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annotate summa/latin/sth1065.html @ 89:ca573ccfc3e7

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fix some missing headers, etc.
author ht
date Sun, 16 Jun 2013 14:43:49 +0000
parents 03759e5c1080
children
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1 <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "file:///c:/cygwin/usr/local/share/lib/xml/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
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2 <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" lang="LA" xml:lang="LA">
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3 <head>
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4 <meta name="generator" content="HTML Tidy for Windows (vers 1st February 2005), see www.w3.org"/>
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5 <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=us-ascii"/>
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6 <meta http-equiv="Content-Style-Type" content="text/css"/>
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7 <meta http-equiv="Content-Script-Type" content="text/javascript"/>
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8 <meta name="keywords" content="Thomas de Aquino, Summa Theologiae, Corpus Thomisticum"/>
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9 <meta name="language" content="Latin"/>
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10 <meta name="security" content="public"/>
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11 <meta name="owner" content="ealarcon@unav.es"/>
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12 <meta name="author" content="Enrique Alarcón"/>
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13 <meta name="abstract" content=""/>
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14 <link rel="stylesheet" media="screen" href="vscreen.css" type="text/css"/>
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15 <link rel="stylesheet" media="print" href="vprint.css" type="text/css"/>
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16 <title>Thomas de Aquino, Summa Theologiae, Iª q. 65-74</title>
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17 </head>
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18 <body><a href="http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/"/><div class="tres">CORPUS THOMISTICUM</div><div class="uno">Sancti Thomae de Aquino</div><div class="uno">Summa Theologiae</div><div class="dos">prima pars a quaestione LXV ad quaestionem
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19 LXXIV</div><div class="centro">
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20 <table align="center" summary="Imago">
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21 <tr>
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22 <th><img src="icons/ghent190.jpg" width="120" height="190" border="0" alt="Thomas de Aquino a Justo Ghent depictus" align="middle"/></th>
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23 </tr>
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24 </table>
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25 <br/>
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26 <span class="tres">Textum Leoninum Romae 1889 editum<br/>
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27 ac automato translatum a Roberto Busa SJ in taenias
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28 magneticas<br/>
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29 denuo recognovit Enrique Alarcón atque instruxit<br/>
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30 <br/></span><br/>
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31 <hr/>
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32 <br/>
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33 <p><a href="sth1050.html"><img src="icons/ageretro.gif" width="19" height="19" align="middle" border="0" alt="age retro"/></a>  
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34 <a href="sth1075.html"><img src="icons/ageultra.gif" width="19" height="19" align="middle" border="0" alt="age ultra"/></a></p>
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35 <script language="JavaScript" type="text/javascript">
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36 //
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37 &lt;!--
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38 // original code by Bill Trefzger 12/12/96; revised by Enrique Alarcon 12/9/2000
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39 function go(){if(document.selecter.select1.options[document.selecter.select1.selectedIndex].value !="none"){location=document.selecter.select1.options[document.selecter.select1.selectedIndex].value}}
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42 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="none"&gt;------------------------------------------------');
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136 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31248"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 67 a. 2 ad 1');
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137 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31249"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 67 a. 2 ad 2');
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138 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31250"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 67 a. 2 ad 3');
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139 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31251"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 67 a. 3 arg. 1');
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140 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31252"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 67 a. 3 arg. 2');
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141 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31253"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 67 a. 3 arg. 3');
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142 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31254"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 67 a. 3 s. c.');
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143 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31255"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 67 a. 3 co.');
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144 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31256"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 67 a. 3 ad 1');
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145 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31257"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 67 a. 3 ad 2');
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146 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31258"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 67 a. 3 ad 3');
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147 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31259"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 67 a. 4 arg. 1');
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148 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31260"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 67 a. 4 arg. 2');
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parents: 28
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149 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31261"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 67 a. 4 arg. 3');
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150 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31262"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 67 a. 4 arg. 4');
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151 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31263"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 67 a. 4 s. c.');
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152 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31264"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 67 a. 4 co.');
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153 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31265"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 67 a. 4 ad 1');
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154 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31266"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 67 a. 4 ad 2');
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155 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31267"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 67 a. 4 ad 3');
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156 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31268"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 67 a. 4 ad 4');
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parents: 28
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157 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31269"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 68 pr.');
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parents: 28
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158 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31270"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 68 a. 1 arg. 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
159 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31271"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 68 a. 1 arg. 2');
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parents: 28
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160 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31272"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 68 a. 1 arg. 3');
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161 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31273"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 68 a. 1 s. c.');
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diff changeset
162 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31274"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 68 a. 1 co.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
163 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31275"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 68 a. 1 ad 1');
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parents: 28
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164 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31276"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 68 a. 1 ad 2');
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parents: 28
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165 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31277"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 68 a. 2 arg. 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
166 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31278"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 68 a. 2 arg. 2');
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parents: 28
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167 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31279"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 68 a. 2 arg. 3');
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168 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31280"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 68 a. 2 s. c.');
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169 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31281"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 68 a. 2 co.');
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parents: 28
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170 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31282"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 68 a. 2 ad 1');
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parents: 28
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171 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31283"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 68 a. 2 ad 2');
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parents: 28
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172 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31284"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 68 a. 2 ad 3');
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parents: 28
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173 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31285"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 68 a. 3 arg. 1');
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parents: 28
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174 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31286"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 68 a. 3 arg. 2');
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parents: 28
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175 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31287"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 68 a. 3 arg. 3');
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176 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31288"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 68 a. 3 s. c.');
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177 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31289"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 68 a. 3 co.');
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parents: 28
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178 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31290"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 68 a. 3 ad 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
179 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31291"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 68 a. 3 ad 2');
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180 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31292"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 68 a. 3 ad 3');
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parents: 28
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181 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31293"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 68 a. 4 arg. 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
182 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31294"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 68 a. 4 arg. 2');
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parents: 28
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183 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31295"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 68 a. 4 arg. 3');
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184 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31296"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 68 a. 4 s. c.');
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185 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31297"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 68 a. 4 co.');
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parents: 28
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186 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31298"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 68 a. 4 ad 1');
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187 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31299"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 68 a. 4 ad 2');
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188 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31300"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 68 a. 4 ad 3');
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parents: 28
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189 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31301"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 69 pr.');
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parents: 28
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190 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31302"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 69 a. 1 arg. 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
191 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31303"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 69 a. 1 arg. 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
192 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31304"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 69 a. 1 arg. 3');
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parents: 28
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193 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31305"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 69 a. 1 arg. 4');
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parents: 28
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194 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31306"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 69 a. 1 arg. 5');
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195 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31307"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 69 a. 1 s. c.');
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196 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31308"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 69 a. 1 co.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
197 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31309"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 69 a. 1 ad 1');
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parents: 28
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198 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31310"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 69 a. 1 ad 2');
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parents: 28
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199 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31311"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 69 a. 1 ad 3');
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parents: 28
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200 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31312"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 69 a. 1 ad 4');
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parents: 28
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201 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31313"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 69 a. 1 ad 5');
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parents: 28
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202 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31314"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 69 a. 2 arg. 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
203 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31315"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 69 a. 2 arg. 2');
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parents: 28
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204 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31316"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 69 a. 2 arg. 3');
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205 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31317"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 69 a. 2 s. c.');
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206 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31318"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 69 a. 2 co.');
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parents: 28
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207 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31319"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 69 a. 2 ad 1');
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parents: 28
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208 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31320"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 69 a. 2 ad 2');
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parents: 28
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209 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31321"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 69 a. 2 ad 3');
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parents: 28
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210 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31322"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 70 pr.');
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parents: 28
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211 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31323"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 70 a. 1 arg. 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
212 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31324"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 70 a. 1 arg. 2');
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parents: 28
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213 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31325"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 70 a. 1 arg. 3');
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parents: 28
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214 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31326"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 70 a. 1 arg. 4');
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parents: 28
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215 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31327"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 70 a. 1 arg. 5');
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216 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31328"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 70 a. 1 s. c.');
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217 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31329"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 70 a. 1 co.');
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parents: 28
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218 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31330"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 70 a. 1 ad 1');
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219 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31331"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 70 a. 1 ad 2');
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220 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31332"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 70 a. 1 ad 3');
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parents: 28
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221 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31333"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 70 a. 1 ad 4');
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parents: 28
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222 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31334"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 70 a. 1 ad 5');
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parents: 28
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223 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31335"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 70 a. 2 arg. 1');
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parents: 28
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224 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31336"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 70 a. 2 arg. 2');
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parents: 28
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225 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31337"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 70 a. 2 arg. 3');
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parents: 28
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226 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31338"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 70 a. 2 arg. 4');
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parents: 28
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227 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31339"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 70 a. 2 arg. 5');
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228 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31340"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 70 a. 2 s. c.');
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229 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31341"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 70 a. 2 co.');
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230 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31342"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 70 a. 2 ad 1');
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parents: 28
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231 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31343"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 70 a. 2 ad 2');
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parents: 28
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232 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31344"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 70 a. 2 ad 3');
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233 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31345"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 70 a. 2 ad 4');
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234 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31346"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 70 a. 2 ad 5');
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parents: 28
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235 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31347"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 70 a. 3 arg. 1');
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parents: 28
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236 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31348"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 70 a. 3 arg. 2');
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237 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31349"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 70 a. 3 arg. 3');
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parents: 28
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238 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31350"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 70 a. 3 arg. 4');
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parents: 28
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239 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31351"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 70 a. 3 arg. 5');
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240 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31352"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 70 a. 3 s. c.');
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diff changeset
241 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31353"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 70 a. 3 co.');
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parents: 28
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242 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31354"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 70 a. 3 ad 1');
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parents: 28
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243 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31355"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 70 a. 3 ad 2');
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parents: 28
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244 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31356"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 70 a. 3 ad 3');
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parents: 28
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245 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31357"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 70 a. 3 ad 4');
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parents: 28
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246 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31358"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 70 a. 3 ad 5');
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parents: 28
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247 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31359"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 71 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
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248 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31360"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 71 arg. 2');
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parents: 28
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249 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31361"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 71 arg. 3');
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parents: 28
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250 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31362"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 71 arg. 4');
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parents: 28
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251 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31363"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 71 arg. 5');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
252 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31364"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 71 s. c.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
253 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31365"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 71 co.');
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parents: 28
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254 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31366"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 71 ad 1');
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parents: 28
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255 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31367"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 71 ad 2');
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parents: 28
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256 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31368"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 71 ad 3');
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parents: 28
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257 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31369"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 71 ad 4');
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parents: 28
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258 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31370"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 71 ad 5');
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parents: 28
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259 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31371"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 72 arg. 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
260 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31372"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 72 arg. 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
261 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31373"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 72 arg. 3');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
262 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31374"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 72 arg. 4');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
263 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31375"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 72 arg. 5');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
264 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31376"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 72 arg. 6');
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265 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31377"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 72 s. c.');
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266 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31378"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 72 co.');
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267 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31379"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 72 ad 1');
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268 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31380"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 72 ad 2');
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269 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31381"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 72 ad 3');
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270 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31382"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 72 ad 4');
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271 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31383"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 72 ad 5');
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272 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31384"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 72 ad 6');
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273 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31385"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 73 pr.');
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274 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31386"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 73 a. 1 arg. 1');
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275 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31387"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 73 a. 1 arg. 2');
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276 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31388"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 73 a. 1 arg. 3');
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277 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31389"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 73 a. 1 s. c.');
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278 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31390"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 73 a. 1 co.');
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279 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31391"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 73 a. 1 ad 1');
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280 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31392"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 73 a. 1 ad 2');
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281 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31393"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 73 a. 1 ad 3');
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282 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31394"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 73 a. 2 arg. 1');
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283 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31395"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 73 a. 2 arg. 2');
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284 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31396"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 73 a. 2 arg. 3');
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285 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31397"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 73 a. 2 s. c.');
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286 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31398"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 73 a. 2 co.');
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287 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31399"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 73 a. 2 ad 1');
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288 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31400"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 73 a. 2 ad 2');
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289 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31401"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 73 a. 2 ad 3');
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290 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31402"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 73 a. 3 arg. 1');
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291 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31403"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 73 a. 3 arg. 2');
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292 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31404"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 73 a. 3 arg. 3');
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293 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31405"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 73 a. 3 s. c.');
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294 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31406"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 73 a. 3 co.');
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295 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31407"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 73 a. 3 ad 1');
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296 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31408"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 73 a. 3 ad 2');
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297 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31409"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 73 a. 3 ad 3');
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298 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31410"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 74 pr.');
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299 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31411"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 74 a. 1 arg. 1');
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300 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31412"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 74 a. 1 arg. 2');
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301 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31413"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 74 a. 1 arg. 3');
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302 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31414"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 74 a. 1 s. c. 1');
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303 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31415"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 74 a. 1 s. c. 2');
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304 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31416"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 74 a. 1 co.');
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305 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31417"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 74 a. 1 ad 1');
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306 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31418"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 74 a. 1 ad 2');
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307 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31419"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 74 a. 1 ad 3');
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308 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31420"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 74 a. 1 ad 4');
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309 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31421"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 74 a. 1 ad 5');
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310 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31422"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 74 a. 2 arg. 1');
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311 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31423"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 74 a. 2 arg. 2');
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312 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31424"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 74 a. 2 arg. 3');
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313 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31425"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 74 a. 2 arg. 4');
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314 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31426"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 74 a. 2 s. c.');
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315 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31427"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 74 a. 2 co.');
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316 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31428"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 74 a. 2 ad 1');
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317 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31429"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 74 a. 2 ad 2');
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318 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31430"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 74 a. 2 ad 3');
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319 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31431"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 74 a. 2 ad 4');
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320 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31432"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 74 a. 2 ad 5');
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321 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31433"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 74 a. 3 arg. 1');
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322 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31434"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 74 a. 3 arg. 2');
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323 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31435"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 74 a. 3 arg. 3');
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324 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31436"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 74 a. 3 arg. 4');
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325 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31437"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 74 a. 3 arg. 5');
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326 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31438"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 74 a. 3 arg. 6');
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327 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31439"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 74 a. 3 arg. 7');
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328 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31440"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 74 a. 3 ad 1');
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329 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31441"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 74 a. 3 ad 2');
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330 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31442"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 74 a. 3 ad 3');
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331 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31443"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 74 a. 3 ad 4');
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332 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31444"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 74 a. 3 ad 5');
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333 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31445"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 74 a. 3 ad 6');
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334 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31446"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 74 a. 3 ad 7');
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335 document.write('&lt;\/SELECT&gt;');
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336 document.write('&lt;BR&gt;&lt;BR&gt;');
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337 document.write('&lt;INPUT TYPE="button" VALUE="Agedum" ONCLICK="go()"&gt;');
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338 document.write('&lt;\/FORM&gt;');
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339 // --&gt;
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340 //
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341 </script><br/>
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342 <hr/>
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343 <br/></div><div id="q65" class="q"><h2>Quaestio 65</h2><div class="p"><h3>Prooemium</h3><p title="I q. 65 pr."><a name="31159"><span class="ref">[31159]
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344 Iª q. 65 pr.</span></a> Post considerationem spiritualis
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345 creaturae, considerandum est de creatura corporali. In cuius
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346 productione tria opera Scriptura commemorat, scilicet opus
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347 creationis, cum dicitur, <i>in principio creavit Deus caelum et
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348 terram,</i> etc.; opus distinctionis, cum dicitur, <i>divisit lucem
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349 a tenebris, et aquas quae sunt supra firmamentum, ab aquis quae
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350 sunt sub firmamento</i>; et opus ornatus, cum dicitur, <i>fiant
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351 luminaria in firmamento</i> et cetera. Primo ergo considerandum est
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352 de opere creationis; secundo, de opere distinctionis; tertio, de
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353 opere ornatus. Circa primum quaeruntur quatuor. Primo, utrum
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354 creatura corporalis sit a Deo. Secundo, utrum sit facta propter
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355 bonitatem Dei. Tertio, utrum sit facta a Deo mediantibus Angelis.
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356 Quarto, utrum formae corporum sint ab Angelis, an immediate a
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357 Deo.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 1</h3><p title="I q. 65 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="31160"><span class="ref">[31160] Iª q. 65 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad primum sic
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358 proceditur. Videtur quod creatura corporalis non sit a Deo. Dicitur
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359 enim Eccle. III, <i>didici quod omnia quae fecit Deus, perseverant
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360 in aeternum</i>. Sed corpora visibilia non perseverant in aeternum,
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361 dicitur enim II Cor. IV, <i>quae videntur temporalia sunt; quae
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362 autem non videntur, aeterna</i>. Ergo Deus non fecit corpora
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363 visibilia.</p><p title="I q. 65 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="31161"><span class="ref">[31161] Iª q. 65 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea, Gen.
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364 I, dicitur, <i>vidit Deus cuncta quae fecerat, et erant valde
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365 bona</i>. Sed creaturae corporales sunt malae, experimur enim eas
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366 in multis noxias, ut patet in multis serpentibus, in aestu solis,
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367 et huiusmodi; ideo autem aliquid dicitur malum, quia nocet.
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368 Creaturae igitur corporales non sunt a Deo.</p><p title="I q. 65 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="31162"><span class="ref">[31162] Iª q. 65 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea, id
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369 quod est a Deo, non retrahit a Deo, sed ducit in ipsum. Sed
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370 creaturae corporales retrahunt a Deo, unde apostolus dicit, II Cor.
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371 IV, <i>non contemplantibus nobis quae videntur</i>. Ergo creaturae
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372 corporales non sunt a Deo.</p><p title="I q. 65 a. 1 s. c."><a name="31163"><span class="ref">[31163] Iª q. 65 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
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373 quod dicitur in Psalmo CXLV, <i>qui fecit caelum et terram, mare,
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374 et omnia quae in eis sunt</i>.</p><p title="I q. 65 a. 1 co."><a name="31164"><span class="ref">[31164] Iª q. 65 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
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375 quod quorundam haereticorum positio est, quod visibilia ista non
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376 sunt creata a bono Deo, sed a malo principio. Et ad argumentum sui
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377 erroris assumunt quod apostolus dicit II, Cor. IV, <i>Deus huius
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378 saeculi excaecavit mentes infidelium</i>. Haec autem positio est
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379 omnino impossibilis. Si enim diversa in aliquo uniantur, necesse
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380 est huius unionis causam esse aliquam, non enim diversa secundum se
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381 uniuntur. Et inde est quod, quandocumque in diversis invenitur
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382 aliquid unum, oportet quod illa diversa illud unum ab aliqua una
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383 causa recipiant; sicut diversa corpora calida habent calorem ab
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384 igne. Hoc autem quod est esse, communiter invenitur in omnibus
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385 rebus, quantumcumque diversis. Necesse est ergo esse unum essendi
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386 principium, a quo esse habeant quaecumque sunt quocumque modo, sive
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387 sint invisibilia et spiritualia, sive sint visibilia et corporalia.
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388 Dicitur autem Diabolus esse Deus huius saeculi, non creatione, sed
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389 quia saeculariter viventes ei serviunt; eo modo loquendi quo
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390 apostolus loquitur, ad Philipp. III, <i>quorum Deus venter
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391 est</i>.</p><p title="I q. 65 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="31165"><span class="ref">[31165] Iª q. 65 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
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392 dicendum quod omnes creaturae Dei secundum aliquid in aeternum
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393 perseverant, ad minus secundum materiam, quia creaturae nunquam in
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394 nihilum redigentur, etiam si sint corruptibiles. Sed quanto
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395 creaturae magis appropinquant ad Deum, qui est omnino immobilis,
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396 tanto magis sunt immobiles. Nam creaturae corruptibiles in
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397 perpetuum manent secundum materiam, sed mutantur secundum formam
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398 substantialem. Creaturae vero incorruptibiles permanent quidem
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399 secundum substantiam, sed sunt mutabiles secundum alia, puta
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400 secundum locum, ut corpora caelestia; vel secundum affectiones, ut
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401 creaturae spirituales. Quod autem apostolus dicit, <i>quae
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402 videntur, temporalia sunt</i>, etsi verum sit etiam quantum ad
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403 ipsas res in se consideratas, secundum quod omnis creatura
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404 visibilis subiacet tempori, vel secundum suum esse vel secundum
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405 suum motum; tamen apostolus intendit loqui de visibilibus secundum
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406 quod sunt hominis praemia. Nam praemia hominis quae sunt in istis
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407 rebus visibilibus, temporaliter transeunt, quae autem sunt in rebus
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408 invisibilibus, permanent in aeternum. Unde et supra praemiserat,
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409 <i>aeternum gloriae pondus operatur in nobis</i>.</p><p title="I q. 65 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="31166"><span class="ref">[31166] Iª q. 65 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
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410 dicendum quod creatura corporalis, secundum suam naturam, est bona,
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411 sed non est bonum universale, sed est quoddam bonum particulare et
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412 contractum, secundum quam particularitatem et contractionem
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413 sequitur in ea contrarietas, per quam unum contrariatur alteri,
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414 licet utrumque in se sit bonum. Quidam autem, aestimantes res non
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415 ex earum natura, sed ex suo proprio commodo, quaecumque sibi nociva
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416 sunt, simpliciter mala arbitrantur non considerantes quod id quod
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417 est uni nocivum quantum ad aliquid, vel alteri vel eidem quantum ad
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418 aliquid est proficuum. Quod nequaquam esset, si secundum se corpora
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419 essent mala et noxia.</p><p title="I q. 65 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="31167"><span class="ref">[31167] Iª q. 65 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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420 dicendum quod creaturae, quantum est de se, non retrahunt a Deo,
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421 sed in ipsum ducunt, quia <i>invisibilia Dei per ea quae facta
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422 sunt, intellecta, conspiciuntur</i>, ut dicitur Rom. I. Sed quod
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423 avertant a Deo, hoc est ex culpa eorum qui insipienter eis utuntur.
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424 Unde dicitur Sap. XIV, quod <i>creaturae factae sunt in muscipulam
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425 pedibus insipientium</i>. Et hoc ipsum quod sic a Deo abducunt,
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426 attestatur quod sunt a Deo. Non enim abducunt insipientes a Deo,
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427 nisi alliciendo secundum aliquid boni in eis existens, quod habent
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428 a Deo.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 2</h3><p title="I q. 65 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="31168"><span class="ref">[31168] Iª q. 65 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad secundum sic
28
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429 proceditur. Videtur quod creatura corporalis non sit facta propter
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430 Dei bonitatem. Dicitur enim Sap. I, <i>creavit Deus ut essent
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431 omnia</i>. Ergo omnia sunt creata propter suum proprium esse, et
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432 non propter Dei bonitatem.</p><p title="I q. 65 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="31169"><span class="ref">[31169] Iª q. 65 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea, bonum
28
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433 habet rationem finis. Ergo id quod est magis bonum in rebus, est
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434 finis minus boni. Creatura autem spiritualis comparatur ad
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435 corporalem, sicut maius bonum ad minus bonum. Ergo creatura
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436 corporalis est propter spiritualem, et non propter Dei
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437 bonitatem.</p><p title="I q. 65 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="31170"><span class="ref">[31170] Iª q. 65 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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438 iustitia non dat inaequalia nisi inaequalibus. Sed Deus est iustus.
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439 Ergo ante omnem inaequalitatem a Deo creatam, est inaequalitas a
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440 Deo non creata. Sed inaequalitas a Deo non creata, non potest esse
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441 nisi quae est ex libero arbitrio. Ergo omnis inaequalitas sequitur
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442 ex diversis motibus liberi arbitrii. Creaturae autem corporales
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443 sunt inaequales spiritualibus. Ergo creaturae corporales sunt
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444 factae propter aliquos motus liberi arbitrii, et non propter Dei
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445 bonitatem.</p><p title="I q. 65 a. 2 s. c."><a name="31171"><span class="ref">[31171] Iª q. 65 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
28
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446 quod dicitur Prov. XVI, <i>universa propter semetipsum operatus est
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447 dominus</i>.</p><p title="I q. 65 a. 2 co."><a name="31172"><span class="ref">[31172] Iª q. 65 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
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448 quod Origenes posuit quod creatura corporalis non est facta ex
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449 prima Dei intentione, sed ad poenam creaturae spiritualis
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450 peccantis. Posuit enim quod Deus a principio creaturas spirituales
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451 solas fecit, et omnes aequales. Quarum, cum essent liberi arbitrii,
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452 quaedam conversae sunt in Deum, et secundum quantitatem
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453 conversionis sortitae sunt maiorem vel minorem gradum, in sua
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454 simplicitate remanentes. Quaedam vero, aversae a Deo, alligatae
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455 sunt corporibus diversis, secundum modum aversionis a Deo. Quae
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456 quidem positio erronea est. Primo quidem, quia contrariatur
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457 Scripturae, quae, enarrata productione cuiuslibet speciei creaturae
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458 corporalis subiungit, vidit Deus quia hoc esset bonum; quasi
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459 diceret quod unumquodque ideo factum est, quia bonum est ipsum
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460 esse. Secundum autem opinionem Origenis, creatura corporalis facta
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461 est, non quia bonum est eam esse, sed ut malum alterius puniretur.
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462 Secundo, quia sequeretur quod mundi corporalis dispositio quae nunc
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463 est, esset a casu. Si enim ideo corpus solis tale factum est, ut
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464 congrueret alicui peccato spiritualis creaturae puniendo; si plures
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465 creaturae spirituales similiter peccassent sicut illa propter cuius
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466 peccatum puniendum ponit solem creatum, sequeretur quod essent
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467 plures soles in mundo. Et idem esset de aliis. Haec autem sunt
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468 omnino inconvenientia. Unde haec positione remota tanquam erronea,
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469 considerandum est quod ex omnibus creaturis constituitur totum
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470 universum sicut totum ex partibus. Si autem alicuius totius et
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471 partium eius velimus finem assignare, inveniemus primo quidem, quod
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472 singulae partes sunt propter suos actus; sicut oculus ad videndum.
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473 Secundo vero, quod pars ignobilior est propter nobiliorem; sicut
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474 sensus propter intellectum, et pulmo propter cor. Tertio vero,
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475 omnes partes sunt propter perfectionem totius, sicut et materia
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476 propter formam, partes enim sunt quasi materia totius. Ulterius
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477 autem, totus homo est propter aliquem finem extrinsecum, puta ut
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478 fruatur Deo. Sic igitur et in partibus universi, unaquaeque
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479 creatura est propter suum proprium actum et perfectionem. Secundo
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480 autem, creaturae ignobiliores sunt propter nobiliores sicut
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481 creaturae quae sunt infra hominem, sunt propter hominem. Ulterius
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482 autem, singulae creaturae sunt propter perfectionem totius
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483 universi. Ulterius autem, totum universum, cum singulis suis
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484 partibus, ordinatur in Deum sicut in finem, inquantum in eis per
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485 quandam imitationem divina bonitas repraesentatur ad gloriam Dei,
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486 quamvis creaturae rationales speciali quodam modo supra hoc habeant
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487 finem Deum, quem attingere possunt sua operatione, cognoscendo et
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488 amando. Et sic patet quod divina bonitas est finis omnium
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489 corporalium.</p><p title="I q. 65 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="31173"><span class="ref">[31173] Iª q. 65 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
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490 dicendum quod in hoc ipso quod creatura aliqua habet esse,
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491 repraesentat divinum esse et bonitatem eius. Et ideo per hoc quod
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492 Deus creavit omnia ut essent, non excluditur quin creaverit omnia
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493 propter suam bonitatem.</p><p title="I q. 65 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="31174"><span class="ref">[31174] Iª q. 65 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
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494 dicendum quod finis proximus non excludit finem ultimum. Unde per
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495 hoc quod creatura corporalis facta est quodammodo propter
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496 spiritualem, non removetur quin sit facta propter Dei
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497 bonitatem.</p><p title="I q. 65 a. 2 ad 3"><a name="31175"><span class="ref">[31175] Iª q. 65 a. 2 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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498 dicendum quod aequalitas iustitiae locum habet in retribuendo,
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499 iustum enim est quod aequalibus aequalia retribuantur. Non autem
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500 habet locum in prima rerum institutione. Sicut enim artifex eiusdem
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501 generis lapides in diversis partibus aedificii ponit absque
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502 iniustitia, non propter aliquam diversitatem in lapidibus
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503 praecedentem, sed attendens ad perfectionem totius aedificii, quae
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504 non esset nisi lapides diversimode in aedificio collocarentur; sic
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505 et Deus a principio, ut esset perfectio in universo, diversas et
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506 inaequales creaturas instituit, secundum suam sapientiam, absque
53
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507 iniustitia, nulla tamen praesupposita meritorum diversitate.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 3</h3><p title="I q. 65 a. 3 arg. 1"><a name="31176"><span class="ref">[31176] Iª q. 65 a. 3 arg. 1</span></a> Ad tertium sic
28
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508 proceditur. Videtur quod creatura corporalis sit producta a Deo
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diff changeset
509 mediantibus Angelis. Sicut enim res gubernantur per divinam
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510 sapientiam, ita omnia sunt per Dei sapientiam facta; secundum illud
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511 Psalmi CIII, <i>omnia in sapientia fecisti</i>. Sed ordinare est
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512 sapientis, ut dicitur in principio Metaphys. Unde in gubernatione
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diff changeset
513 rerum, inferiora per superiora reguntur quodam ordine, ut
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514 Augustinus dicit, III de Trin. Ergo et in rerum productione talis
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515 ordo fuit, quod creatura corporalis, tanquam inferior, per
53
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516 spiritualem, tanquam superiorem, est producta.</p><p title="I q. 65 a. 3 arg. 2"><a name="31177"><span class="ref">[31177] Iª q. 65 a. 3 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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diff changeset
517 diversitas effectuum demonstrat diversitatem causarum, quia idem
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518 semper facit idem. Si ergo omnes creaturae, tam spirituales quam
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519 corporales, sunt immediate a Deo productae, nulla esset inter
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520 creaturas diversitas, nec una magis distaret a Deo quam alia. Quod
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521 patet esse falsum, cum propter longe distare a Deo dicat
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522 philosophus quaedam corruptibilia esse.</p><p title="I q. 65 a. 3 arg. 3"><a name="31178"><span class="ref">[31178] Iª q. 65 a. 3 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea, ad
28
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523 producendum effectum finitum, non requiritur virtus infinita. Sed
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diff changeset
524 omne corpus finitum est. Ergo per finitam virtutem spiritualis
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diff changeset
525 creaturae produci potuit; et productum fuit, quia in talibus non
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526 differt esse et posse; praesertim quia nulla dignitas competens
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527 alicui secundum suam naturam, ei denegatur, nisi forte ob
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528 culpam.</p><p title="I q. 65 a. 3 s. c."><a name="31179"><span class="ref">[31179] Iª q. 65 a. 3 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
28
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diff changeset
529 quod dicitur Gen. I, <i>in principio creavit Deus caelum et
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diff changeset
530 terram</i>, per quae creatura corporalis intelligitur. Ergo
53
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531 creatura corporalis est immediate a Deo producta.</p><p title="I q. 65 a. 3 co."><a name="31180"><span class="ref">[31180] Iª q. 65 a. 3 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
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diff changeset
532 quod quidam posuerunt gradatim res a Deo processisse, ita scilicet
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533 quod ab eo immediate processit prima creatura, et illa produxit
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534 aliam; et sic inde usque ad creaturam corpoream. Sed haec positio
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535 est impossibilis. Quia prima corporalis creaturae productio est per
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536 creationem per quam etiam ipsa materia producitur, imperfectum enim
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537 est prius quam perfectum in fieri impossibile est autem aliquid
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538 creari nisi a solo Deo. Ad cuius evidentiam, considerandum est quod
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539 quanto aliqua causa est superior, tanto ad plura se extendit in
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540 causando. Semper autem id quod substernitur in rebus, invenitur
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diff changeset
541 communius quam id quod informat et restringit ipsum, sicut esse
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542 quam vivere, et vivere quam intelligere, et materia quam forma.
