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annotate summa/latin/sth3123.html @ 86:dd8a8c8eb56d

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completed FP_ix
author ht
date Sun, 03 Feb 2013 10:50:36 +0000
parents 03759e5c1080
children
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1 <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "file:///c:/cygwin/usr/local/share/lib/xml/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
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2 <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" lang="LA" xml:lang="LA">
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3 <head>
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4 <meta name="generator" content="HTML Tidy for Windows (vers 1st February 2005), see www.w3.org"/>
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5 <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=us-ascii"/>
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6 <meta http-equiv="Content-Style-Type" content="text/css"/>
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7 <meta http-equiv="Content-Script-Type" content="text/javascript"/>
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8 <meta name="keywords" content="Thomas de Aquino, Summa Theologiae, Corpus Thomisticum"/>
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9 <meta name="language" content="Latin"/>
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10 <meta name="security" content="public"/>
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11 <meta name="owner" content="ealarcon@unav.es"/>
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12 <meta name="author" content="Enrique Alarcón"/>
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13 <meta name="abstract" content=""/>
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14 <link rel="stylesheet" media="screen" href="vscreen.css" type="text/css"/>
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15 <link rel="stylesheet" media="print" href="vprint.css" type="text/css"/>
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16 <title>Thomas de Aquino, Summa Theologiae, IIª-IIae q.
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17 123-140</title>
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18 </head>
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19 <body><a href="http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/"/><div class="tres">CORPUS THOMISTICUM</div><div class="uno">Sancti Thomae de Aquino</div><div class="uno">Summa Theologiae</div><div class="dos">secunda pars secundae partis a quaestione CXXIII
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20 ad CXL</div><div class="centro">
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21 <table align="center" summary="Imago">
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22 <tr>
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23 <th><img src="icons/fugit190.jpg" width="275" height="190" border="0" alt="Thomas de Aquino a Filippino Lippi depictus (Cappella Carafa, S. Maria sopra Minerva, Roma)" align="middle"/></th>
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24 </tr>
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25 </table>
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26 <br/>
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27 <span class="tres">Textum Leoninum Romae 1899 editum<br/>
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28 ac automato translatum a Roberto Busa SJ in taenias
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29 magneticas<br/>
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30 denuo recognovit Enrique Alarcón atque instruxit<br/>
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31 <br/></span><br/>
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32 <hr/>
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33 <br/>
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34 <p><a href="sth3122.html"><img src="icons/ageretro.gif" width="19" height="19" align="middle" border="0" alt="age retro"/></a>  
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35 <a href="sth3141.html"><img src="icons/ageultra.gif" width="19" height="19" align="middle" border="0" alt="age ultra"/></a></p>
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36 <script language="JavaScript" type="text/javascript">
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37 //
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38 &lt;!--
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39 // original code by Bill Trefzger 12/12/96; revised by Enrique Alarcon 12/9/2000
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40 function go(){if(document.selecter.select1.options[document.selecter.select1.selectedIndex].value !="none"){location=document.selecter.select1.options[document.selecter.select1.selectedIndex].value}}
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43 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="none"&gt;------------------------------------------------');
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131 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44128"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 123 a. 11 ad 1');
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132 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44129"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 123 a. 11 ad 2');
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133 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44130"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 123 a. 11 ad 3');
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134 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44131"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 123 a. 12 arg. 1');
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135 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44132"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 123 a. 12 arg. 2');
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136 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44133"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 123 a. 12 arg. 3');
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137 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44134"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 123 a. 12 s. c. 1');
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138 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44135"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 123 a. 12 s. c. 2');
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139 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44136"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 123 a. 12 co.');
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140 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44137"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 123 a. 12 ad 1');
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141 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44138"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 123 a. 12 ad 2');
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142 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44139"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 123 a. 12 ad 3');
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143 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44140"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 123 a. 12 ad 4');
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parents: 28
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144 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44141"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 123 a. 12 ad 5');
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parents: 28
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145 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44142"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 124 pr.');
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parents: 28
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146 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44143"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 124 a. 1 arg. 1');
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147 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44144"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 124 a. 1 arg. 2');
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148 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44145"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 124 a. 1 arg. 3');
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parents: 28
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149 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44146"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 124 a. 1 s. c.');
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150 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44147"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 124 a. 1 co.');
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151 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44148"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 124 a. 1 ad 1');
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152 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44149"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 124 a. 1 ad 2');
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153 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44150"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 124 a. 1 ad 3');
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154 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44151"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 124 a. 2 arg. 1');
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parents: 28
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155 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44152"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 124 a. 2 arg. 2');
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156 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44153"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 124 a. 2 arg. 3');
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parents: 28
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157 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44154"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 124 a. 2 s. c.');
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158 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44155"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 124 a. 2 co.');
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159 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44156"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 124 a. 2 ad 1');
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160 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44157"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 124 a. 2 ad 2');
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parents: 28
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161 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44158"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 124 a. 2 ad 3');
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parents: 28
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162 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44159"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 124 a. 3 arg. 1');
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parents: 28
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163 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44160"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 124 a. 3 arg. 2');
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parents: 28
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164 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44161"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 124 a. 3 arg. 3');
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parents: 28
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165 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44162"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 124 a. 3 s. c.');
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parents: 28
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166 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44163"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 124 a. 3 co.');
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parents: 28
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167 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44164"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 124 a. 3 ad 1');
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168 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44165"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 124 a. 3 ad 2');
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parents: 28
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169 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44166"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 124 a. 3 ad 3');
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170 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44167"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 124 a. 4 arg. 1');
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parents: 28
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171 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44168"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 124 a. 4 arg. 2');
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parents: 28
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172 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44169"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 124 a. 4 arg. 3');
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parents: 28
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173 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44170"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 124 a. 4 arg. 4');
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parents: 28
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174 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44171"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 124 a. 4 s. c.');
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parents: 28
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175 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44172"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 124 a. 4 co.');
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parents: 28
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176 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44173"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 124 a. 4 ad 1');
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177 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44174"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 124 a. 4 ad 2');
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178 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44175"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 124 a. 4 ad 3');
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parents: 28
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179 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44176"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 124 a. 4 ad 4');
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180 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44177"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 124 a. 5 arg. 1');
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parents: 28
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181 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44178"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 124 a. 5 arg. 2');
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parents: 28
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182 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44179"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 124 a. 5 arg. 3');
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parents: 28
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183 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44180"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 124 a. 5 s. c.');
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parents: 28
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184 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44181"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 124 a. 5 co.');
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parents: 28
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185 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44182"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 124 a. 5 ad 1');
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186 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44183"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 124 a. 5 ad 2');
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parents: 28
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187 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44184"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 124 a. 5 ad 3');
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parents: 28
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188 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44185"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 125 pr.');
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parents: 28
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189 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44186"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 125 a. 1 arg. 1');
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parents: 28
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190 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44187"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 125 a. 1 arg. 2');
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parents: 28
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191 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44188"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 125 a. 1 arg. 3');
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parents: 28
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192 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44189"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 125 a. 1 s. c.');
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parents: 28
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193 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44190"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 125 a. 1 co.');
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parents: 28
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194 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44191"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 125 a. 1 ad 1');
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parents: 28
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195 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44192"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 125 a. 1 ad 2');
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parents: 28
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196 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44193"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 125 a. 1 ad 3');
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parents: 28
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197 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44194"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 125 a. 2 arg. 1');
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parents: 28
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198 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44195"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 125 a. 2 arg. 2');
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parents: 28
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199 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44196"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 125 a. 2 arg. 3');
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200 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44197"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 125 a. 2 s. c.');
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parents: 28
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201 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44198"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 125 a. 2 co.');
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parents: 28
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202 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44199"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 125 a. 2 ad 1');
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203 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44200"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 125 a. 2 ad 2');
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parents: 28
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204 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44201"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 125 a. 2 ad 3');
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parents: 28
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205 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44202"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 125 a. 3 arg. 1');
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parents: 28
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206 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44203"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 125 a. 3 arg. 2');
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parents: 28
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207 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44204"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 125 a. 3 arg. 3');
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parents: 28
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208 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44205"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 125 a. 3 s. c.');
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parents: 28
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209 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44206"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 125 a. 3 co.');
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210 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44207"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 125 a. 3 ad 1');
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211 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44208"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 125 a. 3 ad 2');
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212 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44209"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 125 a. 3 ad 3');
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parents: 28
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213 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44210"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 125 a. 4 arg. 1');
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parents: 28
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214 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44211"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 125 a. 4 arg. 2');
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parents: 28
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215 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44212"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 125 a. 4 arg. 3');
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parents: 28
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216 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44213"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 125 a. 4 s. c.');
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217 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44214"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 125 a. 4 co.');
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218 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44215"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 125 a. 4 ad 1');
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219 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44216"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 125 a. 4 ad 2');
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220 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44217"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 125 a. 4 ad 3');
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parents: 28
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221 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44218"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 126 pr.');
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222 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44219"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 126 a. 1 arg. 1');
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223 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44220"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 126 a. 1 arg. 2');
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parents: 28
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224 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44221"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 126 a. 1 arg. 3');
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parents: 28
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225 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44222"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 126 a. 1 s. c.');
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226 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44223"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 126 a. 1 co.');
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227 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44224"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 126 a. 1 ad 1');
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228 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44225"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 126 a. 1 ad 2');
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229 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44226"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 126 a. 1 ad 3');
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230 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44227"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 126 a. 2 arg. 1');
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231 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44228"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 126 a. 2 arg. 2');
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232 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44229"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 126 a. 2 arg. 3');
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233 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44230"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 126 a. 2 s. c.');
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234 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44231"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 126 a. 2 co.');
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235 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44232"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 126 a. 2 ad 1');
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236 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44233"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 126 a. 2 ad 2');
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237 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44234"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 126 a. 2 ad 3');
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parents: 28
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238 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44235"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 127 pr.');
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239 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44236"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 127 a. 1 arg. 1');
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240 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44237"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 127 a. 1 arg. 2');
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parents: 28
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241 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44238"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 127 a. 1 arg. 3');
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parents: 28
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242 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44239"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 127 a. 1 s. c.');
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parents: 28
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243 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44240"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 127 a. 1 co.');
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parents: 28
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244 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44241"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 127 a. 1 ad 1');
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parents: 28
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245 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44242"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 127 a. 1 ad 2');
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parents: 28
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246 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44243"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 127 a. 1 ad 3');
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parents: 28
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247 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44244"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 127 a. 2 arg. 1');
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parents: 28
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248 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44245"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 127 a. 2 arg. 2');
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parents: 28
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249 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44246"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 127 a. 2 arg. 3');
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parents: 28
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250 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44247"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 127 a. 2 s. c.');
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parents: 28
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251 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44248"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 127 a. 2 co.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
252 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44249"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 127 a. 2 ad 1');
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parents: 28
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253 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44250"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 127 a. 2 ad 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
254 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44251"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 127 a. 2 ad 3');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
255 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44252"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 128 pr.');
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parents: 28
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256 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44253"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 128 arg. 1');
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parents: 28
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257 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44254"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 128 arg. 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
258 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44255"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 128 arg. 3');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
259 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44256"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 128 arg. 4');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
260 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44257"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 128 arg. 5');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
261 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44258"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 128 arg. 6');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
262 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44259"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 128 arg. 7');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
263 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44260"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 128 co.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
264 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44261"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 128 ad 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
265 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44262"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 128 ad 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
266 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44263"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 128 ad 3');
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parents: 28
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267 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44264"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 128 ad 4');
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parents: 28
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268 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44265"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 128 ad 5');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
269 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44266"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 128 ad 6');
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parents: 28
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270 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44267"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 128 ad 7');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
271 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44268"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 129 pr.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
272 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44269"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 129 a. 1 arg. 1');
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parents: 28
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273 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44270"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 129 a. 1 arg. 2');
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parents: 28
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274 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44271"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 129 a. 1 arg. 3');
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parents: 28
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275 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44272"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 129 a. 1 s. c.');
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parents: 28
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276 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44273"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 129 a. 1 co.');
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parents: 28
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277 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44274"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 129 a. 1 ad 1');
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parents: 28
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278 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44275"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 129 a. 1 ad 2');
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parents: 28
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279 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44276"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 129 a. 1 ad 3');
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parents: 28
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280 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44277"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 129 a. 2 arg. 1');
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parents: 28
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281 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44278"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 129 a. 2 arg. 2');
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parents: 28
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282 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44279"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 129 a. 2 arg. 3');
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parents: 28
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283 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44280"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 129 a. 2 s. c.');
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parents: 28
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284 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44281"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 129 a. 2 co.');
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parents: 28
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285 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44282"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 129 a. 2 ad 1');
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parents: 28
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286 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44283"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 129 a. 2 ad 2');
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parents: 28
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287 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44284"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 129 a. 2 ad 3');
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parents: 28
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288 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44285"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 129 a. 3 arg. 1');
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parents: 28
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289 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44286"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 129 a. 3 arg. 2');
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parents: 28
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290 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44287"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 129 a. 3 arg. 3');
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parents: 28
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291 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44288"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 129 a. 3 arg. 4');
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parents: 28
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292 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44289"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 129 a. 3 arg. 5');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
293 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44290"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 129 a. 3 s. c.');
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parents: 28
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294 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44291"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 129 a. 3 co.');
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parents: 28
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295 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44292"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 129 a. 3 ad 1');
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parents: 28
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296 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44293"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 129 a. 3 ad 2');
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parents: 28
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297 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44294"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 129 a. 3 ad 3');
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parents: 28
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298 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44295"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 129 a. 3 ad 4');
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parents: 28
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299 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44296"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 129 a. 3 ad 5');
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parents: 28
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300 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44297"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 129 a. 4 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
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301 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44298"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 129 a. 4 arg. 2');
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parents: 28
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302 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44299"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 129 a. 4 arg. 3');
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parents: 28
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303 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44300"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 129 a. 4 s. c.');
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parents: 28
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304 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44301"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 129 a. 4 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
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305 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44302"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 129 a. 4 ad 1');
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parents: 28
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306 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44303"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 129 a. 4 ad 2');
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parents: 28
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307 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44304"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 129 a. 4 ad 3');
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parents: 28
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308 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44305"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 129 a. 5 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
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309 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44306"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 129 a. 5 arg. 2');
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parents: 28
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310 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44307"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 129 a. 5 arg. 3');
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parents: 28
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311 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44308"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 129 a. 5 s. c.');
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parents: 28
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312 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44309"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 129 a. 5 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
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313 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44310"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 129 a. 5 ad 1');
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parents: 28
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314 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44311"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 129 a. 5 ad 2');
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parents: 28
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315 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44312"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 129 a. 5 ad 3');
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parents: 28
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316 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44313"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 129 a. 6 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
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317 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44314"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 129 a. 6 arg. 2');
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parents: 28
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318 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44315"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 129 a. 6 arg. 3');
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parents: 28
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319 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44316"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 129 a. 6 s. c.');
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parents: 28
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320 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44317"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 129 a. 6 co.');
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parents: 28
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321 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44318"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 129 a. 6 ad 1');
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parents: 28
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322 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44319"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 129 a. 6 ad 2');
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parents: 28
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323 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44320"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 129 a. 6 ad 3');
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parents: 28
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324 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44321"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 129 a. 7 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
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325 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44322"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 129 a. 7 arg. 2');
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parents: 28
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326 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44323"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 129 a. 7 arg. 3');
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parents: 28
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327 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44324"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 129 a. 7 s. c.');
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parents: 28
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328 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44325"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 129 a. 7 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
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329 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44326"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 129 a. 7 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
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330 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44327"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 129 a. 7 ad 2');
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parents: 28
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331 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44328"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 129 a. 7 ad 3');
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parents: 28
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332 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44329"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 129 a. 8 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
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333 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44330"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 129 a. 8 arg. 2');
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parents: 28
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334 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44331"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 129 a. 8 arg. 3');
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parents: 28
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335 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44332"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 129 a. 8 s. c.');
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parents: 28
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336 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44333"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 129 a. 8 co.');
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parents: 28
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337 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44334"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 129 a. 8 ad 1');
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parents: 28
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338 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44335"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 129 a. 8 ad 2');
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parents: 28
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parents: 28
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340 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44337"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 130 pr.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
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341 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44338"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 130 a. 1 arg. 1');
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parents: 28
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342 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44339"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 130 a. 1 arg. 2');
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parents: 28
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343 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44340"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 130 a. 1 arg. 3');
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parents: 28
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344 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44341"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 130 a. 1 s. c.');
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parents: 28
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345 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44342"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 130 a. 1 co.');
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parents: 28
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346 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44343"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 130 a. 1 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
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parents: 28
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parents: 28
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349 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44346"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 130 a. 2 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
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350 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44347"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 130 a. 2 arg. 2');
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parents: 28
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351 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44348"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 130 a. 2 arg. 3');
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parents: 28
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352 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44349"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 130 a. 2 s. c.');
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parents: 28
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353 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44350"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 130 a. 2 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
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d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
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parents: 28
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d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
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357 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44354"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 131 pr.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
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358 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44355"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 131 a. 1 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
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parents: 28
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parents: 28
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361 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44358"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 131 a. 1 s. c.');
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parents: 28
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362 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44359"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 131 a. 1 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
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d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
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d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
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d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
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d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
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parents: 28
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parents: 28
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369 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44366"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 131 a. 2 s. c.');
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parents: 28
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370 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44367"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 131 a. 2 co.');
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parents: 28
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d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
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d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
373 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44370"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 131 a. 2 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
374 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44371"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 132 pr.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
375 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44372"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 132 a. 1 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
376 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44373"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 132 a. 1 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
377 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44374"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 132 a. 1 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
378 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44375"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 132 a. 1 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
379 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44376"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 132 a. 1 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
380 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44377"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 132 a. 1 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
381 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44378"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 132 a. 1 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
382 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44379"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 132 a. 1 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
383 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44380"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 132 a. 2 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
384 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44381"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 132 a. 2 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
385 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44382"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 132 a. 2 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
386 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44383"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 132 a. 2 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
387 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44384"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 132 a. 2 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
388 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44385"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 132 a. 2 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
389 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44386"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 132 a. 2 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
390 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44387"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 132 a. 2 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
391 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44388"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 132 a. 3 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
392 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44389"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 132 a. 3 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
393 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44390"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 132 a. 3 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
394 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44391"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 132 a. 3 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
395 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44392"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 132 a. 3 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
396 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44393"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 132 a. 3 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
397 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44394"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 132 a. 3 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
398 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44395"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 132 a. 3 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
399 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44396"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 132 a. 4 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
400 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44397"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 132 a. 4 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
401 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44398"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 132 a. 4 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
402 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44399"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 132 a. 4 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
403 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44400"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 132 a. 4 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
404 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44401"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 132 a. 4 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
405 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44402"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 132 a. 4 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
406 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44403"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 132 a. 4 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
407 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44404"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 132 a. 5 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
408 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44405"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 132 a. 5 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
409 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44406"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 132 a. 5 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
410 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44407"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 132 a. 5 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
411 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44408"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 132 a. 5 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
412 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44409"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 132 a. 5 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
413 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44410"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 132 a. 5 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
414 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44411"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 132 a. 5 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
415 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44412"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 133 pr.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
416 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44413"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 133 a. 1 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
417 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44414"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 133 a. 1 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
418 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44415"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 133 a. 1 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
419 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44416"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 133 a. 1 arg. 4');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
420 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44417"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 133 a. 1 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
421 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44418"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 133 a. 1 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
422 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44419"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 133 a. 1 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
423 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44420"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 133 a. 1 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
424 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44421"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 133 a. 1 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
425 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44422"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 133 a. 1 ad 4');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
426 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44423"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 133 a. 2 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
427 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44424"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 133 a. 2 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
428 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44425"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 133 a. 2 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
429 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44426"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 133 a. 2 arg. 4');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
430 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44427"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 133 a. 2 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
431 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44428"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 133 a. 2 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
432 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44429"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 133 a. 2 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
433 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44430"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 133 a. 2 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
434 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44431"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 133 a. 2 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
435 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44432"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 133 a. 2 ad 4');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
436 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44433"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 134 pr.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
437 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44434"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 134 a. 1 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
438 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44435"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 134 a. 1 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
439 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44436"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 134 a. 1 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
440 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44437"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 134 a. 1 arg. 4');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
441 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44438"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 134 a. 1 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
442 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44439"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 134 a. 1 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
443 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44440"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 134 a. 1 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
444 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44441"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 134 a. 1 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
445 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44442"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 134 a. 1 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
446 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44443"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 134 a. 1 ad 4');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
447 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44444"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 134 a. 2 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
448 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44445"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 134 a. 2 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
449 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44446"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 134 a. 2 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
450 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44447"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 134 a. 2 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
451 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44448"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 134 a. 2 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
452 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44449"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 134 a. 2 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
453 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44450"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 134 a. 2 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
454 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44451"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 134 a. 2 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
455 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44452"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 134 a. 3 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
456 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44453"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 134 a. 3 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
457 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44454"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 134 a. 3 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
458 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44455"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 134 a. 3 arg. 4');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
459 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44456"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 134 a. 3 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
460 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44457"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 134 a. 3 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
461 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44458"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 134 a. 3 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
462 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44459"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 134 a. 3 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
463 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44460"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 134 a. 3 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
464 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44461"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 134 a. 3 ad 4');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
465 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44462"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 134 a. 4 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
466 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44463"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 134 a. 4 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
467 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44464"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 134 a. 4 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
468 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44465"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 134 a. 4 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
469 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44466"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 134 a. 4 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
470 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44467"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 134 a. 4 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
471 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44468"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 134 a. 4 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
472 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44469"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 134 a. 4 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
473 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44470"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 135 pr.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
474 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44471"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 135 a. 1 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
475 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44472"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 135 a. 1 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
476 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44473"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 135 a. 1 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
477 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44474"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 135 a. 1 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
478 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44475"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 135 a. 1 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
479 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44476"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 135 a. 1 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
480 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44477"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 135 a. 1 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
481 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44478"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 135 a. 1 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
482 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44479"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 135 a. 2 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
483 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44480"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 135 a. 2 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
484 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44481"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 135 a. 2 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
485 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44482"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 135 a. 2 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
486 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44483"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 135 a. 2 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
487 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44484"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 135 a. 2 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
488 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44485"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 135 a. 2 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
489 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44486"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 135 a. 2 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
490 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44487"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 136 pr.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
491 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44488"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 136 a. 1 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
492 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44489"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 136 a. 1 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
493 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44490"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 136 a. 1 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
494 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44491"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 136 a. 1 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
495 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44492"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 136 a. 1 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
496 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44493"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 136 a. 1 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
497 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44494"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 136 a. 1 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
498 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44495"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 136 a. 1 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
499 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44496"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 136 a. 2 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
500 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44497"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 136 a. 2 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
501 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44498"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 136 a. 2 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
502 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44499"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 136 a. 2 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
503 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44500"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 136 a. 2 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
504 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44501"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 136 a. 2 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
505 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44502"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 136 a. 2 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
506 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44503"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 136 a. 2 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
507 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44504"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 136 a. 3 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
508 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44505"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 136 a. 3 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
509 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44506"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 136 a. 3 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
510 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44507"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 136 a. 3 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
511 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44508"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 136 a. 3 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
512 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44509"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 136 a. 3 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
513 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44510"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 136 a. 3 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
514 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44511"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 136 a. 3 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
515 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44512"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 136 a. 4 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
516 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44513"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 136 a. 4 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
517 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44514"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 136 a. 4 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
518 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44515"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 136 a. 4 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
519 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44516"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 136 a. 4 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
520 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44517"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 136 a. 4 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
521 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44518"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 136 a. 4 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
522 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44519"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 136 a. 4 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
523 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44520"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 136 a. 5 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
524 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44521"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 136 a. 5 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
525 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44522"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 136 a. 5 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
526 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44523"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 136 a. 5 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
527 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44524"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 136 a. 5 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
528 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44525"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 136 a. 5 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
529 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44526"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 136 a. 5 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
530 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44527"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 136 a. 5 ad 4');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
531 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44528"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 137 pr.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
532 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44529"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 137 a. 1 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
533 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44530"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 137 a. 1 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
534 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44531"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 137 a. 1 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
535 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44532"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 137 a. 1 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
536 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44533"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 137 a. 1 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
537 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44534"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 137 a. 1 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
538 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44535"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 137 a. 1 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
539 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44536"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 137 a. 1 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
540 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44537"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 137 a. 2 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
541 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44538"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 137 a. 2 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
542 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44539"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 137 a. 2 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
543 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44540"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 137 a. 2 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
544 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44541"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 137 a. 2 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
545 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44542"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 137 a. 2 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
546 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44543"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 137 a. 2 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
547 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44544"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 137 a. 2 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
548 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44545"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 137 a. 3 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
549 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44546"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 137 a. 3 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
550 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44547"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 137 a. 3 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
551 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44548"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 137 a. 3 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
552 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44549"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 137 a. 3 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
553 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44550"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 137 a. 3 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
554 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44551"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 137 a. 3 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
555 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44552"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 137 a. 3 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
556 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44553"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 137 a. 4 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
557 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44554"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 137 a. 4 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
558 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44555"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 137 a. 4 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
559 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44556"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 137 a. 4 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
560 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44557"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 137 a. 4 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
561 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44558"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 137 a. 4 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
562 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44559"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 137 a. 4 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
563 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44560"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 137 a. 4 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
564 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44561"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 138 pr.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
565 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44562"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 138 a. 1 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
566 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44563"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 138 a. 1 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
567 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44564"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 138 a. 1 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
568 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44565"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 138 a. 1 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
569 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44566"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 138 a. 1 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
570 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44567"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 138 a. 1 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
571 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44568"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 138 a. 1 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
572 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44569"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 138 a. 1 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
573 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44570"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 138 a. 2 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
574 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44571"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 138 a. 2 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
575 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44572"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 138 a. 2 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
576 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44573"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 138 a. 2 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
577 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44574"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 138 a. 2 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
578 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44575"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 138 a. 2 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
579 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44576"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 138 a. 2 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
580 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44577"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 138 a. 2 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
581 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44578"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 139 pr.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
582 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44579"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 139 a. 1 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
583 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44580"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 139 a. 1 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
584 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44581"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 139 a. 1 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
585 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44582"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 139 a. 1 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
586 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44583"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 139 a. 1 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
587 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44584"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 139 a. 1 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
588 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44585"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 139 a. 1 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
589 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44586"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 139 a. 1 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
590 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44587"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 139 a. 2 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
591 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44588"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 139 a. 2 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
592 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44589"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 139 a. 2 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
593 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44590"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 139 a. 2 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
594 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44591"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 139 a. 2 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
595 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44592"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 139 a. 2 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
596 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44593"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 139 a. 2 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
597 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44594"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 139 a. 2 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
598 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44595"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 140 pr.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
599 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44596"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 140 a. 1 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
600 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44597"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 140 a. 1 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
601 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44598"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 140 a. 1 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
602 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44599"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 140 a. 1 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
603 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44600"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 140 a. 1 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
604 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44601"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 140 a. 1 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
605 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44602"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 140 a. 1 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
606 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44603"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 140 a. 1 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
607 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44604"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 140 a. 2 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
608 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44605"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 140 a. 2 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
609 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44606"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 140 a. 2 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
610 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44607"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 140 a. 2 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
611 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44608"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 140 a. 2 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
612 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44609"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 140 a. 2 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
613 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44610"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 140 a. 2 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
614 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#44611"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 140 a. 2 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
615 document.write('&lt;\/SELECT&gt;');
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616 document.write('&lt;BR&gt;&lt;BR&gt;');
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617 document.write('&lt;INPUT TYPE="button" VALUE="Agedum" ONCLICK="go()"&gt;');
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618 document.write('&lt;\/FORM&gt;');
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619 // --&gt;
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620 //
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621 </script><br/>
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622 <hr/>
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623 <br/></div><div id="q123" class="q"><h2>Quaestio 123</h2><div class="p"><h3>Prooemium</h3><p title="II-II q. 123 pr."><a name="44045"><span class="ref">[44045] IIª-IIae, q. 123 pr.</span></a> Consequenter,
28
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624 post iustitiam, considerandum est de fortitudine. Et primo, de ipsa
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625 virtute fortitudinis; secundo, de partibus eius; tertio, de dono ei
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626 correspondente; quarto, de praeceptis ad ipsam pertinentibus. Circa
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diff changeset
627 fortitudinem autem consideranda sunt tria, primo quidem, de ipsa
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628 fortitudine; secundo, de actu praecipuo eius, scilicet de martyrio;
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629 tertio, de vitiis oppositis. Circa primum quaeruntur duodecim.
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630 Primo, utrum fortitudo sit virtus. Secundo, utrum sit virtus
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631 specialis. Tertio, utrum sit circa timores et audacias. Quarto,
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632 utrum sit solum circa timorem mortis. Quinto, utrum sit solum in
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633 rebus bellicis. Sexto, utrum sustinere sit praecipuus actus eius.
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634 Septimo, utrum operetur propter proprium bonum. Octavo, utrum
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635 habeat delectationem in suo actu. Nono, utrum fortitudo maxime
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636 consistat in repentinis. Decimo, utrum utatur ira in sua
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637 operatione. Undecimo, utrum sit virtus cardinalis. Duodecimo, de
53
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638 comparatione eius ad alias virtutes cardinales.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 1</h3><p title="II-II q. 123 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="44046"><span class="ref">[44046] IIª-IIae, q. 123 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
28
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639 primum sic proceditur. Videtur quod fortitudo non sit virtus. Dicit
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640 enim apostolus, II ad Cor. XII, <i>virtus in infirmitate
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641 perficitur</i>. Sed fortitudo infirmitati opponitur. Ergo fortitudo
53
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642 non est virtus.</p><p title="II-II q. 123 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="44047"><span class="ref">[44047] IIª-IIae, q. 123 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a>
28
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643 Praeterea, si est virtus, aut est theologica, aut intellectualis,
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644 aut moralis. Sed fortitudo neque continetur inter virtutes
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645 theologicas, neque inter intellectuales, ut ex supra dictis patet.
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646 Neque etiam videtur esse virtus moralis. Quia, ut philosophus
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647 dicit, in III Ethic., videntur aliqui esse fortes propter
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648 ignorantiam, aut etiam propter experientiam, sicut milites, quae
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649 magis pertinent ad artem quam ad virtutem moralem, quidam etiam
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650 dicuntur esse fortes propter aliquas passiones, puta propter
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651 timorem comminationum vel dehonorationis, aut etiam propter
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652 tristitiam vel iram, seu spem; virtus autem moralis non operatur ex
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653 passione, sed ex electione, ut supra habitum est. Ergo fortitudo
53
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654 non est virtus.</p><p title="II-II q. 123 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="44048"><span class="ref">[44048] IIª-IIae, q. 123 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a>
28
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655 Praeterea, virtus humana maxime consistit in anima, est enim bona
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656 qualitas mentis, ut supra iam dictum est. Sed fortitudo videtur
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657 consistere in corpore, vel saltem corporis complexionem sequi. Ergo
53
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658 videtur quod fortitudo non sit virtus.</p><p title="II-II q. 123 a. 1 s. c."><a name="44049"><span class="ref">[44049] IIª-IIae, q. 123 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed
28
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659 contra est quod Augustinus, in libro de moribus Eccle.,
53
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660 fortitudinem inter virtutes numerat.</p><p title="II-II q. 123 a. 1 co."><a name="44050"><span class="ref">[44050] IIª-IIae, q. 123 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
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661 dicendum quod, secundum philosophum, in II Ethic., <i>virtus est
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662 quae bonum facit habentem, et opus eius bonum reddit</i>, unde
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663 virtus hominis, de qua loquimur, est quae bonum facit hominem, et
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664 opus eius bonum reddit. Bonum autem hominis est secundum rationem
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665 esse, secundum Dionysium, IV cap. de Div. Nom. Et ideo ad virtutem
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666 humanam pertinet ut faciat hominem et opus eius secundum rationem
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667 esse. Quod quidem tripliciter contingit. Uno modo, secundum quod
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668 ipsa ratio rectificatur, quod fit per virtutes intellectuales. Alio
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diff changeset
669 modo, secundum quod ipsa rectitudo rationis in rebus humanis
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670 instituitur, quod pertinet ad iustitiam. Tertio, secundum quod
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671 tolluntur impedimenta huius rectitudinis in rebus humanis ponendae.
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diff changeset
672 Dupliciter autem impeditur voluntas humana ne rectitudinem rationis
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673 sequatur. Uno modo, per hoc quod attrahitur ab aliquo delectabili
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674 ad aliud quam rectitudo rationis requirat, et hoc impedimentum
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675 tollit virtus temperantiae. Alio modo, per hoc quod voluntatem
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diff changeset
676 repellit ab eo quod est secundum rationem, propter aliquid
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parents: 26
diff changeset
677 difficile quod incumbit. Et ad hoc impedimentum tollendum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
678 requiritur fortitudo mentis, qua scilicet huiusmodi difficultatibus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
679 resistat, sicut et homo per fortitudinem corporalem impedimenta
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diff changeset
680 corporalia superat et repellit. Unde manifestum est quod fortitudo
53
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diff changeset
681 est virtus, inquantum facit hominem secundum rationem esse.</p><p title="II-II q. 123 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="44051"><span class="ref">[44051] IIª-IIae, q. 123 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
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682 ergo dicendum quod virtus animae non perficitur in infirmitate
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diff changeset
683 animae, sed in infirmitate carnis, de qua apostolus loquebatur. Hoc
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684 autem ad fortitudinem mentis pertinet, quod infirmitatem carnis
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diff changeset
685 fortiter ferat, quod pertinet ad virtutem patientiae vel
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diff changeset
686 fortitudinis. Et quod homo propriam infirmitatem recognoscat,
53
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diff changeset
687 pertinet ad perfectionem quae dicitur humilitas.</p><p title="II-II q. 123 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="44052"><span class="ref">[44052] IIª-IIae, q. 123 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad
28
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diff changeset
688 secundum dicendum quod exteriorem virtutis actum quandoque aliqui
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diff changeset
689 efficiunt non habentes virtutem, ex aliqua alia causa quam ex
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diff changeset
690 virtute. Et ideo philosophus, in III Ethic., ponit quinque modos
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diff changeset
691 eorum qui similitudinarie dicuntur fortes, quasi exercentes actum
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diff changeset
692 fortitudinis praeter virtutem. Quod quidem contingit tripliciter.
