><span class="ref">[37336] Iª-IIae q. 88 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1402 dicendum quod peccatum veniale a venia dicitur. Potest igitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1403 aliquod peccatum dici veniale uno modo, quia est veniam consecutum,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1404 et sic dicit Ambrosius quod <i>omne peccatum per poenitentiam fit
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1405 veniale</i>. Et hoc dicitur veniale ex eventu. Alio modo dicitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1406 veniale, quia non habet in se unde veniam non consequatur vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1407 totaliter vel in parte. In parte quidem, sicut cum habet in se
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1408 aliquid diminuens culpam, ut cum fit ex infirmitate vel ignorantia.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1409 Et hoc dicitur veniale ex causa. In toto autem, ex eo quod non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1410 tollit ordinem ad ultimum finem, unde non meretur poenam aeternam,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1411 sed temporalem. Et de hoc veniali ad praesens intendimus. De primis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1412 enim duobus constat quod non habent genus aliquod determinatum. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1413 veniale tertio modo dictum, potest habere genus determinatum, ita
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1414 quod aliquod peccatum dicatur veniale ex genere, et aliquod mortale
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1415 ex genere, secundum quod genus vel species actus determinantur ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1416 obiecto. Cum enim voluntas fertur in aliquid quod secundum se
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1417 repugnat caritati, per quam homo ordinatur in ultimum finem,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1418 peccatum ex suo obiecto habet quod sit mortale. Unde est mortale ex
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1419 genere, sive sit contra dilectionem Dei, sicut blasphemia,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1420 periurium, et huiusmodi; sive contra dilectionem proximi, sicut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1421 homicidium, adulterium, et similia. Unde huiusmodi sunt peccata
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1422 mortalia ex suo genere. Quandoque vero voluntas peccantis fertur in
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1423 id quod in se continet quandam inordinationem, non tamen
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1424 contrariatur dilectioni Dei et proximi, sicut verbum otiosum, risus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1425 superfluus, et alia huiusmodi. Et talia sunt peccata venialia ex
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1426 suo genere. Sed quia actus morales recipiunt rationem boni et mali
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1427 non solum ex obiecto, sed etiam ex aliqua dispositione agentis, ut
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1428 supra habitum est; contingit quandoque quod id quod est peccatum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1429 veniale ex genere ratione sui obiecti, fit mortale ex parte
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1430 agentis, vel quia in eo constituit finem ultimum, vel quia ordinat
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1431 ipsum ad aliquid quod est peccatum mortale ex genere, puta cum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1432 aliquis ordinat verbum otiosum ad adulterium committendum.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1433 Similiter etiam ex parte agentis contingit quod aliquod peccatum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1434 quod ex suo genere est mortale, fit veniale, propter hoc scilicet
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1435 quod actus est imperfectus, idest non deliberatus ratione, quae est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1436 principium proprium mali actus, sicut supra dictum est de subitis
53
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diff changeset
1437 motibus infidelitatis.</p><p title="I-II q. 88 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="37337"><span class="ref">[37337] Iª-IIae q. 88 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1438 ergo dicendum quod ex hoc ipso quod aliquis eligit id quod repugnat
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1439 divinae caritati, convincitur praeferre illud caritati divinae, et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1440 per consequens plus amare ipsum quam Deum. Et ideo aliqua peccata
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1441 ex genere, quae de se repugnant caritati, habent quod aliquid
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1442 diligatur supra Deum. Et sic sunt ex genere suo mortalia.</p><p title="I-II q. 88 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="37338"><span class="ref">[37338] Iª-IIae q. 88 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1443 dicendum quod ratio illa procedit de peccato veniali ex causa.</p><p title="I-II q. 88 a. 2 ad 3"><a name="37339"><span class="ref">[37339] Iª-IIae q. 88 a. 2 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1444 dicendum quod ratio illa procedit de peccato quod est veniale
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1445 propter imperfectionem actus.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 3</h3><p title="I-II q. 88 a. 3 arg. 1"><a name="37340"><span class="ref">[37340] Iª-IIae q. 88 a. 3 arg. 1</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1446 sic proceditur. Videtur quod peccatum veniale non sit dispositio ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1447 mortale. Unum enim oppositum non disponit ad aliud. Sed peccatum
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1448 veniale et mortale ex opposito dividuntur, ut dictum est. Ergo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1449 peccatum veniale non est dispositio ad mortale.</p><p title="I-II q. 88 a. 3 arg. 2"><a name="37341"><span class="ref">[37341] Iª-IIae q. 88 a. 3 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1450 actus disponit ad aliquid simile in specie sibi, unde in II Ethic.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1451 dicitur quod <i>ex similibus actibus generantur similes
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1452 dispositiones et habitus</i>. Sed peccatum mortale et veniale
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1453 differunt genere seu specie, ut dictum est. Ergo peccatum veniale
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1454 non disponit ad mortale.</p><p title="I-II q. 88 a. 3 arg. 3"><a name="37342"><span class="ref">[37342] Iª-IIae q. 88 a. 3 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1455 si peccatum dicatur veniale quia disponit ad mortale, oportebit
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1456 quod quaecumque disponunt ad mortale peccatum, sint peccata
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1457 venialia. Sed omnia bona opera disponunt ad peccatum mortale, dicit
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1458 enim Augustinus, in regula, quod superbia bonis operibus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1459 insidiatur, ut pereant. Ergo etiam bona opera erunt peccata
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1460 venialia, quod est inconveniens.</p><p title="I-II q. 88 a. 3 s. c."><a name="37343"><span class="ref">[37343] Iª-IIae q. 88 a. 3 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1461 est quod dicitur Eccli. XIX, <i>qui spernit minima, paulatim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1462 defluit</i>. Sed ille qui peccat venialiter, videtur minima
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1463 spernere. Ergo paulatim disponitur ad hoc quod totaliter defluat
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1464 per peccatum mortale.</p><p title="I-II q. 88 a. 3 co."><a name="37344"><span class="ref">[37344] Iª-IIae q. 88 a. 3 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1465 dicendum quod disponens est quodammodo causa. Unde secundum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1466 duplicem modum causae, est duplex dispositionis modus. Est enim
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1467 causa quaedam movens directe ad effectum, sicut calidum calefacit.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1468 Est etiam causa indirecte movens, removendo prohibens, sicut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1469 removens columnam dicitur removere lapidem superpositum. Et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1470 secundum hoc, actus peccati dupliciter ad aliquid disponit. Uno
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1471 quidem modo, directe, et sic disponit ad actum similem secundum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1472 speciem. Et hoc modo, primo et per se peccatum veniale ex genere
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1473 non disponit ad mortale ex genere, cum differant specie. Sed per
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1474 hunc modum peccatum veniale potest disponere, per quandam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1475 consequentiam, ad peccatum quod est mortale ex parte agentis.