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543 Quanto ergo aliquid est magis substratum, tanto a superiori causa
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diff changeset
544 directe procedit. Id ergo quod est primo substratum in omnibus,
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diff changeset
545 proprie pertinet ad causalitatem supremae causae. Nulla igitur
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diff changeset
546 secunda causa potest aliquid producere, non praesupposito in re
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547 producta aliquo quod causatur a superiori causa. Creatio autem est
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548 productio alicuius rei secundum suam totam substantiam, nullo
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diff changeset
549 praesupposito quod sit vel increatum vel ab aliquo creatum. Unde
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diff changeset
550 relinquitur quod nihil potest aliquid creare nisi solus Deus, qui
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551 est prima causa. Et ideo ut Moyses ostenderet corpora omnia
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552 immediate a Deo creata, dixit, <i>in principio creavit Deus caelum
53
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diff changeset
553 et terram</i>.</p><p title="I q. 65 a. 3 ad 1"><a name="31181"><span class="ref">[31181] Iª q. 65 a. 3 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
554 dicendum quod in productione rerum est aliquis ordo, non quidem ut
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diff changeset
555 una creatura creetur ab alia (hoc enim impossibile est); sed ita
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diff changeset
556 quod ex divina sapientia diversi gradus in creaturis,
53
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557 constituuntur.</p><p title="I q. 65 a. 3 ad 2"><a name="31182"><span class="ref">[31182] Iª q. 65 a. 3 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
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diff changeset
558 dicendum quod ipse Deus unus, absque suae simplicitatis detrimento,
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diff changeset
559 diversorum cognoscitivus est, ut supra ostensum est. Et ideo etiam
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diff changeset
560 est, secundum diversa cognita, diversorum productorum causa per
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561 suam sapientiam, sicut et artifex, apprehendendo diversas formas,
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diff changeset
562 producit diversa artificiata.</p><p title="I q. 65 a. 3 ad 3"><a name="31183"><span class="ref">[31183] Iª q. 65 a. 3 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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563 dicendum quod quantitas virtutis agentis non solum mensuratur
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564 secundum rem factam, sed etiam secundum modum faciendi, quia unum
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565 et idem aliter fit et a maiori, et a minori virtute. Producere
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566 autem aliquid finitum hoc modo ut nihil praesupponatur, est
53
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567 virtutis infinitae. Unde nulli creaturae competere potest.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 4</h3><p title="I q. 65 a. 4 arg. 1"><a name="31184"><span class="ref">[31184] Iª q. 65 a. 4 arg. 1</span></a> Ad quartum sic
28
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568 proceditur. Videtur quod formae corporum sint ab Angelis. Dicit
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diff changeset
569 enim Boetius, in libro de Trin., quod <i>a formis quae sunt sine
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570 materia, veniunt formae quae sunt in materia</i>. Formae autem quae
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571 sunt sine materia, sunt substantiae spirituales, formae autem quae
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572 sunt in materia, sunt formae corporum. Ergo formae corporum sunt a
53
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573 spiritualibus substantiis.</p><p title="I q. 65 a. 4 arg. 2"><a name="31185"><span class="ref">[31185] Iª q. 65 a. 4 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea, omne
28
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574 quod est per participationem, reducitur ad id quod est per
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diff changeset
575 essentiam. Sed spirituales substantiae per suam essentiam sunt
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576 formae, creaturae autem corporales participant formas. Ergo formae
53
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577 corporalium rerum sunt a spiritualibus substantiis derivatae.</p><p title="I q. 65 a. 4 arg. 3"><a name="31186"><span class="ref">[31186] Iª q. 65 a. 4 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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578 spirituales substantiae magis habent virtutem causandi quam corpora
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579 caelestia. Sed corpora caelestia causant formas in istis
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580 inferioribus, unde dicuntur esse generationis et corruptionis
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581 causa. Ergo multo magis a spiritualibus substantiis formae quae
53
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582 sunt in materia, derivantur.</p><p title="I q. 65 a. 4 s. c."><a name="31187"><span class="ref">[31187] Iª q. 65 a. 4 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
28
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583 quod Augustinus dicit, III de Trin., quod <i>non est putandum
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diff changeset
584 Angelis ad nutum servire hanc corporalem materiam, sed potius
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diff changeset
585 Deo</i>. Illi autem ad nutum dicitur servire corporalis materia, a
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586 quo speciem recipit. Non ergo formae corporales sunt ab Angelis,
53
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587 sed a Deo.</p><p title="I q. 65 a. 4 co."><a name="31188"><span class="ref">[31188] Iª q. 65 a. 4 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
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588 quod opinio fuit quorundam quod omnes formae corporales deriventur
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diff changeset
589 a substantiis spiritualibus quas Angelos dicimus. Et hoc quidem
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diff changeset
590 dupliciter aliqui posuerunt. Plato enim posuit formas quae sunt in
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591 materia corporali, derivari et formari a formis sine materia
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diff changeset
592 subsistentibus, per modum participationis cuiusdam. Ponebat enim
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593 hominem quendam immaterialiter subsistentem, et similiter equum, et
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594 sic de aliis, ex quibus constituuntur haec singularia sensibilia,
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595 secundum quod in materia corporali remanet quaedam impressio ab
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596 illis formis separatis, per modum assimilationis cuiusdam, quam
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diff changeset
597 participationem vocabat. Et secundum ordinem formarum ponebant
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diff changeset
598 Platonici ordinem substantiarum separatarum, puta quod una
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599 substantia separata est quae est equus, quae est causa omnium
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600 equorum; supra quam est quaedam vita separata, quam dicebant per se
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601 vitam et causam omnis vitae; et ulterius quandam quam nominabant
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602 ipsum esse, et causam omnis esse. Avicenna vero et quidam alii non
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603 posuerunt formas rerum corporalium in materia per se subsistere,
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604 sed solum in intellectu. A formis ergo in intellectu creaturarum
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605 spiritualium existentibus (quas quidem ipsi intelligentias, nos
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606 autem Angelos dicimus), dicebant procedere omnes formas quae sunt
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607 in materia corporali, sicut a formis quae sunt in mente artificis,
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608 procedunt formae artificiatorum. Et in idem videtur redire quod
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diff changeset
609 quidam moderni haeretici ponunt, dicentes quidem Deum creatorem
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610 omnium, sed materiam corporalem a Diabolo formatam et per varias
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611 species distinctam. Omnes autem hae opiniones ex una radice
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612 processisse videntur. Quaerebant enim causam formarum, ac si ipsae
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613 formae fierent secundum seipsas. Sed sicut probat Aristoteles in
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614 VII Metaphys., id quod proprie fit, est compositum, formae autem
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615 corruptibilium rerum habent ut aliquando sint, aliquando non sint,
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616 absque hoc quod ipsae generentur aut corrumpantur, sed compositis
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617 generatis aut corruptis, quia etiam formae non habent esse, sed
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618 composita habent esse per eas, sic enim alicui competit fieri,
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619 sicut et esse. Et ideo, cum simile fiat a suo simili, non est
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620 quaerenda causa formarum corporalium aliqua forma immaterialis; sed
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621 aliquod compositum, secundum quod hic ignis generatur ab hoc igne.
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622 Sic igitur formae corporales causantur, non quasi influxae ab
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623 aliqua immateriali forma, sed quasi materia reducta de potentia in
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diff changeset
624 actum ab aliquo agente composito. Sed quia agens compositum, quod
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625 est corpus, movetur a substantia spirituali creata, ut Augustinus
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diff changeset
626 dicit III de Trin.; sequitur ulterius quod etiam formae corporales
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627 a substantiis spiritualibus deriventur, non tanquam influentibus
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628 formas, sed tanquam moventibus ad formas. Ulterius autem reducuntur
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diff changeset
629 in Deum, sicut in primam causam, etiam species angelici
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630 intellectus, quae sunt quaedam seminales rationes corporalium
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631 formarum. In prima autem corporalis creaturae productione non
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diff changeset
632 consideratur aliqua transmutatio de potentia in actum. Et ideo
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633 formae corporales quas in prima productione corpora habuerunt, sunt
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634 immediate a Deo productae, cui soli ad nutum obedit materia,
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diff changeset
635 tanquam propriae causae. Unde ad hoc significandum, Moyses singulis
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636 operibus praemittit, dixit Deus fiat hoc vel illud; in quo
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diff changeset
637 significatur formatio rerum per verbum Dei facta, a quo, secundum
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638 Augustinum, <i>est omnis forma et compago et concordia
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639 partium</i>.</p><p title="I q. 65 a. 4 ad 1"><a name="31189"><span class="ref">[31189] Iª q. 65 a. 4 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
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640 dicendum quod Boetius intelligit per formas quae sunt sine materia,
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641 rationes rerum quae sunt in mente divina, sicut etiam apostolus
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642 dicit, Heb. XI, <i>fide credimus aptata esse saecula verbo Dei, ut
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643 ex invisibilibus visibilia fierent</i>. Si tamen per formas quae
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644 sunt sine materia, intelligit Angelos, dicendum est quod ab eis
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645 veniunt formae quae sunt in materia, non per influxum, sed per
53
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646 motum.</p><p title="I q. 65 a. 4 ad 2"><a name="31190"><span class="ref">[31190] Iª q. 65 a. 4 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
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647 dicendum quod formae participatae in materia reducuntur, non ad
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diff changeset
648 formas aliquas per se subsistentes rationis eiusdem, ut Platonici
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649 posuerunt; sed ad formas intelligibiles vel intellectus angelici, a
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650 quibus per motum procedunt; vel ulterius ad rationes intellectus
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651 divini, a quibus etiam formarum semina sunt rebus creatis indita,
53
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652 ut per motum in actum educi possint.</p><p title="I q. 65 a. 4 ad 3"><a name="31191"><span class="ref">[31191] Iª q. 65 a. 4 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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653 dicendum quod corpora caelestia causant formas in istis
59
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654 inferioribus, non influendo, sed movendo.</p></div></div><div id="q66" class="q"><h2>Quaestio 66</h2><div class="p"><h3>Prooemium</h3><p title="I q. 66 pr."><a name="31192"><span class="ref">[31192]
53
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655 Iª q. 66 pr.</span></a> Deinde considerandum est de opere
28
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656 distinctionis. Et primo considerandum est de ordine creationis ad
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diff changeset
657 distinctionem; secundo, de ipsa distinctione secundum se. Circa
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658 primum quaeruntur quatuor. Primo, utrum informitas materiae creatae
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659 praecesserit tempore distinctionem ipsius. Secundo, utrum sit una
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diff changeset
660 materia omnium corporalium. Tertio, utrum caelum Empyreum sit
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661 concreatum materiae informi. Quarto, utrum tempus sit eidem
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662 concreatum.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 1</h3><p title="I q. 66 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="31193"><span class="ref">[31193] Iª q. 66 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad primum sic
28
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663 proceditur. Videtur quod informitas materiae tempore praecesserit
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diff changeset
664 formationem ipsius. Dicitur enim Gen. 1, <i>terra erat inanis et
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diff changeset
665 vacua</i>, sive invisibilis et incomposita, secundum aliam
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diff changeset
666 litteram; per quod designatur informitas materiae, ut Augustinus
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667 dicit. Ergo materia fuit aliquando informis, antequam
53
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668 formaretur.</p><p title="I q. 66 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="31194"><span class="ref">[31194] Iª q. 66 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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669 natura in sua operatione Dei operationem imitatur; sicut causa
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670 secunda imitatur causam primam. Sed in operatione naturae
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diff changeset
671 informitas tempore praecedit formationem. Ergo et in operatione
53
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672 Dei.</p><p title="I q. 66 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="31195"><span class="ref">[31195] Iª q. 66 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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673 materia potior est accidente, quia materia est pars substantiae.
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674 Sed Deus potest facere quod accidens sit sine subiecto; ut patet in
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675 sacramento altaris. Ergo potuit facere quod materia esset sine
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03759e5c1080 fix multi-para s.c.
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676 forma.</p><div class="sc"><p title="I q. 66 a. 1 s. c. 1"><a name="31196"><span class="ref">[31196] Iª q. 66 a. 1 s. c. 1</span></a> Sed contra,
28
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677 imperfectio effectus attestatur imperfectioni agentis. Sed Deus est
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678 agens perfectissimum, unde de eo dicitur, Deut. XXXII, <i>Dei
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diff changeset
679 perfecta sunt opera</i>. Ergo opus ab eo creatum nunquam fuit
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680 informe.</p><p title="I q. 66 a. 1 s. c. 2"><a name="31197"><span class="ref">[31197] Iª q. 66 a. 1 s. c. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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diff changeset
681 creaturae corporalis formatio facta fuit per opus distinctionis.
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682 Distinctioni autem opponitur confusio, sicut et formationi
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diff changeset
683 informitas. Si ergo informitas praecessit tempore formationem
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684 materiae, sequitur a principio fuisse confusionem corporalis
59
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diff changeset
685 creaturae, quam antiqui vocaverunt chaos.</p></div><p title="I q. 66 a. 1 co."><a name="31198"><span class="ref">[31198] Iª q. 66 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
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686 quod circa hoc sunt diversae opiniones sanctorum. Augustinus enim
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diff changeset
687 vult quod informitas materiae corporalis non praecesserit tempore
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688 formationem ipsius, sed solum origine vel ordine naturae. Alii
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689 vero, ut Basilius, Ambrosius et Chrysostomus, volunt quod
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diff changeset
690 informitas materiae tempore praecesserit formationem. Et quamvis
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diff changeset
691 hae opiniones videantur esse contrariae, tamen parum ab invicem
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692 differunt, aliter enim accipit informitatem materiae Augustinus
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693 quam alii. Augustinus enim accipit informitatem materiae pro
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694 carentia omnis formae. Et sic impossibile est dicere quod
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diff changeset
695 informitas materiae tempore praecesserit vel formationem ipsius,
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diff changeset
696 vel distinctionem. Et de formatione quidem manifestum est. Si enim
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diff changeset
697 materia informis praecessit duratione, haec erat iam in actu, hoc
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698 enim duratio importat, creationis enim terminus est ens actu. Ipsum
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699 autem quod est actus, est forma. Dicere igitur materiam praecedere
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700 sine forma, est dicere ens actu sine actu, quod implicat
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701 contradictionem. Nec etiam potest dici quod habuit aliquam formam
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702 communem et postmodum supervenerunt ei formae diversae, quibus sit
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703 distincta. Quia hoc esset idem cum opinione antiquorum naturalium,
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diff changeset
704 qui posuerunt materiam primam esse aliquod corpus in actu, puta
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705 ignem, aerem aut aquam, aut aliquod medium. Ex quo sequebatur quod
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706 fieri non esset nisi alterari. Quia cum illa forma praecedens daret
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707 esse in actu in genere substantiae, et faceret esse hoc aliquid;
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diff changeset
708 sequebatur quod superveniens forma non faceret simpliciter ens
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709 actu, sed ens actu hoc, quod est proprium formae accidentalis; et
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710 sic sequentes formae essent accidentia, secundum quae non
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711 attenditur generatio, sed alteratio. Unde oportet dicere quod
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712 materia prima neque fuit creata omnino sine forma, neque sub forma
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713 una communi, sed sub formis distinctis. Et ita, si informitas
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diff changeset
714 materiae referatur ad conditionem primae materiae, quae secundum se
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715 non habet aliquam formam, informitas materiae non praecessit
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diff changeset
716 formationem seu distinctionem ipsius tempore, ut Augustinus dicit,
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717 sed origine seu natura tantum, eo modo quo potentia est prior actu,
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718 et pars toto. Alii vero sancti accipiunt informitatem, non secundum
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719 quod excludit omnem formam, sed secundum quod excludit istam
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720 formositatem et decorem qui nunc apparet in corporea creatura. Et
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diff changeset
721 secundum hoc dicunt quod informitas materiae corporalis duratione
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diff changeset
722 praecessit formationem eiusdem. Et sic secundum hoc, quantum ad
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diff changeset
723 aliquid cum eis Augustinus concordat, et quantum aliquid discordat,
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diff changeset
724 ut infra patebit. Et quantum ex littera Genesis I, accipi potest,
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diff changeset
725 triplex formositas deerat, propter quod dicebatur creatura
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diff changeset
726 corporalis informis. Deerat enim a toto corpore diaphano, quod
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diff changeset
727 dicitur caelum, pulchritudo lucis, unde dicitur quod tenebrae erant
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diff changeset
728 super faciem abyssi. Deerat autem terrae duplex pulchritudo. Una,
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diff changeset
729 quam habet ex hoc quod est aquis discooperta, et quantum ad hoc
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diff changeset
730 dicitur quod terra erat inanis, sive invisibilis, quia corporali
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diff changeset
731 aspectui patere non poterat, propter aquas undique eam
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diff changeset
732 cooperientes. Alia vero, quam habet ex hoc quod est ornata herbis
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diff changeset
733 et plantis, et ideo dicitur quod erat vacua, vel incomposita, idest
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diff changeset
734 non ornata, secundum aliam litteram. Et sic, cum praemisisset duas
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diff changeset
735 naturas creatas, scilicet caelum et terram, informitatem caeli
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diff changeset
736 expressit per hoc quod dixit, tenebrae erant super faciem abyssi,
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diff changeset
737 secundum quod sub caelo etiam aer includitur, informitatem vero
53
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738 terrae, per hoc quod dixit, terra erat inanis et vacua.</p><p title="I q. 66 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="31199"><span class="ref">[31199] Iª q. 66 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
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diff changeset
739 dicendum quod terra aliter accipitur in loco isto ab Augustino, et
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diff changeset
740 ab aliis sanctis. Augustinus enim vult quod nomine terrae et aquae
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diff changeset
741 significetur in hoc loco ipsa materia prima. Non enim poterat
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diff changeset
742 Moyses rudi populo primam materiam exprimere, nisi sub similitudine
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diff changeset
743 rerum eis notarum. Unde et sub multiplici similitudine eam
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diff changeset
744 exprimit, non vocans eam tantum aquam vel tantum terram, ne
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diff changeset
745 videatur secundum rei veritatem materia prima esse vel terra vel
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diff changeset
746 aqua. Habet tamen similitudinem cum terra, inquantum subsidet
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parents: 26
diff changeset
747 formis; et cum aqua, inquantum est apta formari diversis formis.
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diff changeset
748 Secundum hoc ergo, dicitur terra inanis et vacua, vel invisibilis
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diff changeset
749 et incomposita, quia materia per formam cognoscitur (unde in se
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diff changeset
750 considerata dicitur invisibilis vel inanis), et eius potentia per
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diff changeset
751 formam repletur (unde et Plato materiam dicit esse locum). Alii
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diff changeset
752 vero sancti per terram intelligunt ipsum elementum, quae qualiter,
53
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diff changeset
753 secundum eos, erat informis, dictum est.</p><p title="I q. 66 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="31200"><span class="ref">[31200] Iª q. 66 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
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754 dicendum quod natura producit effectum in actu de ente in potentia,
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diff changeset
755 et ideo oportet ut in eius operatione potentia tempore praecedat
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diff changeset
756 actum, et informitas formationem. Sed Deus producit ens actu ex
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diff changeset
757 nihilo, et ideo statim potest producere rem perfectam, secundum
53
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diff changeset
758 magnitudinem suae virtutis.</p><p title="I q. 66 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="31201"><span class="ref">[31201] Iª q. 66 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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759 dicendum quod accidens, cum sit forma, est actus quidam, materia
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diff changeset
760 autem secundum id quod est, est ens in potentia. Unde magis
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diff changeset
761 repugnat esse in actu materiae sine forma, quam accidenti sine
53
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diff changeset
762 subiecto.</p><p title="I q. 66 a. 1 ad 4"><a name="31202"><span class="ref">[31202] Iª q. 66 a. 1 ad 4</span></a> Ad primum vero
28
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diff changeset
763 quod obiicitur in contrarium, dicendum est quod si, secundum alios
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diff changeset
764 sanctos, informitas tempore praecessit formationem materiae, non
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diff changeset
765 fuit hoc ex impotentia Dei; sed ex eius sapientia, ut ordo
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diff changeset
766 servaretur in rerum conditione, dum ex imperfecto ad perfectum
53
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diff changeset
767 adducerentur.</p><p title="I q. 66 a. 1 ad 5"><a name="31203"><span class="ref">[31203] Iª q. 66 a. 1 ad 5</span></a> Ad secundum
28
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768 dicendum quod quidam antiquorum naturalium posuerunt confusionem
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diff changeset
769 excludentem omnem distinctionem; praeter hoc quod Anaxagoras posuit
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diff changeset
770 solum intellectum distinctum et immixtum. Sed ante opus
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diff changeset
771 distinctionis Scriptura sacra ponit multiplicem distinctionem.
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diff changeset
772 Primo quidem, caeli et terrae (in quo ostenditur distinctio etiam
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diff changeset
773 secundum materiam, ut infra patebit), et hoc cum dicit, <i>in
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diff changeset
774 principio Deus creavit caelum et terram</i>. Secundo, distinctionem
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diff changeset
775 elementorum quantum ad formas suas, per hoc quod nominat terram et
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diff changeset
776 aquam. Aerem autem et ignem non nominat, quia non est ita
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diff changeset
777 manifestum rudibus, quibus Moyses loquebatur, huiusmodi esse
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diff changeset
778 corpora, sicut manifestum est de terra et aqua. Quamvis Plato aerem
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diff changeset
779 intellexerit significari per hoc quod dicitur spiritus domini (quia
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diff changeset
780 etiam aer spiritus dicitur), ignem vero intellexerit significari
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diff changeset
781 per caelum (quod igneae naturae esse dixit), ut Augustinus refert
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diff changeset
782 in VIII libro de Civ. Dei. Sed Rabbi Moyses, in aliis cum Platone
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diff changeset
783 concordans, dicit ignem significari per tenebras, quia, ut dicit,
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diff changeset
784 in propria sphaera ignis non lucet. Sed magis videtur esse
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diff changeset
785 conveniens quod prius dictum est, quia spiritus domini in Scriptura
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diff changeset
786 non nisi pro spiritu sancto consuevit poni. Qui aquis superferri
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diff changeset
787 dicitur, non corporaliter, sed sicut voluntas artificis superfertur
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diff changeset
788 materiae quam vult formare. Tertia distinctio significatur secundum
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diff changeset
789 situm. Quia terra erat sub aquis, quibus invisibilis reddebatur,
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diff changeset
790 aer vero, qui est subiectum tenebrarum, significatur fuisse super
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diff changeset
791 aquas, per hoc quod dicitur, tenebrae erant super faciem abyssi.
53
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792 Quid autem distinguendum remaneret, ex sequentibus apparebit.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 2</h3><p title="I q. 66 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="31204"><span class="ref">[31204] Iª q. 66 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad secundum sic
28
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diff changeset
793 proceditur. Videtur quod una sit materia informis omnium
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diff changeset
794 corporalium. Dicit enim Augustinus, XII Confess., <i>duo reperio
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diff changeset
795 quae fecisti, unum quod erat formatum, alterum quod erat
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796 informe</i>; et hoc dicit esse terram invisibilem et incompositam,
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diff changeset
797 per quam dicit significari materiam rerum corporalium. Ergo una est
53
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diff changeset
798 materia omnium corporalium.</p><p title="I q. 66 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="31205"><span class="ref">[31205] Iª q. 66 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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799 philosophus dicit, in V Metaphys., quod illa quae sunt unum in
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800 genere, sunt unum in materia. Sed omnia corporalia conveniunt in
53
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801 genere corporis. Ergo omnium corporalium est una materia.</p><p title="I q. 66 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="31206"><span class="ref">[31206] Iª q. 66 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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802 diversus actus fit in diversa potentia, et unus in una. Sed omnium
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diff changeset
803 corporum est una forma, scilicet corporeitas. Ergo omnium
53
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804 corporalium est materia una.</p><p title="I q. 66 a. 2 arg. 4"><a name="31207"><span class="ref">[31207] Iª q. 66 a. 2 arg. 4</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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805 materia in se considerata, est solum in potentia. Sed distinctio
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806 est per formas. Ergo materia in se considerata, est una tantum
53
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807 omnium corporalium.</p><p title="I q. 66 a. 2 s. c."><a name="31208"><span class="ref">[31208] Iª q. 66 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra,
28
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808 quaecumque conveniunt in materia, sunt transmutabilia ad invicem,
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809 et agunt et patiuntur ab invicem, ut dicitur in I de Gen. Sed
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810 corpora caelestia et inferiora non sic se habent ad invicem. Ergo
53
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811 eorum materia non est una.</p><p title="I q. 66 a. 2 co."><a name="31209"><span class="ref">[31209] Iª q. 66 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
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812 quod circa hoc fuerunt diversae opiniones philosophorum. Plato
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813 enim, et omnes philosophi ante Aristotelem, posuerunt omnia corpora
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814 esse de natura quatuor elementorum. Unde cum quatuor elementa
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815 communicent in una materia, ut mutua generatio et corruptio in eis
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diff changeset
816 ostendit; per consequens sequebatur quod omnium corporum sit
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diff changeset
817 materia una. Quod autem quaedam corpora sint incorruptibilia, Plato
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diff changeset
818 adscribebat non conditioni materiae, sed voluntati artificis,
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diff changeset
819 scilicet Dei, quem introducit corporibus caelestibus dicentem,
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820 <i>natura vestra estis dissolubilia, voluntate autem mea
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diff changeset
821 indissolubilia, quia voluntas mea maior est nexu vestro</i>. Hanc
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822 autem positionem Aristoteles reprobat, per motus naturales
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823 corporum. Cum enim corpus caeleste habeat naturalem motum diversum
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diff changeset
824 a naturali motu elementorum, sequitur quod eius natura sit alia a
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diff changeset
825 natura quatuor elementorum. Et sicut motus circularis, qui est
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diff changeset
826 proprius corporis caelestis, caret contrarietate, motus autem
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827 elementorum sunt invicem contrarii, ut qui est sursum ei qui est
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diff changeset
828 deorsum, ita corpus caeleste est absque contrarietate, corpora vero
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diff changeset
829 elementaria sunt cum contrarietate. Et quia corruptio et generatio
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830 sunt ex contrariis, sequitur quod secundum suam naturam corpus
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diff changeset
831 caeleste sit incorruptibile, elementa vero sunt corruptibilia. Sed
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832 non obstante hac differentia corruptibilitatis et
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833 incorruptibilitatis naturalis, Avicebron posuit unam materiam
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diff changeset
834 omnium corporum, attendens ad unitatem formae corporalis. Sed si
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diff changeset
835 forma corporeitatis esset una forma per se, cui supervenirent aliae
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diff changeset
836 formae, quibus corpora distinguuntur, haberet necessitatem quod
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diff changeset
837 dicitur. Quia illa forma immutabiliter materiae inhaereret, et
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diff changeset
838 quantum ad illam esset omne corpus incorruptibile, sed corruptio
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839 accideret per remotionem sequentium formarum, quae non esset
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840 corruptio simpliciter, sed secundum quid, quia privationi
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diff changeset
841 substerneretur aliquod ens actu. Sicut etiam accidebat antiquis
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842 naturalibus, qui ponebant subiectum corporum aliquod ens actu, puta
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843 ignem aut aerem aut aliquid huiusmodi. Supposito autem quod nulla
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diff changeset
844 forma quae sit in corpore corruptibili remaneat ut substrata
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diff changeset
845 generationi et corruptioni, sequitur de necessitate quod non sit
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846 eadem materia corporum corruptibilium et incorruptibilium. Materia
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847 enim, secundum id quod est, est in potentia ad formam. Oportet ergo
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diff changeset
848 quod materia, secundum se considerata, sit in potentia ad formam
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849 omnium illorum quorum est materia communis. Per unam autem formam
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850 non fit in actu nisi quantum ad illam formam. Remanet ergo in
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851 potentia quantum ad omnes alias formas. Nec hoc excluditur, si una
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852 illarum formarum sit perfectior et continens in se virtute alias.