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diff changeset
693 Primo quidem, quia feruntur in id quod est difficile ac si non
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diff changeset
694 esset difficile. Quod in tres modos dividitur. Quandoque enim hoc
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diff changeset
695 accidit propter ignorantiam, quia scilicet homo non percipit
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diff changeset
696 magnitudinem periculi. Quandoque autem hoc accidit propter hoc quod
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diff changeset
697 homo est bonae spei ad pericula vincenda, puta cum expertus est se
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diff changeset
698 saepe pericula evasisse. Quandoque autem hoc accidit propter
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parents: 26
diff changeset
699 scientiam et artem quandam, sicut contingit in militibus, qui
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diff changeset
700 propter peritiam armorum et exercitium non reputant gravia pericula
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diff changeset
701 belli, aestimantes se per suam artem posse contra ea defendi; sicut
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diff changeset
702 Vegetius dicit, in libro de re militari, <i>nemo facere metuit quod
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diff changeset
703 se bene didicisse confidit</i>. Alio modo agit aliquis actum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
704 fortitudinis sine virtute, propter impulsum passionis, vel
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diff changeset
705 tristitiae, quam vult repellere; vel etiam irae. Tertio modo,
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diff changeset
706 propter electionem, non quidem finis debiti, sed alicuius
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diff changeset
707 temporalis commodi acquirendi, puta honoris, voluptatis vel lucri;
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diff changeset
708 vel alicuius incommodi vitandi, puta vituperii, afflictionis vel
53
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diff changeset
709 damni.</p><p title="II-II q. 123 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="44053"><span class="ref">[44053] IIª-IIae, q. 123 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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diff changeset
710 dicendum quod ad similitudinem corporalis fortitudinis dicitur
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diff changeset
711 fortitudo animae, quae ponitur virtus, ut dictum est. Nec tamen est
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diff changeset
712 contra rationem virtutis quod ex naturali complexione aliquis
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diff changeset
713 habeat naturalem inclinationem ad virtutem, ut supra dictum
53
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diff changeset
714 est.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 2</h3><p title="II-II q. 123 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="44054"><span class="ref">[44054] IIª-IIae, q. 123 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
28
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diff changeset
715 secundum sic proceditur. Videtur quod fortitudo non sit specialis
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diff changeset
716 virtus. Dicitur enim Sap. VIII, quod sapientia sobrietatem et
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diff changeset
717 prudentiam docet, iustitiam et virtutem, et ponitur ibi virtus pro
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diff changeset
718 fortitudine. Cum ergo nomen virtutis sit commune omnibus
53
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diff changeset
719 virtutibus, videtur quod fortitudo sit generalis virtus.</p><p title="II-II q. 123 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="44055"><span class="ref">[44055] IIª-IIae, q. 123 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a>
28
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diff changeset
720 Praeterea, Ambrosius dicit, in I de Offic., <i>non mediocris animi
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diff changeset
721 est fortitudo, quae sola defendit ornamenta virtutum omnium, et
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diff changeset
722 iudicia custodit; et quae inexpiabili praelio adversus omnia vitia
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diff changeset
723 decertat. Invicta ad labores, fortis ad pericula, rigidior adversus
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diff changeset
724 voluptates, avaritiam fugat tanquam labem quandam quae virtutem
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diff changeset
725 effeminet</i>. Et idem postea subdit de aliis vitiis. Hoc autem non
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diff changeset
726 potest convenire alicui speciali virtuti. Ergo fortitudo non est
53
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diff changeset
727 specialis virtus.</p><p title="II-II q. 123 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="44056"><span class="ref">[44056] IIª-IIae, q. 123 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a>
28
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diff changeset
728 Praeterea, nomen fortitudinis a firmitate sumptum esse videtur. Sed
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diff changeset
729 firmiter se habere pertinet ad omnem virtutem, ut dicitur in II
53
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diff changeset
730 Ethic. Ergo fortitudo est generalis virtus.</p><p title="II-II q. 123 a. 2 s. c."><a name="44057"><span class="ref">[44057] IIª-IIae, q. 123 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed
28
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diff changeset
731 contra est quod in XXII Moral., Gregorius connumerat eam aliis
53
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diff changeset
732 virtutibus.</p><p title="II-II q. 123 a. 2 co."><a name="44058"><span class="ref">[44058] IIª-IIae, q. 123 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
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diff changeset
733 dicendum quod, sicut supra dictum est, nomen fortitudinis
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diff changeset
734 dupliciter accipi potest. Uno modo, secundum quod absolute importat
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diff changeset
735 quandam animi firmitatem. Et secundum hoc est generalis virtus, vel
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diff changeset
736 potius conditio cuiuslibet virtutis, quia sicut philosophus dicit,
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diff changeset
737 in II Ethic., ad virtutem requiritur firmiter et immobiliter
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diff changeset
738 operari. Alio modo potest accipi fortitudo secundum quod importat
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parents: 26
diff changeset
739 firmitatem animi in sustinendis et repellendis his in quibus maxime
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diff changeset
740 difficile est firmitatem habere, scilicet in aliquibus periculis
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diff changeset
741 gravibus. Unde Tullius dicit, in sua rhetorica, quod <i>fortitudo
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diff changeset
742 est considerata periculorum susceptio et laborum perpessio</i>. Et
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diff changeset
743 sic fortitudo ponitur specialis virtus, utpote materiam
53
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diff changeset
744 determinatam habens.</p><p title="II-II q. 123 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="44059"><span class="ref">[44059] IIª-IIae, q. 123 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
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diff changeset
745 ergo dicendum quod secundum philosophum, in I de caelo, nomen
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diff changeset
746 virtutis refertur ad ultimum potentiae. Dicitur autem uno modo
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diff changeset
747 potentia naturalis secundum quam aliquis potest resistere
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diff changeset
748 corrumpentibus, alio modo secundum quod est principium agendi, ut
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diff changeset
749 patet in V Metaphys. Et ideo, quia haec acceptio est communior,
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diff changeset
750 nomen virtutis secundum quod importat ultimum talis potentiae, est
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diff changeset
751 commune, nam virtus communiter sumpta nihil est aliud quam habitus
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diff changeset
752 quo quis potest bene operari. Secundum autem quod importat ultimum
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diff changeset
753 potentiae primo modo dictae, qui quidem est modus magis specialis,
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diff changeset
754 attribuitur speciali virtuti scilicet fortitudini, ad quam pertinet
53
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diff changeset
755 firmiter stare contra quaecumque impugnantia.</p><p title="II-II q. 123 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="44060"><span class="ref">[44060] IIª-IIae, q. 123 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Ad
28
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diff changeset
756 secundum dicendum quod Ambrosius accipit fortitudinem large,
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diff changeset
757 secundum quod importat animi firmitatem respectu quorumcumque
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diff changeset
758 impugnantium. Et tamen etiam secundum quod est specialis virtus
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diff changeset
759 habens determinatam materiam, coadiuvat ad resistendum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
760 impugnationibus omnium vitiorum. Qui enim potest firmiter stare in
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diff changeset
761 his quae sunt difficillima ad sustinendum, consequens est quod sit
53
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762 idoneus ad resistendum aliis quae sunt minus difficilia.</p><p title="II-II q. 123 a. 2 ad 3"><a name="44061"><span class="ref">[44061] IIª-IIae, q. 123 a. 2 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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diff changeset
763 dicendum quod obiectio illa procedit de fortitudine primo modo
53
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764 dicta.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 3</h3><p title="II-II q. 123 a. 3 arg. 1"><a name="44062"><span class="ref">[44062] IIª-IIae, q. 123 a. 3 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
28
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diff changeset
765 tertium sic proceditur. Videtur quod fortitudo non sit circa
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diff changeset
766 timores et audacias. Dicit enim Gregorius, VII Moral., <i>iustorum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
767 fortitudo est carnem vincere, propriis voluptatibus contraire,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
768 delectationem vitae praesentis extinguere</i>. Ergo fortitudo magis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
769 videtur esse circa delectationes quam circa timores et
53
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diff changeset
770 audacias.</p><p title="II-II q. 123 a. 3 arg. 2"><a name="44063"><span class="ref">[44063] IIª-IIae, q. 123 a. 3 arg. 2</span></a>
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
771 Praeterea, Tullius dicit, in sua rhetorica, quod ad fortitudinem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
772 pertinet susceptio periculorum et perpessio laborum. Sed hoc non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
773 videtur pertinere ad passionem timoris vel audaciae, sed magis ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
774 actiones hominis laboriosas, vel ad exteriores res periculosas.
53
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diff changeset
775 Ergo fortitudo non est circa timores et audacias.</p><p title="II-II q. 123 a. 3 arg. 3"><a name="44064"><span class="ref">[44064] IIª-IIae, q. 123 a. 3 arg. 3</span></a>
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
776 Praeterea, timori non solum opponitur audacia, sed etiam spes, ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
777 supra habitum est, cum de passionibus ageretur. Ergo fortitudo non
53
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diff changeset
778 magis debet esse circa audaciam quam circa spem.</p><p title="II-II q. 123 a. 3 s. c."><a name="44065"><span class="ref">[44065] IIª-IIae, q. 123 a. 3 s. c.</span></a> Sed
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
779 contra est quod philosophus dicit, in II et in III Ethic., quod
53
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diff changeset
780 <i>fortitudo est circa timorem et audaciam</i>.</p><p title="II-II q. 123 a. 3 co."><a name="44066"><span class="ref">[44066] IIª-IIae, q. 123 a. 3 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
781 dicendum quod, sicut dictum est, ad virtutem fortitudinis pertinet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
782 removere impedimentum quo retrahitur voluntas a sequela rationis.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
783 Quod autem aliquis retrahatur ab aliquo difficili, pertinet ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
784 rationem timoris, qui importat recessum quendam a malo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
785 difficultatem habente, ut supra habitum est, cum de passionibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
786 ageretur. Et ideo fortitudo principaliter est circa timores rerum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
787 difficilium, quae retrahere possunt voluntatem a sequela rationis.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
788 Oportet autem huiusmodi rerum difficilium impulsum non solum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
789 firmiter tolerare cohibendo timorem, sed etiam moderate aggredi,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
790 quando scilicet oportet ea exterminare, ad securitatem in posterum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
791 habendam. Quod videtur pertinere ad rationem audaciae. Et ideo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
792 fortitudo est circa timores et audacias, quasi cohibitiva timorum,
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
793 et moderativa audaciarum.</p><p title="II-II q. 123 a. 3 ad 1"><a name="44067"><span class="ref">[44067] IIª-IIae, q. 123 a. 3 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
794 ergo dicendum quod Gregorius ibi loquitur de fortitudine iustorum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
795 secundum quod communiter se habet ad omnem virtutem. Unde
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
796 praemittit quaedam pertinentia ad temperantiam, ut dictum est, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
797 subdit de his quae pertinent proprie ad fortitudinem secundum quod
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parents: 26
diff changeset
798 est specialis virtus, dicens, <i>huius mundi aspera pro aeternis
53
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diff changeset
799 praemiis amare</i>.</p><p title="II-II q. 123 a. 3 ad 2"><a name="44068"><span class="ref">[44068] IIª-IIae, q. 123 a. 3 ad 2</span></a> Ad
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
800 secundum dicendum quod res periculosae et actus laboriosi non
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parents: 26
diff changeset
801 retrahunt voluntatem a via rationis nisi inquantum timentur. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
802 ideo oportet quod fortitudo sit immediate circa timores et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
803 audacias, mediate autem circa pericula et labores, sicut circa
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
804 obiecta praedictarum passionum.</p><p title="II-II q. 123 a. 3 ad 3"><a name="44069"><span class="ref">[44069] IIª-IIae, q. 123 a. 3 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
805 dicendum quod spes opponitur timori ex parte obiecti, quia spes est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
806 de bono, timor de malo. Audacia autem est circa idem obiectum, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
807 opponitur timori secundum accessum et recessum, ut supra dictum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
808 est. Et quia fortitudo proprie respicit temporalia mala retrahentia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
809 a virtute, ut patet per definitionem Tullii; inde est quod
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parents: 26
diff changeset
810 fortitudo proprie est circa timorem et audaciam, non autem circa
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parents: 26
diff changeset
811 spem, nisi inquantum connectitur audaciae, ut supra habitum
53
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diff changeset
812 est.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 4</h3><p title="II-II q. 123 a. 4 arg. 1"><a name="44070"><span class="ref">[44070] IIª-IIae, q. 123 a. 4 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
813 quartum sic proceditur. Videtur quod fortitudo non solum sit circa
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parents: 26
diff changeset
814 pericula mortis. Dicit enim Augustinus, in libro de moribus Eccle.,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
815 quod <i>fortitudo est amor facile tolerans omnia propter id quod
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parents: 26
diff changeset
816 amatur</i>. Et in VI musicae dicit quod <i>fortitudo est affectio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
817 quae nullas adversitates mortemve formidat</i>. Ergo fortitudo non
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
818 est solum circa pericula mortis, sed circa omnia alia adversa.</p><p title="II-II q. 123 a. 4 arg. 2"><a name="44071"><span class="ref">[44071] IIª-IIae, q. 123 a. 4 arg. 2</span></a>
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
819 Praeterea, oportet omnes passiones animae per aliquam virtutem ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
820 medium reduci. Sed non est dare aliquam aliam virtutem reducentem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
821 ad medium alios timores. Ergo fortitudo non solum est circa timores
53
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diff changeset
822 mortis, sed etiam circa alios timores.</p><p title="II-II q. 123 a. 4 arg. 3"><a name="44072"><span class="ref">[44072] IIª-IIae, q. 123 a. 4 arg. 3</span></a>
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
823 Praeterea, nulla virtus est in extremis. Sed timor mortis est in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
824 extremo, quia est maximus timorum, ut dicitur in III Ethic. Ergo
53
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diff changeset
825 virtus fortitudinis non est circa timores mortis.</p><p title="II-II q. 123 a. 4 s. c."><a name="44073"><span class="ref">[44073] IIª-IIae, q. 123 a. 4 s. c.</span></a> Sed
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
826 contra est quod Andronicus dicit, quod <i>fortitudo est virtus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
827 irascibilis non facile obstupescibilis a timoribus qui sunt circa
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
828 mortem</i>.</p><p title="II-II q. 123 a. 4 co."><a name="44074"><span class="ref">[44074] IIª-IIae, q. 123 a. 4 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
829 dicendum quod, sicut supra dictum est, ad virtutem fortitudinis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
830 pertinet ut voluntatem hominis tueatur ne retrahatur a bono
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
831 rationis propter timorem mali corporalis. Oportet autem bonum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
832 rationis firmiter tenere contra quodcumque malum, quia nullum bonum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
833 corporale aequivalet bono rationis. Et ideo oportet quod fortitudo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
834 animi dicatur quae firmiter retinet voluntatem hominis in bono
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parents: 26
diff changeset
835 rationis contra maxima mala, quia qui stat firmus contra maiora,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
836 consequens est quod stet firmus contra minora, sed non convertitur;
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parents: 26
diff changeset
837 et hoc etiam ad rationem virtutis pertinet, ut respiciat ultimum.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
838 Maxime autem terribile inter omnia corporalia mala est mors, quae
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parents: 26
diff changeset
839 tollit omnia corporalia bona, unde Augustinus dicit, in libro de
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parents: 26
diff changeset
840 moribus Eccle., quod <i>vinculum corporis, ne concutiatur atque
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
841 vexetur, laboris et doloris; ne auferatur autem atque perimatur,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
842 mortis terrore animam quatit</i>. Et ideo virtus fortitudinis est
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
843 circa timores periculorum mortis.</p><p title="II-II q. 123 a. 4 ad 1"><a name="44075"><span class="ref">[44075] IIª-IIae, q. 123 a. 4 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
844 ergo dicendum quod fortitudo bene se habet in omnibus adversis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
845 tolerandis. Non tamen ex toleratione quorumlibet adversorum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
846 reputatur homo simpliciter fortis, sed solum ex hoc quod bene
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
847 tolerat etiam maxima mala. Ex aliis autem dicitur aliquis fortis
53
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diff changeset
848 secundum quid.</p><p title="II-II q. 123 a. 4 ad 2"><a name="44076"><span class="ref">[44076] IIª-IIae, q. 123 a. 4 ad 2</span></a> Ad
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
849 secundum dicendum quod quia timor ex amore nascitur, quaecumque
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
850 virtus moderatur amorem aliquorum bonorum, consequens est ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
851 moderetur timorem contrariorum malorum. Sicut liberalitas, quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
852 moderatur amorem pecuniarum, per consequens etiam moderatur timorem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
853 amissionis earum. Et idem apparet in temperantia et in aliis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
854 virtutibus. Sed amare propriam vitam est naturale. Et ideo oportuit
53
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diff changeset
855 esse specialem virtutem quae moderaretur timores mortis.</p><p title="II-II q. 123 a. 4 ad 3"><a name="44077"><span class="ref">[44077] IIª-IIae, q. 123 a. 4 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
856 dicendum quod extremum in virtutibus attenditur secundum excessum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
857 rationis rectae. Et ideo si aliquis maxima pericula subeat secundum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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diff changeset
858 rationem, non est virtuti contrarium.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 5</h3><p title="II-II q. 123 a. 5 arg. 1"><a name="44078"><span class="ref">[44078] IIª-IIae, q. 123 a. 5 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
859 quintum sic proceditur. Videtur quod fortitudo non consistat
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parents: 26
diff changeset
860 proprie circa pericula mortis quae sunt in bello. Martyres enim
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parents: 26
diff changeset
861 praecipue de fortitudine commendantur. Sed martyres non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
862 commendantur de rebus bellicis. Ergo fortitudo non proprie
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
863 consistit circa pericula mortis quae sunt in bellicis.</p><p title="II-II q. 123 a. 5 arg. 2"><a name="44079"><span class="ref">[44079] IIª-IIae, q. 123 a. 5 arg. 2</span></a>
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
864 Praeterea, Ambrosius dicit, in I de Offic., quod <i>fortitudo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
865 dividitur in res bellicas et domesticas</i>. Tullius etiam dicit,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
866 in I de Offic., quod <i>cum plerique arbitrentur res bellicas
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parents: 26
diff changeset
867 maiores esse quam urbanas, minuenda est haec opinio, sed si vere
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parents: 26
diff changeset
868 volumus iudicare, multae res extiterunt urbanae maiores
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parents: 26
diff changeset
869 clarioresque quam bellicae</i>. Sed circa maiora maior fortitudo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
870 consistit. Ergo non proprie consistit fortitudo circa mortem quae
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
871 est in bello.</p><p title="II-II q. 123 a. 5 arg. 3"><a name="44080"><span class="ref">[44080] IIª-IIae, q. 123 a. 5 arg. 3</span></a>
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
872 Praeterea, bella ordinantur ad pacem temporalem reipublicae
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parents: 26
diff changeset
873 conservandam, dicit enim Augustinus, XIX de Civ. Dei, quod
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parents: 26
diff changeset
874 <i>intentione pacis bella aguntur</i>. Sed pro pace temporali
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parents: 26
diff changeset
875 reipublicae non videtur quod aliquis debeat se periculo mortis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
876 exponere, cum talis pax sit multarum lasciviarum occasio. Ergo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
877 videtur quod virtus fortitudinis non consistat circa mortis
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
878 bellicae pericula.</p><p title="II-II q. 123 a. 5 s. c."><a name="44081"><span class="ref">[44081] IIª-IIae, q. 123 a. 5 s. c.</span></a> Sed
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
879 contra est quod philosophus dicit, in III Ethic., quod maxime est
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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diff changeset
880 fortitudo circa mortem quae est in bello.</p><p title="II-II q. 123 a. 5 co."><a name="44082"><span class="ref">[44082] IIª-IIae, q. 123 a. 5 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
881 dicendum quod, sicut dictum est, fortitudo confirmat animum hominis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
882 contra maxima pericula, quae sunt pericula mortis. Sed quia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
883 fortitudo virtus est, ad cuius rationem pertinet quod semper tendat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
884 in bonum, consequens est ut homo pericula mortis non refugiat
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parents: 26
diff changeset
885 propter aliquod bonum prosequendum. Pericula autem mortis quae est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
886 ex aegritudine, vel ex tempestate maris, vel ex incursu latronum,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
887 vel si qua alia sunt huiusmodi, non videntur directe alicui
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parents: 26
diff changeset
888 imminere ex hoc quod prosequatur aliquod bonum. Sed pericula mortis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
889 quae est in bellicis directe imminent homini propter aliquod bonum,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
890 inquantum scilicet defendit bonum commune per iustum bellum. Potest
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
891 autem aliquod esse iustum bellum dupliciter. Uno modo, generale,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
892 sicut cum aliqui decertant in acie. Alio modo, particulare, puta
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parents: 26
diff changeset
893 cum aliquis iudex, vel etiam privata persona, non recedit a iusto
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parents: 26
diff changeset
894 iudicio timore gladii imminentis vel cuiuscumque periculi, etiam si
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parents: 26
diff changeset
895 sit mortiferum. Pertinet ergo ad fortitudinem firmitatem animi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
896 praebere contra pericula mortis non solum quae imminent in bello
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parents: 26
diff changeset
897 communi, sed etiam quae imminent in particulari impugnatione, quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
898 communi nomine bellum dici potest. Et secundum hoc, concedendum est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
899 quod fortitudo proprie est circa pericula mortis quae est in bello.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
900 Sed et circa pericula cuiuscumque alterius mortis fortis bene se
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parents: 26
diff changeset
901 habet, praesertim quia et cuiuslibet mortis homo potest periculum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
902 subire propter virtutem; puta cum aliquis non refugit amico
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
903 infirmanti obsequi propter timorem mortiferae infectionis; vel cum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
904 non refugit itinerari ad aliquod pium negotium prosequendum propter
53
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diff changeset
905 timorem naufragii vel latronum.</p><p title="II-II q. 123 a. 5 ad 1"><a name="44083"><span class="ref">[44083] IIª-IIae, q. 123 a. 5 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
906 ergo dicendum quod martyres sustinent personales impugnationes
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parents: 26
diff changeset
907 propter summum bonum, quod est Deus. Ideo eorum fortitudo praecipue
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
908 commendatur. Nec est extra genus fortitudinis quae est circa
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
909 bellica. Unde dicuntur <i>fortes facti in bello</i>.</p><p title="II-II q. 123 a. 5 ad 2"><a name="44084"><span class="ref">[44084] IIª-IIae, q. 123 a. 5 ad 2</span></a> Ad
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
910 secundum dicendum quod res domesticae vel urbanae distinguuntur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
911 contra res bellicas, quae scilicet pertinent ad bella communia. In
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parents: 26
diff changeset
912 ipsis tamen rebus domesticis vel urbanis possunt imminere pericula
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parents: 26
diff changeset
913 mortis ex impugnationibus quibusdam, quae sunt quaedam particularia
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parents: 26
diff changeset
914 bella. Et ita etiam circa huiusmodi potest esse proprie dicta
53
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915 fortitudo.</p><p title="II-II q. 123 a. 5 ad 3"><a name="44085"><span class="ref">[44085] IIª-IIae, q. 123 a. 5 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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diff changeset
916 dicendum quod pax reipublicae est secundum se bona, nec redditur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
917 mala ex hoc quod aliqui male ea utuntur. Nam et multi alii sunt qui
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diff changeset
918 bene ea utuntur, et multo peiora mala per eam prohibentur, scilicet
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diff changeset
919 homicidia, sacrilegia, quam ex ea occasionentur, quae praecipue
53
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diff changeset
920 pertinent ad vitia carnis.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 6</h3><p title="II-II q. 123 a. 6 arg. 1"><a name="44086"><span class="ref">[44086] IIª-IIae, q. 123 a. 6 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
28
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921 sextum sic proceditur. Videtur quod sustinere non sit principalis
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diff changeset
922 actus fortitudinis. Virtus enim est circa difficile et bonum, ut
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parents: 26
diff changeset
923 dicitur in II Ethic. Sed difficilius est aggredi quam sustinere.
53
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924 Ergo sustinere non est praecipuus fortitudinis actus.</p><p title="II-II q. 123 a. 6 arg. 2"><a name="44087"><span class="ref">[44087] IIª-IIae, q. 123 a. 6 arg. 2</span></a>
28
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diff changeset
925 Praeterea, maioris potentiae esse videtur quod aliquid possit in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
926 aliud agere quam quod ipsum ab alio non immutetur. Sed aggredi est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
927 in aliud agere, sustinere autem est immobile perseverare. Cum ergo
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diff changeset
928 fortitudo perfectionem potentiae nominet, videtur quod magis ad
53
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diff changeset
929 fortitudinem pertineat aggredi quam sustinere.</p><p title="II-II q. 123 a. 6 arg. 3"><a name="44088"><span class="ref">[44088] IIª-IIae, q. 123 a. 6 arg. 3</span></a>
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
930 Praeterea, magis distat ab uno contrariorum aliud contrarium quam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
931 simplex eius negatio. Sed ille qui sustinet hoc solum habet quod
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parents: 26
diff changeset
932 non timet, ille autem qui aggreditur contrarie movetur timenti,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
933 quia insequitur. Ergo videtur quod, cum fortitudo maxime retrahat
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parents: 26
diff changeset
934 animum a timore, quod magis pertineat ad eam aggredi quam
53
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diff changeset
935 sustinere.</p><p title="II-II q. 123 a. 6 s. c."><a name="44089"><span class="ref">[44089] IIª-IIae, q. 123 a. 6 s. c.</span></a> Sed
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
936 contra est quod philosophus dicit, in III Ethic., quod <i>in
53
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diff changeset
937 sustinendo tristia maxime aliqui fortes dicuntur</i>.</p><p title="II-II q. 123 a. 6 co."><a name="44090"><span class="ref">[44090] IIª-IIae, q. 123 a. 6 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
938 dicendum quod, sicut supra dictum est, et philosophus dicit, in III
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
939 Ethic., fortitudo magis est circa timores reprimendos quam circa
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parents: 26
diff changeset
940 audacias moderandas. Difficilius enim est timorem reprimere quam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
941 audaciam moderari, eo quod ipsum periculum, quod est obiectum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
942 audaciae et timoris, de se confert aliquid ad repressionem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
943 audaciae, sed operatur ad augmentum timoris. Aggredi autem pertinet
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parents: 26
diff changeset
944 ad fortitudinem secundum quod moderatur audaciam, sed sustinere
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parents: 26
diff changeset
945 sequitur repressionem timoris. Et ideo principalior actus est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
946 fortitudinis sustinere, idest immobiliter sistere in periculis,
53
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diff changeset
947 quam aggredi.</p><p title="II-II q. 123 a. 6 ad 1"><a name="44091"><span class="ref">[44091] IIª-IIae, q. 123 a. 6 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
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diff changeset
948 ergo dicendum quod sustinere est difficilius quam aggredi, triplici
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parents: 26
diff changeset
949 ratione. Primo quidem, quia sustinere videtur aliquis ab aliquo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
950 fortiori invadente, qui autem aggreditur invadit per modum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
951 fortioris. Difficilius autem est pugnare cum fortiori quam cum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
952 debiliori. Secundo, quia ille qui sustinet iam sentit pericula
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parents: 26
diff changeset
953 imminentia, ille autem qui aggreditur habet ea ut futura.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
954 Difficilius autem est non moveri a praesentibus quam a futuris.
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diff changeset
955 Tertio, quia sustinere importat diuturnitatem temporis, sed aggredi
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diff changeset
956 potest aliquis ex subito motu. Difficilius autem est diu manere
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diff changeset
957 immobilem quam subito motu moveri ad aliquid arduum. Unde
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parents: 26
diff changeset
958 philosophus dicit, in III Ethic., quod <i>quidam sunt praevolantes
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parents: 26
diff changeset
959 ante pericula, in ipsis autem discedunt, fortes autem e contrario
53
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diff changeset
960 se habent</i>.</p><p title="II-II q. 123 a. 6 ad 2"><a name="44092"><span class="ref">[44092] IIª-IIae, q. 123 a. 6 ad 2</span></a> Ad
28
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961 secundum dicendum quod sustinere importat quidem passionem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
962 corporis, sed actum animae fortissime inhaerentis bono, ex quo
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963 sequitur quod non cedat passioni corporali iam imminenti. Virtus
53
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964 autem magis attenditur circa animam quam circa corpus.</p><p title="II-II q. 123 a. 6 ad 3"><a name="44093"><span class="ref">[44093] IIª-IIae, q. 123 a. 6 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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965 dicendum quod ille qui sustinet non timet, praesente iam causa
53
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diff changeset
966 timoris, quam non habet praesentem ille qui aggreditur.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 7</h3><p title="II-II q. 123 a. 7 arg. 1"><a name="44094"><span class="ref">[44094] IIª-IIae, q. 123 a. 7 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
28
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967 septimum sic proceditur. Videtur quod fortis non operetur propter
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diff changeset
968 bonum proprii habitus. Finis enim in rebus agendis, etsi sit prior
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parents: 26
diff changeset
969 in intentione, est tamen posterior in executione. Sed actus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
970 fortitudinis in executione est posterior quam ipse fortitudinis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
971 habitus. Non ergo potest esse quod fortis agat propter bonum
53
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972 proprii habitus.</p><p title="II-II q. 123 a. 7 arg. 2"><a name="44095"><span class="ref">[44095] IIª-IIae, q. 123 a. 7 arg. 2</span></a>
28
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diff changeset
973 Praeterea, Augustinus dicit, XIII de Trin., <i>virtutes, quas
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diff changeset
974 propter solam beatitudinem amamus, sic persuadere quidam nobis
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diff changeset
975 audent</i>, scilicet dicendo eas propter se appetendas, <i>ut ipsam
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diff changeset
976 beatitudinem non amemus. Quod si faciunt, etiam ipsas utique amare
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parents: 26
diff changeset
977 desistemus, quando illam propter quam solam istas amavimus, non
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diff changeset
978 amamus</i>. Sed fortitudo est virtus quaedam. Ergo actus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
979 fortitudinis non est ad ipsam fortitudinem, sed ad beatitudinem
53
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diff changeset
980 referendus.</p><p title="II-II q. 123 a. 7 arg. 3"><a name="44096"><span class="ref">[44096] IIª-IIae, q. 123 a. 7 arg. 3</span></a>
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
981 Praeterea, Augustinus dicit, in libro de moribus Eccle., quod
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diff changeset
982 <i>fortitudo est amor omnia propter Deum facile perferens</i>. Deus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
983 autem non est ipse habitus fortitudinis, sed aliquid melius, sicut
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diff changeset
984 oportet finem esse meliorem his quae sunt ad finem. Non ergo fortis
53
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diff changeset
985 agit propter bonum proprii habitus.</p><p title="II-II q. 123 a. 7 s. c."><a name="44097"><span class="ref">[44097] IIª-IIae, q. 123 a. 7 s. c.</span></a> Sed
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
986 contra est quod philosophus dicit, in III Ethic., quod <i>forti
53
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diff changeset
987 fortitudo est bonum, talis autem et finis</i>.</p><p title="II-II q. 123 a. 7 co."><a name="44098"><span class="ref">[44098] IIª-IIae, q. 123 a. 7 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
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diff changeset
988 dicendum quod duplex est finis, scilicet proximus, et ultimus.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
989 Finis autem proximus uniuscuiusque agentis est ut similitudinem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
990 suae formae in alterum inducat, sicut finis ignis calefacientis est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
991 ut inducat similitudinem sui caloris in patiente, et finis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
992 aedificatoris est ut inducat similitudinem suae artis in materia.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
993 Quodcumque autem bonum ex hoc sequitur, si sit intentum, potest
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parents: 26
diff changeset
994 dici finis remotus agentis. Sicut autem in factibilibus materia
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parents: 26
diff changeset
995 exterior disponitur per artem, ita etiam in agibilibus per
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parents: 26
diff changeset
996 prudentiam disponuntur actus humani. Sic ergo dicendum est quod
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parents: 26
diff changeset
997 fortis sicut finem proximum intendit ut similitudinem sui habitus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
998 exprimat in actu, intendit enim agere secundum convenientiam sui
53
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diff changeset
999 habitus. Finis autem remotus est beatitudo, vel Deus.</p><p title="II-II q. 123 a. 7 ad 1"><a name="44099"><span class="ref">[44099] IIª-IIae, q. 123 a. 7 ad 1</span></a> Et per hoc
28
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diff changeset
1000 patet responsio ad obiecta. Nam prima ratio procedebat ac si ipsa
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diff changeset
1001 essentia habitus esset finis, non autem similitudo eius in actu, ut
53
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diff changeset
1002 dictum est.</p><p title="II-II q. 123 a. 7 ad 2"><a name="44100"><span class="ref">[44100] IIª-IIae, q. 123 a. 7 ad 2</span></a> Alia vero
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1003 duo procedunt de fine ultimo.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 8</h3><p title="II-II q. 123 a. 8 arg. 1"><a name="44101"><span class="ref">[44101] IIª-IIae, q. 123 a. 8 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1004 octavum sic proceditur. Videtur quod fortis delectetur in suo actu.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1005 Delectatio enim est operatio connaturalis habitus non impedita, ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1006 dicitur in X Ethic. Sed operatio fortis procedit ex habitu, qui
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1007 agit in modum naturae. Ergo fortis habet delectationem in suo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1008 actu.</p><p title="II-II q. 123 a. 8 arg. 2"><a name="44102"><span class="ref">[44102] IIª-IIae, q. 123 a. 8 arg. 2</span></a>
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1009 Praeterea, Galat. V, super illud, <i>fructus autem spiritus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1010 caritas, gaudium, pax</i>, dicit Ambrosius quod opera virtutum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1011 dicuntur fructus <i>quia mentem hominis sancta et sincera
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1012 delectatione reficiunt</i>. Sed fortis agit opera virtutis. Ergo
53
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diff changeset
1013 habet delectationem in suo actu.</p><p title="II-II q. 123 a. 8 arg. 3"><a name="44103"><span class="ref">[44103] IIª-IIae, q. 123 a. 8 arg. 3</span></a>
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
1014 Praeterea, debilius vincitur a fortiori. Sed fortis plus amat bonum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1015 virtutis quam proprium corpus, quod periculis mortis exponit. Ergo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1016 delectatio de bono virtutis evacuat dolorem corporalem. Et ita
53
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diff changeset
1017 delectabiliter omnino operatur.</p><p title="II-II q. 123 a. 8 s. c."><a name="44104"><span class="ref">[44104] IIª-IIae, q. 123 a. 8 s. c.</span></a> Sed
28
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diff changeset
1018 contra est quod philosophus dicit, in III Ethic., quod fortis in
53
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diff changeset
1019 suo actu nihil delectabile videtur habere.</p><p title="II-II q. 123 a. 8 co."><a name="44105"><span class="ref">[44105] IIª-IIae, q. 123 a. 8 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1020 dicendum quod sicut supra dictum est, cum de passionibus ageretur,
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diff changeset
1021 duplex est delectatio, una quidem corporalis, quae consequitur
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diff changeset
1022 tactum corporalem; alia autem animalis, quae consequitur
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diff changeset
1023 apprehensionem animae. Et haec proprie consequitur opera virtutum,
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diff changeset
1024 quia in eis consideratur bonum rationis. Principalis vero actus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1025 fortitudinis est sustinere aliqua tristia secundum apprehensionem
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diff changeset
1026 animae, puta quod homo amittit corporalem vitam (quam virtuosus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1027 amat, non solum inquantum est quoddam bonum naturale, sed etiam
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diff changeset
1028 inquantum est necessaria ad opera virtutum) et quae ad eam
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diff changeset
1029 pertinent, et iterum sustinere aliqua dolorosa secundum tactum
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diff changeset
1030 corporis, puta vulnera et flagella. Et ideo fortis ex una parte
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diff changeset
1031 habet unde delectetur, scilicet secundum delectationem animalem,
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diff changeset
1032 scilicet de ipso actu virtutis et de fine eius, ex alia vero parte
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1033 habet unde doleat, et animaliter, dum considerat amissionem
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diff changeset
1034 propriae vitae, et corporaliter. Unde, ut legitur II Machab. VI,
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diff changeset
1035 Eleazarus dixit, <i>diros corporis sustineo dolores, secundum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1036 animam vero, propter timorem tuum, libenter haec patior</i>.