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1476 Augmentata enim dispositione vel habitu per actus peccatorum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1477 venialium, intantum potest libido peccandi crescere, quod ille qui
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1478 peccat, finem suum constituet in peccato veniali, nam unicuique
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1479 habenti habitum, inquantum huiusmodi, finis est operatio secundum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1480 habitum. Et sic, multoties peccando venialiter, disponetur ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1481 peccatum mortale. Alio modo actus humanus disponit ad aliquid
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1482 removendo prohibens. Et hoc modo peccatum veniale ex genere potest
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1483 disponere ad peccatum mortale ex genere. Qui enim peccat venialiter
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1484 ex genere, praetermittit aliquem ordinem, et ex hoc quod consuescit
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1485 voluntatem suam in minoribus debito ordini non subiicere,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1486 disponitur ad hoc quod etiam voluntatem suam non subiiciat ordini
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1487 ultimi finis, eligendo id quod est peccatum mortale ex genere.</p><p title="I-II q. 88 a. 3 ad 1"><a name="37345"><span class="ref">[37345] Iª-IIae q. 88 a. 3 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1488 ergo dicendum quod peccatum veniale et mortale non dividuntur ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1489 opposito, sicut duae species unius generis, ut dictum est, sed
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1490 sicut accidens contra substantiam dividitur. Unde sicut accidens
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1491 potest esse dispositio ad formam substantialem, ita et veniale
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1492 peccatum ad mortale.</p><p title="I-II q. 88 a. 3 ad 2"><a name="37346"><span class="ref">[37346] Iª-IIae q. 88 a. 3 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1493 dicendum quod peccatum veniale non est simile mortali in specie,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1494 est tamen simile ei in genere, inquantum utrumque importat defectum
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1495 debiti ordinis, licet aliter et aliter, ut dictum est.</p><p title="I-II q. 88 a. 3 ad 3"><a name="37347"><span class="ref">[37347] Iª-IIae q. 88 a. 3 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1496 dicendum quod opus bonum non est per se dispositio ad mortale
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1497 peccatum, potest tamen esse materia vel occasio peccati mortalis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1498 per accidens. Sed peccatum veniale per se disponit ad mortale, ut
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1499 dictum est.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 4</h3><p title="I-II q. 88 a. 4 arg. 1"><a name="37348"><span class="ref">[37348] Iª-IIae q. 88 a. 4 arg. 1</span></a> Ad quartum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1500 sic proceditur. Videtur quod peccatum veniale possit fieri mortale.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1501 Dicit enim Augustinus, exponens illud Ioan. III, <i>qui incredulus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1502 est filio, non videbit vitam</i>, peccata minima (idest venialia),
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1503 si negligantur, occidunt. Sed ex hoc dicitur peccatum mortale, quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1504 spiritualiter occidit animam. Ergo peccatum veniale potest fieri
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1505 mortale.</p><p title="I-II q. 88 a. 4 arg. 2"><a name="37349"><span class="ref">[37349] Iª-IIae q. 88 a. 4 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1506 motus sensualitatis ante consensum rationis est peccatum veniale,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1507 post consensum vero est peccatum mortale, ut supra dictum est. Ergo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1508 peccatum veniale potest fieri mortale.</p><p title="I-II q. 88 a. 4 arg. 3"><a name="37350"><span class="ref">[37350] Iª-IIae q. 88 a. 4 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1509 peccatum veniale et mortale differunt sicut morbus curabilis et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1510 incurabilis, ut dictum est. Sed morbus curabilis potest fieri
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1511 incurabilis. Ergo peccatum veniale potest fieri mortale.</p><p title="I-II q. 88 a. 4 arg. 4"><a name="37351"><span class="ref">[37351] Iª-IIae q. 88 a. 4 arg. 4</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1512 dispositio potest fieri habitus. Sed peccatum veniale est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1513 dispositio ad mortale, ut dictum est. Ergo veniale peccatum potest
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1514 fieri mortale.</p><p title="I-II q. 88 a. 4 s. c."><a name="37352"><span class="ref">[37352] Iª-IIae q. 88 a. 4 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra,
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1515 ea quae differunt in infinitum, non transmutantur in invicem. Sed
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1516 peccatum mortale et veniale differunt in infinitum, ut ex
53
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ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1517 praedictis patet. Ergo veniale non potest fieri mortale.</p><p title="I-II q. 88 a. 4 co."><a name="37353"><span class="ref">[37353] Iª-IIae q. 88 a. 4 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1518 dicendum quod peccatum veniale fieri mortale, potest tripliciter
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1519 intelligi. Uno modo sic quod idem actus numero, primo sit peccatum
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1520 veniale, et postea mortale. Et hoc esse non potest. Quia peccatum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1521 principaliter consistit in actu voluntatis, sicut et quilibet actus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1522 moralis. Unde non dicitur unus actus moraliter, si voluntas
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1523 mutetur, quamvis etiam actio secundum naturam sit continua. Si
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1524 autem voluntas non mutetur, non potest esse quod de veniali fiat
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1525 mortale. Alio modo potest intelligi ut id quod est veniale ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1526 genere, fiat mortale. Et hoc quidem possibile est, inquantum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1527 constituitur in eo finis, vel inquantum refertur ad mortale
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1528 peccatum sicut ad finem, ut dictum est. Tertio modo potest
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1529 intelligi ita quod multa venialia peccata constituant unum peccatum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1530 mortale. Quod si sic intelligatur quod ex multis peccatis
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1531 venialibus integraliter constituatur unum peccatum mortale, falsum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1532 est. Non enim omnia peccata venialia de mundo, possunt habere
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1533 tantum de reatu, quantum unum peccatum mortale. Quod patet ex parte
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1534 durationis, quia peccatum mortale habet reatum poenae aeternae,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1535 peccatum autem veniale reatum poenae temporalis, ut dictum est.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1536 Patet etiam ex parte poenae damni, quia peccatum mortale meretur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1537 carentiam visionis divinae, cui nulla alia poena comparari potest
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1538 ut Chrysostomus dicit. Patet etiam ex parte poenae sensus, quantum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1539 ad vermem conscientiae, licet forte quantum ad poenam ignis, non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1540 sint improportionales poenae. Si vero intelligatur quod multa
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1541 peccata venialia faciunt unum mortale dispositive, sic verum est,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1542 sicut supra ostensum est, secundum duos modos dispositionis, quo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1543 peccatum veniale disponit ad mortale.</p><p title="I-II q. 88 a. 4 ad 1"><a name="37354"><span class="ref">[37354] Iª-IIae q. 88 a. 4 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1544 ergo dicendum quod Augustinus loquitur in illo sensu, quod multa
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1545 peccata venialia dispositive causant mortale.</p><p title="I-II q. 88 a. 4 ad 2"><a name="37355"><span class="ref">[37355] Iª-IIae q. 88 a. 4 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1546 dicendum quod ille idem motus sensualitatis qui praecessit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1547 consensum rationis nunquam fiet peccatum mortale, sed ipse actus
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1548 rationis consentientis.</p><p title="I-II q. 88 a. 4 ad 3"><a name="37356"><span class="ref">[37356] Iª-IIae q. 88 a. 4 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1549 dicendum quod morbus corporalis non est actus, sed dispositio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1550 quaedam permanens, unde eadem manens, potest mutari. Sed peccatum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1551 veniale est actus transiens, qui resumi non potest. Et quantum ad
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1552 hoc, non est simile.</p><p title="I-II q. 88 a. 4 ad 4"><a name="37357"><span class="ref">[37357] Iª-IIae q. 88 a. 4 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
28
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1553 dicendum quod dispositio quae fit habitus, est sicut imperfectum in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1554 eadem specie, sicut imperfecta scientia, dum perficitur, fit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1555 habitus. Sed veniale peccatum est dispositio alterius generis,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1556 sicut accidens ad formam substantialem, in quam nunquam