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853 Quia potentia, quantum est de se, indifferenter se habet ad
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854 perfectum et imperfectum, unde sicut quando est sub forma
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855 imperfecta, est in potentia ad formam perfectam, ita e converso.
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856 Sic ergo materia, secundum quod est sub forma incorruptibilis
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857 corporis, erit adhuc in potentia ad formam corruptibilis corporis.
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858 Et cum non habeat eam in actu, erit simul sub forma et privatione,
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859 quia carentia formae in eo quod est in potentia ad formam, est
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860 privatio. Haec autem dispositio est corruptibilis corporis.
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861 Impossibile ergo est quod corporis corruptibilis et incorruptibilis
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862 per naturam, sit una materia. Nec tamen dicendum est, ut Averroes
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863 fingit, quod ipsum corpus caeleste sit materia caeli, ens in
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864 potentia ad ubi et non ad esse; et forma eius est substantia
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865 separata quae unitur ei ut motor. Quia impossibile est ponere
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866 aliquod ens actu, quin vel ipsum totum sit actus et forma, vel
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867 habeat actum seu formam. Remota ergo per intellectum substantia
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868 separata quae ponitur motor, si corpus caeleste non est habens
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diff changeset
869 formam, quod est componi ex forma et subiecto formae, sequitur quod
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870 sit totum forma et actus. Omne autem tale est intellectum in actu;
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871 quod de corpore caelesti dici non potest, cum sit sensibile.
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872 Relinquitur ergo quod materia corporis caelestis, secundum se
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873 considerata, non est in potentia nisi ad formam quam habet. Nec
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874 refert ad propositum quaecumque sit illa, sive anima, sive aliquid
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875 aliud. Unde illa forma sic perficit illam materiam, quod nullo modo
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876 in ea remanet potentia ad esse, sed ad ubi tantum, ut Aristoteles
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877 dicit. Et sic non est eadem materia corporis caelestis et
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878 elementorum, nisi secundum analogiam, secundum quod conveniunt in
53
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879 ratione potentiae.</p><p title="I q. 66 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="31210"><span class="ref">[31210] Iª q. 66 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
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880 dicendum quod Augustinus sequitur in hoc opinionem Platonis, non
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881 ponentis quintam essentiam. Vel dicendum quod materia informis est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
882 una unitate ordinis, sicut omnia corpora sunt unum in ordine
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
883 creaturae corporeae.</p><p title="I q. 66 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="31211"><span class="ref">[31211] Iª q. 66 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
884 dicendum quod si genus consideretur physice, corruptibilia et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
885 incorruptibilia non sunt in eodem genere, propter diversum modum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
886 potentiae in eis, ut dicitur X Metaphys. Secundum autem logicam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
887 considerationem, est unum genus omnium corporum, propter unam
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
888 rationem corporeitatis.</p><p title="I q. 66 a. 2 ad 3"><a name="31212"><span class="ref">[31212] Iª q. 66 a. 2 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
889 dicendum quod forma corporeitatis non est una in omnibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
890 corporibus, cum non sit alia a formis quibus corpora distinguuntur,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
891 ut dictum est.</p><p title="I q. 66 a. 2 ad 4"><a name="31213"><span class="ref">[31213] Iª q. 66 a. 2 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
892 dicendum quod, cum potentia dicatur ad actum, ens in potentia est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
893 diversum ex hoc ipso quod ordinatur ad diversum actum; sicut visus
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
894 ad colorem, et auditus ad sonum. Unde ex hoc ipso materia caelestis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
895 corporis est alia a materia elementi, quia non est in potentia ad
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
896 formam elementi.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 3</h3><p title="I q. 66 a. 3 arg. 1"><a name="31214"><span class="ref">[31214] Iª q. 66 a. 3 arg. 1</span></a> Ad tertium sic
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
897 proceditur. Videtur quod caelum Empyreum non sit concreatum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
898 materiae informi. Caelum enim Empyreum, si est aliquid, oportet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
899 quod sit corpus sensibile. Omne autem corpus sensibile est mobile.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
900 Caelum autem Empyreum non est mobile, quia motus eius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
901 deprehenderetur per motum alicuius corporis apparentis; quod minime
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
902 apparet. Non ergo caelum Empyreum est aliquid materiae informi
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
903 concreatum.</p><p title="I q. 66 a. 3 arg. 2"><a name="31215"><span class="ref">[31215] Iª q. 66 a. 3 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
904 Augustinus dicit, in III de Trin., quod <i>inferiora corpora per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
905 superiora quodam ordine reguntur</i>. Si ergo caelum Empyreum est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
906 quoddam supremum corpus, oportet quod habeat aliquam influentiam in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
907 haec inferiora corpora. Sed hoc non videtur, praesertim si ponatur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
908 immobile, cum nullum corpus moveat nisi motum. Non est ergo caelum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
909 Empyreum materiae informi concreatum.</p><p title="I q. 66 a. 3 arg. 3"><a name="31216"><span class="ref">[31216] Iª q. 66 a. 3 arg. 3</span></a> Si dicatur quod
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
910 caelum Empyreum est locus contemplationis, non ordinatum ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
911 naturales effectus, contra, Augustinus dicit, in IV de Trin., quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
912 <i>nos, secundum quod mente aliquid aeternum capimus, non in hoc
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
913 mundo sumus</i>; ex quo patet quod contemplatio mentem supra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
914 corporalia elevat. Non ergo contemplationi locus corporeus
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
915 deputatur.</p><p title="I q. 66 a. 3 arg. 4"><a name="31217"><span class="ref">[31217] Iª q. 66 a. 3 arg. 4</span></a> Praeterea, inter
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
916 corpora caelestia invenitur aliquod corpus partim diaphanum et
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
917 partim lucidum, scilicet caelum sidereum. Invenitur etiam aliquod
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parents: 26
diff changeset
918 caelum totum diaphanum, quod aliqui nominant caelum aqueum vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
919 crystallinum. Si ergo est aliud superius caelum, oportet quod sit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
920 totum lucidum. Sed hoc esse non potest, quia sic continue aer
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
921 illuminaretur, nec unquam nox esset. Non ergo caelum Empyreum
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
922 materiae informi est concreatum.</p><p title="I q. 66 a. 3 s. c."><a name="31218"><span class="ref">[31218] Iª q. 66 a. 3 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
923 quod Strabus dicit, quod cum dicitur, <i>in principio creavit Deus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
924 caelum et terram, caelum dicit non visibile firmamentum, sed
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
925 Empyreum, idest igneum</i>.</p><p title="I q. 66 a. 3 co."><a name="31219"><span class="ref">[31219] Iª q. 66 a. 3 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
926 quod caelum Empyreum non invenitur positum nisi per auctoritates
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
927 Strabi et Bedae, et iterum per auctoritatem Basilii. In cuius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
928 positione quantum ad aliquid conveniunt, scilicet quantum ad hoc
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
929 quod sit locus beatorum. Dicit enim Strabus, et etiam Beda, quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
930 statim factum Angelis est repletum. Basilius etiam dicit, in II
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
931 Hexaem., <i>sicut damnati in tenebras ultimas abiguntur ita
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
932 remuneratio pro dignis operibus restauratur in ea luce quae est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
933 extra mundum, ubi beati quietis domicilium sortientur</i>.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
934 Differunt tamen quantum ad rationem ponendi. Nam Strabus et Beda
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
935 ponunt caelum Empyreum ea ratione, quia firmamentum, per quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
936 caelum sidereum intelligunt, non in principio sed secunda die
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
937 dicitur factum. Basilius vero ea ratione ponit, ne videatur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
938 simpliciter Deus opus suum a tenebris inchoasse; quod Manichaei
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
939 calumniantur, Deum veteris testamenti Deum tenebrarum nominantes.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
940 Hae autem rationes non sunt multum cogentes. Nam quaestio de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
941 firmamento quod legitur factum in secunda die, aliter solvitur, ab
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parents: 26
diff changeset
942 Augustino et ab aliis sanctis. Quaestio autem de tenebris solvitur,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
943 secundum Augustinum, per hoc quod informitas (quae per tenebras
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parents: 26
diff changeset
944 significatur) non praecessit duratione formationem, sed origine.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
945 Secundum alios vero, cum tenebrae non sint creatura aliqua, sed
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parents: 26
diff changeset
946 privatio lucis, divinam sapientiam attestatur, ut ea quae produxit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
947 ex nihilo, primo in statu imperfectionis institueret, et postmodum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
948 ea perduceret ad perfectum. Potest autem convenientior ratio sumi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
949 ex ipsa conditione gloriae. Expectatur enim in futura remuneratione
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
950 duplex gloria, scilicet spiritualis, et corporalis, non solum in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
951 corporibus humanis glorificandis, sed etiam in toto mundo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
952 innovando. Inchoata est autem spiritualis gloria ab ipso mundi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
953 principio in beatitudine Angelorum, quorum aequalitas sanctis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
954 promittitur. Unde conveniens fuit ut etiam a principio corporalis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
955 gloria inchoaretur in aliquo corpore, quod etiam a principio fuerit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
956 absque servitute corruptionis et mutabilitatis, et totaliter
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parents: 26
diff changeset
957 lucidum; sicut tota creatura corporalis expectatur post
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parents: 26
diff changeset
958 resurrectionem futura. Et ideo illud caelum dicitur Empyreum, idest
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parents: 26
diff changeset
959 igneum, non ab ardore, sed a splendore. Sciendum est autem quod
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parents: 26
diff changeset
960 Augustinus, X de Civ. Dei, dicit quod <i>Porphyrius discernebat a
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
961 Daemonibus Angelos, ut aerea loca esse Daemonum, aetherea vero vel
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parents: 26
diff changeset
962 Empyrea diceret Angelorum</i>. Sed Porphyrius, tanquam Platonicus,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
963 caelum istud sidereum igneum esse existimabat, et ideo Empyreum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
964 nominabat; vel aethereum, secundum quod nomen aetheris sumitur ab
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parents: 26
diff changeset
965 inflammatione, et non secundum quod sumitur a velocitate motus, ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
966 Aristoteles dicit. Quod pro tanto dictum sit, ne aliquis opinetur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
967 Augustinum caelum Empyreum posuisse sicut nunc ponitur a
53
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diff changeset
968 modernis.</p><p title="I q. 66 a. 3 ad 1"><a name="31220"><span class="ref">[31220] Iª q. 66 a. 3 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
969 dicendum quod corpora sensibilia sunt mobilia secundum ipsum statum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
970 mundi, quia per motum creaturae corporalis procuratur electorum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
971 multiplicatio. Sed in ultima consummatione gloriae cessabit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
972 corporum motus. Et talem oportuit esse a principio dispositionem
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
973 caeli Empyrei.</p><p title="I q. 66 a. 3 ad 2"><a name="31221"><span class="ref">[31221] Iª q. 66 a. 3 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
974 dicendum quod satis probabile est quod caelum Empyreum, secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
975 quosdam, cum sit ordinatum ad statum gloriae, non habet influentiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
976 in inferiora corpora, quae sunt sub alio ordine, utpote ordinata ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
977 naturalem rerum decursum. Probabilius tamen videtur dicendum quod,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
978 sicut supremi Angeli, qui assistunt, habent influentiam super
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
979 medios et ultimos, qui mittuntur, quamvis ipsi non mittantur,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
980 secundum Dionysium; ita caelum Empyreum habet influentiam super
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
981 corpora quae moventur, licet ipsum non moveatur. Et propter hoc
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
982 potest dici quod influit in primum caelum quod movetur, non aliquid
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
983 transiens et adveniens per motum, sed aliquid fixum et stabile;
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
984 puta virtutem continendi et causandi, vel aliquid huiusmodi ad
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
985 dignitatem pertinens.</p><p title="I q. 66 a. 3 ad 3"><a name="31222"><span class="ref">[31222] Iª q. 66 a. 3 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
986 dicendum quod locus corporeus deputatur contemplationi non propter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
987 necessitatem, sed propter congruitatem, ut exterior claritas
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
988 interiori conveniat. Unde Basilius dicit quod <i>ministrator
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
989 spiritus non poterat degere in tenebris; sed in luce et laetitia
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
990 decentem sibi habitum possidebat</i>.</p><p title="I q. 66 a. 3 ad 4"><a name="31223"><span class="ref">[31223] Iª q. 66 a. 3 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
991 dicendum quod, sicut Basilius dicit in II Hexaem., <i>constat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
992 factum esse caelum rotunditate conclusum, habens corpus spissum et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
993 adeo validum, ut possit ea quae extrinsecus habentur, ab
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
994 interioribus separare. Ob hoc necessario post se regionem relictam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
995 carentem luce constituit, utpote fulgore qui superradiabat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
996 excluso</i>. Sed quia corpus firmamenti, etsi sit solidum, est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
997 tamen diaphanum, quod lumen non impedit (ut patet per hoc, quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
998 lumen stellarum videmus non obstantibus mediis caelis); potest
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
999 aliter dici quod habet lucem caelum Empyreum non condensatam, ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1000 radios emittat, sicut corpus solis, sed magis subtilem. Vel habet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1001 claritatem gloriae, quae non est conformis cum claritate
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1002 naturali.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 4</h3><p title="I q. 66 a. 4 arg. 1"><a name="31224"><span class="ref">[31224] Iª q. 66 a. 4 arg. 1</span></a> Ad quartum sic
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1003 proceditur. Videtur quod tempus non sit concreatum materiae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1004 informi. Dicit enim Augustinus, XII Confess., ad Deum loquens,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1005 <i>duo reperio quae fecisti carentia temporibus</i>, scilicet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1006 materiam primam corporalem, et naturam angelicam. Non ergo tempus
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1007 est concreatum materiae informi.</p><p title="I q. 66 a. 4 arg. 2"><a name="31225"><span class="ref">[31225] Iª q. 66 a. 4 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1008 tempus dividitur per diem et noctem. Sed a principio nec nox nec
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1009 dies erat, sed postmodum, cum divisit Deus lucem a tenebris. Ergo a
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1010 principio non erat tempus.</p><p title="I q. 66 a. 4 arg. 3"><a name="31226"><span class="ref">[31226] Iª q. 66 a. 4 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1011 tempus est numerus motus firmamenti, quod legitur factum secundo
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1012 die. Ergo non a principio erat tempus.</p><p title="I q. 66 a. 4 arg. 4"><a name="31227"><span class="ref">[31227] Iª q. 66 a. 4 arg. 4</span></a> Praeterea, motus
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1013 est prior tempore. Magis igitur deberet numerari inter primo creata
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1014 motus, quam tempus.</p><p title="I q. 66 a. 4 arg. 5"><a name="31228"><span class="ref">[31228] Iª q. 66 a. 4 arg. 5</span></a> Praeterea, sicut
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1015 tempus est mensura extrinseca, ita et locus. Non ergo magis debet
53
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ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1016 computari inter primo creata tempus, quam locus.</p><p title="I q. 66 a. 4 s. c."><a name="31229"><span class="ref">[31229] Iª q. 66 a. 4 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1017 quod Augustinus dicit, super Gen. ad Litt., quod spiritualis et
53
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ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1018 corporalis creatura est creata in principio temporis.</p><p title="I q. 66 a. 4 co."><a name="31230"><span class="ref">[31230] Iª q. 66 a. 4 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1019 quod communiter dicitur quatuor esse primo creata, scilicet naturam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1020 angelicam, caelum Empyreum, materiam corporalem informem, et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1021 tempus. Sed attendendum est quod hoc dictum non procedit secundum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1022 Augustini opinionem. Augustinus enim ponit duo primo creata,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1023 scilicet naturam angelicam et materiam corporalem, nulla mentione
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1024 facta de caelo Empyreo. Haec autem duo, scilicet natura angelica et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1025 materia informis, praecedunt formationem non duratione, sed natura.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1026 Et sicut natura praecedunt formationem, ita etiam et motum et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1027 tempus. Unde tempus non potest eis connumerari. Procedit autem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1028 praedicta connumeratio secundum opinionem aliorum sanctorum,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1029 ponentium quod informitas materiae duratione praecessit
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1030 formationem, et tunc pro illa duratione necesse est ponere tempus
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1031 aliquod; aliter enim mensura durationis accipi non posset.</p><p title="I q. 66 a. 4 ad 1"><a name="31231"><span class="ref">[31231] Iª q. 66 a. 4 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1032 dicendum quod Augustinus hoc dicit ea ratione qua natura angelica
53
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diff changeset
1033 et materia informis praecedunt origine, seu natura, tempus.</p><p title="I q. 66 a. 4 ad 2"><a name="31232"><span class="ref">[31232] Iª q. 66 a. 4 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1034 dicendum quod sicut, secundum alios sanctos, materia erat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1035 quodammodo informis, et postea fuit formata; ita tempus quodammodo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1036 fuit informe, et postmodum formatum, et distinctum per diem et
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1037 noctem.</p><p title="I q. 66 a. 4 ad 3"><a name="31233"><span class="ref">[31233] Iª q. 66 a. 4 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1038 dicendum quod, si motus firmamenti non statim a principio incoepit,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1039 tunc tempus quod praecessit, non erat numerus motus firmamenti, sed
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1040 cuiuscumque primi motus. Accidit enim tempori quod sit numerus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1041 motus firmamenti, inquantum hic motus est primus motuum, si autem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1042 esset alius motus primus, illius motus esset tempus mensura, quia
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1043 omnia mensurantur primo sui generis. Oportet autem dicere statim a
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1044 principio fuisse aliquem motum, ad minus secundum successionem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1045 conceptionum et affectionum in mente angelica. Motum autem non est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1046 intelligere sine tempore, cum nihil aliud sit tempus quam numerus
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1047 prioris et posterioris in motu.</p><p title="I q. 66 a. 4 ad 4"><a name="31234"><span class="ref">[31234] Iª q. 66 a. 4 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1048 dicendum quod inter primo creata computantur ea quae habent
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1049 generalem habitudinem ad res. Et ideo computari debuit tempus, quod
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1050 habet rationem communis mensurae, non autem motus, qui comparatur
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1051 solum ad subiectum mobile.</p><p title="I q. 66 a. 4 ad 5"><a name="31235"><span class="ref">[31235] Iª q. 66 a. 4 ad 5</span></a> Ad quintum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1052 dicendum quod locus intelligitur in caelo Empyreo omnia continente.
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1053 Et quia locus est de permanentibus, concreatus est totus simul.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1054 Tempus autem, quod non est permanens, concreatum est in suo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1055 principio, sicut etiam modo nihil est accipere in actu de tempore
59
03759e5c1080 fix multi-para s.c.
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parents: 53
diff changeset
1056 nisi nunc.</p></div></div><div id="q67" class="q"><h2>Quaestio 67</h2><div class="p"><h3>Prooemium</h3><p title="I q. 67 pr."><a name="31236"><span class="ref">[31236]
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1057 Iª q. 67 pr.</span></a> Consequenter considerandum est de
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1058 opere distinctionis secundum se et primo, de opere primae diei;
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1059 secundo, de opere secundae diei; tertio, de opere tertiae. Circa
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1060 primum quaeruntur quatuor. Primo, utrum lux proprie in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1061 spiritualibus dici possit. Secundo, utrum lux corporalis sit
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1062 corpus. Tertio, utrum sit qualitas. Quarto, utrum conveniens fuit
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1063 prima die fieri lucem.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 1</h3><p title="I q. 67 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="31237"><span class="ref">[31237] Iª q. 67 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad primum sic
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1064 proceditur. Videtur quod lux proprie in spiritualibus dicatur.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1065 Dicit enim Augustinus, IV super Gen. ad Litt., quod in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1066 spiritualibus melior et certior lux est, et quod <i>Christus non
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1067 sic dicitur lux quo modo lapis, sed illud proprie, hoc
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1068 figurative</i>.</p><p title="I q. 67 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="31238"><span class="ref">[31238] Iª q. 67 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1069 Dionysius, IV cap. de Div. Nom., ponit lumen inter nomina
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1070 intelligibilia Dei. Nomina autem intelligibilia proprie dicuntur in
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1071 spiritualibus. Ergo lux proprie dicitur in spiritualibus.</p><p title="I q. 67 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="31239"><span class="ref">[31239] Iª q. 67 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1072 apostolus dicit, ad Ephes. V, <i>omne quod manifestatur, lumen
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1073 est</i>. Sed manifestatio magis proprie est in spiritualibus quam
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1074 in corporalibus. Ergo et lux.</p><p title="I q. 67 a. 1 s. c."><a name="31240"><span class="ref">[31240] Iª q. 67 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1075 quod Ambrosius, in libro de fide, ponit splendorem inter ea quae de
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1076 Deo metaphorice dicuntur.</p><p title="I q. 67 a. 1 co."><a name="31241"><span class="ref">[31241] Iª q. 67 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1077 quod de aliquo nomine dupliciter convenit loqui, uno modo, secundum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1078 primam eius impositionem; alio modo, secundum usum nominis. Sicut
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1079 patet in nomine visionis, quod primo impositum est ad significandum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1080 actum sensus visus; sed propter dignitatem et certitudinem huius
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1081 sensus, extensum est hoc nomen, secundum usum loquentium, ad omnem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1082 cognitionem aliorum sensuum (dicimus enim, vide quomodo sapit, vel
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1083 quomodo redolet, vel quomodo est calidum); et ulterius etiam ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1084 cognitionem intellectus, secundum illud Matth. V, <i>beati mundo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1085 corde, quoniam ipsi Deum videbunt</i>. Et similiter dicendum est de
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1086 nomine lucis. Nam primo quidem est institutum ad significandum id
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1087 quod facit manifestationem in sensu visus, postmodum autem extensum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1088 est ad significandum omne illud quod facit manifestationem secundum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1089 quamcumque cognitionem. Si ergo accipiatur nomen luminis secundum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1090 suam primam impositionem, metaphorice in spiritualibus dicitur, ut
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1091 Ambrosius dicit. Si autem accipiatur secundum quod est in usu
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1092 loquentium ad omnem manifestationem extensum, sic proprie in
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1093 spiritualibus dicitur.</p><p title="I q. 67 a. 1 ad arg."><a name="31242"><span class="ref">[31242] Iª q. 67 a. 1 ad arg.</span></a> Et per hoc
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1094 patet responsio ad obiecta.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 2</h3><p title="I q. 67 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="31243"><span class="ref">[31243] Iª q. 67 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad secundum sic
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1095 proceditur. Videtur quod lux sit corpus. Dicit enim Augustinus, in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1096 libro de Lib. Arbit., quod <i>lux in corporibus primum tenet
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1097 locum</i>. Ergo lux est corpus.</p><p title="I q. 67 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="31244"><span class="ref">[31244] Iª q. 67 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1098 philosophus dicit quod lumen est species ignis. Sed ignis est
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1099 corpus. Ergo lumen est corpus.</p><p title="I q. 67 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="31245"><span class="ref">[31245] Iª q. 67 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1100 ferri, intersecari, et reflecti est proprie corporum, haec autem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1101 omnia attribuuntur lumini vel radio. Coniunguntur etiam diversi
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1102 radii et separantur, ut Dionysius dicit, II cap. de Div. Nom., quod
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1103 etiam videtur non nisi corporibus convenire posse. Ergo lumen est
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1104 corpus.</p><p title="I q. 67 a. 2 s. c."><a name="31246"><span class="ref">[31246] Iª q. 67 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra, duo
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1105 corpora non possunt simul esse in eodem loco. Sed lumen est simul
53
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diff changeset
1106 cum aere. Ergo lumen non est corpus.</p><p title="I q. 67 a. 2 co."><a name="31247"><span class="ref">[31247] Iª q. 67 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1107 quod impossibile est lumen esse corpus. Quod quidem apparet
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1108 tripliciter. Primo quidem, ex parte loci. Nam locus cuiuslibet
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1109 corporis est alius a loco alterius corporis, nec est possibile,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1110 secundum naturam, duo corpora esse simul in eodem loco,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1111 qualiacumque corpora sint; quia contiguum requirit distinctionem in
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1112 situ. Secundo, apparet idem ex ratione motus. Si enim lumen esset
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1113 corpus, illuminatio esset motus localis corporis. Nullus autem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1114 motus localis corporis potest esse in instanti, quia omne quod
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1115 movetur localiter, necesse est quod prius perveniat ad medium
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1116 magnitudinis quam ad extremum. Illuminatio autem fit in instanti.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1117 Nec potest dici quod fiat in tempore imperceptibili. Quia in parvo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1118 spatio posset tempus latere, in magno autem spatio, puta ab oriente
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1119 in occidentem, tempus latere non posset, statim enim cum sol est in
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1120 puncto orientis, illuminatur totum hemisphaerium usque ad punctum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1121 oppositum. Est etiam aliud considerandum ex parte motus. Quia omne
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1122 corpus habet motum naturalem determinatum, motus autem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1123 illuminationis est ad omnem partem, nec magis secundum circulum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1124 quam secundum rectitudinem. Unde manifestum est quod illuminatio
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1125 non est motus localis alicuius corporis. Tertio, apparet idem ex
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1126 parte generationis et corruptionis. Si enim lumen esset corpus,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1127 quando aer obtenebrescit per absentiam luminaris, sequeretur quod
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1128 corpus luminis corrumperetur, et quod materia eius acciperet aliam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1129 formam. Quod non apparet, nisi aliquis dicat etiam tenebras esse
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1130 corpus. Nec etiam apparet ex qua materia tantum corpus, quod replet
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1131 medium hemisphaerium, quotidie generetur. Ridiculum est etiam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1132 dicere quod ad solam absentiam luminaris, tantum corpus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1133 corrumpatur. Si quis etiam dicat quod non corrumpitur, sed simul
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1134 cum sole accedit et circumfertur, quid dici poterit de hoc, quod ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1135 interpositionem alicuius corporis circa candelam, tota domus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1136 obscuratur? Nec videtur quod lumen congregetur circa candelam, quia
