Mercurial > hg > Aquinas

annotate summa/latin/sth3034.html @ 94:4fa8e40d9df7

Find changesets by keywords (author, files, the commit message), revision number or hash, or revset expression.
minor fixups through to the end
author ht
date Sun, 01 Jun 2014 11:19:28 +0000
parents 03759e5c1080
children
Ignore whitespace changes - Everywhere: Within whitespace: At end of lines:
rev   line source
59
03759e5c1080 fix multi-para s.c.
ht
parents: 53
diff changeset
1 <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "file:///c:/cygwin/usr/local/share/lib/xml/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
03759e5c1080 fix multi-para s.c.
ht
parents: 53
diff changeset
2 <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" lang="LA" xml:lang="LA">
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3 <head>
59
03759e5c1080 fix multi-para s.c.
ht
parents: 53
diff changeset
4 <meta name="generator" content="HTML Tidy for Windows (vers 1st February 2005), see www.w3.org"/>
03759e5c1080 fix multi-para s.c.
ht
parents: 53
diff changeset
5 <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=us-ascii"/>
03759e5c1080 fix multi-para s.c.
ht
parents: 53
diff changeset
6 <meta http-equiv="Content-Style-Type" content="text/css"/>
03759e5c1080 fix multi-para s.c.
ht
parents: 53
diff changeset
7 <meta http-equiv="Content-Script-Type" content="text/javascript"/>
03759e5c1080 fix multi-para s.c.
ht
parents: 53
diff changeset
8 <meta name="keywords" content="Thomas de Aquino, Summa Theologiae, Corpus Thomisticum"/>
03759e5c1080 fix multi-para s.c.
ht
parents: 53
diff changeset
9 <meta name="language" content="Latin"/>
03759e5c1080 fix multi-para s.c.
ht
parents: 53
diff changeset
10 <meta name="security" content="public"/>
03759e5c1080 fix multi-para s.c.
ht
parents: 53
diff changeset
11 <meta name="owner" content="ealarcon@unav.es"/>
03759e5c1080 fix multi-para s.c.
ht
parents: 53
diff changeset
12 <meta name="author" content="Enrique Alarcón"/>
03759e5c1080 fix multi-para s.c.
ht
parents: 53
diff changeset
13 <meta name="abstract" content=""/>
03759e5c1080 fix multi-para s.c.
ht
parents: 53
diff changeset
14 <link rel="stylesheet" media="screen" href="vscreen.css" type="text/css"/>
03759e5c1080 fix multi-para s.c.
ht
parents: 53
diff changeset
15 <link rel="stylesheet" media="print" href="vprint.css" type="text/css"/>
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
16 <title>Thomas de Aquino, Summa Theologiae, IIª-IIae q.
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
17 34-43</title>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
18 </head>
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
19 <body><a href="http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/"/><div class="tres">CORPUS THOMISTICUM</div><div class="uno">Sancti Thomae de Aquino</div><div class="uno">Summa Theologiae</div><div class="dos">secunda pars secundae partis a quaestione XXXIV ad
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
20 XLIII</div><div class="centro">
59
03759e5c1080 fix multi-para s.c.
ht
parents: 53
diff changeset
21 <table align="center" summary="Imago">
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
22 <tr>
59
03759e5c1080 fix multi-para s.c.
ht
parents: 53
diff changeset
23 <th><img src="icons/fugit190.jpg" width="275" height="190" border="0" alt="Thomas de Aquino a Filippino Lippi depictus (Cappella Carafa, S. Maria sopra Minerva, Roma)" align="middle"/></th>
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
24 </tr>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
25 </table>
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
26 <br/>
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
27 <span class="tres">Textum Leoninum Romae 1895 editum<br/>
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
28 ac automato translatum a Roberto Busa SJ in taenias
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
29 magneticas<br/>
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
30 denuo recognovit Enrique Alarcón atque instruxit<br/>
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
31 <br/></span><br/>
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
32 <hr/>
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
33 <br/>
59
03759e5c1080 fix multi-para s.c.
ht
parents: 53
diff changeset
34 <p><a href="sth3027.html"><img src="icons/ageretro.gif" width="19" height="19" align="middle" border="0" alt="age retro"/></a>  
03759e5c1080 fix multi-para s.c.
ht
parents: 53
diff changeset
35 <a href="sth3044.html"><img src="icons/ageultra.gif" width="19" height="19" align="middle" border="0" alt="age ultra"/></a></p>
03759e5c1080 fix multi-para s.c.
ht
parents: 53
diff changeset
36 <script language="JavaScript" type="text/javascript">
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
37 //
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
38 &lt;!--
26
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
39 // original code by Bill Trefzger 12/12/96; revised by Enrique Alarcon 12/9/2000
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
40 function go(){if(document.selecter.select1.options[document.selecter.select1.selectedIndex].value !="none"){location=document.selecter.select1.options[document.selecter.select1.selectedIndex].value}}
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
41 document.write('&lt;FORM NAME="selecter"&gt;&lt;SELECT NAME="select1"&gt;');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
42 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="none"&gt;INDEX');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
43 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="none"&gt;------------------------------------------------');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
44 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="index.html"&gt;Corpus Thomisticum');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
45 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="iopera.html"&gt;Opera omnia');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
46 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="zbiblia.html"&gt;Bibliographia Thomistica');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
47 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="none"&gt;------------------------------------------------');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
48 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40451"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 34 pr.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
49 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40452"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 34 a. 1 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
50 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40453"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 34 a. 1 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
51 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40454"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 34 a. 1 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
52 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40455"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 34 a. 1 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
53 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40456"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 34 a. 1 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
54 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40457"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 34 a. 1 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
55 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40458"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 34 a. 1 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
56 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40459"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 34 a. 1 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
57 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40460"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 34 a. 2 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
58 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40461"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 34 a. 2 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
59 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40462"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 34 a. 2 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
60 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40463"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 34 a. 2 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
61 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40464"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 34 a. 2 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
62 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40465"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 34 a. 2 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
63 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40466"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 34 a. 2 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
64 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40467"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 34 a. 2 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
65 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40468"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 34 a. 3 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
66 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40469"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 34 a. 3 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
67 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40470"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 34 a. 3 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
68 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40471"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 34 a. 3 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
69 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40472"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 34 a. 3 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
70 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40473"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 34 a. 3 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
71 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40474"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 34 a. 3 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
72 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40475"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 34 a. 3 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
73 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40476"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 34 a. 4 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
74 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40477"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 34 a. 4 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
75 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40478"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 34 a. 4 s. c. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
76 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40479"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 34 a. 4 s. c. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
77 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40480"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 34 a. 4 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
78 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40481"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 34 a. 4 ad');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
79 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40482"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 34 a. 5 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
80 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40483"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 34 a. 5 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
81 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40484"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 34 a. 5 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
82 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40485"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 34 a. 5 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
83 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40486"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 34 a. 5 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
84 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40487"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 34 a. 5 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
85 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40488"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 34 a. 5 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
86 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40489"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 34 a. 5 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
87 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40490"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 34 a. 6 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
88 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40491"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 34 a. 6 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
89 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40492"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 34 a. 6 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
90 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40493"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 34 a. 6 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
91 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40494"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 34 a. 6 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
92 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40495"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 34 a. 6 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
93 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40496"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 34 a. 6 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
94 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40497"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 34 a. 6 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
95 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40498"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 35 pr.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
96 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40499"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 35 a. 1 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
97 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40500"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 35 a. 1 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
98 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40501"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 35 a. 1 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
99 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40502"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 35 a. 1 arg. 4');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
100 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40503"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 35 a. 1 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
101 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40504"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 35 a. 1 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
102 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40505"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 35 a. 1 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
103 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40506"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 35 a. 1 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
104 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40507"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 35 a. 1 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
105 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40508"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 35 a. 1 ad 4');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
106 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40509"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 35 a. 2 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
107 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40510"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 35 a. 2 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
108 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40511"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 35 a. 2 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
109 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40512"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 35 a. 2 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
110 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40513"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 35 a. 2 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
111 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40514"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 35 a. 2 ad');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
112 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40515"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 35 a. 3 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
113 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40516"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 35 a. 3 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
114 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40517"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 35 a. 3 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
115 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40518"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 35 a. 3 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
116 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40519"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 35 a. 3 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
117 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40520"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 35 a. 3 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
118 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40521"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 35 a. 3 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
119 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40522"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 35 a. 3 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
120 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40523"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 35 a. 4 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
121 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40524"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 35 a. 4 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
122 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40525"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 35 a. 4 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
123 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40526"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 35 a. 4 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
124 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40527"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 35 a. 4 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
125 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40528"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 35 a. 4 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
126 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40529"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 35 a. 4 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
127 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40530"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 35 a. 4 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
128 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40531"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 36 pr.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
129 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40532"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 36 a. 1 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
130 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40533"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 36 a. 1 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
131 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40534"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 36 a. 1 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
132 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40535"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 36 a. 1 arg. 4');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
133 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40536"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 36 a. 1 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
134 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40537"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 36 a. 1 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
135 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40538"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 36 a. 1 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
136 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40539"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 36 a. 1 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
137 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40540"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 36 a. 1 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
138 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40541"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 36 a. 1 ad 4');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
139 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40542"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 36 a. 2 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
140 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40543"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 36 a. 2 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
141 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40544"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 36 a. 2 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
142 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40545"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 36 a. 2 arg. 4');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
143 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40546"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 36 a. 2 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
144 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40547"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 36 a. 2 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
145 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40548"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 36 a. 2 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
146 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40549"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 36 a. 2 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
147 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40550"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 36 a. 2 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
148 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40551"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 36 a. 2 ad 4');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
149 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40552"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 36 a. 3 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
150 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40553"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 36 a. 3 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
151 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40554"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 36 a. 3 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
152 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40555"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 36 a. 3 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
153 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40556"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 36 a. 3 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
154 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40557"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 36 a. 3 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
155 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40558"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 36 a. 3 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
156 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40559"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 36 a. 3 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
157 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40560"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 36 a. 4 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
158 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40561"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 36 a. 4 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
159 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40562"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 36 a. 4 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
160 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40563"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 36 a. 4 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
161 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40564"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 36 a. 4 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
162 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40565"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 36 a. 4 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
163 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40566"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 36 a. 4 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
164 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40567"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 36 a. 4 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
165 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40568"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 37 pr.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
166 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40569"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 37 a. 1 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
167 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40570"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 37 a. 1 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
168 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40571"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 37 a. 1 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
169 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40572"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 37 a. 1 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
170 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40573"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 37 a. 1 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
171 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40574"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 37 a. 1 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
172 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40575"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 37 a. 1 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
173 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40576"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 37 a. 1 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
174 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40577"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 37 a. 2 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
175 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40578"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 37 a. 2 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
176 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40579"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 37 a. 2 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
177 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40580"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 37 a. 2 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
178 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40581"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 37 a. 2 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
179 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40582"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 37 a. 2 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
180 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40583"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 37 a. 2 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
181 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40584"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 37 a. 2 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
182 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40585"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 38 pr.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
183 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40586"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 38 a. 1 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
184 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40587"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 38 a. 1 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
185 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40588"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 38 a. 1 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
186 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40589"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 38 a. 1 arg. 4');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
187 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40590"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 38 a. 1 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
188 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40591"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 38 a. 1 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
189 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40592"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 38 a. 1 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
190 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40593"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 38 a. 1 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
191 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40594"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 38 a. 1 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
192 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40595"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 38 a. 1 ad 4');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
193 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40596"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 38 a. 2 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
194 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40597"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 38 a. 2 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
195 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40598"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 38 a. 2 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
196 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40599"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 38 a. 2 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
197 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40600"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 38 a. 2 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
198 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40601"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 38 a. 2 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
199 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40602"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 38 a. 2 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
200 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40603"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 38 a. 2 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
201 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40604"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 39 pr.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
202 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40605"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 39 a. 1 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
203 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40606"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 39 a. 1 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
204 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40607"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 39 a. 1 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
205 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40608"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 39 a. 1 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
206 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40609"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 39 a. 1 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
207 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40610"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 39 a. 1 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
208 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40611"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 39 a. 1 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
209 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40612"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 39 a. 1 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
210 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40613"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 39 a. 2 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
211 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40614"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 39 a. 2 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
212 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40615"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 39 a. 2 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
213 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40616"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 39 a. 2 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
214 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40617"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 39 a. 2 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
215 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40618"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 39 a. 2 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
216 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40619"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 39 a. 2 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
217 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40620"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 39 a. 2 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
218 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40621"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 39 a. 3 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
219 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40622"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 39 a. 3 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
220 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40623"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 39 a. 3 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
221 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40624"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 39 a. 3 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
222 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40625"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 39 a. 3 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
223 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40626"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 39 a. 3 ad');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
224 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40627"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 39 a. 4 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
225 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40628"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 39 a. 4 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
226 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40629"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 39 a. 4 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
227 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40630"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 39 a. 4 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
228 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40631"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 39 a. 4 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
229 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40632"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 39 a. 4 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
230 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40633"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 39 a. 4 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
231 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40634"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 39 a. 4 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
232 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40635"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 40 pr.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
233 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40636"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 40 a. 1 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
234 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40637"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 40 a. 1 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
235 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40638"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 40 a. 1 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
236 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40639"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 40 a. 1 arg. 4');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
237 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40640"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 40 a. 1 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
238 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40641"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 40 a. 1 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
239 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40642"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 40 a. 1 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
240 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40643"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 40 a. 1 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
241 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40644"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 40 a. 1 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
242 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40645"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 40 a. 1 ad 4');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
243 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40646"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 40 a. 2 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
244 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40647"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 40 a. 2 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
245 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40648"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 40 a. 2 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
246 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40649"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 40 a. 2 arg. 4');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
247 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40650"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 40 a. 2 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
248 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40651"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 40 a. 2 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
249 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40652"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 40 a. 2 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
250 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40653"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 40 a. 2 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
251 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40654"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 40 a. 2 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
252 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40655"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 40 a. 2 ad 4');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
253 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40656"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 40 a. 3 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
254 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40657"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 40 a. 3 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
255 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40658"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 40 a. 3 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
256 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40659"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 40 a. 3 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
257 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40660"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 40 a. 3 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
258 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40661"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 40 a. 3 ad');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
259 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40662"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 40 a. 4 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
260 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40663"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 40 a. 4 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
261 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40664"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 40 a. 4 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
262 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40665"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 40 a. 4 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
263 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40666"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 40 a. 4 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
264 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40667"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 40 a. 4 ad');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
265 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40668"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 41 pr.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
266 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40669"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 41 a. 1 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
267 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40670"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 41 a. 1 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
268 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40671"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 41 a. 1 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
269 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40672"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 41 a. 1 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
270 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40673"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 41 a. 1 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
271 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40674"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 41 a. 1 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
272 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40675"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 41 a. 1 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
273 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40676"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 41 a. 1 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
274 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40677"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 41 a. 2 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
275 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40678"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 41 a. 2 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
276 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40679"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 41 a. 2 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
277 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40680"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 41 a. 2 arg. 4');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
278 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40681"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 41 a. 2 arg. 5');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
279 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40682"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 41 a. 2 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
280 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40683"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 41 a. 2 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
281 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40684"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 41 a. 2 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
282 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40685"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 41 a. 2 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
283 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40686"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 41 a. 2 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
284 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40687"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 41 a. 2 ad 4');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
285 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40688"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 41 a. 2 ad 5');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
286 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40689"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 42 pr.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
287 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40690"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 42 a. 1 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
288 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40691"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 42 a. 1 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
289 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40692"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 42 a. 1 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
290 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40693"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 42 a. 1 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
291 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40694"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 42 a. 1 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
292 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40695"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 42 a. 1 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
293 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40696"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 42 a. 1 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
294 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40697"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 42 a. 1 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
295 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40698"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 42 a. 2 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
296 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40699"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 42 a. 2 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
297 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40700"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 42 a. 2 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
298 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40701"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 42 a. 2 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
299 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40702"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 42 a. 2 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
300 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40703"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 42 a. 2 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
301 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40704"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 42 a. 2 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
302 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40705"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 42 a. 2 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
303 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40706"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 43 pr.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
304 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40707"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 43 a. 1 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
305 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40708"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 43 a. 1 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
306 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40709"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 43 a. 1 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
307 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40710"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 43 a. 1 arg. 4');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
308 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40711"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 43 a. 1 arg. 5');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
309 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40712"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 43 a. 1 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
310 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40713"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 43 a. 1 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
311 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40714"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 43 a. 1 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
312 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40715"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 43 a. 1 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
313 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40716"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 43 a. 1 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
314 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40717"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 43 a. 1 ad 4');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
315 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40718"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 43 a. 1 ad 5');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
316 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40719"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 43 a. 2 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
317 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40720"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 43 a. 2 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
318 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40721"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 43 a. 2 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
319 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40722"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 43 a. 2 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
320 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40723"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 43 a. 2 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
321 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40724"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 43 a. 2 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
322 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40725"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 43 a. 2 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
323 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40726"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 43 a. 2 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
324 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40727"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 43 a. 3 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
325 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40728"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 43 a. 3 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
326 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40729"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 43 a. 3 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
327 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40730"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 43 a. 3 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
328 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40731"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 43 a. 3 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
329 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40732"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 43 a. 3 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
330 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40733"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 43 a. 3 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
331 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40734"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 43 a. 3 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
332 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40735"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 43 a. 4 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
333 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40736"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 43 a. 4 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
334 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40737"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 43 a. 4 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
335 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40738"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 43 a. 4 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
336 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40739"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 43 a. 4 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
337 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40740"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 43 a. 4 ad');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
338 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40741"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 43 a. 5 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
339 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40742"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 43 a. 5 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
340 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40743"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 43 a. 5 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
341 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40744"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 43 a. 5 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
342 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40745"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 43 a. 5 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
343 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40746"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 43 a. 5 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
344 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40747"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 43 a. 5 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
345 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40748"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 43 a. 5 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
346 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40749"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 43 a. 6 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
347 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40750"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 43 a. 6 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
348 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40751"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 43 a. 6 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
349 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40752"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 43 a. 6 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
350 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40753"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 43 a. 6 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
351 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40754"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 43 a. 6 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
352 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40755"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 43 a. 6 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
353 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40756"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 43 a. 6 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
354 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40757"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 43 a. 7 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
355 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40758"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 43 a. 7 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
356 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40759"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 43 a. 7 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
357 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40760"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 43 a. 7 arg. 4');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
358 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40761"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 43 a. 7 arg. 5');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
359 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40762"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 43 a. 7 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
360 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40763"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 43 a. 7 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
361 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40764"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 43 a. 7 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
362 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40765"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 43 a. 7 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
363 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40766"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 43 a. 7 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
364 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40767"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 43 a. 7 ad 4');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
365 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40768"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 43 a. 7 ad 5');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
366 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40769"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 43 a. 8 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
367 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40770"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 43 a. 8 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
368 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40771"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 43 a. 8 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
369 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40772"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 43 a. 8 arg. 4');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
370 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40773"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 43 a. 8 arg. 5');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
371 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40774"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 43 a. 8 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
372 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40775"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 43 a. 8 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
373 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40776"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 43 a. 8 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
374 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40777"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 43 a. 8 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
375 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40778"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 43 a. 8 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
376 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40779"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 43 a. 8 ad 4');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
377 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40780"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 43 a. 8 ad 5');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
378 document.write('&lt;\/SELECT&gt;');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
379 document.write('&lt;BR&gt;&lt;BR&gt;');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
380 document.write('&lt;INPUT TYPE="button" VALUE="Agedum" ONCLICK="go()"&gt;');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
381 document.write('&lt;\/FORM&gt;');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
382 // --&gt;
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
383 //
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
384 </script><br/>
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
385 <hr/>
59
03759e5c1080 fix multi-para s.c.
ht
parents: 53
diff changeset
386 <br/></div><div id="q34" class="q"><h2>Quaestio 34</h2><div class="p"><h3>Prooemium</h3><p title="II-II q. 34 pr."><a name="40451"><span class="ref">[40451] IIª-IIae q. 34 pr.</span></a> Deinde
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
387 considerandum est de vitiis oppositis caritati. Et primo, de odio,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
388 quod opponitur ipsi dilectioni; secundo, de acedia et invidia, quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
389 opponuntur gaudio caritatis; tertio, de discordia et schismate,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
390 quae opponuntur paci; quarto, de offensione et scandalo, quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
391 opponuntur beneficentiae et correctioni fraternae. Circa primum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
392 quaeruntur sex, primo, utrum Deus possit odio haberi. Secundo,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
393 utrum odium Dei sit maximum peccatorum. Tertio, utrum odium proximi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
394 semper sit peccatum. Quarto, utrum sit maximum inter peccata quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
395 sunt in proximum. Quinto, utrum sit vitium capitale. Sexto, ex quo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
396 capitali vitio oriatur.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 1</h3><p title="II-II q. 34 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="40452"><span class="ref">[40452] IIª-IIae q. 34 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
397 sic proceditur. Videtur quod Deum nullus odio habere possit. Dicit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
398 enim Dionysius, IV cap. de Div. Nom., quod <i>omnibus amabile et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
399 diligibile est ipsum bonum et pulchrum</i>. Sed Deus est ipsa
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
400 bonitas et pulchritudo. Ergo a nullo odio habetur.</p><p title="II-II q. 34 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="40453"><span class="ref">[40453] IIª-IIae q. 34 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
401 in apocryphis Esdrae dicitur quod <i>omnia invocant veritatem, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
402 benignantur in operibus eius</i>. Sed Deus est ipsa veritas, ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
403 dicitur Ioan. XIV. Ergo omnes diligunt Deum, et nullus eum odio
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
404 habere potest.</p><p title="II-II q. 34 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="40454"><span class="ref">[40454] IIª-IIae q. 34 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
405 odium est aversio quaedam. Sed sicut Dionysius dicit, in IV cap. de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
406 Div. Nom., Deus omnia ad seipsum convertit. Ergo nullus eum odio
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
407 habere potest.</p><p title="II-II q. 34 a. 1 s. c."><a name="40455"><span class="ref">[40455] IIª-IIae q. 34 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
408 est, quod dicitur in Psalm., <i>superbia eorum qui te oderunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
409 ascendit semper</i>; et Ioan. XV, <i>nunc autem et viderunt et
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
410 oderunt me et patrem meum</i>.</p><p title="II-II q. 34 a. 1 co."><a name="40456"><span class="ref">[40456] IIª-IIae q. 34 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
411 dicendum quod, sicut ex supradictis patet, odium est quidam motus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
412 appetitivae potentiae, quae non movetur nisi ab aliquo apprehenso.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
413 Deus autem dupliciter ab homine apprehendi potest, uno modo,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
414 secundum seipsum, puta cum per essentiam videtur; alio modo, per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
415 effectus suos, cum scilicet <i>invisibilia Dei per ea quae facta
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
416 sunt intellecta conspiciuntur</i>. Deus autem per essentiam suam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
417 est ipsa bonitas, quam nullus habere odio potest, quia de ratione
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
418 boni est ut ametur. Et ideo impossibile est quod aliquis videns
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
419 Deum per essentiam eum odio habeat. Sed effectus eius aliqui sunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
420 qui nullo modo possunt esse contrarii voluntati humanae, quia esse,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
421 vivere et intelligere est appetibile et amabile omnibus, quae sunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
422 quidam effectus Dei. Unde etiam secundum quod Deus apprehenditur ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
423 auctor horum effectuum, non potest odio haberi. Sunt autem quidam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
424 effectus Dei qui repugnant inordinatae voluntati, sicut inflictio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
425 poenae; et etiam cohibitio peccatorum per legem divinam, quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
426 repugnat voluntati depravatae per peccatum. Et quantum ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
427 considerationem talium effectuum, ab aliquibus Deus odio haberi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
428 potest, inquantum scilicet apprehenditur peccatorum prohibitor et
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
429 poenarum inflictor.</p><p title="II-II q. 34 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="40457"><span class="ref">[40457] IIª-IIae q. 34 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
430 ergo dicendum quod ratio illa procedit quantum ad illos qui vident
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
431 Dei essentiam, quae est ipsa essentia bonitatis.</p><p title="II-II q. 34 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="40458"><span class="ref">[40458] IIª-IIae q. 34 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
432 dicendum quod ratio illa procedit quantum ad hoc quod apprehenditur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
433 Deus ut causa illorum effectuum qui naturaliter ab hominibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
434 amantur, inter quos sunt opera veritatis praebentis suam
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
435 cognitionem hominibus.</p><p title="II-II q. 34 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="40459"><span class="ref">[40459] IIª-IIae q. 34 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
436 dicendum quod Deus convertit omnia ad seipsum inquantum est essendi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
437 principium, quia omnia, inquantum sunt, tendunt in Dei
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
438 similitudinem, qui est ipsum esse.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 2</h3><p title="II-II q. 34 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="40460"><span class="ref">[40460] IIª-IIae q. 34 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
439 secundum sic proceditur. Videtur quod odium Dei non sit maximum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
440 peccatorum. Gravissimum enim peccatum est peccatum in spiritum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
441 sanctum, quod est irremissibile, ut dicitur Matth. XII. Sed odium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
442 Dei non computatur inter species peccati in spiritum sanctum; ut ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
443 supradictis patet. Ergo odium Dei non est gravissimum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
444 peccatorum.</p><p title="II-II q. 34 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="40461"><span class="ref">[40461] IIª-IIae q. 34 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
445 peccatum consistit in elongatione a Deo. Sed magis videtur esse
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
446 elongatus a Deo infidelis, qui nec Dei cognitionem habet, quam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
447 fidelis, qui saltem, quamvis Deum odio habet, eum tamen cognoscit.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
448 Ergo videtur quod gravius sit peccatum infidelitatis quam peccatum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
449 odii in Deum.</p><p title="II-II q. 34 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="40462"><span class="ref">[40462] IIª-IIae q. 34 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
450 Deus habetur odio solum ratione suorum effectuum qui repugnant
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
451 voluntati, inter quos praecipuum est poena. Sed odire poenam non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
452 est maximum peccatorum. Ergo odium Dei non est maximum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
453 peccatorum.</p><p title="II-II q. 34 a. 2 s. c."><a name="40463"><span class="ref">[40463] IIª-IIae q. 34 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
454 est quod optimo opponitur pessimum; ut patet per philosophum, in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
455 VIII Ethic. Sed odium Dei opponitur dilectioni Dei, in qua
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
456 consistit optimum hominis. Ergo odium Dei est pessimum peccatum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
457 hominis.</p><p title="II-II q. 34 a. 2 co."><a name="40464"><span class="ref">[40464] IIª-IIae q. 34 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
458 dicendum quod defectus peccati consistit in aversione a Deo, ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
459 supra dictum est. Huiusmodi autem aversio rationem culpae non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
460 haberet nisi voluntaria esset. Unde ratio culpae consistit in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
461 voluntaria aversione a Deo. Haec autem voluntaria aversio a Deo per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
462 se quidem importatur in odio Dei, in aliis autem peccatis quasi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
463 participative et secundum aliud. Sicut enim voluntas per se
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
464 inhaeret ei quod amat, ita secundum se refugit id quod odit, unde
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
465 quando aliquis odit Deum, voluntas eius secundum se ab eo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
466 avertitur. Sed in aliis peccatis, puta cum aliquis fornicatur, non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
467 avertitur a Deo secundum se, sed secundum aliud, inquantum scilicet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
468 appetit inordinatam delectationem, quae habet annexam aversionem a
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
469 Deo. Semper autem id quod est per se est potius eo quod est
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
470 secundum aliud. Unde odium Dei inter alia peccata est gravius.</p><p title="II-II q. 34 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="40465"><span class="ref">[40465] IIª-IIae q. 34 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
471 ergo dicendum quod, sicut Gregorius dicit, XXV Moral., <i>aliud est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
472 bona non facere, aliud est bonorum odisse datorem, sicut aliud est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
473 ex praecipitatione, aliud ex deliberatione peccare</i> ex quo datur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
474 intelligi quod odire Deum, omnium bonorum datorem, sit ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
475 deliberatione peccare, quod est peccatum in spiritum sanctum. Unde
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
476 manifestum est quod odium Dei maxime est peccatum in spiritum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
477 sanctum, secundum quod peccatum in spiritum sanctum nominat aliquod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
478 genus speciale peccati. Ideo tamen non computatur inter species
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
479 peccati in spiritum sanctum, quia generaliter invenitur in omni
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
480 specie peccati in spiritum sanctum.</p><p title="II-II q. 34 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="40466"><span class="ref">[40466] IIª-IIae q. 34 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
481 dicendum quod ipsa infidelitas non habet rationem culpae nisi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
482 inquantum est voluntaria. Et ideo tanto est gravior quanto est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
483 magis voluntaria. Quod autem sit voluntaria provenit ex hoc quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
484 aliquis odio habet veritatem quae proponitur. Unde patet quod ratio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
485 peccati in infidelitate sit ex odio Dei, circa cuius veritatem est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
486 fides. Et ideo, sicut causa est potior effectu, ita odium Dei est
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
487 maius peccatum quam infidelitas.</p><p title="II-II q. 34 a. 2 ad 3"><a name="40467"><span class="ref">[40467] IIª-IIae q. 34 a. 2 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
488 dicendum quod non quicumque odit poenas odit Deum, poenarum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
489 auctorem, nam multi odiunt poenas qui tamen patienter eas ferunt ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
490 reverentia divinae iustitiae. Unde et Augustinus dicit, X Confess.,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
491 quod mala poenalia Deus tolerare iubet, non amari. Sed prorumpere
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
492 in odium Dei punientis, hoc est habere odio ipsam Dei iustitiam,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
493 quod est gravissimum peccatum. Unde Gregorius dicit, XXV Moral.,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
494 <i>sicut nonnunquam gravius est peccatum diligere quam perpetrare,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
495 ita nequius est odisse iustitiam quam non fecisse</i>.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 3</h3><p title="II-II q. 34 a. 3 arg. 1"><a name="40468"><span class="ref">[40468] IIª-IIae q. 34 a. 3 arg. 1</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
496 sic proceditur. Videtur quod non omne odium proximi sit peccatum.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
497 Nullum enim peccatum invenitur in praeceptis vel consiliis legis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
498 divinae, secundum illud Prov. VIII. <i>Recti sunt omnes sermones
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
499 mei, non est in eis pravum quid nec perversum</i>. Sed Luc. XIV
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
500 dicitur, <i>si quis venit ad me et non odit patrem et matrem, non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
501 potest meus esse discipulus</i>. Ergo non omne odium proximi est
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
502 peccatum.</p><p title="II-II q. 34 a. 3 arg. 2"><a name="40469"><span class="ref">[40469] IIª-IIae q. 34 a. 3 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
503 nihil potest esse peccatum secundum quod Deum imitamur. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
504 imitando Deum quosdam odio habemus, dicitur enim Rom. I,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
505 <i>detractores, Deo odibiles</i>. Ergo possumus aliquos odio habere
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
506 absque peccato.</p><p title="II-II q. 34 a. 3 arg. 3"><a name="40470"><span class="ref">[40470] IIª-IIae q. 34 a. 3 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
507 nihil naturalium est peccatum, quia <i>peccatum est recessus ab eo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
508 quod est secundum naturam</i>, ut Damascenus dicit, in II libro.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
509 Sed naturale est unicuique rei quod odiat id quod est sibi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
510 contrarium et quod nitatur ad eius corruptionem. Ergo videtur non
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
511 esse peccatum quod aliquis habeat odio inimicum suum.</p><p title="II-II q. 34 a. 3 s. c."><a name="40471"><span class="ref">[40471] IIª-IIae q. 34 a. 3 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
512 est quod dicitur I Ioan. II, <i>qui fratrem suum odit in tenebris
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
513 est</i>. Sed tenebrae spirituales sunt peccata. Ergo odium proximi
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
514 non potest esse sine peccato.</p><p title="II-II q. 34 a. 3 co."><a name="40472"><span class="ref">[40472] IIª-IIae q. 34 a. 3 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
515 dicendum quod odium amori opponitur, ut supra dictum est. Unde
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
516 tantum habet odium de ratione mali quantum amor habet de ratione
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
517 boni. Amor autem debetur proximo secundum id quod a Deo habet,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
518 idest secundum naturam et gratiam, non autem debetur ei amor
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
519 secundum id quod habet a seipso et Diabolo, scilicet secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
520 peccatum et iustitiae defectum. Et ideo licet habere odio in fratre
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
521 peccatum et omne illud quod pertinet ad defectum divinae iustitiae,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
522 sed ipsam naturam et gratiam fratris non potest aliquis habere odio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
523 sine peccato. Hoc autem ipsum quod in fratre odimus culpam et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
524 defectum boni, pertinet ad fratris amorem, eiusdem enim rationis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
525 est quod velimus bonum alicuius et quod odimus malum ipsius. Unde,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
526 simpliciter accipiendo odium fratris, semper est cum peccato.</p><p title="II-II q. 34 a. 3 ad 1"><a name="40473"><span class="ref">[40473] IIª-IIae q. 34 a. 3 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
527 ergo dicendum quod parentes, quantum ad naturam et affinitatem qua
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
528 nobis coniunguntur, sunt a nobis secundum praeceptum Dei honorandi,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
529 ut patet Exod. XX. Odiendi autem sunt quantum ad hoc quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
530 impedimentum praestant nobis accedendi ad perfectionem divinae
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
531 iustitiae.</p><p title="II-II q. 34 a. 3 ad 2"><a name="40474"><span class="ref">[40474] IIª-IIae q. 34 a. 3 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
532 dicendum quod Deus in detractoribus odio habet culpam, non naturam.