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1557 mutatur.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 5</h3><p title="I-II q. 88 a. 5 arg. 1"><a name="37358"><span class="ref">[37358] Iª-IIae q. 88 a. 5 arg. 1</span></a> Ad quintum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1558 sic proceditur. Videtur quod circumstantia possit de veniali
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1559 peccato facere mortale. Dicit enim Augustinus, in sermone de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1560 Purgatorio, quod <i>si diu teneatur iracundia, et ebrietas si
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1561 assidua sit, transeunt in numerum peccatorum mortalium</i>. Sed ira
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1562 et ebrietas non sunt ex suo genere peccata mortalia, sed venialia,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1563 alioquin semper essent mortalia. Ergo circumstantia facit peccatum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1564 veniale esse mortale.</p><p title="I-II q. 88 a. 5 arg. 2"><a name="37359"><span class="ref">[37359] Iª-IIae q. 88 a. 5 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1565 Magister dicit, XXIV dist. II libri Sent., quod delectatio, si sit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1566 morosa, est peccatum mortale; si autem non sit morosa, est peccatum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1567 veniale. Sed morositas est quaedam circumstantia. Ergo
53
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diff changeset
1568 circumstantia facit de peccato veniali mortale.</p><p title="I-II q. 88 a. 5 arg. 3"><a name="37360"><span class="ref">[37360] Iª-IIae q. 88 a. 5 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1569 plus differunt malum et bonum quam veniale peccatum et mortale,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1570 quorum utrumque est in genere mali. Sed circumstantia facit de actu
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1571 bono malum, sicut patet cum quis dat eleemosynam propter inanem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1572 gloriam. Ergo multo magis potest facere de peccato veniali
53
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diff changeset
1573 mortale.</p><p title="I-II q. 88 a. 5 s. c."><a name="37361"><span class="ref">[37361] Iª-IIae q. 88 a. 5 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1574 est quod, cum circumstantia sit accidens, quantitas eius non potest
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1575 excedere quantitatem ipsius actus, quam habet ex suo genere, semper
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1576 enim subiectum praeeminet accidenti. Si igitur actus ex suo genere
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1577 sit peccatum veniale, non poterit per circumstantiam fieri peccatum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1578 mortale, cum peccatum mortale in infinitum quodammodo excedat
53
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diff changeset
1579 quantitatem venialis, ut ex dictis patet.</p><p title="I-II q. 88 a. 5 co."><a name="37362"><span class="ref">[37362] Iª-IIae q. 88 a. 5 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1580 dicendum quod, sicut supra dictum est, cum de circumstantiis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1581 ageretur, circumstantia, inquantum huiusmodi, est accidens actus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1582 moralis, contingit tamen circumstantiam accipi ut differentiam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1583 specificam actus moralis, et tunc amittit rationem circumstantiae,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1584 et constituit speciem moralis actus. Hoc autem contingit in
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1585 peccatis quando circumstantia addit deformitatem alterius generis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1586 sicut cum aliquis accedit ad non suam, est actus deformis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1587 deformitate opposita castitati; sed si accedat ad non suam quae est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1588 alterius uxor, additur deformitas opposita iustitiae, contra quam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1589 est ut aliquis usurpet rem alienam; et secundum hoc huiusmodi
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1590 circumstantia constituit novam speciem peccati, quae dicitur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1591 adulterium. Impossibile est autem quod circumstantia de peccato
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1592 veniali faciat mortale, nisi afferat deformitatem alterius generis.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1593 Dictum est enim quod peccatum veniale habet deformitatem per hoc
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1594 quod importat deordinationem circa ea quae sunt ad finem, peccatum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1595 autem mortale habet deformitatem per hoc quod importat
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1596 deordinationem respectu ultimi finis. Unde manifestum est quod
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1597 circumstantia non potest de veniali peccato facere mortale, manens
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1598 circumstantia, sed solum tunc quando transfert in aliam speciem, et
53
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diff changeset
1599 fit quodammodo differentia specifica moralis actus.</p><p title="I-II q. 88 a. 5 ad 1"><a name="37363"><span class="ref">[37363] Iª-IIae q. 88 a. 5 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1600 ergo dicendum quod diuturnitas non est circumstantia trahens in
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1601 aliam speciem, similiter nec frequentia vel assiduitas, nisi forte
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1602 per accidens ex aliquo supervenienti. Non enim aliquid acquirit
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1603 novam speciem ex hoc quod multiplicatur vel protelatur, nisi forte
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1604 in actu protelato vel multiplicato superveniat aliquid quod variet
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1605 speciem, puta inobedientia vel contemptus, vel aliquid huiusmodi.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1606 Dicendum est ergo quod, cum ira sit motus animi ad nocendum
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diff changeset
1607 proximo, si sit tale nocumentum in quod tendit motus irae, quod ex
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1608 genere suo sit peccatum mortale, sicut homicidium vel furtum, talis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1609 ira ex genere suo est peccatum mortale. Sed quod sit peccatum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1610 veniale, habet ex imperfectione actus, inquantum est motus subitus
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diff changeset
1611 sensualitatis. Si vero sit diuturna, redit ad naturam sui generis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1612 per consensum rationis. Si vero nocumentum in quod tendit motus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1613 irae, esset veniale ex genere suo, puta cum aliquis in hoc
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1614 irascitur contra aliquem, quod vult ei dicere aliquod verbum leve
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1615 et iocosum, quod modicum ipsum contristet; non erit ira peccatum
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diff changeset
1616 mortale, quantumcumque sit diuturna; nisi forte per accidens, puta
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1617 si ex hoc grave scandalum oriatur, vel propter aliquid huiusmodi.
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diff changeset
1618 De ebrietate vero dicendum est quod secundum suam rationem habet
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diff changeset
1619 quod sit peccatum mortale, quod enim homo absque necessitate reddat
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1620 se impotentem ad utendum ratione, per quam homo in Deum ordinatur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1621 et multa peccata occurrentia vitat, ex sola voluptate vini,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1622 expresse contrariatur virtuti. Sed quod sit peccatum veniale,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1623 contingit propter ignorantiam quandam vel infirmitatem, puta cum
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diff changeset
1624 homo nescit virtutem vini, aut propriam debilitatem, unde non putat
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1625 se inebriari, tunc enim non imputatur ei ebrietas ad peccatum, sed
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1626 solum superabundantia potus. Sed quando frequenter inebriatur, non
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1627 potest per hanc ignorantiam excusari quin videatur voluntas eius
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1628 eligere magis pati ebrietatem, quam abstinere a vino superfluo.
53
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1629 Unde redit peccatum ad suam naturam.</p><p title="I-II q. 88 a. 5 ad 2"><a name="37364"><span class="ref">[37364] Iª-IIae q. 88 a. 5 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
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diff changeset
1630 dicendum quod delectatio morosa non dicitur esse peccatum mortale,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1631 nisi in his quae ex suo genere sunt peccata mortalia; in quibus si
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1632 delectatio non morosa sit, peccatum veniale est ex imperfectione
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diff changeset
1633 actus, sicut et de ira dictum est. Dicitur enim ira diuturna, et
53
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diff changeset
1634 delectatio morosa, propter approbationem rationis deliberantis.</p><p title="I-II q. 88 a. 5 ad 3"><a name="37365"><span class="ref">[37365] Iª-IIae q. 88 a. 5 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1635 dicendum quod circumstantia non facit de bono actu malum, nisi
53
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diff changeset
1636 constituens speciem peccati, ut supra etiam habitum est.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 6</h3><p title="I-II q. 88 a. 6 arg. 1"><a name="37366"><span class="ref">[37366] Iª-IIae q. 88 a. 6 arg. 1</span></a> Ad sextum
28
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diff changeset
1637 sic proceditur. Videtur quod peccatum mortale possit fieri veniale.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1638 Aequaliter enim distat peccatum veniale a mortali, et e contrario.