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1137 non apparet ibi maior claritas post quam ante. Quia ergo omnia haec
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1138 non solum rationi, sed sensui etiam repugnant, dicendum est quod
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1139 impossibile est lumen esse corpus.</p><p title="I q. 67 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="31248"><span class="ref">[31248] Iª q. 67 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1140 dicendum quod Augustinus accipit lucem pro corpore lucido in actu,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1141 scilicet pro igne, quod inter quatuor elementa nobilissimum
53
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ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1142 est.</p><p title="I q. 67 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="31249"><span class="ref">[31249] Iª q. 67 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1143 dicendum quod Aristoteles lumen nominat ignem in propria materia,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1144 sicut ignis in materia aerea dicitur flamma, et in materia terrea
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1145 dicitur carbo. Non tamen est multum curandum de eis exemplis quae
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1146 Aristoteles inducit in libris logicalibus, quia inducit ea ut
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1147 probabilia secundum opinionem aliorum.</p><p title="I q. 67 a. 2 ad 3"><a name="31250"><span class="ref">[31250] Iª q. 67 a. 2 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1148 dicendum quod omnia illa attribuuntur lumini metaphorice, sicut
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1149 etiam possent attribui calori. Quia enim motus localis est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1150 naturaliter primus motuum, ut probatur in VIII Physic., utimur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1151 nominibus pertinentibus ad motum localem, in alteratione et in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1152 omnibus motibus, sicut etiam nomen distantiae derivatum est a loco
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1153 ad omnia contraria, ut dicitur in X Metaphys.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 3</h3><p title="I q. 67 a. 3 arg. 1"><a name="31251"><span class="ref">[31251] Iª q. 67 a. 3 arg. 1</span></a> Ad tertium sic
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1154 proceditur. Videtur quod lux non sit qualitas. Omnis enim qualitas
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1155 permanet in subiecto etiam postquam agens discesserit; sicut calor
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1156 in aqua postquam removetur ab igne. Sed lumen non remanet in aere
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1157 recedente luminari. Ergo lumen non est qualitas.</p><p title="I q. 67 a. 3 arg. 2"><a name="31252"><span class="ref">[31252] Iª q. 67 a. 3 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea, omnis
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1158 qualitas sensibilis habet contrarium; sicut calido contrariatur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1159 frigidum, et albo nigrum. Sed lumini nihil est contrarium, tenebra
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1160 enim est privatio luminis. Ergo lumen non est qualitas
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1161 sensibilis.</p><p title="I q. 67 a. 3 arg. 3"><a name="31253"><span class="ref">[31253] Iª q. 67 a. 3 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea, causa
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1162 est potior effectu. Sed lux caelestium corporum causat formas
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1163 substantiales in istis inferioribus. Dat etiam esse spirituale
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1164 coloribus, quia facit eos visibiles actu. Ergo lux non est aliqua
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1165 qualitas sensibilis, sed magis substantialis forma, aut
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1166 spiritualis.</p><p title="I q. 67 a. 3 s. c."><a name="31254"><span class="ref">[31254] Iª q. 67 a. 3 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1167 quod Damascenus dicit, in libro I, quod lux est quaedam
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1168 qualitas.</p><p title="I q. 67 a. 3 co."><a name="31255"><span class="ref">[31255] Iª q. 67 a. 3 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1169 quod quidam dixerunt quod lumen in aere non habet esse naturale,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1170 sicut color in pariete; sed esse intentionale, sicut similitudo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1171 coloris in aere. Sed hoc non potest esse, propter duo. Primo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1172 quidem, quia lumen denominat aerem, fit enim aer luminosus in actu.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1173 Color vero non denominat ipsum, non enim dicitur aer coloratus.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1174 Secundo, quia lumen habet effectum in natura, quia per radios solis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1175 calefiunt corpora. Intentiones autem non causant transmutationes
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1176 naturales. Alii vero dixerunt quod lux est forma substantialis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1177 solis. Sed hoc etiam apparet impossibile, propter duo. Primo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1178 quidem, quia nulla forma substantialis est per se sensibilis, quia
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1179 quod quid est est obiectum intellectus, ut dicitur in III de anima.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1180 Lux autem est secundum se visibilis. Secundo, quia impossibile est
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1181 ut id quod est forma substantialis in uno, sit forma accidentalis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1182 in alio, quia formae substantiali per se convenit constituere in
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1183 specie; unde semper et in omnibus adest ei. Lux autem non est forma
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1184 substantialis aeris, alioquin, ea recedente, corrumperetur. Unde
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1185 non potest esse forma substantialis solis. Dicendum est ergo quod,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1186 sicut calor est qualitas activa consequens formam substantialem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1187 ignis, ita lux est qualitas activa consequens formam substantialem
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1188 solis, vel cuiuscumque alterius corporis a se lucentis, si aliquod
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1189 aliud tale est. Cuius signum est, quod radii diversarum stellarum
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1190 habent diversos effectus, secundum diversas naturas corporum.</p><p title="I q. 67 a. 3 ad 1"><a name="31256"><span class="ref">[31256] Iª q. 67 a. 3 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1191 dicendum quod, cum qualitas consequatur formam substantialem,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1192 diversimode se habet subiectum ad receptionem qualitatis, sicut se
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1193 habet ad receptionem formae. Cum enim materia perfecte recipit
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1194 formam, firmiter stabilitur etiam qualitas consequens formam; sicut
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1195 si aqua convertatur in ignem. Cum vero forma substantialis
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1196 recipitur imperfecte, secundum inchoationem quandam, qualitas
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1197 consequens manet quidem aliquandiu, sed non semper; sicut patet in
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1198 aqua calefacta, quae redit ad suam naturam. Sed illuminatio non fit
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1199 per aliquam transmutationem materiae ad susceptionem formae
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1200 substantialis, ut fiat quasi inchoatio aliqua formae. Et ideo lumen
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1201 non remanet nisi ad praesentiam agentis.</p><p title="I q. 67 a. 3 ad 2"><a name="31257"><span class="ref">[31257] Iª q. 67 a. 3 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1202 dicendum quod accidit luci quod non habeat contrarium, inquantum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1203 est qualitas naturalis primi corporis alterantis, quod est a
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1204 contrarietate elongatum.</p><p title="I q. 67 a. 3 ad 3"><a name="31258"><span class="ref">[31258] Iª q. 67 a. 3 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1205 dicendum quod, sicut calor agit ad formam ignis quasi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1206 instrumentaliter in virtute formae substantialis, ita lumen agit
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1207 quasi instrumentaliter in virtute corporum caelestium ad
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1208 producendas formas substantiales, et ad hoc quod faciat colores
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1209 visibiles actu, inquantum est qualitas primi corporis
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1210 sensibilis.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 4</h3><p title="I q. 67 a. 4 arg. 1"><a name="31259"><span class="ref">[31259] Iª q. 67 a. 4 arg. 1</span></a> Ad quartum sic
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1211 proceditur. Videtur quod inconvenienter lucis productio in prima
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1212 die ponatur. Est enim lux qualitas quaedam, ut dictum est. Qualitas
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1213 autem, cum sit accidens, non habet rationem primi, sed magis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1214 rationem postremi. Non ergo prima die debet poni productio
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1215 lucis.</p><p title="I q. 67 a. 4 arg. 2"><a name="31260"><span class="ref">[31260] Iª q. 67 a. 4 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea, per
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1216 lucem distinguitur nox a die. Hoc autem fit per solem, qui ponitur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1217 factus die quarta. Ergo non debuit poni productio lucis prima
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1218 die.</p><p title="I q. 67 a. 4 arg. 3"><a name="31261"><span class="ref">[31261] Iª q. 67 a. 4 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea, nox
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1219 et dies fit per circularem motum corporis lucidi. Sed circularis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1220 motus est proprius firmamenti, quod legitur factum die secunda.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1221 Ergo non debuit poni in prima die productio lucis distinguentis
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1222 noctem et diem.</p><p title="I q. 67 a. 4 arg. 4"><a name="31262"><span class="ref">[31262] Iª q. 67 a. 4 arg. 4</span></a> Si dicatur quod
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1223 intelligitur de luce spirituali, contra, lux quae legitur facta
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1224 prima die, facit distinctionem a tenebris. Sed non erant in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1225 principio spirituales tenebrae, quia etiam Daemones fuerunt a
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1226 principio boni, ut supra dictum est. Non ergo prima die debuit poni
53
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ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1227 productio lucis.</p><p title="I q. 67 a. 4 s. c."><a name="31263"><span class="ref">[31263] Iª q. 67 a. 4 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra, id
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1228 sine quo non potest esse dies, oportuit fieri in prima die. Sed
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1229 sine luce non potest esse dies. Ergo oportuit lucem fieri prima
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1230 die.</p><p title="I q. 67 a. 4 co."><a name="31264"><span class="ref">[31264] Iª q. 67 a. 4 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1231 quod de productione lucis est duplex opinio. Augustino enim videtur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1232 quod non fuerit conveniens Moysen praetermisisse spiritualis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1233 creaturae productionem. Et ideo dicit quod, cum dicitur, in
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1234 principio creavit Deus caelum et terram, per caelum intelligitur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1235 spiritualis natura adhuc informis, per terram autem intelligitur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1236 materia informis corporalis creaturae. Et quia natura spiritualis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1237 dignior est quam corporalis, fuit prius formanda. Formatio igitur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1238 spiritualis naturae significatur in productione lucis, ut
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1239 intelligatur de luce spirituali formatio enim naturae spiritualis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1240 est per hoc quod illuminatur ut adhaereat verbo Dei. Aliis autem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1241 videtur quod sit praetermissa a Moyse productio spiritualis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1242 creaturae. Sed huius rationem diversimode assignant. Basilius enim
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1243 dicit quod Moyses principium narrationis suae fecit a principio
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1244 quod ad tempus pertinet sensibilium rerum; sed spiritualis natura,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1245 idest angelica, praetermittitur, quia fuit ante creata.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1246 Chrysostomus autem assignat aliam rationem. Quia Moyses loquebatur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1247 rudi populo, qui nihil nisi corporalia poterat capere; quem etiam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1248 ab idololatria revocare volebat. Assumpsissent autem idololatriae
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1249 occasionem, si propositae fuissent eis aliquae substantiae supra
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1250 omnes corporeas creaturas, eas enim reputassent deos, cum etiam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1251 proni essent ad hoc quod solem et lunam et stellas colerent tanquam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1252 deos; quod eis inhibetur Deut. IV. Praemissa autem fuerat Gen. I,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1253 circa creaturam corporalem multiplex informitas, una quidem in hoc
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1254 quod dicebatur, terra erat inanis et vacua; alia vero in hoc quod
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1255 dicebatur, tenebrae erant super faciem abyssi. Necessarium autem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1256 fuit ut informitas tenebrarum primo removeretur per lucis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1257 productionem, propter duo. Primo quidem, quia lux, ut dictum est,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1258 est qualitas primi corporis, unde secundum eam primo fuit mundus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1259 formandus. Secundo, propter communitatem lucis, communicant enim in
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1260 ea inferiora corpora cum superioribus. Sicut autem in cognitione
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1261 proceditur a communioribus, ita etiam in operatione, nam prius
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1262 generatur vivum quam animal, et animal quam homo, ut dicitur in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1263 libro de Gener. Animal. Sic ergo oportuit ordinem divinae
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1264 sapientiae manifestari, ut primo inter opera distinctionis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1265 produceretur lux, tanquam primi corporis forma, et tanquam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1266 communior. Basilius autem ponit tertiam rationem, quia per lucem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1267 omnia alia manifestantur. Potest et quarta ratio addi, quae in
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1268 obiiciendo est tacta, quia dies non potest esse sine luce; unde
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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diff changeset
1269 oportuit in prima die fieri lucem.</p><p title="I q. 67 a. 4 ad 1"><a name="31265"><span class="ref">[31265] Iª q. 67 a. 4 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1270 dicendum quod, secundum opinionem quae ponit informitatem materiae
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1271 duratione praecedere formationem, oportet dicere quod materia a
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1272 principio fuerit creata sub formis substantialibus; postmodum vero
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1273 fuerit formata secundum aliquas conditiones accidentales, inter
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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diff changeset
1274 quas primum locum obtinet lux.</p><p title="I q. 67 a. 4 ad 2"><a name="31266"><span class="ref">[31266] Iª q. 67 a. 4 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1275 dicendum quod quidam dicunt lucem illam fuisse quandam nubem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1276 lucidam, quae postmodum, facto sole, in materiam praeiacentem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1277 rediit. Sed istud non est conveniens. Quia Scriptura in principio
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1278 Genesis commemorat institutionem naturae, quae postmodum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1279 perseverat, unde non debet dici quod aliquid tunc factum fuerit,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1280 quod postmodum esse desierit. Et ideo alii dicunt quod illa nubes
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1281 lucida adhuc remanet, et est coniuncta soli, ut ab eo discerni non
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1282 possit. Sed secundum hoc, illa nubes superflua remaneret, nihil
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1283 autem est vanum in operibus Dei. Et ideo alii dicunt quod ex illa
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1284 nube formatum est corpus solis. Sed hoc etiam dici non potest, si
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1285 ponatur corpus solis non esse de natura quatuor elementorum, sed
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1286 esse incorruptibile per naturam quia secundum hoc, materia eius non
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1287 potest esse sub alia forma. Et ideo est dicendum, ut Dionysius
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1288 dicit IV cap. de Div. Nom., quod illa lux fuit lux solis, sed adhuc
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1289 informis, quantum ad hoc, quod iam erat substantia solis, et
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1290 habebat virtutem illuminativam in communi; sed postmodum data est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1291 ei specialis et determinata virtus ad particulares effectus. Et
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1292 secundum hoc, in productione huius lucis distincta est lux a
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1293 tenebris, quantum ad tria. Primo quidem, quantum ad causam,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1294 secundum quod in substantia solis erat causa luminis, in opacitate
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1295 autem terrae causa tenebrarum. Secundo, quantum ad locum, quia in
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1296 uno hemisphaerio erat lumen, in alio tenebrae. Tertio, quantum ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1297 tempus, quia in eodem hemisphaerio secundum unam partem temporis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1298 erat lumen, secundum aliam tenebrae. Et hoc est quod dicitur,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1299 <i>lucem vocavit diem, et tenebras noctem</i>.</p><p title="I q. 67 a. 4 ad 3"><a name="31267"><span class="ref">[31267] Iª q. 67 a. 4 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1300 dicendum quod Basilius dicit lucem et tenebras tunc fuisse per
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1301 emissionem et contractionem luminis, et non per motum. Sed contra
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1302 hoc obiicit Augustinus quod nulla ratio esset huius vicissitudinis
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diff changeset
1303 emittendi et retrahendi luminis; cum homines et animalia non
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1304 essent, quorum usibus hoc deserviret. Et praeterea hoc non habet
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1305 natura corporis lucidi, ut retrahat lumen in sui praesentia, sed
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1306 miraculose potest hoc fieri, in prima autem institutione naturae
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1307 non quaeritur miraculum, sed quid natura rerum habeat, ut
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1308 Augustinus dicit. Et ideo dicendum est quod duplex est motus in
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1309 caelo. Unus communis toti caelo, qui facit diem et noctem, et iste
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1310 videtur institutus primo die. Alius autem est, qui diversificatur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1311 per diversa corpora; secundum quos motus fit diversitas dierum ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1312 invicem, et mensium et annorum. Et ideo in prima die fit mentio de
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1313 sola distinctione noctis et diei, quae fit per motum communem. In
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1314 quarta autem die fit mentio de diversitate dierum et temporum et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1315 annorum, cum dicitur, <i>ut sint in tempora et dies et annos</i>;
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1316 quae quidem diversitas fit per motus proprios.</p><p title="I q. 67 a. 4 ad 4"><a name="31268"><span class="ref">[31268] Iª q. 67 a. 4 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1317 dicendum quod, secundum Augustinum, informitas non praecedit
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1318 formationem duratione. Unde oportet dicere quod per lucis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1319 productionem intelligatur formatio spiritualis creaturae non quae
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1320 est per gloriam perfecta, cum qua creata non fuit; sed quae est per
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1321 gratiam perfecta, cum qua creata fuit, ut dictum est. Per hanc ergo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1322 lucem facta est divisio a tenebris, idest ab informitate alterius
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1323 creaturae non formatae. Vel, si tota creatura simul formata fuit,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1324 facta est distinctio a tenebris spiritualibus, non quae tunc essent
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1325 (quia Diabolus non fuit creatus malus); sed quas Deus futuras
59
03759e5c1080 fix multi-para s.c.
ht
parents: 53
diff changeset
1326 praevidit.</p></div></div><div id="q68" class="q"><h2>Quaestio 68</h2><div class="p"><h3>Prooemium</h3><p title="I q. 68 pr."><a name="31269"><span class="ref">[31269]
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1327 Iª q. 68 pr.</span></a> Deinde considerandum est de opere
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1328 secundae diei. Et circa hoc quaeruntur quatuor. Primo, utrum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1329 firmamentum sit factum secunda die. Secundo, utrum aliquae aquae
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1330 sint supra firmamentum. Tertio, utrum firmamentum dividat aquas ab
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1331 aquis. Quarto, utrum sit unum caelum tantum, vel plures.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 1</h3><p title="I q. 68 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="31270"><span class="ref">[31270] Iª q. 68 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad primum sic
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1332 proceditur. Videtur quod firmamentum non sit factum secunda die.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1333 Dicitur enim Gen. I, <i>vocavit Deus firmamentum caelum</i>. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
1334 caelum factum est ante omnem diem, ut patet cum dicitur, <i>in
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diff changeset
1335 principio creavit Deus caelum et terram</i>. Ergo firmamentum non
53
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diff changeset
1336 est factum secunda die.</p><p title="I q. 68 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="31271"><span class="ref">[31271] Iª q. 68 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea, opera
28
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diff changeset
1337 sex dierum ordinantur secundum ordinem divinae sapientiae. Non
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diff changeset
1338 conveniret autem divinae sapientiae, ut posterius faceret quod est
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diff changeset
1339 naturaliter prius. Firmamentum autem est naturaliter prius aqua et
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diff changeset
1340 terra, de quibus tamen fit mentio ante formationem lucis, quae fuit
53
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diff changeset
1341 prima die. Non ergo firmamentum factum est secunda die.</p><p title="I q. 68 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="31272"><span class="ref">[31272] Iª q. 68 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea, omne
28
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diff changeset
1342 quod est factum per sex dies, formatum est ex materia prius creata
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diff changeset
1343 ante omnem diem. Sed firmamentum non potuit formari ex materia
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diff changeset
1344 praeexistente, quia sic esset generabile et corruptibile. Ergo
53
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diff changeset
1345 firmamentum non est factum secunda die.</p><p title="I q. 68 a. 1 s. c."><a name="31273"><span class="ref">[31273] Iª q. 68 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
28
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diff changeset
1346 quod dicitur Gen. I, <i>dixit Deus, fiat firmamentum</i>. Et postea
53
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diff changeset
1347 sequitur, <i>et factum est vespere et mane dies secundus</i>.</p><p title="I q. 68 a. 1 co."><a name="31274"><span class="ref">[31274] Iª q. 68 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
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diff changeset
1348 quod, sicut Augustinus docet, in huiusmodi quaestionibus duo sunt
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diff changeset
1349 observanda. Primo quidem, ut veritas Scripturae inconcusse
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diff changeset
1350 teneatur. Secundo, cum Scriptura divina multipliciter exponi
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1351 possit, quod nulli expositioni aliquis ita praecise inhaereat quod,
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diff changeset
1352 si certa ratione constiterit hoc esse falsum, quod aliquis sensum
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diff changeset
1353 Scripturae esse asserere praesumat, ne Scriptura ex hoc ab
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diff changeset
1354 infidelibus derideatur, et ne eis via credendi praecludatur.
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diff changeset
1355 Sciendum est ergo quod hoc quod legitur firmamentum secunda die
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diff changeset
1356 factum, dupliciter intelligi potest. Uno modo, de firmamento in quo
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diff changeset
1357 sunt sidera. Et secundum hoc, oportet nos diversimode exponere
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diff changeset
1358 secundum diversas opiniones hominum de firmamento. Quidam enim
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diff changeset
1359 dixerunt firmamentum illud esse ex elementis compositum. Et haec
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1360 fuit opinio Empedoclis; qui tamen dixit ideo illud corpus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1361 indissolubile esse, quia in eius compositione lis non erat sed
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1362 amicitia tantum. Alii vero dixerunt firmamentum esse de natura
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1363 quatuor elementorum non quasi ex elementis compositum, sed quasi
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diff changeset
1364 elementum simplex. Et haec opinio fuit Platonis, qui posuit corpus
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diff changeset
1365 caeleste esse elementum ignis. Alii vero dixerunt caelum non esse
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diff changeset
1366 de natura quatuor elementorum, sed esse quintum corpus, praeter
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1367 quatuor elementa. Et haec est opinio Aristotelis. Secundum igitur
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diff changeset
1368 primam opinionem, absolute posset concedi quod firmamentum factum
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diff changeset
1369 fuerit secunda die, etiam secundum suam substantiam. Nam ad opus
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diff changeset
1370 creationis pertinet producere ipsam elementorum substantiam, ad
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diff changeset
1371 opus autem distinctionis et ornatus pertinet formare aliqua ex
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diff changeset
1372 praeexistentibus elementis. Secundum vero opinionem Platonis, non
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1373 est conveniens quod firmamentum credatur secundum suam substantiam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1374 esse factum secunda die. Nam facere firmamentum, secundum hoc, est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1375 producere elementum ignis. Productio autem elementorum pertinet ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1376 opus creationis, secundum eos qui ponunt informitatem materiae
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diff changeset
1377 tempore praecedere formationem, quia formae elementorum sunt quae
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diff changeset
1378 primo adveniunt materiae. Multo autem minus secundum opinionem
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diff changeset
1379 Aristotelis poni potest quod firmamentum secundum suam substantiam
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diff changeset
1380 sit secunda die productum, secundum quod per istos dies successio
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diff changeset
1381 temporis designatur. Quia caelum, cum sit secundum suam naturam
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diff changeset
1382 incorruptibile, habet materiam quae non potest subesse alteri
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diff changeset
1383 formae, unde impossibile est quod firmamentum sit factum ex materia
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1384 prius tempore existente. Unde productio substantiae firmamenti ad
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diff changeset
1385 opus creationis pertinet. Sed aliqua formatio eius, secundum has
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1386 duas opiniones, pertinet ad opus secundae diei, sicut etiam
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diff changeset
1387 Dionysius dicit, IV cap. de Div. Nom., quod lumen solis fuit
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diff changeset
1388 informe in primo triduo, et postea fuit in quarta die formatum. Si
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diff changeset
1389 autem per istos dies non designetur temporis successio, sed solum
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diff changeset
1390 ordo naturae, ut Augustinus vult; nihil prohibebit dicere, secundum
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diff changeset
1391 quamcumque harum opinionum formationem secundum substantiam
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diff changeset
1392 firmamenti ad secundam diem pertinere. Potest autem et alio modo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1393 intelligi, ut per firmamentum quod legitur secunda die factum, non
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diff changeset
1394 intelligatur firmamentum illud in quo fixae sunt stellae, sed illa
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diff changeset
1395 pars aeris in qua condensantur nubes. Et dicitur firmamentum
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diff changeset
1396 propter spissitudinem aeris in parte illa, nam quod est spissum et
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diff changeset
1397 solidum, dicitur esse corpus firmum, ad differentiam corporis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1398 mathematici, ut dicit Basilius. Et secundum hanc expositionem,
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diff changeset
1399 nihil repugnans sequitur cuicumque opinioni. Unde Augustinus, II
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1400 super Gen. ad Litt., hanc expositionem commendans, dicit, <i>hanc
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diff changeset
1401 considerationem laude dignissimam iudico; quod enim dixit, neque
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diff changeset
1402 est contra fidem, et in promptu, posito documento, credi
53
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diff changeset
1403 potest</i>.</p><p title="I q. 68 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="31275"><span class="ref">[31275] Iª q. 68 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
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diff changeset
1404 dicendum quod, secundum Chrysostomum, primo Moyses summarie dixit
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diff changeset
1405 quid Deus fecit, praemittens, in principio creavit Deus caelum et
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diff changeset
1406 terram, postea per partes explicavit. Sicut si quis dicat, hic
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diff changeset
1407 artifex fecit domum istam, et postea subdat, primo fecit
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diff changeset
1408 fundamenta, et postea erexit parietes, tertio superposuit tectum.
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diff changeset
1409 Et sic non oportet nos aliud caelum intelligere, cum dicitur, <i>in
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diff changeset
1410 principio creavit Deus caelum et terram</i>; et cum dicitur quod
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diff changeset
1411 secunda die factum est firmamentum. Potest etiam dici aliud esse
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diff changeset
1412 caelum quod legitur in principio creatum, et quod legitur secunda
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diff changeset
1413 die factum. Et hoc diversimode. Nam secundum Augustinum, caelum
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diff changeset
1414 quod legitur primo die factum, est natura spiritualis informis,
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diff changeset
1415 caelum autem quod legitur secunda die factum, est caelum corporeum.