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
533 Et sic sine culpa possumus odio detractores habere.</p><p title="II-II q. 34 a. 3 ad 3"><a name="40475"><span class="ref">[40475] IIª-IIae q. 34 a. 3 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
534 dicendum quod homines secundum bona quae habent a Deo non sunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
535 nobis contrarii, unde quantum ad hoc sunt amandi. Contrariantur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
536 autem nobis secundum quod contra nos inimicitias exercent, quod ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
537 eorum culpam pertinet, et quantum ad hoc sunt odio habendi. Hoc
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
538 enim in eis debemus habere odio, quod nobis sunt inimici.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 4</h3><p title="II-II q. 34 a. 4 arg. 1"><a name="40476"><span class="ref">[40476] IIª-IIae q. 34 a. 4 arg. 1</span></a> Ad quartum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
539 sic proceditur. Videtur quod odium proximi sit gravissimum peccatum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
540 eorum quae in proximo committuntur. Dicitur enim I Ioan. III,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
541 <i>omnis qui odit fratrem suum homicida est</i>. Sed homicidium est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
542 gravissimum peccatorum quae committuntur in proximum. Ergo et
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
543 odium.</p><p title="II-II q. 34 a. 4 arg. 2"><a name="40477"><span class="ref">[40477] IIª-IIae q. 34 a. 4 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
544 pessimum opponitur optimo. Sed optimum eorum quae proximo exhibemus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
545 est amor, omnia enim alia ad dilectionem referuntur. Ergo et
59
03759e5c1080 fix multi-para s.c.
ht
parents: 53
diff changeset
546 pessimum est odium.</p><div class="sc"><p title="II-II q. 34 a. 4 s. c. 1"><a name="40478"><span class="ref">[40478] IIª-IIae q. 34 a. 4 s. c. 1</span></a> Sed
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
547 contra, malum dicitur quod nocet; secundum Augustinum, in Enchirid.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
548 Sed plus aliquis nocet proximo per alia peccata quam per odium,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
549 puta per furtum et homicidium et adulterium. Ergo odium non est
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
550 gravissimum peccatum.</p><p title="II-II q. 34 a. 4 s. c. 2"><a name="40479"><span class="ref">[40479] IIª-IIae q. 34 a. 4 s. c. 2</span></a>
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
551 Praeterea, Chrysostomus, exponens illud Matth., <i>qui solverit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
552 unum de mandatis istis minimis</i>, dicit, <i>mandata Moysi, non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
553 occides, non adulterabis, in remuneratione modica sunt, in peccato
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
554 autem magna, mandata autem Christi, idest non irascaris, non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
555 concupiscas, in remuneratione magna sunt, in peccato autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
556 minima</i>. Odium autem pertinet ad interiorem motum, sicut et ira
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
557 et concupiscentia. Ergo odium proximi est minus peccatum quam
59
03759e5c1080 fix multi-para s.c.
ht
parents: 53
diff changeset
558 homicidium.</p></div><p title="II-II q. 34 a. 4 co."><a name="40480"><span class="ref">[40480] IIª-IIae q. 34 a. 4 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
559 dicendum quod peccatum quod committitur in proximum habet rationem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
560 mali ex duobus, uno quidem modo, ex deordinatione eius qui peccat;
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
561 alio modo, ex nocumento quod infertur ei contra quem peccatur.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
562 Primo ergo modo odium est maius peccatum quam exteriores actus qui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
563 sunt in proximi nocumentum, quia scilicet per odium deordinatur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
564 voluntas hominis, quae est potissimum in homine, et ex qua est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
565 radix peccati. Unde etiam si exteriores actus inordinati essent
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
566 absque inordinatione voluntatis, non essent peccata, puta cum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
567 aliquis ignoranter vel zelo iustitiae hominem occidit. Et si quid
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
568 culpae est in exterioribus peccatis quae contra proximum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
569 committuntur, totum est ex interiori odio. Sed quantum ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
570 nocumentum quod proximo infertur peiora sunt exteriora peccata quam
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
571 interius odium.</p><p title="II-II q. 34 a. 4 ad arg."><a name="40481"><span class="ref">[40481] IIª-IIae q. 34 a. 4 ad arg.</span></a> Et per
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
572 hoc patet responsio ad obiecta.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 5</h3><p title="II-II q. 34 a. 5 arg. 1"><a name="40482"><span class="ref">[40482] IIª-IIae q. 34 a. 5 arg. 1</span></a> Ad quintum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
573 sic proceditur. Videtur quod odium sit vitium capitale. Odium enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
574 directe opponitur caritati. Sed caritas est principalissima
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
575 virtutum et mater aliarum. Ergo odium est maxime vitium capitale,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
576 et principium omnium aliorum.</p><p title="II-II q. 34 a. 5 arg. 2"><a name="40483"><span class="ref">[40483] IIª-IIae q. 34 a. 5 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
577 peccata oriuntur in nobis secundum inclinationem passionum,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
578 secundum illud ad Rom. VII, <i>passiones peccatorum operabantur in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
579 membris nostris, ut fructificarent morti</i>. Sed in passionibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
580 animae ex amore et odio videntur omnes aliae sequi, ut ex
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
581 supradictis patet. Ergo odium debet poni inter vitia capitalia.</p><p title="II-II q. 34 a. 5 arg. 3"><a name="40484"><span class="ref">[40484] IIª-IIae q. 34 a. 5 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
582 vitium est malum morale. Sed odium principalius respicit malum quam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
583 alia passio. Ergo videtur quod odium debet poni vitium
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
584 capitale.</p><p title="II-II q. 34 a. 5 s. c."><a name="40485"><span class="ref">[40485] IIª-IIae q. 34 a. 5 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
585 est quod Gregorius, XXXI Moral., non enumerat odium inter septem
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
586 vitia capitalia.</p><p title="II-II q. 34 a. 5 co."><a name="40486"><span class="ref">[40486] IIª-IIae q. 34 a. 5 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
587 dicendum quod, sicut supra dictum est, vitium capitale est ex quo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
588 ut frequentius alia vitia oriuntur. Vitium autem est contra naturam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
589 hominis inquantum est animal rationale. In his autem quae contra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
590 naturam fiunt paulatim id quod est naturae corrumpitur. Unde
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
591 oportet quod primo recedatur ab eo quod est minus secundum naturam,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
592 et ultimo ab eo quod est maxime secundum naturam, quia id quod est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
593 primum in constructione est ultimum in resolutione. Id autem quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
594 est maxime et primo naturale homini est quod diligat bonum, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
595 praecipue bonum divinum et bonum proximi. Et ideo odium, quod huic
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
596 dilectioni opponitur, non est primum in deletione virtutis, quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
597 fit per vitia, sed ultimum. Et ideo odium non est vitium
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
598 capitale.</p><p title="II-II q. 34 a. 5 ad 1"><a name="40487"><span class="ref">[40487] IIª-IIae q. 34 a. 5 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
599 ergo dicendum quod, sicut dicitur in VII Physic., <i>virtus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
600 uniuscuiusque rei consistit in hoc quod sit bene disposita secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
601 suam naturam</i>. Et ideo in virtutibus oportet esse primum et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
602 principale quod est primum et principale in ordine naturali. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
603 propter hoc caritas ponitur principalissima virtutum. Et eadem
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
604 ratione odium non potest esse primum in vitiis, ut dictum est.</p><p title="II-II q. 34 a. 5 ad 2"><a name="40488"><span class="ref">[40488] IIª-IIae q. 34 a. 5 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
605 dicendum quod odium mali quod contrariatur naturali bono est primum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
606 inter passiones animae, sicut et amor naturalis boni. Sed odium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
607 boni connaturalis non potest esse primum, sed habet rationem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
608 ultimi, quia tale odium attestatur corruptioni naturae iam factae,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
609 sicut et amor extranei boni.</p><p title="II-II q. 34 a. 5 ad 3"><a name="40489"><span class="ref">[40489] IIª-IIae q. 34 a. 5 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
610 dicendum quod duplex est malum. Quoddam verum, quia scilicet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
611 repugnat naturali bono, et huius mali odium potest habere rationem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
612 prioritatis inter passiones. Est autem aliud malum non verum, sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
613 apparens, quod scilicet est verum bonum et connaturale, sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
614 aestimatur ut malum propter corruptionem naturae. Et huiusmodi mali
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
615 odium oportet quod sit in ultimo. Hoc autem odium est vitiosum, non
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
616 autem primum.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 6</h3><p title="II-II q. 34 a. 6 arg. 1"><a name="40490"><span class="ref">[40490] IIª-IIae q. 34 a. 6 arg. 1</span></a> Ad sextum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
617 sic proceditur. Videtur quod odium non oriatur ex invidia. Invidia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
618 enim est tristitia quaedam de alienis bonis. Odium autem non oritur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
619 ex tristitia, sed potius e converso, tristamur enim de praesentia
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
620 malorum quae odimus. Ergo odium non oritur ex invidia.</p><p title="II-II q. 34 a. 6 arg. 2"><a name="40491"><span class="ref">[40491] IIª-IIae q. 34 a. 6 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
621 odium dilectioni opponitur. Sed dilectio proximi refertur ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
622 dilectionem Dei, ut supra habitum est. Ergo et odium proximi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
623 refertur ad odium Dei. Sed odium Dei non causatur ex invidia, non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
624 enim invidemus his qui maxime a nobis distant, sed his qui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
625 propinqui videntur, ut patet per philosophum, in II Rhet. Ergo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
626 odium non causatur ex invidia.</p><p title="II-II q. 34 a. 6 arg. 3"><a name="40492"><span class="ref">[40492] IIª-IIae q. 34 a. 6 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
627 unius effectus una est causa. Sed odium causatur ex ira, dicit enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
628 Augustinus, in regula, quod ira crescit in odium. Non ergo causatur
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
629 odium ex invidia.</p><p title="II-II q. 34 a. 6 s. c."><a name="40493"><span class="ref">[40493] IIª-IIae q. 34 a. 6 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
630 est quod Gregorius dicit, XXXI Moral., quod de invidia oritur
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
631 odium.</p><p title="II-II q. 34 a. 6 co."><a name="40494"><span class="ref">[40494] IIª-IIae q. 34 a. 6 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
632 dicendum quod, sicut dictum est, odium proximi est ultimum in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
633 progressu peccati, eo quod opponitur dilectioni qua naturaliter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
634 proximus diligitur. Quod autem aliquis recedat ab eo quod est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
635 naturale, contingit ex hoc quod intendit vitare aliquid quod est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
636 naturaliter fugiendum. Naturaliter autem omne animal fugit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
637 tristitiam, sicut et appetit delectationem; sicut patet per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
638 philosophum, in VII et X Ethic. Et ideo sicut ex delectatione
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
639 causatur amor, ita ex tristitia causatur odium, sicut enim movemur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
640 ad diligendum ea quae nos delectant, inquantum ex hoc ipso
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
641 accipiuntur sub ratione boni; ita movemur ad odiendum ea quae nos
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
642 contristant, inquantum ex hoc ipso accipiuntur sub ratione mali.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
643 Unde cum invidia sit tristitia de bono proximi, sequitur quod bonum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
644 proximi reddatur nobis odiosum. Et inde est quod ex invidia oritur
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
645 odium.</p><p title="II-II q. 34 a. 6 ad 1"><a name="40495"><span class="ref">[40495] IIª-IIae q. 34 a. 6 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
646 ergo dicendum quod quia vis appetitiva, sicut et apprehensiva,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
647 reflectitur super suos actus, sequitur quod in motibus appetitivae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
648 virtutis sit quaedam circulatio. Secundum igitur primum processum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
649 appetitivi motus, ex amore consequitur desiderium, ex quo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
650 consequitur delectatio, cum quis consecutus fuerit quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
651 desiderabat. Et quia hoc ipsum quod est delectari in bono amato
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
652 habet quandam rationem boni, sequitur quod delectatio causet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
653 amorem. Et secundum eandem rationem sequitur quod tristitia causet
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
654 odium.</p><p title="II-II q. 34 a. 6 ad 2"><a name="40496"><span class="ref">[40496] IIª-IIae q. 34 a. 6 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
655 dicendum quod alia ratio est de dilectione et odio. Nam dilectionis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
656 obiectum est bonum, quod a Deo in creaturas derivatur, et ideo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
657 dilectio per prius est Dei, et per posterius est proximi. Sed odium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
658 est mali, quod non habet locum in ipso Deo, sed in eius effectibus,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
659 unde etiam supra dictum est quod Deus non habetur odio nisi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
660 inquantum apprehenditur secundum suos effectus. Et ideo per prius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
661 est odium proximi quam odium Dei. Unde, cum invidia ad proximum sit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
662 mater odii quod est ad proximum, fit per consequens causa odii quod
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
663 est in Deum.</p><p title="II-II q. 34 a. 6 ad 3"><a name="40497"><span class="ref">[40497] IIª-IIae q. 34 a. 6 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
664 dicendum quod nihil prohibet secundum diversas rationes aliquid
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
665 oriri ex diversis causis. Et secundum hoc odium potest oriri et ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
666 ira et ex invidia. Directius tamen oritur ex invidia, per quam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
667 ipsum bonum proximi redditur contristabile et per consequens
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
668 odibile. Sed ex ira oritur odium secundum quoddam augmentum. Nam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
669 primo per iram appetimus malum proximi secundum quandam mensuram,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
670 prout scilicet habet rationem vindictae, postea autem per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
671 continuitatem irae pervenitur ad hoc quod homo malum proximi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
672 absolute desideret, quod pertinet ad rationem odii. Unde patet quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
673 odium ex invidia causatur formaliter secundum rationem obiecti; ex
59
03759e5c1080 fix multi-para s.c.
ht
parents: 53
diff changeset
674 ira autem dispositive.</p></div></div><div id="q35" class="q"><h2>Quaestio 35</h2><div class="p"><h3>Prooemium</h3><p title="II-II q. 35 pr."><a name="40498"><span class="ref">[40498] IIª-IIae q. 35 pr.</span></a> Deinde
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
675 considerandum est de vitiis oppositis gaudio caritatis. Quod quidem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
676 est et de bono divino, cui gaudio opponitur acedia; et de bono
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
677 proximi, cui gaudio opponitur invidia. Unde primo considerandum est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
678 de acedia; secundo, de invidia. Circa primum quaeruntur quatuor.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
679 Primo, utrum acedia sit peccatum. Secundo, utrum sit speciale
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
680 vitium. Tertio, utrum sit mortale peccatum. Quarto, utrum sit
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
681 vitium capitale.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 1</h3><p title="II-II q. 35 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="40499"><span class="ref">[40499] IIª-IIae q. 35 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
682 sic proceditur. Videtur quod acedia non sit peccatum.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
683 <i>Passionibus enim non laudamur neque vituperamur</i>; secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
684 philosophum, in II Ethic. Sed acedia est quaedam passio, est enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
685 species tristitiae, ut Damascenus dicit, et supra habitum est. Ergo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
686 acedia non est peccatum.</p><p title="II-II q. 35 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="40500"><span class="ref">[40500] IIª-IIae q. 35 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
687 nullus defectus corporalis qui statutis horis accidit habet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
688 rationem peccati. Sed acedia est huiusmodi, dicit enim Cassianus,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
689 in X Lib. de institutis monasteriorum, <i>maxime acedia circa horam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
690 sextam monachum inquietat, ut quaedam febris ingruens tempore
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
691 praestituto, ardentissimos aestus accensionum suarum solitis ac
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
692 statutis horis animae inferens aegrotanti</i>. Ergo acedia non est
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
693 peccatum.</p><p title="II-II q. 35 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="40501"><span class="ref">[40501] IIª-IIae q. 35 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
694 illud quod ex radice bona procedit non videtur esse peccatum. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
695 acedia ex bona radice procedit, dicit enim Cassianus, in eodem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
696 libro, quod acedia provenit ex hoc quod aliquis <i>ingemiscit se
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
697 fructum spiritualem non habere, et absentia longeque posita
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
698 magnificat monasteria</i>; quod videtur ad humilitatem pertinere.
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
699 Ergo acedia non est peccatum.</p><p title="II-II q. 35 a. 1 arg. 4"><a name="40502"><span class="ref">[40502] IIª-IIae q. 35 a. 1 arg. 4</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
700 omne peccatum est fugiendum, secundum illud Eccli. XXI, <i>quasi a
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
701 facie colubri, fuge peccatum</i>. Sed Cassianus dicit, in eodem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
702 libro, <i>experimento probatum est acediae impugnationem non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
703 declinando fugiendam, sed resistendo superandam</i>. Ergo acedia
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
704 non est peccatum.</p><p title="II-II q. 35 a. 1 s. c."><a name="40503"><span class="ref">[40503] IIª-IIae q. 35 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
705 illud quod interdicitur in sacra Scriptura est peccatum. Sed acedia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
706 est huiusmodi, dicitur enim Eccli. VI, subiice humerum tuum et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
707 porta illam, idest spiritualem sapientiam, et non acedieris in
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
708 vinculis eius. Ergo acedia est peccatum.</p><p title="II-II q. 35 a. 1 co."><a name="40504"><span class="ref">[40504] IIª-IIae q. 35 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
709 dicendum quod acedia, secundum Damascenum, est quaedam tristitia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
710 aggravans, quae scilicet ita deprimit animum hominis ut nihil ei
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
711 agere libeat; sicuti ea quae sunt acida etiam frigida sunt. Et ideo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
712 acedia importat quoddam taedium operandi, ut patet per hoc quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
713 dicitur in Glossa super illud Psalm., <i>omnem escam abominata est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
714 anima eorum</i>; et a quibusdam dicitur quod acedia est torpor
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
715 mentis bona negligentis inchoare. Huiusmodi autem tristitia semper
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
716 est mala, quandoque quidem etiam secundum seipsam; quandoque vero
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
717 secundum effectum. Tristitia enim secundum se mala est quae est de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
718 eo quod est apparens malum et vere bonum, sicut e contrario
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
719 delectatio mala est quae est de eo quod est apparens bonum et vere
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
720 malum. Cum igitur spirituale bonum sit vere bonum, tristitia quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
721 est de spirituali bono est secundum se mala. Sed etiam tristitia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
722 quae est de vere malo mala est secundum effectum si sic hominem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
723 aggravet ut eum totaliter a bono opere retrahat, unde et apostolus,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
724 II ad Cor. II, non vult ut poenitens maiori tristitia de peccato
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
725 absorbeatur. Quia igitur acedia, secundum quod hic sumitur, nominat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
726 tristitiam spiritualis boni, est dupliciter mala, et secundum se et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
727 secundum effectum. Et ideo acedia est peccatum, malum enim in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
728 motibus appetitivis dicimus esse peccatum, ut ex supradictis
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
729 patet.</p><p title="II-II q. 35 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="40505"><span class="ref">[40505] IIª-IIae q. 35 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
730 ergo dicendum quod passiones secundum se non sunt peccata, sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
731 secundum quod applicantur ad aliquod malum, vituperantur; sicut et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
732 laudantur ex hoc quod applicantur ad aliquod bonum. Unde tristitia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
733 secundum se non nominat nec aliquid laudabile nec vituperabile, sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
734 tristitia de malo vero moderata nominat aliquid laudabile;
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
735 tristitia autem de bono, et iterum tristitia immoderata, nominat
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
736 aliquid vituperabile. Et secundum hoc acedia ponitur peccatum.</p><p title="II-II q. 35 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="40506"><span class="ref">[40506] IIª-IIae q. 35 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
737 dicendum quod passiones appetitus sensitivi et in se possunt esse
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
738 peccata venialia, et inclinant animam ad peccatum mortale. Et quia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
739 appetitus sensitivus habet organum corporale, sequitur quod per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
740 aliquam corporalem transmutationem homo fit habilior ad aliquod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
741 peccatum. Et ideo potest contingere quod secundum aliquas
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
742 transmutationes corporales certis temporibus provenientes aliqua
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
743 peccata nos magis impugnent. Omnis autem corporalis defectus de se
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
744 ad tristitiam disponit. Et ideo ieiunantes, circa meridiem, quando
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
745 iam incipiunt sentire defectum cibi et urgeri ab aestibus solis,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
746 magis ab acedia impugnantur.</p><p title="II-II q. 35 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="40507"><span class="ref">[40507] IIª-IIae q. 35 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
747 dicendum quod ad humilitatem pertinet ut homo, defectus proprios
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
748 considerans, seipsum non extollat. Sed hoc non pertinet ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
749 humilitatem, sed potius ad ingratitudinem, quod bona quae quis a
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
750 Deo possidet contemnat. Et ex tali contemptu sequitur acedia, de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
751 his enim tristamur quae quasi mala vel vilia reputamus. Sic igitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
752 necesse est ut aliquis aliorum bona extollat quod tamen bona sibi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
753 divinitus provisa non contemnat, quia sic ei tristia
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
754 redderentur.</p><p title="II-II q. 35 a. 1 ad 4"><a name="40508"><span class="ref">[40508] IIª-IIae q. 35 a. 1 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
755 dicendum quod peccatum semper est fugiendum, sed impugnatio peccati
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
756 quandoque est vincenda fugiendo, quandoque resistendo. Fugiendo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
757 quidem, quando continua cogitatio auget peccati incentivum, sicut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
758 est in luxuria, unde dicitur I ad Cor. VI, <i>fugite
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
759 fornicationem</i>. Resistendo autem, quando cogitatio perseverans
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
760 tollit incentivum peccati, quod provenit ex aliqua levi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
761 apprehensione. Et hoc contingit in acedia, quia quanto magis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
762 cogitamus de bonis spiritualibus, tanto magis nobis placentia
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
763 redduntur; ex quo cessat acedia.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 2</h3><p title="II-II q. 35 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="40509"><span class="ref">[40509] IIª-IIae q. 35 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
764 secundum sic proceditur. Videtur quod acedia non sit speciale
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
765 vitium. Illud enim quod convenit omni vitio non constituit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
766 specialis vitii rationem. Sed quodlibet vitium facit hominem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
767 tristari de bono spirituali opposito, nam luxuriosus tristatur de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
768 bono continentiae, et gulosus de bono abstinentiae. Cum ergo acedia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
769 sit tristitia de bono spirituali, sicut dictum est, videtur quod
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
770 acedia non sit speciale peccatum.</p><p title="II-II q. 35 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="40510"><span class="ref">[40510] IIª-IIae q. 35 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
771 acedia, cum sit tristitia quaedam, gaudio opponitur. Sed gaudium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
772 non ponitur una specialis virtus. Ergo neque acedia debet poni
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
773 speciale vitium.</p><p title="II-II q. 35 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="40511"><span class="ref">[40511] IIª-IIae q. 35 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
774 spirituale bonum, cum sit quoddam commune obiectum quod virtus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
775 appetit et vitium refugit, non constituit specialem rationem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
776 virtutis aut vitii nisi per aliquid additum contrahatur. Sed nihil
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
777 videtur quod contrahat ipsum ad acediam, si sit vitium speciale,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
778 nisi labor, ex hoc enim aliqui refugiunt spiritualia bona quia sunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
779 laboriosa; unde et acedia taedium quoddam est. Refugere autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
780 labores, et quaerere quietem corporalem, ad idem pertinere videtur,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
781 scilicet ad pigritiam. Ergo acedia nihil aliud esset quam pigritia.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
782 Quod videtur esse falsum, nam pigritia sollicitudini opponitur,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
783 acediae autem gaudium. Non ergo acedia est speciale vitium.</p><p title="II-II q. 35 a. 2 s. c."><a name="40512"><span class="ref">[40512] IIª-IIae q. 35 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
784 est quod Gregorius, XXXI Moral., distinguit acediam ab aliis
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
785 vitiis. Ergo est speciale peccatum.</p><p title="II-II q. 35 a. 2 co."><a name="40513"><span class="ref">[40513] IIª-IIae q. 35 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
786 dicendum quod, cum acedia sit tristitia de spirituali bono, si
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
787 accipiatur spirituale bonum communiter, non habebit acedia rationem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
788 specialis vitii, quia sicut dictum est, omne vitium refugit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
789 spirituale bonum virtutis oppositae. Similiter etiam non potest
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
790 dici quod sit speciale vitium acedia inquantum refugit spirituale
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
791 bonum prout est laboriosum vel molestum corpori, aut delectationis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
792 eius impeditivum, quia hoc etiam non separaret acediam a vitiis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
793 carnalibus, quibus aliquis quietem et delectationem corporis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
794 quaerit. Et ideo dicendum est quod in spiritualibus bonis est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
795 quidam ordo, nam omnia spiritualia bona quae sunt in actibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
796 singularum virtutum ordinantur ad unum spirituale bonum quod est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
797 bonum divinum, circa quod est specialis virtus, quae est caritas.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
798 Unde ad quamlibet virtutem pertinet gaudere de proprio spirituali
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
799 bono, quod consistit in proprio actu, sed ad caritatem pertinet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
800 specialiter illud gaudium spirituale quo quis gaudet de bono
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
801 divino. Et similiter illa tristitia qua quis tristatur de bono
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
802 spirituali quod est in actibus singularum virtutum non pertinet ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
803 aliquod vitium speciale, sed ad omnia vitia. Sed tristari de bono
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
804 divino, de quo caritas gaudet, pertinet ad speciale vitium, quod
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
805 acedia vocatur.</p><p title="II-II q. 35 a. 2 ad arg."><a name="40514"><span class="ref">[40514] IIª-IIae q. 35 a. 2 ad arg.</span></a> Et per
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
806 hoc patet responsio ad obiecta.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 3</h3><p title="II-II q. 35 a. 3 arg. 1"><a name="40515"><span class="ref">[40515] IIª-IIae q. 35 a. 3 arg. 1</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
807 sic proceditur. Videtur quod acedia non sit peccatum mortale. Omne
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
808 enim peccatum mortale contrariatur praecepto legis Dei. Sed acedia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
809 nulli praecepto contrariari videtur, ut patet discurrenti per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
810 singula praecepta Decalogi. Ergo acedia non est peccatum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
811 mortale.</p><p title="II-II q. 35 a. 3 arg. 2"><a name="40516"><span class="ref">[40516] IIª-IIae q. 35 a. 3 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
812 peccatum operis in eodem genere non est minus quam peccatum cordis.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
813 Sed recedere opere ab aliquo spirituali bono in Deum ducente non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
814 est peccatum mortale, alioquin mortaliter peccaret quicumque
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
815 consilia non observaret. Ergo recedere corde per tristitiam ab
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
816 huiusmodi spiritualibus operibus non est peccatum mortale. Non ergo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
817 acedia est peccatum mortale.</p><p title="II-II q. 35 a. 3 arg. 3"><a name="40517"><span class="ref">[40517] IIª-IIae q. 35 a. 3 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
818 nullum peccatum mortale in viris perfectis invenitur. Sed acedia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
819 invenitur in viris perfectis, dicit enim Cassianus, in Lib. X de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
820 institutis coenobiorum, quod <i>acedia est solitariis magis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
821 experta, et in eremo commorantibus infestior hostis ac
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
822 frequens</i>. Ergo acedia non est peccatum mortale.</p><p title="II-II q. 35 a. 3 s. c."><a name="40518"><span class="ref">[40518] IIª-IIae q. 35 a. 3 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
823 est quod dicitur II ad Cor. VII, tristitia saeculi mortem operatur.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
824 Sed huiusmodi est acedia, non enim est tristitia secundum Deum,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
825 quae contra tristitiam saeculi dividitur, quae mortem operatur.