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diff changeset
1639 Sed peccatum veniale fit mortale, ut dictum est. Ergo etiam
53
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diff changeset
1640 peccatum mortale potest fieri veniale.</p><p title="I-II q. 88 a. 6 arg. 2"><a name="37367"><span class="ref">[37367] Iª-IIae q. 88 a. 6 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1641 peccatum veniale et mortale ponuntur differre secundum hoc, quod
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diff changeset
1642 peccans mortaliter diligit creaturam plus quam Deum, peccans autem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1643 venialiter diligit creaturam infra Deum. Contingit autem quod
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1644 aliquis committens id quod est ex genere suo peccatum mortale,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1645 diligat creaturam infra Deum, puta si aliquis, nesciens
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1646 fornicationem simplicem esse peccatum mortale et contrariam divino
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1647 amori, fornicetur, ita tamen quod propter divinum amorem paratus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1648 esset fornicationem praetermittere, si sciret fornicando se contra
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1649 divinum amorem agere. Ergo peccabit venialiter. Et sic peccatum
53
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diff changeset
1650 mortale potest fieri veniale.</p><p title="I-II q. 88 a. 6 arg. 3"><a name="37368"><span class="ref">[37368] Iª-IIae q. 88 a. 6 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1651 sicut dictum est, plus differt bonum a malo quam veniale a mortali.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1652 Sed actus qui est de se malus, potest fieri bonus, sicut homicidium
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1653 potest fieri actus iustitiae, sicut patet in iudice qui occidit
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1654 latronem. Ergo multo magis peccatum mortale potest fieri
53
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diff changeset
1655 veniale.</p><p title="I-II q. 88 a. 6 s. c."><a name="37369"><span class="ref">[37369] Iª-IIae q. 88 a. 6 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1656 est quod aeternum nunquam potest fieri temporale. Sed peccatum
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diff changeset
1657 mortale meretur poenam aeternam, peccatum autem veniale poenam
53
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diff changeset
1658 temporalem. Ergo peccatum mortale nunquam potest fieri veniale.</p><p title="I-II q. 88 a. 6 co."><a name="37370"><span class="ref">[37370] Iª-IIae q. 88 a. 6 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1659 dicendum quod veniale et mortale differunt sicut perfectum et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1660 imperfectum in genere peccati, ut dictum est. Imperfectum autem per
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1661 aliquam additionem potest ad perfectionem venire. Unde et veniale,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1662 per hoc quod additur ei deformitas pertinens ad genus peccati
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1663 mortalis, efficitur mortale, sicut cum quis dicit verbum otiosum ut
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1664 fornicetur. Sed id quod est perfectum, non potest fieri imperfectum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1665 per additionem. Et ideo peccatum mortale non fit veniale per hoc
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1666 quod additur ei aliqua deformitas pertinens ad genus peccati
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1667 venialis, non enim diminuitur peccatum eius qui fornicatur ut dicat
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1668 verbum otiosum, sed magis aggravatur propter deformitatem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1669 adiunctam. Potest tamen id quod est ex genere mortale, esse veniale
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1670 propter imperfectionem actus, quia non perfecte pertingit ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1671 rationem actus moralis, cum non sit deliberatus sed subitus, ut ex
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1672 dictis patet. Et hoc fit per subtractionem quandam, scilicet
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1673 deliberatae rationis. Et quia a ratione deliberata habet speciem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1674 moralis actus, inde est quod per talem subtractionem solvitur
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1675 species.</p><p title="I-II q. 88 a. 6 ad 1"><a name="37371"><span class="ref">[37371] Iª-IIae q. 88 a. 6 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1676 ergo dicendum quod veniale differt a mortali sicut imperfectum a
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1677 perfecto, ut puer a viro. Fit autem ex puero vir, sed non
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1678 convertitur. Unde ratio non cogit.</p><p title="I-II q. 88 a. 6 ad 2"><a name="37372"><span class="ref">[37372] Iª-IIae q. 88 a. 6 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1679 dicendum quod, si sit talis ignorantia quae peccatum omnino
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1680 excuset, sicut est furiosi vel amentis, tunc ex tali ignorantia
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1681 fornicationem committens nec mortaliter nec venialiter peccat. Si
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1682 vero sit ignorantia non invincibilis, tunc ignorantia ipsa est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1683 peccatum, et continet in se defectum divini amoris, inquantum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1684 negligit homo addiscere ea per quae potest se in divino amore
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1685 conservare.</p><p title="I-II q. 88 a. 6 ad 3"><a name="37373"><span class="ref">[37373] Iª-IIae q. 88 a. 6 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1686 dicendum quod, sicut Augustinus dicit, in libro contra mendacium,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1687 <i>ea quae sunt secundum se mala, nullo fine bene fieri
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1688 possunt</i>. Homicidium autem est occisio innocentis, et hoc nullo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1689 modo bene fieri potest. Sed iudex qui occidit latronem, vel miles
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1690 qui occidit hostem reipublicae, non appellantur homicidae, ut
59
03759e5c1080 fix multi-para s.c.
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parents: 53
diff changeset
1691 Augustinus dicit, in libro de libero arbitrio.</p></div></div><div id="q89" class="q"><h2>Quaestio 89</h2><div class="p"><h3>Prooemium</h3><p title="I-II q. 89 pr."><a name="37374"><span class="ref">[37374]
53
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diff changeset
1692 Iª-IIae q. 89 pr.</span></a> Deinde considerandum est de
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1693 peccato veniali secundum se. Et circa hoc quaeruntur sex. Primo,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1694 utrum peccatum veniale causet maculam in anima. Secundo, de
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1695 distinctione peccati venialis, prout figuratur per lignum, faenum
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1696 et stipulam, I Cor. III. Tertio, utrum homo in statu innocentiae
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1697 potuerit peccare venialiter. Quarto, utrum Angelus bonus vel malus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1698 possit peccare venialiter. Quinto, utrum primi motus infidelium
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1699 sint peccata venialia. Sexto, utrum peccatum veniale possit esse in
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1700 aliquo simul cum solo peccato originali.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 1</h3><p title="I-II q. 89 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="37375"><span class="ref">[37375] Iª-IIae q. 89 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1701 sic proceditur. Videtur quod peccatum veniale causet maculam in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1702 anima. Dicit enim Augustinus, in libro de Poenit., quod peccata
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1703 venialia, si multiplicentur, decorem nostrum ita exterminant, ut a
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1704 caelestis sponsi amplexibus nos separent. Sed nihil aliud est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1705 macula quam detrimentum decoris. Ergo peccata venialia causant
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1706 maculam in anima.</p><p title="I-II q. 89 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="37376"><span class="ref">[37376] Iª-IIae q. 89 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1707 peccatum mortale causat maculam in anima propter inordinationem
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diff changeset
1708 actus et affectus ipsius peccantis. Sed in peccato veniali est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1709 quaedam deordinatio actus et affectus. Ergo peccatum veniale causat
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1710 maculam in anima.</p><p title="I-II q. 89 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="37377"><span class="ref">[37377] Iª-IIae q. 89 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1711 macula animae causatur ex contactu rei temporalis per amorem, ut
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1712 supra dictum est. Sed in peccato veniali anima inordinato amore
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1713 contingit rem temporalem. Ergo peccatum veniale inducit maculam in
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1714 anima.</p><p title="I-II q. 89 a. 1 s. c."><a name="37378"><span class="ref">[37378] Iª-IIae q. 89 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1715 est quod dicitur Ephes. V, <i>ut exhiberet ipse sibi gloriosam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1716 Ecclesiam non habentem maculam</i>; Glossa, <i>idest aliquod
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1717 peccatum criminale</i>. Ergo proprium peccati mortalis esse videtur
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1718 quod maculam in anima causet.</p><p title="I-II q. 89 a. 1 co."><a name="37379"><span class="ref">[37379] Iª-IIae q. 89 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1719 dicendum quod, sicut ex dictis patet, macula importat detrimentum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1720 nitoris ex aliquo contactu, sicut in corporalibus patet, ex quibus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1721 per similitudinem nomen maculae ad animam transfertur. Sicut autem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1722 in corpore est duplex nitor, unus quidem ex intrinseca dispositione
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1723 membrorum et coloris, alius autem ex exteriori claritate
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1724 superveniente; ita etiam in anima est duplex nitor, unus quidem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1725 habitualis, quasi intrinsecus, alius autem actualis, quasi exterior
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1726 fulgor. Peccatum autem veniale impedit quidem nitorem actualem, non
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1727 tamen habitualem, quia non excludit neque diminuit habitum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1728 caritatis et aliarum virtutum, ut infra patebit, sed solum impedit
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1729 earum actum. Macula autem importat aliquid manens in re maculata,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1730 unde magis videtur pertinere ad detrimentum habitualis nitoris quam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1731 actualis. Unde, proprie loquendo, peccatum veniale non causat
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1732 maculam in anima. Et si alicubi dicatur maculam inducere, hoc est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1733 secundum quid, inquantum impedit nitorem qui est ex actibus
53
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ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1734 virtutum.</p><p title="I-II q. 89 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="37380"><span class="ref">[37380] Iª-IIae q. 89 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1735 ergo dicendum quod Augustinus loquitur in eo casu in quo multa
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1736 peccata venialia dispositive inducunt ad mortale. Aliter enim non