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diff changeset
1037 Sensibilis autem dolor corporis facit non sentiri animalem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1038 delectationem virtutis, nisi forte propter superabundantem Dei
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diff changeset
1039 gratiam, quae fortius elevat animam ad divina, in quibus
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diff changeset
1040 delectatur, quam a corporalibus poenis afficiatur; sicut beatus
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diff changeset
1041 Tiburtius, cum super carbones incensos nudis plantis incederet,
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diff changeset
1042 dixit quod videbatur sibi super roseos flores ambulare. Facit tamen
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diff changeset
1043 virtus fortitudinis ut ratio non absorbeatur a corporalibus
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diff changeset
1044 doloribus. Tristitiam autem animalem superat delectatio virtutis,
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diff changeset
1045 inquantum homo praefert bonum virtutis corporali vitae et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1046 quibuscumque ad eam pertinentibus. Et ideo philosophus dicit, in
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diff changeset
1047 III Ethic., quod a forti non requiritur ut delectetur, quasi
53
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1048 delectationem sentiens, sed sufficit quod non tristetur.</p><p title="II-II q. 123 a. 8 ad 1"><a name="44106"><span class="ref">[44106] IIª-IIae, q. 123 a. 8 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
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1049 ergo dicendum quod vehementia actus vel passionis unius potentiae
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1050 impedit aliam potentiam in suo actu. Et ideo per dolorem sensus
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diff changeset
1051 impeditur mens fortis ne in propria operatione delectationem
53
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1052 sentiat.</p><p title="II-II q. 123 a. 8 ad 2"><a name="44107"><span class="ref">[44107] IIª-IIae, q. 123 a. 8 ad 2</span></a> Ad
28
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1053 secundum dicendum quod opera virtutum sunt delectabilia praecipue
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diff changeset
1054 propter finem, possunt autem ex sui natura esse tristia. Et
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diff changeset
1055 praecipue hoc contingit in fortitudine. Unde philosophus dicit, in
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diff changeset
1056 III Ethic., quod <i>non in omnibus virtutibus operari
53
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diff changeset
1057 delectabiliter existit, praeter inquantum finem attingit</i>.</p><p title="II-II q. 123 a. 8 ad 3"><a name="44108"><span class="ref">[44108] IIª-IIae, q. 123 a. 8 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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1058 dicendum quod tristitia animalis vincitur in forti a delectatione
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diff changeset
1059 virtutis. Sed quia dolor corporalis est sensibilior, et apprehensio
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diff changeset
1060 sensitiva magis est homini in manifesto, inde est quod a
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1061 magnitudine corporalis doloris quasi evanescit delectatio
53
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1062 spiritualis, quae est de fine virtutis.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 9</h3><p title="II-II q. 123 a. 9 arg. 1"><a name="44109"><span class="ref">[44109] IIª-IIae, q. 123 a. 9 arg. 1</span></a> Ad nonum
28
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1063 sic proceditur. Videtur quod fortitudo non maxime consistat in
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diff changeset
1064 repentinis. Illud enim videtur esse in repentinis quod ex inopinato
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diff changeset
1065 provenit. Sed Tullius dicit, in sua rhetorica, quod <i>fortitudo
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1066 est considerata periculorum susceptio et laborum perpessio</i>.
53
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1067 Ergo fortitudo non consistit maxime in repentinis.</p><p title="II-II q. 123 a. 9 arg. 2"><a name="44110"><span class="ref">[44110] IIª-IIae, q. 123 a. 9 arg. 2</span></a>
28
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1068 Praeterea, Ambrosius dicit, in I de Offic., <i>fortis viri est non
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diff changeset
1069 dissimulare cum aliquid immineat, sed praetendere, et tanquam de
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diff changeset
1070 specula quadam mentis obviare cogitatione provida rebus futuris, ne
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diff changeset
1071 forte dicat postea, ideo ista incidi, quia non arbitrabar posse
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1072 evenire</i>. Sed ubi est aliquid repentinum, ibi non potest
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diff changeset
1073 provideri in futuro. Ergo operatio fortitudinis non est circa
53
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1074 repentina.</p><p title="II-II q. 123 a. 9 arg. 3"><a name="44111"><span class="ref">[44111] IIª-IIae, q. 123 a. 9 arg. 3</span></a>
28
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diff changeset
1075 Praeterea, philosophus dicit, in III Ethic., quod fortis est bonae
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diff changeset
1076 spei. Sed spes expectat aliquid in futurum, quod repugnat
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diff changeset
1077 repentino. Ergo operatio fortitudinis non consistit circa
53
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diff changeset
1078 repentina.</p><p title="II-II q. 123 a. 9 s. c."><a name="44112"><span class="ref">[44112] IIª-IIae, q. 123 a. 9 s. c.</span></a> Sed
28
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diff changeset
1079 contra est quod philosophus dicit, in III Ethic., quod <i>fortitudo
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diff changeset
1080 maxime est circa quaecumque mortem inferunt, repentina
53
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1081 existentia</i>.</p><p title="II-II q. 123 a. 9 co."><a name="44113"><span class="ref">[44113] IIª-IIae, q. 123 a. 9 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
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1082 dicendum quod in operatione fortitudinis duo sunt consideranda.
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diff changeset
1083 Unum quidem, quantum ad electionem ipsius. Et sic fortitudo non est
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diff changeset
1084 circa repentina. Eligit enim fortis praemeditari pericula quae
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diff changeset
1085 possunt imminere, ut eis resistere possit, aut facilius ea ferre,
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diff changeset
1086 quia, ut Gregorius dicit, in quadam homilia, <i>iacula quae
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diff changeset
1087 praevidentur minus feriunt, et nos mala mundi facilius ferimus, si
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diff changeset
1088 contra ea clipeo praescientiae praemunimur</i>. Aliud vero est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1089 considerandum in operatione fortitudinis quantum ad manifestationem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1090 virtuosi habitus. Et sic fortitudo maxime est circa repentina, quia
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diff changeset
1091 secundum philosophum, in III Ethic., in repentinis periculis maxime
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diff changeset
1092 manifestatur fortitudinis habitus. Habitus enim agit in modum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1093 naturae. Unde quod aliquis absque praemeditatione faciat ea quae
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diff changeset
1094 sunt virtutis, cum necessitas imminet propter repentina pericula,
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diff changeset
1095 hoc maxime manifestat quod sit fortitudo habitualiter in anima
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diff changeset
1096 confirmata. Potest autem aliquis etiam qui habitu fortitudinis
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diff changeset
1097 caret, ex diuturna praemeditatione animum suum contra pericula
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diff changeset
1098 praeparare. Qua praeparatione etiam fortis utitur, cum tempus
53
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1099 adest.</p><p title="II-II q. 123 a. 9 ad arg."><a name="44114"><span class="ref">[44114] IIª-IIae, q. 123 a. 9 ad arg.</span></a> Et per
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1100 hoc patet responsio ab obiecta.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 10</h3><p title="II-II q. 123 a. 10 arg. 1"><a name="44115"><span class="ref">[44115] IIª-IIae, q. 123 a. 10 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
28
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1101 decimum sic proceditur. Videtur quod fortis non utatur ira in suo
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diff changeset
1102 actu. Nullus enim debet assumere quasi instrumentum suae actionis
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diff changeset
1103 illud quo non potest uti pro suo arbitrio. Sed homo non potest uti
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diff changeset
1104 ira pro suo arbitrio, ut scilicet possit eam assumere cum velit et
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diff changeset
1105 deponere cum velit, ut enim philosophus dicit, in libro de memoria,
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diff changeset
1106 quando passio corporalis mota est, non statim quiescit ut homo
53
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1107 vult. Ergo fortis non debet assumere iram ad suam operationem.</p><p title="II-II q. 123 a. 10 arg. 2"><a name="44116"><span class="ref">[44116] IIª-IIae, q. 123 a. 10 arg. 2</span></a>
28
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1108 Praeterea, ille qui per seipsum sufficit ad aliquid agendum, non
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diff changeset
1109 debet in auxilium sui assumere illud quod est infirmius et
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diff changeset
1110 imperfectius. Sed ratio per seipsam sufficit ad opus fortitudinis
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diff changeset
1111 exequendum, in quo iracundia deficit. Unde Seneca dicit, in libro
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diff changeset
1112 de ira, <i>non ad providendum tantum, sed ad res gerendas satis est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1113 per se ipsa ratio. Et quid stultius est quam hanc ab iracundia
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diff changeset
1114 petere praesidium, rem stabilem ab incerta, fidelem ab infida,
53
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diff changeset
1115 sanam ab aegra?</i> Ergo fortitudo non debet iram assumere.</p><p title="II-II q. 123 a. 10 arg. 3"><a name="44117"><span class="ref">[44117] IIª-IIae, q. 123 a. 10 arg. 3</span></a>
28
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diff changeset
1116 Praeterea, sicut propter iram aliqui vehementius opera fortitudinis
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diff changeset
1117 exequuntur, ita etiam et propter tristitiam vel concupiscentiam,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1118 unde philosophus dicit, in III Ethic., quod <i>ferae propter
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1119 tristitiam seu dolorem incitantur ad pericula, et adulteri propter
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1120 concupiscentiam multa audacia operantur</i>. Sed fortitudo non
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diff changeset
1121 assumit ad suum actum neque tristitiam neque concupiscentiam. Ergo,
53
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diff changeset
1122 pari ratione, non debet assumere iram.</p><p title="II-II q. 123 a. 10 s. c."><a name="44118"><span class="ref">[44118] IIª-IIae, q. 123 a. 10 s. c.</span></a> Sed
28
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diff changeset
1123 contra est quod philosophus dicit, in III Ethic., quod <i>furor
53
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diff changeset
1124 cooperatur fortibus</i>.</p><p title="II-II q. 123 a. 10 co."><a name="44119"><span class="ref">[44119] IIª-IIae, q. 123 a. 10 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
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diff changeset
1125 dicendum quod de ira et ceteris animae passionibus, sicut supra
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diff changeset
1126 dictum est, aliter sunt locuti Peripatetici, et aliter Stoici.
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1127 Stoici enim et iram et omnes alias animae passiones ab animo
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diff changeset
1128 sapientis, sive virtuosi, excludebant. Peripatetici vero, quorum
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diff changeset
1129 princeps fuit Aristoteles, iram et alias animae passiones
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diff changeset
1130 attribuebant virtuosis, sed moderatas ratione. Et forte quantum ad
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diff changeset
1131 rem non differebant, sed solum quantum ad modum loquendi. Nam
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diff changeset
1132 Peripatetici omnes motus appetitus sensitivi, qualitercumque se
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diff changeset
1133 habentes, passiones animae nominabant, ut supra habitum est, et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1134 quia appetitus sensitivus movetur per imperium rationis ad hoc quod
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1135 cooperetur ad promptius agendum, idcirco ponebant et iram et alias
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1136 passiones animae assumendas esse a virtuosis, moderatas secundum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1137 imperium rationis. Stoici vero vocabant passiones animae
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1138 immoderatos quosdam affectus appetitus sensitivi (unde nominabant
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1139 eos aegritudines vel morbos), et ideo penitus eos a virtute
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diff changeset
1140 separabant. Sic ergo iram moderatam assumit fortis ad suum actum,
53
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diff changeset
1141 non autem iram immoderatam.</p><p title="II-II q. 123 a. 10 ad 1"><a name="44120"><span class="ref">[44120] IIª-IIae, q. 123 a. 10 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
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diff changeset
1142 ergo dicendum quod ira moderata secundum rationem subiicitur
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diff changeset
1143 imperio rationis. Unde consequens est ut homo ea utatur pro suo
53
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diff changeset
1144 arbitrio, non autem si esset immoderata.</p><p title="II-II q. 123 a. 10 ad 2"><a name="44121"><span class="ref">[44121] IIª-IIae, q. 123 a. 10 ad 2</span></a> Ad
28
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diff changeset
1145 secundum dicendum quod ratio non assumit iram ad sui actum quasi
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diff changeset
1146 auxilium ab ea accipiens, sed quia utitur appetitu sensitivo ut
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1147 instrumento, sicut et membris corporis. Nec est inconveniens si
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1148 instrumentum sit imperfectius principali agente, ut martellus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1149 fabro. Seneca autem sectator fuit Stoicorum, et directe contra
53
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diff changeset
1150 Aristotelem verba praemissa proponit.</p><p title="II-II q. 123 a. 10 ad 3"><a name="44122"><span class="ref">[44122] IIª-IIae, q. 123 a. 10 ad 3</span></a> Ad
28
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diff changeset
1151 tertium dicendum quod, cum fortitudo, sicut dictum est, habeat duos
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1152 actus, scilicet sustinere et aggredi, non assumit iram ad actum
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diff changeset
1153 sustinendi, quia hunc actum sola ratio per se facit, sed ad actum
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diff changeset
1154 aggrediendi. Ad quem magis assumit iram quam alias passiones, quia
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diff changeset
1155 ad iram pertinet insilire in rem contristantem, et sic directe
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1156 cooperatur fortitudini in aggrediendo. Tristitia autem, secundum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1157 propriam rationem, succumbit nocivo, sed per accidens coadiuvat ad
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diff changeset
1158 aggrediendum; vel inquantum tristitia est causa irae, ut supra
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1159 dictum est; vel inquantum aliquis periculo se exponit ut tristitiam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1160 fugiat. Similiter etiam concupiscentia, secundum propriam rationem,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1161 tendit in bonum delectabile, cui per se repugnat aggressio
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diff changeset
1162 periculorum, sed per accidens quandoque coadiuvat ad aggrediendum,
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diff changeset
1163 inquantum scilicet aliquis potius vult pericula incidere quam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1164 delectabili carere. Et ideo philosophus dicit, in III Ethic., quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1165 inter fortitudines quae sunt ex passione, naturalissima esse
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1166 videtur quae est per iram, et accipiens electionem et cuius gratia
53
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diff changeset
1167 (scilicet debitum finem), fortitudo (scilicet, fuit vera).</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 11</h3><p title="II-II q. 123 a. 11 arg. 1"><a name="44123"><span class="ref">[44123] IIª-IIae, q. 123 a. 11 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
28
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diff changeset
1168 undecimum sic proceditur. Videtur quod fortitudo non sit virtus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1169 cardinalis. Ira enim, ut dictum est, maximam affinitatem habet ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1170 fortitudinem. Sed ira non ponitur passio principalis, nec etiam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1171 audacia, quae ad fortitudinem pertinet. Ergo nec fortitudo debet
53
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diff changeset
1172 poni virtus cardinalis.</p><p title="II-II q. 123 a. 11 arg. 2"><a name="44124"><span class="ref">[44124] IIª-IIae, q. 123 a. 11 arg. 2</span></a>
28
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diff changeset
1173 Praeterea, virtus ordinatur ad bonum. Sed fortitudo non directe
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diff changeset
1174 ordinatur ad bonum, sed magis ad malum, scilicet ad sustinendum
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diff changeset
1175 pericula et labores, ut Tullius dicit. Ergo fortitudo non est
53
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diff changeset
1176 virtus cardinalis.</p><p title="II-II q. 123 a. 11 arg. 3"><a name="44125"><span class="ref">[44125] IIª-IIae, q. 123 a. 11 arg. 3</span></a>
28
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diff changeset
1177 Praeterea, virtus cardinalis est circa ea in quibus praecipue
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diff changeset
1178 versatur vita humana, sicut ostium in cardine vertitur. Sed
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diff changeset
1179 fortitudo est circa pericula mortis, quae raro occurrunt in vita
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diff changeset
1180 humana. Ergo fortitudo non debet poni virtus cardinalis sive
53
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diff changeset
1181 principalis.</p><p title="II-II q. 123 a. 11 s. c."><a name="44126"><span class="ref">[44126] IIª-IIae, q. 123 a. 11 s. c.</span></a> Sed
28
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diff changeset
1182 contra est quod Gregorius, XXII Moral., et Ambrosius, super Luc.,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
1183 et Augustinus, in libro de moribus Eccle., numerant fortitudinem
53
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diff changeset
1184 inter quatuor virtutes cardinales seu principales.</p><p title="II-II q. 123 a. 11 co."><a name="44127"><span class="ref">[44127] IIª-IIae, q. 123 a. 11 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
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diff changeset
1185 dicendum quod, sicut supra dictum est, virtutes cardinales seu
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diff changeset
1186 principales dicuntur quae praecipue sibi vindicant id quod pertinet
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diff changeset
1187 communiter ad virtutes. Inter alias autem communes virtutis
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diff changeset
1188 conditiones, una ponitur firmiter operari, ut patet in II Ethic.
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diff changeset
1189 Laudem autem firmitatis potissime sibi vindicat fortitudo. Tanto
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diff changeset
1190 enim magis laudatur qui firmiter stat, quanto habet gravius
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diff changeset
1191 impellens ad cadendum vel retrocedendum. Impellit autem hominem ad
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diff changeset
1192 discedendum ab eo quod est secundum rationem et bonum delectans et
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diff changeset
1193 malum affligens, sed gravius impellit dolor corporis quam voluptas,
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diff changeset
1194 dicit enim Augustinus, in libro octoginta trium quaest., <i>nemo
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diff changeset
1195 est qui non magis dolorem fugiat quam affectat voluptatem,
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diff changeset
1196 quandoquidem videmus et immanissimas bestias a maximis voluptatibus
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diff changeset
1197 exterreri dolorum metu</i>. Et inter dolores animi et pericula
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1198 maxime timentur ea quae ducunt ad mortem, contra quae firmiter stat
53
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diff changeset
1199 fortis. Unde fortitudo est virtus cardinalis.</p><p title="II-II q. 123 a. 11 ad 1"><a name="44128"><span class="ref">[44128] IIª-IIae, q. 123 a. 11 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
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1200 ergo dicendum quod audacia et ira non cooperantur fortitudini ad
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diff changeset
1201 actum eius qui est sustinere, in quo praecipue commendatur firmitas
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1202 eius. Per hunc enim actum fortis cohibet timorem, qui est passio
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diff changeset
1203 principalis, ut supra habitum est.</p><p title="II-II q. 123 a. 11 ad 2"><a name="44129"><span class="ref">[44129] IIª-IIae, q. 123 a. 11 ad 2</span></a> Ad
28
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diff changeset
1204 secundum dicendum quod virtus ordinatur ad bonum rationis, quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
1205 conservari oportet contra impulsus malorum. Fortitudo autem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1206 ordinatur ad mala corporalia sicut ad contraria, quibus resistit,
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diff changeset
1207 ad bonum autem rationis sicut ad finem, quem intendit
53
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diff changeset
1208 conservare.</p><p title="II-II q. 123 a. 11 ad 3"><a name="44130"><span class="ref">[44130] IIª-IIae, q. 123 a. 11 ad 3</span></a> Ad
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1209 tertium dicendum quod quamvis pericula mortis raro immineant, tamen
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1210 occasiones horum periculorum frequenter occurrunt, dum scilicet
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1211 homini adversarii mortales suscitantur propter iustitiam quam
53
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diff changeset
1212 sequitur, et propter alia bona quae facit.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 12</h3><p title="II-II q. 123 a. 12 arg. 1"><a name="44131"><span class="ref">[44131] IIª-IIae, q. 123 a. 12 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
28
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diff changeset
1213 duodecimum sic proceditur. Videtur quod fortitudo praecellat inter
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1214 omnes virtutes. Dicit enim Ambrosius, in I de Offic., <i>est
53
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diff changeset
1215 fortitudo velut ceteris excelsior</i>.</p><p title="II-II q. 123 a. 12 arg. 2"><a name="44132"><span class="ref">[44132] IIª-IIae, q. 123 a. 12 arg. 2</span></a>
28
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diff changeset
1216 Praeterea, virtus est circa difficile et bonum. Sed fortitudo est
53
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diff changeset
1217 circa difficillima. Ergo est maxima virtutum.</p><p title="II-II q. 123 a. 12 arg. 3"><a name="44133"><span class="ref">[44133] IIª-IIae, q. 123 a. 12 arg. 3</span></a>
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1218 Praeterea, dignior est persona hominis quam res eius. Sed fortitudo
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diff changeset
1219 est circa personam hominis, quam aliquis periculo mortis exponit
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1220 propter bonum virtutis, iustitia autem et aliae virtutes morales
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diff changeset
1221 sunt circa alias res exteriores. Ergo fortitudo est praecipua inter
59
03759e5c1080 fix multi-para s.c.
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diff changeset
1222 virtutes morales.</p><div class="sc"><p title="II-II q. 123 a. 12 s. c. 1"><a name="44134"><span class="ref">[44134] IIª-IIae, q. 123 a. 12 s. c. 1</span></a> Sed
28
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diff changeset
1223 contra est quod Tullius dicit, in I de Offic., <i>in iustitia
53
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diff changeset
1224 virtutis splendor est maximus, ex qua viri boni nominantur</i>.</p><p title="II-II q. 123 a. 12 s. c. 2"><a name="44135"><span class="ref">[44135] IIª-IIae, q. 123 a. 12 s. c. 2</span></a>
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1225 Praeterea, philosophus dicit, in I Rhet., <i>necesse est maximas
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1226 esse virtutes quae maxime aliis utiles sunt</i>. Sed liberalitas
59
03759e5c1080 fix multi-para s.c.
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diff changeset
1227 videtur magis utilis quam fortitudo. Ergo est maior virtus.</p></div><p title="II-II q. 123 a. 12 co."><a name="44136"><span class="ref">[44136] IIª-IIae, q. 123 a. 12 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
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diff changeset
1228 dicendum quod, sicut Augustinus dicit, in VI de Trin., <i>in his
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1229 quae non mole magna sunt, idem est esse maius quod melius</i>. Unde
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1230 tanto aliqua virtus maior est quanto melior est. Bonum autem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1231 rationis est hominis bonum, secundum Dionysium, IV cap. de Div.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1232 Nom. Hoc autem bonum essentialiter quidem habet prudentia, quae est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1233 perfectio rationis. Iustitia autem est huius boni factiva,
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diff changeset
1234 inquantum scilicet ad ipsam pertinet ordinem rationis ponere in
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1235 omnibus rebus humanis. Aliae autem virtutes sunt conservativae
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1236 huius boni, inquantum scilicet moderantur passiones, ne abducant
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diff changeset
1237 hominem a bono rationis. Et in ordine harum fortitudo tenet locum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1238 praecipuum, quia timor periculorum mortis maxime est efficax ad hoc
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1239 quod hominem faciat recedere a bono rationis. Post quam ordinatur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1240 temperantia, quia etiam delectationes tactus maxime inter cetera
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1241 impediunt bonum rationis. Id autem quod essentialiter dicitur,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1242 potius est eo quod dicitur effective, et hoc etiam potius est eo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1243 quod dicitur conservative, secundum remotionem impedimenti. Unde
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1244 inter virtutes cardinales prudentia est potior; secunda, iustitia;
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1245 tertia, fortitudo; quarta, temperantia. Et post has, ceterae
53
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diff changeset
1246 virtutes.</p><p title="II-II q. 123 a. 12 ad 1"><a name="44137"><span class="ref">[44137] IIª-IIae, q. 123 a. 12 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1247 ergo dicendum quod Ambrosius fortitudinem aliis virtutibus praefert
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1248 secundum quandam generalem utilitatem, prout scilicet et in rebus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1249 bellicis et in rebus civilibus seu domesticis utilis est. Unde ipse
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diff changeset
1250 ibidem praemittit, <i>nunc de fortitudine tractemus, quae, velut
53
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diff changeset
1251 excelsior ceteris, dividitur in res bellicas et domesticas</i>.</p><p title="II-II q. 123 a. 12 ad 2"><a name="44138"><span class="ref">[44138] IIª-IIae, q. 123 a. 12 ad 2</span></a> Ad
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1252 secundum dicendum quod ratio virtutis magis consistit in bono quam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1253 in difficili. Unde magis est mensuranda magnitudo virtutis secundum
53
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diff changeset
1254 rationem boni quam secundum rationem difficilis.</p><p title="II-II q. 123 a. 12 ad 3"><a name="44139"><span class="ref">[44139] IIª-IIae, q. 123 a. 12 ad 3</span></a> Ad
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1255 tertium dicendum quod homo non exponit personam suam mortis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1256 periculis nisi propter iustitiam conservandam. Et ideo laus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1257 fortitudinis dependet quodammodo ex iustitia. Unde dicit Ambrosius,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1258 in I de Offic., quod <i>fortitudo sine iustitia iniquitatis est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1259 materia, quo enim validior est, eo promptior ut inferiorem
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1260 opprimat</i>.</p><p title="II-II q. 123 a. 12 ad 4"><a name="44140"><span class="ref">[44140] IIª-IIae, q. 123 a. 12 ad 4</span></a> Quartum
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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diff changeset
1261 concedimus.</p><p title="II-II q. 123 a. 12 ad 5"><a name="44141"><span class="ref">[44141] IIª-IIae, q. 123 a. 12 ad 5</span></a> Ad
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1262 quintum dicendum quod liberalitas utilis est in quibusdam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1263 particularibus beneficiis. Sed fortitudo habet utilitatem generalem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1264 ad conservandum totum iustitiae ordinem. Et ideo philosophus dicit,
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diff changeset
1265 in I Rhet., quod <i>iusti et fortes maxime amantur, quia sunt
59
03759e5c1080 fix multi-para s.c.
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diff changeset
1266 maxime utiles et in bello et in pace</i>.</p></div></div><div id="q124" class="q"><h2>Quaestio 124</h2><div class="p"><h3>Prooemium</h3><p title="II-II q. 124 pr."><a name="44142"><span class="ref">[44142] IIª-IIae, q. 124 pr.</span></a> Deinde
28
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diff changeset
1267 considerandum est de martyrio. Et circa hoc quaeruntur quinque.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1268 Primo, utrum martyrium sit actus virtutis. Secundo, cuius virtutis
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diff changeset
1269 sit actus. Tertio, de perfectione huius actus. Quarto, de poena
53
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diff changeset
1270 martyrii. Quinto, de causa.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 1</h3><p title="II-II q. 124 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="44143"><span class="ref">[44143] IIª-IIae, q. 124 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
28
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diff changeset
1271 primum sic proceditur. Videtur quod martyrium non sit actus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1272 virtutis. Omnis enim actus virtutis est voluntarius. Sed martyrium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1273 quandoque non est voluntarium, ut patet de innocentibus pro Christo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1274 occisis, de quibus dicit Hilarius, super Matth., quod <i>in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1275 aeternitatis profectum per martyrii gloriam efferebantur</i>. Ergo
53
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diff changeset
1276 martyrium non est actus virtutis.</p><p title="II-II q. 124 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="44144"><span class="ref">[44144] IIª-IIae, q. 124 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a>
28
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diff changeset
1277 Praeterea, nullum illicitum est actus virtutis. Sed occidere
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1278 seipsum est illicitum, ut supra habitum est. Per quod tamen
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1279 martyrium consummatur, dicit enim Augustinus, in I de Civ. Dei,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1280 quod <i>quaedam sanctae feminae, tempore persecutionis, ut
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1281 insectatores suae pudicitiae devitarent, se in fluvium deiecerunt,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1282 eoque modo defunctae sunt; earumque martyria in Catholica Ecclesia
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1283 veneratione celeberrima frequentantur</i>. Non ergo martyrium est
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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diff changeset
1284 actus virtutis.</p><p title="II-II q. 124 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="44145"><span class="ref">[44145] IIª-IIae, q. 124 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a>
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1285 Praeterea, laudabile est quod aliquis sponte se offerat ad
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1286 exequendum actum virtutis. Sed non est laudabile quod aliquis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1287 martyrio se ingerat, sed magis videtur esse praesumptuosum et
53
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diff changeset
1288 periculosum. Non ergo martyrium est actus virtutis.</p><p title="II-II q. 124 a. 1 s. c."><a name="44146"><span class="ref">[44146] IIª-IIae, q. 124 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1289 contra est quod praemium beatitudinis non debetur nisi actui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1290 virtutis. Debetur autem martyrio, secundum illud Matth. V, <i>beati
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1291 qui persecutionem patiuntur propter iustitiam, quoniam ipsorum est
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1292 regnum caelorum</i>. Ergo martyrium est actus virtutis.</p><p title="II-II q. 124 a. 1 co."><a name="44147"><span class="ref">[44147] IIª-IIae, q. 124 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1293 dicendum quod, sicut dictum est, ad virtutem pertinet quod aliquis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1294 in bono rationis conservetur. Consistit autem bonum rationis in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1295 veritate, sicut in proprio obiecto; et in iustitia, sicut in
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1296 proprio effectu, sicut ex supra dictis patet. Pertinet autem ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1297 rationem martyrii ut aliquis firmiter stet in veritate et iustitia
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1298 contra persequentium impetus. Unde manifestum est quod martyrium
53
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diff changeset
1299 est actus virtutis.</p><p title="II-II q. 124 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="44148"><span class="ref">[44148] IIª-IIae, q. 124 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
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diff changeset
1300 ergo dicendum quod quidam dixerunt quod in innocentibus acceleratus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1301 est miraculose usus liberi arbitrii, ita quod etiam voluntarie
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1302 martyrium passi sunt. Sed quia hoc per auctoritatem Scripturae non
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1303 comprobatur, ideo melius dicendum est quod martyrii gloriam, quam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1304 in aliis propria voluntas meretur, illi parvuli occisi per Dei
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1305 gratiam sunt assecuti. Nam effusio sanguinis propter Christum vicem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1306 gerit Baptismi. Unde sicut pueris baptizatis per gratiam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1307 baptismalem meritum Christi operatur ad gloriam obtinendam, ita in
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1308 occisis propter Christum meritum martyrii Christi operatur ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1309 palmam martyrii consequendam. Unde Augustinus dicit, in quodam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1310 sermone de Epiphania, quasi eos alloquens, <i>ille de vestra corona
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1311 dubitabit in passione pro Christo, qui etiam parvulis Baptismum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1312 prodesse non aestimat Christi. Non habebatis aetatem qua in
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diff changeset
1313 passurum Christum crederetis, sed habebatis carnem in qua pro
53
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diff changeset
1314 Christo passuro passionem sustineretis</i>.</p><p title="II-II q. 124 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="44149"><span class="ref">[44149] IIª-IIae, q. 124 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1315 secundum dicendum quod, sicut Augustinus ibidem dicit, esset
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diff changeset
1316 possibile quod <i>aliquibus fide dignis testificationibus divina
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diff changeset
1317 persuasit auctoritas Ecclesiae ut dictarum sanctarum memoriam
53
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diff changeset
1318 honoraret</i>.</p><p title="II-II q. 124 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="44150"><span class="ref">[44150] IIª-IIae, q. 124 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1319 dicendum quod praecepta legis dantur de actibus virtutis. Dictum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1320 autem est supra quaedam praecepta legis divinae tradita esse
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1321 secundum praeparationem animi, ut scilicet homo sit paratus hoc vel
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1322 illud faciendi cum fuerit opportunum. Ita etiam et aliqua pertinent
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1323 ad actum virtutis secundum animi praeparationem, ut scilicet,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1324 superveniente tali casu, homo secundum rationem agat. Et hoc
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1325 praecipue videtur observandum in martyrio, quod consistit in debita
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1326 sustinentia passionum iniuste inflictarum, non autem debet homo
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diff changeset
1327 occasionem dare alteri iniuste agendi, sed si alius iniuste egerit,
53
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diff changeset
1328 ipse debet moderate tolerare.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 2</h3><p title="II-II q. 124 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="44151"><span class="ref">[44151] IIª-IIae, q. 124 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
28
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diff changeset
1329 secundum sic proceditur. Videtur quod martyrium non sit actus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1330 fortitudinis. Dicitur enim martyr in Graeco quasi testis.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1331 Testimonium autem redditur fidei Christi, secundum illud Act. I,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1332 <i>eritis mihi testes in Ierusalem,</i> et cetera. Et maximus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1333 dicit, in quodam sermone, <i>mater martyrii fides Catholica est, in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1334 qua illustres athletae suo sanguine subscripserunt</i>. Ergo
53
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diff changeset
1335 martyrium est potius actus fidei quam fortitudinis.</p><p title="II-II q. 124 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="44152"><span class="ref">[44152] IIª-IIae, q. 124 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a>
28
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diff changeset
1336 Praeterea, actus laudabilis ad illam virtutem praecipue pertinet
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diff changeset
1337 quae ad ipsum inclinat, et quae ab ipso manifestatur, et sine qua
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1338 ipse non valet. Sed ad martyrium praecipue inclinat caritas, unde
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diff changeset
1339 in quodam sermone maximi dicitur, <i>caritas Christi in martyribus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1340 suis vicit</i>. Maxime etiam caritas per actum martyrii
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1341 manifestatur, secundum illud Ioan. XV, <i>maiorem dilectionem nemo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1342 habet quam ut animam suam ponat quis pro amicis suis</i>. Sine
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diff changeset
1343 caritate etiam martyrium nihil valet, secundum illud I ad Cor.