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
826 Ergo est peccatum mortale.</p><p title="II-II q. 35 a. 3 co."><a name="40519"><span class="ref">[40519] IIª-IIae q. 35 a. 3 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
827 dicendum quod, sicut supra dictum est, peccatum mortale dicitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
828 quod tollit spiritualem vitam, quae est per caritatem, secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
829 quam Deus nos inhabitat, unde illud peccatum ex suo genere est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
830 mortale quod de se, secundum propriam rationem, contrariatur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
831 caritati. Huiusmodi autem est acedia. Nam proprius effectus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
832 caritatis est gaudium de Deo, ut supra dictum est, acedia autem est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
833 tristitia de bono spirituali inquantum est bonum divinum. Unde
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
834 secundum suum genus acedia est peccatum mortale. Sed considerandum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
835 est in omnibus peccatis quae sunt secundum suum genus mortalia quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
836 non sunt mortalia nisi quando suam perfectionem consequuntur. Est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
837 autem consummatio peccati in consensu rationis, loquimur enim nunc
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
838 de peccato humano, quod in actu humano consistit, cuius principium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
839 est ratio. Unde si sit inchoatio peccati in sola sensualitate, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
840 non pertingat usque ad consensum rationis, propter imperfectionem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
841 actus est peccatum veniale. Sicut in genere adulterii
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
842 concupiscentia quae consistit in sola sensualitate est peccatum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
843 veniale; si tamen pervenitur usque ad consensum rationis, est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
844 peccatum mortale. Ita etiam et motus acediae in sola sensualitate
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
845 quandoque est, propter repugnantiam carnis ad spiritum, et tunc est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
846 peccatum veniale. Quandoque vero pertingit usque ad rationem, quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
847 consentit in fugam et horrorem et detestationem boni divini, carne
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
848 omnino contra spiritum praevalente. Et tunc manifestum est quod
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
849 acedia est peccatum mortale.</p><p title="II-II q. 35 a. 3 ad 1"><a name="40520"><span class="ref">[40520] IIª-IIae q. 35 a. 3 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
850 ergo dicendum quod acedia contrariatur praecepto de sanctificatione
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
851 sabbati, in quo, secundum quod est praeceptum morale, praecipitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
852 quies mentis in Deo, cui contrariatur tristitia mentis de bono
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
853 divino.</p><p title="II-II q. 35 a. 3 ad 2"><a name="40521"><span class="ref">[40521] IIª-IIae q. 35 a. 3 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
854 dicendum quod acedia non est recessus mentalis a quocumque
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
855 spirituali bono, sed a bono divino, cui oportet mentem inhaerere ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
856 necessitate. Unde si aliquis contristetur de hoc quod aliquis cogit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
857 eum implere opera virtutis quae facere non tenetur, non est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
858 peccatum acediae, sed quando contristatur in his quae ei imminent
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
859 facienda propter Deum.</p><p title="II-II q. 35 a. 3 ad 3"><a name="40522"><span class="ref">[40522] IIª-IIae q. 35 a. 3 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
860 dicendum quod in viris sanctis inveniuntur aliqui imperfecti motus
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
861 acediae, qui tamen non pertingunt usque ad consensum rationis.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 4</h3><p title="II-II q. 35 a. 4 arg. 1"><a name="40523"><span class="ref">[40523] IIª-IIae q. 35 a. 4 arg. 1</span></a> Ad quartum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
862 sic proceditur. Videtur quod acedia non debeat poni vitium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
863 capitale. Vitium enim capitale dicitur quod movet ad actus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
864 peccatorum, ut supra habitum est. Sed acedia non movet ad agendum,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
865 sed magis retrahit ab agendo. Ergo non debet poni vitium
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
866 capitale.</p><p title="II-II q. 35 a. 4 arg. 2"><a name="40524"><span class="ref">[40524] IIª-IIae q. 35 a. 4 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
867 vitium capitale habet filias sibi deputatas. Assignat autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
868 Gregorius, XXXI Moral., sex filias acediae, quae sunt <i>malitia,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
869 rancor, pusillanimitas, desperatio, torpor circa praecepta, vagatio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
870 mentis circa illicita</i>, quae non videntur convenienter oriri ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
871 acedia. Nam rancor idem esse videtur quod odium, quod oritur ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
872 invidia, ut supra dictum est. Malitia autem est genus ad omnia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
873 vitia, et similiter vagatio mentis circa illicita, et in omnibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
874 vitiis inveniuntur. Torpor autem circa praecepta idem videtur esse
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
875 quod acedia. Pusillanimitas autem et desperatio ex quibuscumque
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
876 peccatis oriri possunt. Non ergo convenienter ponitur acedia esse
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
877 vitium capitale.</p><p title="II-II q. 35 a. 4 arg. 3"><a name="40525"><span class="ref">[40525] IIª-IIae q. 35 a. 4 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
878 Isidorus, in libro de summo bono, distinguit vitium acediae a vitio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
879 tristitiae, dicens tristitiam esse inquantum recedit a graviori et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
880 laborioso ad quod tenetur; acediam inquantum se convertit ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
881 quietem indebitam. Et dicit de tristitia oriri rancorem,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
882 pusillanimitatem, amaritudinem, desperationem, de acedia vero dicit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
883 oriri septem, quae sunt otiositas, somnolentia, importunitas
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
884 mentis, inquietudo corporis, instabilitas, verbositas, curiositas.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
885 Ergo videtur quod vel a Gregorio vel ab Isidoro male assignetur
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
886 acedia vitium capitale cum suis filiabus.</p><p title="II-II q. 35 a. 4 s. c."><a name="40526"><span class="ref">[40526] IIª-IIae q. 35 a. 4 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
887 est quod Gregorius dicit, XXXI Moral., acediam esse vitium capitale
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
888 et habere praedictas filias.</p><p title="II-II q. 35 a. 4 co."><a name="40527"><span class="ref">[40527] IIª-IIae q. 35 a. 4 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
889 dicendum quod, sicut supra dictum est, vitium capitale dicitur ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
890 quo promptum est ut alia vitia oriantur secundum rationem causae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
891 finalis. Sicut autem homines multa operantur propter delectationem,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
892 tum ut ipsam consequantur, tum etiam ex eius impetu ad aliquid
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
893 agendum permoti; ita etiam propter tristitiam multa operantur, vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
894 ut ipsam evitent, vel ex eius pondere in aliqua agenda proruentes.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
895 Unde cum acedia sit tristitia quaedam, ut supra dictum est,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
896 convenienter ponitur vitium capitale.</p><p title="II-II q. 35 a. 4 ad 1"><a name="40528"><span class="ref">[40528] IIª-IIae q. 35 a. 4 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
897 ergo dicendum quod acedia, aggravando animum, impedit hominem ab
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
898 illis operibus quae tristitiam causant. Sed tamen inducit animum ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
899 aliqua agenda vel quae sunt tristitiae consona, sicut ad plorandum;
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
900 vel etiam ad aliqua per quae tristitia evitatur.</p><p title="II-II q. 35 a. 4 ad 2"><a name="40529"><span class="ref">[40529] IIª-IIae q. 35 a. 4 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
901 dicendum quod Gregorius convenienter assignat filias acediae. Quia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
902 enim, ut philosophus dicit, in VIII Ethic., <i>nullus diu absque
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
903 delectatione potest manere cum tristitia</i>, necesse est quod ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
904 tristitia aliquid dupliciter oriatur, uno modo, ut homo recedat a
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
905 contristantibus; alio modo, ut ad alia transeat in quibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
906 delectatur, sicut illi qui non possunt gaudere in spiritualibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
907 delectationibus transferunt se ad corporales, secundum philosophum,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
908 in X Ethic. In fuga autem tristitiae talis processus attenditur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
909 quod primo homo fugit contristantia; secundo, etiam impugnat ea
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
910 quae tristitiam ingerunt. Spiritualia autem bona, de quibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
911 tristatur acedia, sunt et finis et id quod est ad finem. Fuga autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
912 finis fit per desperationem. Fuga autem bonorum quae sunt ad finem,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
913 quantum ad ardua, quae subsunt consiliis, fit per pusillanimitatem;
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
914 quantum autem ad ea quae pertinent ad communem iustitiam, fit per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
915 torporem circa praecepta. Impugnatio autem contristantium bonorum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
916 spiritualium quandoque quidem est contra homines qui ad bona
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
917 spiritualia inducunt, et hoc est rancor; quandoque vero se extendit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
918 ad ipsa spiritualia bona, in quorum detestationem aliquis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
919 adducitur, et hoc proprie est malitia. Inquantum autem propter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
920 tristitiam a spiritualibus aliquis transfert se ad delectabilia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
921 exteriora, ponitur filia acediae evagatio circa illicita. Per quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
922 patet responsio ad ea quae circa singulas filias obiiciebantur. Nam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
923 malitia non accipitur hic secundum quod est genus vitiorum, sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
924 sicut dictum est. Rancor etiam non accipitur hic communiter pro
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
925 odio, sed pro quadam indignatione, sicut dictum est. Et idem
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
926 dicendum est de aliis.</p><p title="II-II q. 35 a. 4 ad 3"><a name="40530"><span class="ref">[40530] IIª-IIae q. 35 a. 4 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
927 dicendum quod etiam Cassianus, in libro de institutis Coenob.,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
928 distinguit tristitiam ab acedia, sed convenientius Gregorius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
929 acediam tristitiam nominat. Quia sicut supra dictum est, tristitia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
930 non est vitium ab aliis distinctum secundum quod aliquis recedit a
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
931 gravi et laborioso opere, vel secundum quascumque alias causas
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
932 aliquis tristetur, sed solum secundum quod contristatur de bono
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
933 divino. Quod pertinet ad rationem acediae, quae intantum convertit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
934 ad quietem indebitam inquantum aspernatur bonum divinum. Illa autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
935 quae Isidorus ponit oriri ex tristitia et acedia reducuntur ad ea
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
936 quae Gregorius ponit. Nam amaritudo, quam ponit Isidorus oriri ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
937 tristitia, est quidam effectus rancoris. Otiositas autem et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
938 somnolentia reducuntur ad torporem circa praecepta, circa quae est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
939 aliquis otiosus, omnino ea praetermittens et somnolentus, ea
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
940 negligenter implens. Omnia autem alia quinque quae ponit ex acedia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
941 oriri pertinent ad evagationem mentis circa illicita. Quae quidem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
942 secundum quod in ipsa arce mentis residet volentis importune ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
943 diversa se diffundere, vocatur importunitas mentis; secundum autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
944 quod pertinet ad cognitivam, dicitur curiositas; quantum autem ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
945 locutionem, dicitur verbositas; quantum autem ad corpus in eodem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
946 loco non manens, dicitur inquietudo corporis, quando scilicet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
947 aliquis per inordinatos motus membrorum vagationem indicat mentis;
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
948 quantum autem ad diversa loca, dicitur instabilitas. Vel potest
59
03759e5c1080 fix multi-para s.c.
ht
parents: 53
diff changeset
949 accipi instabilitas secundum mutabilitatem propositi.</p></div></div><div id="q36" class="q"><h2>Quaestio 36</h2><div class="p"><h3>Prooemium</h3><p title="II-II q. 36 pr."><a name="40531"><span class="ref">[40531] IIª-IIae q. 36 pr.</span></a> Deinde
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
950 considerandum est de invidia. Et circa hoc quaeruntur quatuor.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
951 Primo, quid sit invidia. Secundo, utrum sit peccatum. Tertio, utrum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
952 sit peccatum mortale. Quarto, utrum sit vitium capitale, et de
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
953 filiabus eius.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 1</h3><p title="II-II q. 36 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="40532"><span class="ref">[40532] IIª-IIae q. 36 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
954 sic proceditur. Videtur quod invidia non sit tristitia. Obiectum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
955 enim tristitiae est malum. Sed obiectum invidiae est bonum, dicit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
956 enim Gregorius, in V Moral., de invido loquens, <i>tabescentem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
957 mentem sua poena sauciat, quam felicitas torquet aliena</i>. Ergo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
958 invidia non est tristitia.</p><p title="II-II q. 36 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="40533"><span class="ref">[40533] IIª-IIae q. 36 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
959 similitudo non est causa tristitiae, sed magis delectationis. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
960 similitudo est causa invidiae, dicit enim philosophus, in II Rhet.,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
961 <i>invidebunt tales quibus sunt aliqui similes aut secundum genus,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
962 aut secundum cognationem, aut secundum staturam, aut secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
963 habitum, aut secundum opinionem</i>. Ergo invidia non est
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
964 tristitia.</p><p title="II-II q. 36 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="40534"><span class="ref">[40534] IIª-IIae q. 36 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
965 tristitia ex aliquo defectu causatur, unde illi qui sunt in magno
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
966 defectu sunt ad tristitiam proni, ut supra dictum est, cum de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
967 passionibus ageretur. Sed illi quibus modicum deficit, et qui sunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
968 amatores honoris, et qui reputantur sapientes, sunt invidi; ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
969 patet per philosophum, in II Rhet. Ergo invidia non est
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
970 tristitia.</p><p title="II-II q. 36 a. 1 arg. 4"><a name="40535"><span class="ref">[40535] IIª-IIae q. 36 a. 1 arg. 4</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
971 tristitia delectationi opponitur. Oppositorum autem non est eadem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
972 causa. Ergo, cum memoria bonorum habitorum sit causa delectationis,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
973 ut supra dictum est, non erit causa tristitiae. Est autem causa
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
974 invidiae, dicit enim philosophus, in II Rhet., quod his aliqui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
975 invident qui habent aut possederunt quae ipsis conveniebant aut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
976 quae ipsi quandoque possidebant. Ergo invidia non est
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
977 tristitia.</p><p title="II-II q. 36 a. 1 s. c."><a name="40536"><span class="ref">[40536] IIª-IIae q. 36 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
978 est quod Damascenus, in II libro, ponit invidiam speciem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
979 tristitiae, et dicit quod invidia est tristitia in alienis
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
980 bonis.</p><p title="II-II q. 36 a. 1 co."><a name="40537"><span class="ref">[40537] IIª-IIae q. 36 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
981 dicendum quod obiectum tristitiae est malum proprium. Contingit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
982 autem id quod est alienum bonum apprehendi ut malum proprium. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
983 secundum hoc de bono alieno potest esse tristitia. Sed hoc
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
984 contingit dupliciter. Uno modo, quando quis tristatur de bono
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
985 alicuius inquantum imminet sibi ex hoc periculum alicuius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
986 nocumenti, sicut cum homo tristatur de exaltatione inimici sui,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
987 timens ne eum laedat. Et talis tristitia non est invidia, sed magis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
988 timoris effectus; ut philosophus dicit, in II Rhet. Alio modo bonum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
989 alterius aestimatur ut malum proprium inquantum est diminutivum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
990 propriae gloriae vel excellentiae. Et hoc modo de bono alterius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
991 tristatur invidia. Et ideo praecipue de illis bonis homines
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
992 invident in quibus est gloria, et in quibus homines amant honorari
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
993 et in opinione esse; ut philosophus dicit, in II Rhet.</p><p title="II-II q. 36 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="40538"><span class="ref">[40538] IIª-IIae q. 36 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
994 ergo dicendum quod nihil prohibet id quod est bonum uni apprehendi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
995 ut malum alteri. Et secundum hoc tristitia aliqua potest esse de
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
996 bono, ut dictum est.</p><p title="II-II q. 36 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="40539"><span class="ref">[40539] IIª-IIae q. 36 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
997 dicendum quod quia invidia est de gloria alterius inquantum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
998 diminuit gloriam quam quis appetit, consequens est ut ad illos
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
999 tantum invidia habeatur quibus homo vult se aequare vel praeferre
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1000 in gloria. Hoc autem non est respectu multum a se distantium,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1001 nullus enim, nisi insanus, studet se aequare vel praeferre in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1002 gloria his qui sunt multo eo maiores, puta plebeius homo regi; vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1003 etiam rex plebeio, quem multum excedit. Et ideo his qui multum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1004 distant vel loco vel tempore vel statu homo non invidet, sed his
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1005 qui sunt propinqui, quibus se nititur aequare vel praeferre. Nam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1006 cum illi excedunt in gloria, accidit hoc contra nostram utilitatem,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1007 et inde causatur tristitia. Similitudo autem delectationem causat
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1008 inquantum concordat voluntati.</p><p title="II-II q. 36 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="40540"><span class="ref">[40540] IIª-IIae q. 36 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1009 dicendum quod nullus conatur ad ea in quibus est multum deficiens.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1010 Et ideo cum aliquis in hoc eum excedat, non invidet. Sed si modicum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1011 deficiat, videtur quod ad hoc pertingere possit, et sic ad hoc
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1012 conatur. Unde si frustraretur eius conatus propter excessum gloriae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1013 alterius, tristatur. Et inde est quod amatores honoris sunt magis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1014 invidi. Et similiter etiam pusillanimes sunt invidi, quia omnia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1015 reputant magna, et quidquid boni alicui accidat, reputant se in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1016 magno superatos esse. Unde et Iob V dicitur, <i>parvulum occidit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1017 invidia</i>. Et dicit Gregorius, in V Moral., quod <i>invidere non
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1018 possumus nisi eis quos nobis in aliquo meliores putamus</i>.</p><p title="II-II q. 36 a. 1 ad 4"><a name="40541"><span class="ref">[40541] IIª-IIae q. 36 a. 1 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1019 dicendum quod memoria praeteritorum bonorum, inquantum fuerunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1020 habita, delectationem causat, sed inquantum sunt amissa, causant
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1021 tristitiam. Et inquantum ab aliis habentur, causant invidiam, quia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1022 hoc maxime videtur gloriae propriae derogare. Et ideo dicit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1023 philosophus, in II Rhet., quod <i>senes invident iunioribus; et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1024 illi qui multa expenderunt ad aliquid consequendum invident his qui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1025 parvis expensis illud sunt consecuti</i>; dolent enim de amissione
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1026 suorum bonorum, et de hoc quod alii consecuti sunt bona.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 2</h3><p title="II-II q. 36 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="40542"><span class="ref">[40542] IIª-IIae q. 36 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1027 secundum sic proceditur. Videtur quod invidia non sit peccatum.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1028 Dicit enim Hieronymus, ad Laetam, de Instruct. filiae, <i>habeat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1029 socias cum quibus discat, quibus invideat, quarum laudibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1030 mordeatur</i>. Sed nullus est sollicitandus ad peccandum. Ergo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1031 invidia non est peccatum.</p><p title="II-II q. 36 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="40543"><span class="ref">[40543] IIª-IIae q. 36 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1032 invidia est tristitia de alienis bonis, ut Damascenus dicit. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1033 hoc quandoque laudabiliter fit, dicitur enim Prov. XXIX, <i>cum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1034 impii sumpserint principatum, gemet populus</i>. Ergo invidia non
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1035 semper est peccatum.</p><p title="II-II q. 36 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="40544"><span class="ref">[40544] IIª-IIae q. 36 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1036 invidia zelum quendam nominat. Sed zelus quidam est bonus, <i>zelus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1037 domus tuae comedit me</i>. Secundum illud Psalm., ergo invidia non
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1038 semper est peccatum.</p><p title="II-II q. 36 a. 2 arg. 4"><a name="40545"><span class="ref">[40545] IIª-IIae q. 36 a. 2 arg. 4</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1039 poena dividitur contra culpam. Sed invidia est quaedam poena, dicit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1040 enim Gregorius, V Moral., <i>cum devictum cor livoris putredo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1041 corruperit, ipsa quoque exteriora indicant quam graviter animum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1042 vesania instigat, color quippe pallore afficitur, oculi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1043 deprimuntur, mens accenditur, membra frigescunt, fit in cogitatione
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1044 rabies, in dentibus stridor</i>. Ergo invidia non est peccatum.</p><p title="II-II q. 36 a. 2 s. c."><a name="40546"><span class="ref">[40546] IIª-IIae q. 36 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1045 est quod dicitur ad Gal. V, <i>non efficiamur inanis gloriae
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1046 cupidi, invicem provocantes, invicem invidentes</i>.</p><p title="II-II q. 36 a. 2 co."><a name="40547"><span class="ref">[40547] IIª-IIae q. 36 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1047 dicendum quod, sicut dictum est, invidia est tristitia de alienis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1048 bonis. Sed haec tristitia potest contingere quatuor modis. Uno
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1049 quidem modo, quando aliquis dolet de bono alicuius inquantum ex eo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1050 timetur nocumentum vel sibi ipsi vel etiam aliis bonis. Et talis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1051 tristitia non est invidia, ut dictum est; et potest esse sine
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1052 peccato. Unde Gregorius, XXII Moral., ait, <i>evenire plerumque
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1053 solet ut, non amissa caritate, et inimici nos ruina laetificet, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1054 rursum eius gloria sine invidiae culpa contristet, cum et ruente eo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1055 quosdam bene erigi credimus, et proficiente illo plerosque iniuste
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1056 opprimi formidamus</i>. Alio modo potest aliquis tristari de bono
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1057 alterius, non ex eo quod ipse habet bonum, sed ex eo quod nobis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1058 deest bonum illud quod ipse habet. Et hoc proprie est zelus; ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1059 philosophus dicit, in II Rhet. Et si iste zelus sit circa bona
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1060 honesta, laudabilis est, secundum illud I ad Cor. XIV,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1061 <i>aemulamini spiritualia</i>. Si autem sit de bonis temporalibus,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1062 potest esse cum peccato, et sine peccato. Tertio modo aliquis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1063 tristatur de bono alterius inquantum ille cui accidit bonum est eo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1064 indignus. Quae quidem tristitia non potest oriri ex bonis honestis,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1065 ex quibus aliquis iustus efficitur; sed sicut philosophus dicit, in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1066 II Rhet., est de divitiis et de talibus, quae possunt provenire
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1067 dignis et indignis. Et haec tristitia, secundum ipsum, vocatur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1068 Nemesis, et pertinet ad bonos mores. Sed hoc ideo dicit quia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1069 considerabat ipsa bona temporalia secundum se, prout possunt magna
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1070 videri non respicientibus ad aeterna. Sed secundum doctrinam fidei,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1071 temporalia bona quae indignis proveniunt ex iusta Dei ordinatione
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1072 disponuntur vel ad eorum correctionem vel ad eorum damnationem, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1073 huiusmodi bona quasi nihil sunt in comparatione ad bona futura,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1074 quae servantur bonis. Et ideo huiusmodi tristitia prohibetur in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1075 Scriptura sacra, secundum illud Psalm., <i>noli aemulari in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1076 malignantibus, neque zelaveris facientes iniquitatem</i>. Et alibi,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1077 <i>pene effusi sunt gressus mei, quia zelavi super iniquos, pacem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1078 peccatorum videns</i>. Quarto aliquis tristatur de bonis alicuius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1079 inquantum alter excedit ipsum in bonis. Et hoc proprie est invidia.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1080 Et istud semper est pravum, ut etiam philosophus dicit, in II
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1081 Rhet., quia dolet de eo de quo est gaudendum, scilicet de bono
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1082 proximi.</p><p title="II-II q. 36 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="40548"><span class="ref">[40548] IIª-IIae q. 36 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1083 ergo dicendum quod ibi sumitur invidia pro zelo quo quis debet
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1084 incitari ad proficiendum cum melioribus.</p><p title="II-II q. 36 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="40549"><span class="ref">[40549] IIª-IIae q. 36 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1085 dicendum quod ratio illa procedit de tristitia alienorum bonorum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1086 secundum primum modum.</p><p title="II-II q. 36 a. 2 ad 3"><a name="40550"><span class="ref">[40550] IIª-IIae q. 36 a. 2 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1087 dicendum quod invidia differt a zelo, sicut dictum est. Unde zelus
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1088 aliquis potest esse bonus, sed invidia semper est mala.</p><p title="II-II q. 36 a. 2 ad 4"><a name="40551"><span class="ref">[40551] IIª-IIae q. 36 a. 2 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1089 dicendum quod nihil prohibet aliquod peccatum, ratione alicuius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1090 adiuncti, poenale esse; ut supra dictum est, cum de peccatis
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1091 ageretur.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 3</h3><p title="II-II q. 36 a. 3 arg. 1"><a name="40552"><span class="ref">[40552] IIª-IIae q. 36 a. 3 arg. 1</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1092 sic proceditur. Videtur quod invidia non sit peccatum mortale.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1093 Invidia enim, cum sit tristitia, est passio appetitus sensitivi.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1094 Sed in sensualitate non est peccatum mortale, sed solum in ratione;
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1095 ut patet per Augustinum, XII de Trin. Ergo invidia non est peccatum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1096 mortale.</p><p title="II-II q. 36 a. 3 arg. 2"><a name="40553"><span class="ref">[40553] IIª-IIae q. 36 a. 3 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1097 in infantibus non potest esse peccatum mortale. Sed in eis potest
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1098 esse invidia, dicit enim Augustinus, in I Confess., <i>vidi ego et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1099 expertus sum zelantem puerum, nondum loquebatur, et intuebatur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1100 pallidus amaro aspectu collactaneum suum</i>. Ergo invidia non est
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1101 peccatum mortale.</p><p title="II-II q. 36 a. 3 arg. 3"><a name="40554"><span class="ref">[40554] IIª-IIae q. 36 a. 3 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1102 omne peccatum mortale alicui virtuti contrariatur. Sed invidia non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1103 contrariatur alicui virtuti, sed Nemesi, quae est quaedam passio;
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1104 ut patet per philosophum, in II Rhet. Ergo invidia non est peccatum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1105 mortale.</p><p title="II-II q. 36 a. 3 s. c."><a name="40555"><span class="ref">[40555] IIª-IIae q. 36 a. 3 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1106 est quod dicitur Iob V, <i>parvulum occidit invidia</i>. Nihil
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1107 autem occidit spiritualiter nisi peccatum mortale. Ergo invidia est
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1108 peccatum mortale.</p><p title="II-II q. 36 a. 3 co."><a name="40556"><span class="ref">[40556] IIª-IIae q. 36 a. 3 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1109 dicendum quod invidia ex genere suo est peccatum mortale. Genus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1110 enim peccati ex obiecto consideratur. Invidia autem, secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1111 rationem sui obiecti, contrariatur caritati, per quam est vita
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1112 animae spiritualis, secundum illud I Ioan. III, <i>nos scimus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1113 quoniam translati sumus de morte ad vitam, quoniam diligimus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1114 fratres</i>. Utriusque enim obiectum, et caritatis et invidiae, est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1115 bonum proximi, sed secundum contrarium motum, nam caritas gaudet de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1116 bono proximi, invidia autem de eodem tristatur, ut ex dictis patet.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1117 Unde manifestum est quod invidia ex suo genere est peccatum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1118 mortale. Sed sicut supra dictum est, in quolibet genere peccati
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1119 mortalis inveniuntur aliqui imperfecti motus in sensualitate
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1120 existentes qui sunt peccata venialia, sicut in genere adulterii
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1121 primus motus concupiscentiae, et in genere homicidii primus motus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1122 irae. Ita etiam et in genere invidiae inveniuntur aliqui primi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1123 motus quandoque etiam in viris perfectis, qui sunt peccata
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1124 venialia.</p><p title="II-II q. 36 a. 3 ad 1"><a name="40557"><span class="ref">[40557] IIª-IIae q. 36 a. 3 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1125 ergo dicendum quod motus invidiae secundum quod est passio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1126 sensualitatis, est quoddam imperfectum in genere actuum humanorum,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1127 quorum principium est ratio. Unde talis invidia non est peccatum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1128 mortale. Et similis est ratio de invidia parvulorum, in quibus non
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1129 est usus rationis.</p><p title="II-II q. 36 a. 3 ad 2"><a name="40558"><span class="ref">[40558] IIª-IIae q. 36 a. 3 ad 2</span></a> Unde patet
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1130 responsio ad secundum.</p><p title="II-II q. 36 a. 3 ad 3"><a name="40559"><span class="ref">[40559] IIª-IIae q. 36 a. 3 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1131 dicendum quod invidia, secundum philosophum, in II Rhet. opponitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1132 et Nemesi et misericordiae, sed secundum diversa. Nam misericordiae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1133 opponitur directe, secundum contrarietatem principalis obiecti,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1134 invidus enim tristatur de bono proximi; misericors autem tristatur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1135 de malo proximi. Unde invidi non sunt misericordes, sicut ibidem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1136 dicitur, nec e converso. Ex parte vero eius de cuius bono tristatur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1137 invidus, opponitur invidia Nemesi, Nemeseticus enim tristatur de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1138 bono indigne agentium, secundum illud Psalm., <i>zelavi super
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1139 iniquos, pacem peccatorum videns</i>; invidus autem tristatur de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1140 bono eorum qui sunt digni. Unde patet quod prima contrarietas est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1141 magis directa quam secunda. Misericordia autem quaedam virtus est,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1142 et caritatis proprius effectus. Unde invidia misericordiae
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1143 opponitur et caritati.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 4</h3><p title="II-II q. 36 a. 4 arg. 1"><a name="40560"><span class="ref">[40560] IIª-IIae q. 36 a. 4 arg. 1</span></a> Ad quartum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1144 sic proceditur. Videtur quod invidia non sit vitium capitale. Vitia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1145 enim capitalia distinguuntur contra filias capitalium vitiorum. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1146 invidia est filia inanis gloriae, dicit enim philosophus, in II
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1147 Rhet., quod <i>amatores honoris et gloriae magis invident</i>. Ergo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1148 invidia non est vitium capitale.</p><p title="II-II q. 36 a. 4 arg. 2"><a name="40561"><span class="ref">[40561] IIª-IIae q. 36 a. 4 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1149 vitia capitalia videntur esse leviora quam alia quae ex eis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1150 oriuntur, dicit enim Gregorius, XXXI Moral., <i>prima vitia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1151 deceptae menti quasi sub quadam ratione se ingerunt, sed quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1152 sequuntur, dum mentem ad omnem insaniam protrahunt, quasi bestiali
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1153 clamore mentem confundunt</i>. Sed invidia videtur esse gravissimum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1154 peccatum, dicit enim Gregorius, V Moral., <i>quamvis per omne
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1155 vitium quod perpetratur humano cordi antiqui hostis virus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1156 infunditur, in hac tamen nequitia tota sua viscera serpens
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1157 concutit, et imprimendae malitiae pestem vomit</i>. Ergo invidia
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1158 non est vitium capitale.</p><p title="II-II q. 36 a. 4 arg. 3"><a name="40562"><span class="ref">[40562] IIª-IIae q. 36 a. 4 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1159 videtur quod inconvenienter eius filiae assignentur a Gregorio,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1160 XXXI Moral., ubi dicit quod <i>de invidia oritur odium, susurratio,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1161 detractio, exultatio in adversis proximi et afflictio in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1162 prosperis</i>. Exultatio enim in adversis proximi, et afflictio in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1163 prosperis, idem videtur esse quod invidia, ut ex praemissis patet.