53
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ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1737 separarent ab amplexu caelestis sponsi.</p><p title="I-II q. 89 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="37381"><span class="ref">[37381] Iª-IIae q. 89 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1738 dicendum quod inordinatio actus in peccato mortali corrumpit
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1739 habitum virtutis, non autem in peccato veniali.</p><p title="I-II q. 89 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="37382"><span class="ref">[37382] Iª-IIae q. 89 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1740 dicendum quod in peccato mortali anima per amorem contingit rem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1741 temporalem quasi finem, et per hoc totaliter impeditur influxus
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1742 splendoris gratiae, qui provenit in eos qui Deo adhaerent ut ultimo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1743 fini per caritatem. Sed in peccato veniali non adhaeret homo
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1744 creaturae tanquam fini ultimo. Unde non est simile.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 2</h3><p title="I-II q. 89 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="37383"><span class="ref">[37383] Iª-IIae q. 89 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad secundum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1745 sic proceditur. Videtur quod inconvenienter peccata venialia per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1746 lignum, faenum et stipulam designentur. Lignum enim, faenum et
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1747 stipula dicuntur superaedificari spirituali fundamento. Sed peccata
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1748 venialia sunt praeter spirituale aedificium, sicut etiam quaelibet
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1749 falsae opiniones sunt praeter scientiam. Ergo peccata venialia non
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1750 convenienter designantur per lignum, faenum et stipulam.</p><p title="I-II q. 89 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="37384"><span class="ref">[37384] Iª-IIae q. 89 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1751 ille qui aedificat lignum, faenum et stipulam, sic salvus erit
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1752 quasi per ignem. Sed quandoque ille qui committit peccata venialia,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1753 non erit salvus etiam per ignem, puta cum peccata venialia
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1754 inveniuntur in eo qui decedit cum peccato mortali. Ergo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1755 inconvenienter per lignum, faenum et stipulam peccata venialia
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1756 designantur.</p><p title="I-II q. 89 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="37385"><span class="ref">[37385] Iª-IIae q. 89 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1757 secundum apostolum, alii sunt qui aedificant aurum, argentum,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1758 lapides pretiosos, idest amorem Dei et proximi et bona opera; et
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1759 alii qui aedificant lignum, faenum et stipulam. Sed peccata
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1760 venialia committunt etiam illi qui diligunt Deum et proximum, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1761 bona opera faciunt, dicitur enim I Ioan. I, <i>si dixerimus quia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1762 peccatum non habemus, nosipsos seducimus</i>. Ergo non convenienter
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1763 designantur peccata venialia per ista tria.</p><p title="I-II q. 89 a. 2 arg. 4"><a name="37386"><span class="ref">[37386] Iª-IIae q. 89 a. 2 arg. 4</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1764 multo plures differentiae et gradus sunt peccatorum venialium quam
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1765 tres. Ergo inconvenienter sub his tribus comprehenduntur.</p><p title="I-II q. 89 a. 2 s. c."><a name="37387"><span class="ref">[37387] Iª-IIae q. 89 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1766 est quod apostolus dicit de eo qui superaedificat lignum, faenum et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1767 stipulam, quod salvus erit quasi per ignem, et sic patietur poenam,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1768 sed non aeternam. Reatus autem poenae temporalis proprie pertinet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1769 ad peccatum veniale, ut dictum est. Ergo per illa tria
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1770 significantur peccata venialia.</p><p title="I-II q. 89 a. 2 co."><a name="37388"><span class="ref">[37388] Iª-IIae q. 89 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1771 dicendum quod quidam intellexerunt fundamentum esse fidem informem,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1772 super quam aliqui aedificant bona opera, quae significantur per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1773 aurum, argentum et lapides pretiosos; quidam vero peccata etiam
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1774 mortalia, quae significantur, secundum eos, per lignum, faenum et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1775 stipulam. Sed hanc expositionem improbat Augustinus, in libro de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1776 fide et operibus, quia, ut apostolus dicit, ad Gal. V, qui opera
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1777 carnis facit, regnum Dei non consequetur, quod est salvum fieri;
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1778 apostolus autem dicit quod ille qui aedificat lignum, faenum et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1779 stipulam, salvus erit quasi per ignem. Unde non potest intelligi
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1780 quod per lignum, faenum et stipulam peccata mortalia designentur.
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1781 Quidam vero dicunt quod per lignum, faenum et stipulam
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1782 significantur opera bona, quae superaedificantur quidem spirituali
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1783 aedificio, sed tamen commiscent se eis peccata venialia sicut, cum
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1784 aliquis habet curam rei familiaris, quod bonum est, commiscet se
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1785 superfluus amor vel uxoris vel filiorum vel possessionum, sub Deo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1786 tamen, ita scilicet quod pro his homo nihil vellet facere contra
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1787 Deum. Sed hoc iterum non videtur convenienter dici. Manifestum est
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1788 enim quod omnia opera bona referuntur ad caritatem Dei et proximi,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1789 unde pertinent ad aurum, argentum et lapides pretiosos. Non ergo ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1790 lignum, faenum et stipulam. Et ideo dicendum est quod ipsa peccata
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1791 venialia quae admiscent se procurantibus terrena, significantur per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1792 lignum, faenum et stipulam. Sicut enim huiusmodi congregantur in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1793 domo, et non pertinent ad substantiam aedificii, et possunt comburi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1794 aedificio remanente; ita etiam peccata venialia multiplicantur in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1795 homine, manente spirituali aedificio; et pro istis patitur ignem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1796 vel temporalis tribulationis in hac vita, vel Purgatorii post hanc
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1797 vitam; et tamen salutem consequitur aeternam.</p><p title="I-II q. 89 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="37389"><span class="ref">[37389] Iª-IIae q. 89 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1798 ergo dicendum quod peccata venialia non dicuntur superaedificari
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1799 spirituali fundamento quasi directe supra ipsum posita, sed quia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1800 ponuntur iuxta ipsum; sicut accipitur ibi, super flumina Babylonis,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1801 idest iuxta. Quia peccata venialia non destruunt spirituale
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1802 aedificium, ut dictum est.</p><p title="I-II q. 89 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="37390"><span class="ref">[37390] Iª-IIae q. 89 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1803 dicendum quod non dicitur de quocumque aedificante lignum, faenum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1804 et stipulam, quod salvus sit quasi per ignem, sed solum de eo qui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1805 aedificat supra fundamentum. Quod quidem non est fides informis, ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1806 quidam aestimabant, sed fides formata caritate, secundum illud
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1807 Ephes. III, <i>in caritate radicati et fundati</i>. Ille ergo qui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1808 decedit cum peccato mortali et venialibus, habet quidem lignum,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1809 faenum et stipulam, sed non superaedificata supra fundamentum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1810 spirituale. Et ideo non erit salvus sic quasi per ignem.</p><p title="I-II q. 89 a. 2 ad 3"><a name="37391"><span class="ref">[37391] Iª-IIae q. 89 a. 2 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1811 dicendum quod illi qui sunt abstracti a cura temporalium rerum,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1812 etsi aliquando venialiter peccent, tamen levia peccata venialia
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1813 committunt, et frequentissime per fervorem caritatis purgantur.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1814 Unde tales non superaedificant venialia, quia in eis modicum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1815 manent. Sed peccata venialia ipsorum qui circa terrena occupantur,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1816 diutius manent, quia non ita frequenter recurrere possunt ad
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1817 huiusmodi peccata delenda per caritatis fervorem.</p><p title="I-II q. 89 a. 2 ad 4"><a name="37392"><span class="ref">[37392] Iª-IIae q. 89 a. 2 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1818 dicendum quod, sicut philosophus dicit, in I de caelo, omnia tribus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1819 includuntur, scilicet principio, medio et fine. Et secundum hoc,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1820 omnes gradus venialium peccatorum ad tria reducuntur, scilicet ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1821 lignum, quod diutius manet in igne; ad stipulam, quae citissime
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1822 expeditur; ad faenum, quod medio modo se habet. Secundum enim quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1823 peccata venialia sunt maioris vel minoris adhaerentiae vel
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1824 gravitatis, citius vel tardius per ignem purgantur.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 3</h3><p title="I-II q. 89 a. 3 arg. 1"><a name="37393"><span class="ref">[37393] Iª-IIae q. 89 a. 3 arg. 1</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1825 sic proceditur. Videtur quod homo in statu innocentiae potuerit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1826 peccare venialiter. Quia super illud I ad Tim. II, <i>Adam non est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1827 seductus</i>, dicit Glossa, <i>inexpertus divinae severitatis, in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1828 eo falli potuit, ut crederet veniale esse commissum</i>. Sed hoc
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1829 non credidisset, nisi venialiter peccare potuisset. Ergo venialiter
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1830 peccare potuit, non peccando mortaliter.</p><p title="I-II q. 89 a. 3 arg. 2"><a name="37394"><span class="ref">[37394] Iª-IIae q. 89 a. 3 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1831 Augustinus dicit, XI super Gen. ad Litt., <i>non est arbitrandum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1832 quod esset hominem deiecturus tentator, nisi praecessisset in anima