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diff changeset
1344 XIII, <i>si tradidero corpus meum ita ut ardeam, caritatem autem
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diff changeset
1345 non habuero, nihil mihi prodest</i>. Ergo martyrium magis est actus
53
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diff changeset
1346 caritatis quam fortitudinis.</p><p title="II-II q. 124 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="44153"><span class="ref">[44153] IIª-IIae, q. 124 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a>
28
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diff changeset
1347 Praeterea, Augustinus dicit, in quodam sermone de sancto Cypriano,
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diff changeset
1348 <i>facile est martyrem celebrando venerari, magnum vero fidem eius
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diff changeset
1349 et patientiam imitari</i>. Sed in unoquoque actu virtutis praecipue
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diff changeset
1350 laudabilis redditur virtus cuius est actus. Ergo martyrium magis
53
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diff changeset
1351 est actus patientiae quam fortitudinis.</p><p title="II-II q. 124 a. 2 s. c."><a name="44154"><span class="ref">[44154] IIª-IIae, q. 124 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed
28
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diff changeset
1352 contra est quod Cyprianus dicit, in epistola ad martyres et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1353 confessores, <i>o beati martyres, quibus vos laudibus praedicem? O
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1354 milites fortissimi, robur corporis vestri quo praeconio vocis
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diff changeset
1355 explicem?</i> Quilibet autem laudatur de virtute cuius actum
53
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diff changeset
1356 exercet. Ergo martyrium est actus fortitudinis.</p><p title="II-II q. 124 a. 2 co."><a name="44155"><span class="ref">[44155] IIª-IIae, q. 124 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1357 dicendum quod, sicut ex supra dictis patet, ad fortitudinem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1358 pertinet ut confirmet hominem in bono virtutis contra pericula, et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1359 praecipue contra pericula mortis, et maxime eius quae est in bello.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1360 Manifestum est autem quod in martyrio homo firmiter confirmatur in
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1361 bono virtutis, dum fidem et iustitiam non deserit propter
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1362 imminentia pericula mortis, quae etiam in quodam certamine
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1363 particulari a persecutoribus imminent. Unde Cyprianus dicit, in
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1364 quodam sermone, <i>vidit admirans praesentium multitudo caeleste
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1365 certamen, et in praelio stetisse servos Christi voce libera, mente
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1366 incorrupta, virtute divina</i>. Unde manifestum est quod martyrium
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1367 est fortitudinis actus. Et propter hoc de martyribus legit
53
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diff changeset
1368 Ecclesia, <i>fortes facti sunt in bello</i>.</p><p title="II-II q. 124 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="44156"><span class="ref">[44156] IIª-IIae, q. 124 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
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diff changeset
1369 ergo dicendum quod in actu fortitudinis duo sunt consideranda.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1370 Quorum unum est bonum in quo fortis firmatur, et hoc est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1371 fortitudinis finis. Aliud est ipsa firmitas, qua quis non cedit
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1372 contrariis prohibentibus ab illo bono, et in hoc consistit essentia
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1373 fortitudinis. Sicut autem fortitudo civilis firmat animum hominis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1374 in iustitia humana, propter cuius conservationem mortis pericula
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1375 sustinet; ita etiam fortitudo gratuita firmat animum hominis in
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1376 bono iustitiae Dei, quae est per fidem Iesu Christi, ut dicitur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1377 Rom. III. Et sic martyrium comparatur ad fidem sicut ad finem in
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1378 quo aliquis firmatur, ad fortitudinem autem sicut ad habitum
53
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diff changeset
1379 elicientem.</p><p title="II-II q. 124 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="44157"><span class="ref">[44157] IIª-IIae, q. 124 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Ad
28
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diff changeset
1380 secundum dicendum quod ad actum martyrii inclinat quidem caritas
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1381 sicut primum et principale motivum, per modum virtutis imperantis,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1382 fortitudo autem sicut motivum proprium, per modum virtutis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1383 elicientis. Et inde etiam est quod martyrium est actus caritatis ut
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1384 imperantis, fortitudinis autem ut elicientis. Et inde est quod
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1385 utramque virtutem manifestat. Quod autem sit meritorium, habet ex
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1386 caritate, sicut et quilibet virtutis actus. Et ideo sine caritate
53
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diff changeset
1387 non valet.</p><p title="II-II q. 124 a. 2 ad 3"><a name="44158"><span class="ref">[44158] IIª-IIae, q. 124 a. 2 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1388 dicendum quod, sicut dictum est, principalior actus fortitudinis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1389 est sustinere, ad quem pertinet martyrium; non autem ad secundarium
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1390 actum eius, qui est aggredi. Et quia patientia deservit fortitudini
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diff changeset
1391 ex parte actus principalis qui est sustinere, inde est etiam quod
53
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diff changeset
1392 concomitanter in martyribus patientia commendatur.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 3</h3><p title="II-II q. 124 a. 3 arg. 1"><a name="44159"><span class="ref">[44159] IIª-IIae, q. 124 a. 3 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1393 tertium sic proceditur. Videtur quod martyrium non sit actus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1394 maximae perfectionis. Illud enim ad perfectionem vitae videtur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1395 pertinere quod cadit sub consilio, non sub praecepto, quia scilicet
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1396 non est de necessitate salutis. Sed martyrium videtur esse de
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1397 necessitate salutis, dicit enim apostolus, Rom. X, <i>corde
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1398 creditur ad iustitiam, ore autem fit confessio ad salutem</i>; et I
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diff changeset
1399 Ioann. III dicitur quod <i>nos debemus pro fratribus animam
53
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diff changeset
1400 ponere</i>. Ergo martyrium non pertinet ad perfectionem.</p><p title="II-II q. 124 a. 3 arg. 2"><a name="44160"><span class="ref">[44160] IIª-IIae, q. 124 a. 3 arg. 2</span></a>
28
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diff changeset
1401 Praeterea, ad maiorem perfectionem pertinere videtur quod aliquis
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diff changeset
1402 det Deo animam, quod fit per obedientiam, quam quod det Deo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1403 proprium corpus, quod fit per martyrium, unde Gregorius dicit, ult.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1404 Moral., quod <i>obedientia cunctis victimis praefertur</i>. Ergo
53
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diff changeset
1405 martyrium non est actus maximae perfectionis.</p><p title="II-II q. 124 a. 3 arg. 3"><a name="44161"><span class="ref">[44161] IIª-IIae, q. 124 a. 3 arg. 3</span></a>
28
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diff changeset
1406 Praeterea, melius esse videtur aliis prodesse quam seipsum in bono
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1407 conservare, quia <i>bonum gentis melius est quam bonum unius
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1408 hominis</i>, secundum philosophum, in I Ethic. Sed ille qui
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1409 martyrium sustinet, sibi soli prodest, ille autem qui docet,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1410 proficit multis. Ergo actus docendi et gubernandi subditos est
53
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diff changeset
1411 perfectior quam actus martyrii.</p><p title="II-II q. 124 a. 3 s. c."><a name="44162"><span class="ref">[44162] IIª-IIae, q. 124 a. 3 s. c.</span></a> Sed
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1412 contra est quod Augustinus, in libro de sancta Virginit., praefert
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diff changeset
1413 martyrium virginitati, quae ad perfectionem pertinet. Ergo videtur
53
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diff changeset
1414 martyrium maxime ad perfectionem pertinere.</p><p title="II-II q. 124 a. 3 co."><a name="44163"><span class="ref">[44163] IIª-IIae, q. 124 a. 3 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1415 dicendum quod de aliquo actu virtutis dupliciter loqui possumus.
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diff changeset
1416 Uno modo, secundum speciem ipsius actus, prout comparatur ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1417 virtutem proxime elicientem ipsum. Et sic non potest esse quod
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1418 martyrium, quod consistit in debita tolerantia mortis, sit
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1419 perfectissimus inter virtutis actus. Quia tolerare mortem non est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1420 laudabile secundum se, sed solum secundum quod ordinatur ad aliquod
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1421 bonum quod consistit in actu virtutis, puta ad fidem et dilectionem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1422 Dei. Unde ille actus virtutis, cum sit finis, melior est. Alio modo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1423 potest considerari actus virtutis secundum quod comparatur ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1424 primum motivum, quod est amor caritatis. Et ex hac parte praecipue
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1425 aliquis actus habet quod ad perfectionem vitae pertineat, quia, ut
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1426 apostolus dicit, Coloss. III, <i>caritas est vinculum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1427 perfectionis</i>. Martyrium autem, inter omnes actus virtuosos,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1428 maxime demonstrat perfectionem caritatis. Quia tanto magis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1429 ostenditur aliquis aliquam rem amare, quanto pro ea rem magis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1430 amatam contemnit, et rem magis odiosam eligit pati. Manifestum est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1431 autem quod inter omnia alia bona praesentis vitae, maxime amat homo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1432 ipsam vitam, et e contrario maxime odit ipsam mortem, et praecipue
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1433 cum doloribus corporalium tormentorum, quorum metu etiam bruta
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1434 animalia a maximis voluptatibus absterrentur, ut Augustinus dicit,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1435 in libro octoginta trium quaest. Et secundum hoc patet quod
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1436 martyrium inter ceteros actus humanos est perfectior secundum suum
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diff changeset
1437 genus, quasi maximae caritatis signum, secundum illud Ioan. XV,
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diff changeset
1438 <i>maiorem caritatem nemo habet quam ut animam suam ponat quis pro
53
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diff changeset
1439 amicis suis</i>.</p><p title="II-II q. 124 a. 3 ad 1"><a name="44164"><span class="ref">[44164] IIª-IIae, q. 124 a. 3 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1440 ergo dicendum quod nullus est actus perfectionis sub consilio
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1441 cadens qui in aliquo eventu non cadat sub praecepto, quasi de
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1442 necessitate salutis existens, sicut Augustinus dicit, in libro de
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1443 adulterinis coniugiis, quod aliquis incidit in necessitatem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1444 continentiae servandae propter absentiam vel infirmitatem uxoris.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1445 Et ideo non est contra perfectionem martyrii si in aliquo casu sit
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1446 de necessitate salutis. Est enim aliquis casus in quo martyrium
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1447 perferre non est de necessitate salutis, puta cum ex zelo fidei et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1448 caritate fraterna multoties leguntur sancti martyres sponte se
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1449 obtulisse martyrio. Illa autem praecepta sunt intelligenda secundum
53
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diff changeset
1450 praeparationem animi.</p><p title="II-II q. 124 a. 3 ad 2"><a name="44165"><span class="ref">[44165] IIª-IIae, q. 124 a. 3 ad 2</span></a> Ad
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1451 secundum dicendum quod martyrium complectitur id quod summum in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1452 obedientia esse potest, ut scilicet aliquis sit obediens usque ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1453 mortem, sicut de Christo legitur, Philipp. II, quod <i>factus est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1454 obediens usque ad mortem</i>. Unde patet quod martyrium secundum se
53
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diff changeset
1455 est perfectius quam obedientia absolute dicta.</p><p title="II-II q. 124 a. 3 ad 3"><a name="44166"><span class="ref">[44166] IIª-IIae, q. 124 a. 3 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1456 dicendum quod ratio illa procedit de martyrio secundum propriam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1457 speciem actus, ex qua non habet excellentiam inter omnes actus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1458 virtutum, sicut nec fortitudo est excellentior inter omnes
53
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diff changeset
1459 virtutes.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 4</h3><p title="II-II q. 124 a. 4 arg. 1"><a name="44167"><span class="ref">[44167] IIª-IIae, q. 124 a. 4 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1460 quartum sic proceditur. Videtur quod mors non sit de ratione
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1461 martyrii. Dicit enim Hieronymus, in sermone de assumptione,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1462 <i>recte dixerim quod Dei genitrix virgo et martyr fuit, quamvis in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1463 pace vitam finierit</i>. Et Gregorius dicit, <i>quamvis occasio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1464 persecutionis desit, habet tamen pax suum martyrium, quia etsi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1465 carnis colla ferro non subiicimus, spirituali tamen gladio carnalia
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1466 desideria in mente trucidamus</i>. Ergo absque passione mortis
53
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diff changeset
1467 potest esse martyrium.</p><p title="II-II q. 124 a. 4 arg. 2"><a name="44168"><span class="ref">[44168] IIª-IIae, q. 124 a. 4 arg. 2</span></a>
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1468 Praeterea, pro integritate carnis servanda aliquae mulieres
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1469 leguntur laudabiliter vitam suam contempsisse, et ita videtur quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1470 corporalis integritas castitatis praeferatur vitae corporali. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1471 quandoque ipsa integritas carnis aufertur, vel auferri intentatur,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1472 pro confessione fidei Christianae, ut patet de Agnete et Lucia.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1473 Ergo videtur quod martyrium magis debeat dici si aliqua mulier pro
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1474 fide Christi integritatem carnis perdat, quam si etiam vitam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1475 perderet corporalem. Unde et Lucia dixit, <i>si me invitam feceris
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1476 violari, castitas mihi duplicabitur ad coronam</i>.</p><p title="II-II q. 124 a. 4 arg. 3"><a name="44169"><span class="ref">[44169] IIª-IIae, q. 124 a. 4 arg. 3</span></a>
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1477 Praeterea, martyrium est fortitudinis actus. Ad fortitudinem autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1478 pertinet non solum mortem non formidare, sed nec alias
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1479 adversitates, ut Augustinus dicit, in VI musicae. Sed multae sunt
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1480 aliae adversitates praeter mortem, quas aliqui possunt sustinere
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1481 pro fide Christi, sicut carcerem, exilium, rapinam bonorum, ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1482 patet ad Heb. X. Unde et sancti Marcelli Papae martyrium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1483 celebratur, qui tamen fuit in carcere mortuus. Ergo non est de
53
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diff changeset
1484 necessitate martyrii quod aliquis sustineat poenam mortis.</p><p title="II-II q. 124 a. 4 arg. 4"><a name="44170"><span class="ref">[44170] IIª-IIae, q. 124 a. 4 arg. 4</span></a>
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1485 Praeterea, martyrium est actus meritorius, ut dictum est. Sed actus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1486 meritorius non potest esse post mortem. Ergo ante mortem. Et ita
53
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diff changeset
1487 mors non est de ratione martyrii.</p><p title="II-II q. 124 a. 4 s. c."><a name="44171"><span class="ref">[44171] IIª-IIae, q. 124 a. 4 s. c.</span></a> Sed
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1488 contra est quod maximus dicit, in quodam sermone, de martyre,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1489 <i>quod vincit pro fide moriendo qui vinceretur sine fide
53
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diff changeset
1490 vivendo</i>.</p><p title="II-II q. 124 a. 4 co."><a name="44172"><span class="ref">[44172] IIª-IIae, q. 124 a. 4 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
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diff changeset
1491 dicendum quod, sicut dictum est, martyr dicitur quasi testis fidei
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diff changeset
1492 Christianae, per quam nobis visibilia pro invisibilibus contemnenda
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diff changeset
1493 proponuntur, ut dicitur Heb. XI. Ad martyrium ergo pertinet ut homo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1494 testificetur fidem, se opere ostendens cuncta praesentia
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diff changeset
1495 contemnere, ut ad futura et ad invisibilia bona perveniat. Quandiu
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1496 autem homini remanet vita corporalis, nondum opere se ostendit
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diff changeset
1497 temporalia cuncta despicere, consueverunt enim homines et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1498 consanguineos et omnia bona possessa contemnere, et etiam dolores
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1499 corporis pati, ut vitam conservent. Unde et Satan contra Iob
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1500 induxit, <i>pellem pro pelle, et cuncta quae habet homo, dabit pro
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1501 anima sua</i>, idest pro vita corporali. Et ideo ad perfectam
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diff changeset
1502 rationem martyrii requiritur quod aliquis mortem sustineat propter
53
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diff changeset
1503 Christum.</p><p title="II-II q. 124 a. 4 ad 1"><a name="44173"><span class="ref">[44173] IIª-IIae, q. 124 a. 4 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
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diff changeset
1504 ergo dicendum quod illae auctoritates, et si quae similes
53
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diff changeset
1505 inveniuntur, loquuntur de martyrio per quandam similitudinem.</p><p title="II-II q. 124 a. 4 ad 2"><a name="44174"><span class="ref">[44174] IIª-IIae, q. 124 a. 4 ad 2</span></a> Ad
28
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diff changeset
1506 secundum dicendum quod in muliere quae integritatem carnis perdit,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1507 vel ad perdendum eam damnatur, occasione fidei Christianae, non est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1508 apud homines manifestum utrum hoc mulier patiatur propter amorem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1509 fidei Christianae, vel magis pro contemptu castitatis. Et ideo apud
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1510 homines non redditur per hoc testimonium sufficiens. Unde hoc non
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1511 proprie habet rationem martyrii. Sed apud Deum, qui corda
53
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diff changeset
1512 scrutatur, potest hoc ad praemium deputari, sicut Lucia dixit.</p><p title="II-II q. 124 a. 4 ad 3"><a name="44175"><span class="ref">[44175] IIª-IIae, q. 124 a. 4 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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diff changeset
1513 dicendum quod, sicut supra dictum est, fortitudo principaliter
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diff changeset
1514 consistit circa pericula mortis, circa alia autem consequenter. Et
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diff changeset
1515 ideo nec martyrium proprie dicitur pro sola tolerantia carceris vel
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diff changeset
1516 exilii vel rapinae divitiarum, nisi forte secundum quod ex his
53
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diff changeset
1517 sequitur mors.</p><p title="II-II q. 124 a. 4 ad 4"><a name="44176"><span class="ref">[44176] IIª-IIae, q. 124 a. 4 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
28
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diff changeset
1518 dicendum quod meritum martyrii non est post mortem, sed in ipsa
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diff changeset
1519 voluntaria sustinentia mortis, prout scilicet aliquis voluntarie
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1520 patitur inflictionem mortis. Contingit tamen quandoque quod aliquis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1521 post mortalia vulnera suscepta pro Christo, vel quascumque alias
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1522 tribulationes continuatas usque ad mortem, quas a persecutoribus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1523 patitur pro fide Christi, diu aliquis vivat. In quo statu actus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1524 martyrii meritorius est, et etiam ipso eodem tempore quo huiusmodi
53
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diff changeset
1525 afflictiones patitur.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 5</h3><p title="II-II q. 124 a. 5 arg. 1"><a name="44177"><span class="ref">[44177] IIª-IIae, q. 124 a. 5 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
28
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diff changeset
1526 quintum sic proceditur. Videtur quod sola fides sit causa martyrii.
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diff changeset
1527 Dicitur enim I Pet. IV, nemo vestrum patiatur quasi homicida aut
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diff changeset
1528 fur, aut aliquid huiusmodi, <i>si autem ut Christianus, non
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1529 erubescat, glorificet autem Deum in isto nomine</i>. Sed ex hoc
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1530 dicitur aliquis Christianus quod tenet fidem Christi. Ergo sola
53
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diff changeset
1531 fides Christi dat patientibus martyrii gloriam.</p><p title="II-II q. 124 a. 5 arg. 2"><a name="44178"><span class="ref">[44178] IIª-IIae, q. 124 a. 5 arg. 2</span></a>
28
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diff changeset
1532 Praeterea, martyr dicitur quasi testis. Testimonium autem non
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diff changeset
1533 redditur nisi veritati. Non autem aliquis dicitur martyr ex
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1534 testimonio cuiuslibet veritatis, sed solum ex testimonio veritatis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1535 divinae. Alioquin, si quis moreretur pro confessione veritatis
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diff changeset
1536 geometriae, vel alterius scientiae speculativae, esset martyr, quod
53
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diff changeset
1537 videtur ridiculum. Ergo sola fides est martyrii causa.</p><p title="II-II q. 124 a. 5 arg. 3"><a name="44179"><span class="ref">[44179] IIª-IIae, q. 124 a. 5 arg. 3</span></a>
28
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diff changeset
1538 Praeterea, inter alia virtutum opera illa videntur esse potiora
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diff changeset
1539 quae ordinantur ad bonum commune, <i>quia bonum gentis melius est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1540 quam bonum unius hominis</i>, secundum philosophum, in I Ethic. Si
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diff changeset
1541 ergo aliquod aliud bonum esset causa martyrii, maxime videretur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1542 quod illi martyres essent qui pro defensione reipublicae moriuntur.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1543 Quod Ecclesiae observatio non habet, non enim militum qui in bello
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diff changeset
1544 iusto moriuntur martyria celebrantur. Ergo sola fides videtur esse
53
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diff changeset
1545 martyrii causa.</p><p title="II-II q. 124 a. 5 s. c."><a name="44180"><span class="ref">[44180] IIª-IIae, q. 124 a. 5 s. c.</span></a> Sed
28
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diff changeset
1546 contra est quod dicitur Matth. V, <i>beati qui persecutionem
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diff changeset
1547 patiuntur propter iustitiam</i>, quod pertinet ad martyrium, ut
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diff changeset
1548 Glossa ibidem dicit. Ad iustitiam autem pertinet non solum fides,
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diff changeset
1549 sed etiam aliae virtutes. Ergo etiam aliae virtutes possunt esse
53
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diff changeset
1550 martyrii causa.</p><p title="II-II q. 124 a. 5 co."><a name="44181"><span class="ref">[44181] IIª-IIae, q. 124 a. 5 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
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diff changeset
1551 dicendum quod, sicut dictum est, martyres dicuntur quasi testes,
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diff changeset
1552 quia scilicet corporalibus suis passionibus usque ad mortem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1553 testimonium perhibent veritati, non cuicumque, sed veritati quae
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1554 secundum pietatem est, quae per Christum nobis innotuit; unde et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1555 martyres Christi dicuntur, quasi testes ipsius. Huiusmodi autem est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1556 veritas fidei. Et ideo cuiuslibet martyrii causa est fidei veritas.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1557 Sed ad fidei veritatem non solum pertinet ipsa credulitas cordis,
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diff changeset
1558 sed etiam exterior protestatio. Quae quidem fit non solum per verba
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1559 quibus aliquis confitetur fidem, sed etiam per facta quibus aliquis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1560 fidem se habere ostendit, secundum illud Iac. II, <i>ego ostendam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1561 tibi ex operibus fidem meam</i>. Unde et de quibusdam dicitur Tit.
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diff changeset
1562 I, <i>confitentur se nosse Deum, factis autem negant</i>. Et ideo
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diff changeset
1563 omnium virtutum opera, secundum quod referuntur in Deum, sunt
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1564 quaedam protestationes fidei, per quam nobis innotescit quod Deus
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diff changeset
1565 huiusmodi opera a nobis requirit, et nos pro eis remunerat. Et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1566 secundum hoc possunt esse martyrii causa. Unde et beati Ioannis
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diff changeset
1567 Baptistae martyrium in Ecclesia celebratur, qui non pro neganda
53
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1568 fide, sed pro reprehensione adulterii mortem sustinuit.</p><p title="II-II q. 124 a. 5 ad 1"><a name="44182"><span class="ref">[44182] IIª-IIae, q. 124 a. 5 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
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diff changeset
1569 ergo dicendum quod Christianus dicitur qui Christi est. Dicitur
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diff changeset
1570 autem aliquis esse Christi non solum ex eo quod habet fidem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1571 Christi, sed etiam ex eo quod spiritu Christi ad opera virtuosa
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diff changeset
1572 procedit, secundum illud Rom. VIII, <i>si quis spiritum Christi non
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diff changeset
1573 habet, hic non est eius</i>; et etiam ex hoc quod, ad imitationem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1574 Christi, peccatis moritur, secundum illud Galat. V, <i>qui Christi
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diff changeset
1575 sunt, carnem suam crucifixerunt, cum vitiis et concupiscentiis</i>.
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diff changeset
1576 Et ideo ut Christianus patitur non solum qui patitur pro fidei
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diff changeset
1577 confessione quae fit per verba, sed etiam quicumque patitur pro
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1578 quocumque bono opere faciendo, vel pro quocumque peccato vitando,
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diff changeset
1579 propter Christum, quia totum hoc pertinet ad fidei
53
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diff changeset
1580 protestationem.</p><p title="II-II q. 124 a. 5 ad 2"><a name="44183"><span class="ref">[44183] IIª-IIae, q. 124 a. 5 ad 2</span></a> Ad
28
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diff changeset
1581 secundum dicendum quod veritas aliarum scientiarum non pertinet ad
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diff changeset
1582 cultum divinitatis. Et ideo non dicitur esse secundum pietatem.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1583 Unde nec eius confessio potest esse directe martyrii causa. Sed
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diff changeset
1584 quia omne mendacium peccatum est, ut supra habitum est, vitatio
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diff changeset
1585 mendacii, contra quamcumque veritatem sit, inquantum mendacium est
53
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diff changeset
1586 peccatum divinae legi contrarium, potest esse martyrii causa.</p><p title="II-II q. 124 a. 5 ad 3"><a name="44184"><span class="ref">[44184] IIª-IIae, q. 124 a. 5 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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diff changeset
1587 dicendum quod bonum reipublicae est praecipuum inter bona humana.
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diff changeset
1588 Sed bonum divinum, quod est propria causa martyrii, est potius quam
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diff changeset
1589 humanum. Quia tamen bonum humanum potest effici divinum, ut si
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diff changeset
1590 referatur in Deum; potest esse quodcumque bonum humanum martyrii
59
03759e5c1080 fix multi-para s.c.
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1591 causa secundum quod in Deum refertur.</p></div></div><div id="q125" class="q"><h2>Quaestio 125</h2><div class="p"><h3>Prooemium</h3><p title="II-II q. 125 pr."><a name="44185"><span class="ref">[44185] IIª-IIae, q. 125 pr.</span></a> Deinde
28
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diff changeset
1592 considerandum est de vitiis oppositis fortitudini. Et primo, de
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diff changeset
1593 timore; secundo, de intimiditate; tertio, de audacia. Circa primum
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diff changeset
1594 quaeruntur quatuor. Primo, utrum timor sit peccatum. Secundo, utrum
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diff changeset
1595 opponatur fortitudini. Tertio, utrum sit peccatum mortale. Quarto,
53
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diff changeset
1596 utrum excuset vel diminuat peccatum.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 1</h3><p title="II-II q. 125 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="44186"><span class="ref">[44186] IIª-IIae, q. 125 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
28
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diff changeset
1597 primum sic proceditur. Videtur quod timor non sit peccatum. Timor
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diff changeset
1598 enim est passio quaedam, ut supra habitum est. Sed passionibus nec
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diff changeset
1599 laudamur nec vituperamur, ut dicitur in II Ethic. Cum igitur omne
53
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diff changeset
1600 peccatum sit vituperabile, videtur quod timor non sit peccatum.</p><p title="II-II q. 125 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="44187"><span class="ref">[44187] IIª-IIae, q. 125 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a>
28
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diff changeset
1601 Praeterea, nihil quod in lege divina mandatur est peccatum, quia
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diff changeset
1602 lex domini est immaculata, ut dicitur in Psalmo. Sed timor mandatur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1603 in lege Dei, dicitur enim ad Ephes. VI, <i>servi, obedite dominis
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diff changeset
1604 carnalibus, cum timore et tremore</i>. Timor ergo non est
53
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diff changeset
1605 peccatum.</p><p title="II-II q. 125 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="44188"><span class="ref">[44188] IIª-IIae, q. 125 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a>
28
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diff changeset
1606 Praeterea, nihil quod naturaliter inest homini est peccatum, quia
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diff changeset
1607 peccatum est contra naturam, ut Damascenus dicit, II libro. Sed
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1608 timere est homini naturale, unde philosophus dicit, in III Ethic.,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1609 quod <i>erit aliquis insanus, vel sine sensu doloris, si nihil
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1610 timeat, neque terraemotum neque inundationes</i>. Ergo timor non
53
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diff changeset
1611 est peccatum.</p><p title="II-II q. 125 a. 1 s. c."><a name="44189"><span class="ref">[44189] IIª-IIae, q. 125 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1612 contra est quod dominus dicit, Matth. X, <i>nolite timere eos qui
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1613 occidunt corpus</i>. Et Ezech. II dicitur, <i>ne timeas eos, neque
53
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diff changeset
1614 sermones eorum metuas</i>.</p><p title="II-II q. 125 a. 1 co."><a name="44190"><span class="ref">[44190] IIª-IIae, q. 125 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
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diff changeset
1615 dicendum quod aliquid dicitur esse peccatum in actibus humanis
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diff changeset
1616 propter inordinationem, nam bonum humani actus in ordine quodam
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diff changeset
1617 existit, ut ex supra dictis patet. Est autem hic debitus ordo, ut
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1618 appetitus regimini rationis subdatur. Ratio autem dictat aliqua
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1619 esse fugienda, et aliqua esse prosequenda; et inter fugienda,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1620 quaedam dictat magis esse fugienda quam alia; et similiter inter
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1621 prosequenda, quaedam dictat esse magis prosequenda quam alia; et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1622 quantum est bonum prosequendum, tantum est aliquod oppositum malum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1623 fugiendum. Inde est quod ratio dictat quaedam bona magis esse
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1624 prosequenda quam quaedam mala fugienda. Quando ergo appetitus fugit
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1625 ea quae ratio dictat esse sustinenda ne desistat ab aliis quae
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diff changeset
1626 magis prosequi debet, timor inordinatus est, et habet rationem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1627 peccati. Quando vero appetitus timendo refugit id quod est secundum
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diff changeset
1628 rationem fugiendum, tunc appetitus non est inordinatus, nec
53
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diff changeset
1629 peccatum.</p><p title="II-II q. 125 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="44191"><span class="ref">[44191] IIª-IIae, q. 125 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
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1630 ergo dicendum quod timor communiter dictus secundum suam rationem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1631 importat universaliter fugam, unde quantum ad hoc non importat
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1632 rationem boni vel mali. Et similiter est de qualibet alia passione.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1633 Et ideo philosophus dicit quod passiones non sunt laudabiles neque
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1634 vituperabiles, quia scilicet non laudantur neque vituperantur qui
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diff changeset
1635 irascuntur vel timent, sed qui circa hoc aut ordinate aut
53
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diff changeset
1636 inordinate se habent.</p><p title="II-II q. 125 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="44192"><span class="ref">[44192] IIª-IIae, q. 125 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1637 secundum dicendum quod timor ille ad quem inducit apostolus, est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1638 conveniens rationi, ut scilicet servus timeat ne deficiat ab
53
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diff changeset
1639 obsequiis quae domino debet impendere.</p><p title="II-II q. 125 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="44193"><span class="ref">[44193] IIª-IIae, q. 125 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1640 dicendum quod mala quibus homo resistere non potest, et ex quorum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1641 sustinentia nihil boni provenit homini, ratio dictat esse fugienda.