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diff changeset
1416 Secundum vero Bedam et Strabum, caelum quod legitur primo die
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diff changeset
1417 factum, est caelum Empyreum, firmamentum vero quod legitur secunda
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diff changeset
1418 die factum, est caelum sidereum. Secundum vero Damascenum, caelum
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diff changeset
1419 quod legitur prima die factum, est quoddam caelum sphaericum sine
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diff changeset
1420 stellis, de quo philosophi loquuntur, dicentes ipsum esse nonam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1421 sphaeram et mobile primum, quod movetur motu diurno, per
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1422 firmamentum vero factum secunda die, intelligitur caelum sidereum.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1423 Secundum autem aliam expositionem, quam Augustinus tangit, caelum
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diff changeset
1424 prima die factum, est etiam ipsum caelum sidereum, per firmamentum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1425 vero secunda die factum, intelligitur spatium aeris in quo nubes
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1426 condensantur, quod etiam caelum aequivoce dicitur. Et ideo, ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1427 aequivocationem designandam, signanter dicitur, vocavit Deus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1428 firmamentum caelum; sicut et supra dixerat, vocavit lucem diem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1429 (quia dies etiam pro spatio vigintiquatuor horarum ponitur). Et
53
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diff changeset
1430 idem est in aliis observandum, ut Rabbi Moyses dicit.</p><p title="I q. 68 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="31276"><span class="ref">[31276] Iª q. 68 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum et
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1431 tertium patet solutio ex supra dictis.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 2</h3><p title="I q. 68 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="31277"><span class="ref">[31277] Iª q. 68 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad secundum sic
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1432 proceditur. Videtur quod aquae non sunt supra firmamentum. Aqua
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1433 enim est naturaliter gravis. Locus autem proprius gravis non est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1434 esse sursum, sed solum deorsum. Ergo aquae non sunt supra
53
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diff changeset
1435 firmamentum.</p><p title="I q. 68 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="31278"><span class="ref">[31278] Iª q. 68 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1436 naturaliter aqua est fluida. Sed quod est fluidum, non potest
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1437 consistere super corpus rotundum, ut experimento patet. Ergo, cum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1438 firmamentum sit corpus rotundum, aqua non potest esse supra
53
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ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1439 firmamentum.</p><p title="I q. 68 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="31279"><span class="ref">[31279] Iª q. 68 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea, aqua,
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1440 cum sit elementum, ordinatur ad generationem corporis mixti; sicut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1441 imperfectum ordinatur ad perfectum. Sed supra firmamentum non est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1442 locus mixtionis, sed supra terram. Ergo frustra aqua esset supra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1443 firmamentum. Nihil autem in operibus Dei est frustra. Ergo aquae
53
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diff changeset
1444 non sunt supra firmamentum.</p><p title="I q. 68 a. 2 s. c."><a name="31280"><span class="ref">[31280] Iª q. 68 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1445 quod dicitur Gen. I, quod <i>divisit aquas quae erant supra
53
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diff changeset
1446 firmamentum, ab his quae erant sub firmamento</i>.</p><p title="I q. 68 a. 2 co."><a name="31281"><span class="ref">[31281] Iª q. 68 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1447 quod, sicut dicit Augustinus, II super Gen. ad Litt., <i>maior est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1448 Scripturae huius auctoritas quam omnis humani ingenii capacitas.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1449 Unde quomodo et quales aquae ibi sint, eas tamen ibi esse, minime
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1450 dubitamus</i>. Quales autem sint illae aquae, non eodem modo ab
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1451 omnibus assignatur. Origenes enim dicit quod aquae illae quae super
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1452 caelos sunt, sunt spirituales substantiae, unde in Psalmo CXLVIII,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1453 dicitur, <i>aquae quae super caelos sunt, laudent nomen domini</i>;
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1454 et Dan. III, <i>benedicite, aquae omnes quae super caelos sunt,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1455 domino</i>. Sed ad hoc respondet Basilius, in III Hexaem., quod hoc
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1456 non dicitur eo quod aquae sint rationales creaturae; sed quia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1457 <i>consideratio earum, prudenter a sensum habentibus contemplata,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1458 glorificationem perficit creatoris</i>. Unde ibidem dicitur idem de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1459 igne et grandine et huiusmodi, de quibus constat quod non sunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1460 rationales creaturae. Dicendum est ergo quod sunt aquae corporales.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1461 Sed quales aquae sint, oportet diversimode definire, secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1462 diversam de firmamento sententiam. Si enim per firmamentum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1463 intelligitur caelum sidereum quod ponitur esse de natura quatuor
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1464 elementorum, pari ratione et aquae quae super caelos sunt, eiusdem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1465 naturae poterunt credi cum elementaribus aquis. Si autem per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1466 firmamentum intelligatur caelum sidereum quod non sit de natura
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1467 quatuor elementorum, tunc et aquae illae quae sunt supra
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1468 firmamentum, non erunt de natura elementarium aquarum, sed sicut,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1469 secundum Strabum, dicitur caelum Empyreum, idest igneum, propter
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1470 solum splendorem; ita dicetur aliud caelum aqueum propter solam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1471 diaphaneitatem, quod est supra caelum sidereum. Posito etiam quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1472 firmamentum sit alterius naturae praeter quatuor elementa, adhuc
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1473 potest dici quod aquas dividit, si per aquam non elementum aquae,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1474 sed materiam informem corporum intelligamus, ut Augustinus dicit,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1475 super Gen. contra Manich., quia secundum hoc, quidquid est inter
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1476 corpora, dividit aquas ab aquis. Si autem per firmamentum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1477 intelligatur pars aeris in qua nubes condensantur, sic aquae quae
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1478 supra firmamentum sunt, sunt aquae quae, vaporabiliter resolutae,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1479 supra aliquam partem aeris elevantur ex quibus pluviae generantur.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1480 Dicere enim quod aquae vaporabiliter resolutae eleventur supra
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1481 caelum sidereum, ut quidam dixerunt, quorum opinionem Augustinus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1482 tangit in II super Gen. ad Litt. est omnino impossibile. Tum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1483 propter soliditatem caeli. Tum propter regionem ignis mediam, quae
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1484 huiusmodi vapores consumeret. Tum quia locus quo feruntur levia et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1485 rara, est infra concavum orbis lunae. Tum etiam quia sensibiliter
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1486 apparet vapores non elevari usque ad cacumina quorundam montium.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1487 Quod etiam dicunt de rarefactione corporis in infinitum, propter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1488 hoc quod corpus est in infinitum divisibile, vanum est. Non enim
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1489 corpus naturale in infinitum dividitur aut rarefit, sed usque ad
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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diff changeset
1490 certum terminum.</p><p title="I q. 68 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="31282"><span class="ref">[31282] Iª q. 68 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
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diff changeset
1491 dicendum quod quibusdam videtur ratio illa solvenda per hoc, quod
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diff changeset
1492 aquae, quamvis sint naturaliter graves, virtute tamen divina super
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1493 caelos continentur. Sed hanc solutionem Augustinus excludit, II
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1494 Lib. super Gen. ad Litt., dicens quod <i>nunc quemadmodum Deus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1495 instituit naturas rerum convenit quaerere; non quid in eis ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1496 miraculum suae potentiae velit operari</i>. Unde aliter dicendum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1497 est quod, secundum duas ultimas opiniones de aquis et firmamento,
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diff changeset
1498 patet solutio ex praemissis. Secundum autem primam opinionem,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1499 oportet ponere alium ordinem in elementis quam Aristoteles ponat;
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1500 ut quaedam aquae spissae sint circa terram, quaedam vero tenues
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1501 circa caelum; ut sic se habeant illae ad caelum, sicut istae ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1502 terram. Vel quod per aquam intelligatur materia corporum, ut dictum
53
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diff changeset
1503 est.</p><p title="I q. 68 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="31283"><span class="ref">[31283] Iª q. 68 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum etiam
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1504 patet solutio ex praemissis, secundum duas ultimas opiniones.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1505 Secundum vero primam, respondet Basilius dupliciter. Uno modo, quia
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1506 non est necessarium ut omne quod in concavo apparet rotundum, sit
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1507 etiam supra rotundum secundum convexum. Secundo, quia aquae quae
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diff changeset
1508 sunt supra caelos, non sunt fluidae; sed quasi glaciali soliditate
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1509 circa caelum firmatae. Unde et a quibusdam dicuntur caelum
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1510 crystallinum.</p><p title="I q. 68 a. 2 ad 3"><a name="31284"><span class="ref">[31284] Iª q. 68 a. 2 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1511 dicendum quod, secundum tertiam opinionem, aquae sunt supra
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1512 firmamentum vaporabiliter elevatae propter utilitatem pluviarum.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1513 Secundum vero secundam opinionem, aquae sunt supra firmamentum,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1514 idest caelum totum diaphanum absque stellis. Quod quidam ponunt
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1515 primum mobile, quod revolvit totum caelum motu diurno, ut operetur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1516 per motum diurnum continuitatem generationis, sicut caelum in quo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1517 sunt sidera, per motum qui est secundum zodiacum, operatur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1518 diversitatem generationis et corruptionis, per accessum et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1519 recessum, et per diversas virtutes stellarum. Secundum vero primam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1520 opinionem, aquae sunt ibi, ut Basilius dicit, ad contemperandum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1521 calorem caelestium corporum. Cuius signum acceperunt aliqui, ut
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1522 Augustinus dicit, quod stella Saturni, propter vicinitatem aquarum
53
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diff changeset
1523 superiorum, est frigidissima.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 3</h3><p title="I q. 68 a. 3 arg. 1"><a name="31285"><span class="ref">[31285] Iª q. 68 a. 3 arg. 1</span></a> Ad tertium sic
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1524 proceditur. Videtur quod firmamentum non dividat aquas ab aquis.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1525 Unius enim corporis secundum speciem, est unus locus naturalis. Sed
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1526 omnis aqua omni aquae est eadem specie, ut dicit philosophus. Non
53
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diff changeset
1527 ergo aquae ab aquis sunt distinguendae secundum locum.</p><p title="I q. 68 a. 3 arg. 2"><a name="31286"><span class="ref">[31286] Iª q. 68 a. 3 arg. 2</span></a> Si dicatur quod
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1528 aquae illae quae sunt supra firmamentum, sunt alterius speciei ab
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1529 aquis quae sunt sub firmamento, contra, ea quae sunt secundum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1530 speciem diversa, non indigent aliquo alio distinguente. Si ergo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1531 aquae superiores et inferiores specie differunt, firmamentum eas ab
53
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diff changeset
1532 invicem non distinguit.</p><p title="I q. 68 a. 3 arg. 3"><a name="31287"><span class="ref">[31287] Iª q. 68 a. 3 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea, illud
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1533 videtur aquas ab aquis distinguere, quod ex utraque parte ab aquis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1534 contingitur; sicut si aliquis paries fabricetur in medio fluminis.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1535 Manifestum est autem quod aquae inferiores non pertingunt usque ad
53
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diff changeset
1536 firmamentum. Ergo non dividit firmamentum aquas ab aquis.</p><p title="I q. 68 a. 3 s. c."><a name="31288"><span class="ref">[31288] Iª q. 68 a. 3 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1537 quod dicitur Gen. I, <i>fiat firmamentum in medio aquarum, et
53
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diff changeset
1538 dividat aquas ab aquis</i>.</p><p title="I q. 68 a. 3 co."><a name="31289"><span class="ref">[31289] Iª q. 68 a. 3 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1539 quod aliquis, considerando superficie tenus litteram Genesis,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1540 posset talem imaginationem concipere, secundum quorundam antiquorum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1541 philosophorum positionem. Posuerunt enim quidam aquam esse quoddam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1542 infinitum corpus, et omnium aliorum corporum principium. Quam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1543 quidem immensitatem aquarum accipere posset in nomine abyssi, cum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1544 dicitur quod tenebrae erant super faciem abyssi. Ponebant etiam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1545 quod istud caelum sensibile quod videmus, non continet infra se
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1546 omnia corporalia; sed est infinitum aquarum corpus supra caelum. Et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1547 ita posset aliquis dicere quod firmamentum caeli dividit aquas
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1548 exteriores ab aquis interioribus, idest ab omnibus corporibus quae
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1549 infra caelum continentur, quorum principium aquam ponebant. Sed
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1550 quia ista positio per veras rationes falsa deprehenditur, non est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1551 dicendum hunc esse intellectum Scripturae. Sed considerandum est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1552 quod Moyses rudi populo loquebatur, quorum imbecillitati
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1553 condescendens, illa solum eis proposuit, quae manifeste sensui
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1554 apparent. Omnes autem, quantumcumque rudes, terram et aquam esse
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1555 corpora sensu deprehendunt. Aer autem non percipitur ab omnibus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1556 esse corpus, intantum quod etiam quidam philosophi aerem dixerunt
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1557 nihil esse, plenum aere vacuum nominantes. Et ideo Moyses de aqua
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1558 et terra mentionem facit expressam, aerem autem non expresse
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1559 nominat, ne rudibus quoddam ignotum proponeret. Ut tamen capacibus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1560 veritatem exprimeret, dat locum intelligendi aerem, significans
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1561 ipsum quasi aquae annexum, cum dicit quod tenebrae erant super
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1562 faciem abyssi; per quod datur intelligi super faciem aquae esse
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1563 aliquod corpus diaphanum quod est subiectum lucis et tenebrarum.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1564 Sic igitur sive per firmamentum intelligamus caelum in quo sunt
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1565 sidera, sive spatium aeris nubilosum, convenienter dicitur quod
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1566 firmamentum dividit aquas ab aquis, secundum quod per aquam materia
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1567 informis significatur; vel secundum quod omnia corpora diaphana sub
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1568 nomine aquarum intelliguntur. Nam caelum sidereum distinguit
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1569 corpora inferiora diaphana a superioribus. Aer vero nubilosus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1570 distinguit superiorem aeris partem, in qua generantur pluviae et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1571 huiusmodi impressiones, ab inferiori parte aeris, quae aquae
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1572 connectitur, et sub nomine aquarum intelligitur.</p><p title="I q. 68 a. 3 ad 1"><a name="31290"><span class="ref">[31290] Iª q. 68 a. 3 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1573 dicendum quod, si per firmamentum intelligatur caelum sidereum,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1574 aquae superiores non sunt eiusdem speciei cum inferioribus. Si
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1575 autem per firmamentum intelligatur nubilosus aer, tunc utraeque
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1576 aquae sunt eiusdem speciei. Et deputantur tunc duo loca aquis non
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1577 eadem ratione; sed locus superior est locus generationis aquarum,
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1578 locus autem inferior est locus quietis earum.</p><p title="I q. 68 a. 3 ad 2"><a name="31291"><span class="ref">[31291] Iª q. 68 a. 3 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1579 dicendum quod, si accipiantur aquae diversae secundum speciem,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1580 firmamentum dicitur dividere aquas ab aquis, non sicut causa
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1581 faciens divisionem; sed sicut terminus utrarumque aquarum.</p><p title="I q. 68 a. 3 ad 3"><a name="31292"><span class="ref">[31292] Iª q. 68 a. 3 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1582 dicendum quod Moyses, propter invisibilitatem aeris et similium
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1583 corporum, omnia huiusmodi corpora sub aquae nomine comprehendit. Et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1584 sic manifestum est quod ex utraque parte firmamenti, qualitercumque
53
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diff changeset
1585 accepti, sunt aquae.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 4</h3><p title="I q. 68 a. 4 arg. 1"><a name="31293"><span class="ref">[31293] Iª q. 68 a. 4 arg. 1</span></a> Ad quartum sic
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1586 proceditur. Videtur quod sit unum caelum tantum. Caelum enim contra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1587 terram dividitur, cum dicitur, <i>in principio creavit Deus caelum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1588 et terram</i>. Sed terra est una tantum. Ergo et caelum est unum
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1589 tantum.</p><p title="I q. 68 a. 4 arg. 2"><a name="31294"><span class="ref">[31294] Iª q. 68 a. 4 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea, omne
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1590 quod constat ex tota sua materia est unum tantum. Sed caelum est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1591 huiusmodi, ut probat philosophus in I de caelo. Ergo caelum est
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1592 unum tantum.</p><p title="I q. 68 a. 4 arg. 3"><a name="31295"><span class="ref">[31295] Iª q. 68 a. 4 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1593 quidquid dicitur de pluribus univoce, dicitur de eis secundum unam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1594 rationem communem. Sed si sunt plures caeli, caelum dicitur univoce
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1595 de pluribus, quia si aequivoce, non proprie dicerentur plures
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1596 caeli. Oportet ergo, si dicuntur plures caeli, quod sit aliqua
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1597 ratio communis, secundum quam caeli dicantur. Hanc autem non est
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1598 assignare. Non est ergo dicendum quod sint plures caeli.</p><p title="I q. 68 a. 4 s. c."><a name="31296"><span class="ref">[31296] Iª q. 68 a. 4 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1599 quod dicitur in Psalmo CXLVIII, <i>laudate eum, caeli
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1600 caelorum</i>.</p><p title="I q. 68 a. 4 co."><a name="31297"><span class="ref">[31297] Iª q. 68 a. 4 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1601 quod circa hoc videtur esse quaedam diversitas inter Basilium et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1602 Chrysostomum. Dicit enim Chrysostomus non esse nisi unum caelum; et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1603 quod pluraliter dicitur, caeli caelorum, hoc est propter
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1604 proprietatem linguae Hebraeae, in qua consuetum est ut caelum solum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1605 pluraliter significetur; sicut sunt etiam multa nomina in Latino
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1606 quae singulari carent. Basilius autem, et Damascenus sequens eum,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1607 dicunt plures esse caelos. Sed haec diversitas magis est in voce
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1608 quam in re. Nam Chrysostomus unum caelum nominat totum corpus quod
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1609 est supra terram et aquam, nam etiam aves, quae volant in aere,
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diff changeset
1610 dicuntur propter hoc volucres caeli. Sed quia in isto corpore sunt
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1611 multae distinctiones, propter hoc Basilius posuit plures caelos. Ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1612 distinctionem ergo caelorum sciendam, considerandum est quod caelum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1613 tripliciter dicitur in Scripturis. Quandoque enim dicitur proprie
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1614 et naturaliter. Et sic dicitur caelum corpus aliquod sublime, et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1615 luminosum actu vel potentia, et incorruptibile per naturam. Et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1616 secundum hoc, ponuntur tres caeli. Primum totaliter lucidum, quod
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1617 vocant Empyreum. Secundum totaliter diaphanum, quod vocant caelum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1618 aqueum vel crystallinum. Tertium partim diaphanum et partim lucidum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1619 actu, quod vocant caelum sidereum, et dividitur in octo sphaeras,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1620 scilicet in sphaeram stellarum fixarum, et septem sphaeras
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1621 planetarum; quae possunt dici octo caeli. Secundo dicitur caelum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1622 per participationem alicuius proprietatis caelestis corporis,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1623 scilicet sublimitatis et luminositatis actu vel potentia. Et sic
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1624 totum illud spatium quod est ab aquis usque ad orbem lunae,
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diff changeset
1625 Damascenus ponit unum caelum, nominans illud aereum. Et sic,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1626 secundum eum, sunt tres caeli, aereum, sidereum, et aliud superius,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1627 de quo intelligit quod apostolus legitur raptus usque ad tertium
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1628 caelum. Sed quia istud spatium continet duo elementa, scilicet
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1629 ignis et aeris, et in utroque eorum vocatur superior et inferior
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1630 regio; ideo istud caelum Rabanus distinguit in quatuor, supremam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1631 regionem ignis nominans caelum igneum; inferiorem vero regionem,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1632 caelum Olympium, ab altitudine cuiusdam montis qui vocatur Olympus;
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diff changeset
1633 supremam vero regionem aeris vocavit caelum aethereum, propter
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1634 inflammationem; inferiorem vero regionem, caelum aereum. Et sic,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1635 cum isti quatuor caeli tribus superioribus connumerantur, fiunt in
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1636 universo, secundum Rabanum, septem caeli corporei. Tertio dicitur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1637 caelum metaphorice. Et sic quandoque ipsa sancta Trinitas dicitur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1638 caelum, propter eius spiritualem sublimitatem et lucem. De quo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1639 caelo exponitur Diabolum dixisse, ascendam in caelum, idest ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1640 aequalitatem Dei. Quandoque etiam spiritualia bona in quibus est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1641 sanctorum remuneratio, propter eorum eminentiam caeli nominantur;
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1642 ubi dicitur, <i>merces vestra multa est in caelis</i>, ut
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1643 Augustinus exponit. Quandoque vero tria genera supernaturalium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1644 visionum, scilicet corporalis, imaginariae et intellectualis tres
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1645 caeli nominantur. De quibus Augustinus exponit quod Paulus est
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1646 raptus usque ad tertium caelum.</p><p title="I q. 68 a. 4 ad 1"><a name="31298"><span class="ref">[31298] Iª q. 68 a. 4 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1647 dicendum quod terra se habet ad caelum, ut centrum ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1648 circumferentiam. Circa unum autem centrum possunt esse multae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1649 circumferentiae. Unde una terra existente, multi caeli
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1650 ponuntur.</p><p title="I q. 68 a. 4 ad 2"><a name="31299"><span class="ref">[31299] Iª q. 68 a. 4 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1651 dicendum quod ratio illa procedit de caelo, secundum quod importat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1652 universitatem creaturarum corporalium. Sic enim est unum caelum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1653 tantum.</p><p title="I q. 68 a. 4 ad 3"><a name="31300"><span class="ref">[31300] Iª q. 68 a. 4 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1654 dicendum quod in omnibus caelis invenitur communiter sublimitas et
59
03759e5c1080 fix multi-para s.c.
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parents: 53
diff changeset
1655 aliqua luminositas, ut ex dictis patet.</p></div></div><div id="q69" class="q"><h2>Quaestio 69</h2><div class="p"><h3>Prooemium</h3><p title="I q. 69 pr."><a name="31301"><span class="ref">[31301]
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1656 Iª q. 69 pr.</span></a> Deinde considerandum est de opere
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1657 tertiae diei. Et circa hoc quaeruntur duo. Primo, de congregatione
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1658 aquarum. Secundo, de productione plantarum.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 1</h3><p title="I q. 69 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="31302"><span class="ref">[31302] Iª q. 69 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad primum sic
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1659 proceditur. Videtur quod aquarum congregatio non convenienter
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1660 dicatur facta tertia die. Ea enim quae facta sunt prima et secunda
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1661 die, verbo factionis exprimuntur, dicitur enim, <i>dixit Deus fiat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1662 lux, et, fiat firmamentum</i>. Sed tertia dies condividitur duabus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1663 primis. Ergo opus tertiae diei debuit exprimi verbo factionis, et
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1664 non solum verbo congregationis.</p><p title="I q. 69 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="31303"><span class="ref">[31303] Iª q. 69 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea, terra
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1665 prius undique erat aquis cooperta, propter hoc enim invisibilis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1666 dicebatur. Non erat ergo aliquis locus super terram, in quo aquae
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1667 congregari possent.</p><p title="I q. 69 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="31304"><span class="ref">[31304] Iª q. 69 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea, quae
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1668 non sunt continuata ad invicem, non habent unum locum. Sed non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1669 omnes aquae habent ad invicem continuitatem. Ergo non sunt omnes
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1670 aquae congregatae in unum locum.</p><p title="I q. 69 a. 1 arg. 4"><a name="31305"><span class="ref">[31305] Iª q. 69 a. 1 arg. 4</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1671 congregatio ad motum localem pertinet. Sed aquae naturaliter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1672 videntur fluentes, et ad mare currentes. Non ergo fuit necessarium
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1673 ad hoc divinum praeceptum adhiberi.</p><p title="I q. 69 a. 1 arg. 5"><a name="31306"><span class="ref">[31306] Iª q. 69 a. 1 arg. 5</span></a> Praeterea, terra
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1674 etiam in principio suae creationis nominatur, cum dicitur, <i>in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1675 principio creavit Deus caelum et terram</i>. Inconvenienter ergo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1676 dicitur tertia die nomen terrae impositum.</p><p title="I q. 69 a. 1 s. c."><a name="31307"><span class="ref">[31307] Iª q. 69 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed in contrarium
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1677 sufficit auctoritas Scripturae.</p><p title="I q. 69 a. 1 co."><a name="31308"><span class="ref">[31308] Iª q. 69 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1678 quod hic oportet aliter dicere secundum expositionem Augustini, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1679 aliorum sanctorum. Augustinus enim in omnibus his operibus non
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1680 ponit durationis ordinem, sed solum originis et naturae. Dicit enim
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1681 primo creatam naturam spiritualem informem, et naturam corporalem
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1682 absque omni forma (quam dicit primo significari nomine terrae et
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1683 aquae), non quia haec informitas formationem praecesserit tempore,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1684 sed origine tantum. Neque una formatio, secundum eum, praecessit
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1685 aliam duratione; sed solum naturae ordine. Secundum quem ordinem
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1686 necesse fuit ut primo poneretur formatio supremae naturae, scilicet
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1687 spiritualis, per hoc quod legitur prima die lux facta. Sicut autem
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1688 spiritualis natura praeeminet corporali, ita superiora corpora
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1689 praeeminent inferioribus. Unde secundo loco tangitur formatio
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1690 superiorum corporum, cum dicitur, fiat firmamentum; per quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1691 intelligitur impressio formae caelestis in materiam informem, non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1692 prius existentem tempore, sed origine tantum. Tertio vero loco
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1693 ponitur impressio formarum elementarium in materiam informem, non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1694 tempore, sed origine praecedentem. Unde per hoc quod dicitur,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1695 <i>congregentur aquae, et appareat arida</i>, intelligitur quod
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1696 materiae corporali impressa est forma substantialis aquae, per quam
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1697 competit sibi talis motus; et forma substantialis terrae, per quam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1698 competit sibi sic videri. Sed secundum alios sanctos, in his
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1699 operibus etiam ordo durationis attenditur, ponunt enim quod,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1700 informitas materiae tempore praecessit formationem, et una formatio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1701 aliam. Sed informitas materiae, secundum eos, non intelligitur
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1702 carentia omnis formae quia iam erat caelum et aqua et terra (quae
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1703 tria nominantur tanquam manifeste sensu perceptibilia), sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1704 intelligitur informitas materiae carentia debitae distinctionis, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1705 consummatae cuiusdam pulchritudinis. Et secundum haec tria nomina,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1706 posuit Scriptura tres informitates. Ad caelum enim, quod est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1707 superius, pertinet informitas tenebrarum, quia ex eo est origo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1708 luminis. Informitas vero aquae, quae est media, significatur nomine
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1709 abyssi, quia hoc nomen significat quandam immensitatem inordinatam
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1710 aquarum, ut Augustinus dicit, contra Faustum. Informitas vero
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1711 terrae tangitur in hoc quod dicitur, quod terra erat invisibilis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1712 vel inanis, per hoc quod erat aquis cooperta. Sic igitur formatio
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1713 supremi corporis facta est prima die. Et quia tempus sequitur motum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1714 caeli, tempus autem est numerus motus supremi corporis; per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1715 huiusmodi formationem facta est distinctio temporis, noctis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1716 scilicet et diei. Secundo vero die formatum est medium corpus,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1717 scilicet aqua, per firmamentum accipiens quandam distinctionem et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1718 ordinem (ita quod sub nomine aquae etiam alia comprehenduntur, ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1719 supra dictum est). Tertio vero die formatum est ultimum corpus,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1720 scilicet terra, per hoc quod discooperta est aquis; et facta est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1721 distinctio in infimo, quae dicitur terrae et maris. Unde satis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1722 congrue, sicut informitatem terrae expresserat dicens quod terra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1723 erat invisibilis vel inanis, ita eius formationem exprimit per hoc
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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diff changeset
1724 quod dicit, et appareat arida.</p><p title="I q. 69 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="31309"><span class="ref">[31309] Iª q. 69 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1725 dicendum quod, secundum Augustinum, ideo in opere tertiae diei non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1726 utitur Scriptura verbo factionis, sicut in praecedentibus operibus,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1727 ut ostendatur quod superiores formae, scilicet spirituales
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1728 Angelorum, et caelestium corporum, sunt perfectae in esse et
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1729 stabiles; formae vero inferiorum corporum sunt imperfectae et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1730 mobiles. Et ideo per congregationem aquarum et apparentiam aridae,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1731 impressio talium formarum designatur, <i>aqua enim est labiliter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1732 fluxa, terra stabiliter fixa</i>, ut ipse dicit in II super Gen. ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1733 Litt. Secundum vero alios, dicendum est quod opus tertiae diei est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1734 perfectum secundum solum motum localem. Et ideo non oportuit quod
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1735 Scriptura uteretur verbo factionis.</p><p title="I q. 69 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="31310"><span class="ref">[31310] Iª q. 69 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum patet
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1736 solutio secundum Augustinum, quia non oportet dicere quod terra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1737 primo esset cooperta aquis, et postmodum sint aquae congregatae;
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1738 sed quod in tali congregatione fuerunt productae. Secundum vero
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1739 alios, tripliciter respondetur, ut Augustinus dicit, I super Gen.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1740 ad Litt. Uno modo, ut aquae in maiorem altitudinem sint elevatae in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1741 loco ubi sunt congregatae. Nam mare esse altius terra experimento
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1742 compertum est in mari rubro, ut Basilius dicit. Secundo, ut dicatur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1743 quod <i>rarior aqua velut nebula, terras tegebat, quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1744 congregatione densata est</i>. Tertio modo, ut dicatur quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1745 <i>terra potuit aliquas partes praebere concavas, quibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1746 confluentes aquae reciperentur</i>. Inter quas prima videtur
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1747 probabilior.</p><p title="I q. 69 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="31311"><span class="ref">[31311] Iª q. 69 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1748 dicendum quod omnes aquae unum terminum habent, scilicet mare, in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1749 quod confluunt vel manifestis vel occultis meatibus. Et propter hoc
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1750 dicuntur aquae congregari in unum locum. Vel dicit unum locum, non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1751 simpliciter, sed per comparationem ad locum terrae siccae; ut sit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1752 sensus, congregentur aquae in unum locum, idest, seorsum a terra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1753 sicca. Nam ad designandam pluralitatem locorum aquae, subdit quod
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1754 congregationes aquarum appellavit maria.</p><p title="I q. 69 a. 1 ad 4"><a name="31312"><span class="ref">[31312] Iª q. 69 a. 1 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1755 dicendum quod iussio Dei naturalem motum corporibus praebet. Unde
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1756 dicitur quod suis naturalibus motibus faciunt verbum eius. Vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1757 potest dici quod naturale esset quod aqua undique esset circa
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1758 terram, sicut aer undique est circa aquam et terram; sed propter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1759 necessitatem finis, ut scilicet animalia et plantae essent super
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1760 terram, oportuit quod aliqua pars terrae esset discooperta aquis.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1761 Quod quidem aliqui philosophi attribuunt actioni solis, per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1762 elevationem vaporum desiccantis terram. Sed sacra Scriptura
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1763 attribuit hoc potestati divinae, non solum in Genesi, sed etiam in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1764 Iob XXXVIII, ubi ex persona domini dicitur, <i>circumdedi mare
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1765 terminis meis; et</i> Ierem. V, <i>me ergo non timebitis, ait
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1766 dominus, qui posui arenam terminum mari?</i></p><p title="I q. 69 a. 1 ad 5"><a name="31313"><span class="ref">[31313] Iª q. 69 a. 1 ad 5</span></a> Ad quintum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1767 dicendum quod, secundum Augustinum, per terram de qua primo fiebat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1768 mentio, intelligitur materia prima, nunc autem intelligitur ipsum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1769 elementum terrae. Vel potest dici, secundum Basilium, quod primo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1770 nominabatur terra secundum naturam suam, nunc autem nominatur ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1771 sua principali proprietate, quae est siccitas. Unde dicitur quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1772 vocavit aridam, terram. Vel potest dici, secundum Rabbi Moysen,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1773 quod ubicumque dicitur vocavit, significatur aequivocatio nominis.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1774 Unde prius dictum est quod vocavit lucem, diem, propter hoc quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1775 etiam dies vocatur spatium vigintiquatuor horarum, secundum quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1776 ibidem dicitur, factum est vespere et mane dies unus. Similiter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1777 dicitur quod firmamentum, idest aerem, vocavit caelum, quia etiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1778 caelum dicitur quod est primo creatum. Similiter etiam dicitur hic
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1779 quod aridam, idest illam partem quae est discooperta aquis, vocavit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1780 terram, prout distinguitur contra mare, quamvis communi nomine
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1781 terra vocetur, sive sit aquis cooperta, sive discooperta.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1782 Intelligitur autem ubique per hoc quod dicitur vocavit, idest,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1783 dedit naturam vel proprietatem ut possit sic vocari.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 2</h3><p title="I q. 69 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="31314"><span class="ref">[31314] Iª q. 69 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad secundum sic
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1784 proceditur. Videtur quod plantarum productio inconvenienter tertia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1785 die facta legatur. Plantae enim habent vitam sicut et animalia. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1786 productio animalium non ponitur inter opera distinctionis, sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1787 pertinet ad opus ornatus. Ergo nec productio plantarum commemorari
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1788 debuit in tertia die, quae pertinet ad opus distinctionis.</p><p title="I q. 69 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="31315"><span class="ref">[31315] Iª q. 69 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea, illud
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1789 quod pertinet ad maledictionem terrae, non debuit commemorari cum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1790 formatione terrae. Sed productio quarundam plantarum pertinet ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1791 maledictionem terrae; secundum illud Gen. III, <i>maledicta terra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1792 in opere tuo, spinas et tribulos germinabit tibi</i>. Ergo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1793 productio plantarum universaliter non debuit commemorari in tertia
53
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diff changeset
1794 die, quae pertinet ad formationem terrae.</p><p title="I q. 69 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="31316"><span class="ref">[31316] Iª q. 69 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea, sicut
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1795 plantae adhaerent terrae, ita etiam lapides et metalla; et tamen
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1796 non fit mentio de eis in terrae formatione. Ergo nec plantae fieri
53
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diff changeset
1797 debuerunt tertia die.</p><p title="I q. 69 a. 2 s. c."><a name="31317"><span class="ref">[31317] Iª q. 69 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1798 quod dicitur Gen. I, <i>protulit terra herbam virentem</i>; et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1799 postea sequitur, <i>factum est vespere et mane dies
53
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diff changeset
1800 tertius</i>.</p><p title="I q. 69 a. 2 co."><a name="31318"><span class="ref">[31318] Iª q. 69 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1801 quod, sicut supra dictum est, in tertia die informitas terrae
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1802 removetur. Duplex autem informitas circa terram describebatur, una,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1803 quod erat invisibilis vel inanis, quia erat aquis cooperta; alia,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1804 quod erat incomposita sive vacua, idest non habens debitum decorem,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1805 qui acquiritur terrae ex plantis eam quodammodo vestientibus. Et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1806 ideo utraque informitas in hac tertia die removetur, prima quidem,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1807 per hoc quod aquae congregatae sunt in unum locum, et apparuit
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1808 arida; secunda vero, per hoc quod protulit terra herbam virentem.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1809 Sed tamen circa productionem plantarum, aliter opinatur Augustinus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1810 ab aliis. Alii enim expositores dicunt quod plantae productae sunt
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1811 actu in suis speciebus in hac tertia die, secundum quod superficies
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1812 litterae sonat. Augustinus autem, V Sup. Gen. ad Litt., dicit quod
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1813 <i>causaliter tunc dictum est produxisse terram herbam et lignum,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1814 idest producendi accepisse virtutem</i>. Et hoc quidem confirmat
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1815 auctoritate Scripturae. Dicitur enim Gen. II, <i>istae sunt
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1816 generationes caeli et terrae, quando creata sunt, in die quo Deus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1817 fecit caelum et terram, et omne virgultum agri, antequam oriretur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1818 in terra, omnemque herbam regionis, priusquam germinaret</i>. Ante
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1819 ergo quam orirentur super terram, factae sunt causaliter in terra.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1820 Confirmat autem hoc etiam ratione. Quia in illis primis diebus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1821 condidit Deus creaturam originaliter vel causaliter, a quo opere
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1822 postmodum requievit, qui tamen postmodum, secundum administrationem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1823 rerum conditarum per opus propagationis, usque modo operatur.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1824 Producere autem plantas ex terra, ad opus propagationis pertinet.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1825 Non ergo in tertia die productae sunt plantae in actu, sed
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1826 causaliter tantum. Quamvis, secundum alios, dici possit quod prima
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1827 institutio specierum ad opera sex dierum pertinet, sed quod ex
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1828 speciebus primo institutis generatio similium in specie procedat,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1829 hoc iam pertinet ad rerum administrationem. Et hoc est quod
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1830 Scriptura dicit, antequam oriretur super terram, vel antequam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1831 germinaret; idest, antequam ex similibus similia producerentur,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1832 sicut nunc naturaliter fieri videmus secundum viam seminationis.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1833 Unde signanter Scriptura dicit, germinet terra herbam virentem et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1834 facientem semen, quia scilicet sunt productae perfectae species
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1835 plantarum, ex quibus semina aliarum orirentur. Nec refert ubicumque
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1836 habeant vim seminativam, utrum scilicet in radice, vel in stipite,
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1837 vel in fructu.</p><p title="I q. 69 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="31319"><span class="ref">[31319] Iª q. 69 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1838 dicendum quod vita in plantis est occulta, quia carent motu locali
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1839 et sensu, quibus animatum ab inanimato maxime distinguitur. Et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1840 ideo, quia immobiliter terrae inhaerent, earum productio ponitur
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1841 quasi quaedam terrae formatio.</p><p title="I q. 69 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="31320"><span class="ref">[31320] Iª q. 69 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1842 dicendum quod etiam ante illam maledictionem, spinae et tribuli
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1843 producti erant vel virtute vel actu. Sed non erant producti homini
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1844 in poenam; ut scilicet terra quam propter cibum coleret,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1845 infructuosa quaedam et noxia germinaret. Unde dictum est,
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1846 <i>germinabit tibi</i>.</p><p title="I q. 69 a. 2 ad 3"><a name="31321"><span class="ref">[31321] Iª q. 69 a. 2 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1847 dicendum quod Moyses ea tantum proposuit quae in manifesto
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1848 apparent, sicut iam dictum est. Corpora autem mineralia habent
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1849 generationem occultam in visceribus terrae. Et iterum, non habent
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1850 manifestam distinctionem a terra, sed quaedam terrae species
59
03759e5c1080 fix multi-para s.c.