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1833 hominis quaedam elatio comprimenda</i>. Elatio autem deiectionem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1834 praecedens, quae facta est per peccatum mortale, non potuit esse
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1835 nisi peccatum veniale. Similiter etiam in eodem Augustinus dicit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1836 quod <i>virum sollicitavit aliqua experiendi cupiditas, cum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1837 mulierem videret, sumpto vetito pomo, non esse mortuam</i>. Videtur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1838 etiam in Eva fuisse aliquis infidelitatis motus, in hoc quod de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1839 verbis domini dubitavit, ut patet per hoc quod dixit, ne forte
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1840 moriamur, ut habetur Gen. III. Haec autem videntur esse venialia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1841 peccata. Ergo homo potuit venialiter peccare, antequam mortaliter
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1842 peccaret.</p><p title="I-II q. 89 a. 3 arg. 3"><a name="37395"><span class="ref">[37395] Iª-IIae q. 89 a. 3 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1843 peccatum mortale magis opponitur integritati primi status quam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1844 peccatum veniale. Sed homo potuit peccare mortaliter, non obstante
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1845 integritate primi status. Ergo etiam potuit peccare venialiter.</p><p title="I-II q. 89 a. 3 s. c."><a name="37396"><span class="ref">[37396] Iª-IIae q. 89 a. 3 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1846 est quod cuilibet peccato debetur aliqua poena. Sed nihil poenale
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1847 esse potuit in statu innocentiae, ut Augustinus dicit, XIV de Civ.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1848 Dei. Ergo non potuit peccare aliquo peccato quo non eiiceretur ab
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1849 illo integritatis statu. Sed peccatum veniale non mutat statum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1850 hominis. Ergo non potuit peccare venialiter.</p><p title="I-II q. 89 a. 3 co."><a name="37397"><span class="ref">[37397] Iª-IIae q. 89 a. 3 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1851 dicendum quod communiter ponitur quod homo in statu innocentiae non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1852 potuit venialiter peccare. Hoc autem non est sic intelligendum,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1853 quasi id quod nobis est veniale, si ipse committeret, esset sibi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1854 mortale, propter altitudinem sui status. Dignitas enim personae est
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1855 quaedam circumstantia aggravans peccatum, non tamen transfert in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1856 aliam speciem, nisi forte superveniente deformitate inobedientiae
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1857 vel voti, vel alicuius huiusmodi, quod in proposito dici non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1858 potest. Unde id quod est de se veniale, non potuit transferri in
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diff changeset
1859 mortale, propter dignitatem primi status. Sic ergo intelligendum
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diff changeset
1860 est quod non potuit peccare venialiter, quia non potuit esse ut
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diff changeset
1861 committeret aliquid quod esset de se veniale, antequam integritatem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1862 primi status amitteret peccando mortaliter. Cuius ratio est quia
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diff changeset
1863 peccatum veniale in nobis contingit vel propter imperfectionem
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diff changeset
1864 actus, sicut subiti motus in genere peccatorum mortalium, vel
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diff changeset
1865 propter inordinationem existentem circa ea quae sunt ad finem,
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diff changeset
1866 servato debito ordine ad finem. Utrumque autem horum contingit
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diff changeset
1867 propter quendam defectum ordinis, ex eo quod inferius non
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diff changeset
1868 continetur firmiter sub superiori. Quod enim in nobis insurgat
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1869 subitus motus sensualitatis, contingit ex hoc quod sensualitas non
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1870 est omnino subdita rationi. Quod vero insurgat subitus motus in
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1871 ratione ipsa, provenit in nobis ex hoc quod ipsa executio actus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1872 rationis non subditur deliberationi quae est ex altiori bono, ut
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1873 supra dictum est. Quod vero humanus animus inordinetur circa ea
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1874 quae sunt ad finem, servato debito ordine ad finem, provenit ex hoc
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1875 quod ea quae sunt ad finem non ordinantur infallibiliter sub fine,
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diff changeset
1876 qui tenet summum locum, quasi principium in appetibilibus, ut supra
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1877 dictum est. In statu autem innocentiae, ut in primo habitum est,
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diff changeset
1878 erat infallibilis ordinis firmitas, ut semper inferius contineretur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1879 sub superiori, quandiu summum hominis contineretur sub Deo, ut
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diff changeset
1880 etiam Augustinus dicit, XIV de Civ. Dei. Et ideo oportebat quod
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diff changeset
1881 inordinatio in homine non esset, nisi inciperet ab hoc quod summum
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diff changeset
1882 hominis non subderetur Deo; quod fit per peccatum mortale. Ex quo
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diff changeset
1883 patet quod homo in statu innocentiae non potuit peccare venialiter,
53
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1884 antequam peccaret mortaliter.</p><p title="I-II q. 89 a. 3 ad 1"><a name="37398"><span class="ref">[37398] Iª-IIae q. 89 a. 3 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
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diff changeset
1885 ergo dicendum quod veniale non sumitur ibi secundum quod nunc de
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diff changeset
1886 veniali loquimur, sed dicitur veniale quod est facile
53
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diff changeset
1887 remissibile.</p><p title="I-II q. 89 a. 3 ad 2"><a name="37399"><span class="ref">[37399] Iª-IIae q. 89 a. 3 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
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diff changeset
1888 dicendum quod illa elatio quae praecessit in animo hominis, fuit
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diff changeset
1889 primum hominis peccatum mortale, dicitur autem praecessisse
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diff changeset
1890 deiectionem eius in exteriorem actum peccati. Huiusmodi autem
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diff changeset
1891 elationem subsecuta est et experiendi cupiditas in viro, et
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diff changeset
1892 dubitatio in muliere; quae ex hoc solo in quandam elationem
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diff changeset
1893 prorupit, quod praecepti mentionem a serpente audivit, quasi nollet
53
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1894 sub praecepto contineri.</p><p title="I-II q. 89 a. 3 ad 3"><a name="37400"><span class="ref">[37400] Iª-IIae q. 89 a. 3 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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diff changeset
1895 dicendum quod peccatum mortale intantum opponitur integritati primi
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diff changeset
1896 status, quod corrumpit ipsum, quod peccatum veniale facere non
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diff changeset
1897 potest. Et quia non potest simul esse quaecumque inordinatio cum
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diff changeset
1898 integritate primi status, consequens est quod primus homo non
53
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1899 potuerit peccare venialiter, antequam peccaret mortaliter.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 4</h3><p title="I-II q. 89 a. 4 arg. 1"><a name="37401"><span class="ref">[37401] Iª-IIae q. 89 a. 4 arg. 1</span></a> Ad quartum
28
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diff changeset
1900 sic proceditur. Videtur quod Angelus bonus vel malus possit peccare
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diff changeset
1901 venialiter. Homo enim cum Angelis convenit in superiori animae
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diff changeset
1902 parte, quae mens vocatur; secundum illud Gregorii, in Homil.,
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diff changeset
1903 <i>homo intelligit cum Angelis</i>. Sed homo secundum superiorem
53
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1904 partem animae potest peccare venialiter. Ergo et Angelus.</p><p title="I-II q. 89 a. 4 arg. 2"><a name="37402"><span class="ref">[37402] Iª-IIae q. 89 a. 4 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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1905 quicumque potest quod est plus, potest etiam quod est minus. Sed
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diff changeset
1906 Angelus potuit diligere bonum creatum plus quam Deum, quod fecit
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1907 peccando mortaliter. Ergo etiam potuit bonum creatum diligere infra
53
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1908 Deum inordinate, venialiter peccando.</p><p title="I-II q. 89 a. 4 arg. 3"><a name="37403"><span class="ref">[37403] Iª-IIae q. 89 a. 4 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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diff changeset
1909 Angeli mali videntur aliqua facere quae sunt ex genere suo venialia
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diff changeset
1910 peccata, provocando homines ad risum, et ad alias huiusmodi
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diff changeset
1911 levitates. Sed circumstantia personae non facit de veniali mortale,
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diff changeset
1912 ut dictum est, nisi speciali prohibitione superveniente, quod non
53
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1913 est in proposito. Ergo Angelus potest peccare venialiter.</p><p title="I-II q. 89 a. 4 s. c."><a name="37404"><span class="ref">[37404] Iª-IIae q. 89 a. 4 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
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1914 est quod maior est perfectio Angeli quam perfectio hominis in primo
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1915 statu. Sed homo in primo statu non potuit peccare venialiter. Ergo
53
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1916 multo minus Angelus.</p><p title="I-II q. 89 a. 4 co."><a name="37405"><span class="ref">[37405] Iª-IIae q. 89 a. 4 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
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diff changeset
1917 dicendum quod intellectus Angeli, sicut in primo dictum est, non
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diff changeset
1918 est discursivus, ut scilicet procedat a principiis in conclusiones,
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diff changeset
1919 seorsum utrumque intelligens, sicut in nobis contingit. Unde
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diff changeset
1920 oportet quod quandocumque considerat conclusiones, consideret eas
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diff changeset
1921 prout sunt in principiis. In appetibilibus autem, sicut multoties
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diff changeset
1922 dictum est, fines sunt sicut principia; ea vero quae sunt ad finem,
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diff changeset
1923 sunt sicut conclusiones. Unde mens Angeli non fertur in ea quae
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1924 sunt ad finem, nisi secundum quod constant sub ordine finis.