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1164 Non ergo ista debent poni ut filiae invidiae.</p><p title="II-II q. 36 a. 4 s. c."><a name="40563"><span class="ref">[40563] IIª-IIae q. 36 a. 4 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1165 est auctoritas Gregorii, XXXI Moral., qui ponit invidiam vitium
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1166 capitale, et ei praedictas filias assignat.</p><p title="II-II q. 36 a. 4 co."><a name="40564"><span class="ref">[40564] IIª-IIae q. 36 a. 4 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1167 dicendum quod sicut acedia est tristitia de bono spirituali divino,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1168 ita invidia est tristitia de bono proximi. Dictum est autem supra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1169 acediam esse vitium capitale, ea ratione quia ex acedia homo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1170 impellitur ad aliqua facienda vel ut fugiat tristitiam vel ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1171 tristitiae satisfaciat. Unde eadem ratione invidia ponitur vitium
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1172 capitale.</p><p title="II-II q. 36 a. 4 ad 1"><a name="40565"><span class="ref">[40565] IIª-IIae q. 36 a. 4 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1173 ergo dicendum quod, sicut Gregorius dicit, in XXXI Moral.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1174 <i>capitalia vitia tanta sibi coniunctione coniunguntur ut non nisi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1175 unum de altero proferatur. Prima namque superbiae soboles inanis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1176 est gloria, quae dum oppressam mentem corruperit, mox invidiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1177 gignit, quia dum vani nominis potentiam appetit, ne quis hanc alius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1178 adipisci valeat, tabescit</i>. Non est ergo contra rationem vitii
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1179 capitalis quod ipsum ex alio oriatur, sed quod non habeat aliquam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1180 principalem rationem producendi ex se multa genera peccatorum.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1181 Forte tamen propter hoc quod invidia manifeste ex inani gloria
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1182 nascitur, non ponitur vitium capitale neque ab Isidoro, in libro de
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1183 summo bono, neque a Cassiano, in libro de Instit. Coenob.</p><p title="II-II q. 36 a. 4 ad 2"><a name="40566"><span class="ref">[40566] IIª-IIae q. 36 a. 4 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1184 dicendum quod ex verbis illis non habetur quod invidia sit maximum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1185 peccatorum, sed quod quando Diabolus invidiam suggerit, ad hoc
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1186 hominem inducit quod ipse principaliter in corde habet; quia sicut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1187 ibi inducitur consequenter, <i>invidia Diaboli mors introivit in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1188 orbem terrarum</i>. Est tamen quaedam invidia quae inter gravissima
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1189 peccata computatur, scilicet invidentia fraternae gratiae, secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1190 quod aliquis dolet de ipso augmento gratiae Dei, non solum de bono
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1191 proximi. Unde ponitur peccatum in spiritum sanctum, quia per hanc
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1192 invidentiam homo quodammodo invidet spiritui sancto, qui in suis
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1193 operibus glorificatur.</p><p title="II-II q. 36 a. 4 ad 3"><a name="40567"><span class="ref">[40567] IIª-IIae q. 36 a. 4 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1194 dicendum quod numerus filiarum invidiae sic potest sumi. Quia in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1195 conatu invidiae est aliquid tanquam principium, et aliquid tanquam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1196 medium, et aliquid tanquam terminus. Principium quidem est ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1197 aliquis diminuat gloriam alterius vel in occulto, et sic est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1198 susurratio; vel manifeste, et sic est detractio. Medium autem est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1199 quia aliquis intendens diminuere gloriam alterius aut potest, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1200 sic est exultatio in adversis; aut non potest, et sic est afflictio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1201 in prosperis. Terminus autem est in ipso odio, quia sicut bonum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1202 delectans causat amorem, ita tristitia causat odium, ut supra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1203 dictum est. Afflictio autem in prosperis proximi uno modo est ipsa
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1204 invidia, inquantum scilicet aliquis tristatur de prosperis alicuius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1205 secundum quod habent quandam gloriam. Alio vero modo est filia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1206 invidiae, secundum quod prospera proximi eveniunt contra conatum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1207 invidentis, qui nititur impedire. Exultatio autem in adversis non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1208 est directe idem quod invidia, sed ex ea sequitur, nam ex tristitia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1209 de bono proximi, quae est invidia, sequitur exultatio de malo
59
03759e5c1080 fix multi-para s.c.
ht
parents: 53
diff changeset
1210 eiusdem.</p></div></div><div id="q37" class="q"><h2>Quaestio 37</h2><div class="p"><h3>Prooemium</h3><p title="II-II q. 37 pr."><a name="40568"><span class="ref">[40568] IIª-IIae q. 37 pr.</span></a> Deinde
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1211 considerandum est de peccatis quae opponuntur paci. Et primo, de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1212 discordia, quae est in corde; secundo, de contentione, quae est in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1213 ore; tertio, de his quae pertinent ad opus, scilicet, de schismate,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1214 rixa et bello. Circa primum quaeruntur duo, primo, utrum discordia
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1215 sit peccatum. Secundo, utrum sit filia inanis gloriae.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 1</h3><p title="II-II q. 37 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="40569"><span class="ref">[40569] IIª-IIae q. 37 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1216 sic proceditur. Videtur quod discordia non sit peccatum. Discordare
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1217 enim ab aliquo est recedere ab alterius voluntate. Sed hoc non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1218 videtur esse peccatum, quia voluntas proximi non est regula
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1219 voluntatis nostrae, sed sola voluntas divina. Ergo discordia non
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1220 est peccatum.</p><p title="II-II q. 37 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="40570"><span class="ref">[40570] IIª-IIae q. 37 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1221 quicumque inducit aliquem ad peccandum, et ipse peccat. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1222 inducere inter aliquos discordiam non videtur esse peccatum,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1223 dicitur enim Act. XXIII, quod <i>sciens Paulus quia una pars esset
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1224 Sadducaeorum et altera Pharisaeorum, exclamavit in Concilio, viri
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1225 fratres, ego Pharisaeus sum, filius Pharisaeorum, de spe et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1226 resurrectione mortuorum ego iudicor. Et cum haec dixisset, facta
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1227 est dissensio inter Pharisaeos et Sadducaeos</i>. Ergo discordia
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1228 non est peccatum.</p><p title="II-II q. 37 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="40571"><span class="ref">[40571] IIª-IIae q. 37 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1229 peccatum, praecipue mortale, in sanctis viris non invenitur. Sed in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1230 sanctis viris invenitur discordia, dicitur enim Act. XV, <i>facta
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1231 est dissensio inter Paulum et Barnabam, ita ut discederent ab
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1232 invicem</i>. Ergo discordia non est peccatum, et maxime
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1233 mortale.</p><p title="II-II q. 37 a. 1 s. c."><a name="40572"><span class="ref">[40572] IIª-IIae q. 37 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1234 est quod ad Gal. V dissensiones, idest discordiae, ponuntur inter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1235 opera carnis, de quibus subditur, <i>qui talia agunt, regnum Dei
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1236 non consequuntur</i>. Nihil autem excludit a regno Dei nisi
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1237 peccatum mortale. Ergo discordia est peccatum mortale.</p><p title="II-II q. 37 a. 1 co."><a name="40573"><span class="ref">[40573] IIª-IIae q. 37 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1238 dicendum quod discordia concordiae opponitur. Concordia autem, ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1239 supra dictum est, ex caritate causatur, inquantum scilicet caritas
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1240 multorum corda coniungit in aliquid unum, quod est principaliter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1241 quidem bonum divinum, secundario autem bonum proximi. Discordia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1242 igitur ea ratione est peccatum, inquantum huiusmodi concordiae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1243 contrariatur. Sed sciendum quod haec concordia per discordiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1244 tollitur dupliciter, uno quidem modo, per se; alio vero modo, per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1245 accidens. Per se quidem in humanis actibus et motibus dicitur esse
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1246 id quod est secundum intentionem. Unde per se discordat aliquis a
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1247 proximo quando scienter et ex intentione dissentit a bono divino et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1248 a proximi bono, in quo debet consentire. Et hoc est peccatum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1249 mortale ex suo genere, propter contrarietatem ad caritatem, licet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1250 primi motus huius discordiae, propter imperfectionem actus, sint
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1251 peccata venialia. Per accidens autem in humanis actibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1252 consideratur ex hoc quod aliquid est praeter intentionem. Unde cum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1253 intentio aliquorum est ad aliquod bonum quod pertinet ad honorem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1254 Dei vel utilitatem proximi, sed unus aestimat hoc esse bonum, alius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1255 autem habet contrariam opinionem, discordia tunc est per accidens
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1256 contra bonum divinum vel proximi. Et talis discordia non est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1257 peccatum, nec repugnat caritati, nisi huiusmodi discordia sit vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1258 cum errore circa ea quae sunt de necessitate salutis, vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1259 pertinacia indebite adhibeatur, cum etiam supra dictum est quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1260 concordia quae est caritatis effectus est unio voluntatum, non unio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1261 opinionum. Ex quo patet quod discordia quandoque est ex peccato
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1262 unius tantum, puta cum unus vult bonum, cui alius scienter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1263 resistit, quandoque autem est cum peccato utriusque, puta cum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1264 uterque dissentit a bono alterius, et uterque diligit bonum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1265 proprium.</p><p title="II-II q. 37 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="40574"><span class="ref">[40574] IIª-IIae q. 37 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1266 ergo dicendum quod voluntas unius hominis secundum se considerata
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1267 non est regula voluntatis alterius. Sed inquantum voluntas proximi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1268 inhaeret voluntati Dei, fit per consequens regula regulata secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1269 primam regulam. Et ideo discordare a tali voluntate est peccatum,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1270 quia per hoc discordatur a regula divina.</p><p title="II-II q. 37 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="40575"><span class="ref">[40575] IIª-IIae q. 37 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1271 dicendum quod sicut voluntas hominis adhaerens Deo est quaedam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1272 regula recta, a qua peccatum est discordare; ita etiam voluntas
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1273 hominis Deo contraria est quaedam perversa regula, a qua bonum est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1274 discordare. Facere ergo discordiam per quam tollitur bona concordia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1275 quam caritas facit, est grave peccatum, unde dicitur Prov. VI,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1276 <i>sex sunt quae odit dominus, et septimum detestatur anima
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1277 eius</i>, et hoc septimum ponit eum qui seminat inter fratres
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1278 discordias. Sed causare discordiam per quam tollitur mala
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1279 concordia, scilicet in mala voluntate, est laudabile. Et hoc modo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1280 laudabile fuit quod Paulus dissensionem posuit inter eos qui erant
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1281 concordes in malo, nam et dominus de se dicit, Matth. X, <i>non
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1282 veni pacem mittere, sed gladium</i>.</p><p title="II-II q. 37 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="40576"><span class="ref">[40576] IIª-IIae q. 37 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1283 dicendum quod discordia quae fuit inter Paulum et Barnabam fuit per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1284 accidens et non per se, uterque enim intendebat bonum, sed uni
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1285 videbatur hoc esse bonum, alii aliud. Quod ad defectum humanum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1286 pertinebat, non enim erat talis controversia in his quae sunt de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1287 necessitate salutis. Quamvis hoc ipsum fuerit ex divina providentia
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1288 ordinatum, propter utilitatem inde consequentem.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 2</h3><p title="II-II q. 37 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="40577"><span class="ref">[40577] IIª-IIae q. 37 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1289 secundum sic proceditur. Videtur quod discordia non sit filia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1290 inanis gloriae. Ira enim est aliud vitium ab inani gloria. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1291 discordia videtur esse filia irae, secundum illud Prov. XV, <i>vir
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1292 iracundus provocat rixas</i>. Ergo non est filia inanis
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1293 gloriae.</p><p title="II-II q. 37 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="40578"><span class="ref">[40578] IIª-IIae q. 37 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1294 Augustinus dicit, super Ioan., exponens illud quod habetur Ioan.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1295 VII, <i>nondum erat spiritus datus, livor separat, caritas
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1296 iungit</i>. Sed discordia nihil est aliud quam quaedam separatio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1297 voluntatum. Ergo discordia procedit ex livore, idest invidia, magis
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1298 quam ex inani gloria.</p><p title="II-II q. 37 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="40579"><span class="ref">[40579] IIª-IIae q. 37 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1299 illud ex quo multa mala oriuntur videtur esse vitium capitale. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1300 discordia est huiusmodi, quia super illud Matth. XII, <i>omne
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1301 regnum contra se divisum desolabitur</i>, dicit Hieronymus, <i>quo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1302 modo concordia parvae res crescunt, sic discordia maximae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1303 dilabuntur</i>. Ergo ipsa discordia debet poni vitium capitale,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1304 magis quam filia inanis gloriae.</p><p title="II-II q. 37 a. 2 s. c."><a name="40580"><span class="ref">[40580] IIª-IIae q. 37 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1305 est auctoritas Gregorii, XXXI Moral.</p><p title="II-II q. 37 a. 2 co."><a name="40581"><span class="ref">[40581] IIª-IIae q. 37 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1306 dicendum quod discordia importat quandam disgregationem voluntatum,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1307 inquantum scilicet voluntas unius stat in uno, et voluntas alterius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1308 stat in altero. Quod autem voluntas alicuius in proprio sistat,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1309 provenit ex hoc quod aliquis ea quae sunt sua praefert his quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1310 sunt aliorum. Quod cum inordinate fit, pertinet ad superbiam et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1311 inanem gloriam. Et ideo discordia, per quam unusquisque sequitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1312 quod suum est et recedit ab eo quod est alterius, ponitur filia
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1313 inanis gloriae.</p><p title="II-II q. 37 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="40582"><span class="ref">[40582] IIª-IIae q. 37 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1314 ergo dicendum quod rixa non est idem quod discordia. Nam rixa
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1315 consistit in exteriori opere, unde convenienter causatur ab ira,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1316 quae movet animum ad nocendum proximo. Sed discordia consistit in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1317 disiunctione motuum voluntatis, quam facit superbia vel inanis
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1318 gloria, ratione iam dicta.</p><p title="II-II q. 37 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="40583"><span class="ref">[40583] IIª-IIae q. 37 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1319 dicendum quod in discordia consideratur quidem ut terminus a quo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1320 recessus a voluntate alterius, et quantum ad hoc causatur ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1321 invidia. Ut terminus autem ad quem, accessus ad id quod est sibi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1322 proprium, et quantum ad hoc causatur ex inani gloria. Et quia in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1323 quolibet motu terminus ad quem est potior termino a quo (finis enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1324 est potior principio), potius ponitur discordia filia inanis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1325 gloriae quam invidiae, licet ex utraque oriri possit secundum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1326 diversas rationes, ut dictum est.</p><p title="II-II q. 37 a. 2 ad 3"><a name="40584"><span class="ref">[40584] IIª-IIae q. 37 a. 2 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1327 dicendum quod ideo concordia magnae res crescunt et per discordiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1328 dilabuntur, quia virtus quanto est magis unita, tanto est fortior,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1329 et per separationem diminuitur; ut dicitur in libro de causis. Unde
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1330 patet quod hoc pertinet ad proprium effectum discordiae, quae est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1331 divisio voluntatum, non autem pertinet ad originem diversorum
59
03759e5c1080 fix multi-para s.c.
ht
parents: 53
diff changeset
1332 vitiorum a discordia, per quod habeat rationem vitii capitalis.</p></div></div><div id="q38" class="q"><h2>Quaestio 38</h2><div class="p"><h3>Prooemium</h3><p title="II-II q. 38 pr."><a name="40585"><span class="ref">[40585] IIª-IIae q. 38 pr.</span></a> Deinde
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1333 considerandum est de contentione. Et circa hoc quaeruntur duo.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1334 Primo, utrum contentio sit peccatum mortale. Secundo, utrum sit
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1335 filia inanis gloriae.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 1</h3><p title="II-II q. 38 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="40586"><span class="ref">[40586] IIª-IIae q. 38 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1336 sic proceditur. Videtur quod contentio non sit peccatum mortale.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1337 Peccatum enim mortale in viris spiritualibus non invenitur. In
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1338 quibus tamen invenitur contentio, secundum illud Luc. XXII,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1339 <i>facta est contentio inter discipulos Iesu, quis eorum esset
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1340 maior</i>. Ergo contentio non est peccatum mortale.</p><p title="II-II q. 38 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="40587"><span class="ref">[40587] IIª-IIae q. 38 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1341 nulli bene disposito debet placere peccatum mortale in proximo. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1342 dicit apostolus, ad Philipp. I, <i>quidam ex contentione Christum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1343 annuntiant</i>; et postea subdit, <i>et in hoc gaudeo, sed et
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1344 gaudebo</i>. Ergo contentio non est peccatum mortale.</p><p title="II-II q. 38 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="40588"><span class="ref">[40588] IIª-IIae q. 38 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1345 contingit quod aliqui vel in iudicio vel in disputatione contendunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1346 non aliquo animo malignandi, sed potius intendentes ad bonum, sicut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1347 illi qui contra haereticos disputando contendunt. Unde super illud,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1348 I Reg. XIV, <i>accidit quadam die</i> etc., dicit Glossa,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1349 <i>Catholici contra haereticos contentiones commovent, ubi prius ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1350 certamen convocantur</i>. Ergo contentio non est peccatum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1351 mortale.</p><p title="II-II q. 38 a. 1 arg. 4"><a name="40589"><span class="ref">[40589] IIª-IIae q. 38 a. 1 arg. 4</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1352 Iob videtur cum Deo contendisse, secundum illud Iob XXXIX,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1353 <i>numquid qui contendit cum Deo tam facile conquiescit?</i> Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1354 tamen Iob non peccavit mortaliter, quia dominus de eo dicit, <i>non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1355 estis locuti recte coram me, sicut servus meus Iob</i>, ut habetur
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1356 Iob ult. Ergo contentio non semper est peccatum mortale.</p><p title="II-II q. 38 a. 1 s. c."><a name="40590"><span class="ref">[40590] IIª-IIae q. 38 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1357 est quod contrariatur praecepto apostoli, qui dicit II ad Tim. II,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1358 <i>noli verbis contendere</i>. Et Gal. V contentio numeratur inter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1359 opera carnis, <i>quae qui agunt, regnum Dei non possident</i>, ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1360 ibidem dicitur. Sed omne quod excludit a regno Dei, et quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1361 contrariatur praecepto, est peccatum mortale. Ergo contentio est
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1362 peccatum mortale.</p><p title="II-II q. 38 a. 1 co."><a name="40591"><span class="ref">[40591] IIª-IIae q. 38 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1363 dicendum quod contendere est contra aliquem tendere. Unde sicut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1364 discordia contrarietatem quandam importat in voluntate, ita
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1365 contentio contrarietatem quandam importat in locutione. Et propter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1366 hoc etiam cum oratio alicuius per contraria se diffundit, vocatur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1367 contentio, quae ponitur unus color rhetoricus a Tullio, qui dicit,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1368 <i>contentio est cum ex contrariis rebus oratio efficitur, hoc
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1369 pacto, habet assentatio iucunda principia, eadem exitus amarissimos
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1370 affert</i>. Contrarietas autem locutionis potest attendi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1371 dupliciter, uno modo, quantum ad intentionem contendentis; alio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1372 modo, quantum ad modum. In intentione quidem considerandum est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1373 utrum aliquis contrarietur veritati, quod est vituperabile, vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1374 falsitati, quod est laudabile. In modo autem considerandum est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1375 utrum talis modus contrariandi conveniat et personis et negotiis,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1376 quia hoc est laudabile (unde et Tullius dicit, in III Rhet.,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1377 <i>quod contentio est oratio acris ad confirmandum et confutandum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1378 accommodata</i>), vel excedat convenientiam personarum et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1379 negotiorum, et sic contentio est vituperabilis. Si ergo accipiatur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1380 contentio secundum quod importat impugnationem veritatis et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1381 inordinatum modum, sic est peccatum mortale. Et hoc modo definit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1382 Ambrosius contentionem, dicens, <i>contentio est impugnatio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1383 veritatis cum confidentia clamoris</i>. Si autem contentio dicatur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1384 impugnatio falsitatis cum debito modo acrimoniae, sic contentio est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1385 laudabilis. Si autem accipiatur contentio secundum quod importat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1386 impugnationem falsitatis cum inordinato modo, sic potest esse
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1387 peccatum veniale, nisi forte tanta inordinatio fiat in contendendo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1388 quod ex hoc generetur scandalum aliorum. Unde et apostolus, cum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1389 dixisset, II ad Tim. II, <i>noli verbis contendere</i>, subdit,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1390 <i>ad nihil enim utile est, nisi ad subversionem
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1391 audientium</i>.</p><p title="II-II q. 38 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="40592"><span class="ref">[40592] IIª-IIae q. 38 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1392 ergo dicendum quod in discipulis Christi non erat contentio cum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1393 intentione impugnandi veritatem, quia unusquisque defendebat quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1394 sibi verum videbatur. Erat tamen in eorum contentione inordinatio,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1395 quia contendebant de quo non erat contendendum, scilicet de primatu
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1396 honoris; nondum enim erant spirituales, sicut Glossa ibidem dicit.