53
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diff changeset
1642 Et ideo timor talium non est peccatum.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 2</h3><p title="II-II q. 125 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="44194"><span class="ref">[44194] IIª-IIae, q. 125 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1643 secundum sic proceditur. Videtur quod peccatum timoris non
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1644 opponatur fortitudini. Fortitudo enim est circa pericula mortis, ut
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1645 supra habitum est. Sed peccatum timoris non semper pertinet ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1646 pericula mortis. Quia super illud Psalmi, beati omnes qui timent
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1647 dominum, dicit Glossa quod <i>humanus timor est quo timemus pati
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1648 pericula carnis, vel perdere mundi bona</i>. Et super illud Matth.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1649 XXVI, oravit tertio eundem sermonem etc., dicit Glossa quod triplex
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1650 est malus timor, scilicet timor mortis, timor vilitatis, et timor
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1651 doloris. Non ergo peccatum timoris opponitur fortitudini.</p><p title="II-II q. 125 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="44195"><span class="ref">[44195] IIª-IIae, q. 125 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a>
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1652 Praeterea, praecipuum quod commendatur in fortitudine est quod
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1653 exponit se periculis mortis. Sed quandoque aliquis ex timore
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1654 servitutis vel ignominiae exponit se morti, sicut Augustinus, in I
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1655 de Civ. Dei, narrat de Catone, qui, ut non incurreret Caesaris
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1656 servitutem, morti se tradidit. Ergo peccatum timoris non opponitur
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1657 fortitudini, sed magis habet similitudinem cum ipsa.</p><p title="II-II q. 125 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="44196"><span class="ref">[44196] IIª-IIae, q. 125 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a>
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1658 Praeterea, omnis desperatio ex aliquo timore procedit. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1659 desperatio non opponitur fortitudini, sed magis spei, ut supra
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1660 habitum est. Ergo neque timoris peccatum opponitur fortitudini.</p><p title="II-II q. 125 a. 2 s. c."><a name="44197"><span class="ref">[44197] IIª-IIae, q. 125 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1661 contra est quod philosophus, in II et III Ethic., timiditatem ponit
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1662 fortitudini oppositam.</p><p title="II-II q. 125 a. 2 co."><a name="44198"><span class="ref">[44198] IIª-IIae, q. 125 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1663 dicendum quod, sicut supra habitum est, omnis timor ex amore
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1664 procedit, nullus enim timet nisi contrarium eius quod amat. Amor
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1665 autem non determinatur ad aliquod genus virtutis vel vitii, sed
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1666 amor ordinatus includitur in qualibet virtute, quilibet enim
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1667 virtuosus amat proprium bonum virtutis; amor autem inordinatus
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1668 includitur in quolibet peccato, ex amore enim inordinato procedit
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1669 inordinata cupiditas. Unde similiter inordinatus timor includitur
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1670 in quolibet peccato, sicut avarus timet amissionem pecuniae,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1671 intemperatus amissionem voluptatis, et sic de aliis. Sed timor
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1672 praecipuus est periculorum mortis, ut probatur in III Ethic. et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1673 ideo talis timoris inordinatio opponitur fortitudini, quae est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1674 circa pericula mortis. Et propter hoc antonomastice dicitur
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1675 timiditas fortitudini opponi.</p><p title="II-II q. 125 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="44199"><span class="ref">[44199] IIª-IIae, q. 125 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1676 ergo dicendum quod auctoritates illae loquuntur de timore
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1677 inordinato communiter sumpto, qui diversis virtutibus opponi
53
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ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1678 potest.</p><p title="II-II q. 125 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="44200"><span class="ref">[44200] IIª-IIae, q. 125 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Ad
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1679 secundum dicendum quod actus humani praecipue diiudicantur ex fine,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1680 ut ex supra dictis patet. Ad fortem autem pertinet ut se exponat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1681 periculis mortis propter bonum, sed ille qui se periculis mortis
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1682 exponit ut fugiat servitutem vel aliquid laboriosum, a timore
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1683 vincitur, quod est fortitudini contrarium. Unde philosophus dicit,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1684 in III Ethic., quod <i>mori fugientem inopiam vel cupidinem vel
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1685 aliquid triste, non est fortis, sed magis timidi, mollities enim
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1686 est fugere laboriosa</i>.</p><p title="II-II q. 125 a. 2 ad 3"><a name="44201"><span class="ref">[44201] IIª-IIae, q. 125 a. 2 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1687 dicendum quod, sicut supra dictum est, sicut spes est principium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1688 audaciae, ita timor est principium desperationis. Unde sicut ad
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1689 fortem, qui utitur audacia moderate, praeexigitur spes, ita e
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1690 converso desperatio ex aliquo timore procedit. Non autem oportet
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1691 quod quaelibet desperatio procedat ex quolibet timore, sed ex eo
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1692 qui est sui generis. Desperatio autem quae opponitur spei, ad aliud
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1693 genus refertur, scilicet ad res divinas, quam timor qui opponitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1694 fortitudini, qui pertinet ad pericula mortis. Unde ratio non
53
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ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1695 sequitur.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 3</h3><p title="II-II q. 125 a. 3 arg. 1"><a name="44202"><span class="ref">[44202] IIª-IIae, q. 125 a. 3 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1696 tertium sic proceditur. Videtur quod timor non sit peccatum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1697 mortale. Timor enim, ut supra dictum est, est in irascibili, quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1698 est pars sensualitatis. Sed in sensualitate est tantum peccatum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1699 veniale, ut supra habitum est. Ergo timor non est peccatum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1700 mortale.</p><p title="II-II q. 125 a. 3 arg. 2"><a name="44203"><span class="ref">[44203] IIª-IIae, q. 125 a. 3 arg. 2</span></a>
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1701 Praeterea, omne peccatum mortale totaliter cor avertit a Deo. Hoc
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1702 autem non facit timor, quia super illud Iudic. VII, qui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1703 formidolosus est etc., dicit Glossa quod <i>timidus est qui primo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1704 aspectu congressum trepidat, non tamen corde terretur, sed reparari
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1705 et animari potest</i>. Ergo timor non est peccatum mortale.</p><p title="II-II q. 125 a. 3 arg. 3"><a name="44204"><span class="ref">[44204] IIª-IIae, q. 125 a. 3 arg. 3</span></a>
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1706 Praeterea, peccatum mortale non solum retrahit a perfectione, sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1707 etiam a praecepto. Sed timor non retrahit a praecepto, sed solum a
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1708 perfectione, quia super illud Deut. XX, quis est homo formidolosus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1709 et corde pavido, etc., dicit Glossa, <i>docet non posse quemquam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1710 perfectionem contemplationis vel militiae spiritualis accipere qui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1711 adhuc nudari terrenis opibus pertimescit</i>. Ergo timor non est
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1712 peccatum mortale.</p><p title="II-II q. 125 a. 3 s. c."><a name="44205"><span class="ref">[44205] IIª-IIae, q. 125 a. 3 s. c.</span></a> Sed
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1713 contra, pro solo peccato mortali debetur poena Inferni. Quae tamen
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1714 debetur timidis, secundum illud Apoc. XXI, <i>timidis et incredulis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1715 et execratis, etc., pars erit in stagno ignis et sulphuris, quod
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1716 est mors secunda</i>. Ergo timiditas est peccatum mortale.</p><p title="II-II q. 125 a. 3 co."><a name="44206"><span class="ref">[44206] IIª-IIae, q. 125 a. 3 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1717 dicendum quod, sicut dictum est, timor peccatum est secundum quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1718 est inordinatus, prout scilicet refugit quod non est secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1719 rationem refugiendum. Haec autem inordinatio timoris quandoque
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1720 quidem consistit in solo appetitu sensitivo, non superveniente
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1721 consensu rationalis appetitus, et sic non potest esse peccatum
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1722 mortale, sed solum veniale. Quandoque vero huiusmodi inordinatio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1723 timoris pertingit usque ad appetitum rationalem, qui dicitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1724 voluntas, quae ex libero arbitrio refugit aliquid non secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1725 rationem. Et talis inordinatio timoris quandoque est peccatum
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1726 mortale, quandoque veniale. Si enim quis propter timorem quo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1727 refugit periculum mortis, vel quodcumque aliud temporale malum, sic
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1728 dispositus est ut faciat aliquid prohibitum, vel praetermittat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1729 aliquid quod est praeceptum in lege divina, talis timor est
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1730 peccatum mortale. Alioquin erit peccatum veniale.</p><p title="II-II q. 125 a. 3 ad 1"><a name="44207"><span class="ref">[44207] IIª-IIae, q. 125 a. 3 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1731 ergo dicendum quod ratio illa procedit de timore secundum quod
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1732 sistit infra sensualitatem.</p><p title="II-II q. 125 a. 3 ad 2"><a name="44208"><span class="ref">[44208] IIª-IIae, q. 125 a. 3 ad 2</span></a> Ad
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1733 secundum dicendum quod etiam Glossa illa potest intelligi de timore
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1734 in sensualitate existente. Vel potest melius dici quod ille toto
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1735 corde terretur cuius animum timor vincit irreparabiliter. Potest
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1736 autem contingere quod, etiam si timor sit peccatum mortale, non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1737 tamen aliquis ita obstinate terretur quin persuasionibus revocari
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1738 possit, sicut quandoque aliquis mortaliter peccans concupiscentiae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1739 consentiendo, revocatur, ne opere impleat quod proposuit
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1740 facere.</p><p title="II-II q. 125 a. 3 ad 3"><a name="44209"><span class="ref">[44209] IIª-IIae, q. 125 a. 3 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1741 dicendum quod Glossa illa loquitur de timore revocante hominem a
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1742 bono quod non est de necessitate praecepti, sed de perfectione
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1743 consilii. Talis autem timor non est peccatum mortale, sed quandoque
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1744 veniale; quandoque etiam non est peccatum, puta cum aliquis habet
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1745 rationabilem causam timoris.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 4</h3><p title="II-II q. 125 a. 4 arg. 1"><a name="44210"><span class="ref">[44210] IIª-IIae, q. 125 a. 4 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1746 quartum sic proceditur. Videtur quod timor non excuset a peccato.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1747 Timor enim est peccatum, ut dictum est. Sed peccatum non excusat a
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1748 peccato, sed magis aggravat ipsum. Ergo timor non excusat a
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1749 peccato.</p><p title="II-II q. 125 a. 4 arg. 2"><a name="44211"><span class="ref">[44211] IIª-IIae, q. 125 a. 4 arg. 2</span></a>
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1750 Praeterea, si aliquis timor excusat a peccato, maxime excusaret
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1751 timor mortis, qui dicitur cadere in constantem virum. Sed hic timor
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1752 non videtur excusare, quia cum mors ex necessitate immineat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1753 omnibus, non videtur esse timenda. Ergo timor non excusat a
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1754 peccato.</p><p title="II-II q. 125 a. 4 arg. 3"><a name="44212"><span class="ref">[44212] IIª-IIae, q. 125 a. 4 arg. 3</span></a>
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1755 Praeterea, timor omnis aut est mali temporalis, aut spiritualis.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1756 Sed timor mali spiritualis non potest excusare peccatum, quia non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1757 inducit ad peccandum, sed magis retrahit a peccato. Timor etiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1758 mali temporalis non excusat a peccato, quia sicut philosophus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1759 dicit, in III Ethic., <i>inopiam non oportet timere, neque
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1760 aegritudinem, neque quaecumque non a propria malitia procedunt</i>.
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1761 Ergo videtur quod timor nullo modo excusat a peccato.</p><p title="II-II q. 125 a. 4 s. c."><a name="44213"><span class="ref">[44213] IIª-IIae, q. 125 a. 4 s. c.</span></a> Sed
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1762 contra est quod in decretis, qu. I, dicitur, <i>vim passus et
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1763 invitus ab haereticis ordinatus colorem habet excusationis</i>.</p><p title="II-II q. 125 a. 4 co."><a name="44214"><span class="ref">[44214] IIª-IIae, q. 125 a. 4 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1764 dicendum quod, sicut supra dictum est, timor intantum habet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1765 rationem peccati inquantum est contra ordinem rationis. Ratio autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1766 iudicat quaedam mala esse magis aliis fugienda. Et ideo quicumque,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1767 ut fugiat mala quae sunt secundum rationem magis fugienda, non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1768 refugit mala quae sunt minus fugienda, non est peccatum. Sicut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1769 magis est fugienda mors corporalis quam amissio rerum, unde si
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1770 quis, propter timorem mortis, latronibus aliquid promitteret aut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1771 daret, excusaretur a peccato quod incurreret si sine causa
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1772 legitima, praetermissis bonis, quibus esset magis dandum,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1773 peccatoribus largiretur. Si autem aliquis per timorem fugiens mala
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1774 quae secundum rationem sunt minus fugienda, incurrat mala quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1775 secundum rationem sunt magis fugienda, non posset totaliter a
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1776 peccato excusari, quia timor talis inordinatus esset. Sunt autem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1777 magis timenda mala animae quam mala corporis; et mala corporis quam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1778 mala exteriorum rerum. Et ideo si quis incurrat mala animae, idest
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1779 peccata, fugiens mala corporis, puta flagella vel mortem, aut mala
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1780 exteriorum rerum, puta damnum pecuniae; aut si sustineat mala
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1781 corporis ut vitet damnum pecuniae; non excusatur totaliter a
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1782 peccato. Diminuitur tamen aliquid eius peccatum, quia minus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1783 voluntarium est quod ex timore agitur; imponitur enim homini
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1784 quaedam necessitas aliquid faciendi propter imminentem timorem.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1785 Unde philosophus huiusmodi quae ex timore fiunt, dicit esse non
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1786 simpliciter voluntaria, sed mixta ex voluntario et
53
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diff changeset
1787 involuntario.</p><p title="II-II q. 125 a. 4 ad 1"><a name="44215"><span class="ref">[44215] IIª-IIae, q. 125 a. 4 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
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diff changeset
1788 ergo dicendum quod timor non excusat ex ea parte qua est peccatum,
53
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diff changeset
1789 sed ex ea parte qua est involuntarium.</p><p title="II-II q. 125 a. 4 ad 2"><a name="44216"><span class="ref">[44216] IIª-IIae, q. 125 a. 4 ad 2</span></a> Ad
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1790 secundum dicendum quod, licet mors omnibus immineat ex necessitate,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1791 tamen ipsa diminutio temporis vitae est quoddam malum, et per
53
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diff changeset
1792 consequens timendum.</p><p title="II-II q. 125 a. 4 ad 3"><a name="44217"><span class="ref">[44217] IIª-IIae, q. 125 a. 4 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1793 dicendum quod secundum Stoicos, qui ponebant bona temporalia non
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1794 esse hominis bona, sequitur ex consequenti quod mala temporalia non
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1795 sint hominis mala, et per consequens nullo modo timenda. Sed
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1796 secundum Augustinum, in libro de Lib. Arbit., huiusmodi temporalia
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1797 sunt minima bona. Quod etiam Peripatetici senserunt. Et ideo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1798 contraria eorum sunt quidem timenda, non tamen multum, ut pro eis
59
03759e5c1080 fix multi-para s.c.
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diff changeset
1799 recedatur ab eo quod est bonum secundum virtutem.</p></div></div><div id="q126" class="q"><h2>Quaestio 126</h2><div class="p"><h3>Prooemium</h3><p title="II-II q. 126 pr."><a name="44218"><span class="ref">[44218] IIª-IIae, q. 126 pr.</span></a> Deinde
28
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diff changeset
1800 considerandum est de vitio intimiditatis. Et circa hoc quaeruntur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1801 duo. Primo, utrum intimidum esse sit peccatum. Secundo, utrum
53
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diff changeset
1802 opponatur fortitudini.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 1</h3><p title="II-II q. 126 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="44219"><span class="ref">[44219] IIª-IIae, q. 126 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
28
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diff changeset
1803 primum sic proceditur. Videtur quod intimiditas non sit peccatum.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1804 Quod enim ponitur pro commendatione viri iusti, non est peccatum.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1805 Sed in commendationem viri iusti dicitur, Prov. XXVIII, <i>iustus,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1806 quasi leo confidens, absque terrore erit</i>. Ergo esse impavidum
53
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diff changeset
1807 non est peccatum.</p><p title="II-II q. 126 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="44220"><span class="ref">[44220] IIª-IIae, q. 126 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a>
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1808 Praeterea, maxime terribilis est mors, secundum philosophum, in III
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1809 Ethic. Sed nec mortem oportet timere, secundum illud Matth. X,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1810 <i>nolite timere eos qui occidunt corpus</i>, nec etiam aliquid
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1811 quod ab homine possit inferri, secundum illud Isaiae li, quis tu,
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diff changeset
1812 ut timeas ab homine mortali? Ergo impavidum esse non est
53
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diff changeset
1813 peccatum.</p><p title="II-II q. 126 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="44221"><span class="ref">[44221] IIª-IIae, q. 126 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a>
28
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diff changeset
1814 Praeterea, timor ex amore nascitur, ut supra dictum est. Sed nihil
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1815 mundanum amare pertinet ad perfectionem virtutis, quia, ut
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1816 Augustinus dicit, in XIV de Civ. Dei, <i>amor Dei usque ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1817 contemptum sui, facit cives civitatis caelestis</i>. Ergo nihil
53
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diff changeset
1818 humanum formidare videtur non esse peccatum.</p><p title="II-II q. 126 a. 1 s. c."><a name="44222"><span class="ref">[44222] IIª-IIae, q. 126 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed
28
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diff changeset
1819 contra est quod de iudice iniquo dicitur, Luc. XVIII, quod <i>nec
53
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diff changeset
1820 Deum timebat, nec hominem reverebatur</i>.</p><p title="II-II q. 126 a. 1 co."><a name="44223"><span class="ref">[44223] IIª-IIae, q. 126 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
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diff changeset
1821 dicendum quod, quia timor ex amore nascitur, idem iudicium videtur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1822 esse de amore et de timore. Agitur autem nunc de timore quo mala
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1823 temporalia timentur, qui provenit ex temporalium bonorum amore.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1824 Inditum autem est unicuique naturaliter ut propriam vitam amet, et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1825 ea quae ad ipsam ordinantur, tamen debito modo, ut scilicet amentur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1826 huiusmodi non quasi finis constituatur in eis, sed secundum quod
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1827 eis utendum est propter ultimum finem. Unde quod aliquis deficiat a
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1828 debito modo amoris ipsorum, est contra naturalem inclinationem, et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1829 per consequens est peccatum. Nunquam tamen a tali amore totaliter
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1830 aliquis decidit, quia id quod est naturae totaliter perdi non
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1831 potest. Propter quod apostolus dicit, ad Ephes. V, quod <i>nemo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1832 unquam carnem suam odio habuit</i>. Unde etiam illi qui seipsos
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1833 interimunt, ex amore carnis suae hoc faciunt, quam volunt a
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1834 praesentibus angustiis liberari. Unde contingere potest quod
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1835 aliquis minus quam debeat timeat, mortem et alia temporalia mala,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1836 propter hoc quod minus debito amet ea. Sed quod nihil horum timeat,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1837 non potest ex totali defectu amoris contingere, sed ex eo quod
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1838 aestimat mala opposita bonis quae amat, sibi supervenire non posse.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1839 Quod quandoque contingit ex superbia animi de se praesumentis et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1840 alios contemnentis, secundum quod dicitur Iob XLI, <i>factus est ut
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1841 nullum timeret, omne sublime videt</i>. Quandoque autem contingit
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1842 ex defectu rationis, sicut philosophus dicit, in III Ethic., quod
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1843 Celtae propter stultitiam nihil timent. Unde patet quod esse
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1844 impavidum est vitiosum, sive causetur ex defectu amoris, sive
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1845 causetur ex elatione animi, sive causetur ex stoliditate; quae
53
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diff changeset
1846 tamen excusat a peccato si sit invincibilis.</p><p title="II-II q. 126 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="44224"><span class="ref">[44224] IIª-IIae, q. 126 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1847 ergo dicendum quod iustus commendatur a timore retrahente eum a
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diff changeset
1848 bono, non quod sit absque omni timore. Dicitur enim Eccli. I,
53
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diff changeset
1849 <i>qui sine timore est, non poterit iustificari</i>.</p><p title="II-II q. 126 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="44225"><span class="ref">[44225] IIª-IIae, q. 126 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1850 secundum dicendum quod mors, vel quidquid aliud ab homine mortali
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1851 potest inferri, non est ea ratione timendum ut a iustitia
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1852 recedatur. Est tamen timendum inquantum per hoc homo potest
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1853 impediri ab operibus virtuosis, vel quantum ad se, vel quantum ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1854 profectum quem in aliis facit. Unde dicitur Prov. XIV, <i>sapiens
53
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diff changeset
1855 timet, et declinat a malo</i>.</p><p title="II-II q. 126 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="44226"><span class="ref">[44226] IIª-IIae, q. 126 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1856 dicendum quod bona temporalia debent contemni quantum nos impediunt
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1857 ab amore et timore Dei. Et secundum hoc etiam non debent timeri,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1858 unde dicitur Eccli. XXXIV, <i>qui timet Deum nihil trepidabit</i>.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1859 Non autem debent contemni bona temporalia inquantum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1860 instrumentaliter nos iuvant ad ea quae sunt divini amoris et
53
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diff changeset
1861 timoris.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 2</h3><p title="II-II q. 126 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="44227"><span class="ref">[44227] IIª-IIae, q. 126 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1862 secundum sic proceditur. Videtur quod esse impavidum non opponatur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1863 fortitudini. De habitibus enim iudicamus per actus. Sed nullus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1864 actus fortitudinis impeditur per hoc quod aliquis est impavidus,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1865 remoto enim timore, aliquis et fortiter sustinet et audacter
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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diff changeset
1866 aggreditur. Ergo esse impavidum non opponitur fortitudini.</p><p title="II-II q. 126 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="44228"><span class="ref">[44228] IIª-IIae, q. 126 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a>
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1867 Praeterea, esse impavidum est vitiosum vel propter defectum debiti
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1868 amoris, vel propter superbiam, vel propter stultitiam. Sed defectus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1869 debiti amoris opponitur caritati; superbia autem humilitati;
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1870 stultitia autem prudentiae, sive sapientiae. Ergo vitium
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1871 impaviditatis non opponitur fortitudini.</p><p title="II-II q. 126 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="44229"><span class="ref">[44229] IIª-IIae, q. 126 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a>
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1872 Praeterea, virtuti opponuntur vitia sicut extrema medio. Sed unum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1873 medium ex una parte non habet nisi unum extremum. Cum ergo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1874 fortitudini ex una parte opponatur timor, ex alia vero parte
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1875 opponatur ei audacia, videtur quod impaviditas ei non
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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diff changeset
1876 opponatur.</p><p title="II-II q. 126 a. 2 s. c."><a name="44230"><span class="ref">[44230] IIª-IIae, q. 126 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1877 contra est quod philosophus, in III Ethic., ponit impaviditatem
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1878 fortitudini oppositam.</p><p title="II-II q. 126 a. 2 co."><a name="44231"><span class="ref">[44231] IIª-IIae, q. 126 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1879 dicendum quod, sicut supra dictum est, fortitudo est circa timores
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1880 et audacias. Omnis autem virtus moralis ponit modum rationis in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1881 materia circa quam est. Unde ad fortitudinem pertinet timor
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1882 moderatus secundum rationem, ut scilicet homo timeat quod oportet,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1883 et quando oportet, et similiter de aliis. Hic autem modus rationis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1884 corrumpi potest, sicut per excessum, ita et per defectum. Unde
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1885 sicut timiditas opponitur fortitudini per excessum timoris,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1886 inquantum scilicet homo timet quod non oportet, vel secundum quod
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1887 non oportet; ita etiam impaviditas opponitur ei per defectum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1888 timoris, inquantum scilicet non timet aliquis quod oportet
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1889 timere.</p><p title="II-II q. 126 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="44232"><span class="ref">[44232] IIª-IIae, q. 126 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1890 ergo dicendum quod actus fortitudinis est timorem sustinere et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1891 aggredi non qualitercumque, sed secundum rationem. Quod non facit
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1892 impavidus.</p><p title="II-II q. 126 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="44233"><span class="ref">[44233] IIª-IIae, q. 126 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Ad
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1893 secundum dicendum quod impaviditas ex sua specie corrumpit medium
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1894 fortitudinis, et ideo directe fortitudini opponitur. Sed secundum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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diff changeset
1895 suas causas, nihil prohibet quin opponatur aliis virtutibus.</p><p title="II-II q. 126 a. 2 ad 3"><a name="44234"><span class="ref">[44234] IIª-IIae, q. 126 a. 2 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1896 dicendum quod vitium audaciae opponitur fortitudini secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1897 excessum audaciae, impaviditas autem secundum defectum timoris.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1898 Fortitudo autem in utraque passione medium ponit. Unde non est
59
03759e5c1080 fix multi-para s.c.
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parents: 53
diff changeset
1899 inconveniens quod secundum diversa habeat diversa extrema.</p></div></div><div id="q127" class="q"><h2>Quaestio 127</h2><div class="p"><h3>Prooemium</h3><p title="II-II q. 127 pr."><a name="44235"><span class="ref">[44235] IIª-IIae, q. 127 pr.</span></a> Deinde
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1900 considerandum est de audacia. Et circa hoc quaeruntur duo. Primo,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1901 utrum audacia sit peccatum. Secundo, utrum opponatur
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1902 fortitudini.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 1</h3><p title="II-II q. 127 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="44236"><span class="ref">[44236] IIª-IIae, q. 127 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1903 primum sic proceditur. Videtur quod audacia non sit peccatum.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1904 Dicitur enim Iob XXXIX, de equo, per quem significatur bonus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1905 praedicator, secundum Gregorium, in Moral., quod <i>audacter in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1906 occursum pergit armatis</i>. Sed nullum vitium cedit in
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1907 commendationem alicuius. Ergo esse audacem non est peccatum.</p><p title="II-II q. 127 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="44237"><span class="ref">[44237] IIª-IIae, q. 127 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a>
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1908 Praeterea, sicut philosophus dicit, in VI Ethic., <i>oportet
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1909 consiliari quidem tarde, operari autem velociter consiliata</i>.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1910 Sed ad hanc velocitatem operandi iuvat audacia. Ergo audacia non
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1911 est peccatum, sed magis aliquid laudabile.</p><p title="II-II q. 127 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="44238"><span class="ref">[44238] IIª-IIae, q. 127 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a>
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1912 Praeterea, audacia est quaedam passio quae causatur a spe, ut supra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1913 habitum est, cum de passionibus ageretur. Sed spes non ponitur
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diff changeset
1914 peccatum, sed magis virtus. Ergo nec audacia debet poni
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1915 peccatum.</p><p title="II-II q. 127 a. 1 s. c."><a name="44239"><span class="ref">[44239] IIª-IIae, q. 127 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed
28
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1916 contra est quod dicitur Eccli. VIII, <i>cum audace non eas in via,
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1917 ne forte gravet mala sua in te</i>. Nullius autem societas est
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1918 declinanda nisi propter peccatum. Ergo audacia est peccatum.</p><p title="II-II q. 127 a. 1 co."><a name="44240"><span class="ref">[44240] IIª-IIae, q. 127 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
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1919 dicendum quod audacia, sicut supra dictum est, est passio quaedam.
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1920 Passio autem quandoque quidem est moderata secundum rationem,
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1921 quandoque autem caret modo rationis, vel per excessum vel per
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1922 defectum; et secundum hoc est passio vitiosa. Sumuntur autem
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1923 quandoque nomina passionum a superabundanti, sicut ira dicitur non
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1924 quaecumque, sed superabundans, prout scilicet est vitiosa. Et hoc
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1925 etiam modo audacia, per superabundantiam dicta, ponitur esse
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1926 peccatum.</p><p title="II-II q. 127 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="44241"><span class="ref">[44241] IIª-IIae, q. 127 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
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1927 ergo dicendum quod audacia ibi sumitur secundum quod est moderata
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1928 ratione. Sic enim pertinet ad virtutem fortitudinis.</p><p title="II-II q. 127 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="44242"><span class="ref">[44242] IIª-IIae, q. 127 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad
28
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1929 secundum dicendum quod operatio festina commendabilis est post
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1930 consilium, quod est actus rationis. Sed si quis ante consilium
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1931 vellet festine agere, non esset hoc laudabile, sed vitiosum, esset
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1932 enim quaedam praecipitatio actionis, quod est vitium prudentiae
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1933 oppositum, ut supra dictum est. Et ideo audacia, quae operatur ad
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1934 velocitatem operandi, intantum laudabilis est inquantum a ratione
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1935 ordinatur.</p><p title="II-II q. 127 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="44243"><span class="ref">[44243] IIª-IIae, q. 127 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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1936 dicendum quod quaedam vitia innominata sunt, et similiter quaedam
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1937 virtutes, ut patet per philosophum, in IV Ethic. Et ideo oportuit
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1938 quibusdam passionibus uti nomine virtutum et vitiorum. Praecipue
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1939 autem illis passionibus utimur ad vitia designanda quarum obiectum
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1940 est malum, sicut patet de odio, timore et ira, et etiam audacia.
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1941 Spes autem et amor habent bonum pro obiecto. Et ideo magis eis
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1942 utimur ad designanda nomina virtutum.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 2</h3><p title="II-II q. 127 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="44244"><span class="ref">[44244] IIª-IIae, q. 127 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
28
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1943 secundum sic proceditur. Videtur quod audacia non opponatur
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1944 fortitudini. Superfluitas enim audaciae videtur ex animi
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1945 praesumptione procedere. Sed praesumptio pertinet ad superbiam,
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1946 quae opponitur humilitati. Ergo audacia magis opponitur humilitati
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1947 quam fortitudini.</p><p title="II-II q. 127 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="44245"><span class="ref">[44245] IIª-IIae, q. 127 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a>
28
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1948 Praeterea, audacia non videtur esse vituperabilis nisi inquantum ex
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1949 ea provenit vel nocumentum aliquod ipsi audaci, qui se periculis
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1950 inordinate ingerit; vel etiam aliis, quos per audaciam aggreditur
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1951 vel in pericula praecipitat. Sed hoc videtur ad iniustitiam
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1952 pertinere. Ergo audacia, secundum quod est peccatum, non opponitur
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1953 fortitudini, sed iustitiae.</p><p title="II-II q. 127 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="44246"><span class="ref">[44246] IIª-IIae, q. 127 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a>
28
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1954 Praeterea, fortitudo est et circa timores et circa audacias, ut
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1955 supra habitum est. Sed quia timiditas opponitur fortitudini
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1956 secundum excessum timoris, habet aliud vitium oppositum timiditati
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1957 secundum defectum timoris. Si ergo audacia opponatur fortitudini
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1958 propter excessum audaciae, pari ratione opponetur ei aliquod vitium
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1959 propter audaciae defectum. Sed hoc non invenitur. Ergo nec audacia
53
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1960 debet poni vitium oppositum fortitudini.</p><p title="II-II q. 127 a. 2 s. c."><a name="44247"><span class="ref">[44247] IIª-IIae, q. 127 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed
28
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1961 contra est quod philosophus, in II et III Ethic., ponit audaciam
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1962 fortitudini oppositam.</p><p title="II-II q. 127 a. 2 co."><a name="44248"><span class="ref">[44248] IIª-IIae, q. 127 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
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1963 dicendum quod, sicut supra dictum est, ad virtutem moralem pertinet
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1964 modum rationis observare in materia circa quam est. Et ideo omne
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1965 vitium quod importat immoderantiam circa materiam alicuius virtutis
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1966 moralis, opponitur illi virtuti morali sicut immoderatum moderato.
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1967 Audacia autem, secundum quod sonat in vitium, importat excessum
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1968 passionis quae audacia dicitur. Unde manifestum est quod opponitur
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1969 virtuti fortitudinis, quae est circa timores et audacias, ut supra
53
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1970 dictum est.</p><p title="II-II q. 127 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="44249"><span class="ref">[44249] IIª-IIae, q. 127 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
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1971 ergo dicendum quod oppositio vitii ad virtutem non attenditur
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1972 principaliter secundum causam vitii, sed secundum ipsam vitii
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1973 speciem. Et ideo non oportet quod audacia opponatur eidem virtuti
53
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1974 cui opponitur praesumptio, quae est causa ipsius.</p><p title="II-II q. 127 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="44250"><span class="ref">[44250] IIª-IIae, q. 127 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Ad
28
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1975 secundum dicendum quod sicut directa oppositio vitii non attenditur
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1976 circa eius causam, ita etiam non attenditur secundum eius effectum.
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1977 Nocumentum autem quod provenit ex audacia est effectus ipsius. Unde
53
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1978 nec etiam secundum hoc attenditur oppositio audaciae.</p><p title="II-II q. 127 a. 2 ad 3"><a name="44251"><span class="ref">[44251] IIª-IIae, q. 127 a. 2 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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1979 dicendum quod motus audaciae consistit in invadendo id quod est
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1980 homini contrarium, ad quod natura inclinat, nisi inquantum talis
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1981 inclinatio impeditur per timorem patiendi nocumentum ab eo. Et ideo
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1982 vitium quod excedit in audacia non habet contrarium defectum nisi
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1983 timiditatem tantum. Sed audacia non semper concomitatur tantum
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1984 defectum timiditatis. Quia sicut philosophus dicit, in III Ethic.,
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1985 <i>audaces sunt praevolantes et volentes ante pericula, sed in
59
03759e5c1080 fix multi-para s.c.