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1925 Propter hoc ex natura sua habent quod non possit in eis esse
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diff changeset
1926 deordinatio circa ea quae sunt ad finem, nisi simul sit deordinatio
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diff changeset
1927 circa finem ipsum, quod est per peccatum mortale. Sed Angeli boni
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diff changeset
1928 non moventur in ea quae sunt ad finem, nisi in ordine ad finem
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diff changeset
1929 debitum, qui est Deus. Et propter hoc omnes eorum actus sunt actus
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diff changeset
1930 caritatis. Et sic in eis non potest esse peccatum veniale. Angeli
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diff changeset
1931 vero mali in nihil moventur nisi in ordine ad finem peccati
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diff changeset
1932 superbiae ipsorum. Et ideo in omnibus peccant mortaliter,
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1933 quaecumque propria voluntate agunt. Secus autem est de appetitu
53
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1934 naturalis boni qui est in eis, ut in primo dictum est.</p><p title="I-II q. 89 a. 4 ad 1"><a name="37406"><span class="ref">[37406] Iª-IIae q. 89 a. 4 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
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1935 ergo dicendum quod homo convenit quidem cum Angelis in mente, sive
53
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1936 in intellectu; sed differt in modo intelligendi, ut dictum est.</p><p title="I-II q. 89 a. 4 ad 2"><a name="37407"><span class="ref">[37407] Iª-IIae q. 89 a. 4 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
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1937 dicendum quod Angelus non potuit minus diligere creaturam quam
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1938 Deum, nisi simul referens eam in Deum, sicut in ultimum finem, vel
53
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1939 aliquem finem inordinatum, ratione iam dicta.</p><p title="I-II q. 89 a. 4 ad 3"><a name="37408"><span class="ref">[37408] Iª-IIae q. 89 a. 4 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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diff changeset
1940 dicendum quod omnia illa quae videntur esse venialia, Daemones
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diff changeset
1941 procurant ut homines ad sui familiaritatem attrahant, et sic
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1942 deducant eos in peccatum mortale. Unde in omnibus talibus
53
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1943 mortaliter peccant, propter intentionem finis.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 5</h3><p title="I-II q. 89 a. 5 arg. 1"><a name="37409"><span class="ref">[37409] Iª-IIae q. 89 a. 5 arg. 1</span></a> Ad quintum
28
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1944 sic proceditur. Videtur quod primi motus sensualitatis in
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diff changeset
1945 infidelibus sint peccata mortalia. Dicit enim apostolus, ad Rom.
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1946 VIII, quod <i>nihil est damnationis his qui sunt in Christo Iesu,
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1947 qui non secundum carnem ambulant</i>, et loquitur ibi de
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1948 concupiscentia sensualitatis, ut ex praemissis apparet. Haec ergo
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1949 causa est quare concupiscere non sit damnabile his qui non secundum
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diff changeset
1950 carnem ambulant, consentiendo scilicet concupiscentiae, quia sunt
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diff changeset
1951 in Christo Iesu. Sed infideles non sunt in Christo Iesu. Ergo in
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1952 infidelibus est damnabile. Primi igitur motus infidelium sunt
53
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1953 peccata mortalia.</p><p title="I-II q. 89 a. 5 arg. 2"><a name="37410"><span class="ref">[37410] Iª-IIae q. 89 a. 5 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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1954 Anselmus dicit, in libro de gratia et Lib. Arb., <i>qui non sunt in
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1955 Christo, sentientes carnem, sequuntur damnationem, etiam si non
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diff changeset
1956 secundum carnem ambulant</i>. Sed damnatio non debetur nisi peccato
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diff changeset
1957 mortali. Ergo, cum homo sentiat carnem secundum primum motum
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diff changeset
1958 concupiscentiae, videtur quod primus motus concupiscentiae in
53
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1959 infidelibus sit peccatum mortale.</p><p title="I-II q. 89 a. 5 arg. 3"><a name="37411"><span class="ref">[37411] Iª-IIae q. 89 a. 5 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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diff changeset
1960 Anselmus dicit, in eodem libro, <i>sic factus est homo, ut
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diff changeset
1961 concupiscentiam sentire non deberet</i>. Hoc autem debitum videtur
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1962 homini remissum per gratiam baptismalem, quam infideles non habent.
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1963 Ergo quandocumque infidelis concupiscit, etiam si non consentiat,
53
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1964 peccat mortaliter, contra debitum faciens.</p><p title="I-II q. 89 a. 5 s. c."><a name="37412"><span class="ref">[37412] Iª-IIae q. 89 a. 5 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
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1965 est quod dicitur Act. X, <i>non est personarum acceptor Deus</i>.