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parents: 53
diff changeset
1851 videntur. Et ideo de eis mentionem non fecit.</p></div></div><div id="q70" class="q"><h2>Quaestio 70</h2><div class="p"><h3>Prooemium</h3><p title="I q. 70 pr."><a name="31322"><span class="ref">[31322]
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1852 Iª q. 70 pr.</span></a> Consequenter considerandum est de
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1853 opere ornatus. Et primo, de singulis diebus secundum se; secundo,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1854 de omnibus sex diebus in communi. Circa primum ergo, considerandum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1855 est primo de opere quartae diei, secundo, de opere quintae; tertio,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1856 de opere sextae; quarto, de iis quae pertinent ad septimum diem.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1857 Circa primum quaeruntur tria. Primo, de productione luminarium.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1858 Secundo, de fine productionis eorum. Tertio, utrum sint
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1859 animata.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 1</h3><p title="I q. 70 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="31323"><span class="ref">[31323] Iª q. 70 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad primum sic
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1860 proceditur. Videtur quod luminaria non debuerint produci quarta
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1861 die. Luminaria enim sunt corpora incorruptibilia naturaliter. Ergo
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1862 eorum materia non potest esse absque formis eorum. Sed eorum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1863 materia producta est in opere creationis, ante omnem diem. Ergo et
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1864 eorum formae. Non ergo sunt facta quarta die.</p><p title="I q. 70 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="31324"><span class="ref">[31324] Iª q. 70 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1865 luminaria sunt quasi vasa luminis. Sed lux est facta prima die.
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1866 Ergo luminaria fieri debuerunt prima die, et non quarta.</p><p title="I q. 70 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="31325"><span class="ref">[31325] Iª q. 70 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea, sicut
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1867 plantae fixae sunt in terra, ita luminaria fixa sunt in firmamento,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1868 unde Scriptura dicit quod posuit ea in firmamento. Sed productio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1869 plantarum simul describitur cum formatione terrae, cui inhaerent.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1870 Ergo et productio luminarium simul debuit poni, secunda die, cum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1871 productione firmamenti.</p><p title="I q. 70 a. 1 arg. 4"><a name="31326"><span class="ref">[31326] Iª q. 70 a. 1 arg. 4</span></a> Praeterea, sol
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1872 et luna et alia luminaria sunt causae plantarum. Sed naturali
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1873 ordine causa praecedit effectum. Ergo luminaria non debuerunt fieri
53
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diff changeset
1874 quarta die, sed tertia vel ante.</p><p title="I q. 70 a. 1 arg. 5"><a name="31327"><span class="ref">[31327] Iª q. 70 a. 1 arg. 5</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1875 multae stellae, secundum astrologos, sunt luna maiores. Non ergo
53
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diff changeset
1876 tantum sol et luna debuerunt poni duo magna luminaria.</p><p title="I q. 70 a. 1 s. c."><a name="31328"><span class="ref">[31328] Iª q. 70 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed in contrarium
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1877 sufficit auctoritas Scripturae.</p><p title="I q. 70 a. 1 co."><a name="31329"><span class="ref">[31329] Iª q. 70 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1878 quod in recapitulatione divinorum operum, Scriptura sic dicit,
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diff changeset
1879 <i>igitur perfecti sunt caeli et terra, et omnis ornatus eorum</i>.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1880 In quibus verbis triplex opus intelligi potest, scilicet opus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1881 creationis, per quod caelum et terra producta leguntur, sed
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1882 informia. Et opus distinctionis, per quod caelum et terra sunt
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1883 perfecta, sive per formas substantiales attributas materiae omnino
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1884 informi, ut Augustinus vult; sive quantum ad convenientem decorem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1885 et ordinem, ut alii sancti dicunt. Et his duobus operibus additur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1886 ornatus. Et differt ornatus a perfectione. Nam perfectio caeli et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1887 terrae ad ea pertinere videtur quae caelo et terrae sunt
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1888 intrinseca, ornatus vero ad ea quae sunt a caelo et terra
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diff changeset
1889 distincta. Sicut homo perficitur per proprias partes et formas,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1890 ornatur autem per vestimenta, vel aliquid huiusmodi. Distinctio
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1891 autem aliquorum maxime manifestatur per motum localem, quo ab
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1892 invicem separantur. Et ideo ad opus ornatus pertinet productio
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1893 illarum rerum quae habent motum in caelo et in terra. Sicut autem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1894 supra dictum est, de tribus fit mentio in creatione, scilicet de
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1895 caelo et aqua et terra. Et haec tria etiam formantur per opus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1896 distinctionis tribus diebus, primo die, caelum; secundo die
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1897 distinguuntur aquae; tertio die fit distinctio in terra, maris et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1898 aridae. Et similiter in opere ornatus, primo die, qui est quartus,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1899 producuntur luminaria, quae moventur in caelo, ad ornatum ipsius.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1900 Secundo die, qui est quintus, aves et pisces, ad ornatum medii
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1901 elementi, quia habent motum in aere et aqua, quae pro uno
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1902 accipiuntur. Tertio die, qui est sextus, producuntur animalia quae
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1903 habent motum in terra, ad ornatum ipsius. Sed sciendum est quod in
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1904 productione luminarium non discordat Augustinus ab aliis sanctis.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1905 Dicit enim luminaria esse facta in actu, non in virtute tantum, non
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diff changeset
1906 enim habet firmamentum virtutem productivam luminarium, sicut habet
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1907 terra virtutem productivam plantarum. Unde Scriptura non dicit,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1908 producat firmamentum luminaria; sicut dicit, germinet terra herbam
53
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diff changeset
1909 virentem.</p><p title="I q. 70 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="31330"><span class="ref">[31330] Iª q. 70 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1910 dicendum quod, secundum Augustinum, nulla difficultas ex hoc
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1911 oritur. Non enim ponit successionem temporis in istis operibus, et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1912 ideo non oportet dicere quod materia luminarium fuerit sub alia
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1913 forma. Secundum etiam eos qui ponunt caelestia corpora ex natura
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1914 quatuor elementorum, nulla difficultas accidit, quia potest dici
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1915 quod sunt formata ex praeiacenti materia, sicut animalia et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1916 plantae. Sed secundum eos qui ponunt corpora caelestia esse
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1917 alterius naturae ab elementis et incorruptibilia per naturam,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1918 oportet dicere quod substantia luminarium a principio fuit creata;
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1919 sed prius erat informis, et nunc formatur; non quidem forma
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1920 substantiali, sed per collationem determinatae virtutis. Ideo tamen
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1921 non fit mentio a principio de eis, sed solum quarta die, ut
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1922 Chrysostomus dicit, ut per hoc removeat populum ab idololatria,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1923 ostendens luminaria non esse deos, ex quo nec a principio
53
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diff changeset
1924 fuerunt.</p><p title="I q. 70 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="31331"><span class="ref">[31331] Iª q. 70 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1925 dicendum quod, secundum Augustinum, nulla sequitur difficultas,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1926 quia lux de qua prima die facta est mentio, fuit lux spiritualis;
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1927 nunc autem fit lux corporalis. Si autem lux primo die facta
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1928 intelligitur lux corporalis, oportet dicere quod lux primo die fuit
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1929 producta secundum communem lucis naturam, quarto autem die
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1930 attributa est luminaribus determinata virtus ad determinatos
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1931 effectus; secundum quod videmus alios effectus habere radium solis,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1932 et alios radium lunae, et sic de aliis. Et propter hanc
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1933 determinationem virtutis, dicit Dionysius, IV cap. de Div. Nom.,
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diff changeset
1934 quod lumen solis, quod primo erat informe, quarto die formatum
53
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diff changeset
1935 est.</p><p title="I q. 70 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="31332"><span class="ref">[31332] Iª q. 70 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1936 dicendum quod, secundum Ptolomaeum, luminaria non sunt fixa in
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1937 sphaeris, sed habent motum seorsum a motu sphaerarum. Unde
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1938 Chrysostomus dicit quod non ideo dicitur quod posuit ea in
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1939 firmamento, quia ibi sint fixa; sed quia iusserit ut ibi essent;
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1940 sicut posuit hominem in Paradiso, ut ibi esset. Sed secundum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1941 opinionem Aristotelis, stellae fixae sunt in orbibus, et non
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1942 moventur nisi motu orbium, secundum rei veritatem. Tamen motus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1943 luminarium sensu percipitur, non autem motus sphaerarum. Moyses
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1944 autem, rudi populo condescendens, secutus est quae sensibiliter
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1945 apparent, ut dictum est. Si autem sit aliud firmamentum quod factum
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diff changeset
1946 est secunda die, ab eo in quo posita sunt sidera, secundum
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diff changeset
1947 distinctionem naturae, licet sensus non discernat, quem Moyses
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1948 sequitur, ut dictum est; cessat obiectio. Nam firmamentum factum
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diff changeset
1949 est secunda die, quantum ad inferiorem partem. In firmamento autem
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1950 posita sunt sidera quarta die, quantum ad superiorem partem; ut
53
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1951 totum pro uno accipiatur, secundum quod sensui apparet.</p><p title="I q. 70 a. 1 ad 4"><a name="31333"><span class="ref">[31333] Iª q. 70 a. 1 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
28
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1952 dicendum quod, sicut dicit Basilius, praemittitur productio
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diff changeset
1953 plantarum luminaribus, ad excludendam idololatriam. Qui enim
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diff changeset
1954 credunt luminaria esse deos, dicunt quod primordialem originem
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diff changeset
1955 habent plantae a luminaribus. Quamvis, ut Chrysostomus dicit, sicut
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diff changeset
1956 agricola cooperatur ad productionem plantarum, ita etiam et
53
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1957 luminaria per suos motus.</p><p title="I q. 70 a. 1 ad 5"><a name="31334"><span class="ref">[31334] Iª q. 70 a. 1 ad 5</span></a> Ad quintum
28
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diff changeset
1958 dicendum quod, sicut Chrysostomus dicit, dicuntur duo luminaria
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diff changeset
1959 magna non tam quantitate, quam efficacia et virtute. Quia etsi
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diff changeset
1960 aliae stellae sint maiores quantitate quam luna, tamen effectus
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diff changeset
1961 lunae magis sentitur in istis inferioribus. Et etiam secundum
53
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1962 sensum maior apparet.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 2</h3><p title="I q. 70 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="31335"><span class="ref">[31335] Iª q. 70 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad secundum sic
28
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1963 proceditur. Videtur quod inconvenienter causa productionis
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diff changeset
1964 luminarium describatur. Dicitur enim Ierem. X, <i>a signis caeli
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diff changeset
1965 nolite metuere, quae gentes timent</i>. Non ergo luminaria in signa
53
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1966 facta sunt.</p><p title="I q. 70 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="31336"><span class="ref">[31336] Iª q. 70 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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1967 signum contra causam dividitur. Sed luminaria sunt causa eorum quae
53
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1968 hic aguntur. Ergo non sunt signa.</p><p title="I q. 70 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="31337"><span class="ref">[31337] Iª q. 70 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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diff changeset
1969 distinctio temporum et dierum incoepit a primo die. Non ergo facta
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diff changeset
1970 sunt luminaria in tempora et dies et annos, idest in horum
53
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1971 distinctionem.</p><p title="I q. 70 a. 2 arg. 4"><a name="31338"><span class="ref">[31338] Iª q. 70 a. 2 arg. 4</span></a> Praeterea, nihil
28
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diff changeset
1972 fit propter vilius se, quia finis est melior iis quae sunt ad
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diff changeset
1973 finem. Sed luminaria sunt meliora quam terra. Non ergo facta sunt
53
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1974 ut illuminent terram.</p><p title="I q. 70 a. 2 arg. 5"><a name="31339"><span class="ref">[31339] Iª q. 70 a. 2 arg. 5</span></a> Praeterea, luna
28
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1975 non praeest nocti quando est prima. Probabile autem est quod luna
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1976 facta fuerit prima, sic enim homines incipiunt computare. Ergo luna
53
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1977 non est facta ut praesit nocti.</p><p title="I q. 70 a. 2 s. c."><a name="31340"><span class="ref">[31340] Iª q. 70 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> In contrarium
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1978 sufficit auctoritas Scripturae.</p><p title="I q. 70 a. 2 co."><a name="31341"><span class="ref">[31341] Iª q. 70 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
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diff changeset
1979 quod, sicut dictum est supra, creatura aliqua corporalis potest
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1980 dici esse facta vel propter actum proprium, vel propter aliam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1981 creaturam, vel propter totum universum, vel propter gloriam Dei.
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diff changeset
1982 Sed Moyses, ut populum ab idololatria revocaret, illam solam causam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1983 tetigit, secundum quod sunt facta ad utilitatem hominum. Unde
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diff changeset
1984 dicitur Deut. IV, <i>ne forte, elevatis oculis ad caelum, videas
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diff changeset
1985 solem et lunam et omnia astra caeli, et errore deceptus adores ea
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1986 et colas, quae creavit dominus Deus in ministerium cunctis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1987 gentibus</i>. Hoc autem ministerium explicat in principio Genesis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1988 per tria. Primo enim provenit utilitas hominibus ex luminaribus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1989 quantum ad visum, qui est directivus in operibus, et maxime utilis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1990 ad cognoscendas res. Et quantum ad hoc, dicit, <i>ut luceant in
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1991 firmamento, et illuminent terram</i>. Secundo, quantum ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1992 vicissitudines temporum, quibus et fastidium tollitur et valetudo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1993 conservatur, et necessaria victui oriuntur quae non essent, si
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1994 semper esset aut aestas aut hiems. Et quantum ad hoc, dicit, <i>ut
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1995 sint in tempora et dies et annos</i>. Tertio, quantum ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1996 opportunitatem negotiorum et operum, inquantum ex luminaribus caeli
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1997 accipitur significatio pluviosi temporis vel sereni quae sunt apta
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1998 diversis negotiis. Et quantum ad hoc dicit, <i>ut sint in
53
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diff changeset
1999 signa</i>.</p><p title="I q. 70 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="31342"><span class="ref">[31342] Iª q. 70 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
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diff changeset
2000 dicendum quod luminaria sunt in signa corporalium transmutationum,
53
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diff changeset
2001 non autem eorum quae dependent ex libero arbitrio.</p><p title="I q. 70 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="31343"><span class="ref">[31343] Iª q. 70 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
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diff changeset
2002 dicendum quod per causam sensibilem quandoque ducimur in
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2003 cognitionem effectus occulti, sicut et e converso. Unde nihil
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diff changeset
2004 prohibet causam sensibilem esse signum. Ideo tamen potius dicit
53
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diff changeset
2005 signa quam causas, ut occasionem idololatriae tolleret.</p><p title="I q. 70 a. 2 ad 3"><a name="31344"><span class="ref">[31344] Iª q. 70 a. 2 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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diff changeset
2006 dicendum quod in prima die facta est communis distinctio temporis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2007 per diem et noctem, secundum motum diurnum, qui est communis totius
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2008 caeli; qui potest intelligi incoepisse primo die. Sed speciales
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2009 distinctiones dierum et temporum, secundum quod dies est calidior
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2010 die, et tempus tempore, et annus anno, fiunt secundum speciales
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2011 motus stellarum; qui possunt intelligi quarto die incoepisse.</p><p title="I q. 70 a. 2 ad 4"><a name="31345"><span class="ref">[31345] Iª q. 70 a. 2 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2012 dicendum quod in illuminatione terrae intelligitur utilitas
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2013 hominis, qui secundum animam praefertur corporibus luminarium.
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diff changeset
2014 Nihil tamen prohibet dici quod dignior creatura facta est propter
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diff changeset
2015 inferiorem, non secundum quod in se consideratur sed secundum quod
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2016 ordinatur ad integritatem universi.</p><p title="I q. 70 a. 2 ad 5"><a name="31346"><span class="ref">[31346] Iª q. 70 a. 2 ad 5</span></a> Ad quintum
28
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diff changeset
2017 dicendum quod luna, quando est perfecta, oritur vespere et occidit
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2018 mane, et sic praeest nocti. Et satis probabile est quod luna fuerit
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2019 facta plena; sicut et herbae factae sunt in sua perfectione,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2020 facientes semen, et similiter animalia et homo. Licet enim naturali
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2021 processu ab imperfecto ad perfectum deveniatur, simpliciter tamen
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2022 perfectum prius est imperfecto. Augustinus tamen hoc non asserit,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2023 quia dicit non esse inconveniens quod Deus imperfecta fecerit, quae
53
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diff changeset
2024 postmodum ipse perfecit.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 3</h3><p title="I q. 70 a. 3 arg. 1"><a name="31347"><span class="ref">[31347] Iª q. 70 a. 3 arg. 1</span></a> Ad tertium sic
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2025 proceditur. Videtur quod luminaria caeli sint animata. Superius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2026 enim corpus nobilioribus ornamentis ornari debet. Sed ea quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2027 pertinent ad ornatum inferiorum corporum, sunt animata; scilicet
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2028 pisces, aves et terrestria animalia. Ergo et luminaria, quae
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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diff changeset
2029 pertinent ad ornatum caeli.</p><p title="I q. 70 a. 3 arg. 2"><a name="31348"><span class="ref">[31348] Iª q. 70 a. 3 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2030 nobilioris corporis nobilior est forma. Sed sol et luna et alia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2031 luminaria sunt nobiliora quam corpora plantarum et animalium. Ergo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2032 habent nobiliorem formam. Nobilissima autem forma est anima, quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2033 est principium vitae, quia, ut Augustinus dicit in libro de vera
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2034 Relig., <i>quaelibet substantia vivens naturae ordine praefertur
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2035 substantiae non viventi</i>. Ergo luminaria caeli sunt animata.</p><p title="I q. 70 a. 3 arg. 3"><a name="31349"><span class="ref">[31349] Iª q. 70 a. 3 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea, causa
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2036 nobilior est effectu. Sed sol et luna et alia luminaria sunt causa
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2037 vitae, ut patet maxime in animalibus ex putrefactione generatis,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2038 quae virtute solis et stellarum vitam consequuntur. Ergo multo
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2039 magis corpora caelestia vivunt et sunt animata.</p><p title="I q. 70 a. 3 arg. 4"><a name="31350"><span class="ref">[31350] Iª q. 70 a. 3 arg. 4</span></a> Praeterea, motus
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2040 caeli et caelestium corporum sunt naturales, ut patet in I de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2041 caelo. Motus autem naturalis est a principio intrinseco. Cum igitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2042 principium motus caelestium corporum sit aliqua substantia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2043 apprehensiva, quae movetur sicut desiderans a desiderato, ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2044 dicitur in XII Metaphys.; videtur quod principium apprehendens sit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2045 principium intrinsecum corporibus caelestibus. Ergo sunt
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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diff changeset
2046 animata.</p><p title="I q. 70 a. 3 arg. 5"><a name="31351"><span class="ref">[31351] Iª q. 70 a. 3 arg. 5</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2047 primum mobile est caelum. In genere autem mobilium, primum est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2048 movens seipsum, ut probatur in VIII Physic., quia quod est per se,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2049 prius est eo quod est per aliud. Sola autem animata movent seipsa,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2050 ut in eodem libro ostenditur. Ergo corpora caelestia sunt
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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diff changeset
2051 animata.</p><p title="I q. 70 a. 3 s. c."><a name="31352"><span class="ref">[31352] Iª q. 70 a. 3 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2052 quod Damascenus dicit in libro II, <i>nullus animatos caelos vel
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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diff changeset
2053 luminaria aestimet; inanimati enim sunt et insensibiles</i>.</p><p title="I q. 70 a. 3 co."><a name="31353"><span class="ref">[31353] Iª q. 70 a. 3 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2054 quod circa istam quaestionem apud philosophos fuit diversa opinio.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2055 Anaxagoras enim, ut Augustinus refert Lib. XVIII de Civ. Dei,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2056 <i>factus est reus apud Athenienses, quia dixit solem esse lapidem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2057 ardentem, negans utique ipsum esse Deum</i>, vel aliquid animatum.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2058 Platonici vero posuerunt corpora caelestia animata. Similiter etiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2059 apud doctores fidei, fuit circa hoc diversa opinio. Origenes enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2060 posuit corpora caelestia animata. Hieronymus etiam idem sentire
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2061 videtur, exponens illud Eccle. I, <i>lustrans universa, per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2062 circuitum pergit spiritus</i>. Basilius vero et Damascenus asserunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2063 corpora caelestia non esse animata. Augustinus vero sub dubio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2064 dereliquit, in neutram partem declinans, ut patet in II supra Gen.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2065 ad Litt.; et in Enchirid., ubi etiam dicit quod, si sunt animata
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2066 caelestia corpora, pertinent ad societatem Angelorum eorum animae.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2067 In hac autem opinionum diversitate, ut veritas aliquatenus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2068 innotescat, considerandum est quod unio animae et corporis non est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2069 propter corpus, sed propter animam, non enim forma est propter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2070 materiam, sed e converso. Natura autem et virtus animae
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2071 deprehenditur ex eius operatione, quae etiam quodammodo est finis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2072 eius. Invenitur autem corpus necessarium ad aliquam operationem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2073 animae, quae mediante corpore exercetur; sicut patet in operibus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2074 animae sensitivae et nutritivae. Unde necesse est tales animas
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2075 unitas esse corporibus propter suas operationes. Est autem aliqua
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2076 operatio animae, quae non exercetur corpore mediante, sed tamen ex
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2077 corpore aliquod adminiculum tali operationi exhibetur; sicut per
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2078 corpus exhibentur animae humanae phantasmata, quibus indiget ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2079 intelligendum. Unde etiam talem animam necesse est corpori uniri
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2080 propter suam operationem, licet contingat ipsam separari.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2081 Manifestum est autem quod anima caelestis corporis non potest
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2082 habere operationes nutritivae animae, quae sunt nutrire, augere et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2083 generare, huiusmodi enim operationes non competunt corpori
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2084 incorruptibili per naturam. Similiter etiam nec operationes animae
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2085 sensitivae corpori caelesti conveniunt, quia omnes sensus fundantur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2086 super tactum, qui est apprehensivus qualitatum elementarium. Omnia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2087 etiam organa potentiarum sensitivarum requirunt determinatam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2088 proportionem secundum commixtionem aliquam elementorum, a quorum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2089 natura corpora caelestia ponuntur remota. Relinquitur ergo quod de
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2090 operationibus animae nulla potest competere animae caelesti nisi
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2091 duae, intelligere et movere, nam appetere consequitur sensum et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2092 intellectum, et cum utroque ordinatur. Intellectualis autem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2093 operatio, cum non exerceatur per corpus, non indiget corpore nisi
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2094 inquantum ei per sensus ministrantur phantasmata. Operationes autem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2095 sensitivae animae corporibus caelestibus non conveniunt, ut dictum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2096 est. Sic igitur propter operationem intellectualem, anima caelesti
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2097 corpori non uniretur. Relinquitur ergo quod propter solam motionem.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2098 Ad hoc autem quod moveat, non oportet quod uniatur ei ut forma; sed
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2099 per contactum virtutis, sicut motor unitur mobili. Unde
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2100 Aristoteles, libro VIII Physic., postquam ostendit quod primum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2101 movens seipsum componitur ex duabus partibus, quarum una est movens
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2102 et alia mota; assignans quomodo hae duae partes uniantur, dicit
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2103 quod per contactum vel duorum ad invicem, si utrumque sit corpus,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2104 vel unius ad alterum et non e converso, si unum sit corpus et aliud
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2105 non corpus. Platonici etiam animas corporibus uniri non ponebant
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2106 nisi per contactum virtutis, sicut motor mobili. Et sic per hoc
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2107 quod Plato ponit corpora caelestia animata, nihil aliud datur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2108 intelligi, quam quod substantiae spirituales uniuntur corporibus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2109 caelestibus ut motores mobilibus. Quod autem corpora caelestia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2110 moveantur ab aliqua substantia apprehendente, et non solum a
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2111 natura, sicut gravia et levia, patet ex hoc, quod natura non movet
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2112 nisi ad unum, quo habito quiescit, quod in motu corporum caelestium
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2113 non apparet. Unde relinquitur quod moventur ab aliqua substantia
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2114 apprehendente Augustinus etiam dicit, III de Trin., corpora omnia
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2115 administrari a Deo per spiritum vitae. Sic igitur patet quod
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2116 corpora caelestia non sunt animata eo modo quo plantae et animalia,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2117 sed aequivoce. Unde inter ponentes ea esse animata, et ponentes ea
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2118 inanimata, parva vel nulla differentia invenitur in re, sed in voce
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2119 tantum.</p><p title="I q. 70 a. 3 ad 1"><a name="31354"><span class="ref">[31354] Iª q. 70 a. 3 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2120 dicendum quod ad ornatum pertinent aliqua secundum proprium motum.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2121 Et quantum ad hoc, luminaria caeli conveniunt cum aliis quae ad
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2122 ornatum pertinent, quia moventur a substantia vivente.</p><p title="I q. 70 a. 3 ad 2"><a name="31355"><span class="ref">[31355] Iª q. 70 a. 3 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2123 dicendum quod nihil prohibet aliquid esse nobilius simpliciter,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2124 quod tamen non est nobilius quantum ad aliquid. Forma ergo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2125 caelestis corporis, etsi non sit simpliciter nobilior anima
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2126 animalis, est tamen nobilior quantum ad rationem formae, perficit
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2127 enim totaliter suam materiam, ut non sit in potentia ad aliam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2128 formam; quod anima non facit. Quantum etiam ad motum, moventur
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2129 corpora caelestia a nobilioribus motoribus.</p><p title="I q. 70 a. 3 ad 3"><a name="31356"><span class="ref">[31356] Iª q. 70 a. 3 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2130 dicendum quod corpus caeleste, cum sit movens motum, habet rationem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2131 instrumenti, quod agit in virtute principalis agentis. Et ideo ex
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2132 virtute sui motoris, qui est substantia vivens, potest causare
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2133 vitam.</p><p title="I q. 70 a. 3 ad 4"><a name="31357"><span class="ref">[31357] Iª q. 70 a. 3 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2134 dicendum quod motus corporis caelestis est naturalis, non propter
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2135 principium activum, sed propter principium passivum, quia scilicet
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2136 habet in sua natura aptitudinem ut tali motu ab intellectu
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2137 moveatur.</p><p title="I q. 70 a. 3 ad 5"><a name="31358"><span class="ref">[31358] Iª q. 70 a. 3 ad 5</span></a> Ad quintum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2138 dicendum quod caelum dicitur movere seipsum, inquantum componitur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2139 ex motore et mobili, non sicut ex forma et materia, sed secundum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2140 contactum virtutis, ut dictum est. Et hoc etiam modo potest dici
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2141 quod eius motor est principium intrinsecum, ut sic etiam motus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2142 caeli possit dici naturalis ex parte principii activi; sicut motus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2143 voluntarius dicitur esse naturalis animali inquantum est animal, ut
59
03759e5c1080 fix multi-para s.c.
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parents: 53
diff changeset
2144 dicitur in VIII Physic.</p></div></div><div id="q71" class="q"><h2>Quaestio 71</h2><div class="a"><h3><a name="31359"><span class="ref">[31359]
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2145 Iª q. 71 arg. 1</span></a> Deinde considerandum est de opere
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2146 quintae diei. Et videtur quod inconvenienter hoc opus describatur.