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1397 Unde et dominus eos consequenter compescuit.</p><p title="II-II q. 38 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="40593"><span class="ref">[40593] IIª-IIae q. 38 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1398 dicendum quod illi qui ex contentione Christum praedicabant
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1399 reprehensibiles erant, quia quamvis non impugnarent veritatem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1400 fidei, sed eam praedicarent, impugnabant tamen veritatem quantum ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1401 hoc quod putabant se suscitare pressuram apostolo veritatem fidei
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1402 praedicanti. Unde apostolus non gaudebat de eorum contentione, sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1403 de fructu qui ex hoc proveniebat, scilicet quod Christus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1404 annuntiabatur, quia ex malis etiam occasionaliter subsequuntur
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1405 bona.</p><p title="II-II q. 38 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="40594"><span class="ref">[40594] IIª-IIae q. 38 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1406 dicendum quod secundum completam rationem contentionis prout est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1407 peccatum mortale, ille in iudicio contendit qui impugnat veritatem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1408 iustitiae, et in disputatione contendit qui intendit impugnare
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1409 veritatem doctrinae. Et secundum hoc Catholici non contendunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1410 contra haereticos, sed potius e converso. Si autem accipiatur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1411 contentio in iudicio vel disputatione secundum imperfectam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1412 rationem, scilicet secundum quod importat quandam acrimoniam
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1413 locutionis, sic non semper est peccatum mortale.</p><p title="II-II q. 38 a. 1 ad 4"><a name="40595"><span class="ref">[40595] IIª-IIae q. 38 a. 1 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1414 dicendum quod contentio ibi sumitur communiter pro disputatione.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1415 Dixerat enim Iob, XIII cap., <i>ad omnipotentem loquar, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1416 disputare cum Deo cupio</i>, non tamen intendens neque veritatem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1417 impugnare, sed exquirere; neque circa hanc inquisitionem aliqua
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1418 inordinatione vel animi vel vocis uti.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 2</h3><p title="II-II q. 38 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="40596"><span class="ref">[40596] IIª-IIae q. 38 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1419 secundum sic proceditur. Videtur quod contentio non sit filia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1420 inanis gloriae. Contentio enim affinitatem habet ad zelum, unde
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1421 dicitur I ad Cor. III, <i>cum sit inter vos zelus et contentio,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1422 nonne carnales estis, et secundum hominem ambulatis?</i> Zelus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1423 autem ad invidiam pertinet. Ergo contentio magis ex invidia
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1424 oritur.</p><p title="II-II q. 38 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="40597"><span class="ref">[40597] IIª-IIae q. 38 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1425 contentio cum clamore quodam est. Sed clamor ex ira oritur; ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1426 patet per Gregorium, XXXI Moral. Ergo etiam contentio oritur ex
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1427 ira.</p><p title="II-II q. 38 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="40598"><span class="ref">[40598] IIª-IIae q. 38 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1428 inter alia scientia praecipue videtur esse materia superbiae et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1429 inanis gloriae, secundum illud I ad Cor. VIII, <i>scientia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1430 inflat</i>. Sed contentio provenit plerumque ex defectu scientiae,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1431 per quam veritas cognoscitur, non impugnatur. Ergo contentio non
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1432 est filia inanis gloriae.</p><p title="II-II q. 38 a. 2 s. c."><a name="40599"><span class="ref">[40599] IIª-IIae q. 38 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1433 est auctoritas Gregorii, XXXI Moral.</p><p title="II-II q. 38 a. 2 co."><a name="40600"><span class="ref">[40600] IIª-IIae q. 38 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1434 dicendum quod, sicut supra dictum est, discordia est filia inanis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1435 gloriae, eo quod discordantium uterque in suo proprio stat, et unus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1436 alteri non acquiescit; proprium autem superbiae est et inanis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1437 gloriae propriam excellentiam quaerere. Sicut autem discordantes
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1438 aliqui sunt ex hoc quod stant corde in propriis, ita contendentes
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1439 sunt aliqui ex hoc quod unusquisque verbo id quod sibi videtur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1440 defendit. Et ideo eadem ratione ponitur contentio filia inanis
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1441 gloriae sicut et discordia.</p><p title="II-II q. 38 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="40601"><span class="ref">[40601] IIª-IIae q. 38 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1442 ergo dicendum quod contentio, sicut et discordia, habet affinitatem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1443 cum invidia quantum ad recessum eius a quo aliquis discordat vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1444 cum quo contendit. Sed quantum ad id in quo sistit ille qui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1445 contendit, habet convenientiam cum superbia et inani gloria,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1446 inquantum scilicet in proprio sensu statur, ut supra dictum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1447 est.</p><p title="II-II q. 38 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="40602"><span class="ref">[40602] IIª-IIae q. 38 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1448 dicendum quod clamor assumitur in contentione de qua loquimur ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1449 finem impugnandae veritatis. Unde non est principale in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1450 contentione. Et ideo non oportet quod contentio ex eodem derivetur
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1451 ex quo derivatur clamor.</p><p title="II-II q. 38 a. 2 ad 3"><a name="40603"><span class="ref">[40603] IIª-IIae q. 38 a. 2 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1452 dicendum quod superbia et inanis gloria occasionem sumunt praecipue
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1453 a bonis, etiam sibi contrariis, puta cum de humilitate aliquis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1454 superbit, est enim huiusmodi derivatio non per se, sed per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1455 accidens, secundum quem modum nihil prohibet contrarium a contrario
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1456 oriri. Et ideo nihil prohibet ea quae ex superbia vel inani gloria
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1457 per se et directe oriuntur causari ex contrariis eorum ex quibus
59
03759e5c1080 fix multi-para s.c.
ht
parents: 53
diff changeset
1458 occasionaliter superbia oritur.</p></div></div><div id="q39" class="q"><h2>Quaestio 39</h2><div class="p"><h3>Prooemium</h3><p title="II-II q. 39 pr."><a name="40604"><span class="ref">[40604] IIª-IIae q. 39 pr.</span></a> Deinde
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1459 considerandum est de vitiis oppositis paci pertinentibus ad opus;
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1460 quae sunt schisma, rixa, seditio et bellum. Primo ergo circa
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1461 schisma quaeruntur quatuor. Primo, utrum schisma sit speciale
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1462 peccatum. Secundo, utrum sit gravius infidelitate. Tertio, de
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1463 potestate schismaticorum. Quarto, de poena eorum.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 1</h3><p title="II-II q. 39 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="40605"><span class="ref">[40605] IIª-IIae q. 39 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1464 sic proceditur. Videtur quod schisma non sit peccatum speciale.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1465 Schisma enim, ut Pelagius Papa dicit, scissuram sonat. Sed omne
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1466 peccatum scissuram quandam facit, secundum illud Isaiae LIX,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1467 <i>peccata vestra diviserunt inter vos et Deum vestrum</i>. Ergo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1468 schisma non est speciale peccatum.</p><p title="II-II q. 39 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="40606"><span class="ref">[40606] IIª-IIae q. 39 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1469 illi videntur esse schismatici qui Ecclesiae non obediunt. Sed per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1470 omne peccatum fit homo inobediens praeceptis Ecclesiae, quia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1471 peccatum, secundum Ambrosium, est caelestium inobedientia
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1472 mandatorum. Ergo omne peccatum est schisma.</p><p title="II-II q. 39 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="40607"><span class="ref">[40607] IIª-IIae q. 39 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1473 haeresis etiam dividit hominem ab unitate fidei. Si ergo schismatis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1474 nomen divisionem importat, videtur quod non differat a peccato
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1475 infidelitatis quasi speciale peccatum.</p><p title="II-II q. 39 a. 1 s. c."><a name="40608"><span class="ref">[40608] IIª-IIae q. 39 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1476 est quod Augustinus, contra Faustum, distinguit inter schisma et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1477 haeresim, dicens quod <i>schisma est eadem opinantem atque eodem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1478 ritu colentem quo ceteri, solo congregationis delectari dissidio,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1479 haeresis vero diversa opinatur ab his quae Catholica credit
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1480 Ecclesia</i>. Ergo schisma non est generale peccatum.</p><p title="II-II q. 39 a. 1 co."><a name="40609"><span class="ref">[40609] IIª-IIae q. 39 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1481 dicendum quod, sicut Isidorus dicit, in libro Etymol., nomen
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1482 schismatis a scissura animorum vocatum est. Scissio autem unitati
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1483 opponitur. Unde peccatum schismatis dicitur quod directe et per se
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1484 opponitur unitati, sicut enim in rebus naturalibus id quod est per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1485 accidens non constituit speciem, ita etiam nec in rebus moralibus.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1486 In quibus id quod est intentum est per se, quod autem sequitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1487 praeter intentionem est quasi per accidens. Et ideo peccatum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1488 schismatis proprie est speciale peccatum ex eo quod intendit se ab
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1489 unitate separare quam caritas facit. Quae non solum alteram
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1490 personam alteri unit spirituali dilectionis vinculo, sed etiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1491 totam Ecclesiam in unitate spiritus. Et ideo proprie schismatici
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1492 dicuntur qui propria sponte et intentione se ab unitate Ecclesiae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1493 separant, quae est unitas principalis, nam unitas particularis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1494 aliquorum ad invicem ordinatur ad unitatem Ecclesiae, sicut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1495 compositio singulorum membrorum in corpore naturali ordinatur ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1496 totius corporis unitatem. Ecclesiae autem unitas in duobus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1497 attenditur, scilicet in connexione membrorum Ecclesiae ad invicem,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1498 seu communicatione; et iterum in ordine omnium membrorum Ecclesiae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1499 ad unum caput; secundum illud ad Coloss. II, <i>inflatus sensu
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1500 carnis suae, et non tenens caput, ex quo totum corpus, per nexus et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1501 coniunctiones subministratum et constructum, crescit in augmentum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1502 Dei</i>. Hoc autem caput est ipse Christus, cuius vicem in Ecclesia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1503 gerit summus pontifex. Et ideo schismatici dicuntur qui subesse
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1504 renuunt summo pontifici, et qui membris Ecclesiae ei subiectis
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1505 communicare recusant.</p><p title="II-II q. 39 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="40610"><span class="ref">[40610] IIª-IIae q. 39 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1506 ergo dicendum quod divisio hominis a Deo per peccatum non est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1507 intenta a peccante, sed praeter intentionem eius accidit ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1508 inordinata conversione ipsius ad commutabile bonum. Et ideo non est
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1509 schisma, per se loquendo.</p><p title="II-II q. 39 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="40611"><span class="ref">[40611] IIª-IIae q. 39 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1510 dicendum quod non obedire praeceptis cum rebellione quadam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1511 constituit schismatis rationem. Dico autem cum rebellione, cum et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1512 pertinaciter praecepta Ecclesiae contemnit, et iudicium eius subire
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1513 recusat. Hoc autem non facit quilibet peccator. Unde non omne
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1514 peccatum est schisma.</p><p title="II-II q. 39 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="40612"><span class="ref">[40612] IIª-IIae q. 39 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1515 dicendum quod haeresis et schisma distinguuntur secundum ea quibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1516 utrumque per se et directe opponitur. Nam haeresis per se opponitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1517 fidei, schisma autem per se opponitur unitati ecclesiasticae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1518 caritatis. Et ideo sicut fides et caritas sunt diversae virtutes,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1519 quamvis quicumque careat fide careat caritate; ita etiam schisma et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1520 haeresis sunt diversa vitia, quamvis quicumque est haereticus sit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1521 etiam schismaticus, sed non convertitur. Et hoc est quod Hieronymus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1522 dicit, in Epist. ad Gal., <i>inter schisma et haeresim hoc
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1523 interesse arbitror, quod haeresis perversum dogma habet, schisma ab
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1524 Ecclesia separat</i>. Et tamen sicut amissio caritatis est via ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1525 amittendum fidem, secundum illud I ad Tim. I, <i>a quibus quidam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1526 aberrantes</i>, scilicet a caritate et aliis huiusmodi, conversi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1527 sunt in vaniloquium; ita etiam schisma est via ad haeresim. Unde
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1528 Hieronymus ibidem subdit quod <i>schisma a principio aliqua in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1529 parte potest intelligi diversum ab haeresi, ceterum nullum schisma
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1530 est, nisi sibi aliquam haeresim confingat, ut recte ab Ecclesia
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1531 recessisse videatur</i>.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 2</h3><p title="II-II q. 39 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="40613"><span class="ref">[40613] IIª-IIae q. 39 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1532 secundum sic proceditur. Videtur quod schisma gravius peccatum sit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1533 quam infidelitas. Maius enim peccatum graviori poena punitur,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1534 secundum illud Deut. XXV, <i>pro mensura peccati erit et plagarum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1535 modus</i>. Sed peccatum schismatis gravius invenitur punitum quam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1536 etiam peccatum infidelitatis sive idololatriae. Legitur enim Exod.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1537 XXXII quod propter idololatriam sunt aliqui humana manu gladio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1538 interfecti, de peccato autem schismatis legitur Num. XVI, <i>si
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1539 novam rem fecerit dominus, ut aperiens terra os suum deglutiat eos
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1540 et omnia quae ad illos pertinent, descenderintque viventes in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1541 Infernum, scietis quod blasphemaverunt dominum</i>. Decem etiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1542 tribus, quae vitio schismatis a regno David recesserunt, sunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1543 gravissime punitae, ut habetur IV Reg. XVII. Ergo peccatum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1544 schismatis est gravius peccato infidelitatis.</p><p title="II-II q. 39 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="40614"><span class="ref">[40614] IIª-IIae q. 39 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1545 <i>bonum multitudinis est maius et divinius quam bonum unius</i>;
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1546 ut patet per philosophum, in I Ethic. Sed schisma est contra bonum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1547 multitudinis, idest contra ecclesiasticam unitatem, infidelitas
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1548 autem est contra bonum particulare unius, quod est fides unius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1549 hominis singularis. Ergo videtur quod schisma sit gravius peccatum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1550 quam infidelitas.</p><p title="II-II q. 39 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="40615"><span class="ref">[40615] IIª-IIae q. 39 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1551 maiori malo maius bonum opponitur; ut patet per philosophum, in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1552 VIII Ethic. Sed schisma opponitur caritati, quae est maior virtus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1553 quam fides, cui opponitur infidelitas, ut ex praemissis patet. Ergo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1554 schisma est gravius peccatum quam infidelitas.</p><p title="II-II q. 39 a. 2 s. c."><a name="40616"><span class="ref">[40616] IIª-IIae q. 39 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1555 quod se habet ex additione ad alterum potius est vel in bono vel in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1556 malo. Sed haeresis se habet per additionem ad schisma, addit enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1557 perversum dogma, ut patet ex auctoritate Hieronymi supra inducta.
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1558 Ergo schisma est minus peccatum quam infidelitas.</p><p title="II-II q. 39 a. 2 co."><a name="40617"><span class="ref">[40617] IIª-IIae q. 39 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1559 dicendum quod gravitas peccati dupliciter potest considerari, uno
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1560 modo, secundum suam speciem; alio modo, secundum circumstantias. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1561 quia circumstantiae particulares sunt et infinitis modis variari
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1562 possunt, cum quaeritur in communi de duobus peccatis quod sit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1563 gravius, intelligenda est quaestio de gravitate quae attenditur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1564 secundum genus peccati. Genus autem seu species peccati attenditur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1565 ex obiecto; sicut ex supradictis patet. Et ideo illud peccatum quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1566 maiori bono contrariatur est ex suo genere gravius, sicut peccatum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1567 in Deum quam peccatum in proximum. Manifestum est autem quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1568 infidelitas est peccatum contra ipsum Deum, secundum quod in se est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1569 veritas prima, cui fides innititur. Schisma autem est contra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1570 ecclesiasticam unitatem, quae est quoddam bonum participatum, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1571 minus quam sit ipse Deus. Unde manifestum est quod peccatum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1572 infidelitatis ex suo genere est gravius quam peccatum schismatis,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1573 licet possit contingere quod aliquis schismaticus gravius peccet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1574 quam quidam infidelis, vel propter maiorem contemptum, vel propter
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1575 maius periculum quod inducit, vel propter aliquid huiusmodi.</p><p title="II-II q. 39 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="40618"><span class="ref">[40618] IIª-IIae q. 39 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1576 ergo dicendum quod populo illi manifestum erat iam per legem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1577 susceptam quod erat unus Deus et quod non erant alii dii colendi,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1578 et hoc erat apud eos per multiplicia signa confirmatum. Et ideo non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1579 oportebat quod peccantes contra hanc fidem per idololatriam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1580 punirentur inusitata aliqua et insolita poena, sed solum communi.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1581 Sed non erat sic notum apud eos quod Moyses deberet esse semper
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1582 eorum princeps. Et ideo rebellantes eius principatui oportebat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1583 miraculosa et insueta poena puniri. Vel potest dici quod peccatum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1584 schismatis quandoque gravius est punitum in populo illo quia erat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1585 ad seditiones et schismata promptus, dicitur enim I Esdr. IV,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1586 <i>civitas illa a diebus antiquis adversus regem rebellat, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1587 seditiones et praelia concitantur in ea</i>. Poena autem maior
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1588 quandoque infligitur pro peccato magis consueto, ut supra habitum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1589 est, nam poenae sunt medicinae quaedam ad arcendum homines a
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1590 peccato; unde ubi est maior pronitas ad peccandum, debet severior
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1591 poena adhiberi. Decem autem tribus non solum fuerunt punitae pro
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1592 peccato schismatis, sed etiam pro peccato idololatriae, ut ibidem
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1593 dicitur.</p><p title="II-II q. 39 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="40619"><span class="ref">[40619] IIª-IIae q. 39 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1594 dicendum quod sicut bonum multitudinis est maius quam bonum unius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1595 qui est de multitudine, ita est minus quam bonum extrinsecum ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1596 quod multitudo ordinatur, sicut bonum ordinis exercitus est minus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1597 quam bonum ducis. Et similiter bonum ecclesiasticae unitatis, cui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1598 opponitur schisma, est minus quam bonum veritatis divinae, cui
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1599 opponitur infidelitas.</p><p title="II-II q. 39 a. 2 ad 3"><a name="40620"><span class="ref">[40620] IIª-IIae q. 39 a. 2 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1600 dicendum quod caritas habet duo obiecta, unum principale, scilicet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1601 bonitatem divinam; et aliud secundarium, scilicet bonum proximi.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1602 Schisma autem et alia peccata quae fiunt in proximum opponuntur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1603 caritati quantum ad secundarium bonum, quod est minus quam obiectum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1604 fidei, quod est ipse Deus. Et ideo ista peccata sunt minora quam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1605 infidelitas. Sed odium Dei, quod opponitur caritati quantum ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1606 principale obiectum, non est minus. Tamen inter peccata quae sunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1607 in proximum, peccatum schismatis videtur esse maximum, quia est
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1608 contra spirituale bonum multitudinis.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 3</h3><p title="II-II q. 39 a. 3 arg. 1"><a name="40621"><span class="ref">[40621] IIª-IIae q. 39 a. 3 arg. 1</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1609 sic proceditur. Videtur quod schismatici habeant aliquam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1610 potestatem. Dicit enim Augustinus, in libro contra Donatist.,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1611 <i>sicut redeuntes ad Ecclesiam qui priusquam recederent baptizati
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1612 sunt non rebaptizantur, ita redeuntes qui priusquam recederent
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1613 ordinati sunt non utique rursus ordinantur</i>. Sed ordo est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1614 potestas quaedam. Ergo schismatici habent aliquam potestatem, quia
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1615 retinent ordinem.</p><p title="II-II q. 39 a. 3 arg. 2"><a name="40622"><span class="ref">[40622] IIª-IIae q. 39 a. 3 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1616 Augustinus dicit, in libro de Unic. Bapt., <i>potest sacramentum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1617 tradere separatus, sicut potest habere separatus</i>. Sed potestas
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1618 tradendi sacramenta est maxima potestas. Ergo schismatici, qui sunt
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1619 ab Ecclesia separati, habent potestatem spiritualem.</p><p title="II-II q. 39 a. 3 arg. 3"><a name="40623"><span class="ref">[40623] IIª-IIae q. 39 a. 3 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1620 Urbanus Papa dicit quod <i>ab episcopis quondam Catholice ordinatis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1621 sed in schismate a Romana Ecclesia separatis qui consecrati sunt,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1622 eos, cum ad Ecclesiae unitatem redierint, servatis propriis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1623 ordinibus, misericorditer suscipi iubemus, si eos vita et scientia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1624 commendat</i>. Sed hoc non esset nisi spiritualis potestas apud
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1625 schismaticos remaneret. Ergo schismatici habent spiritualem
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1626 potestatem.</p><p title="II-II q. 39 a. 3 s. c."><a name="40624"><span class="ref">[40624] IIª-IIae q. 39 a. 3 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1627 est quod Cyprianus dicit in quadam epistola, et habetur VII, qu. I,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1628 Can. Novatianus, <i>qui nec unitatem, inquit, spiritus nec
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1629 conventionis pacem observat, et se ab Ecclesiae vinculo atque a
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1630 sacerdotum collegio separat, nec episcopi potestatem habere potest
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1631 nec honorem</i>.</p><p title="II-II q. 39 a. 3 co."><a name="40625"><span class="ref">[40625] IIª-IIae q. 39 a. 3 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1632 dicendum quod duplex est spiritualis potestas, una quidem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1633 sacramentalis; alia iurisdictionalis. Sacramentalis quidem potestas
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1634 est quae per aliquam consecrationem confertur. Omnes autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1635 consecrationes Ecclesiae sunt immobiles, manente re quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1636 consecratur, sicut patet etiam in rebus inanimatis, nam altare
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1637 semel consecratum non consecratur iterum nisi fuerit dissipatum. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1638 ideo talis potestas secundum suam essentiam remanet in homine qui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1639 per consecrationem eam est adeptus quandiu vivit, sive in schisma
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1640 sive in haeresim labatur, quod patet ex hoc quod rediens ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1641 Ecclesiam non iterum consecratur. Sed quia potestas inferior non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1642 debet exire in actum nisi secundum quod movetur a potestate
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1643 superiori, ut etiam in rebus naturalibus patet; inde est quod tales
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1644 usum potestatis amittunt, ita scilicet quod non liceat eis sua
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1645 potestate uti. Si tamen usi fuerint, eorum potestas effectum habet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1646 in sacramentalibus, quia in his homo non operatur nisi sicut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1647 instrumentum Dei; unde effectus sacramentales non excluduntur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1648 propter culpam quamcumque conferentis sacramentum. Potestas autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1649 iurisdictionalis est quae ex simplici iniunctione hominis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1650 confertur. Et talis potestas non immobiliter adhaeret. Unde in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1651 schismaticis et haereticis non manet. Unde non possunt nec
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1652 absolvere nec excommunicare nec indulgentias facere, aut aliquid
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1653 huiusmodi, quod si fecerint, nihil est actum. Cum ergo dicitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1654 tales non habere potestatem spiritualem, intelligendum est vel de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1655 potestate secunda, vel, si referatur ad primam potestatem, non est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1656 referendum ad ipsam essentiam potestatis, sed ad legitimum usum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1657 eius.</p><p title="II-II q. 39 a. 3 ad arg."><a name="40626"><span class="ref">[40626] IIª-IIae q. 39 a. 3 ad arg.</span></a> Et per
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1658 hoc patet responsio ad obiecta.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 4</h3><p title="II-II q. 39 a. 4 arg. 1"><a name="40627"><span class="ref">[40627] IIª-IIae q. 39 a. 4 arg. 1</span></a> Ad quartum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1659 sic proceditur. Videtur quod poena schismaticorum non sit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1660 conveniens ut excommunicentur. Excommunicatio enim maxime separat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1661 hominem a communione sacramentorum. Sed Augustinus dicit, in libro
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1662 contra Donatist., quod Baptisma potest recipi a schismatico. Ergo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1663 videtur quod excommunicatio non est conveniens poena
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1664 schismatis.</p><p title="II-II q. 39 a. 4 arg. 2"><a name="40628"><span class="ref">[40628] IIª-IIae q. 39 a. 4 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1665 ad fideles Christi pertinet ut eos qui sunt dispersi reducant, unde
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1666 contra quosdam dicitur Ezech. XXXIV, <i>quod abiectum est non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1667 reduxistis, quod perierat non quaesistis</i>. Sed schismatici
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1668 convenientius reducuntur per aliquos qui eis communicent. Ergo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1669 videtur quod non sint excommunicandi.</p><p title="II-II q. 39 a. 4 arg. 3"><a name="40629"><span class="ref">[40629] IIª-IIae q. 39 a. 4 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1670 pro eodem peccato non infligitur duplex poena, secundum illud Nahum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1671 I, <i>non iudicabit Deus bis in idipsum</i>. Sed pro peccato
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1672 schismatis aliqui poena temporali puniuntur, ut habetur XXIII, qu.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1673 V, ubi dicitur, <i>divinae et mundanae leges statuerunt ut ab
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1674 Ecclesiae unitate divisi, et eius pacem perturbantes, a
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1675 saecularibus potestatibus comprimantur</i>. Non ergo sunt puniendi
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1676 per excommunicationem.</p><p title="II-II q. 39 a. 4 s. c."><a name="40630"><span class="ref">[40630] IIª-IIae q. 39 a. 4 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1677 est quod Num. XVI dicitur, <i>recedite a tabernaculis hominum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1678 impiorum</i>, qui scilicet schisma fecerant, <i>et nolite tangere
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1679 quae ad eos pertinent, ne involvamini in peccatis eorum</i>.</p><p title="II-II q. 39 a. 4 co."><a name="40631"><span class="ref">[40631] IIª-IIae q. 39 a. 4 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1680 dicendum quod per quae peccat quis, per ea debet puniri, ut dicitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1681 Sap. XI. Schismaticus autem, ut ex dictis patet, in duobus peccat.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1682 In uno quidem, quia separat se a communione membrorum Ecclesiae. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1683 quantum ad hoc conveniens poena schismaticorum est ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1684 excommunicentur. In alio vero, quia subdi recusant capiti
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1685 Ecclesiae. Et ideo, quia coerceri nolunt per spiritualem potestatem
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1686 Ecclesiae, iustum est ut potestate temporali coerceantur.</p><p title="II-II q. 39 a. 4 ad 1"><a name="40632"><span class="ref">[40632] IIª-IIae q. 39 a. 4 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1687 ergo dicendum quod Baptismum a schismaticis recipere non licet nisi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1688 in articulo necessitatis, quia melius est de hac vita cum signo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1689 Christi exire, a quocumque detur, etiam si sit Iudaeus vel Paganus,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1690 quam sine hoc signo, quod per Baptismum confertur.</p><p title="II-II q. 39 a. 4 ad 2"><a name="40633"><span class="ref">[40633] IIª-IIae q. 39 a. 4 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1691 dicendum quod per excommunicationem non interdicitur illa
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1692 communicatio per quam aliquis salubribus monitis divisos reducit ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1693 Ecclesiae unitatem. Tamen et ipsa separatio quodammodo eos reducit,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1694 dum, de sua separatione confusi, quandoque ad poenitentiam
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1695 adducuntur.</p><p title="II-II q. 39 a. 4 ad 3"><a name="40634"><span class="ref">[40634] IIª-IIae q. 39 a. 4 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1696 dicendum quod poenae praesentis vitae sunt medicinales; et ideo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1697 quando una poena non sufficit ad coercendum hominem, superadditur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1698 altera, sicut et medici diversas medicinas corporales apponunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1699 quando una non est efficax et ita Ecclesia, quando aliqui per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1700 excommunicationem non sufficienter reprimuntur, adhibet coercionem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1701 brachii saecularis. Sed si una poena sit sufficiens, non debet alia
59
03759e5c1080 fix multi-para s.c.
ht
parents: 53
diff changeset
1702 adhiberi.</p></div></div><div id="q40" class="q"><h2>Quaestio 40</h2><div class="p"><h3>Prooemium</h3><p title="II-II q. 40 pr."><a name="40635"><span class="ref">[40635] IIª-IIae q. 40 pr.</span></a> Deinde
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1703 considerandum est de bello. Et circa hoc quaeruntur quatuor. Primo,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1704 utrum aliquod bellum sit licitum. Secundo, utrum clericis sit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1705 licitum bellare. Tertio, utrum liceat bellantibus uti insidiis.