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1966 Quod ergo uni non imputat ad damnationem, nec alteri. Sed primos
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1967 motus fidelibus non imputat ad damnationem. Ergo etiam nec
53
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diff changeset
1968 infidelibus.</p><p title="I-II q. 89 a. 5 co."><a name="37413"><span class="ref">[37413] Iª-IIae q. 89 a. 5 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
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diff changeset
1969 dicendum quod irrationabiliter dicitur quod primi motus infidelium
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diff changeset
1970 sint peccata mortalia, si eis non consentiatur. Et hoc patet
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diff changeset
1971 dupliciter. Primo quidem, quia ipsa sensualitas non potest esse
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diff changeset
1972 subiectum peccati mortalis, ut supra habitum est. Est autem eadem
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diff changeset
1973 natura sensualitatis in infidelibus et fidelibus. Unde non potest
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1974 esse quod solus motus sensualitatis in infidelibus sit peccatum
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diff changeset
1975 mortale. Alio modo, ex statu ipsius peccantis. Nunquam enim
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diff changeset
1976 dignitas personae diminuit peccatum, sed magis auget, ut ex supra
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diff changeset
1977 dictis patet. Unde nec peccatum est minus in fideli quam in
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diff changeset
1978 infideli, sed multo maius. Nam et infidelium peccata magis merentur
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diff changeset
1979 veniam, propter ignorantiam, secundum illud I ad Tim. I,
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diff changeset
1980 <i>misericordiam Dei consecutus sum, quia ignorans feci in
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diff changeset
1981 incredulitate mea</i>; et peccata fidelium aggravantur propter
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diff changeset
1982 gratiae sacramenta, secundum illud Heb. X, <i>quanto magis putatis
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diff changeset
1983 deteriora mereri supplicia, qui sanguinem testamenti, in quo
53
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1984 sanctificatus est, pollutum duxerit?</i></p><p title="I-II q. 89 a. 5 ad 1"><a name="37414"><span class="ref">[37414] Iª-IIae q. 89 a. 5 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
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diff changeset
1985 ergo dicendum quod apostolus loquitur de damnatione debita peccato
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diff changeset
1986 originali, quae aufertur per gratiam Iesu Christi, quamvis maneat
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diff changeset
1987 concupiscentiae fomes. Unde hoc quod fideles concupiscunt, non est
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diff changeset
1988 in eis signum damnationis originalis peccati, sicut est in
53
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diff changeset
1989 infidelibus.</p><p title="I-II q. 89 a. 5 ad 2"><a name="37415"><span class="ref">[37415] Iª-IIae q. 89 a. 5 ad 2</span></a> Et hoc etiam
28
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diff changeset
1990 modo intelligendum est dictum Anselmi. Unde patet solutio ad
53
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diff changeset
1991 secundum.</p><p title="I-II q. 89 a. 5 ad 3"><a name="37416"><span class="ref">[37416] Iª-IIae q. 89 a. 5 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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diff changeset
1992 dicendum quod illud debitum non concupiscendi erat per originalem
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diff changeset
1993 iustitiam. Unde id quod opponitur tali debito, non pertinet ad
53
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1994 peccatum actuale, sed ad peccatum originale.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 6</h3><p title="I-II q. 89 a. 6 arg. 1"><a name="37417"><span class="ref">[37417] Iª-IIae q. 89 a. 6 arg. 1</span></a> Ad sextum
28
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diff changeset
1995 sic proceditur. Videtur quod peccatum veniale possit esse in aliquo
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diff changeset
1996 cum solo originali. Dispositio enim praecedit habitum. Sed veniale
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diff changeset
1997 est dispositio ad mortale, ut supra dictum est. Ergo veniale in
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diff changeset
1998 infideli, cui non remittitur originale, invenitur ante mortale. Et
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diff changeset
1999 sic quandoque infideles habent peccata venialia cum originali, sine
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2000 mortalibus.</p><p title="I-II q. 89 a. 6 arg. 2"><a name="37418"><span class="ref">[37418] Iª-IIae q. 89 a. 6 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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diff changeset
2001 minus habet de connexione et convenientia veniale cum mortali, quam
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diff changeset
2002 mortale peccatum cum mortali. Sed infidelis subiectus originali
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diff changeset
2003 peccato, potest committere unum peccatum mortale et non aliud. Ergo
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2004 etiam potest committere peccatum veniale, et non mortale.</p><p title="I-II q. 89 a. 6 arg. 3"><a name="37419"><span class="ref">[37419] Iª-IIae q. 89 a. 6 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
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2005 determinari potest tempus in quo puer primo potest esse actor
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2006 peccati actualis. Ad quod tempus cum pervenerit, potest ad minus
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2007 per aliquod breve spatium stare, quin peccet mortaliter, quia hoc
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2008 etiam in maximis sceleratis contingit. In illo autem spatio,
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2009 quantumcumque brevi, potest peccare venialiter. Ergo peccatum
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2010 veniale potest esse in aliquo cum originali peccato, absque
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2011 mortali.</p><p title="I-II q. 89 a. 6 s. c."><a name="37420"><span class="ref">[37420] Iª-IIae q. 89 a. 6 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
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2012 est quia pro peccato originali puniuntur homines in Limbo puerorum,
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2013 ubi non est poena sensus, ut infra dicetur. In Inferno autem
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2014 detruduntur homines propter solum peccatum mortale. Ergo non erit
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2015 locus in quo possit puniri ille qui habet peccatum veniale cum
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2016 originali solo.</p><p title="I-II q. 89 a. 6 co."><a name="37421"><span class="ref">[37421] Iª-IIae q. 89 a. 6 co.</span></a> Respondeo
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2017 dicendum quod impossibile est quod peccatum veniale sit in aliquo
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2018 cum originali peccato, absque mortali. Cuius ratio est quia
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2019 antequam ad annos discretionis perveniat, defectus aetatis,
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2020 prohibens usum rationis, excusat eum a peccato mortali, unde multo
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2021 magis excusat eum a peccato veniali, si committat aliquid quod sit
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2022 ex genere suo tale. Cum vero usum rationis habere inceperit, non
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2023 omnino excusatur a culpa venialis et mortalis peccati. Sed primum
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2024 quod tunc homini cogitandum occurrit, est deliberare de seipso. Et
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2025 si quidem seipsum ordinaverit ad debitum finem, per gratiam
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2026 consequetur remissionem originalis peccati. Si vero non ordinet
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2027 seipsum ad debitum finem, secundum quod in illa aetate est capax
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2028 discretionis, peccabit mortaliter, non faciens quod in se est. Et
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2029 ex tunc non erit in eo peccatum veniale sine mortali, nisi postquam
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2030 totum fuerit sibi per gratiam remissum.</p><p title="I-II q. 89 a. 6 ad 1"><a name="37422"><span class="ref">[37422] Iª-IIae q. 89 a. 6 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
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2031 ergo dicendum quod veniale non est dispositio ex necessitate
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2032 praecedens mortale, sed contingenter, sicut labor disponit
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2033 quandoque ad febrem, non autem sicut calor disponit ad formam
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2034 ignis.</p><p title="I-II q. 89 a. 6 ad 2"><a name="37423"><span class="ref">[37423] Iª-IIae q. 89 a. 6 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
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2035 dicendum quod non impeditur peccatum veniale esse simul cum solo
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2036 originali propter distantiam eius vel convenientiam; sed propter
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2037 defectum usus rationis, ut dictum est.</p><p title="I-II q. 89 a. 6 ad 3"><a name="37424"><span class="ref">[37424] Iª-IIae q. 89 a. 6 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
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2038 dicendum quod ab aliis peccatis mortalibus potest puer incipiens
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2039 habere usum rationis, per aliquod tempus abstinere, sed a peccato
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2040 omissionis praedictae non liberatur, nisi quam cito potest, se
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2041 convertat ad Deum. Primum enim quod occurrit homini discretionem
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2042 habenti est quod de seipso cogitet, ad quem alia ordinet sicut ad
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2043 finem, finis enim est prior in intentione. Et ideo hoc est tempus
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2044 pro quo obligatur ex Dei praecepto affirmativo, quo dominus dicit,
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2045 <i>convertimini ad me, et ego convertar ad vos</i>, Zachariae
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2046 I.</p></div></div><div class="centro"><br/>
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2047 <p><a href="sth2075.html"><img src="icons/ageretro.gif" width="19" height="19" align="middle" border="0" alt="age retro"/></a>  
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2048 <a href="sth2090.html"><img src="icons/ageultra.gif" width="19" height="19" align="middle" border="0" alt="age ultra"/></a></p>
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2049 <br/>
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2050 <hr/>
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2051 <br/>
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2052 <address>© 2006 Fundación Tomás de Aquino quoad
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2053 hanc editionem<br/>
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2054 Iura omnia asservantur<br/>
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2055 OCLC nr. <a href="http://worldcatlibraries.org/wcpa/oclc/49644264" style="text-decoration=none">49644264</a></address>
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2056 </div></body>
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2057 </html>