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2147 Illud enim aquae producunt, ad cuius productionem sufficit virtus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2148 aquae. Sed virtus aquae non sufficit ad productionem omnium piscium
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2149 et avium, cum videamus plura eorum generari ex semine. Non ergo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2150 convenienter dicitur, <i>producant aquae reptile animae viventis,
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2151 et volatile super terram</i>.</h3><p title="I q. 71 arg. 2"><a name="31360"><span class="ref">[31360]
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2152 Iª q. 71 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea, pisces et aves non
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2153 tantum producuntur ex aqua, sed in eorum compositione videtur magis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2154 terra dominari quam aqua, quia corpora eorum naturaliter moventur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2155 ad terram; unde et in terra quiescunt. Non ergo convenienter
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2156 dicitur pisces et aves ex aqua produci.</p><p title="I q. 71 arg. 3"><a name="31361"><span class="ref">[31361]
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2157 Iª q. 71 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea, sicut pisces habent
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2158 motum in aquis, ita et aves in aere. Si ergo pisces ex aquis
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2159 producuntur, aves non deberent produci ex aquis, sed ex aere.</p><p title="I q. 71 arg. 4"><a name="31362"><span class="ref">[31362]
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2160 Iª q. 71 arg. 4</span></a> Praeterea, non omnes pisces reptant
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2161 in aquis, cum quidem habeant pedes, quibus gradiuntur in terra,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2162 sicut vituli marini. Non ergo sufficienter productio piscium
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2163 designatur in hoc quod dicitur, <i>producant aquae reptile animae
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2164 viventis</i>.</p><p title="I q. 71 arg. 5"><a name="31363"><span class="ref">[31363]
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2165 Iª q. 71 arg. 5</span></a> Praeterea, animalia terrestria sunt
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2166 perfectiora avibus et piscibus. Quod patet ex hoc quod habent
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2167 membra magis distincta, et perfectiorem generationem, generant enim
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2168 animalia, sed pisces et aves generant ova. Perfectiora autem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2169 praecedunt in ordine naturae. Non ergo quinta die debuerunt fieri
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2170 pisces et aves, ante animalia terrestria.</p><p title="I q. 71 s. c."><a name="31364"><span class="ref">[31364]
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2171 Iª q. 71 s. c.</span></a> In contrarium sufficit auctoritas
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2172 Scripturae.</p><p title="I q. 71 co."><a name="31365"><span class="ref">[31365]
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2173 Iª q. 71 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum quod, sicut supra
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2174 dictum est, opus ornatus per ordinem respondet ordini
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2175 distinctionis. Unde sicut inter tres dies distinctioni deputatos,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2176 media, quae est secunda, deputatur distinctioni medii corporis,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2177 scilicet aquae; ita inter tres dies deputatos ad opus ornatus,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2178 media, idest quinta, deputatur ad ornatum medii corporis, per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2179 productionem avium et piscium. Unde sicut Moyses in quarta die
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2180 nominat luminaria et lucem, ut designet quod quarta dies respondet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2181 primae, in qua dixerat lucem factam; ita in hac quinta die facit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2182 mentionem de aquis et de firmamento caeli, ut designet quod quinta
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2183 dies respondet secundae. Sed sciendum est quod, sicut in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2184 productione plantarum differt Augustinus ab aliis, ita et in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2185 productione piscium et avium. Alii enim dicunt pisces et aves
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2186 quinta die esse productos in actu, Augustinus autem dicit, V super
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2187 Gen. ad Litt., quod quinta die aquarum natura produxit pisces et
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2188 aves potentialiter.</p><p title="I q. 71 ad 1"><a name="31366"><span class="ref">[31366]
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2189 Iª q. 71 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo dicendum quod Avicenna
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2190 posuit omnia animalia posse generari ex aliquali elementorum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2191 commixtione absque semine, etiam per viam naturae. Sed hoc videtur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2192 inconveniens. Quia natura determinatis mediis procedit ad suos
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2193 effectus, unde illa quae naturaliter generantur ex semine, non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2194 possunt naturaliter sine semine generari. Et ideo dicendum est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2195 aliter, quod in naturali generatione animalium, principium activum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2196 est virtus formativa quae est in semine, in iis quae ex semine
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2197 generantur; loco cuius virtutis, in iis quae ex putrefactione
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2198 generantur, est virtus caelestis corporis. Materiale autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2199 principium in utrorumque animalium generatione, est aliquod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2200 elementum vel elementatum. In prima autem rerum institutione, fuit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2201 principium activum verbum Dei, quod ex materia elementari produxit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2202 animalia vel in actu, secundum alios sanctos; vel virtute, secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2203 Augustinum. Non quod aqua aut terra habeat in se virtutem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2204 producendi omnia animalia, ut Avicenna posuit, sed quia hoc ipsum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2205 quod ex materia elementari, virtute seminis vel stellarum, possunt
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2206 animalia produci, est ex virtute primitus elementis data.</p><p title="I q. 71 ad 2"><a name="31367"><span class="ref">[31367]
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2207 Iª q. 71 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum dicendum quod corpora
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2208 avium et piscium possunt dupliciter considerari. Uno modo, secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2209 se. Et sic necesse est quod in eis magis terrestre elementum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2210 dominetur, quia ad hoc quod fiat contemperatio mixtionis in corpore
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2211 animalis necesse est quod quantitative abundet in eo elementum quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2212 est minus activum, scilicet terra. Sed si considerentur secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2213 quod sunt nata moveri talibus motibus, sic habent affinitatem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2214 quandam cum corporibus in quibus moventur. Et sic eorum generatio
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2215 hic describitur.</p><p title="I q. 71 ad 3"><a name="31368"><span class="ref">[31368]
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2216 Iª q. 71 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium dicendum quod aer, quia
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2217 insensibilis est, non per seipsum connumeratur, sed cum aliis,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2218 partim quidem cum aqua, quantum ad inferiorem partem, quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2219 exhalationibus aquae ingrossatur; partim etiam cum caelo, quantum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2220 ad superiorem partem. Aves autem motum habent in inferiori parte
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2221 aeris, et ideo sub firmamento caeli volare dicuntur, etiam si
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2222 firmamentum pro nebuloso aere accipiatur. Et ideo productio avium
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2223 aquae adscribitur.</p><p title="I q. 71 ad 4"><a name="31369"><span class="ref">[31369]
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2224 Iª q. 71 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum dicendum quod natura de
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2225 uno extremo ad aliud transit per media. Et ideo inter terrestria et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2226 aquatica animalia sunt quaedam media, quae communicant cum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2227 utrisque; et computantur cum illis cum quibus magis communicant,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2228 secundum id quod cum eis communicant; non secundum id quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2229 communicant cum alio extremo. Tamen, ut includantur omnia huiusmodi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2230 quae habent aliquid speciale inter pisces, subiungit, postquam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2231 dixerat, <i>producant aquae reptile animae viventis, creavit Deus
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2232 cete grandia,</i> et cetera.</p><p title="I q. 71 ad 5"><a name="31370"><span class="ref">[31370]
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2233 Iª q. 71 ad 5</span></a> Ad quintum dicendum quod productio
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2234 horum animalium ordinatur secundum ordinem corporum quae eis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2235 ornantur, magis quam secundum propriam dignitatem. Et tamen, in via
59
03759e5c1080 fix multi-para s.c.
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parents: 53
diff changeset
2236 generationis, ab imperfectioribus ad perfectiora pervenitur.</p></div></div><div id="q72" class="q"><h2>Quaestio 72</h2><div class="a"><h3><a name="31371"><span class="ref">[31371]
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2237 Iª q. 72 arg. 1</span></a> Deinde quaeritur de opere sextae
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2238 diei. Et videtur quod inconvenienter describatur. Sicut enim aves
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2239 et pisces habent viventem animam, ita etiam et animalia terrestria;
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2240 non autem terrestria animalia sunt ipsa anima vivens. Ergo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2241 inconvenienter dicitur, producat terra animam viventem; sed debuit
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2242 dici, producat terra quadrupedia animae viventis.</h3><p title="I q. 72 arg. 2"><a name="31372"><span class="ref">[31372]
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2243 Iª q. 72 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea, genus non debet dividi
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2244 contra speciem. Sed iumenta et bestiae sub quadrupedibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2245 computantur. Inconvenienter ergo quadrupedia connumerantur iumentis
53
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diff changeset
2246 et bestiis.</p><p title="I q. 72 arg. 3"><a name="31373"><span class="ref">[31373]
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2247 Iª q. 72 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea, sicut alia animalia sunt
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2248 in determinato genere et specie, ita et homo. Sed in factione
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2249 hominis non fit mentio de suo genere vel specie. Ergo nec in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2250 productione aliorum animalium debuit fieri mentio de genere vel
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2251 specie, cum dicitur, in genere suo, vel specie sua.</p><p title="I q. 72 arg. 4"><a name="31374"><span class="ref">[31374]
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2252 Iª q. 72 arg. 4</span></a> Praeterea, animalia terrestria
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2253 magis sunt similia homini, qui a Deo dicitur benedici, quam aves et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2254 pisces. Cum igitur aves et pisces dicantur benedici, multo fortius
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2255 hoc dici debuit de aliis animalibus.</p><p title="I q. 72 arg. 5"><a name="31375"><span class="ref">[31375]
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2256 Iª q. 72 arg. 5</span></a> Praeterea, quaedam animalia
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2257 generantur ex putrefactione, quae est corruptio quaedam. Corruptio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2258 autem non convenit primae institutioni rerum. Non ergo animalia
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2259 debuerunt in prima rerum institutione produci.</p><p title="I q. 72 arg. 6"><a name="31376"><span class="ref">[31376]
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2260 Iª q. 72 arg. 6</span></a> Praeterea, quaedam animalia sunt
28
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2261 venenosa et homini noxia. Nihil autem debuit esse homini nocivum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2262 ante peccatum. Ergo huiusmodi animalia vel omnino fieri a Deo non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2263 debuerunt, qui est bonorum auctor, vel non debuerunt fieri ante
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2264 peccatum.</p><p title="I q. 72 s. c."><a name="31377"><span class="ref">[31377]
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2265 Iª q. 72 s. c.</span></a> In contrarium sufficit auctoritas
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2266 Scripturae.</p><p title="I q. 72 co."><a name="31378"><span class="ref">[31378]
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2267 Iª q. 72 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum quod, sicut in die
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2268 quinto ornatur medium corpus, et respondet secundae diei ita in
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2269 sexto die ornatur ultimum corpus, scilicet terra, per productionem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2270 animalium terrestrium, et respondet tertiae diei. Unde utrobique
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2271 fit mentio de terra. Et hic etiam, secundum Augustinum animalia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2272 terrestria producuntur potentialiter, secundum vero alios sanctos,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2273 in actu.</p><p title="I q. 72 ad 1"><a name="31379"><span class="ref">[31379]
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2274 Iª q. 72 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo dicendum quod, sicut
28
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2275 Basilius dicit, diversus gradus vitae qui in diversis viventibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2276 invenitur, ex modo loquendi Scripturae colligi potest. Plantae enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2277 habent imperfectissimam vitam et occultam. Unde in earum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2278 productione nulla mentio fit de vita, sed solum de generatione,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2279 quia secundum hanc solum invenitur actus vitae in eis; nutritiva
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2280 enim et augmentativa generativae deserviunt, ut infra dicetur.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2281 Inter animalia vero, perfectiora sunt, communiter loquendo,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2282 terrestria avibus et piscibus, non quod pisces memoria careant, ut
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2283 Basilius dicit, et Augustinus improbat; sed propter distinctionem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2284 membrorum, et perfectionem generationis (quantum autem ad aliquas
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2285 sagacitates, etiam aliqua animalia imperfecta magis vigent, ut apes
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2286 et formicae). Et ideo pisces vocat, non animam viventem, sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2287 reptile animae viventis, sed terrena animalia vocat animam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2288 viventem, propter perfectionem vitae in eis, ac si pisces sint
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2289 corpora habentia aliquid animae, terrestria vero animalia, propter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2290 perfectionem vitae, sint quasi animae dominantes corporibus.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2291 Perfectissimus autem gradus vitae est in homine. Et ideo vitam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2292 hominis non dicit produci a terra vel aqua, sicut ceterorum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2293 animalium, sed a Deo.</p><p title="I q. 72 ad 2"><a name="31380"><span class="ref">[31380]
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2294 Iª q. 72 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum dicendum quod per
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2295 iumenta, vel pecora, intelliguntur animalia domestica, quae homini
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2296 serviunt qualitercumque. Per bestias autem intelliguntur animalia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2297 saeva, ut ursi et leones. Per reptilia vero, animalia quae vel non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2298 habent pedes quibus eleventur a terra, ut serpentes; vel habent
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2299 breves, quibus parum elevantur, ut lacertae et tortucae et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2300 huiusmodi. Sed quia sunt quaedam animalia quae sub nullo horum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2301 comprehenduntur, ut cervi et capreae, ut etiam ista
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2302 comprehenderentur, addidit quadrupedia. Vel quadrupedia praemisit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2303 quasi genus, et alia subiunxit quasi species, sunt enim etiam
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2304 quaedam reptilia quadrupedia, ut lacertae et tortucae.</p><p title="I q. 72 ad 3"><a name="31381"><span class="ref">[31381]
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2305 Iª q. 72 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium dicendum quod in aliis
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2306 animalibus et plantis mentionem fecit de genere et specie, ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2307 designaret generationes similium ex similibus. In homine autem non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2308 fuit necessarium ut hoc diceretur, quia quod praemissum fuit de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2309 aliis, etiam de homine intelligi potest. Vel quia animalia et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2310 plantae producuntur secundum genus et speciem suam, quasi longe a
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2311 similitudine divina remota, homo autem dicitur formatus ad imaginem
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2312 et similitudinem Dei.</p><p title="I q. 72 ad 4"><a name="31382"><span class="ref">[31382]
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2313 Iª q. 72 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum dicendum quod benedictio
28
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2314 Dei dat virtutem multiplicandi per generationem. Et ideo quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2315 positum est in avibus et piscibus, quae primo occurrunt, non fuit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2316 necessarium repeti in terrenis animalibus, sed intelligitur. In
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2317 hominibus autem iteratur benedictio, quia in eis est quaedam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2318 specialis multiplicationis ratio, propter complendum numerum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2319 electorum, <i>et ne quisquam diceret in officio gignendi filios
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2320 ullum esse peccatum. Plantae vero nullum habent propagandae prolis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2321 affectum, ac sine ullo sensu generant, unde indignae iudicatae sunt
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2322 benedictionis verbis</i>.</p><p title="I q. 72 ad 5"><a name="31383"><span class="ref">[31383]
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2323 Iª q. 72 ad 5</span></a> Ad quintum dicendum quod, cum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2324 generatio unius sit corruptio alterius, quod ex corruptione
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2325 ignobiliorum generentur nobiliora, non repugnat primae rerum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2326 institutioni. Unde animalia quae generantur ex corruptione rerum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2327 inanimatarum vel plantarum, potuerunt tunc generari. Non autem quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2328 generantur ex corruptione animalium, tunc potuerunt produci, nisi
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2329 potentialiter tantum.</p><p title="I q. 72 ad 6"><a name="31384"><span class="ref">[31384]
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2330 Iª q. 72 ad 6</span></a> Ad sextum dicendum quod, sicut
28
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2331 Augustinus dicit in I super Gen. contra Manichaeos, <i>si in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2332 alicuius opificis officinam imperitus intraverit, videt ibi multa
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2333 instrumenta quorum causas ignorat, et si multum est insipiens,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2334 superflua putat. Iam vero si in fornacem incautus ceciderit, aut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2335 ferramento aliquo acuto se vulneraverit, noxia existimat ibi esse
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2336 multa, quorum usum quia novit artifex, insipientiam eius irridet.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2337 Sic in hoc mundo quidam audent multa reprehendere, quorum causas
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2338 non vident, multa enim, etsi domui nostrae non sunt necessaria, eis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2339 tamen completur universitatis integritas</i>. Homo autem ante
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2340 peccatum ordinate fuisset usus rebus mundi. Unde animalia venenosa
59
03759e5c1080 fix multi-para s.c.
ht
parents: 53
diff changeset
2341 ei noxia non fuissent.</p></div></div><div id="q73" class="q"><h2>Quaestio 73</h2><div class="p"><h3>Prooemium</h3><p title="I q. 73 pr."><a name="31385"><span class="ref">[31385]
53
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ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2342 Iª q. 73 pr.</span></a> Deinde considerandum est de iis quae
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2343 pertinent ad septimum diem. Et circa hoc quaeruntur tria. Primo, de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2344 completione operum. Secundo, de requie Dei. Tertio, de benedictione
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2345 et sanctificatione huius diei.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 1</h3><p title="I q. 73 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="31386"><span class="ref">[31386] Iª q. 73 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad primum sic
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2346 proceditur. Videtur quod completio divinorum operum non debeat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2347 septimo diei adscribi. Omnia enim quae in hoc saeculo aguntur, ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2348 divina opera pertinent. Sed consummatio saeculi erit in fine mundi,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2349 ut habetur Matth. XIII. Tempus etiam incarnationis Christi est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2350 cuiusdam completionis tempus, unde dicitur tempus plenitudinis,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2351 Gal. IV. Et ipse Christus moriens dixit, consummatum est, ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2352 dicitur Ioan. XIX. Non ergo completio divinorum operum competit
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2353 diei septimo.</p><p title="I q. 73 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="31387"><span class="ref">[31387] Iª q. 73 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2354 quicumque complet opus suum, aliquid facit. Sed Deus non legitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2355 septimo die aliquid fecisse, quinimmo ab omni opere quievisse. Ergo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2356 completio operum non competit septimo diei.</p><p title="I q. 73 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="31388"><span class="ref">[31388] Iª q. 73 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea, non
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2357 dicitur aliquid esse completum, cui multa superadduntur, nisi forte
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2358 sint illa superflua, quia perfectum dicitur cui nihil deest eorum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2359 quae debet habere. Sed post septimum diem multa sunt facta, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2360 productio multorum individuorum; et etiam quarumdam novarum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2361 specierum, quae frequenter apparent, praecipue in animalibus ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2362 putrefactione generatis. Quotidie etiam Deus novas animas creat.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2363 Novum etiam fuit incarnationis opus, de quo dicitur Ierem. XXXI,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2364 novum faciet dominus super terram. Nova etiam sunt miraculosa
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2365 opera, de quibus dicitur Eccli. XXXVI, <i>innova signa, et immuta
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2366 mirabilia</i>. Innovabuntur etiam omnia in glorificatione
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2367 sanctorum, secundum illud Apoc. XXI, <i>et dixit qui sedebat in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2368 throno, ecce nova facio omnia</i>. Completio ergo divinorum operum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2369 non debet attribui septimo diei.</p><p title="I q. 73 a. 1 s. c."><a name="31389"><span class="ref">[31389] Iª q. 73 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2370 quod dicitur Gen. II, <i>complevit Deus die septimo opus suum quod
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2371 fecerat</i>.</p><p title="I q. 73 a. 1 co."><a name="31390"><span class="ref">[31390] Iª q. 73 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2372 quod duplex est rei perfectio, prima, et secunda. Prima quidem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2373 perfectio est, secundum quod res in sua substantia est perfecta.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2374 Quae quidem perfectio est forma totius, quae ex integritate partium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2375 consurgit. Perfectio autem secunda est finis. Finis autem vel est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2376 operatio, sicut finis citharistae est citharizare, vel est aliquid
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2377 ad quod per operationem pervenitur, sicut finis aedificatoris est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2378 domus, quam aedificando facit. Prima autem perfectio est causa
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2379 secundae, quia forma est principium operationis. Ultima autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2380 perfectio, quae est finis totius universi, est perfecta beatitudo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2381 sanctorum; quae erit in ultima consummatione saeculi. Prima autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2382 perfectio, quae est in integritate universi, fuit in prima rerum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2383 institutione. Et haec deputatur septimo diei.</p><p title="I q. 73 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="31391"><span class="ref">[31391] Iª q. 73 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2384 dicendum quod, sicut dictum est, perfectio prima est causa
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2385 secundae. Ad beatitudinem autem consequendam duo requiruntur,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2386 natura et gratia. Ipsa ergo beatitudinis perfectio erit in fine
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2387 mundi, ut dictum est. Sed ista consummatio praecessit causaliter,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2388 quantum ad naturam quidem, in prima rerum institutione, quantum ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2389 gratiam vero, in incarnatione Christi, quia <i>gratia et veritas
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2390 per Iesum Christum facta est</i>, ut dicitur Ioan. I. Sic igitur in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2391 septima die fuit consummatio naturae; in incarnatione Christi,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2392 consummatio gratiae; in fine mundi, consummatio gloriae.</p><p title="I q. 73 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="31392"><span class="ref">[31392] Iª q. 73 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2393 dicendum quod septima die Deus aliquid operatus est, non novam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2394 creaturam condendo, sed creaturam administrando, et ad propriam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2395 operationem eam movendo, quod iam aliqualiter pertinet ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2396 inchoationem quandam secundae perfectionis. Et ideo consummatio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2397 operum, secundum nostram translationem, attribuitur diei septimae.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2398 Sed secundum aliam translationem, attribuitur diei sextae. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2399 utrumque potest stare. Quia consummatio quae est secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2400 integritatem partium universi, competit sextae diei, consummatio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2401 quae est secundum operationem partium, competit septimae. Vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2402 potest dici quod in motu continuo, quandiu aliquid potest moveri
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2403 ulterius, non dicitur motus perfectus ante quietem, quies enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2404 demonstrat motum consummatum. Deus autem poterat plures creaturas
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2405 facere, praeter illas quas fecerat sex diebus. Unde hoc ipso quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2406 cessavit novas creaturas condere in septima die, dicitur opus suum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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diff changeset
2407 consummasse.</p><p title="I q. 73 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="31393"><span class="ref">[31393] Iª q. 73 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2408 dicendum quod nihil postmodum a Deo factum est totaliter novum,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2409 quin aliqualiter in operibus sex dierum praecesserit. Quaedam enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2410 praeextiterunt materialiter, sicut quod Deus de costa Adae formavit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2411 mulierem. Quaedam vero praeextiterunt in operibus sex dierum, non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2412 solum materialiter, sed etiam causaliter, sicut individua quae nunc
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2413 generantur, praecesserunt in primis individuis suarum specierum.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2414 Species etiam novae, si quae apparent, praeextiterunt in quibusdam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2415 activis virtutibus, sicut et animalia ex putrefactione generata
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2416 producuntur ex virtutibus stellarum et elementorum quas a principio
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2417 acceperunt, etiam si novae species talium animalium producantur.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2418 Animalia etiam quaedam secundum novam speciem aliquando oriuntur ex
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2419 commixtione animalium diversorum secundum speciem, sicut cum ex
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2420 asino et equa generatur mulus, et haec etiam praecesserunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2421 causaliter in operibus sex dierum. Quaedam vero praecesserunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2422 secundum similitudinem; sicut animae quae nunc creantur. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2423 similiter incarnationis opus, quia, ut dicitur Philipp. II, filius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2424 Dei est in similitudinem hominum factus. Gloria etiam spiritualis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2425 secundum similitudinem praecessit in Angelis, corporalis vero in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2426 caelo, praecipue Empyreo. Unde dicitur Eccle. I, <i>nihil sub sole
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2427 novum; iam enim praecessit in saeculis quae fuerunt ante
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2428 nos</i>.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 2</h3><p title="I q. 73 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="31394"><span class="ref">[31394] Iª q. 73 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad secundum sic
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2429 proceditur. Videtur quod Deus septima die non requievit ab omni suo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2430 opere. Dicitur enim Ioan. V, <i>pater meus usque modo operatur, et
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2431 ego operor</i>. Non ergo septima die requievit ab omni opere.</p><p title="I q. 73 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="31395"><span class="ref">[31395] Iª q. 73 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2432 requies motui opponitur; vel labori qui interdum causatur ex motu.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2433 Sed Deus immobiliter, et absque labore sua opera produxit. Non ergo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2434 dicendum est septima die a suo opere requievisse.</p><p title="I q. 73 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="31396"><span class="ref">[31396] Iª q. 73 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a> Si dicatur quod
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2435 Deus requievit die septima quia fecit hominem requiescere, contra,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2436 requies contraponitur eius operationi. Sed quod dicitur, Deus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2437 creavit vel fecit hoc vel illud, non exponitur quod Deus hominem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2438 fecit creare aut facere. Ergo nec convenienter exponi potest, ut
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2439 dicatur Deus requievisse, quia fecit hominem requiescere.</p><p title="I q. 73 a. 2 s. c."><a name="31397"><span class="ref">[31397] Iª q. 73 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2440 quod dicitur Gen. II, <i>requievit Deus die septimo ab omni opere
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2441 quod patrarat</i>.</p><p title="I q. 73 a. 2 co."><a name="31398"><span class="ref">[31398] Iª q. 73 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2442 quod quies proprie opponitur motui; et per consequens labori, qui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2443 ex motu consurgit. Quamvis autem motus proprie acceptus sit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2444 corporum, tamen nomen motus etiam ad spiritualia derivatur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2445 dupliciter. Uno modo, secundum quod omnis operatio motus dicitur,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2446 sic enim et divina bonitas quodammodo movetur et procedit in res,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2447 secundum quod se eis communicat, ut Dionysius dicit, II cap. de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2448 Div. Nom. Alio modo, desiderium in aliud tendens quidam motus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2449 dicitur. Unde et requies dupliciter accipitur, uno modo, pro
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2450 cessatione ab operibus; alio modo, pro impletione desiderii. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2451 utroque modo dicitur Deus requievisse die septima. Primo quidem,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2452 quia die septima cessavit novas creaturas condere, nihil enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2453 postea fecit, quod non aliquo modo praecesserit in primis operibus,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2454 ut dictum est. Alio modo, secundum quod rebus conditis ipse non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2455 indigebat, sed seipso fruendo beatus est. Unde post conditionem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2456 omnium operum, non dicitur quod in suis operibus requievit, quasi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2457 eis ad suam beatitudinem indigens, sed ab eis requievit, utique in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2458 seipso, quia ipse sufficit sibi et implet desiderium suum. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2459 quamvis ab aeterno in seipso requieverit, tamen quod post opera
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2460 condita in seipso requievit, hoc pertinet ad septimum diem. Et hoc
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2461 est ab operibus requiescere, ut Augustinus dicit, super Gen. ad
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2462 Litt.</p><p title="I q. 73 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="31399"><span class="ref">[31399] Iª q. 73 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2463 dicendum quod Deus usque modo operatur, conservando et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2464 administrando creaturam conditam, non autem novam creaturam
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2465 condendo.</p><p title="I q. 73 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="31400"><span class="ref">[31400] Iª q. 73 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2466 dicendum quod requies non opponitur labori sive motui, sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2467 productioni novarum rerum, et desiderio in aliud tendenti, ut
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2468 dictum est.</p><p title="I q. 73 a. 2 ad 3"><a name="31401"><span class="ref">[31401] Iª q. 73 a. 2 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2469 dicendum quod, sicut Deus in solo se requiescit, et se fruendo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2470 beatus est; ita et nos per solam Dei fruitionem beati efficimur. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2471 sic etiam facit nos a suis et nostris operibus in seipso
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2472 requiescere. Est ergo conveniens expositio, ut dicatur Deus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2473 requievisse, quia nos requiescere facit. Sed non est haec sola
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2474 ponenda, sed alia expositio est principalior et prior.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 3</h3><p title="I q. 73 a. 3 arg. 1"><a name="31402"><span class="ref">[31402] Iª q. 73 a. 3 arg. 1</span></a> Ad tertium sic
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2475 proceditur. Videtur quod benedictio et sanctificatio non debeatur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2476 diei septimae. Tempus enim aliquod consuevit dici benedictum aut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2477 sanctum, propter aliquod bonum quod in illo tempore evenit; aut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2478 propter hoc quod aliquod malum vitatur sed Deo nihil accrescit aut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2479 deperit, sive operetur, sive ab operando cesset. Non ergo specialis
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2480 benedictio et sanctificatio debetur diei septimae.</p><p title="I q. 73 a. 3 arg. 2"><a name="31403"><span class="ref">[31403] Iª q. 73 a. 3 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2481 benedictio a bonitate dicitur. Sed bonum est diffusivum et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2482 communicativum sui, secundum Dionysium. Ergo magis debuerunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2483 benedici dies in quibus creaturas produxit, quam ille dies in quo a
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2484 producendis creaturis cessavit.</p><p title="I q. 73 a. 3 arg. 3"><a name="31404"><span class="ref">[31404] Iª q. 73 a. 3 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2485 superius in singulis creaturis quaedam benedictio commemorata est,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2486 dum in singulis operibus dictum est, vidit Deus quod esset bonum.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2487 Non oportuit igitur quod post omnium productionem, dies septima
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2488 benediceretur.</p><p title="I q. 73 a. 3 s. c."><a name="31405"><span class="ref">[31405] Iª q. 73 a. 3 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2489 quod dicitur Gen. II, <i>benedixit Deus diei septimo, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2490 sanctificavit illum, quia in illo cessaverat ab omni opere
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2491 suo</i>.</p><p title="I q. 73 a. 3 co."><a name="31406"><span class="ref">[31406] Iª q. 73 a. 3 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2492 quod, sicut supra dictum est, requies Dei in die septima dupliciter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2493 accipitur. Primo quidem, quantum ad hoc, quod cessavit a novis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2494 operibus condendis, ita tamen quod creaturam conditam conservat et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2495 administrat. Alio modo, secundum quod post opera requievit in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2496 seipso. Quantum ergo ad primum, competit septimae diei benedictio.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2497 Quia, sicut supra dictum est, benedictio ad multiplicationem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2498 pertinet, unde dictum est creaturis quas benedixit, crescite et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2499 multiplicamini. Multiplicatio autem rerum fit per administrationem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2500 creaturae, secundum quam ex similibus similia generantur. Quantum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2501 vero ad secundum, competit septimae diei sanctificatio. Maxime enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2502 sanctificatio cuiuslibet attenditur in hoc quod in Deo requiescit,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2503 unde et res Deo dedicatae sanctae dicuntur.</p><p title="I q. 73 a. 3 ad 1"><a name="31407"><span class="ref">[31407] Iª q. 73 a. 3 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2504 dicendum quod non propter hoc dies septimus sanctificatur, quia Deo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2505 possit aliquid accrescere vel decrescere, sed quia creaturis
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2506 aliquid accrescit per multiplicationem et quietem in Deo.</p><p title="I q. 73 a. 3 ad 2"><a name="31408"><span class="ref">[31408] Iª q. 73 a. 3 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2507 dicendum quod in primis sex diebus productae sunt res in suis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2508 primis causis. Sed postea ex illis primis causis res multiplicantur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2509 et conservantur, quod etiam ad bonitatem divinam pertinet. Cuius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2510 etiam perfectio in hoc maxime ostenditur quod in ipsa sola et ipse
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2511 requiescit, et nos requiescere possumus, ea fruentes.</p><p title="I q. 73 a. 3 ad 3"><a name="31409"><span class="ref">[31409] Iª q. 73 a. 3 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2512 dicendum quod bonum quod in singulis diebus commemoratur, pertinet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2513 ad primam naturae institutionem, benedictio autem diei septimae
59
03759e5c1080 fix multi-para s.c.