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1706 Quarto, utrum liceat in diebus festis bellare.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 1</h3><p title="II-II q. 40 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="40636"><span class="ref">[40636] IIª-IIae q. 40 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1707 sic proceditur. Videtur quod bellare semper sit peccatum. Poena
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1708 enim non infligitur nisi pro peccato. Sed bellantibus a domino
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1709 indicitur poena, secundum illud Matth. XXVI, <i>omnis qui acceperit
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1710 gladium gladio peribit</i>. Ergo omne bellum est illicitum.</p><p title="II-II q. 40 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="40637"><span class="ref">[40637] IIª-IIae q. 40 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1711 quidquid contrariatur divino praecepto est peccatum. Sed bellare
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1712 contrariatur divino praecepto, dicitur enim Matth. V, <i>ego dico
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1713 vobis non resistere malo</i>; et Rom. XII dicitur, <i>non vos
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1714 defendentes, carissimi, sed date locum irae</i>. Ergo bellare
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1715 semper est peccatum.</p><p title="II-II q. 40 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="40638"><span class="ref">[40638] IIª-IIae q. 40 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1716 nihil contrariatur actui virtutis nisi peccatum. Sed bellum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1717 contrariatur paci. Ergo bellum semper est peccatum.</p><p title="II-II q. 40 a. 1 arg. 4"><a name="40639"><span class="ref">[40639] IIª-IIae q. 40 a. 1 arg. 4</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1718 omne exercitium ad rem licitam licitum est, sicut patet in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1719 exercitiis scientiarum. Sed exercitia bellorum, quae fiunt in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1720 torneamentis, prohibentur ab Ecclesia, quia morientes in huiusmodi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1721 tyrociniis ecclesiastica sepultura privantur. Ergo bellum videtur
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1722 esse simpliciter peccatum.</p><p title="II-II q. 40 a. 1 s. c."><a name="40640"><span class="ref">[40640] IIª-IIae q. 40 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1723 est quod Augustinus dicit, in sermone de puero centurionis, <i>si
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1724 Christiana disciplina omnino bella culparet, hoc potius consilium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1725 salutis petentibus in Evangelio daretur, ut abiicerent arma, seque
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1726 militiae omnino subtraherent. Dictum est autem eis, neminem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1727 concutiatis; estote contenti stipendiis vestris. Quibus proprium
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1728 stipendium sufficere praecepit, militare non prohibuit</i>.</p><p title="II-II q. 40 a. 1 co."><a name="40641"><span class="ref">[40641] IIª-IIae q. 40 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1729 dicendum quod ad hoc quod aliquod bellum sit iustum, tria
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1730 requiruntur. Primo quidem, auctoritas principis, cuius mandato
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1731 bellum est gerendum. Non enim pertinet ad personam privatam bellum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1732 movere, quia potest ius suum in iudicio superioris prosequi.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1733 Similiter etiam quia convocare multitudinem, quod in bellis oportet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1734 fieri, non pertinet ad privatam personam. Cum autem cura
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1735 reipublicae commissa sit principibus, ad eos pertinet rem publicam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1736 civitatis vel regni seu provinciae sibi subditae tueri. Et sicut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1737 licite defendunt eam materiali gladio contra interiores quidem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1738 perturbatores, dum malefactores puniunt, secundum illud apostoli,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1739 ad Rom. XIII, <i>non sine causa gladium portat, minister enim Dei
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1740 est, vindex in iram ei qui male agit</i>; ita etiam gladio bellico
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1741 ad eos pertinet rempublicam tueri ab exterioribus hostibus. Unde et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1742 principibus dicitur in Psalm., <i>eripite pauperem, et egenum de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1743 manu peccatoris liberate</i>. Unde Augustinus dicit, contra Faust.,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1744 <i>ordo naturalis, mortalium paci accommodatus, hoc poscit, ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1745 suscipiendi belli auctoritas atque consilium penes principes
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1746 sit</i>. Secundo, requiritur causa iusta, ut scilicet illi qui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1747 impugnantur propter aliquam culpam impugnationem mereantur. Unde
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1748 Augustinus dicit, in libro quaest., <i>iusta bella solent definiri
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1749 quae ulciscuntur iniurias, si gens vel civitas plectenda est quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1750 vel vindicare neglexerit quod a suis improbe factum est, vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1751 reddere quod per iniuriam ablatum est</i>. Tertio, requiritur ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1752 sit intentio bellantium recta, qua scilicet intenditur vel ut bonum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1753 promoveatur, vel ut malum vitetur. Unde Augustinus, in libro de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1754 verbis Dom., <i>apud veros Dei cultores etiam illa bella pacata
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1755 sunt quae non cupiditate aut crudelitate, sed pacis studio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1756 geruntur, ut mali coerceantur et boni subleventur</i>. Potest autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1757 contingere quod etiam si sit legitima auctoritas indicentis bellum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1758 et causa iusta, nihilominus propter pravam intentionem bellum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1759 reddatur illicitum. Dicit enim Augustinus, in libro contra Faust.,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1760 <i>nocendi cupiditas, ulciscendi crudelitas, implacatus et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1761 implacabilis animus, feritas rebellandi, libido dominandi, et si
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1762 qua sunt similia, haec sunt quae in bellis iure culpantur</i>.</p><p title="II-II q. 40 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="40642"><span class="ref">[40642] IIª-IIae q. 40 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1763 ergo dicendum quod, sicut Augustinus dicit, in II Lib. contra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1764 Manich., <i>ille accipit gladium qui, nulla superiori aut legitima
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1765 potestate aut iubente vel concedente, in sanguinem alicuius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1766 armatur</i>. Qui vero ex auctoritate principis vel iudicis, si sit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1767 persona privata; vel ex zelo iustitiae, quasi ex auctoritate Dei,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1768 si sit persona publica, gladio utitur, non ipse accipit gladium,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1769 sed ab alio sibi commisso utitur. Unde ei poena non debetur. Nec
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1770 tamen illi etiam qui cum peccato gladio utuntur semper gladio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1771 occiduntur. Sed ipso suo gladio semper pereunt, quia pro peccato
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1772 gladii aeternaliter puniuntur, nisi poeniteant.</p><p title="II-II q. 40 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="40643"><span class="ref">[40643] IIª-IIae q. 40 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1773 dicendum quod huiusmodi praecepta, sicut Augustinus dicit, in libro
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1774 de Serm. Dom. in monte, semper sunt servanda in praeparatione
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1775 animi, ut scilicet semper homo sit paratus non resistere vel non se
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1776 defendere si opus fuerit. Sed quandoque est aliter agendum propter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1777 commune bonum, et etiam illorum cum quibus pugnatur. Unde
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1778 Augustinus dicit, in Epist. ad Marcellinum, <i>agenda sunt multa
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1779 etiam cum invitis benigna quadam asperitate plectendis. Nam cui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1780 licentia iniquitatis eripitur, utiliter vincitur, quoniam nihil est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1781 infelicius felicitate peccantium, qua poenalis nutritur impunitas,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1782 et mala voluntas, velut hostis interior, roboratur</i>.</p><p title="II-II q. 40 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="40644"><span class="ref">[40644] IIª-IIae q. 40 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1783 dicendum quod etiam illi qui iusta bella gerunt pacem intendunt. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1784 ita paci non contrariantur nisi malae, quam dominus non venit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1785 mittere in terram, ut dicitur Matth. X. Unde Augustinus dicit, ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1786 Bonifacium, <i>non quaeritur pax ut bellum exerceatur, sed bellum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1787 geritur ut pax acquiratur. Esto ergo bellando pacificus, ut eos
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1788 quos expugnas ad pacis utilitatem vincendo perducas</i>.</p><p title="II-II q. 40 a. 1 ad 4"><a name="40645"><span class="ref">[40645] IIª-IIae q. 40 a. 1 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1789 dicendum quod exercitia hominum ad res bellicas non sunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1790 universaliter prohibita, sed inordinata exercitia et periculosa, ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1791 quibus occisiones et depraedationes proveniunt. Apud antiquos autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1792 exercitationes ad bella sine huiusmodi periculis erant, et ideo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1793 vocabantur meditationes armorum, vel bella sine sanguine, ut per
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1794 Hieronymum patet, in quadam epistola.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 2</h3><p title="II-II q. 40 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="40646"><span class="ref">[40646] IIª-IIae q. 40 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1795 secundum sic proceditur. Videtur quod clericis et episcopis liceat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1796 pugnare. Bella enim intantum sunt licita et iusta, sicut dictum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1797 est, inquantum tuentur pauperes et totam rempublicam ab hostium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1798 iniuriis. Sed hoc maxime videtur ad praelatos pertinere, dicit enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1799 Gregorius, in quadam homilia, <i>lupus super oves venit, cum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1800 quilibet iniustus et raptor fideles quosque atque humiles opprimit.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1801 Sed is qui pastor videbatur esse et non erat, relinquit oves et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1802 fugit, quia dum sibi ab eo periculum metuit, resistere eius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1803 iniustitiae non praesumit</i>. Ergo praelatis et clericis licitum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1804 est pugnare.</p><p title="II-II q. 40 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="40647"><span class="ref">[40647] IIª-IIae q. 40 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1805 XXIII, qu. VIII, Leo Papa scribit, <i>cum saepe adversa a
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1806 Saracenorum partibus pervenerint nuntia, quidam in Romanorum portum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1807 Saracenos clam furtiveque venturos esse dicebant. Pro quo nostrum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1808 congregari praecepimus populum, maritimumque ad littus descendere
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1809 decrevimus</i>. Ergo episcopis licet ad bella procedere.</p><p title="II-II q. 40 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="40648"><span class="ref">[40648] IIª-IIae q. 40 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1810 eiusdem rationis esse videtur quod homo aliquid faciat, et quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1811 facienti consentiat, secundum illud Rom. I, <i>non solum digni sunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1812 morte qui faciunt, sed et qui consentiunt facientibus</i>. Maxime
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1813 autem consentit qui ad aliquid faciendum alios inducit. Licitum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1814 autem est episcopis et clericis inducere alios ad bellandum,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1815 dicitur enim XXIII, qu. VIII, quod <i>hortatu et precibus Adriani
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1816 Romanae urbis episcopi, Carolus bellum contra Longobardos
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1817 suscepit</i>. Ergo etiam eis licet pugnare.</p><p title="II-II q. 40 a. 2 arg. 4"><a name="40649"><span class="ref">[40649] IIª-IIae q. 40 a. 2 arg. 4</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1818 illud quod est secundum se honestum et meritorium non est illicitum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1819 praelatis et clericis. Sed bellare est quandoque et honestum et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1820 meritorium, dicitur enim XXIII, qu. VIII, quod <i>si aliquis pro
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1821 veritate fidei et salvatione patriae ac defensione Christianorum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1822 mortuus fuerit, a Deo caeleste praemium consequetur</i>. Ergo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1823 licitum est episcopis et clericis bellare.</p><p title="II-II q. 40 a. 2 s. c."><a name="40650"><span class="ref">[40650] IIª-IIae q. 40 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1824 est quod Petro, in persona episcoporum et clericorum, dicitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1825 Matth. XXVI, <i>converte gladium tuum in vaginam</i>. Non ergo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1826 licet eis pugnare.</p><p title="II-II q. 40 a. 2 co."><a name="40651"><span class="ref">[40651] IIª-IIae q. 40 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1827 dicendum quod ad bonum societatis humanae plura sunt necessaria.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1828 Diversa autem a diversis melius et expeditius aguntur quam ab uno;
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1829 ut patet per philosophum, in sua politica. Et quaedam negotia sunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1830 adeo sibi repugnantia ut convenienter simul exerceri non possint.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1831 Et ideo illis qui maioribus deputantur prohibentur minora, sicut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1832 secundum leges humanas militibus, qui deputantur ad exercitia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1833 bellica, negotiationes interdicuntur. Bellica autem exercitia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1834 maxime repugnant illis officiis quibus episcopi et clerici
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1835 deputantur, propter duo. Primo quidem, generali ratione, quia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1836 bellica exercitia maximas inquietudines habent; unde multum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1837 impediunt animum a contemplatione divinorum et laude Dei et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1838 oratione pro populo, quae ad officium pertinent clericorum. Et ideo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1839 sicut negotiationes, propter hoc quod nimis implicant animum,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1840 interdicuntur clericis, ita et bellica exercitia, secundum illud II
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1841 ad Tim. II, <i>nemo militans Deo implicat se saecularibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1842 negotiis</i>. Secundo, propter specialem rationem. Nam omnes
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1843 clericorum ordines ordinantur ad altaris ministerium, in quo sub
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1844 sacramento repraesentatur passio Christi, secundum illud I ad Cor.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1845 XI, <i>quotiescumque manducabitis panem hunc et calicem bibetis,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1846 mortem domini annuntiabitis, donec veniat</i>. Et ideo non competit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1847 eis occidere vel effundere sanguinem, sed magis esse paratos ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1848 propriam sanguinis effusionem pro Christo, ut imitentur opere quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1849 gerunt ministerio. Et propter hoc est institutum ut effundentes
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1850 sanguinem, etiam sine peccato, sint irregulares. Nulli autem qui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1851 est deputatus ad aliquod officium licet id per quod suo officio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1852 incongruus redditur. Unde clericis omnino non licet bella gerere,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1853 quae ordinantur ad sanguinis effusionem.</p><p title="II-II q. 40 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="40652"><span class="ref">[40652] IIª-IIae q. 40 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1854 ergo dicendum quod praelati debent resistere non solum lupis qui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1855 spiritualiter interficiunt gregem, sed etiam raptoribus et tyrannis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1856 qui corporaliter vexant, non autem materialibus armis in propria
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1857 persona utendo, sed spiritualibus; secundum illud apostoli, II ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1858 Cor. X, <i>arma militiae nostrae non sunt carnalia, sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1859 spiritualia</i>. Quae quidem sunt salubres admonitiones, devotae
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1860 orationes, contra pertinaces excommunicationis sententia.</p><p title="II-II q. 40 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="40653"><span class="ref">[40653] IIª-IIae q. 40 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1861 dicendum quod praelati et clerici, ex auctoritate superioris,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1862 possunt interesse bellis, non quidem ut ipsi propria manu pugnent,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1863 sed ut iuste pugnantibus spiritualiter subveniant suis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1864 exhortationibus et absolutionibus et aliis huiusmodi spiritualibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1865 subventionibus. Sicut et in veteri lege mandabatur, Ios. VI, quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1866 sacerdotes sacris tubis in bellis clangerent. Et ad hoc primo fuit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1867 concessum quod episcopi vel clerici ad bella procederent. Quod
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1868 autem aliqui propria manu pugnent, abusionis est.</p><p title="II-II q. 40 a. 2 ad 3"><a name="40654"><span class="ref">[40654] IIª-IIae q. 40 a. 2 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1869 dicendum quod, sicut supra habitum est, omnis potentia vel ars vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1870 virtus ad quam pertinet finis habet disponere de his quae sunt ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1871 finem. Bella autem carnalia in populo fideli sunt referenda, sicut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1872 ad finem, ad bonum spirituale divinum, cui clerici deputantur. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1873 ideo ad clericos pertinet disponere et inducere alios ad bellandum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1874 bella iusta. Non enim interdicitur eis bellare quia peccatum sit,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1875 sed quia tale exercitium eorum personae non congruit.</p><p title="II-II q. 40 a. 2 ad 4"><a name="40655"><span class="ref">[40655] IIª-IIae q. 40 a. 2 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1876 dicendum quod, licet exercere bella iusta sit meritorium, tamen
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1877 illicitum redditur clericis propter hoc quod sunt ad opera magis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1878 meritoria deputati. Sicut matrimonialis actus potest esse
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1879 meritorius, et tamen virginitatem voventibus damnabilis redditur,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1880 propter obligationem eorum ad maius bonum.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 3</h3><p title="II-II q. 40 a. 3 arg. 1"><a name="40656"><span class="ref">[40656] IIª-IIae q. 40 a. 3 arg. 1</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1881 sic proceditur. Videtur quod non sit licitum in bellis uti
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1882 insidiis. Dicitur enim Deut. XVI, <i>iuste quod iustum est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1883 exequeris</i>. Sed insidiae, cum sint fraudes quaedam, videntur ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1884 iniustitiam pertinere. Ergo non est utendum insidiis etiam in
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1885 bellis iustis.</p><p title="II-II q. 40 a. 3 arg. 2"><a name="40657"><span class="ref">[40657] IIª-IIae q. 40 a. 3 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1886 insidiae et fraudes fidelitati videntur opponi, sicut et mendacia.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1887 Sed quia ad omnes fidem debemus servare, nulli homini est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1888 mentiendum; ut patet per Augustinum, in libro contra mendacium. Cum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1889 ergo fides hosti servanda sit, ut Augustinus dicit, ad Bonifacium,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1890 videtur quod non sit contra hostes insidiis utendum.</p><p title="II-II q. 40 a. 3 arg. 3"><a name="40658"><span class="ref">[40658] IIª-IIae q. 40 a. 3 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1891 Matth. VII dicitur, <i>quae vultis ut faciant vobis homines, et vos
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1892 facite illis</i>, et hoc est observandum ad omnes proximos. Inimici
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1893 autem sunt proximi. Cum ergo nullus sibi velit insidias vel fraudes
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1894 parari, videtur quod nullus ex insidiis debeat gerere bella.</p><p title="II-II q. 40 a. 3 s. c."><a name="40659"><span class="ref">[40659] IIª-IIae q. 40 a. 3 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1895 est quod Augustinus dicit, in libro quaest., <i>cum iustum bellum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1896 suscipitur, utrum aperte pugnet aliquis an ex insidiis, nihil ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1897 iustitiam interest</i>. Et hoc probat auctoritate domini, qui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1898 mandavit Iosue ut insidias poneret habitatoribus civitatis hai, ut
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1899 habetur Ios. VIII.</p><p title="II-II q. 40 a. 3 co."><a name="40660"><span class="ref">[40660] IIª-IIae q. 40 a. 3 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1900 dicendum quod insidiae ordinantur ad fallendum hostes. Dupliciter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1901 autem aliquis potest falli ex facto vel dicto alterius uno modo, ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1902 eo quod ei dicitur falsum, vel non servatur promissum. Et istud
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1903 semper est illicitum. Et hoc modo nullus debet hostes fallere, sunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1904 enim quaedam iura bellorum et foedera etiam inter ipsos hostes
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1905 servanda, ut Ambrosius dicit, in libro de officiis. Alio modo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1906 potest aliquis falli ex dicto vel facto nostro, quia ei propositum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1907 aut intellectum non aperimus. Hoc autem semper facere non tenemur,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1908 quia etiam in doctrina sacra multa sunt occultanda, maxime
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1909 infidelibus, ne irrideant, secundum illud Matth. VII, <i>nolite
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1910 sanctum dare canibus</i>. Unde multo magis ea quae ad impugnandum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1911 inimicos paramus sunt eis occultanda. Unde inter cetera documenta
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1912 rei militaris hoc praecipue ponitur de occultandis consiliis ne ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1913 hostes perveniant; ut patet in libro stratagematum Frontini. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1914 talis occultatio pertinet ad rationem insidiarum quibus licitum est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1915 uti in bellis iustis. Nec proprie huiusmodi insidiae vocantur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1916 fraudes; nec iustitiae repugnant; nec ordinatae voluntati, esset
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1917 enim inordinata voluntas si aliquis vellet nihil sibi ab aliis
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1918 occultari.</p><p title="II-II q. 40 a. 3 ad arg."><a name="40661"><span class="ref">[40661] IIª-IIae q. 40 a. 3 ad arg.</span></a> Et per
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1919 hoc patet responsio ad obiecta.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 4</h3><p title="II-II q. 40 a. 4 arg. 1"><a name="40662"><span class="ref">[40662] IIª-IIae q. 40 a. 4 arg. 1</span></a> Ad quartum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1920 sic proceditur. Videtur quod in diebus festis non liceat bellare.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1921 Festa enim sunt ordinata ad vacandum divinis, unde intelliguntur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1922 per observationem sabbati, quae praecipitur Exod. XX; sabbatum enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1923 interpretatur requies. Sed bella maximam inquietudinem habent. Ergo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1924 nullo modo est in diebus festis pugnandum.</p><p title="II-II q. 40 a. 4 arg. 2"><a name="40663"><span class="ref">[40663] IIª-IIae q. 40 a. 4 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1925 Isaiae LVIII reprehenduntur quidam quod in diebus ieiunii
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1926 <i>repetunt debita et committunt lites, pugno percutientes</i>.
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1927 Ergo multo magis in diebus festis illicitum est bellare.</p><p title="II-II q. 40 a. 4 arg. 3"><a name="40664"><span class="ref">[40664] IIª-IIae q. 40 a. 4 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1928 nihil est inordinate agendum ad vitandum incommodum temporale. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1929 bellare in die festo, hoc videtur esse secundum se inordinatum.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1930 Ergo pro nulla necessitate temporalis incommodi vitandi debet
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1931 aliquis in die festo bellare.</p><p title="II-II q. 40 a. 4 s. c."><a name="40665"><span class="ref">[40665] IIª-IIae q. 40 a. 4 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1932 est quod I Machab. II dicitur, <i>cogitaverunt laudabiliter Iudaei,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1933 dicentes, omnis homo quicumque venerit ad nos in bello in die
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1934 sabbatorum, pugnemus adversus eum</i>.</p><p title="II-II q. 40 a. 4 co."><a name="40666"><span class="ref">[40666] IIª-IIae q. 40 a. 4 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1935 dicendum quod observatio festorum non impedit ea quae ordinantur ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1936 hominis salutem etiam corporalem. Unde dominus arguit Iudaeos,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1937 dicens, Ioan. VII, <i>mihi indignamini quia totum hominem salvum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1938 feci in sabbato?</i> Et inde est quod medici licite possunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1939 medicari homines in die festo. Multo autem magis est conservanda
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1940 salus reipublicae, per quam impediuntur occisiones plurimorum et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1941 innumera mala et temporalia et spiritualia, quam salus corporalis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1942 unius hominis. Et ideo pro tuitione reipublicae fidelium licitum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1943 est iusta bella exercere in diebus festis, si tamen hoc necessitas
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1944 exposcat, hoc enim esset tentare Deum, si quis, imminente tali
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1945 necessitate, a bello vellet abstinere. Sed necessitate cessante,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1946 non est licitum bellare in diebus festis, propter rationes
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1947 inductas.</p><p title="II-II q. 40 a. 4 ad arg."><a name="40667"><span class="ref">[40667] IIª-IIae q. 40 a. 4 ad arg.</span></a> Et per
59
03759e5c1080 fix multi-para s.c.
ht
parents: 53
diff changeset
1948 hoc patet responsio ad obiecta.</p></div></div><div id="q41" class="q"><h2>Quaestio 41</h2><div class="p"><h3>Prooemium</h3><p title="II-II q. 41 pr."><a name="40668"><span class="ref">[40668] IIª-IIae q. 41 pr.</span></a> Deinde
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1949 considerandum est de rixa. Et circa hoc quaeruntur duo. Primo,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1950 utrum rixa sit peccatum. Secundo, utrum sit filia irae.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 1</h3><p title="II-II q. 41 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="40669"><span class="ref">[40669] IIª-IIae q. 41 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1951 sic proceditur. Videtur quod rixa non semper sit peccatum. Rixa
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1952 enim videtur esse contentio quaedam, dicit enim Isidorus, in libro
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1953 Etymol., quod <i>rixosus est a rictu canino dictus, semper enim ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1954 contradicendum paratus est, et iurgio delectatur, et provocat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1955 contendentem</i>. Sed contentio non semper est peccatum. Ergo neque
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1956 rixa.</p><p title="II-II q. 41 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="40670"><span class="ref">[40670] IIª-IIae q. 41 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1957 Gen. XXVI dicitur quod <i>servi Isaac foderunt alium puteum, et pro
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1958 illo quoque rixati sunt</i>. Sed non est credendum quod familia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1959 Isaac rixaretur publice, eo non contradicente, si hoc esset
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1960 peccatum. Ergo rixa non est peccatum.</p><p title="II-II q. 41 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="40671"><span class="ref">[40671] IIª-IIae q. 41 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1961 rixa videtur esse quoddam particulare bellum. Sed bellum non semper
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1962 est peccatum. Ergo rixa non semper est peccatum.</p><p title="II-II q. 41 a. 1 s. c."><a name="40672"><span class="ref">[40672] IIª-IIae q. 41 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1963 est quod ad Gal. V rixae ponuntur inter opera carnis, <i>quae qui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1964 agunt regnum Dei non consequuntur</i>. Ergo rixae non solum sunt
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1965 peccata, sed etiam sunt peccata mortalia.</p><p title="II-II q. 41 a. 1 co."><a name="40673"><span class="ref">[40673] IIª-IIae q. 41 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1966 dicendum quod sicut contentio importat quandam contradictionem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1967 verborum, ita etiam rixa importat quandam contradictionem in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1968 factis, unde super illud Gal. V dicit Glossa quod rixae sunt quando
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1969 ex ira invicem se percutiunt. Et ideo rixa videtur esse quoddam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1970 privatum bellum, quod inter privatas personas agitur non ex aliqua
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1971 publica auctoritate, sed magis ex inordinata voluntate. Et ideo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1972 rixa semper importat peccatum. Et in eo quidem qui alterum invadit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1973 iniuste est peccatum mortale, inferre enim nocumentum proximo etiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1974 opere manuali non est absque mortali peccato. In eo autem qui se
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1975 defendit potest esse sine peccato, et quandoque cum peccato
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1976 veniali, et quandoque etiam cum mortali, secundum diversum motum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1977 animi eius, et diversum modum se defendendi. Nam si solo animo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1978 repellendi iniuriam illatam, et cum debita moderatione se defendat,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1979 non est peccatum, nec proprie potest dici rixa ex parte eius. Si
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1980 vero cum animo vindictae vel odii, vel cum excessu debitae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1981 moderationis se defendat, semper est peccatum, sed veniale quidem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1982 quando aliquis levis motus odii vel vindictae se immiscet, vel cum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1983 non multum excedat moderatam defensionem; mortale autem quando
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1984 obfirmato animo in impugnantem insurgit ad eum occidendum vel
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1985 graviter laedendum.</p><p title="II-II q. 41 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="40674"><span class="ref">[40674] IIª-IIae q. 41 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1986 ergo dicendum quod rixa non simpliciter nominat contentionem, sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1987 tria in praemissis verbis Isidori ponuntur quae inordinationem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1988 rixae declarant. Primo quidem, promptitudinem animi ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1989 contendendum, quod significat cum dicit, semper ad contradicendum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1990 paratus, scilicet sive alius bene aut male dicat aut faciat.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1991 Secundo, quia in ipsa contradictione delectatur, unde sequitur, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1992 in iurgio delectatur. Tertio, quia ipse alios provocat ad
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1993 contradictiones, unde sequitur, et provocat contendentem.</p><p title="II-II q. 41 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="40675"><span class="ref">[40675] IIª-IIae q. 41 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1994 dicendum quod ibi non intelligitur quod servi Isaac sint rixati,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1995 sed quod incolae terrae rixati sunt contra eos. Unde illi
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1996 peccaverunt, non autem servi Isaac, qui calumniam patiebantur.</p><p title="II-II q. 41 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="40676"><span class="ref">[40676] IIª-IIae q. 41 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1997 dicendum quod ad hoc quod iustum sit bellum, requiritur quod fiat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1998 auctoritate publicae potestatis, sicut supra dictum est. Rixa autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1999 fit ex privato affectu irae vel odii. Si enim minister principis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2000 aut iudicis publica potestate aliquos invadat qui se defendant, non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2001 dicuntur ipsi rixari, sed illi qui publicae potestati resistunt. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2002 sic illi qui invadunt non rixantur neque peccant, sed illi qui se
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2003 inordinate defendunt.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 2</h3><p title="II-II q. 41 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="40677"><span class="ref">[40677] IIª-IIae q. 41 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2004 secundum sic proceditur. Videtur quod rixa non sit filia irae.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2005 Dicitur enim Iac. IV, <i>unde bella et lites in vobis? Nonne ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2006 concupiscentiis quae militant in membris vestris?</i> Sed ira non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2007 pertinet ad concupiscibilem. Ergo rixa non est filia irae, sed
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2008 magis concupiscentiae.</p><p title="II-II q. 41 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="40678"><span class="ref">[40678] IIª-IIae q. 41 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2009 Prov. XXVIII dicitur, <i>qui se iactat et dilatat iurgia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2010 concitat</i>. Sed idem videtur esse rixa quod iurgium. Ergo videtur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2011 quod rixa sit filia superbiae vel inanis gloriae, ad quam pertinet
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2012 se iactare et dilatare.</p><p title="II-II q. 41 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="40679"><span class="ref">[40679] IIª-IIae q. 41 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2013 Prov. XVIII dicitur, <i>labia stulti immiscent se rixis</i>. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2014 stultitia differt ab ira, non enim opponitur mansuetudini, sed
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2015 magis sapientiae vel prudentiae. Ergo rixa non est filia irae.</p><p title="II-II q. 41 a. 2 arg. 4"><a name="40680"><span class="ref">[40680] IIª-IIae q. 41 a. 2 arg. 4</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2016 Prov. X dicitur, <i>odium suscitat rixas</i>. Sed odium oritur ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2017 invidia; ut Gregorius dicit, XXXI Moral. Ergo rixa non est filia
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2018 irae, sed invidiae.</p><p title="II-II q. 41 a. 2 arg. 5"><a name="40681"><span class="ref">[40681] IIª-IIae q. 41 a. 2 arg. 5</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2019 Prov. XVII dicitur, <i>qui meditatur discordias seminat rixas</i>.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2020 Sed discordia est filia inanis gloriae, ut supra dictum est. Ergo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2021 et rixa.</p><p title="II-II q. 41 a. 2 s. c."><a name="40682"><span class="ref">[40682] IIª-IIae q. 41 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2022 est quod Gregorius dicit, XXXI Moral., quod ex ira oritur rixa. Et
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2023 Prov. XV et XXIX dicitur, <i>vir iracundus provocat rixas</i>.</p><p title="II-II q. 41 a. 2 co."><a name="40683"><span class="ref">[40683] IIª-IIae q. 41 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2024 dicendum quod, sicut dictum est, rixa importat quandam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2025 contradictionem usque ad facta pervenientem, dum unus alterum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2026 laedere molitur. Dupliciter autem unus alium laedere intendit. Uno
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2027 modo, quasi intendens absolute malum ipsius. Et talis laesio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2028 pertinet ad odium, cuius intentio est ad laedendum inimicum vel in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2029 manifesto vel in occulto. Alio modo aliquis intendit alium laedere
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2030 eo sciente et repugnante, quod importatur nomine rixae. Et hoc
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2031 proprie pertinet ad iram, quae est appetitus vindictae, non enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2032 sufficit irato quod latenter noceat ei contra quem irascitur, sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2033 vult quod ipse sentiat, et quod contra voluntatem suam aliquid
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2034 patiatur in vindictam eius quod fecit, ut patet per ea quae supra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2035 dicta sunt de passione irae. Et ideo rixa proprie oritur ex
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2036 ira.</p><p title="II-II q. 41 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="40684"><span class="ref">[40684] IIª-IIae q. 41 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2037 ergo dicendum quod, sicut supra dictum est, omnes passiones
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2038 irascibilis ex passionibus concupiscibilis oriuntur. Et secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2039 hoc, illud quod proxime oritur ex ira, oritur etiam ex
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2040 concupiscentia sicut ex prima radice.</p><p title="II-II q. 41 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="40685"><span class="ref">[40685] IIª-IIae q. 41 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2041 dicendum quod iactatio et dilatatio sui, quae fit per superbiam vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2042 inanem gloriam, non directe concitat iurgium aut rixam, sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2043 occasionaliter, inquantum scilicet ex hoc concitatur ira, dum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2044 aliquis sibi ad iniuriam reputat quod alter ei se praeferat; et sic
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2045 ex ira sequuntur iurgia et rixae.</p><p title="II-II q. 41 a. 2 ad 3"><a name="40686"><span class="ref">[40686] IIª-IIae q. 41 a. 2 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2046 dicendum quod ira, sicut supra dictum est, impedit iudicium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2047 rationis, unde habet similitudinem cum stultitia. Et ex hoc
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2048 sequitur quod habeant communem effectum, ex defectu enim rationis
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2049 contingit quod aliquis inordinate alium laedere molitur.</p><p title="II-II q. 41 a. 2 ad 4"><a name="40687"><span class="ref">[40687] IIª-IIae q. 41 a. 2 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2050 dicendum quod rixa, etsi quandoque ex odio oriatur, non tamen est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2051 proprius effectus odii. Quia praeter intentionem odientis est quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2052 rixose et manifeste inimicum laedat, quandoque enim etiam occulte
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2053 laedere quaerit; sed quando videt se praevalere cum rixa et iurgio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2054 laesionem intendit. Sed rixose aliquem laedere est proprius
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2055 effectus irae, ratione iam dicta.</p><p title="II-II q. 41 a. 2 ad 5"><a name="40688"><span class="ref">[40688] IIª-IIae q. 41 a. 2 ad 5</span></a> Ad quintum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2056 dicendum quod ex rixis sequitur odium et discordia in cordibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2057 rixantium. Et ideo ille qui meditatur, idest qui intendit inter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2058 aliquos seminare discordias, procurat quod ad invicem rixantur,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2059 sicut quodlibet peccatum potest imperare actum alterius peccati,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2060 ordinando illum in suum finem. Sed ex hoc non sequitur quod rixa
59
03759e5c1080 fix multi-para s.c.
ht
parents: 53
diff changeset
2061 sit filia inanis gloriae proprie et directe.</p></div></div><div id="q42" class="q"><h2>Quaestio 42</h2><div class="p"><h3>Prooemium</h3><p title="II-II q. 42 pr."><a name="40689"><span class="ref">[40689] IIª-IIae q. 42 pr.</span></a> Deinde
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2062 considerandum est de seditione. Et circa hoc quaeruntur duo primo,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2063 utrum sit speciale peccatum. Secundo, utrum sit mortale
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2064 peccatum.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 1</h3><p title="II-II q. 42 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="40690"><span class="ref">[40690] IIª-IIae q. 42 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2065 sic proceditur. Videtur quod seditio non sit speciale peccatum ab
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2066 aliis distinctum. Quia ut Isidorus dicit, in libro Etymol.,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2067 <i>seditiosus est qui dissensionem animorum facit et discordias
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2068 gignit</i>. Sed ex hoc quod aliquis aliquod peccatum procurat, non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2069 peccat alio peccati genere nisi illo quod procurat. Ergo videtur
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2070 quod seditio non sit speciale peccatum a discordia distinctum.</p><p title="II-II q. 42 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="40691"><span class="ref">[40691] IIª-IIae q. 42 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2071 seditio divisionem quandam importat. Sed nomen etiam schismatis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2072 sumitur a scissura, ut supra dictum est. Ergo peccatum seditionis
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2073 non videtur esse distinctum a peccato schismatis.</p><p title="II-II q. 42 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="40692"><span class="ref">[40692] IIª-IIae q. 42 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2074 omne peccatum speciale ab aliis distinctum vel est vitium capitale,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2075 aut ex aliquo vitio capitali oritur. Sed seditio neque computatur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2076 inter vitia capitalia, neque inter vitia quae ex capitalibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2077 oriuntur, ut patet in XXXI Moral., ubi utraque vitia numerantur.