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1986 ipsis discedunt</i>, scilicet prae timore.</p></div></div><div id="q128" class="q"><h2>Quaestio 128</h2><div class="p"><h3>Prooemium</h3><p title="II-II q. 128 pr."><a name="44252"><span class="ref">[44252] IIª-IIae, q. 128 pr.</span></a> Deinde
28
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1987 considerandum est de partibus fortitudinis. Et primo considerandum
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1988 est quae sint fortitudinis partes; secundo, de singulis partibus
53
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1989 est agendum.</p><p title="II-II q. 128 arg. 1"><a name="44253"><span class="ref">[44253] IIª-IIae, q. 128 arg. 1</span></a> Ad primum sic
28
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1990 proceditur. Videtur quod inconvenienter partes fortitudinis
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diff changeset
1991 enumerentur. Tullius enim, in sua rhetorica, ponit fortitudinis
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diff changeset
1992 quatuor partes, <i>scilicet magnificentiam, fiduciam, patientiam et
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1993 perseverantiam</i>. Et videtur quod inconvenienter. Magnificentia
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diff changeset
1994 enim videtur ad liberalitatem pertinere, quia utraque est circa
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1995 pecunias, et necesse est magnificum liberalem esse, ut philosophus
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diff changeset
1996 dicit, in IV Ethic. Sed liberalitas est pars iustitiae, ut supra
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diff changeset
1997 habitum est. Ergo magnificentia non debet poni pars
53
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1998 fortitudinis.</p><p title="II-II q. 128 arg. 2"><a name="44254"><span class="ref">[44254] IIª-IIae, q. 128 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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1999 fiducia nihil aliud esse videtur quam spes. Sed spes non videtur ad
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2000 fortitudinem pertinere, sed ponitur per se virtus. Ergo fiducia non
53
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2001 debet poni pars fortitudinis.</p><p title="II-II q. 128 arg. 3"><a name="44255"><span class="ref">[44255] IIª-IIae, q. 128 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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2002 fortitudo facit hominem bene se habere circa pericula. Sed
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diff changeset
2003 magnificentia et fiducia non important in sui ratione aliquam
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diff changeset
2004 habitudinem ad pericula. Ergo non ponuntur convenienter partes
53
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2005 fortitudinis.</p><p title="II-II q. 128 arg. 4"><a name="44256"><span class="ref">[44256] IIª-IIae, q. 128 arg. 4</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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2006 patientia, secundum Tullium, importat difficilium perpessionem,
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diff changeset
2007 quod etiam ipse attribuit fortitudini. Ergo patientia est idem
53
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2008 fortitudini, et non est pars eius.</p><p title="II-II q. 128 arg. 5"><a name="44257"><span class="ref">[44257] IIª-IIae, q. 128 arg. 5</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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diff changeset
2009 illud quod requiritur in qualibet virtute, non debet poni pars
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diff changeset
2010 alicuius specialis virtutis. Sed perseverantia requiritur in
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diff changeset
2011 qualibet virtute, dicitur enim Matth. XXIV, <i>qui perseveraverit
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diff changeset
2012 usque in finem, hic salvus erit</i>. Ergo perseverantia non debet
53
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2013 poni pars fortitudinis.</p><p title="II-II q. 128 arg. 6"><a name="44258"><span class="ref">[44258] IIª-IIae, q. 128 arg. 6</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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2014 Macrobius ponit septem partes fortitudinis, scilicet
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diff changeset
2015 <i>magnanimitatem, fiduciam, securitatem, magnificentiam,
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diff changeset
2016 constantiam, tolerantiam, firmitatem</i>. Andronicus etiam ponit
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diff changeset
2017 septem virtutes annexas fortitudini, <i>quae sunt eupsychia, lema,
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diff changeset
2018 magnanimitas, virilitas, perseverantia, magnificentia,
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diff changeset
2019 andragathia</i>. Ergo videtur quod insufficienter Tullius partes
53
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2020 fortitudinis enumeraverat.</p><p title="II-II q. 128 arg. 7"><a name="44259"><span class="ref">[44259] IIª-IIae, q. 128 arg. 7</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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2021 Aristoteles, in III Ethic., ponit quinque modos fortitudinis.
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2022 Quorum prima est politica, quae fortiter operatur propter timorem
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2023 exhonorationis vel poenae; secunda militaris, quae fortiter
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diff changeset
2024 operatur propter artem et experientiam rei bellicae; tertia est
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diff changeset
2025 fortitudo quae fortiter operatur ex passione, praecipue irae;
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diff changeset
2026 quarta est fortitudo quae fortiter operatur propter consuetudinem
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diff changeset
2027 victoriae; quinta autem est quae fortiter operatur propter
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2028 ignorantiam periculorum. Has autem fortitudines nulla praedictarum
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2029 divisionum continet. Ergo praedictae enumerationes partium
53
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2030 fortitudinis videntur esse inconvenientes.</p><p title="II-II q. 128 co."><a name="44260"><span class="ref">[44260] IIª-IIae, q. 128 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
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2031 dicendum quod, sicut supra dictum est, alicuius virtutis possunt
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diff changeset
2032 esse triplices partes, scilicet subiectivae, integrales et
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diff changeset
2033 potentiales. Fortitudini autem, secundum quod est specialis virtus,
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2034 non possunt assignari partes subiectivae, eo quod non dividitur in
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diff changeset
2035 multas virtutes specie differentes, quia est circa materiam valde
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2036 specialem. Assignantur autem ei partes quasi integrales, et
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diff changeset
2037 potentiales, integrales quidem secundum ea quae oportet concurrere
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diff changeset
2038 ad actum fortitudinis; potentiales autem secundum quod ea quae
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diff changeset
2039 fortitudo observat circa difficillima, scilicet circa pericula
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diff changeset
2040 mortis, aliquae aliae virtutes observant circa quasdam alias
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diff changeset
2041 materias minus difficiles; quae quidem virtutes adiunguntur
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diff changeset
2042 fortitudini sicut secundariae principali. Est autem, sicut supra
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diff changeset
2043 dictum est, duplex fortitudinis actus, scilicet aggredi, et
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2044 sustinere. Ad actum autem aggrediendi duo requiruntur. Quorum
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2045 primum pertinet ad animi praeparationem, ut scilicet aliquis
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2046 promptum animum habeat ad aggrediendum. Et quantum ad hoc ponit
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2047 Tullius fiduciam. Unde dicit quod <i>fiducia est per quam magnis et
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diff changeset
2048 honestis rebus multum ipse animus in se fiduciae cum spe
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diff changeset
2049 collocavit</i>. Secundum autem pertinet ad operis executionem, ne
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2050 scilicet aliquis deficiat in executione illorum quae fiducialiter
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2051 inchoavit. Et quantum ad hoc ponit Tullius magnificentiam. Unde
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diff changeset
2052 dicit quod <i>magnificentia est rerum magnarum et excelsarum cum
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2053 animi ampla quadam et splendida propositione cogitatio atque
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2054 administratio</i>, idest executio, ut scilicet amplo proposito
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diff changeset
2055 administratio non desit. Haec ergo duo, si coarctentur ad propriam
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diff changeset
2056 materiam fortitudinis, scilicet ad pericula mortis, erunt quasi
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diff changeset
2057 partes integrales ipsius, sine quibus fortitudo esse non potest. Si
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2058 autem referantur ad aliquas alias materias in quibus est minus
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diff changeset
2059 difficultatis, erunt virtutes distinctae a fortitudine secundum
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diff changeset
2060 speciem, tamen adiungentur ei sicut secundarium principali, sicut
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diff changeset
2061 magnificentia a philosopho, in IV Ethic., ponitur circa magnos
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diff changeset
2062 sumptus; magnanimitas autem, quae videtur idem esse fiduciae, circa
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diff changeset
2063 magnos honores. Ad alium autem actum fortitudinis, qui est
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diff changeset
2064 sustinere, duo requiruntur. Quorum primum est ne difficultate
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2065 imminentium malorum animus frangatur per tristitiam, et decidat a
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2066 sua magnitudine. Et quantum ad hoc ponit patientiam. Unde dicit
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2067 quod <i>patientia est honestatis aut utilitatis causa rerum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2068 arduarum ac difficilium voluntaria ac diuturna perpessio</i>. Aliud
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2069 autem est ut ex diuturna difficilium passione homo non fatigetur
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diff changeset
2070 usque ad hoc quod desistat, secundum illud Heb. XII, <i>non
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2071 fatigemini, animis vestris deficientes</i>. Et quantum ad hoc ponit
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2072 perseverantiam. Unde dicit quod <i>perseverantia est in ratione
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2073 bene considerata stabilis et perpetua permansio</i>. Haec etiam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2074 duo, si coarctentur ad propriam materiam fortitudinis, erunt partes
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2075 quasi integrales ipsius. Si autem ad quascumque materias difficiles
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2076 referantur, erunt virtutes a fortitudine distinctae, et tamen ei
53
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diff changeset
2077 adiungentur sicut secundariae principali.</p><p title="II-II q. 128 ad 1"><a name="44261"><span class="ref">[44261] IIª-IIae, q. 128 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2078 dicendum quod magnificentia circa materiam liberalitatis addit
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2079 quandam magnitudinem, quae pertinet ad rationem ardui, quod est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2080 obiectum irascibilis, quam principaliter perficit fortitudo. Et ex
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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diff changeset
2081 hac parte pertinet ad fortitudinem.</p><p title="II-II q. 128 ad 2"><a name="44262"><span class="ref">[44262] IIª-IIae, q. 128 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2082 dicendum quod spes qua quis de Deo confidit, ponitur virtus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2083 theologica, ut supra habitum est. Sed per fiduciam quae nunc
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2084 ponitur fortitudinis pars, homo habet spem in seipso, tamen sub
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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diff changeset
2085 Deo.</p><p title="II-II q. 128 ad 3"><a name="44263"><span class="ref">[44263] IIª-IIae, q. 128 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2086 dicendum quod quascumque magnas res aggredi videtur esse
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2087 periculosum, quia in his deficere est valde nocivum. Unde etiam si
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2088 magnificentia et fiducia circa quaecumque alia magna operanda vel
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2089 aggredienda ponantur, habent quandam affinitatem cum fortitudine,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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diff changeset
2090 ratione periculi imminentis.</p><p title="II-II q. 128 ad 4"><a name="44264"><span class="ref">[44264] IIª-IIae, q. 128 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
28
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diff changeset
2091 dicendum quod patientia non solum perpetitur pericula mortis, circa
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2092 quae est fortitudo, absque superabundanti tristitia, sed etiam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2093 quaecumque alia difficilia seu periculosa. Et secundum hoc ponitur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2094 virtus adiuncta fortitudini. Inquantum autem est circa pericula
53
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diff changeset
2095 mortis, est pars integralis ipsius.</p><p title="II-II q. 128 ad 5"><a name="44265"><span class="ref">[44265] IIª-IIae, q. 128 ad 5</span></a> Ad quintum
28
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diff changeset
2096 dicendum quod perseverantia secundum quod dicit continuitatem boni
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diff changeset
2097 operis usque in finem, circumstantia omnis virtutis esse potest.
53
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diff changeset
2098 Ponitur autem pars fortitudinis secundum quod dictum est.</p><p title="II-II q. 128 ad 6"><a name="44266"><span class="ref">[44266] IIª-IIae, q. 128 ad 6</span></a> Ad sextum
28
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diff changeset
2099 dicendum quod Macrobius ponit quatuor praedicta a Tullio posita,
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diff changeset
2100 scilicet fiduciam, magnificentiam, tolerantiam, quam ponit loco
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2101 patientiae, et firmitatem, quam ponit loco perseverantiae.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2102 Superaddit autem tria. Quorum duo, scilicet magnanimitas et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2103 securitas, a Tullio sub fiducia comprehenduntur, sed Macrobius
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2104 magis per specialia distinguit. Nam fiducia importat spem hominis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2105 ad magna. Spes autem cuiuslibet rei praesupponit appetitum in magna
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2106 protensum per desiderium, quod pertinet ad magnanimitatem; dictum
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diff changeset
2107 est enim supra quod spes praesupponit amorem et desiderium rei
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2108 speratae. Vel melius potest dici quod fiducia pertinet ad spei
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2109 certitudinem; magnanimitas autem ad magnitudinem rei speratae. Spes
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diff changeset
2110 autem firma esse non potest nisi amoveatur contrarium, quandoque
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2111 enim aliquis, quantum ex seipso est, speraret aliquid, sed spes
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diff changeset
2112 tollitur propter impedimentum timoris; timor enim quodammodo spei
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2113 contrariatur, ut supra habitum est. Et ideo Macrobius addit
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2114 securitatem, quae excludit timorem. Tertium autem addit, scilicet
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2115 constantiam, quae sub magnificentia comprehendi potest, oportet
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diff changeset
2116 enim in his quae magnifice aliquis facit, constantem animum habere.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2117 Et ideo Tullius ad magnificentiam pertinere dicit non solum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2118 administrationem rerum magnarum, sed etiam animi amplam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2119 excogitationem ipsarum. Potest etiam constantia ad perseverantiam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2120 pertinere, ut perseverans dicatur aliquis ex eo quod non desistit
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2121 propter diuturnitatem; constans autem ex eo quod non desistit
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2122 propter quaecumque alia repugnantia. Illa etiam quae Andronicus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2123 ponit ad eadem pertinere videntur. Ponit enim perseverantiam et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2124 magnificentiam cum Tullio et Macrobio; magnanimitatem autem cum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2125 Macrobio. Lema autem est idem quod patientia vel tolerantia, dicit
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2126 enim quod lema est habitus promptus tribuens ad conari qualia
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diff changeset
2127 oportet, et sustinere quae ratio dicit. Eupsychia autem, idest bona
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diff changeset
2128 animositas, idem videtur esse quod securitas, dicit enim quod est
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diff changeset
2129 robur animae ad perficiendum opera ipsius. Virilitas autem idem
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diff changeset
2130 esse videtur quod fiducia, dicit enim quod virilitas est habitus
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diff changeset
2131 per se sufficiens tributus in his quae secundum virtutem.
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diff changeset
2132 Magnificentiae autem addit andragathiam, quasi virilem bonitatem,
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diff changeset
2133 quae apud nos strenuitas potest dici. Ad magnificentiam enim
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2134 pertinet non solum quod homo consistat in executione magnorum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2135 operum, quod pertinet ad constantiam, sed etiam cum quadam virili
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2136 prudentia et sollicitudine ea exequatur, quod pertinet ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2137 andragathiam sive strenuitatem. Unde dicit quod andragathia est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2138 viri virtus adinventiva communicabilium operum. Et sic patet quod
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2139 omnes huiusmodi partes ad quatuor principales reducuntur quas
53
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diff changeset
2140 Tullius ponit.</p><p title="II-II q. 128 ad 7"><a name="44267"><span class="ref">[44267] IIª-IIae, q. 128 ad 7</span></a> Ad septimum
28
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diff changeset
2141 dicendum quod illa quinque quae ponit Aristoteles, deficiunt a vera
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diff changeset
2142 ratione virtutis, quia etsi conveniant in actu fortitudinis,
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diff changeset
2143 differunt tamen in motivo, ut supra habitum est. Et ideo non
59
03759e5c1080 fix multi-para s.c.
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diff changeset
2144 ponuntur partes fortitudinis, sed quidam fortitudinis modi.</p></div></div><div id="q129" class="q"><h2>Quaestio 129</h2><div class="p"><h3>Prooemium</h3><p title="II-II q. 129 pr."><a name="44268"><span class="ref">[44268] IIª-IIae, q. 129 pr.</span></a> Deinde
28
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diff changeset
2145 considerandum est de singulis fortitudinis partibus, ita tamen ut
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diff changeset
2146 sub quatuor principalibus quas Tullius ponit, alias comprehendamus;
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2147 nisi quod magnanimitatem, de qua etiam Aristoteles tractat, loco
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diff changeset
2148 fiduciae ponemus. Primo ergo considerandum erit de magnanimitate;
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diff changeset
2149 secundo, de magnificentia; tertio, de patientia; quarto, de
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2150 perseverantia. Circa primum, primo considerandum est de
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2151 magnanimitate; secundo, de vitiis oppositis. Circa primum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2152 quaeruntur octo. Primo, utrum magnanimitas sit circa honores.
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diff changeset
2153 Secundo, utrum magnanimitas sit solum circa magnos honores. Tertio,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2154 utrum sit virtus. Quarto, utrum sit virtus specialis. Quinto, utrum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2155 sit pars fortitudinis. Sexto, quomodo se habeat ad fiduciam.
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diff changeset
2156 Septimo, quomodo se habeat ad securitatem. Octavo, quomodo se
53
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diff changeset
2157 habeat ad bona fortunae.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 1</h3><p title="II-II q. 129 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="44269"><span class="ref">[44269] IIª-IIae, q. 129 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2158 primum sic proceditur. Videtur quod magnanimitas non sit circa
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2159 honores. Magnanimitas enim est in irascibili. Quod ex ipso nomine
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2160 patet, nam magnanimitas dicitur quasi magnitudo animi; animus autem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2161 pro vi irascibili ponitur, ut patet in III de anima, ubi
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2162 philosophus dicit quod in sensitivo appetitu est desiderium et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2163 animus, idest concupiscibilis et irascibilis. Sed honor est quoddam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2164 bonum concupiscibile, cum sit praemium virtutis. Ergo videtur quod
53
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diff changeset
2165 magnanimitas non sit circa honores.</p><p title="II-II q. 129 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="44270"><span class="ref">[44270] IIª-IIae, q. 129 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a>
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2166 Praeterea, magnanimitas, cum sit virtus moralis, oportet quod sit
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2167 circa passiones vel operationes. Non est autem circa operationes,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2168 quia sic esset pars iustitiae. Et sic relinquitur quod sit circa
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2169 passiones. Honor autem non est passio. Ergo magnanimitas non est
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2170 circa honores.</p><p title="II-II q. 129 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="44271"><span class="ref">[44271] IIª-IIae, q. 129 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a>
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2171 Praeterea, magnanimitas videtur pertinere magis ad prosecutionem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2172 quam ad fugam, dicitur enim magnanimus quia ad magna tendit. Sed
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diff changeset
2173 virtuosi non laudantur ex hoc quod cupiunt honores, sed magis ex
53
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diff changeset
2174 hoc quod eos fugiunt. Ergo magnanimitas non est circa honores.</p><p title="II-II q. 129 a. 1 s. c."><a name="44272"><span class="ref">[44272] IIª-IIae, q. 129 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2175 contra est quod philosophus dicit, in IV Ethic., quod <i>magnanimus
53
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diff changeset
2176 est circa honores et inhonorationes</i>.</p><p title="II-II q. 129 a. 1 co."><a name="44273"><span class="ref">[44273] IIª-IIae, q. 129 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2177 dicendum quod magnanimitas ex suo nomine importat quandam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2178 extensionem animi ad magna. Consideratur autem habitudo virtutis ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2179 duo, uno quidem modo, ad materiam circa quam operatur; alio modo,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2180 ad actum proprium, qui consistit in debito usu talis materiae. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2181 quia habitus virtutis principaliter ex actu determinatur, ex hoc
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2182 principaliter dicitur aliquis magnanimus quod animum habet ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2183 aliquem magnum actum. Aliquis autem actus potest dici dupliciter
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2184 magnus, uno modo, secundum proportionem; alio modo, absolute.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2185 Magnus quidem potest dici actus secundum proportionem etiam qui
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2186 consistit in usu alicuius rei parvae vel mediocris, puta si aliquis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2187 illa re optime utatur. Sed simpliciter et absolute magnus actus est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2188 qui consistit in optimo usu rei maximae. Res autem quae in usum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2189 hominis veniunt sunt res exteriores. Inter quae simpliciter maximum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2190 est honor, tum quia propinquissimum est virtuti, utpote
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2191 testificatio quaedam existens de virtute alicuius, ut supra habitum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2192 est; tum etiam quia Deo et optimis exhibetur; tum etiam quia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2193 homines propter honorem consequendum et vituperium vitandum omnia
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2194 alia postponunt. Sic autem dicitur aliquis magnanimus ex his quae
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2195 sunt magna simpliciter et absolute, sicut dicitur aliquis fortis ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2196 his quae sunt simpliciter difficilia. Et ideo consequens est quod
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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diff changeset
2197 magnanimitas consistat circa honores.</p><p title="II-II q. 129 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="44274"><span class="ref">[44274] IIª-IIae, q. 129 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2198 ergo dicendum quod bonum vel malum, absolute quidem considerata,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2199 pertinent ad concupiscibilem, sed inquantum additur ratio ardui,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2200 sic pertinet ad irascibilem. Et hoc modo honorem respicit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
2201 magnanimitas, inquantum scilicet habet rationem magni vel
53
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diff changeset
2202 ardui.</p><p title="II-II q. 129 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="44275"><span class="ref">[44275] IIª-IIae, q. 129 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad
28
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diff changeset
2203 secundum dicendum quod honor, etsi non sit passio vel operatio, est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2204 tamen alicuius passionis obiectum, scilicet spei, quae tendit in
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2205 bonum arduum. Et ideo magnanimitas est quidem immediate circa
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2206 passionem spei, mediate autem circa honorem, sicut circa obiectum
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diff changeset
2207 spei, sicut et de fortitudine supra dictum est quod est circa
53
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2208 pericula mortis inquantum sunt obiectum timoris et audaciae.</p><p title="II-II q. 129 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="44276"><span class="ref">[44276] IIª-IIae, q. 129 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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diff changeset
2209 dicendum quod illi qui contemnunt honores hoc modo quod pro eis
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diff changeset
2210 adipiscendis nihil inconveniens faciunt, nec eos nimis
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diff changeset
2211 appretiantur, laudabiles sunt. Si quis autem hoc modo contemneret
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2212 honores quod non curaret facere ea quae sunt digna honore, hoc
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diff changeset
2213 vituperabile esset. Et hoc modo magnanimitas est circa honorem, ut
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diff changeset
2214 videlicet studeat facere ea quae sunt honore digna, non tamen sic
53
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diff changeset
2215 ut pro magno aestimet humanum honorem.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 2</h3><p title="II-II q. 129 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="44277"><span class="ref">[44277] IIª-IIae, q. 129 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
28
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diff changeset
2216 secundum sic proceditur. Videtur quod magnanimitas de sui ratione
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diff changeset
2217 non habeat quod sit circa magnum honorem. Propria enim materia
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diff changeset
2218 magnanimitatis est honor, ut dictum est. Sed magnum et parvum
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diff changeset
2219 accidunt honori. Ergo de ratione magnanimitatis non est quod sit
53
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diff changeset
2220 circa magnum honorem.</p><p title="II-II q. 129 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="44278"><span class="ref">[44278] IIª-IIae, q. 129 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a>
28
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diff changeset
2221 Praeterea, sicut magnanimitas est circa honores, ita mansuetudo est
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diff changeset
2222 circa iras. Sed non est de ratione mansuetudinis quod sit circa
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diff changeset
2223 magnas iras, vel circa parvas. Ergo etiam non est de ratione
53
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diff changeset
2224 magnanimitatis quod sit circa magnos honores.</p><p title="II-II q. 129 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="44279"><span class="ref">[44279] IIª-IIae, q. 129 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a>
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2225 Praeterea, parvus honor minus distat a magno honore quam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2226 exhonoratio. Sed magnanimus bene se habet circa exhonorationes.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2227 Ergo etiam et circa parvos honores. Non ergo est solum circa
53
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diff changeset
2228 honores magnos.</p><p title="II-II q. 129 a. 2 s. c."><a name="44280"><span class="ref">[44280] IIª-IIae, q. 129 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed
28
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diff changeset
2229 contra est quod philosophus dicit, in II Ethic., quod
53
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diff changeset
2230 <i>magnanimitas est circa magnos honores</i>.</p><p title="II-II q. 129 a. 2 co."><a name="44281"><span class="ref">[44281] IIª-IIae, q. 129 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2231 dicendum quod, secundum philosophum, in VII Physic., virtus est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2232 perfectio quaedam. Et intelligitur esse perfectio potentiae, ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2233 cuius ultimum pertinet, ut patet in I de caelo. Perfectio autem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2234 potentiae non attenditur in qualicumque operatione, sed in
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2235 operatione quae habet aliquam magnitudinem aut difficultatem,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2236 quaelibet enim potentia, quantumcumque imperfecta, potest in
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2237 aliquam operationem modicam et debilem. Et ideo ad rationem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2238 virtutis pertinet ut sic circa difficile et bonum, ut dicitur in II
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2239 Ethic. Difficile autem et magnum, quae ad idem pertinent, in actu
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2240 virtutis potest attendi dupliciter. Uno modo, ex parte rationis,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2241 inquantum scilicet difficile est medium rationis adinvenire et in
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2242 aliqua materia statuere. Et ista difficultas sola invenitur in actu
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2243 virtutum intellectualium, et etiam in actu iustitiae. Alia autem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2244 est difficultas ex parte materiae, quae de se repugnantiam habere
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2245 potest ad modum rationis qui est circa eam ponendus. Et ista
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2246 difficultas praecipue attenditur in aliis virtutibus moralibus,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2247 quae sunt circa passiones, quia passiones pugnant contra rationem,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2248 ut Dionysius dicit, IV cap. de Div. Nom. Circa quas considerandum
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diff changeset
2249 est quod quaedam passiones sunt quae habent magnam vim resistendi
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diff changeset
2250 rationi principaliter ex parte passionis, quaedam vero
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2251 principaliter ex parte rerum quae sunt obiecta passionum. Passiones
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diff changeset
2252 autem non habent magnam vim repugnandi rationi nisi fuerint
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2253 vehementes, eo quod appetitus sensitivus, in quo sunt passiones,
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diff changeset
2254 naturaliter subditur rationi. Et ideo virtutes quae sunt circa
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2255 huiusmodi passiones non ponuntur nisi circa id quod est magnum in
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diff changeset
2256 ipsis passionibus, sicut fortitudo est circa maximos timores et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2257 audacias, temperantia est circa maximarum delectationum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2258 concupiscentias, et similiter mansuetudo est circa maximas iras.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2259 Passiones autem quaedam habent magnam vim repugnandi rationi ex
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2260 ipsis rebus exterioribus quae sunt passionum obiecta, sicut amor
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2261 vel cupiditas pecuniae seu honoris. Et in istis oportet esse
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2262 virtutem non solum circa id quod est maximum in eis, sed etiam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2263 circa mediocria vel minora, quia res exterius existentes, etiam si
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2264 sint parvae, sunt multum appetibiles, utpote necessariae ad hominis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2265 vitam. Et ideo circa appetitum pecuniarum sunt duae virtutes, una
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2266 quidem circa mediocres et moderatas, scilicet liberalitas; alia
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2267 autem circa magnas pecunias, scilicet magnificentia. Similiter
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2268 etiam et circa honores sunt duae virtutes. Una quidem circa
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2269 mediocres honores, quae innominata est, nominatur tamen ex suis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2270 extremis, quae sunt philotimia, idest amor honoris, et aphilotimia,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2271 idest sine amore honoris; laudatur enim quandoque qui amat honorem,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2272 quandoque autem qui non curat de honore, prout scilicet utrumque
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2273 moderate fieri potest. Circa magnos autem honores est magnanimitas.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2274 Et ideo dicendum est quod propria materia magnanimitatis est magnus
53
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diff changeset
2275 honor, et ad ea tendit magnanimus quae sunt magno honore digna.</p><p title="II-II q. 129 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="44282"><span class="ref">[44282] IIª-IIae, q. 129 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2276 ergo dicendum quod magnum et parvum per accidens se habent ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2277 honorem secundum se consideratum, sed magnam differentiam faciunt
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2278 secundum quod comparantur ad rationem, cuius modum in usu honoris
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2279 observari oportet, qui multo difficilius observatur in magnis
53
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diff changeset
2280 honoribus quam in parvis.</p><p title="II-II q. 129 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="44283"><span class="ref">[44283] IIª-IIae, q. 129 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Ad
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2281 secundum dicendum quod in ira et in aliis materiis non habet
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2282 difficultatem notabilem nisi illud quod est maximum, circa quod
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2283 solum oportet esse virtutem. Alia autem ratio est de divitiis et
53
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diff changeset
2284 honoribus, quae sunt res extra animam existentes.</p><p title="II-II q. 129 a. 2 ad 3"><a name="44284"><span class="ref">[44284] IIª-IIae, q. 129 a. 2 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2285 dicendum quod ille qui bene utitur magnis, multo magis potest bene
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2286 uti parvis. Magnanimitas ergo attendit magnos honores sicut quibus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2287 est dignus, vel etiam sicut minores his quibus est dignus, quia
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2288 scilicet virtus non potest sufficienter honorari ab homine, cui
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2289 debetur honor a Deo. Et ideo non extollitur ex magnis honoribus,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2290 quia non reputat eos supra se, sed magis eos contemnit. Et multo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2291 magis moderatos aut parvos. Et similiter etiam dehonorationibus non
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diff changeset
2292 frangitur, sed eas contemnit, utpote quas reputat sibi indigne
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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diff changeset
2293 afferri.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 3</h3><p title="II-II q. 129 a. 3 arg. 1"><a name="44285"><span class="ref">[44285] IIª-IIae, q. 129 a. 3 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
28
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diff changeset
2294 tertium sic proceditur. Videtur quod magnanimitas non sit virtus.