ht
parents: 53
diff changeset
2514 pertinet ad naturae propagationem.</p></div></div><div id="q74" class="q"><h2>Quaestio 74</h2><div class="p"><h3>Prooemium</h3><p title="I q. 74 pr."><a name="31410"><span class="ref">[31410]
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2515 Iª q. 74 pr.</span></a> Deinde quaeritur de omnibus septem
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2516 diebus in communi. Et quaeruntur tria. Primo, de sufficientia horum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2517 dierum. Secundo, utrum sint unus dies, vel plures. Tertio, de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2518 quibusdam modis loquendi quibus Scriptura utitur, enarrando opera
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2519 sex dierum.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 1</h3><p title="I q. 74 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="31411"><span class="ref">[31411] Iª q. 74 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad primum sic
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2520 proceditur. Videtur quod non sufficienter isti dies enumerentur.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2521 Non minus enim distinguitur opus creationis ab operibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2522 distinctionis et ornatus, quam haec duo opera ab invicem. Sed alii
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2523 dies deputantur distinctioni, et alii ornatui. Ergo etiam alii dies
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2524 debent assignari creationi.</p><p title="I q. 74 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="31412"><span class="ref">[31412] Iª q. 74 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea, aer
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2525 et ignis sunt nobiliora elementa quam terra et aqua. Sed unus dies
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2526 deputatur distinctioni aquae, et alius distinctioni terrae. Ergo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2527 alii dies debent deputari distinctioni ignis et aeris.</p><p title="I q. 74 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="31413"><span class="ref">[31413] Iª q. 74 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea, non
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2528 minus distant volucres et pisces, quam volucres et terrestria
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2529 animalia. Homo etiam plus distat ab aliis animalibus, quam alia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2530 quaecumque animalia ab invicem. Sed alius dies deputatur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2531 productioni piscium maris, et alius productioni animalium terrae.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2532 Ergo et alius dies debet deputari productioni avium caeli, et alius
59
03759e5c1080 fix multi-para s.c.
ht
parents: 53
diff changeset
2533 productioni hominis.</p><div class="sc"><p title="I q. 74 a. 1 s. c. 1"><a name="31414"><span class="ref">[31414] Iª q. 74 a. 1 s. c. 1</span></a> Sed contra,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2534 videtur quod aliqui dies superflue assignentur. Lumen enim ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2535 luminaria se habet ut accidens ad subiectum. Simul autem producitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2536 subiectum cum proprio accidente. Non ergo alia die debuit produci
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2537 lux, et alia luminaria.</p><p title="I q. 74 a. 1 s. c. 2"><a name="31415"><span class="ref">[31415] Iª q. 74 a. 1 s. c. 2</span></a> Praeterea, dies
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2538 isti deputantur primae institutioni mundi. Sed in septima die nihil
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2539 primitus est institutum. Ergo septima dies non debet aliis
59
03759e5c1080 fix multi-para s.c.
ht
parents: 53
diff changeset
2540 connumerari.</p></div><p title="I q. 74 a. 1 co."><a name="31416"><span class="ref">[31416] Iª q. 74 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2541 quod ratio distinctionis horum dierum ex praemissis potest esse
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2542 manifesta. Oportuit enim primo distingui partes mundi; et postmodum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2543 singulas partes ornari, per hoc quod quasi suis habitatoribus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2544 replentur. Secundum ergo alios sanctos, in creatura corporali tres
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2545 partes designantur, prima, quae significatur nomine caeli; media,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2546 quae significatur nomine aquae; et, infima quae significatur nomine
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2547 terrae. Unde et secundum Pythagoricos, perfectio in tribus ponitur,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2548 principio, medio et fine, ut dicitur in I de caelo. Prima ergo pars
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2549 distinguitur prima die, et ornatur quarta; media distinguitur
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2550 secunda die, et ornatur quinta; infima distinguitur tertia die, et
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2551 ornatur sexta. Augustinus vero convenit quidem cum eis in ultimis
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2552 tribus diebus, differt autem in tribus primis. Quia secundum eum,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2553 in primo die formatur creatura spiritualis, in duobus aliis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2554 creatura corporalis; ita quod in secundo corpora superiora, in
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2555 tertio corpora inferiora. Et sic perfectio divinorum operum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2556 respondet perfectioni senarii numeri, qui consurgit ex suis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2557 partibus aliquotis simul iunctis; quae quidem partes sunt unum,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2558 duo, tria. Una enim dies deputatur formationi creaturae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2559 spiritualis, duae formationi creaturae corporalis, et tres
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2560 ornatui.</p><p title="I q. 74 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="31417"><span class="ref">[31417] Iª q. 74 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2561 dicendum quod, secundum Augustinum, opus creationis pertinet ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2562 productionem materiae informis, et naturae spiritualis informis.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2563 Quae quidem duo sunt extra tempus, ut ipse dicit in XII Confess.,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2564 et ideo creatio utriusque ponitur ante omnem diem. Sed secundum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2565 alios sanctos, potest dici quod opus distinctionis et ornatus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2566 attenditur secundum aliquam mutationem creaturae, quae tempore
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2567 mensuratur. Opus autem creationis consistit in sola divina actione
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2568 in instanti rerum substantiam producentis. Et ideo quodlibet opus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2569 distinctionis et ornatus dicitur factum in die, creatio autem
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2570 dicitur facta in principio, quod sonat aliquid indivisibile.</p><p title="I q. 74 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="31418"><span class="ref">[31418] Iª q. 74 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2571 dicendum quod ignis et aer, quia non distinguuntur a vulgo, inter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2572 partes mundi non sunt expresse nominata a Moyse; sed computantur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2573 cum medio, scilicet aqua, maxime quantum ad inferiorem aeris
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2574 partem; quantum vero ad superiorem, computantur cum caelo, ut
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2575 Augustinus dicit.</p><p title="I q. 74 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="31419"><span class="ref">[31419] Iª q. 74 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2576 dicendum quod productio animalium recitatur secundum quod sunt in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2577 ornatum partium mundi. Et ideo dies productionis animalium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2578 distinguuntur vel uniuntur, secundum hanc convenientiam vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2579 differentiam, qua conveniunt vel differunt in ornando aliquam
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2580 partem mundi.</p><p title="I q. 74 a. 1 ad 4"><a name="31420"><span class="ref">[31420] Iª q. 74 a. 1 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2581 dicendum quod prima die facta est natura lucis in aliquo subiecto.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2582 Sed quarto die facta dicuntur luminaria, non quia eorum substantia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2583 sit de novo producta; sed quia sunt aliquo modo formata, quo prius
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2584 non erant, ut supra dictum est.</p><p title="I q. 74 a. 1 ad 5"><a name="31421"><span class="ref">[31421] Iª q. 74 a. 1 ad 5</span></a> Ad quintum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2585 dicendum quod septimae diei, secundum Augustinum, deputatur aliquid
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2586 post omnia quae sex diebus attribuuntur, scilicet quod Deus a suis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2587 operibus in seipso requiescit. Et ideo oportuit post sex dies fieri
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2588 mentionem de septimo. Secundum vero alios, potest dici quod in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2589 septimo die mundus habuit quendam novum statum, ut scilicet ei
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2590 nihil adderetur de novo. Et ideo post sex dies ponitur septima,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2591 deputata cessationi ab opere.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 2</h3><p title="I q. 74 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="31422"><span class="ref">[31422] Iª q. 74 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad secundum sic
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2592 proceditur. Videtur quod omnes isti dies sint unus dies. Dicitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2593 enim Gen. II, <i>istae sunt generationes caeli et terrae, quando
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2594 creata sunt, in die quo fecit dominus caelum et terram, et omne
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2595 virgultum agri, antequam oriretur in terra</i>. Unus ergo est dies
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2596 in quo fecit caelum et terram et omne virgultum agri. Sed caelum et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2597 terram fecit in prima die, vel potius ante omnem diem; virgultum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2598 autem agri, tertia die. Ergo unus est primus dies et tertius, et
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2599 pari ratione, omnes alii.</p><p title="I q. 74 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="31423"><span class="ref">[31423] Iª q. 74 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2600 Eccli. XVIII, dicitur, <i>qui vivit in aeternum, creavit omnia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2601 simul</i>. Sed hoc non esset, si dies horum operum essent plures,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2602 quia plures dies non sunt simul. Ergo non sunt plures dies, sed
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2603 unus tantum.</p><p title="I q. 74 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="31424"><span class="ref">[31424] Iª q. 74 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea, die
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2604 septimo cessavit Deus a novis operibus condendis. Si ergo septima
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2605 dies est alia ab aliis diebus, sequitur quod illam diem non
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2606 fecerit. Quod est inconveniens.</p><p title="I q. 74 a. 2 arg. 4"><a name="31425"><span class="ref">[31425] Iª q. 74 a. 2 arg. 4</span></a> Praeterea, totum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2607 opus quod uni diei adscribitur, in instanti perfecit, cum in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2608 singulis operibus dicatur, dixit, et factum est. Si igitur sequens
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2609 opus in diem alium reservasset, sequeretur quod in residua parte
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2610 illius diei cessasset ab opere, quod esset superfluum. Non igitur
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2611 est alius dies sequentis operis, a die operis praecedentis.</p><p title="I q. 74 a. 2 s. c."><a name="31426"><span class="ref">[31426] Iª q. 74 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2612 quod Gen. I dicitur, <i>factum est vespere et mane dies secundus,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2613 et dies tertius</i>, et sic de aliis. Secundum autem et tertium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2614 dici non potest, ubi est unum tantum. Ergo non fuit unus dies
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2615 tantum.</p><p title="I q. 74 a. 2 co."><a name="31427"><span class="ref">[31427] Iª q. 74 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2616 quod in hac quaestione Augustinus ab aliis expositoribus dissentit.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2617 Augustinus enim vult, et super Gen. ad Litt., et XI de Civ. Dei, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2618 ad Orosium, quod omnes qui dicuntur septem dies, sunt unus dies
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2619 septempliciter rebus praesentatus. Alii vero expositores sentiunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2620 quod fuerunt septem dies diversi, et non unus tantum. Hae autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2621 duae opiniones, si referantur ad expositionem litterae Genesis,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2622 magnam diversitatem habent. Nam secundum Augustinum, per diem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2623 intelligitur cognitio mentis angelicae; ut sic primus dies sit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2624 cognito primi divini operis, secundus dies cognitio secundi operis,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2625 et sic de aliis. Et dicitur unumquodque opus esse factum in aliqua
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2626 die, quia nihil Deus produxit in rerum natura, quod non impresserit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2627 menti angelicae. Quae quidem multa simul potest cognoscere,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2628 praecipue in verbo, in quo omnis Angelorum cognitio perficitur et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2629 terminatur. Et sic distinguitur dies secundum naturalem ordinem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2630 rerum cognitarum, non secundum successionem cognitionis, aut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2631 secundum successionem productionis rerum. Cognitio autem angelica
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2632 proprie et vere dies nominari potest, cum lux, quae est causa diei,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2633 proprie in spiritualibus, secundum Augustinum, inveniatur. Secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2634 vero alios, per istos dies et successio dierum temporalium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2635 ostenditur, et successio productionis rerum. Sed si istae duae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2636 opiniones referantur ad modum productionis rerum, non invenitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2637 magna differentia. Et hoc propter duo in quibus, exponendo,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2638 diversificatur Augustinus ab aliis, ut ex supra dictis patet. Primo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2639 quidem, quia Augustinus per terram et aquam prius creatam,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2640 intelligit materiam corporalem totaliter informem, per factionem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2641 autem firmamenti, et congregationem aquarum, et apparitionem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2642 aridae, intelligit impressionem formarum in materiam corporalem.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2643 Alii vero sancti per terram et aquam primo creatas, intelligunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2644 ipsa elementa mundi, sub propriis formis existentia, per sequentia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2645 autem opera, aliquam distinctionem in corporibus prius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2646 existentibus, ut supra dictum est. Secundo autem differunt quantum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2647 ad productionem plantarum et animalium, quae alii ponunt in opere
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2648 sex dierum esse producta in actu; Augustinus vero potentialiter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2649 tantum. In hoc ergo quod Augustinus ponit opera sex dierum esse
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2650 simul facta, sequitur idem modus productionis rerum. Nam secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2651 utrosque, in prima rerum productione materia erat sub formis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2652 substantialibus elementorum, et secundum utrosque, in prima rerum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2653 institutione non fuerunt animalia et plantae in actu. Sed remanet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2654 differentia quantum ad quatuor. Quia secundum alios sanctos, post
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2655 primam productionem creaturae, fuit aliquod tempus in quo non erat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2656 lux; item in quo non erat firmamentum formatum; item in quo non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2657 erat terra discooperta aquis; et in quo non erant formata caeli
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2658 luminaria, quod est quartum. Quae non oportet ponere secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2659 expositionem Augustini. Ut igitur neutri sententiae praeiudicetur,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2660 utriusque rationibus respondendum est.</p><p title="I q. 74 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="31428"><span class="ref">[31428] Iª q. 74 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2661 dicendum quod in die in quo creavit Deus caelum et terram, creavit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2662 etiam omne virgultum agri, non in actu, sed antequam oriretur super
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2663 terram, idest potentialiter. Quod Augustinus adscribit tertiae
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2664 diei, alii vero primae rerum institutioni.</p><p title="I q. 74 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="31429"><span class="ref">[31429] Iª q. 74 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2665 dicendum quod Deus creavit omnia simul, quantum ad rerum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2666 substantiam quodammodo informem. Sed quantum ad formationem quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2667 facta est per distinctionem et ornatum, non simul. Unde signanter
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2668 utitur verbo creationis.</p><p title="I q. 74 a. 2 ad 3"><a name="31430"><span class="ref">[31430] Iª q. 74 a. 2 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2669 dicendum quod in die septimo cessavit Deus a novis operibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2670 condendis, non autem a propagandis quibusdam ex aliis, ad quam
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2671 propagationem pertinet quod post primum diem alii succedunt.</p><p title="I q. 74 a. 2 ad 4"><a name="31431"><span class="ref">[31431] Iª q. 74 a. 2 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2672 dicendum quod non est ex impotentia Dei, quasi indigentis tempore
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2673 ad operandum, quod omnia non sunt simul distincta et ornata, sed ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2674 ordo servaretur in rerum institutione. Et ideo oportuit ut diversis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2675 statibus mundi diversi dies deservirent. Semper autem per sequens
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2676 opus novus perfectionis status mundo est additus.</p><p title="I q. 74 a. 2 ad 5"><a name="31432"><span class="ref">[31432] Iª q. 74 a. 2 ad 5</span></a> Ad quintum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2677 dicendum quod, secundum Augustinum, ille ordo dierum referendus est
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2678 ad naturalem ordinem operum quae diebus attribuuntur.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 3</h3><p title="I q. 74 a. 3 arg. 1"><a name="31433"><span class="ref">[31433] Iª q. 74 a. 3 arg. 1</span></a> Ad tertium sic
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2679 proceditur. Videtur quod Scriptura non utatur convenientibus verbis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2680 ad exprimendum opera sex dierum. Sicut enim lux et firmamentum et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2681 huiusmodi opera per Dei verbum sunt facta, ita caelum et terra,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2682 quia omnia per ipsum facta sunt, ut dicitur Ioan. I. Ergo in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2683 creatione caeli et terrae debuit fieri mentio de verbo Dei, sicut
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2684 in aliis operibus.</p><p title="I q. 74 a. 3 arg. 2"><a name="31434"><span class="ref">[31434] Iª q. 74 a. 3 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea, aqua
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2685 est creata a Deo, quae tamen creata non commemoratur.
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2686 Insufficienter ergo rerum creatio describitur.</p><p title="I q. 74 a. 3 arg. 3"><a name="31435"><span class="ref">[31435] Iª q. 74 a. 3 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea, sicut
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2687 dicitur Gen. I, <i>vidit Deus cuncta quae fecerat, et erant valde
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2688 bona</i>. In singulis ergo operibus debuit dici, vidit Deus quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2689 esset bonum. Inconvenienter ergo praetermittitur in opere
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2690 creationis, et in opere secundae diei.</p><p title="I q. 74 a. 3 arg. 4"><a name="31436"><span class="ref">[31436] Iª q. 74 a. 3 arg. 4</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2691 spiritus Dei est Deus. Deo autem non competit ferri, nec situm
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2692 habere. Inconvenienter ergo dicitur quod <i>spiritus Dei ferebatur
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2693 super aquas</i>.</p><p title="I q. 74 a. 3 arg. 5"><a name="31437"><span class="ref">[31437] Iª q. 74 a. 3 arg. 5</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2694 nullus facit quod iam factum est. Inconvenienter ergo, postquam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2695 dictum est, <i>dixit Deus, fiat firmamentum, et factum est ita</i>,
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diff changeset
2696 subditur, <i>et fecit Deus firmamentum</i>. Et similiter in aliis
53
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2697 operibus.</p><p title="I q. 74 a. 3 arg. 6"><a name="31438"><span class="ref">[31438] Iª q. 74 a. 3 arg. 6</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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2698 vespere et mane non sufficienter dividunt diem, cum sint plures
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2699 partes diei. Ergo inconvenienter dicitur quod <i>factum est vespere
53
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2700 et mane dies secundus, vel tertius</i>.</p><p title="I q. 74 a. 3 arg. 7"><a name="31439"><span class="ref">[31439] Iª q. 74 a. 3 arg. 7</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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2701 secundo et tertio non convenienter correspondet unum, sed primum.
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2702 Debuit ergo dici, factum est vespere et mane dies primus, ubi
53
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2703 dicitur dies unus.</p><p title="I q. 74 a. 3 ad 1"><a name="31440"><span class="ref">[31440] Iª q. 74 a. 3 ad 1</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
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diff changeset
2704 ad primum, quod secundum Augustinum, persona filii commemoratur tam
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diff changeset
2705 in prima rerum creatione, quam in rerum distinctione et ornatu;
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2706 aliter tamen et aliter. Distinctio enim et ornatus pertinet ad
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2707 rerum formationem. Sicut autem formatio artificiatorum est per
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2708 formam artis quae est in mente artificis, quae potest dici
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diff changeset
2709 intelligibile verbum ipsius; ita formatio totius creaturae est per
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diff changeset
2710 verbum Dei. Et ideo in opere distinctionis et ornatus fit mentio de
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diff changeset
2711 verbo. In creatione autem commemoratur filius ut principium, cum
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2712 dicitur, <i>in principio creavit Deus</i>, quia per creationem
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diff changeset
2713 intelligitur productio informis materiae. Secundum vero alios, qui
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2714 ponunt primo creata elementa sub propriis formis, oportet aliter
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2715 dici. Basilius enim dicit quod per hoc quod dicitur, dixit Deus,
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diff changeset
2716 importatur divinum imperium. Prius autem oportuit produci creaturam
53
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2717 quae obediret, quam fieri mentionem de divino imperio.</p><p title="I q. 74 a. 3 ad 2"><a name="31441"><span class="ref">[31441] Iª q. 74 a. 3 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
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2718 dicendum quod, secundum Augustinum, per caelum intelligitur
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diff changeset
2719 spiritualis natura informis; per terram autem materia informis
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diff changeset
2720 omnium corporum. Et sic nulla creatura est praetermissa. Secundum
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diff changeset
2721 Basilium vero, ponuntur caelum et terra tanquam duo extrema, ut ex
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2722 his intelligantur media; praecipue quia omnium mediorum motus vel
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2723 est ad caelum ut levium, vel ad terram, ut gravium. Alii vero
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diff changeset
2724 dicunt quod sub nomine terrae comprehendere solet Scriptura omnia
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diff changeset
2725 quatuor elementa. Unde in Psalmo CXLVIII, postquam dictum est,
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diff changeset
2726 laudate dominum de terra, subditur, ignis, grando, nix,
53
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diff changeset
2727 glacies.</p><p title="I q. 74 a. 3 ad 3"><a name="31442"><span class="ref">[31442] Iª q. 74 a. 3 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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diff changeset
2728 dicendum quod in opere creationis ponitur aliquid correspondens ei
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diff changeset
2729 quod dicitur in opere distinctionis et ornatus, vidit Deus hoc vel
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diff changeset
2730 illud esse bonum. Ad cuius evidentiam, considerandum est quod
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diff changeset
2731 spiritus sanctus amor est. <i>Duo autem sunt</i>, ut Augustinus
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diff changeset
2732 dicit I super Gen. ad Litt., <i>propter quae Deus amat creaturam
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diff changeset
2733 suam, scilicet ut sit, et ut permaneat. Ut ergo esset quod
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2734 permaneret, dicitur quod spiritus Dei ferebatur super aquam</i>
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diff changeset
2735 (secundum quod per aquam materia informis intelligitur; sicut amor
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diff changeset
2736 artificis fertur super materiam aliquam, ut ex ea formet opus),
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diff changeset
2737 <i>ut autem maneret quod fecerat, dicitur, vidit Deus quod esset
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diff changeset
2738 bonum</i>. In hoc enim significatur quaedam complacentia Dei
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diff changeset
2739 opificis in re facta, non quod alio modo cognosceret, aut placeret
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2740 ei creatura iam facta, quam antequam faceret. Et sic in utroque
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diff changeset
2741 opere creationis et formationis, Trinitas personarum insinuatur. In
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diff changeset
2742 creatione quidem, persona patris per Deum creantem; persona filii,
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diff changeset
2743 per principium in quo creavit; spiritus sancti, qui superfertur
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diff changeset
2744 aquis. In formatione vero, persona patris in Deo dicente; persona
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diff changeset
2745 vero filii, in verbo quo dicitur; persona spiritus sancti, in
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diff changeset
2746 complacentia qua vidit Deus esse bonum quod factum erat. In opere
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diff changeset
2747 vero secundae diei non ponitur, vidit Deus quod esset bonum, quia
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diff changeset
2748 opus distinctionis aquarum tunc inchoatur, et in tertio die
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diff changeset
2749 perficitur, unde quod ponitur in tertia die, refertur etiam ad
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diff changeset
2750 secundam. Vel, quia distinctio quae ponitur secunda die, est de his
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diff changeset
2751 quae non sunt manifesta populo, ideo huiusmodi approbatione
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diff changeset
2752 Scriptura non utitur. Vel iterum propter hoc, quod per firmamentum
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diff changeset
2753 intelligitur aer nubilosus, qui non est de partibus permanentibus
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diff changeset
2754 in universo, seu de partibus principalibus mundi. Et has tres
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diff changeset
2755 rationes Rabbi Moyses ponit. Quidam autem assignant rationem
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diff changeset
2756 mysticam ex parte numeri. Quia binarius ab unitate recedit, unde
53
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2757 opus secundae diei non approbatur.</p><p title="I q. 74 a. 3 ad 4"><a name="31443"><span class="ref">[31443] Iª q. 74 a. 3 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
28
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2758 dicendum quod Rabbi Moyses per spiritum domini intelligit aerem vel
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2759 ventum, sicut et Plato intellexit. Et dicit quod dicitur spiritus
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diff changeset
2760 domini, secundum quod Scriptura consuevit ubique flatum ventorum
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diff changeset
2761 Deo attribuere. Sed secundum sanctos, per spiritum domini
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2762 intelligitur spiritus sanctus. Qui dicitur superferri aquae, idest
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diff changeset
2763 materiae informi secundum Augustinum, <i>ne facienda opera sua
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diff changeset
2764 propter indigentiae necessitatem putaretur Deus amare, indigentiae
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diff changeset
2765 enim amor rebus quas diligit subiicitur. Commode, autem factum est,
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diff changeset
2766 ut prius insinuaretur aliquid inchoatum, cui superferri diceretur,
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diff changeset
2767 non enim superfertur loco, sed praeexcellente potentia</i>, ut
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diff changeset
2768 Augustinus dicit I super Gen. ad Litt. Secundum Basilium vero,
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diff changeset
2769 super ferebatur elemento aquae; idest, <i>fovebat et vivificabat
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diff changeset
2770 aquarum naturam, ad similitudinem gallinae cubantis, vitalem
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diff changeset
2771 virtutem his quae foventur iniiciens</i>. Habet enim aqua praecipue
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diff changeset
2772 vitalem virtutem, quia plurima animalia generantur in aqua, et
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diff changeset
2773 omnium animalium semina sunt humida. Vita etiam spiritualis datur
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diff changeset
2774 per aquam Baptismi, unde dicitur Ioan. III, <i>nisi quis renatus
53
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2775 fuerit ex aqua et spiritu sancto</i>.</p><p title="I q. 74 a. 3 ad 5"><a name="31444"><span class="ref">[31444] Iª q. 74 a. 3 ad 5</span></a> Ad quintum
28
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diff changeset
2776 dicendum quod, secundum Augustinum, per illa tria designatur
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diff changeset
2777 triplex esse rerum, primo quidem esse rerum in verbo, per hoc quod
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diff changeset
2778 dixit, fiat; secundo, esse rerum in mente angelica per hoc quod
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diff changeset
2779 dixit, factum est; tertio, esse rerum in propria natura, per hoc
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diff changeset
2780 quod dixit, fecit. Et quia in primo die describitur formatio
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diff changeset
2781 Angelorum, non fuit necesse ut ibi adderetur, fecit. Secundum alios
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diff changeset
2782 vero, potest dici quod in hoc quod dicit, dixit Deus fiat,
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diff changeset
2783 importatur imperium Dei de faciendo. Per hoc autem quod dicit,
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diff changeset
2784 factum est, importatur complementum operis. Oportuit autem ut
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diff changeset
2785 subderetur quomodo factum fuit, praecipue propter illos qui
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diff changeset
2786 dixerunt omnia visibilia per Angelos facta. Et ideo ad hoc
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diff changeset
2787 removendum, subditur quod ipse Deus fecit. Unde in singulis
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2788 operibus, postquam dicitur, et factum est, aliquis actus Dei
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2789 subditur; vel fecit, vel distinxit, vel vocavit, vel aliquid
53
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diff changeset
2790 huiusmodi.</p><p title="I q. 74 a. 3 ad 6"><a name="31445"><span class="ref">[31445] Iª q. 74 a. 3 ad 6</span></a> Ad sextum dicendum
28
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diff changeset
2791 quod, secundum Augustinum, per vespere et mane intelligitur
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diff changeset
2792 vespertina et matutina cognitio in Angelis, de quibus dictum est
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diff changeset
2793 supra. Vel, secundum Basilium, totum tempus consuevit denominari a
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2794 principaliori parte, scilicet a die, secundum quod dixit Iacob,
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2795 dies peregrinationis meae, nulla mentione facta de nocte. Vespere
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diff changeset
2796 autem et mane ponuntur ut termini diei; cuius mane est principium,
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diff changeset
2797 sed vespere finis. Vel quia per vespere designatur principium
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diff changeset
2798 noctis, per mane principium diei. Congruum autem fuit, ut ubi
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diff changeset
2799 commemoratur prima distinctio rerum, sola principia temporum
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2800 designarentur. Praemittitur autem vespere, quia, cum a luce dies
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diff changeset
2801 incoeperit, prius occurrit terminus lucis, quod est vespere, quam
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2802 terminus tenebrarum et noctis, quod est mane. Vel, secundum
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diff changeset
2803 Chrysostomum, ut designetur quod dies naturalis non terminatur in
53
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2804 vespere, sed in mane.</p><p title="I q. 74 a. 3 ad 7"><a name="31446"><span class="ref">[31446] Iª q. 74 a. 3 ad 7</span></a> Ad septimum
28
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2805 dicendum quod dicitur unus dies in prima diei institutione, ad
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diff changeset
2806 designandum quod viginti quatuor horarum spatia pertinent ad unum
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diff changeset
2807 diem. Unde per hoc quod dicitur unus, praefigitur mensura diei
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diff changeset
2808 naturalis. Vel propter hoc, ut significaret diem consummari per
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diff changeset
2809 reditum solis ad unum et idem punctum. Vel quia completo septenario
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2810 dierum, reditur ad primum diem, qui est unus cum octavo. Et has
53
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2811 tres rationes Basilius assignat.</p></div></div><div class="centro"><br/>
59
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2812 <p><a href="sth1050.html"><img src="icons/ageretro.gif" width="19" height="19" align="middle" border="0" alt="age retro"/></a>  
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2813 <a href="sth1075.html"><img src="icons/ageultra.gif" width="19" height="19" align="middle" border="0" alt="age ultra"/></a></p>
53
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2814 <br/>
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2815 <hr/>
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2816 <br/>
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2817 <address>© 2006 Fundación Tomás de Aquino quoad
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2818 hanc editionem<br/>
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2819 Iura omnia asservantur<br/>
59
03759e5c1080 fix multi-para s.c.
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diff changeset
2820 OCLC nr. <a href="http://worldcatlibraries.org/wcpa/oclc/49644264" style="text-decoration=none">49644264</a></address>
53
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2821 </div></body>
59
03759e5c1080 fix multi-para s.c.
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2822 </html>