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2078 Ergo seditio non est speciale peccatum ab aliis distinctum.</p><p title="II-II q. 42 a. 1 s. c."><a name="40693"><span class="ref">[40693] IIª-IIae q. 42 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2079 est quod II ad Cor. XII seditiones ab aliis peccatis
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2080 distinguuntur.</p><p title="II-II q. 42 a. 1 co."><a name="40694"><span class="ref">[40694] IIª-IIae q. 42 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2081 dicendum quod seditio est quoddam peccatum speciale, quod quantum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2082 ad aliquid convenit cum bello et rixa, quantum autem ad aliquid
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2083 differt ab eis. Convenit quidem cum eis in hoc quod importat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2084 quandam contradictionem. Differt autem ab eis in duobus. Primo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2085 quidem, quia bellum et rixa important mutuam impugnationem in actu,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2086 sed seditio potest dici sive fiat huiusmodi impugnatio in actu,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2087 sive sit praeparatio ad talem impugnationem. Unde Glossa II ad Cor.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2088 XII dicit quod seditiones sunt tumultus ad pugnam, cum scilicet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2089 aliqui se praeparant et intendunt pugnare. Secundo differunt, quia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2090 bellum proprie est contra extraneos et hostes, quasi multitudinis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2091 ad multitudinem; rixa autem est unius ad unum, vel paucorum ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2092 paucos; seditio autem proprie est inter partes unius multitudinis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2093 inter se dissentientes, puta cum una pars civitatis excitatur in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2094 tumultum contra aliam. Et ideo seditio, quia habet speciale bonum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2095 cui opponitur, scilicet unitatem et pacem multitudinis, ideo est
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2096 speciale peccatum.</p><p title="II-II q. 42 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="40695"><span class="ref">[40695] IIª-IIae q. 42 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2097 ergo dicendum quod seditiosus dicitur qui seditionem excitat. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2098 quia seditio quandam discordiam importat, ideo seditiosus est qui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2099 discordiam facit non quamcumque, sed inter partes alicuius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2100 multitudinis. Peccatum autem seditionis non solum est in eo qui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2101 discordiam seminat, sed etiam in eis qui inordinate ab invicem
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2102 dissentiunt.</p><p title="II-II q. 42 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="40696"><span class="ref">[40696] IIª-IIae q. 42 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2103 dicendum quod seditio differt a schismate in duobus. Primo quidem,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2104 quia schisma opponitur spirituali unitati multitudinis, scilicet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2105 unitati ecclesiasticae, seditio autem opponitur temporali vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2106 saeculari multitudinis unitati, puta civitatis vel regni. Secundo,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2107 quia schisma non importat aliquam praeparationem ad pugnam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2108 corporalem, sed solum importat dissensionem spiritualem, seditio
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2109 autem importat praeparationem ad pugnam corporalem.</p><p title="II-II q. 42 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="40697"><span class="ref">[40697] IIª-IIae q. 42 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2110 dicendum quod seditio, sicut et schisma, sub discordia continetur.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2111 Utrumque enim est discordia quaedam, non unius ad unum, sed partium
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2112 multitudinis ad invicem.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 2</h3><p title="II-II q. 42 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="40698"><span class="ref">[40698] IIª-IIae q. 42 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2113 secundum sic proceditur. Videtur quod seditio non semper sit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2114 peccatum mortale. Seditio enim importat tumultum ad pugnam; ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2115 patet per Glossam supra inductam. Sed pugna non semper est peccatum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2116 mortale, sed quandoque est iusta et licita, ut supra habitum est.
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2117 Ergo multo magis seditio potest esse sine peccato mortali.</p><p title="II-II q. 42 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="40699"><span class="ref">[40699] IIª-IIae q. 42 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2118 seditio est discordia quaedam, ut dictum est. Sed discordia potest
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2119 esse sine peccato mortali, et quandoque etiam sine omni peccato.
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2120 Ergo etiam seditio.</p><p title="II-II q. 42 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="40700"><span class="ref">[40700] IIª-IIae q. 42 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2121 laudantur qui multitudinem a potestate tyrannica liberant. Sed hoc
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2122 non de facili potest fieri sine aliqua dissensione multitudinis,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2123 dum una pars multitudinis nititur retinere tyrannum, alia vero
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2124 nititur eum abiicere. Ergo seditio potest fieri sine peccato.</p><p title="II-II q. 42 a. 2 s. c."><a name="40701"><span class="ref">[40701] IIª-IIae q. 42 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2125 est quod apostolus, II ad Cor. XII, prohibet seditiones inter alia
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2126 quae sunt peccata mortalia. Ergo seditio est peccatum mortale.</p><p title="II-II q. 42 a. 2 co."><a name="40702"><span class="ref">[40702] IIª-IIae q. 42 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2127 dicendum quod, sicut dictum est, seditio opponitur unitati
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2128 multitudinis, idest populi, civitatis vel regni. Dicit autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2129 Augustinus, II de Civ. Dei, quod <i>populum determinant sapientes
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2130 non omnem coetum multitudinis, sed coetum iuris consensu et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2131 utilitatis communione sociatum</i>. Unde manifestum est unitatem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2132 cui opponitur seditio esse unitatem iuris et communis utilitatis.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2133 Manifestum est ergo quod seditio opponitur et iustitiae et communi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2134 bono. Et ideo ex suo genere est peccatum mortale, et tanto gravius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2135 quanto bonum commune, quod impugnatur per seditionem, est maius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2136 quam bonum privatum, quod impugnatur per rixam. Peccatum autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2137 seditionis primo quidem et principaliter pertinet ad eos qui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2138 seditionem procurant, qui gravissime peccant. Secundo autem, ad eos
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2139 qui eos sequuntur, perturbantes bonum commune. Illi vero qui bonum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2140 commune defendunt, eis resistentes, non sunt dicendi seditiosi,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2141 sicut nec illi qui se defendunt dicuntur rixosi, ut supra dictum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2142 est.</p><p title="II-II q. 42 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="40703"><span class="ref">[40703] IIª-IIae q. 42 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2143 ergo dicendum quod pugna quae est licita fit pro communi utilitate,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2144 sicut supra dictum est. Sed seditio fit contra commune bonum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2145 multitudinis. Unde semper est peccatum mortale.</p><p title="II-II q. 42 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="40704"><span class="ref">[40704] IIª-IIae q. 42 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2146 dicendum quod discordia ab eo quod non est manifeste bonum potest
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2147 esse sine peccato. Sed discordia ab eo quod est manifeste bonum non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2148 potest esse sine peccato. Et talis discordia est seditio, quae
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2149 opponitur utilitati multitudinis, quae est manifeste bonum.</p><p title="II-II q. 42 a. 2 ad 3"><a name="40705"><span class="ref">[40705] IIª-IIae q. 42 a. 2 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2150 dicendum quod regimen tyrannicum non est iustum, quia non ordinatur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2151 ad bonum commune, sed ad bonum privatum regentis, ut patet per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2152 philosophum, in III Polit. et in VIII Ethic. Et ideo perturbatio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2153 huius regiminis non habet rationem seditionis, nisi forte quando
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2154 sic inordinate perturbatur tyranni regimen quod multitudo subiecta
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2155 maius detrimentum patitur ex perturbatione consequenti quam ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2156 tyranni regimine. Magis autem tyrannus seditiosus est, qui in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2157 populo sibi subiecto discordias et seditiones nutrit, ut tutius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2158 dominari possit. Hoc enim tyrannicum est, cum sit ordinatum ad
59
03759e5c1080 fix multi-para s.c.
ht
parents: 53
diff changeset
2159 bonum proprium praesidentis cum multitudinis nocumento.</p></div></div><div id="q43" class="q"><h2>Quaestio 43</h2><div class="p"><h3>Prooemium</h3><p title="II-II q. 43 pr."><a name="40706"><span class="ref">[40706] IIª-IIae q. 43 pr.</span></a> Deinde
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2160 considerandum restat de vitiis quae beneficentiae opponuntur. Inter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2161 quae alia quidem pertinent ad rationem iustitiae, illa scilicet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2162 quibus aliquis iniuste proximum laedit, sed contra caritatem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2163 specialiter scandalum esse videtur. Et ideo considerandum est hic
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2164 de scandalo. Circa quod quaeruntur octo. Primo, quid sit scandalum.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2165 Secundo, utrum scandalum sit peccatum. Tertio, utrum sit peccatum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2166 speciale. Quarto, utrum sit peccatum mortale. Quinto, utrum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2167 perfectorum sit scandalizari. Sexto, utrum eorum sit scandalizare.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2168 Septimo, utrum spiritualia bona sint dimittenda propter scandalum.
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2169 Octavo, utrum sint propter scandalum temporalia dimittenda.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 1</h3><p title="II-II q. 43 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="40707"><span class="ref">[40707] IIª-IIae q. 43 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2170 sic proceditur. Videtur quod scandalum inconvenienter definiatur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2171 esse <i>dictum vel factum minus rectum praebens occasionem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2172 ruinae</i>. Scandalum enim peccatum est, ut post dicetur. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2173 secundum Augustinum, XXII contra Faust., <i>peccatum est dictum vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2174 factum vel concupitum contra legem Dei</i>. Ergo praedicta
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2175 definitio est insufficiens, quia praetermittitur cogitatum sive
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2176 concupitum.</p><p title="II-II q. 43 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="40708"><span class="ref">[40708] IIª-IIae q. 43 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2177 cum inter actus virtuosos vel rectos unus sit virtuosior vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2178 rectior altero, illud solum videtur non esse minus rectum quod est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2179 rectissimum. Si igitur scandalum sit dictum vel factum minus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2180 rectum, sequetur quod omnis actus virtuosus praeter optimum sit
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2181 scandalum.</p><p title="II-II q. 43 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="40709"><span class="ref">[40709] IIª-IIae q. 43 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2182 occasio nominat causam per accidens. Sed id quod est per accidens
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2183 non debet poni in definitione, quia non dat speciem. Ergo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2184 inconvenienter in definitione scandali ponitur occasio.</p><p title="II-II q. 43 a. 1 arg. 4"><a name="40710"><span class="ref">[40710] IIª-IIae q. 43 a. 1 arg. 4</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2185 ex quolibet facto alterius potest aliquis sumere occasionem ruinae,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2186 quia causae per accidens sunt indeterminatae. Si igitur scandalum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2187 est quod praebet alteri occasionem ruinae, quodlibet factum vel
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2188 dictum poterit esse scandalum. Quod videtur inconveniens.</p><p title="II-II q. 43 a. 1 arg. 5"><a name="40711"><span class="ref">[40711] IIª-IIae q. 43 a. 1 arg. 5</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2189 occasio ruinae datur proximo quando offenditur aut infirmatur. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2190 scandalum dividitur contra offensionem et infirmitatem, dicit enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2191 apostolus, ad Rom. XIV, <i>bonum est non manducare carnem et non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2192 bibere vinum, neque in quo frater tuus offenditur aut scandalizatur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2193 aut infirmatur</i>. Ergo praedicta definitio scandali non est
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2194 conveniens.</p><p title="II-II q. 43 a. 1 s. c."><a name="40712"><span class="ref">[40712] IIª-IIae q. 43 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2195 est quod Hieronymus, exponens illud quod habetur Matth. XV, <i>scis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2196 quia Pharisaei, audito hoc verbo</i>, etc., dicit, <i>quando
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2197 legimus, quicumque scandalizaverit, hoc intelligimus, qui dicto vel
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2198 facto occasionem ruinae dederit</i>.</p><p title="II-II q. 43 a. 1 co."><a name="40713"><span class="ref">[40713] IIª-IIae q. 43 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2199 dicendum quod, sicut Hieronymus ibidem dicit, <i>quod Graece
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2200 scandalon dicitur, nos offensionem vel ruinam et impactionem pedis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2201 possumus dicere</i>. Contingit enim quod quandoque aliquis obex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2202 ponitur alicui in via corporali, cui impingens disponitur ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2203 ruinam, et talis obex dicitur scandalum. Et similiter in processu
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2204 viae spiritualis contingit aliquem disponi ad ruinam spiritualem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2205 per dictum vel factum alterius, inquantum scilicet aliquis sua
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2206 admonitione vel inductione aut exemplo alterum trahit ad peccandum.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2207 Et hoc proprie dicitur scandalum. Nihil autem secundum propriam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2208 rationem disponit ad spiritualem ruinam nisi quod habet aliquem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2209 defectum rectitudinis, quia id quod est perfecte rectum magis munit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2210 hominem contra casum quam ad ruinam inducat. Et ideo convenienter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2211 dicitur quod dictum vel factum minus rectum praebens occasionem
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2212 ruinae sit scandalum.</p><p title="II-II q. 43 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="40714"><span class="ref">[40714] IIª-IIae q. 43 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2213 ergo dicendum quod cogitatio vel concupiscentia mali latet in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2214 corde, unde non proponitur alteri ut obex disponens ad ruinam. Et
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2215 propter hoc non potest habere scandali rationem.</p><p title="II-II q. 43 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="40715"><span class="ref">[40715] IIª-IIae q. 43 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2216 dicendum quod minus rectum hic non dicitur quod ab aliquo alio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2217 superatur in rectitudine, sed quod habet aliquem rectitudinis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2218 defectum, vel quia est secundum se malum, sicut peccata; vel quia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2219 habet speciem mali, sicut cum aliquis recumbit in idolio. Quamvis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2220 enim hoc secundum se non sit peccatum, si aliquis hoc non corrupta
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2221 intentione faciat; tamen quia habet quandam speciem vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2222 similitudinem venerationis idoli, potest alteri praebere occasionem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2223 ruinae. Et ideo apostolus monet, I ad Thess. V, <i>ab omni specie
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2224 mala abstinete vos</i>. Et ideo convenienter dicitur minus rectum,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2225 ut comprehendantur tam illa quae sunt secundum se peccata, quam
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2226 illa quae habent speciem mali.</p><p title="II-II q. 43 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="40716"><span class="ref">[40716] IIª-IIae q. 43 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2227 dicendum quod, sicut supra habitum est, nihil potest esse homini
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2228 sufficiens causa peccati, quod est spiritualis ruina, nisi propria
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2229 voluntas. Et ideo dicta vel facta alterius hominis possunt esse
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2230 solum causa imperfecta, aliqualiter inducens ad ruinam. Et propter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2231 hoc non dicitur, dans causam ruinae, sed, dans occasionem, quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2232 significat causam imperfectam, et non semper causam per accidens.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2233 Et tamen nihil prohibet in quibusdam definitionibus poni id quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2234 est per accidens, quia id quod est secundum accidens uni potest per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2235 se alteri convenire, sicut in definitione fortunae ponitur causa
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2236 per accidens, in II Physic.</p><p title="II-II q. 43 a. 1 ad 4"><a name="40717"><span class="ref">[40717] IIª-IIae q. 43 a. 1 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2237 dicendum quod dictum vel factum alterius potest esse alteri causa
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2238 peccandi dupliciter, uno modo, per se; alio modo, per accidens. Per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2239 se quidem, quando aliquis suo malo verbo vel facto intendit alium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2240 ad peccandum inducere; vel, etiam si ipse hoc non intendat, ipsum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2241 factum est tale quod de sui ratione habet ut sit inductivum ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2242 peccandum, puta quod aliquis publice facit peccatum vel quod habet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2243 similitudinem peccati. Et tunc ille qui huiusmodi actum facit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2244 proprie dat occasionem ruinae, unde vocatur scandalum activum. Per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2245 accidens autem aliquod verbum vel factum unius est alteri causa
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2246 peccandi, quando etiam praeter intentionem operantis, et praeter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2247 conditionem operis, aliquis male dispositus ex huiusmodi opere
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2248 inducitur ad peccandum, puta cum aliquis invidet bonis aliorum. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2249 tunc ille qui facit huiusmodi actum rectum non dat occasionem,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2250 quantum in se est, sed alius sumit occasionem, secundum illud ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2251 Rom. VII, <i>occasione autem accepta,</i> et cetera. Et ideo hoc
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2252 est scandalum passivum sine activo, quia ille qui recte agit,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2253 quantum est de se, non dat occasionem ruinae quam alter patitur.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2254 Quandoque ergo contingit quod et sit simul scandalum activum in uno
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2255 et passivum in altero, puta cum ad inductionem unius alius peccat.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2256 Quandoque vero est scandalum activum sine passivo, puta cum aliquis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2257 inducit verbo vel facto alium ad peccandum, et ille non consentit.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2258 Quandoque vero est scandalum passivum sine activo, sicut iam dictum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2259 est.</p><p title="II-II q. 43 a. 1 ad 5"><a name="40718"><span class="ref">[40718] IIª-IIae q. 43 a. 1 ad 5</span></a> Ad quintum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2260 dicendum quod infirmitas nominat promptitudinem ad scandalum;
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2261 offensio autem nominat indignationem alicuius contra eum qui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2262 peccat, quae potest esse quandoque sine ruina; scandalum autem
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2263 importat ipsam impactionem ad ruinam.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 2</h3><p title="II-II q. 43 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="40719"><span class="ref">[40719] IIª-IIae q. 43 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2264 secundum sic proceditur. Videtur quod scandalum non sit peccatum.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2265 Peccata enim non eveniunt ex necessitate, quia omne peccatum est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2266 voluntarium, ut supra habitum est. Sed Matth. XVIII dicitur,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2267 <i>necesse est ut veniant scandala</i>. Ergo scandalum non est
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2268 peccatum.</p><p title="II-II q. 43 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="40720"><span class="ref">[40720] IIª-IIae q. 43 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2269 nullum peccatum procedit ex pietatis affectu, quia <i>non potest
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2270 arbor bona fructus malos facere</i>, ut dicitur Matth. VII. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2271 aliquod scandalum est ex pietatis affectu, dicit enim dominus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2272 Petro, Matth. XVI, <i>scandalum mihi es</i>; ubi dicit Hieronymus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2273 quod <i>error apostoli, de pietatis affectu veniens, nunquam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2274 incentivum videtur esse Diaboli</i>. Ergo non omne scandalum est
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2275 peccatum.</p><p title="II-II q. 43 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="40721"><span class="ref">[40721] IIª-IIae q. 43 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2276 scandalum impactionem quandam importat. Sed non quicumque impingit,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2277 cadit. Ergo scandalum potest esse sine peccato, quod est
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2278 spiritualis casus.</p><p title="II-II q. 43 a. 2 s. c."><a name="40722"><span class="ref">[40722] IIª-IIae q. 43 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2279 est quod scandalum est dictum vel factum minus rectum. Ex hoc autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2280 habet aliquid rationem peccati quod a rectitudine deficit. Ergo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2281 scandalum semper est cum peccato.</p><p title="II-II q. 43 a. 2 co."><a name="40723"><span class="ref">[40723] IIª-IIae q. 43 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2282 dicendum quod, sicut iam supra dictum est, duplex est scandalum,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2283 scilicet passivum, in eo qui scandalizatur; et activum, in eo qui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2284 scandalizat, dans occasionem ruinae. Scandalum igitur passivum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2285 semper est peccatum in eo qui scandalizatur, non enim scandalizatur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2286 nisi inquantum aliqualiter ruit spirituali ruina, quae est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2287 peccatum. Potest tamen esse scandalum passivum sine peccato eius ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2288 cuius facto aliquis scandalizatur, sicut cum aliquis scandalizatur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2289 de his quae alius bene facit. Similiter etiam scandalum activum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2290 semper est peccatum in eo qui scandalizat. Quia vel ipsum opus quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2291 facit est peccatum, vel etiam, si habeat speciem peccati,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2292 dimittendum est semper propter proximi caritatem, ex qua
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2293 unusquisque conatur saluti proximi providere; et sic qui non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2294 dimittit contra caritatem agit. Potest tamen esse scandalum activum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2295 sine peccato alterius qui scandalizatur, sicut supra dictum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2296 est.</p><p title="II-II q. 43 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="40724"><span class="ref">[40724] IIª-IIae q. 43 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2297 ergo dicendum quod hoc quod dicitur, necesse est ut veniant
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2298 scandala, non est intelligendum de necessitate absoluta, sed de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2299 necessitate conditionali, qua scilicet necesse est praescita vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2300 praenuntiata a Deo evenire, si tamen coniunctim accipiatur, ut in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2301 primo libro dictum est. Vel necesse est evenire scandala
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2302 necessitate finis, quia utilia sunt ad hoc quod qui probati sunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2303 manifesti fiant. Vel necesse est evenire scandala secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2304 conditionem hominum, qui sibi a peccatis non cavent. Sicut si
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2305 aliquis medicus, videns aliquos indebita diaeta utentes, dicat,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2306 necesse est tales infirmari, quod intelligendum est sub hac
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2307 conditione, si diaetam non mutent. Et similiter necesse est evenire
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2308 scandala si homines conversationem malam non mutent.</p><p title="II-II q. 43 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="40725"><span class="ref">[40725] IIª-IIae q. 43 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2309 dicendum quod scandalum ibi large ponitur pro quolibet impedimento.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2310 Volebat enim Petrus Christi passionem impedire, quodam pietatis
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2311 affectu ad Christum.</p><p title="II-II q. 43 a. 2 ad 3"><a name="40726"><span class="ref">[40726] IIª-IIae q. 43 a. 2 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2312 dicendum quod nullus impingit spiritualiter nisi retardetur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2313 aliqualiter a processu in via Dei, quod fit saltem per peccatum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2314 veniale.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 3</h3><p title="II-II q. 43 a. 3 arg. 1"><a name="40727"><span class="ref">[40727] IIª-IIae q. 43 a. 3 arg. 1</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2315 sic proceditur. Videtur quod scandalum non sit speciale peccatum.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2316 Scandalum enim est dictum vel factum minus rectum. Sed omne
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2317 peccatum est huiusmodi. Ergo omne peccatum est scandalum. Non ergo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2318 scandalum est speciale peccatum.</p><p title="II-II q. 43 a. 3 arg. 2"><a name="40728"><span class="ref">[40728] IIª-IIae q. 43 a. 3 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2319 omne speciale peccatum, sive omnis specialis iniustitia, invenitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2320 separatim ab aliis; ut dicitur in V Ethic. Sed scandalum non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2321 invenitur separatim ab aliis peccatis. Ergo scandalum non est
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2322 speciale peccatum.</p><p title="II-II q. 43 a. 3 arg. 3"><a name="40729"><span class="ref">[40729] IIª-IIae q. 43 a. 3 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2323 omne speciale peccatum constituitur secundum aliquid quod dat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2324 speciem morali actui. Sed ratio scandali constituitur per hoc quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2325 coram aliis peccatur. In manifesto autem peccare, etsi sit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2326 circumstantia aggravans, non videtur constituere peccati speciem.