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diff changeset
2295 Omnis enim virtus moralis in medio consistit. Sed magnanimitas non
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diff changeset
2296 consistit in medio, sed in maximo, quia maximis dignificat seipsum,
53
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diff changeset
2297 ut dicitur in IV Ethic. Ergo magnanimitas non est virtus.</p><p title="II-II q. 129 a. 3 arg. 2"><a name="44286"><span class="ref">[44286] IIª-IIae, q. 129 a. 3 arg. 2</span></a>
28
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diff changeset
2298 Praeterea, qui habet unam virtutem, habet omnes, ut supra habitum
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diff changeset
2299 est. Sed aliquis potest habere aliquam virtutem non habens
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2300 magnanimitatem, dicit enim philosophus, in IV Ethic., quod <i>qui
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diff changeset
2301 est parvis dignus, et his dignificat seipsum, temperatus est,
53
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diff changeset
2302 magnanimus autem non</i>. Ergo magnanimitas non est virtus.</p><p title="II-II q. 129 a. 3 arg. 3"><a name="44287"><span class="ref">[44287] IIª-IIae, q. 129 a. 3 arg. 3</span></a>
28
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diff changeset
2303 Praeterea, virtus est bona qualitas mentis, ut supra habitum est.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2304 Sed magnanimitas habet quasdam corporales dispositiones, dicit enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2305 philosophus, in IV Ethic., quod <i>motus lentus magnanimi videtur,
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diff changeset
2306 et vox gravis, et locutio stabilis</i>. Ergo magnanimitas non est
53
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diff changeset
2307 virtus.</p><p title="II-II q. 129 a. 3 arg. 4"><a name="44288"><span class="ref">[44288] IIª-IIae, q. 129 a. 3 arg. 4</span></a>
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2308 Praeterea, nulla virtus opponitur alteri virtuti. Sed magnanimitas
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2309 opponitur humilitati, nam magnanimus dignum se reputat magnis, et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2310 alios contemnit, ut dicitur in IV Ethic. Ergo magnanimitas non est
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2311 virtus.</p><p title="II-II q. 129 a. 3 arg. 5"><a name="44289"><span class="ref">[44289] IIª-IIae, q. 129 a. 3 arg. 5</span></a>
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2312 Praeterea, cuiuslibet virtutis proprietates sunt laudabiles. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2313 magnanimitas habet quasdam proprietates vituperabiles, primo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2314 quidem, quod non est memor benefactorum; secundo, quod est otiosus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2315 et tardus; tertio, quod utitur ironia ad multos; quarto, quod non
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2316 potest alii convivere; quinto, quod magis possidet infructuosa quam
53
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diff changeset
2317 fructuosa. Ergo magnanimitas non est virtus.</p><p title="II-II q. 129 a. 3 s. c."><a name="44290"><span class="ref">[44290] IIª-IIae, q. 129 a. 3 s. c.</span></a> Sed
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2318 contra est quod in laudem quorundam dicitur, II Machab. XIV,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2319 <i>Nicanor audiens virtutem comitum Iudae, et animi magnitudinem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2320 quam pro patriae certaminibus habebant,</i> et cetera. Laudabilia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2321 autem sunt solum virtutum opera. Ergo magnanimitas, ad quam
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2322 pertinet magnum animum habere, est virtus.</p><p title="II-II q. 129 a. 3 co."><a name="44291"><span class="ref">[44291] IIª-IIae, q. 129 a. 3 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2323 dicendum quod ad rationem virtutis humanae pertinet ut in rebus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2324 humanis bonum rationis servetur, quod est proprium hominis bonum.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2325 Inter ceteras autem res humanas exteriores, honores praecipuum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
2326 locum tenent, sicut dictum est. Et inde magnanimitas, quae modum
53
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diff changeset
2327 rationis ponit circa magnos honores, est virtus.</p><p title="II-II q. 129 a. 3 ad 1"><a name="44292"><span class="ref">[44292] IIª-IIae, q. 129 a. 3 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2328 ergo dicendum quod, sicut philosophus dicit, in IV Ethic.,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2329 magnanimus est quidem magnitudine extremus, inquantum scilicet ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2330 maxima tendit, eo autem quod ut oportet, medius, quia videlicet ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2331 ea quae sunt maxima, secundum rationem tendit; eo enim quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2332 secundum dignitatem seipsum dignificat, ut ibidem dicitur, quia
53
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diff changeset
2333 scilicet se non extendit ad maiora quam dignus est.</p><p title="II-II q. 129 a. 3 ad 2"><a name="44293"><span class="ref">[44293] IIª-IIae, q. 129 a. 3 ad 2</span></a> Ad
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2334 secundum dicendum quod connexio virtutum non est intelligenda
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2335 secundum actus, ut scilicet cuilibet competat habere actus omnium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2336 virtutum. Unde actus magnanimitatis non competit cuilibet virtuoso,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2337 sed solum magnis. Sed secundum principia virtutum, quae sunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2338 prudentia et gratia, omnes virtutes sunt connexae secundum habitus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2339 simul in anima existentes, vel in actu vel in propinqua
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2340 dispositione. Et sic potest aliquis cui non competit actus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2341 magnanimitatis, habere magnanimitatis habitum, per quem scilicet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2342 disponitur ad talem actum exequendum si sibi secundum statum suum
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2343 competeret.</p><p title="II-II q. 129 a. 3 ad 3"><a name="44294"><span class="ref">[44294] IIª-IIae, q. 129 a. 3 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2344 dicendum quod corporales motus diversificantur secundum diversas
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2345 animae apprehensiones et affectiones. Et secundum hoc contingit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2346 quod ad magnanimitatem consequuntur quaedam determinata accidentia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2347 circa motus corporales. Velocitas enim motus provenit ex eo quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2348 homo ad multa intendit, quae explere festinat, sed magnanimus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2349 intendit solum ad magna, quae pauca sunt, quae etiam indigent magna
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2350 attentione; et ideo habet motum tardum. Similiter etiam acuitas
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2351 vocis, et velocitas, praecipue competit his qui de quibuslibet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2352 contendere volunt, quod non pertinet ad magnanimos, qui non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2353 intromittunt se nisi de magnis. Et sicut praedictae dispositiones
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2354 corporalium motuum conveniunt magnanimis secundum modum affectionis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2355 eorum, ita etiam in his qui sunt naturaliter dispositi ad
53
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diff changeset
2356 magnanimitatem tales conditiones naturaliter inveniuntur.</p><p title="II-II q. 129 a. 3 ad 4"><a name="44295"><span class="ref">[44295] IIª-IIae, q. 129 a. 3 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2357 dicendum quod in homine invenitur aliquid magnum, quod ex dono Dei
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2358 possidet; et aliquis defectus, qui competit ei ex infirmitate
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2359 naturae. Magnanimitas igitur facit quod homo se magnis dignificet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2360 secundum considerationem donorum quae possidet ex Deo, sicut, si
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2361 habet magnam virtutem animi, magnanimitas facit quod ad perfecta
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2362 opera virtutis tendat. Et similiter est dicendum de usu cuiuslibet
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diff changeset
2363 alterius boni, puta scientiae vel exterioris fortunae. Humilitas
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2364 autem facit quod homo seipsum parvipendat secundum considerationem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2365 proprii defectus. Similiter etiam magnanimitas contemnit alios
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2366 secundum quod deficiunt a donis Dei, non enim tantum alios
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2367 appretiatur quod pro eis aliquid indecens faciat. Sed humilitas
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2368 alios honorat, et superiores aestimat, inquantum in eis aliquid
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2369 inspicit de donis Dei. Unde in Psalmo dicitur de viro iusto, <i>ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2370 nihilum deductus est in conspectu eius malignus</i>, quod pertinet
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2371 ad contemptum magnanimi; <i>timentes autem dominum glorificat</i>,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2372 quod pertinet ad honorationem humilis. Et sic patet quod
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2373 magnanimitas et humilitas non sunt contraria, quamvis in contraria
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diff changeset
2374 tendere videantur, quia procedunt secundum diversas
53
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2375 considerationes.</p><p title="II-II q. 129 a. 3 ad 5"><a name="44296"><span class="ref">[44296] IIª-IIae, q. 129 a. 3 ad 5</span></a> Ad quintum
28
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diff changeset
2376 dicendum quod proprietates illae, secundum quod ad magnanimum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2377 pertinent, non sunt vituperabiles, sed superexcedenter laudabiles.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2378 Quod enim primo dicitur, quod magnanimus non habet in memoria a
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diff changeset
2379 quibus beneficia recipit, intelligendum est quantum ad hoc quod non
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2380 est sibi delectabile quod ab aliquibus beneficia recipiat, quin
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2381 sibi maiora recompenset. Quod pertinet ad perfectionem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2382 gratitudinis, in cuius actu vult superexcellere, sicut et in
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2383 actibus aliarum virtutum. Similiter etiam secundo dicitur quod est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2384 otiosus et tardus, non quia deficiat ab operando ea quae sibi
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2385 conveniunt, sed quia non ingerit se quibuscumque operibus sibi
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2386 convenientibus, sed solum magnis, qualia decent eum. Dicitur etiam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2387 tertio quod utitur ironia, non secundum quod opponitur veritati, ut
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2388 scilicet dicat de se aliqua vilia quae non sunt vel neget aliqua
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2389 magna quae sunt, sed quia non totam magnitudinem suam monstrat,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2390 maxime quantum ad inferiorum multitudinem; quia sicut philosophus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2391 ibidem dicit, ad magnanimum pertinet <i>magnum esse ad eos qui in
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2392 dignitate et bonis fortunis sunt, ad medios autem moderatum</i>.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2393 Quarto etiam dicitur quod ad alios non potest convivere, scilicet
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2394 familiariter, nisi ad amicos, quia omnino vitat adulationem et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2395 simulationem, quae pertinent ad animi parvitatem. Convivit tamen
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2396 omnibus, et magnis et parvis, secundum quod oportet, ut dictum est.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2397 Quinto etiam dicitur quod vult habere magis infructuosa, non
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diff changeset
2398 quaecumque, sed bona, idest honesta. Nam in omnibus praeponit
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2399 honesta utilibus, tanquam maiora, utilia enim quaeruntur ad
53
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diff changeset
2400 subveniendum alicui defectui, qui magnanimitati repugnat.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 4</h3><p title="II-II q. 129 a. 4 arg. 1"><a name="44297"><span class="ref">[44297] IIª-IIae, q. 129 a. 4 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2401 quartum sic proceditur. Videtur quod magnanimitas non sit specialis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2402 virtus. Nulla enim specialis virtus operatur in omnibus virtutibus.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2403 Sed philosophus dicit, in IV Ethic., quod ad magnanimum pertinet
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diff changeset
2404 quod est in unaquaque virtute magnum. Ergo magnanimitas non est
53
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diff changeset
2405 specialis virtus.</p><p title="II-II q. 129 a. 4 arg. 2"><a name="44298"><span class="ref">[44298] IIª-IIae, q. 129 a. 4 arg. 2</span></a>
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2406 Praeterea, nulli speciali virtuti attribuuntur actus virtutum
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diff changeset
2407 diversarum. Sed magnanimo attribuuntur diversarum virtutum actus,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2408 dicitur enim in IV Ethic., quod ad magnanimum pertinet non fugere
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2409 commonentem, quod est actus prudentiae; neque facere iniusta, quod
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2410 est actus iustitiae; et quod est promptus ad benefaciendum, quod
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2411 est actus caritatis; et quod ministrat prompte, quod est actus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2412 liberalitatis; et quod est veridicus, quod est actus veritatis; et
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diff changeset
2413 quod non est planctivus, quod est actus patientiae. Ergo
53
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diff changeset
2414 magnanimitas non est virtus specialis.</p><p title="II-II q. 129 a. 4 arg. 3"><a name="44299"><span class="ref">[44299] IIª-IIae, q. 129 a. 4 arg. 3</span></a>
28
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diff changeset
2415 Praeterea, quaelibet virtus est quidam spiritualis ornatus animae,
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diff changeset
2416 secundum illud Isaiae LXI, <i>induit me dominus vestimentis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2417 salutis</i>; et postea subdit, <i>quasi sponsam ornatam monilibus
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diff changeset
2418 suis</i>. Sed magnanimitas est ornatus omnium virtutum, ut dicitur
53
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diff changeset
2419 in IV Ethic. Ergo magnanimitas est generalis virtus.</p><p title="II-II q. 129 a. 4 s. c."><a name="44300"><span class="ref">[44300] IIª-IIae, q. 129 a. 4 s. c.</span></a> Sed
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2420 contra est quod philosophus, in II Ethic., distinguit eam contra
53
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diff changeset
2421 alias virtutes.</p><p title="II-II q. 129 a. 4 co."><a name="44301"><span class="ref">[44301] IIª-IIae, q. 129 a. 4 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2422 dicendum quod, sicut supra dictum est, ad specialem virtutem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2423 pertinet quod modum rationis in aliqua determinata materia ponat.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2424 Magnanimitas autem ponit modum rationis circa determinatam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2425 materiam, scilicet circa honores, ut supra dictum est. Honor autem,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2426 secundum se consideratus, est quoddam bonum speciale. Et secundum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2427 hoc magnanimitas, secundum se considerata, est quaedam specialis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2428 virtus. Sed quia honor est cuiuslibet virtutis praemium, ut ex
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2429 supra dictis patet; ideo ex consequenti, ratione suae materiae,
53
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diff changeset
2430 respicit omnes virtutes.</p><p title="II-II q. 129 a. 4 ad 1"><a name="44302"><span class="ref">[44302] IIª-IIae, q. 129 a. 4 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
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diff changeset
2431 ergo dicendum quod magnanimitas non est circa honorem quemcumque,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2432 sed circa magnum honorem. Sicut autem honor debetur virtuti, ita
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2433 etiam magnus honor debetur magno operi virtutis. Et inde est quod
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2434 magnanimus intendit magna operari in qualibet virtute, inquantum
53
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diff changeset
2435 scilicet tendit ad ea quae sunt digna magno honore.</p><p title="II-II q. 129 a. 4 ad 2"><a name="44303"><span class="ref">[44303] IIª-IIae, q. 129 a. 4 ad 2</span></a> Ad
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2436 secundum dicendum quod quia magnanimus tendit ad magna, consequens
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2437 est quod ad illa praecipue tendat quae important aliquam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2438 excellentiam, et illa fugiat quae pertinent ad defectum. Pertinet
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2439 autem ad quandam excellentiam quod aliquis bene faciat, et quod sit
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2440 communicativus, et plurium retributivus. Et ideo ad ista promptum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2441 se exhibet, inquantum habent rationem cuiusdam excellentiae, non
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2442 autem secundum eam rationem qua sunt actus aliarum virtutum. Ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2443 defectum autem pertinet quod aliquis intantum magnipendat aliqua
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2444 exteriora bona vel mala quod pro eis a iustitia vel quacumque
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2445 virtute declinet. Similiter etiam ad defectum pertinet omnis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2446 occultatio veritatis, quia videtur ex timore procedere. Quod etiam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2447 aliquis sit planctivus, ad defectum pertinet, quia per hoc videtur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2448 animus exterioribus malis succumbere. Et ideo haec et similia vitat
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2449 magnanimus secundum quandam specialem rationem, scilicet tanquam
53
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diff changeset
2450 contraria excellentiae vel magnitudini.</p><p title="II-II q. 129 a. 4 ad 3"><a name="44304"><span class="ref">[44304] IIª-IIae, q. 129 a. 4 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2451 dicendum quod quaelibet virtus habet quendam decorem sive ornatum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2452 ex sua specie, qui est proprius unicuique virtuti. Sed superadditur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2453 alius ornatus ex ipsa magnitudine operis virtuosi per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
2454 magnanimitatem, quae omnes virtutes maiores facit, ut dicitur in IV
53
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diff changeset
2455 Ethic.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 5</h3><p title="II-II q. 129 a. 5 arg. 1"><a name="44305"><span class="ref">[44305] IIª-IIae, q. 129 a. 5 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2456 quintum sic proceditur. Videtur quod magnanimitas non sit pars
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2457 fortitudinis. Idem enim non est pars sui ipsius. Sed magnanimitas
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2458 videtur idem esse fortitudini. Dicit enim Seneca, in libro de
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2459 quatuor Virtut., <i>magnanimitas, quae et fortitudo dicitur, si
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2460 insit animo tuo, cum magna fiducia vives</i>. Et Tullius dicit, in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2461 I de Offic., <i>viros fortes magnanimos esse eosdem volumus,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2462 veritatis amicos, minimeque fallaces</i>. Ergo magnanimitas non est
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2463 pars fortitudinis.</p><p title="II-II q. 129 a. 5 arg. 2"><a name="44306"><span class="ref">[44306] IIª-IIae, q. 129 a. 5 arg. 2</span></a>
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2464 Praeterea, philosophus dicit, in IV Ethic., quod magnanimus non est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2465 philokindynus, idest amator periculi. Ad fortem autem pertinet
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2466 exponere se periculis. Ergo magnanimitas non convenit cum
53
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diff changeset
2467 fortitudine, ut possit dici pars eius.</p><p title="II-II q. 129 a. 5 arg. 3"><a name="44307"><span class="ref">[44307] IIª-IIae, q. 129 a. 5 arg. 3</span></a>
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2468 Praeterea, magnanimitas respicit magnum in bonis sperandis,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2469 fortitudo autem respicit magnum in malis timendis vel audendis. Sed
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2470 bonum est principalius quam malum. Ergo magnanimitas est
53
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diff changeset
2471 principalior virtus quam fortitudo. Non ergo est pars eius.</p><p title="II-II q. 129 a. 5 s. c."><a name="44308"><span class="ref">[44308] IIª-IIae, q. 129 a. 5 s. c.</span></a> Sed
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2472 contra est quod Macrobius et Andronicus ponunt magnanimitatem
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2473 fortitudinis partem.</p><p title="II-II q. 129 a. 5 co."><a name="44309"><span class="ref">[44309] IIª-IIae, q. 129 a. 5 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2474 dicendum quod, sicut supra dictum est, principalis virtus est ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2475 quam pertinet aliquem generalem modum virtutis constituere in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2476 aliqua materia principali. Inter alios autem generales modos
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2477 virtutis unus est firmitas animi, quia firmiter se habere
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2478 requiritur in omni virtute, ut dicitur in II Ethic. Praecipue tamen
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2479 hoc laudatur in virtutibus quae in aliquod arduum tendunt, in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2480 quibus difficillimum est firmitatem servare. Et ideo quanto
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2481 difficilius est in aliquo arduo firmiter se habere, tanto
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2482 principalior est virtus quae circa illud firmitatem praestat animo.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2483 Difficilius autem est firmiter se habere in periculis mortis, in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2484 quibus confirmat animum fortitudo, quam in maximis bonis sperandis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2485 vel adipiscendis, ad quae confirmat animum magnanimitas, quia sicut
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2486 homo maxime diligit vitam suam, ita maxime refugit mortis pericula.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2487 Sic ergo patet quod magnanimitas convenit cum fortitudine inquantum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2488 confirmat animum circa aliquid arduum, deficit autem ab ea in hoc
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2489 quod firmat animum in eo circa quod facilius est firmitatem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2490 servare. Unde magnanimitas ponitur pars fortitudinis, quia
53
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diff changeset
2491 adiungitur ei sicut secundaria principali.</p><p title="II-II q. 129 a. 5 ad 1"><a name="44310"><span class="ref">[44310] IIª-IIae, q. 129 a. 5 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2492 ergo dicendum quod, sicut philosophus dicit, in V Ethic., <i>carere
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2493 malo accipitur in ratione boni</i>. Unde et non superari ab aliquo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2494 gravi malo, puta a periculis mortis, accipitur quodammodo pro eo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2495 quod est attingere ad magnum bonum, quorum primum pertinet ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2496 fortitudinem, secundum ad magnanimitatem. Et secundum hoc fortitudo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2497 et magnanimitas pro eodem accipi possunt. Quia tamen alia ratio
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2498 difficultatis est in utroque praedictorum, ideo, proprie loquendo,
53
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diff changeset
2499 magnanimitas ab Aristotele ponitur alia virtus a fortitudine.</p><p title="II-II q. 129 a. 5 ad 2"><a name="44311"><span class="ref">[44311] IIª-IIae, q. 129 a. 5 ad 2</span></a> Ad
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2500 secundum dicendum quod amator periculi dicitur qui indifferenter se
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2501 periculis exponit. Quod videtur pertinere ad eum qui indifferenter
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2502 multa quasi magna existimat, quod est contra rationem magnanimi,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2503 nullus enim videtur pro aliquo se periculis exponere nisi illud
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2504 magnum existimet. Sed pro his quae vere sunt magna, magnanimus
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2505 promptissime periculis se exponit, quia operatur magnum in actu
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2506 fortitudinis, sicut et in actibus aliarum virtutum. Unde et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2507 philosophus ibidem dicit quod magnanimus non est microkindynus,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2508 idest pro parvis periclitans, sed megalokindynus, idest pro magnis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2509 periclitans. Et Seneca dicit, in libro de quatuor Virtut., <i>eris
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2510 magnanimus, si pericula nec appetas ut temerarius, nec formides ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2511 timidus, nam nihil timidum facit animum nisi reprehensibilis vitae
53
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diff changeset
2512 conscientia</i>.</p><p title="II-II q. 129 a. 5 ad 3"><a name="44312"><span class="ref">[44312] IIª-IIae, q. 129 a. 5 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2513 dicendum quod malum, inquantum huiusmodi, fugiendum est, quod autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2514 sit contra ipsum persistendum, est per accidens, inquantum scilicet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2515 oportet sustinere mala ad conservationem bonorum. Sed bonum de se
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2516 est appetendum, et quod ab eo refugiatur, non est nisi per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2517 accidens, inquantum scilicet existimatur excedere facultatem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2518 desiderantis. Semper autem quod est per se potius est quam id quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2519 est per accidens. Et ideo magis repugnat firmitati animi arduum in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2520 malis quam arduum in bonis. Et ideo principalior est virtus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2521 fortitudinis quam magnanimitatis, licet enim bonum sit simpliciter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2522 principalius quam malum, malum tamen est principalius quantum ad
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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diff changeset
2523 hoc.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 6</h3><p title="II-II q. 129 a. 6 arg. 1"><a name="44313"><span class="ref">[44313] IIª-IIae, q. 129 a. 6 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2524 sextum sic proceditur. Videtur quod fiducia non pertineat ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2525 magnanimitatem. Potest enim aliquis habere fiduciam non solum de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2526 seipso, sed etiam de alio, secundum illud II ad Cor. III,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2527 <i>fiduciam autem habemus per Iesum Christum ad Deum, non quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2528 sumus sufficientes cogitare aliquid a nobis, quasi ex nobis</i>.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2529 Sed hoc videtur esse contra rationem magnanimitatis. Ergo fiducia
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2530 ad magnanimitatem non pertinet.</p><p title="II-II q. 129 a. 6 arg. 2"><a name="44314"><span class="ref">[44314] IIª-IIae, q. 129 a. 6 arg. 2</span></a>
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2531 Praeterea, fiducia videtur timori esse opposita, secundum illud
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2532 Isaiae XII, <i>fiducialiter agam, et non timebo</i>. Sed carere
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2533 timore magis pertinet ad fortitudinem. Ergo et fiducia magis ad
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2534 fortitudinem pertinet quam ad magnanimitatem.</p><p title="II-II q. 129 a. 6 arg. 3"><a name="44315"><span class="ref">[44315] IIª-IIae, q. 129 a. 6 arg. 3</span></a>
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2535 Praeterea, praemium non debetur nisi virtuti. Sed fiduciae debetur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2536 praemium, dicitur enim Heb. III, quod <i>nos sumus domus Christi,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2537 si fiduciam et gloriam spei usque in finem firmam retineamus</i>.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2538 Ergo fiducia est quaedam virtus distincta a magnanimitate. Quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2539 etiam videtur per hoc quod Macrobius eam magnanimitati
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2540 condividit.</p><p title="II-II q. 129 a. 6 s. c."><a name="44316"><span class="ref">[44316] IIª-IIae, q. 129 a. 6 s. c.</span></a> Sed
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2541 contra est quod Tullius, in sua rhetorica, videtur ponere fiduciam
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2542 loco magnanimitatis, ut supra dictum est.</p><p title="II-II q. 129 a. 6 co."><a name="44317"><span class="ref">[44317] IIª-IIae, q. 129 a. 6 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2543 dicendum quod nomen fiduciae ex fide assumptum esse videtur. Ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2544 fidem autem pertinet aliquid et alicui credere. Pertinet autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2545 fiducia ad spem, secundum illud Iob XI, <i>habebis fiduciam,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2546 proposita tibi spe</i>. Et ideo nomen fiduciae hoc principaliter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2547 significare videtur, quod aliquis spem concipiat ex hoc quod credit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2548 verbis alicuius auxilium promittentis. Sed quia fides dicitur etiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2549 opinio vehemens; contingit autem aliquid vehementer opinari non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2550 solum ex eo quod est ab alio dictum, sed etiam ex eo quod in alio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2551 consideratur, inde est quod fiducia etiam potest dici qua aliquis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2552 spem alicuius rei concipit ex aliquo considerato; quandoque quidem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2553 in seipso, puta cum aliquis, videns se sanum, confidit se diu
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2554 victurum; quandoque autem in alio, puta cum aliquis, considerans
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2555 alium amicum suum esse et potentem, fiduciam habet adiuvari ab eo.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2556 Dictum est autem supra quod magnanimitas proprie est circa spem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2557 alicuius ardui. Et ideo, quia fiducia importat quoddam robur spei
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2558 proveniens ex aliqua consideratione quae facit vehementem opinionem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2559 de bono assequendo, inde est quod fiducia ad magnanimitatem
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2560 pertinet.</p><p title="II-II q. 129 a. 6 ad 1"><a name="44318"><span class="ref">[44318] IIª-IIae, q. 129 a. 6 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2561 ergo dicendum quod, sicut philosophus dicit, in IV Ethic., ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2562 magnanimum pertinet nullo indigere, quia hoc deficientis est, hoc
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2563 tamen debet intelligi secundum modum humanum; unde addit, vel vix.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2564 Hoc enim est supra hominem, ut omnino nullo indigeat. Indiget enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2565 omnis homo, primo quidem, divino auxilio, secundario autem etiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2566 auxilio humano, quia homo est naturaliter animal sociale, eo quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2567 sibi non sufficit ad vitam. Inquantum ergo indiget aliis, sic ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2568 magnanimum pertinet ut habeat fiduciam de aliis, quia hoc etiam ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2569 excellentiam hominis pertinet, quod habeat alios in promptu qui eum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2570 possint iuvare. Inquantum autem ipse aliquid potest, intantum ad
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2571 magnanimitatem pertinet fiducia quam habet de seipso.</p><p title="II-II q. 129 a. 6 ad 2"><a name="44319"><span class="ref">[44319] IIª-IIae, q. 129 a. 6 ad 2</span></a> Ad
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2572 secundum dicendum quod, sicut supra dictum est, cum de passionibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2573 ageretur, spes quidem directe opponitur desperationi, quae est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2574 circa idem obiectum, scilicet circa bonum, sed secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2575 contrarietatem obiectorum opponitur timori, cuius obiectum est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2576 malum. Fiducia autem quoddam robur spei importat. Et ideo opponitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2577 timori, sicut et spes. Sed quia fortitudo proprie firmat hominem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2578 contra mala, magnanimitas autem circa prosecutionem bonorum; inde
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2579 est quod fiducia magis proprie pertinet ad magnanimitatem quam ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2580 fortitudinem. Sed quia spes causat audaciam, quae pertinet ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2581 fortitudinem, inde est quod fiducia ad fortitudinem ex consequenti
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2582 pertinet.</p><p title="II-II q. 129 a. 6 ad 3"><a name="44320"><span class="ref">[44320] IIª-IIae, q. 129 a. 6 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2583 dicendum quod fiducia, sicut dictum est, importat quendam modum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2584 spei, est enim fiducia spes roborata ex aliqua firma opinione.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2585 Modus autem adhibitus alicui affectioni potest pertinere ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2586 commendationem ipsius actus, ut ex hoc sit meritorius, non tamen ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2587 hoc determinatur ad speciem virtutis, sed ex materia. Et ideo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2588 fiducia non potest, proprie loquendo, nominare aliquam virtutem,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2589 sed potest nominare conditionem virtutis. Et propter hoc numeratur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2590 inter partes fortitudinis, non quasi virtus adiuncta (nisi secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2591 quod accipitur pro magnanimitate a Tullio), sed sicut pars
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2592 integralis, ut dictum est.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 7</h3><p title="II-II q. 129 a. 7 arg. 1"><a name="44321"><span class="ref">[44321] IIª-IIae, q. 129 a. 7 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2593 septimum sic proceditur. Videtur quod securitas ad magnanimitatem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2594 non pertineat. Securitas enim, ut supra habitum est, importat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2595 quietem quandam a perturbatione timoris. Sed hoc maxime facit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2596 fortitudo. Ergo securitas videtur idem esse quod fortitudo. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2597 fortitudo non pertinet ad magnanimitatem, sed potius e converso.
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2598 Ergo neque securitas ad magnanimitatem pertinet.</p><p title="II-II q. 129 a. 7 arg. 2"><a name="44322"><span class="ref">[44322] IIª-IIae, q. 129 a. 7 arg. 2</span></a>
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2599 Praeterea, Isidorus dicit, in libro Etymol., quod <i>securus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2600 dicitur quasi sine cura</i>. Sed hoc videtur esse contra virtutem,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2601 quae curam habet de rebus honestis, secundum illud apostoli, II ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2602 Tim. II, <i>sollicite cura teipsum probabilem exhibere Deo</i>.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2603 Ergo securitas non pertinet ad magnanimitatem, quae operatur magnum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2604 in omnibus virtutibus.</p><p title="II-II q. 129 a. 7 arg. 3"><a name="44323"><span class="ref">[44323] IIª-IIae, q. 129 a. 7 arg. 3</span></a>
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2605 Praeterea, non est idem virtus et virtutis praemium. Sed securitas
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2606 ponitur praemium virtutis, ut patet Iob XI, <i>si iniquitatem quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2607 est in manu tua abstuleris, defossus securus dormies</i>. Ergo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2608 securitas non pertinet ad magnanimitatem, neque ad aliam virtutem,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2609 sicut pars eius.</p><p title="II-II q. 129 a. 7 s. c."><a name="44324"><span class="ref">[44324] IIª-IIae, q. 129 a. 7 s. c.</span></a> Sed
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2610 contra est quod Tullius dicit, in I de Offic., quod <i>ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2611 magnanimum pertinet neque perturbationi animi, neque homini, neque
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2612 fortunae succumbere</i>. Sed in hoc consistit hominis securitas.
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2613 Ergo securitas ad magnanimitatem pertinet.</p><p title="II-II q. 129 a. 7 co."><a name="44325"><span class="ref">[44325] IIª-IIae, q. 129 a. 7 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2614 dicendum quod, sicut philosophus dicit, in II suae rhetoricae,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2615 timor facit homines consiliativos, inquantum scilicet curam habent
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2616 qualiter possint ea evadere quae timent. Securitas autem dicitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2617 per remotionem huius curae quam timor ingerit. Et ideo securitas
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2618 importat quandam perfectam quietem animi a timore, sicut fiducia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2619 importat quoddam robur spei. Sicut autem spes directe pertinet ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2620 magnanimitatem, ita timor directe pertinet ad fortitudinem. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2621 ideo, sicut fiducia immediate pertinet ad magnanimitatem, ita
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2622 securitas immediate pertinet ad fortitudinem. Considerandum tamen
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2623 est quod, sicut spes est causa audaciae, ita timor est causa
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2624 desperationis, ut supra habitum est, cum de passionibus ageretur.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2625 Et ideo, sicut fiducia ex consequenti pertinet ad fortitudinem,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2626 inquantum utitur audacia; ita et securitas ex consequenti pertinet
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2627 ad magnanimitatem, inquantum repellit desperationem.</p><p title="II-II q. 129 a. 7 ad 1"><a name="44326"><span class="ref">[44326] IIª-IIae, q. 129 a. 7 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2628 ergo dicendum quod fortitudo non praecipue laudatur ex hoc quod non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2629 timeat, quod pertinet ad securitatem, sed inquantum importat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2630 firmitatem quandam in passionibus. Unde securitas non est idem quod
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2631 fortitudo, sed est quaedam conditio eius.</p><p title="II-II q. 129 a. 7 ad 2"><a name="44327"><span class="ref">[44327] IIª-IIae, q. 129 a. 7 ad 2</span></a> Ad
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2632 secundum dicendum quod non quaelibet securitas est laudabilis, sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2633 quando deponit aliquis curam prout debet, et in quibus timere non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2634 oportet. Et hoc modo est conditio fortitudinis et
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2635 magnanimitatis.</p><p title="II-II q. 129 a. 7 ad 3"><a name="44328"><span class="ref">[44328] IIª-IIae, q. 129 a. 7 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2636 dicendum quod in virtutibus est quaedam similitudo et participatio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2637 futurae beatitudinis, ut supra habitum est. Et ideo nihil prohibet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2638 securitatem quandam esse conditionem alicuius virtutis, quamvis
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2639 perfecta securitas ad praemium virtutis pertineat.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 8</h3><p title="II-II q. 129 a. 8 arg. 1"><a name="44329"><span class="ref">[44329] IIª-IIae, q. 129 a. 8 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2640 octavum sic proceditur. Videtur quod bona fortunae non conferant ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2641 magnanimitatem. Quia ut Seneca dicit, in libro de ira, virtus sibi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2642 sufficiens est. Sed magnanimitas facit omnes virtutes magnas, ut
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2643 dictum est. Ergo bona fortunae non conferunt ad magnanimitatem.</p><p title="II-II q. 129 a. 8 arg. 2"><a name="44330"><span class="ref">[44330] IIª-IIae, q. 129 a. 8 arg. 2</span></a>
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2644 Praeterea, nullus virtuosus contemnit ea quibus iuvatur. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2645 magnanimus contemnit ea quae pertinent ad exteriorem fortunam,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2646 dicit enim Tullius, in I de Offic., quod <i>magnus animus in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2647 externarum rerum despicientia commendatur</i>. Ergo magnanimitas
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2648 non adiuvatur a bonis fortunae.</p><p title="II-II q. 129 a. 8 arg. 3"><a name="44331"><span class="ref">[44331] IIª-IIae, q. 129 a. 8 arg. 3</span></a>
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2649 Praeterea, ibidem Tullius subdit quod ad magnum animum pertinet ea
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2650 quae videntur acerba ita ferre <i>ut nihil a statu naturae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2651 discedat, nihil a dignitate sapientis</i>. Et Aristoteles dicit, in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2652 IV Ethic., quod <i>magnanimus in infortuniis non est tristis</i>.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2653 Sed acerba et infortunia opponuntur bonis fortunae, quilibet autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2654 tristatur de subtractione eorum quibus iuvatur. Ergo exteriora bona
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2655 fortunae non conferunt ad magnanimitatem.</p><p title="II-II q. 129 a. 8 s. c."><a name="44332"><span class="ref">[44332] IIª-IIae, q. 129 a. 8 s. c.</span></a> Sed
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2656 contra est quod philosophus dicit, in IV Ethic., quod <i>bonae
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2657 fortunae videntur conferre ad magnanimitatem</i>.</p><p title="II-II q. 129 a. 8 co."><a name="44333"><span class="ref">[44333] IIª-IIae, q. 129 a. 8 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2658 dicendum quod, sicut ex supra dictis patet, magnanimitas ad duo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2659 respicit, ad honorem quidem sicut ad materiam; sed ad aliquid
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2660 magnum operandum sicut ad finem. Ad utrumque autem istorum bona
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2661 fortunae cooperantur. Quia enim honor virtuosis non solum a
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2662 sapientibus, sed etiam a multitudine exhibetur, quae maxima reputat
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2663 huiusmodi exteriora bona fortunae; fit ex consequenti ut ab eis
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2664 maior honor exhibeatur his quibus adsunt exteriora bona fortunae.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2665 Similiter etiam ad actus virtutum organice bona fortunae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2666 deserviunt, quia per divitias et potentiam et amicos datur nobis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2667 facultas operandi. Et ideo manifestum est quod bona fortunae
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2668 conferunt ad magnanimitatem.</p><p title="II-II q. 129 a. 8 ad 1"><a name="44334"><span class="ref">[44334] IIª-IIae, q. 129 a. 8 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2669 ergo dicendum quod virtus sibi sufficiens esse dicitur, quia sine
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2670 his etiam exterioribus bonis esse potest. Indiget tamen his
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2671 exterioribus bonis ad hoc quod expeditius operetur.</p><p title="II-II q. 129 a. 8 ad 2"><a name="44335"><span class="ref">[44335] IIª-IIae, q. 129 a. 8 ad 2</span></a> Ad
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2672 secundum dicendum quod magnanimus exteriora bona contemnit,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2673 inquantum non reputat ea magna bona, pro quibus debeat aliquid
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2674 indecens facere. Non tamen quantum ad hoc contemnit ea, quin
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2675 reputet ea utilia ad opus virtutis exequendum.</p><p title="II-II q. 129 a. 8 ad 3"><a name="44336"><span class="ref">[44336] IIª-IIae, q. 129 a. 8 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2676 dicendum quod quicumque non reputat aliquid magnum, neque multum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2677 gaudet si illud obtineat, neque multum tristatur si illud amittat.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2678 Et ideo, quia magnanimus non aestimat exteriora bona fortunae quasi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2679 aliqua magna, inde est quod nec de eis multum extollitur si adsint,
59
03759e5c1080 fix multi-para s.c.