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2327 Ergo scandalum non est speciale peccatum.</p><p title="II-II q. 43 a. 3 s. c."><a name="40730"><span class="ref">[40730] IIª-IIae q. 43 a. 3 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2328 speciali virtuti speciale peccatum opponitur. Sed scandalum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2329 opponitur speciali virtuti, scilicet caritati, dicitur enim Rom.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2330 XIV, <i>si propter cibum frater tuus contristatur, iam non secundum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2331 caritatem ambulas</i>. Ergo scandalum est speciale peccatum.</p><p title="II-II q. 43 a. 3 co."><a name="40731"><span class="ref">[40731] IIª-IIae q. 43 a. 3 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2332 dicendum quod, sicut supra dictum est, duplex est scandalum,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2333 activum scilicet, et passivum. Passivum quidem scandalum non potest
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2334 esse speciale peccatum, quia ex dicto vel facto alterius aliquem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2335 ruere contingit secundum quodcumque genus peccati; nec hoc ipsum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2336 quod est occasionem peccandi sumere ex dicto vel facto alterius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2337 specialem rationem peccati constituit, quia non importat specialem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2338 deformitatem speciali virtuti oppositam. Scandalum autem activum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2339 potest accipi dupliciter, per se scilicet, et per accidens. Per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2340 accidens quidem, quando est praeter intentionem agentis, ut puta
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2341 cum aliquis suo facto vel verbo inordinato non intendit alteri dare
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2342 occasionem ruinae, sed solum suae satisfacere voluntati. Et sic
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2343 etiam scandalum activum non est peccatum speciale, quia quod est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2344 per accidens non constituit speciem. Per se autem est activum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2345 scandalum quando aliquis suo inordinato dicto vel facto intendit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2346 alium trahere ad peccatum. Et sic ex intentione specialis finis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2347 sortitur rationem specialis peccati, finis enim dat speciem in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2348 moralibus, ut supra dictum est. Unde sicut furtum est speciale
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2349 peccatum, aut homicidium, propter speciale nocumentum proximi quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2350 intenditur; ita etiam scandalum est speciale peccatum, propter hoc
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2351 quod intenditur speciale proximi nocumentum. Et opponitur directe
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2352 correctioni fraternae, in qua attenditur specialis nocumenti
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2353 remotio.</p><p title="II-II q. 43 a. 3 ad 1"><a name="40732"><span class="ref">[40732] IIª-IIae q. 43 a. 3 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2354 ergo dicendum quod omne peccatum potest materialiter se habere ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2355 scandalum activum. Sed formalem rationem specialis peccati potest
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2356 habere ex intentione finis, ut dictum est.</p><p title="II-II q. 43 a. 3 ad 2"><a name="40733"><span class="ref">[40733] IIª-IIae q. 43 a. 3 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2357 dicendum quod scandalum activum potest inveniri separatim ab aliis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2358 peccatis, ut puta cum aliquis proximum scandalizat facto quod de se
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2359 non est peccatum, sed habet speciem mali.</p><p title="II-II q. 43 a. 3 ad 3"><a name="40734"><span class="ref">[40734] IIª-IIae q. 43 a. 3 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2360 dicendum quod scandalum non habet rationem specialis peccati ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2361 praedicta circumstantia, sed ex intentione finis, ut dictum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2362 est.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 4</h3><p title="II-II q. 43 a. 4 arg. 1"><a name="40735"><span class="ref">[40735] IIª-IIae q. 43 a. 4 arg. 1</span></a> Ad quartum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2363 sic proceditur. Videtur quod scandalum sit peccatum mortale. Omne
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2364 enim peccatum quod contrariatur caritati est peccatum mortale, ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2365 supra dictum est. Sed scandalum contrariatur caritati, ut dictum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2366 est. Ergo scandalum est peccatum mortale.</p><p title="II-II q. 43 a. 4 arg. 2"><a name="40736"><span class="ref">[40736] IIª-IIae q. 43 a. 4 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2367 nulli peccato debetur poena damnationis aeternae nisi mortali. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2368 scandalo debetur poena damnationis aeternae, secundum illud Matth.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2369 XVIII, <i>qui scandalizaverit unum de pusillis istis qui in me
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2370 credunt, expedit ei ut suspendatur mola asinaria in collo eius et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2371 demergatur in profundum maris</i>. Quia, ut dicit Hieronymus,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2372 <i>multo melius est pro culpa brevem recipere poenam quam aeternis
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2373 servari cruciatibus</i>. Ergo scandalum est peccatum mortale.</p><p title="II-II q. 43 a. 4 arg. 3"><a name="40737"><span class="ref">[40737] IIª-IIae q. 43 a. 4 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2374 omne peccatum quod in Deum committitur est peccatum mortale, quia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2375 solum peccatum mortale avertit hominem a Deo. Sed scandalum est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2376 peccatum in Deum, dicit enim apostolus, I ad Cor. VIII,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2377 <i>percutientes conscientiam fratrum infirmam, in Christum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2378 peccatis</i>. Ergo scandalum semper est peccatum mortale.</p><p title="II-II q. 43 a. 4 s. c."><a name="40738"><span class="ref">[40738] IIª-IIae q. 43 a. 4 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2379 inducere aliquem ad peccandum venialiter potest esse peccatum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2380 veniale. Sed hoc pertinet ad rationem scandali. Ergo scandalum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2381 potest esse peccatum veniale.</p><p title="II-II q. 43 a. 4 co."><a name="40739"><span class="ref">[40739] IIª-IIae q. 43 a. 4 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2382 dicendum quod, sicut supra dictum est, scandalum importat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2383 impactionem quandam, per quam aliquis disponitur ad ruinam. Et ideo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2384 scandalum passivum quandoque quidem potest esse peccatum veniale,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2385 quasi habens impactionem tantum, puta cum aliquis ex inordinato
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2386 dicto vel facto alterius commovetur motu venialis peccati.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2387 Quandoque vero est peccatum mortale, quasi habens cum impactione
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2388 ruinam, puta cum aliquis ex inordinato dicto vel facto alterius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2389 procedit usque ad peccatum mortale. Scandalum autem activum, si sit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2390 quidem per accidens, potest esse quandoque quidem peccatum veniale,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2391 puta cum aliquis vel actum peccati venialis committit; vel actum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2392 qui non est secundum se peccatum sed habet aliquam speciem mali,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2393 cum aliqua levi indiscretione. Quandoque vero est peccatum mortale,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2394 sive quia committit actum peccati mortalis; sive quia contemnit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2395 salutem proximi, ut pro ea conservanda non praetermittat aliquis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2396 facere quod sibi libuerit. Si vero scandalum activum sit per se,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2397 puta cum intendit inducere alium ad peccandum, si quidem intendat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2398 inducere ad peccandum mortaliter, est peccatum mortale. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2399 similiter si intendat inducere ad peccandum venialiter per actum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2400 peccati mortalis. Si vero intendat inducere proximum ad peccandum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2401 venialiter per actum peccati venialis, est peccatum veniale.</p><p title="II-II q. 43 a. 4 ad arg."><a name="40740"><span class="ref">[40740] IIª-IIae q. 43 a. 4 ad arg.</span></a> Et per
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2402 hoc patet responsio ad obiecta.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 5</h3><p title="II-II q. 43 a. 5 arg. 1"><a name="40741"><span class="ref">[40741] IIª-IIae q. 43 a. 5 arg. 1</span></a> Ad quintum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2403 sic proceditur. Videtur quod scandalum passivum possit etiam in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2404 perfectos cadere. Christus enim fuit maxime perfectus. Sed ipse
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2405 dixit Petro, <i>scandalum mihi es</i>. Ergo multo magis alii
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2406 perfecti possunt scandalum pati.</p><p title="II-II q. 43 a. 5 arg. 2"><a name="40742"><span class="ref">[40742] IIª-IIae q. 43 a. 5 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2407 scandalum importat impedimentum aliquod quod alicui opponitur in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2408 vita spirituali. Sed etiam perfecti viri in processibus spiritualis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2409 vitae impediri possunt, secundum illud I ad Thess. II, <i>voluimus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2410 venire ad vos, ego quidem Paulus, semel et iterum, sed impedivit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2411 nos Satanas</i>. Ergo etiam perfecti viri possunt scandalum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2412 pati.</p><p title="II-II q. 43 a. 5 arg. 3"><a name="40743"><span class="ref">[40743] IIª-IIae q. 43 a. 5 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2413 etiam in perfectis viris peccata venialia inveniri possunt,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2414 secundum illud I Ioan. I, <i>si dixerimus quoniam peccatum non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2415 habemus, ipsi nos seducimus</i>. Sed scandalum passivum non semper
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2416 est peccatum mortale, sed quandoque veniale, ut dictum est. Ergo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2417 scandalum passivum potest in perfectis viris inveniri.</p><p title="II-II q. 43 a. 5 s. c."><a name="40744"><span class="ref">[40744] IIª-IIae q. 43 a. 5 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2418 est quod super illud Matth. XVIII, <i>qui scandalizaverit unum de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2419 pusillis istis</i>, dicit Hieronymus, <i>nota quod qui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2420 scandalizatur parvulus est, maiores enim scandala non
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2421 recipiunt</i>.</p><p title="II-II q. 43 a. 5 co."><a name="40745"><span class="ref">[40745] IIª-IIae q. 43 a. 5 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2422 dicendum quod scandalum passivum importat quandam commotionem animi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2423 a bono in eo qui scandalum patitur. Nullus autem commovetur qui rei
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2424 immobili firmiter inhaeret. Maiores autem, sive perfecti, soli Deo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2425 inhaerent, cuius est immutabilis bonitas, quia etsi inhaereant suis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2426 praelatis, non inhaerent eis nisi inquantum illi inhaerent Christo,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2427 secundum illud I ad Cor. IV, <i>imitatores mei estote, sicut et ego
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2428 Christi</i>. Unde quantumcumque videant alios inordinate se habere
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2429 dictis vel factis, ipsi a sua rectitudine non recedunt, secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2430 illud Psalm., <i>qui confidunt in domino, sicut mons Sion, non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2431 commovebitur in aeternum qui habitat in Ierusalem</i>. Et ideo in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2432 his qui perfecte Deo adhaerent per amorem scandalum non invenitur,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2433 secundum illud Psalm., <i>pax multa diligentibus legem tuam, et non
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2434 est illis scandalum</i>.</p><p title="II-II q. 43 a. 5 ad 1"><a name="40746"><span class="ref">[40746] IIª-IIae q. 43 a. 5 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2435 ergo dicendum quod, sicut supra dictum est, scandalum large ponitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2436 ibi pro quolibet impedimento. Unde dominus Petro dicit, scandalum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2437 mihi es, quia nitebatur eius propositum impedire circa passionem
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2438 subeundam.</p><p title="II-II q. 43 a. 5 ad 2"><a name="40747"><span class="ref">[40747] IIª-IIae q. 43 a. 5 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2439 dicendum quod in exterioribus actibus perfecti viri possunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2440 impediri. Sed in interiori voluntate per dicta vel facta aliorum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2441 non impediuntur quominus tendant in Deum, secundum illud Rom. VIII,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2442 <i>neque mors neque vita poterit nos separare a caritate
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2443 Dei</i>.</p><p title="II-II q. 43 a. 5 ad 3"><a name="40748"><span class="ref">[40748] IIª-IIae q. 43 a. 5 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2444 dicendum quod perfecti viri ex infirmitate carnis incidunt interdum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2445 in aliqua peccata venialia, non autem ex aliorum dictis vel factis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2446 scandalizantur secundum veram scandali rationem. Sed potest esse in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2447 eis quaedam appropinquatio ad scandalum, secundum illud Psalm.,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2448 <i>mei pene moti sunt pedes</i>.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 6</h3><p title="II-II q. 43 a. 6 arg. 1"><a name="40749"><span class="ref">[40749] IIª-IIae q. 43 a. 6 arg. 1</span></a> Ad sextum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2449 sic proceditur. Videtur quod scandalum activum possit inveniri in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2450 viris perfectis. Passio enim est effectus actionis. Sed ex dictis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2451 vel factis perfectorum aliqui passive scandalizantur, secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2452 illud Matth. XV, <i>scis quia Pharisaei, audito hoc verbo,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2453 scandalizati sunt?</i> Ergo in perfectis viris potest inveniri
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2454 scandalum activum.</p><p title="II-II q. 43 a. 6 arg. 2"><a name="40750"><span class="ref">[40750] IIª-IIae q. 43 a. 6 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2455 Petrus post acceptum spiritum sanctum in statu perfectorum erat.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2456 Sed postea gentiles scandalizavit, dicitur enim ad Gal. II, <i>cum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2457 vidissem quod non recte ambularent ad veritatem Evangelii</i>, dixi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2458 Cephae, idest Petro, coram omnibus, <i>si tu cum Iudaeus sis,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2459 gentiliter et non Iudaice vivis, quomodo gentes cogis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2460 iudaizare?</i> Ergo scandalum activum potest esse in viris
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2461 perfectis.</p><p title="II-II q. 43 a. 6 arg. 3"><a name="40751"><span class="ref">[40751] IIª-IIae q. 43 a. 6 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2462 scandalum activum quandoque est peccatum veniale. Sed peccata
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2463 venialia possunt etiam esse in viris perfectis. Ergo scandalum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2464 activum potest esse in viris perfectis.</p><p title="II-II q. 43 a. 6 s. c."><a name="40752"><span class="ref">[40752] IIª-IIae q. 43 a. 6 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2465 plus repugnat perfectioni scandalum activum quam passivum. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2466 scandalum passivum non potest esse in viris perfectis. Ergo multo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2467 minus scandalum activum.</p><p title="II-II q. 43 a. 6 co."><a name="40753"><span class="ref">[40753] IIª-IIae q. 43 a. 6 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2468 dicendum quod scandalum activum proprie est cum aliquis tale
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2469 aliquid dicit vel facit quod de se tale est ut alterum natum sit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2470 inducere ad ruinam, quod quidem est solum id quod inordinate fit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2471 vel dicitur. Ad perfectos autem pertinet ea quae agunt secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2472 regulam rationis ordinare, secundum illud I ad Cor. XIV, <i>omnia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2473 honeste et secundum ordinem fiant in vobis</i>. Et praecipue hanc
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2474 cautelam adhibent in his in quibus non solum ipsi offenderent, sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2475 etiam aliis offensionem pararent. Et si quidem in eorum manifestis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2476 dictis vel factis aliquid ab hac moderatione desit, hoc provenit ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2477 infirmitate humana, secundum quam a perfectione deficiunt. Non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2478 tamen intantum deficiunt ut multum ab ordine rationis recedatur,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2479 sed modicum et leviter, quod non est tam magnum ut ex hoc
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2480 rationabiliter possit ab alio sumi peccandi occasio.</p><p title="II-II q. 43 a. 6 ad 1"><a name="40754"><span class="ref">[40754] IIª-IIae q. 43 a. 6 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2481 ergo dicendum quod scandalum passivum semper ab aliquo activo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2482 causatur, sed non semper ab aliquo scandalo activo alterius, sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2483 eiusdem qui scandalizatur; quia scilicet ipse seipsum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2484 scandalizat.</p><p title="II-II q. 43 a. 6 ad 2"><a name="40755"><span class="ref">[40755] IIª-IIae q. 43 a. 6 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2485 dicendum quod Petrus peccavit quidem, et reprehensibilis fuit,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2486 secundum sententiam Augustini et ipsius Pauli, subtrahens se a
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2487 gentilibus ut vitaret scandalum Iudaeorum, quia hoc incaute
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2488 aliqualiter faciebat, ita quod ex hoc gentiles ad fidem conversi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2489 scandalizabantur. Non tamen factum Petri erat tam grave peccatum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2490 quod merito possent alii scandalizari. Unde patiebantur scandalum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2491 passivum, non autem erat in Petro scandalum activum.</p><p title="II-II q. 43 a. 6 ad 3"><a name="40756"><span class="ref">[40756] IIª-IIae q. 43 a. 6 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2492 dicendum quod peccata venialia perfectorum praecipue consistunt in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2493 subitis motibus, qui, cum sint occulti, scandalizare non possunt.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2494 Si qua vero etiam in exterioribus dictis vel factis venialia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2495 peccata committant, tam levia sunt ut de se scandalizandi virtutem
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2496 non habeant.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 7</h3><p title="II-II q. 43 a. 7 arg. 1"><a name="40757"><span class="ref">[40757] IIª-IIae q. 43 a. 7 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2497 septimum sic proceditur. Videtur quod bona spiritualia sint propter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2498 scandalum dimittenda. Augustinus enim, in libro contra epistolam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2499 Parmen., docet quod ubi schismatis periculum timetur, a punitione
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2500 peccatorum cessandum est. Sed punitio peccatorum est quoddam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2501 spirituale, cum sit actus iustitiae. Ergo bonum spirituale est
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2502 propter scandalum dimittendum.</p><p title="II-II q. 43 a. 7 arg. 2"><a name="40758"><span class="ref">[40758] IIª-IIae q. 43 a. 7 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2503 sacra doctrina maxime videtur esse spiritualis. Sed ab ea est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2504 cessandum propter scandalum, secundum illud Matth. VII, <i>nolite
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2505 sanctum dare canibus, neque margaritas vestras spargatis ante
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2506 porcos, ne conversi dirumpant vos</i>. Ergo bonum spirituale est
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2507 dimittendum propter scandalum.</p><p title="II-II q. 43 a. 7 arg. 3"><a name="40759"><span class="ref">[40759] IIª-IIae q. 43 a. 7 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2508 correctio fraterna, cum sit actus caritatis, est quoddam spirituale
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2509 bonum. Sed interdum ex caritate dimittitur, ad vitandum scandalum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2510 aliorum; ut Augustinus dicit, in I de Civ. Dei. Ergo bonum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2511 spirituale est propter scandalum dimittendum.</p><p title="II-II q. 43 a. 7 arg. 4"><a name="40760"><span class="ref">[40760] IIª-IIae q. 43 a. 7 arg. 4</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2512 Hieronymus dicit quod dimittendum est propter scandalum omne quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2513 potest praetermitti salva triplici veritate, scilicet vitae,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2514 iustitiae et doctrinae. Sed impletio consiliorum, et largitio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2515 eleemosynarum, multoties potest praetermitti salva triplici
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2516 veritate praedicta, alioquin semper peccarent omnes qui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2517 praetermittunt. Et tamen haec sunt maxima inter spiritualia opera.
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2518 Ergo spiritualia opera debent praetermitti propter scandalum.</p><p title="II-II q. 43 a. 7 arg. 5"><a name="40761"><span class="ref">[40761] IIª-IIae q. 43 a. 7 arg. 5</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2519 vitatio cuiuslibet peccati est quoddam spirituale bonum, quia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2520 quodlibet peccatum affert peccanti aliquod spirituale detrimentum.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2521 Sed videtur quod pro scandalo proximi vitando debeat aliquis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2522 quandoque peccare venialiter, puta cum peccando venialiter impedit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2523 peccatum mortale alterius, debet enim homo impedire damnationem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2524 proximi quantum potest sine detrimento propriae salutis, quae non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2525 tollitur per peccatum veniale. Ergo aliquod bonum spirituale debet
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2526 homo praetermittere propter scandalum vitandum.</p><p title="II-II q. 43 a. 7 s. c."><a name="40762"><span class="ref">[40762] IIª-IIae q. 43 a. 7 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2527 est quod Gregorius dicit, super Ezech., <i>si de veritate scandalum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2528 sumitur, utilius nasci permittitur scandalum quam veritas
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2529 relinquatur</i>. Sed bona spiritualia maxime pertinent ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2530 veritatem. Ergo bona spiritualia non sunt propter scandalum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2531 dimittenda.</p><p title="II-II q. 43 a. 7 co."><a name="40763"><span class="ref">[40763] IIª-IIae q. 43 a. 7 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2532 dicendum quod, cum duplex sit scandalum, activum scilicet et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2533 passivum, quaestio ista non habet locum de scandalo activo, quia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2534 cum scandalum activum sit dictum vel factum minus rectum, nihil est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2535 cum scandalo activo faciendum. Habet autem locum quaestio si
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2536 intelligatur de scandalo passivo. Considerandum est igitur quid sit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2537 dimittendum ne alius scandalizetur. Est autem in spiritualibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2538 bonis distinguendum. Nam quaedam horum sunt de necessitate salutis,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2539 quae praetermitti non possunt sine peccato mortali. Manifestum est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2540 autem quod nullus debet mortaliter peccare ut alterius peccatum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2541 impediat, quia secundum ordinem caritatis plus debet homo suam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2542 salutem spiritualem diligere quam alterius. Et ideo ea quae sunt de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2543 necessitate salutis praetermitti non debent propter scandalum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2544 vitandum. In his autem spiritualibus bonis quae non sunt de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2545 necessitate salutis videtur distinguendum. Quia scandalum quod ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2546 eis oritur quandoque ex malitia procedit, cum scilicet aliqui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2547 volunt impedire huiusmodi spiritualia bona, scandala concitando, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2548 hoc est scandalum Pharisaeorum, qui de doctrina domini
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2549 scandalizabantur. Quod esse contemnendum dominus docet, Matth. XV.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2550 Quandoque vero scandalum procedit ex infirmitate vel ignorantia, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2551 huiusmodi est scandalum pusillorum. Propter quod sunt spiritualia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2552 opera vel occultanda, vel etiam interdum differenda, ubi periculum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2553 non imminet, quousque, reddita ratione, huiusmodi scandalum cesset.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2554 Si autem post redditam rationem huiusmodi scandalum duret, iam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2555 videtur ex malitia esse, et sic propter ipsum non sunt huiusmodi
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2556 spiritualia opera dimittenda.</p><p title="II-II q. 43 a. 7 ad 1"><a name="40764"><span class="ref">[40764] IIª-IIae q. 43 a. 7 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2557 ergo dicendum quod poenarum inflictio non est propter se expetenda,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2558 sed poenae infliguntur ut medicinae quaedam ad cohibendum peccata.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2559 Et ideo intantum habent rationem iustitiae inquantum per eas
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2560 peccata cohibentur. Si autem per inflictionem poenarum manifestum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2561 sit plura et maiora peccata sequi, tunc poenarum inflictio non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2562 continebitur sub iustitia. Et in hoc casu loquitur Augustinus,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2563 quando scilicet ex excommunicatione aliquorum imminet periculum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2564 schismatis, tunc enim excommunicationem ferre non pertineret ad
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2565 veritatem iustitiae.</p><p title="II-II q. 43 a. 7 ad 2"><a name="40765"><span class="ref">[40765] IIª-IIae q. 43 a. 7 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2566 dicendum quod circa doctrinam duo sunt consideranda, scilicet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2567 veritas quae docetur; et ipse actus docendi. Quorum primum est de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2568 necessitate salutis, ut scilicet contrarium veritati non doceat,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2569 sed veritatem secundum congruentiam temporis et personarum proponat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2570 ille cui incumbit docendi officium. Et ideo propter nullum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2571 scandalum quod sequi videatur debet homo, praetermissa veritate,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2572 falsitatem docere. Sed ipse actus docendi inter spirituales
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2573 eleemosynas computatur, ut supra dictum est. Et ideo eadem ratio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2574 est de doctrina et de aliis misericordiae operibus, de quibus
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2575 postea dicetur.</p><p title="II-II q. 43 a. 7 ad 3"><a name="40766"><span class="ref">[40766] IIª-IIae q. 43 a. 7 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2576 dicendum quod correctio fraterna, sicut supra dictum est, ordinatur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2577 ad emendationem fratris. Et ideo intantum computanda est inter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2578 spiritualia bona inquantum hoc consequi potest. Quod non contingit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2579 si ex correctione frater scandalizetur. Et ideo si propter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2580 scandalum correctio dimittatur, non dimittitur spirituale
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2581 bonum.</p><p title="II-II q. 43 a. 7 ad 4"><a name="40767"><span class="ref">[40767] IIª-IIae q. 43 a. 7 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2582 dicendum quod in veritate vitae, doctrinae et iustitiae non solum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2583 comprehenditur id quod est de necessitate salutis, sed etiam id per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2584 quod perfectius pervenitur ad salutem, secundum illud I ad Cor.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2585 XII, <i>aemulamini charismata meliora</i>. Unde etiam consilia non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2586 sunt simpliciter praetermittenda, nec etiam misericordiae opera,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2587 propter scandalum, sed sunt interdum occultanda vel differenda
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2588 propter scandalum pusillorum, ut dictum est. Quandoque tamen
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2589 consiliorum observatio et impletio operum misericordiae sunt de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2590 necessitate salutis. Quod patet in his qui iam voverunt consilia;
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2591 et in his quibus ex debito imminet defectibus aliorum subvenire,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2592 vel in temporalibus, puta pascendo esurientem, vel in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2593 spiritualibus, puta docendo ignorantem; sive huiusmodi fiant debita
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2594 propter iniunctum officium, ut patet in praelatis, sive propter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2595 necessitatem indigentis. Et tunc eadem ratio est de huiusmodi sicut
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2596 de aliis quae sunt de necessitate salutis.</p><p title="II-II q. 43 a. 7 ad 5"><a name="40768"><span class="ref">[40768] IIª-IIae q. 43 a. 7 ad 5</span></a> Ad quintum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2597 dicendum quod quidam dixerunt quod peccatum veniale est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2598 committendum propter vitandum scandalum. Sed hoc implicat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2599 contraria, si enim faciendum est, iam non est malum neque peccatum;
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2600 nam peccatum non potest esse eligibile. Contingit tamen aliquid
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2601 propter aliquam circumstantiam non esse peccatum veniale quod, illa
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2602 circumstantia sublata, peccatum veniale esset, sicut verbum iocosum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2603 est peccatum veniale quando absque utilitate dicitur; si autem ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2604 causa rationabili proferatur, non est otiosum neque peccatum.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2605 Quamvis autem per peccatum veniale gratia non tollatur, per quam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2606 est hominis salus; inquantum tamen veniale disponit ad mortale,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2607 vergit in detrimentum salutis.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 8</h3><p title="II-II q. 43 a. 8 arg. 1"><a name="40769"><span class="ref">[40769] IIª-IIae q. 43 a. 8 arg. 1</span></a> Ad octavum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2608 sic proceditur. Videtur quod temporalia sint dimittenda propter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2609 scandalum. Magis enim debemus diligere spiritualem salutem proximi,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2610 quae impeditur per scandalum, quam quaecumque temporalia bona. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2611 id quod minus diligimus dimittimus propter id quod magis diligimus.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2612 Ergo temporalia magis debemus dimittere ad vitandum scandalum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2613 proximorum.</p><p title="II-II q. 43 a. 8 arg. 2"><a name="40770"><span class="ref">[40770] IIª-IIae q. 43 a. 8 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2614 secundum regulam Hieronymi, omnia quae possunt praetermitti salva
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2615 triplici veritate, sunt propter scandalum dimittenda. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2616 temporalia possunt praetermitti salva triplici veritate. Ergo sunt
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2617 propter scandalum dimittenda.</p><p title="II-II q. 43 a. 8 arg. 3"><a name="40771"><span class="ref">[40771] IIª-IIae q. 43 a. 8 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2618 in temporalibus bonis nihil est magis necessarium quam cibus. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2619 cibus est praetermittendus propter scandalum, secundum illud Rom.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2620 XIV, <i>noli cibo tuo illum perdere pro quo Christus mortuus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2621 est</i>. Ergo multo magis omnia alia temporalia sunt propter
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2622 scandalum dimittenda.</p><p title="II-II q. 43 a. 8 arg. 4"><a name="40772"><span class="ref">[40772] IIª-IIae q. 43 a. 8 arg. 4</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2623 temporalia nullo convenientiori modo conservare aut recuperare
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2624 possumus quam per iudicium. Sed iudiciis uti non licet, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2625 praecipue cum scandalo, dicitur enim Matth. V, <i>ei qui vult tecum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2626 in iudicio contendere et tunicam tuam tollere, dimitte ei et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2627 pallium</i>; et I ad Cor. VI, <i>iam quidem omnino delictum est in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2628 vobis quod iudicia habetis inter vos. Quare non magis iniuriam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2629 accipitis? Quare non magis fraudem patimini?</i> Ergo videtur quod
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2630 temporalia sint propter scandalum dimittenda.</p><p title="II-II q. 43 a. 8 arg. 5"><a name="40773"><span class="ref">[40773] IIª-IIae q. 43 a. 8 arg. 5</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2631 inter omnia temporalia minus videntur dimittenda quae sunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2632 spiritualibus annexa. Sed ista sunt propter scandalum dimittenda,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2633 apostolus enim, seminans spiritualia, temporalia stipendia non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2634 accepit, ne offendiculum daret Evangelio Christi, ut patet I ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2635 Cor. IX; et ex simili causa Ecclesia in aliquibus terris non exigit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2636 decimas, propter scandalum vitandum. Ergo multo magis alia
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2637 temporalia sunt propter scandalum dimittenda.</p><p title="II-II q. 43 a. 8 s. c."><a name="40774"><span class="ref">[40774] IIª-IIae q. 43 a. 8 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2638 est quod beatus Thomas Cantuariensis repetiit res Ecclesiae cum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2639 scandalo regis.</p><p title="II-II q. 43 a. 8 co."><a name="40775"><span class="ref">[40775] IIª-IIae q. 43 a. 8 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2640 dicendum quod circa temporalia bona distinguendum est. Aut enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2641 sunt nostra, aut sunt nobis ad conservandum pro aliis commissa;
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2642 sicut bona Ecclesiae committuntur praelatis, et bona communia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2643 quibuscumque reipublicae rectoribus. Et talium conservatio, sicut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2644 et depositorum, imminet his quibus sunt commissa ex necessitate. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2645 ideo non sunt propter scandalum dimittenda, sicut nec alia quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2646 sunt de necessitate salutis. Temporalia vero quorum nos sumus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2647 domini dimittere, ea tribuendo si penes nos ea habeamus, vel non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2648 repetendo si apud alios sint, propter scandalum quandoque quidem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2649 debemus, quandoque autem non. Si enim scandalum ex hoc oriatur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2650 propter ignorantiam vel infirmitatem aliorum, quod supra diximus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2651 esse scandalum pusillorum; tunc vel totaliter dimittenda sunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2652 temporalia; vel aliter scandalum sedandum, scilicet per aliquam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2653 admonitionem. Unde Augustinus dicit, in libro de Serm. Dom. in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2654 monte, <i>dandum est quod nec tibi nec alteri noceat, quantum ab
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2655 homine credi potest. Et cum negaveris quod petit, indicanda est ei
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2656 iustitia, et melius ei aliquid dabis, cum petentem iniuste
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2657 correxeris</i>. Aliquando vero scandalum nascitur ex malitia, quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2658 est scandalum Pharisaeorum. Et propter eos qui sic scandala
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2659 concitant non sunt temporalia dimittenda, quia hoc et noceret bono
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2660 communi, daretur enim malis rapiendi occasio; et noceret ipsis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2661 rapientibus, qui retinendo aliena in peccato remanerent. Unde
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2662 Gregorius dicit, in Moral., <i>quidam, dum temporalia nobis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2663 rapiunt, solummodo sunt tolerandi, quidam vero, servata aequitate,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2664 prohibendi; non sola cura ne nostra subtrahantur, sed ne rapientes
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2665 non sua semetipsos perdant</i>.</p><p title="II-II q. 43 a. 8 ad 1"><a name="40776"><span class="ref">[40776] IIª-IIae q. 43 a. 8 ad 1</span></a> Et per hoc
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2666 patet solutio ad primum.</p><p title="II-II q. 43 a. 8 ad 2"><a name="40777"><span class="ref">[40777] IIª-IIae q. 43 a. 8 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2667 dicendum quod si passim permitteretur malis hominibus ut aliena
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2668 raperent, vergeret hoc in detrimentum veritatis vitae et iustitiae.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2669 Et ideo non oportet propter quodcumque scandalum temporalia
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2670 dimitti.</p><p title="II-II q. 43 a. 8 ad 3"><a name="40778"><span class="ref">[40778] IIª-IIae q. 43 a. 8 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2671 dicendum quod non est de intentione apostoli monere quod cibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2672 totaliter propter scandalum dimittatur, quia sumere cibum est de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2673 necessitate salutis. Sed talis cibus est propter scandalum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2674 dimittendus, secundum illud I ad Cor. VIII, <i>non manducabo carnem
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2675 in aeternum, ne fratrem meum scandalizem</i>.</p><p title="II-II q. 43 a. 8 ad 4"><a name="40779"><span class="ref">[40779] IIª-IIae q. 43 a. 8 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2676 dicendum quod secundum Augustinum, in libro de Serm. Dom. in monte,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2677 illud praeceptum domini est intelligendum secundum praeparationem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2678 animi, ut scilicet homo sit paratus prius pati iniuriam vel fraudem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2679 quam iudicium subire, si hoc expediat. Quandoque tamen non expedit,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2680 ut dictum est. Et similiter intelligendum est verbum apostoli.</p><p title="II-II q. 43 a. 8 ad 5"><a name="40780"><span class="ref">[40780] IIª-IIae q. 43 a. 8 ad 5</span></a> Ad quintum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2681 dicendum quod scandalum quod vitabat apostolus ex ignorantia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2682 procedebat gentilium, qui hoc non consueverant. Et ideo ad tempus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2683 abstinendum erat, ut prius instruerentur hoc esse debitum. Et ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2684 simili causa Ecclesia abstinet de decimis exigendis in terris in
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2685 quibus non est consuetum decimas solvere.</p></div></div><div class="centro"><br/>
59
03759e5c1080 fix multi-para s.c.
ht
parents: 53
diff changeset
2686 <p><a href="sth3027.html"><img src="icons/ageretro.gif" width="19" height="19" align="middle" border="0" alt="age retro"/></a>  
03759e5c1080 fix multi-para s.c.
ht
parents: 53
diff changeset
2687 <a href="sth3044.html"><img src="icons/ageultra.gif" width="19" height="19" align="middle" border="0" alt="age ultra"/></a></p>
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2688 <br/>
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2689 <hr/>
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2690 <br/>
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2691 <address>© 2006 Fundación Tomás de Aquino quoad
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2692 hanc editionem<br/>
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2693 Iura omnia asservantur<br/>
59
03759e5c1080 fix multi-para s.c.
ht
parents: 53
diff changeset
2694 OCLC nr. <a href="http://worldcatlibraries.org/wcpa/oclc/49644264" style="text-decoration=none">49644264</a></address>
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2695 </div></body>
59
03759e5c1080 fix multi-para s.c.
ht
parents: 53
diff changeset
2696 </html>