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parents: 53
diff changeset
2680 neque in eorum amissione multum deiicitur.</p></div></div><div id="q130" class="q"><h2>Quaestio 130</h2><div class="p"><h3>Prooemium</h3><p title="II-II q. 130 pr."><a name="44337"><span class="ref">[44337] IIª-IIae, q. 130 pr.</span></a> Deinde
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2681 considerandum est de vitiis oppositis magnanimitati. Et primo, de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2682 illis quae opponuntur sibi per excessum, quae sunt tria, scilicet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2683 praesumptio, ambitio, inanis gloria. Secundo, de pusillanimitate,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2684 quae opponitur ei per modum defectus. Circa primum quaeruntur duo.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2685 Primo, utrum praesumptio sit peccatum. Secundo, utrum opponatur
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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diff changeset
2686 magnanimitati per excessum.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 1</h3><p title="II-II q. 130 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="44338"><span class="ref">[44338] IIª-IIae, q. 130 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2687 primum sic proceditur. Videtur quod praesumptio non sit peccatum.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2688 Dicit enim apostolus, ad Philipp. III, <i>quae retro sunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2689 obliviscens, ad anteriora me extendo</i>. Sed hoc videtur ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2690 praesumptionem pertinere quod aliquis tendat in ea quae sunt supra
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2691 seipsum. Ergo praesumptio non est peccatum.</p><p title="II-II q. 130 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="44339"><span class="ref">[44339] IIª-IIae, q. 130 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a>
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2692 Praeterea, philosophus dicit, in X Ethic., quod <i>oportet non
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2693 secundum suadentes humana sapere hominem entem, neque mortalia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2694 mortalem, sed inquantum contingit immortale facere</i>. Et in I
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2695 Metaphys. dicit quod homo debet se trahere ad divina inquantum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2696 potest. Sed divina et immortalia maxime videntur esse supra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2697 hominem. Cum ergo de ratione praesumptionis sit quod aliquis tendat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2698 in ea quae sunt supra seipsum, videtur quod praesumptio non sit
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2699 peccatum sed magis sit aliquid laudabile.</p><p title="II-II q. 130 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="44340"><span class="ref">[44340] IIª-IIae, q. 130 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a>
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2700 Praeterea, apostolus dicit, II ad Cor. III, <i>non sumus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2701 sufficientes cogitare aliquid a nobis, quasi ex nobis</i>. Si ergo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2702 praesumptio, secundum quam aliquis nititur in ea ad quae non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2703 sufficit, sit peccatum, videtur quod homo nec cogitare aliquod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2704 bonum licite possit. Quod est inconveniens. Non ergo praesumptio
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2705 est peccatum.</p><p title="II-II q. 130 a. 1 s. c."><a name="44341"><span class="ref">[44341] IIª-IIae, q. 130 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2706 contra est quod dicitur Eccli. XXXVII, <i>o praesumptio nequissima,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2707 unde creata es?</i> Ubi respondet Glossa, de mala scilicet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2708 voluntate creaturae. Sed omne quod procedit ex radice malae
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2709 voluntatis est peccatum. Ergo praesumptio est peccatum.</p><p title="II-II q. 130 a. 1 co."><a name="44342"><span class="ref">[44342] IIª-IIae, q. 130 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2710 dicendum quod, cum ea quae sunt secundum naturam sint ordinata
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2711 ratione divina, quam humana ratio debet imitari, quidquid secundum
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2712 rationem humanam fit quod est contra ordinem communiter in
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2713 naturalibus rebus inventum, est vitiosum et peccatum. Hoc autem
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2714 communiter in omnibus rebus naturalibus invenitur, quod quaelibet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2715 actio commensuratur virtuti agentis, nec aliquod agens naturale
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2716 nititur ad agendum id quod excedit suam facultatem. Et ideo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2717 vitiosum est et peccatum, quasi contra ordinem naturalem existens,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2718 quod aliquis assumat ad agendum ea quae praeferuntur suae virtuti.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2719 Quod pertinet ad rationem praesumptionis, sicut et ipsum nomen
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2720 manifestat. Unde manifestum est quod praesumptio est peccatum.</p><p title="II-II q. 130 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="44343"><span class="ref">[44343] IIª-IIae, q. 130 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2721 ergo dicendum quod nihil prohibet aliquid esse supra potentiam
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2722 activam alicuius rei naturalis quod non est supra potentiam
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2723 passivam eiusdem, inest enim aeri potentia passiva per quam potest
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2724 transmutari in hoc quod habeat actionem et motum ignis, quae
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2725 excedunt potentiam activam aeris. Sic etiam vitiosum esset et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2726 praesumptuosum quod aliquis in statu imperfectae virtutis existens
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2727 attentaret statim assequi ea quae sunt perfectae virtutis, sed si
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2728 quis ad hoc tendat ut proficiat in virtutem perfectam, hoc non est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2729 praesumptuosum nec vitiosum. Et hoc modo apostolus in anteriora se
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2730 extendebat, scilicet per continuum profectum.</p><p title="II-II q. 130 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="44344"><span class="ref">[44344] IIª-IIae, q. 130 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2731 secundum dicendum quod divina et immortalia secundum ordinem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2732 naturae sunt supra hominem, homini tamen inest quaedam naturalis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2733 potentia, scilicet intellectus, per quam potest coniungi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2734 immortalibus et divinis. Et secundum hoc philosophus dicit quod
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2735 oportet hominem se attrahere ad immortalia et divina, non quidem ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2736 ea operetur quae decet Deum facere, sed ut ei uniatur per
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2737 intellectum et voluntatem.</p><p title="II-II q. 130 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="44345"><span class="ref">[44345] IIª-IIae, q. 130 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2738 dicendum quod, sicut philosophus dicit, in III Ethic., <i>quae per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2739 alios possumus, aliqualiter per nos possumus</i>. Et ideo, quia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2740 cogitare et facere bonum possumus cum auxilio divino, non totaliter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2741 hoc excedit facultatem nostram. Et ideo non est praesumptuosum si
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2742 aliquis ad aliquod opus virtuosum faciendum intendat. Esset autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2743 praesumptuosum si ad hoc aliquis tenderet absque fiducia divini
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2744 auxilii.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 2</h3><p title="II-II q. 130 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="44346"><span class="ref">[44346] IIª-IIae, q. 130 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2745 secundum sic proceditur. Videtur quod praesumptio non opponatur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2746 magnanimitati per excessum. Praesumptio enim ponitur species
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2747 peccati in spiritum sanctum, ut supra habitum est. Sed peccatum in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2748 spiritum sanctum non opponitur magnanimitati, sed magis caritati.
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2749 Ergo etiam neque praesumptio opponitur magnanimitati.</p><p title="II-II q. 130 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="44347"><span class="ref">[44347] IIª-IIae, q. 130 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a>
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2750 Praeterea, ad magnanimitatem pertinet quod aliquis se magnis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2751 dignificet. Sed aliquis dicitur praesumptuosus etiam si se parvis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2752 dignificet, dummodo hoc excedat propriam facultatem. Non ergo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2753 directe praesumptio magnanimitati opponitur.</p><p title="II-II q. 130 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="44348"><span class="ref">[44348] IIª-IIae, q. 130 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a>
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2754 Praeterea, magnanimus exteriora bona reputat quasi parva. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2755 secundum philosophum, in IV Ethic., praesumptuosi propter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2756 exteriorem fortunam fiunt despectores et iniuriatores aliorum,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2757 quasi magnum aliquid aestimantes exteriora bona. Ergo praesumptio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2758 non opponitur magnanimitati per excessum, sed solum per
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2759 defectum.</p><p title="II-II q. 130 a. 2 s. c."><a name="44349"><span class="ref">[44349] IIª-IIae, q. 130 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2760 contra est quod philosophus, in II et IV Ethic., dicit quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2761 magnanimo per excessum opponitur chaunus, idest furiosus vel
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2762 ventosus, quem nos dicimus praesumptuosum.</p><p title="II-II q. 130 a. 2 co."><a name="44350"><span class="ref">[44350] IIª-IIae, q. 130 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2763 dicendum quod, sicut supra dictum est, magnanimitas consistit in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2764 medio, non quidem secundum quantitatem eius in quod tendit, quia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2765 tendit in maximum, sed constituitur in medio secundum proportionem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2766 ad propriam facultatem; non enim in maiora tendit quam sibi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2767 conveniant. Praesumptuosus autem, quantum ad id in quod tendit, non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2768 excedit magnanimum, sed multum quandoque ab eo deficit. Excedit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2769 autem secundum proportionem suae facultatis, quam magnanimus non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2770 transcendit. Et hoc modo praesumptio opponitur magnanimitati per
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2771 excessum.</p><p title="II-II q. 130 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="44351"><span class="ref">[44351] IIª-IIae, q. 130 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2772 ergo dicendum quod non quaelibet praesumptio ponitur peccatum in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2773 spiritum sanctum, sed illa qua quis divinam iustitiam contemnit ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2774 inordinata confidentia divinae misericordiae. Et talis praesumptio,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2775 ratione materiae, inquantum scilicet per eam contemnitur aliquid
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2776 divinum, opponitur caritati, vel potius dono timoris, cuius est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2777 Deum revereri. Inquantum tamen talis contemptus excedit
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2778 proportionem propriae facultatis, potest opponi magnanimitati.</p><p title="II-II q. 130 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="44352"><span class="ref">[44352] IIª-IIae, q. 130 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Ad
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2779 secundum dicendum quod sicut magnanimitas, ita et praesumptio in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2780 aliquid magnum tendere videtur, non enim multum consuevit dici
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2781 aliquis praesumptuosus si in aliquo modico vires proprias
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2782 transcendat. Si tamen praesumptuosus talis dicatur, haec
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2783 praesumptio non opponitur magnanimitati, sed illi virtuti quae est
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2784 circa mediocres honores, ut dictum est.</p><p title="II-II q. 130 a. 2 ad 3"><a name="44353"><span class="ref">[44353] IIª-IIae, q. 130 a. 2 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2785 dicendum quod nullus attentat aliquid supra suam facultatem nisi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2786 inquantum facultatem suam aestimat maiorem quam sit. Circa quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2787 potest esse error dupliciter. Uno modo, secundum solam quantitatem,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2788 puta cum aliquis aestimat se habere maiorem virtutem vel scientiam,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2789 vel aliquid aliud huiusmodi, quam habeat. Alio modo, secundum genus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2790 rei, puta cum aliquis ex hoc aestimat se magnum et magnis dignum ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2791 quo non est, puta propter divitias vel propter aliqua bona
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2792 fortunae; ut enim philosophus dicit, in IV Ethic., <i>qui sine
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2793 virtute talia bona habent, neque iuste magnis seipsos dignificant,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2794 neque recte magnanimi dicuntur</i>. Similiter etiam illud ad quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2795 aliquis tendit supra vires suas, quandoque quidem secundum rei
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2796 veritatem est magnum simpliciter, sicut patet de Petro, qui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2797 tendebat ad hoc quod pro Christo pateretur, quod erat supra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2798 virtutem suam. Quandoque vero non est aliquid magnum simpliciter,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2799 sed solum secundum stultorum opinionem, sicut pretiosis vestibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2800 indui, despicere et iniuriari aliis. Quod quidem pertinet ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2801 excessum magnanimitatis non secundum rei veritatem, sed secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2802 opinionem. Unde Seneca dicit, in libro de quatuor Virtut., quod
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2803 <i>magnanimitas, si se extra modum suum extollat, faciet virum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2804 minacem, inflatum, turbidum, inquietum, et in quascumque
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2805 excellentias dictorum factorumque, neglecta honestate,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2806 festinum</i>. Et sic patet quod praesumptuosus secundum rei
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2807 veritatem quandoque deficit a magnanimo, sed secundum apparentiam
59
03759e5c1080 fix multi-para s.c.
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parents: 53
diff changeset
2808 in excessu se habet.</p></div></div><div id="q131" class="q"><h2>Quaestio 131</h2><div class="p"><h3>Prooemium</h3><p title="II-II q. 131 pr."><a name="44354"><span class="ref">[44354] IIª-IIae, q. 131 pr.</span></a> Deinde
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2809 considerandum est de ambitione. Et circa hoc quaeruntur duo primo,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2810 utrum ambitio sit peccatum. Secundo, utrum opponatur magnanimitati
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2811 per excessum.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 1</h3><p title="II-II q. 131 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="44355"><span class="ref">[44355] IIª-IIae, q. 131 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2812 primum sic proceditur. Videtur quod ambitio non sit peccatum.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2813 Importat enim ambitio cupiditatem honoris. Honor autem de se
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2814 quoddam bonum est, et maximum inter exteriora bona, unde et illi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2815 qui de honore non curant, vituperantur. Ergo ambitio non est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2816 peccatum, sed magis aliquid laudabile, secundum quod bonum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2817 laudabiliter appetitur.</p><p title="II-II q. 131 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="44356"><span class="ref">[44356] IIª-IIae, q. 131 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a>
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2818 Praeterea, quilibet absque vitio potest appetere id quod sibi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2819 debetur pro praemio. Sed honor est praemium virtutis, ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2820 philosophus dicit, in I et VIII Ethic. Ergo ambitio honoris non est
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2821 peccatum.</p><p title="II-II q. 131 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="44357"><span class="ref">[44357] IIª-IIae, q. 131 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a>
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2822 Praeterea, illud per quod homo provocatur ad bonum et revocatur a
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2823 malo, non est peccatum. Sed per honorem homines provocantur ad bona
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2824 facienda et mala vitanda, sicut philosophus dicit, in III Ethic.,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2825 quod <i>fortissimi videntur esse apud quos timidi sunt inhonorati,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2826 fortes autem honorati</i>; et Tullius dicit, in libro de Tusculan.
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2827 quaest., quod honor alit artes. Ergo ambitio non est peccatum.</p><p title="II-II q. 131 a. 1 s. c."><a name="44358"><span class="ref">[44358] IIª-IIae, q. 131 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2828 contra est quod dicitur I ad Cor. XIII, quod <i>caritas non est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2829 ambitiosa, non quaerit quae sua sunt</i>. Nihil aut repugnat
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2830 caritati nisi peccatum. Ergo ambitio est peccatum.</p><p title="II-II q. 131 a. 1 co."><a name="44359"><span class="ref">[44359] IIª-IIae, q. 131 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2831 dicendum quod, sicut supra dictum est, honor importat quandam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2832 reverentiam alicui exhibitam in testimonium excellentiae eius.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2833 Circa excellentiam autem hominis duo sunt attendenda. Primo quidem,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2834 quod id secundum quod homo excellit, non habet homo a seipso, sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2835 est quasi quiddam divinum in eo. Et ideo ex hoc non debetur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2836 principaliter sibi honor, sed Deo. Secundo considerandum est quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2837 id in quo homo excellit, datur homini a Deo ut ex eo aliis prosit.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2838 Unde intantum debet homini placere testimonium suae excellentiae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2839 quod ab aliis exhibetur, inquantum ex hoc paratur sibi via ad hoc
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2840 quod aliis prosit. Tripliciter ergo appetitum honoris contingit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2841 esse inordinatum. Uno modo, per hoc quod aliquis appetit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2842 testimonium de excellentia quam non habet, quod est appetere
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2843 honorem supra suam proportionem. Alio modo, per hoc quod honorem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2844 sibi cupit non referendo in Deum. Tertio modo, per hoc quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2845 appetitus eius in ipso honore quiescit, non referens honorem ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2846 utilitatem aliorum. Ambitio autem importat inordinatum appetitum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2847 honoris. Unde manifestum est quod ambitio semper est peccatum.</p><p title="II-II q. 131 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="44360"><span class="ref">[44360] IIª-IIae, q. 131 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2848 ergo dicendum quod appetitus boni debet regulari secundum rationem,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2849 cuius regulam si transcendat, erit vitiosus. Et hoc modo vitiosum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2850 est quod aliquis honorem appetat non secundum ordinem rationis.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2851 Vituperantur autem qui non curant de honore secundum quod ratio
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2852 dictat, ut scilicet vitent ea quae sunt contraria honori.</p><p title="II-II q. 131 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="44361"><span class="ref">[44361] IIª-IIae, q. 131 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2853 secundum dicendum quod honor non est praemium virtutis quoad ipsum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2854 virtuosum, ut scilicet hoc pro praemio expetere debeat, sed pro
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2855 praemio expetit beatitudinem, quae est finis virtutis. Dicitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2856 autem esse praemium virtutis ex parte aliorum, qui non habent
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2857 aliquid maius quod virtuoso retribuant quam honorem, qui ex hoc
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2858 ipso magnitudinem habet quod perhibet testimonium virtuti. Unde
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2859 patet quod non est sufficiens praemium, ut dicitur in IV Ethic.</p><p title="II-II q. 131 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="44362"><span class="ref">[44362] IIª-IIae, q. 131 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2860 dicendum quod sicut per appetitum honoris, quando debito modo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2861 appetitur, aliqui provocantur ad bonum et revocantur a malo; ita
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2862 etiam, si inordinate appetatur, potest esse homini occasio multa
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2863 mala faciendi, dum scilicet non curat qualitercumque honorem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2864 consequi possit. Unde Sallustius dicit, in Catilinario, quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2865 <i>gloriam, honorem et imperium bonus et ignavus aeque sibi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2866 exoptat</i>, sed ille, scilicet bonus, vera via nititur; huic,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2867 scilicet ignavo, <i>quia bonae artes desunt, dolis atque fallaciis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2868 contendit</i>. Et tamen illi qui solum propter honorem vel bona
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2869 faciunt vel mala vitant, non sunt virtuosi, ut patet per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2870 philosophum, in III Ethic., ubi dicit quod non sunt vere fortes qui
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2871 propter honorem fortia faciunt.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 2</h3><p title="II-II q. 131 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="44363"><span class="ref">[44363] IIª-IIae, q. 131 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2872 secundum sic proceditur. Videtur quod ambitio non opponatur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2873 magnanimitati per excessum. Uni enim medio non opponitur ex una
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2874 parte nisi unum extremum. Sed magnanimitati per excessum opponitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2875 praesumptio ut dictum est. Ergo non opponitur ei ambitio per
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2876 excessum.</p><p title="II-II q. 131 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="44364"><span class="ref">[44364] IIª-IIae, q. 131 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a>
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2877 Praeterea, magnanimitas est circa honores. Sed ambitio videtur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2878 pertinere ad dignitates, dicitur enim II Machab. IV, quod <i>Iason
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2879 ambiebat summum sacerdotium</i>. Ergo ambitio non opponitur
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2880 magnanimitati.</p><p title="II-II q. 131 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="44365"><span class="ref">[44365] IIª-IIae, q. 131 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a>
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2881 Praeterea, ambitio videtur ad exteriorem apparatum pertinere,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2882 dicitur enim Act. XXV, quod Agrippa et Berenice cum multa ambitione
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2883 introierunt praetorium; et II Paralip. XVI, quod super corpus Asa
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2884 mortui combusserunt aromata et unguenta ambitione nimia. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2885 magnanimitas non est circa exteriorem apparatum. Ergo ambitio non
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2886 opponitur magnanimitati.</p><p title="II-II q. 131 a. 2 s. c."><a name="44366"><span class="ref">[44366] IIª-IIae, q. 131 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2887 contra est quod Tullius dicit, in I de Offic., quod <i>sicut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2888 quisque magnitudine animi excellit, ita maxime vult princeps omnium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2889 solus esse</i>. Sed hoc pertinet ad ambitionem. Ergo ambitio
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2890 pertinet ad excessum magnanimitatis.</p><p title="II-II q. 131 a. 2 co."><a name="44367"><span class="ref">[44367] IIª-IIae, q. 131 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2891 dicendum quod, sicut dictum est, ambitio importat inordinatum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2892 appetitum honoris. Magnanimitas autem est circa honores, et utitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2893 eis secundum quod oportet. Unde manifestum est quod ambitio
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2894 opponitur magnanimitati sicut inordinatum ordinato.</p><p title="II-II q. 131 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="44368"><span class="ref">[44368] IIª-IIae, q. 131 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2895 ergo dicendum quod magnanimitas ad duo respicit. Ad unum quidem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2896 sicut ad finem intentum, quod est aliquod magnum opus, quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2897 magnanimus attentat secundum suam facultatem. Et quantum ad hoc
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2898 opponitur magnanimitati per excessum praesumptio, quae attentat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2899 aliquod magnum opus supra suam facultatem. Ad aliud autem respicit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2900 magnanimitas sicut ad materiam qua debite utitur, scilicet ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2901 honorem. Et quantum ad hoc opponitur magnanimitati per excessum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2902 ambitio. Non est autem inconveniens secundum diversa esse plures
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2903 excessus unius medii.</p><p title="II-II q. 131 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="44369"><span class="ref">[44369] IIª-IIae, q. 131 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Ad
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2904 secundum dicendum quod illis qui sunt in dignitate constituti,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2905 propter quandam excellentiam status, debetur honor. Et secundum hoc
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2906 inordinatus appetitus dignitatum pertinet ad ambitionem. Si quis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2907 enim inordinate appeteret dignitatem non ratione honoris, sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2908 propter debitum dignitatis usum suam facultatem excedentem, non
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2909 esset ambitiosus, sed magis praesumptuosus.</p><p title="II-II q. 131 a. 2 ad 3"><a name="44370"><span class="ref">[44370] IIª-IIae, q. 131 a. 2 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2910 dicendum quod ipsa solemnitas exterioris cultus ad quendam honorem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2911 pertinet, unde et talibus consuevit honor exhiberi. Quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2912 significatur Iac. II, <i>si introierit in conventum vestrum vir
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2913 anulum habens aureum, in veste candida, et dixeritis ei, tu sede
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2914 hic bene,</i> et cetera. Unde ambitio non est circa exteriorem
59
03759e5c1080 fix multi-para s.c.
ht
parents: 53
diff changeset
2915 cultum nisi secundum quod pertinet ad honorem.</p></div></div><div id="q132" class="q"><h2>Quaestio 132</h2><div class="p"><h3>Prooemium</h3><p title="II-II q. 132 pr."><a name="44371"><span class="ref">[44371] IIª-IIae, q. 132 pr.</span></a> Deinde
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2916 considerandum est de inani gloria. Et circa hoc quaeruntur quinque.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2917 Primo, utrum appetitus gloriae sit peccatum. Secundo, utrum inanis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2918 gloria magnanimitati opponatur. Tertio, utrum sit peccatum mortale.
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2919 Quarto, utrum sit vitium capitale. Quinto, de filiabus eius.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 1</h3><p title="II-II q. 132 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="44372"><span class="ref">[44372] IIª-IIae, q. 132 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2920 primum sic proceditur. Videtur quod appetitus gloriae non sit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2921 peccatum. Nullus enim peccat in hoc quod Deo assimilatur, quinimmo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2922 mandatur, Ephes. V, <i>estote imitatores Dei, sicut filii
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2923 carissimi</i>. Sed in hoc quod homo quaerit gloriam, videtur Deum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2924 imitari, qui ab hominibus gloriam quaerit, unde dicitur Isaiae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2925 XLIII, <i>omnem qui invocat nomen meum, in gloriam meam creavi
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2926 eum</i>. Ergo appetitus gloriae non est peccatum.</p><p title="II-II q. 132 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="44373"><span class="ref">[44373] IIª-IIae, q. 132 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a>
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2927 Praeterea, illud per quod aliquis provocatur ad bonum, non videtur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2928 esse peccatum. Sed per appetitum gloriae homines provocantur ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2929 bonum, dicit enim Tullius, in libro de Tusculan. quaest., quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2930 <i>omnes ad studia impelluntur gloria</i>. In sacra etiam Scriptura
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2931 promittitur gloria pro bonis operibus, secundum illud Rom. II,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2932 <i>his qui sunt secundum patientiam boni operis, gloriam et
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2933 honorem</i>. Ergo appetitus gloriae non est peccatum.</p><p title="II-II q. 132 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="44374"><span class="ref">[44374] IIª-IIae, q. 132 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a>
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2934 Praeterea, Tullius dicit, in sua rhetorica, quod <i>gloria est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2935 frequens de aliquo fama cum laude</i>, et ad idem pertinet quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2936 Ambrosius dicit, quod gloria est clara cum laude notitia. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2937 appetere laudabilem famam non est peccatum, quinimmo videtur esse
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2938 laudabile, secundum illud Eccli. XLI, <i>curam habe de bono
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2939 nomine</i>; et ad Rom. XII, <i>providentes bona non solum coram
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2940 Deo, sed etiam coram omnibus hominibus</i>. Ergo appetitus inanis
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2941 gloriae non est peccatum.</p><p title="II-II q. 132 a. 1 s. c."><a name="44375"><span class="ref">[44375] IIª-IIae, q. 132 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2942 contra est quod Augustinus dicit, V de Civ. Dei, <i>sanius videt
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2943 qui et amorem laudis vitium esse cognoscit</i>.</p><p title="II-II q. 132 a. 1 co."><a name="44376"><span class="ref">[44376] IIª-IIae, q. 132 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2944 dicendum quod gloria claritatem quandam significat, unde
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2945 glorificari idem est quod clarificari, ut Augustinus dicit, super
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2946 Ioan. Claritas autem et decorem quendam habet, et manifestationem.
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2947 Et ideo nomen gloriae proprie importat manifestationem alicuius de
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2948 hoc quod apud homines decorum videtur, sive illud sit bonum aliquod
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2949 corporale, sive spirituale. Quia vero illud quod simpliciter clarum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2950 est, a multis conspici potest et a remotis, ideo proprie per nomen
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2951 gloriae designatur quod bonum alicuius deveniat in multorum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2952 notitiam et approbationem, secundum quem modum dicitur in Tito
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2953 Livio, <i>gloriari ad unum non est</i>. Largius tamen accepto
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2954 nomine gloriae, non solum consistit in multitudinis cognitione, sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2955 etiam paucorum vel unius, aut sui solius, dum scilicet aliquis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2956 proprium bonum considerat ut dignum laude. Quod autem aliquis bonum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2957 suum cognoscat et approbet, non est peccatum, dicitur enim I ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2958 Cor. II, <i>nos autem non spiritum huius mundi accepimus, sed
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2959 spiritum qui ex Deo est, ut sciamus quae a Deo donata sunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2960 nobis</i>. Similiter etiam non est peccatum quod aliquis velit bona
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2961 sua ab aliis approbari, dicitur enim Matth. V, <i>luceat lux vestra
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2962 coram hominibus</i>. Et ideo appetitus gloriae de se non nominat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2963 aliquid vitiosum. Sed appetitus inanis vel vanae gloriae vitium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2964 importat, nam quidlibet vanum appetere vitiosum est, secundum illud
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2965 Psalmi, <i>ut quid diligitis vanitatem, et quaeritis mendacium?</i>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2966 Potest autem gloria dici vana, uno modo, ex parte rei de qua quis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2967 gloriam quaerit, puta cum quis quaerit gloriam de eo quod non est,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2968 vel de eo quod non est gloria dignum, sicut de aliqua re fragili et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2969 caduca. Alio modo, ex parte eius a quo quis gloriam quaerit, puta
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2970 hominis, cuius iudicium non est certum. Tertio modo, ex parte
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2971 ipsius qui gloriam appetit, qui videlicet appetitum gloriae suae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2972 non refert in debitum finem, puta ad honorem Dei vel proximi
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2973 salutem.</p><p title="II-II q. 132 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="44377"><span class="ref">[44377] IIª-IIae, q. 132 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2974 ergo dicendum quod, sicut dicit Augustinus, super illud Ioan. XIII,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2975 <i>vos vocatis me, magister et domine, et bene dicitis, periculosum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2976 est sibi placere cui cavendum est superbire. Ille autem qui super
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2977 omnia est, quantumcumque se laudet, non se extollit. Nobis namque
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2978 expedit Deum nosse, non illi, nec eum quisque cognoscit, si non se
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2979 indicet ipse qui novit</i>. Unde patet quod Deus suam gloriam non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2980 quaerit propter se, sed propter nos. Et similiter etiam homo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2981 laudabiliter potest ad aliorum utilitatem gloriam suam appetere,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2982 secundum illud Matth. V, <i>videant opera vestra bona, et
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2983 glorificent patrem vestrum qui in caelis est</i>.</p><p title="II-II q. 132 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="44378"><span class="ref">[44378] IIª-IIae, q. 132 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2984 secundum dicendum quod gloria quae habetur a Deo, non est gloria
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2985 vana, sed vera. Et talis gloria bonis operibus in praemium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2986 repromittitur. De qua dicitur, II ad Cor. X, <i>qui gloriatur, in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2987 domino glorietur, non enim qui seipsum commendat, ille probatus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2988 est; sed quem Deus commendat</i>. Provocantur etiam aliqui ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2989 virtutum opera ex appetitu gloriae humanae, sicut etiam ex appetitu
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2990 aliorum terrenorum bonorum, non tamen est vere virtuosus qui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2991 propter humanam gloriam opera virtutis operatur, ut Augustinus
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2992 probat, in V de Civ. Dei.</p><p title="II-II q. 132 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="44379"><span class="ref">[44379] IIª-IIae, q. 132 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2993 dicendum quod ad perfectionem hominis pertinet quod ipse cognoscat,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2994 sed quod ipse ab aliis cognoscatur non pertinet ad eius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2995 perfectionem, et ideo non est per se appetendum. Potest tamen
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2996 appeti inquantum est utile ad aliquid, vel ad hoc quod Deus ab
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2997 hominibus glorificetur; vel ad hoc quod homines proficiant ex bono
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2998 quod in alio cognoscunt; vel ex hoc quod ipse homo ex bonis quae in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2999 se cognoscit per testimonium laudis alienae studeat in eis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3000 perseverare et ad meliora proficere. Et secundum hoc laudabile est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3001 quod curam habeat aliquis de bono nomine, et quod provideat bona
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3002 coram hominibus, non tamen quod in hominum laude inaniter
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3003 delectetur.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 2</h3><p title="II-II q. 132 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="44380"><span class="ref">[44380] IIª-IIae, q. 132 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3004 secundum sic proceditur. Videtur quod inanis gloria magnanimitati
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3005 non opponatur. Pertinet enim ad inanem gloriam, ut dictum est, quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3006 aliquis glorietur in his quae non sunt, quod pertinet ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3007 falsitatem; vel in rebus terrenis vel caducis, quod pertinet ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3008 cupiditatem; vel in testimonio hominum, quorum iudicium non est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3009 certum, quod pertinet ad imprudentiam. Huiusmodi autem vitia non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3010 opponuntur magnanimitati. Ergo inanis gloria non opponitur
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3011 magnanimitati.</p><p title="II-II q. 132 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="44381"><span class="ref">[44381] IIª-IIae, q. 132 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a>
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3012 Praeterea, inanis gloria non opponitur magnanimitati per defectum,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3013 sicut pusillanimitas, quae inani gloriae repugnans videtur.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3014 Similiter etiam nec per excessum, sic enim opponitur magnanimitati
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3015 praesumptio et ambitio, ut dictum est, a quibus inanis gloria
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3016 differt. Ergo inanis gloria non opponitur magnanimitati.</p><p title="II-II q. 132 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="44382"><span class="ref">[44382] IIª-IIae, q. 132 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a>
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3017 Praeterea, Philipp. II, super illud, nihil per contentionem aut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3018 inanem gloriam, dicit Glossa, <i>erant aliqui inter eos
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3019 dissentientes, inquieti, inanis gloriae causa contendentes</i>.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3020 Contentio autem non opponitur magnanimitati. Ergo neque inanis
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3021 gloria.</p><p title="II-II q. 132 a. 2 s. c."><a name="44383"><span class="ref">[44383] IIª-IIae, q. 132 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3022 contra est quod Tullius dicit, in I de Offic., <i>cavenda est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3023 gloriae cupiditas, eripit enim animi libertatem, pro qua magnanimis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3024 viris omnis debet esse contentio</i>. Ergo opponitur
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3025 magnanimitati.</p><p title="II-II q. 132 a. 2 co."><a name="44384"><span class="ref">[44384] IIª-IIae, q. 132 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3026 dicendum quod, sicut supra dictum est, gloria est quidam effectus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3027 honoris et laudis, ex hoc enim quod aliquis laudatur, vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3028 quaecumque reverentia ei exhibetur, redditur clarus in notitia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3029 aliorum. Et quia magnanimitas est circa honorem, ut supra dictum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3030 est, consequens est etiam ut sit circa gloriam, ut scilicet sicut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3031 moderate utitur honore, ita moderate utatur gloria. Et ideo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3032 inordinatus appetitus gloriae directe magnanimitati opponitur.</p><p title="II-II q. 132 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="44385"><span class="ref">[44385] IIª-IIae, q. 132 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3033 ergo dicendum quod hoc ipsum magnitudini animi repugnat, quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3034 aliquis res modicas tantum appretietur quod de eis glorietur, unde
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3035 in IV Ethic. dicitur de magnanimo quod <i>sibi sit honor
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3036 parvum</i>. Similiter etiam et alia quae propter honorem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3037 quaeruntur, puta potentatus et divitiae, parva reputantur ab eo.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3038 Similiter etiam magnitudini animi repugnat quod aliquis de his quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3039 non sunt glorietur. Unde de magnanimo dicitur in IV Ethic., quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3040 <i>magis curat veritatem quam opinionem</i>. Similiter etiam et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3041 magnitudini animi repugnat quod aliquis glorietur in testimonio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3042 laudis humanae, quasi hoc magnum aliquid aestimetur. Unde de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3043 magnanimo dicitur in IV Ethic., quod <i>non est ei cura ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3044 laudetur</i>. Et sic ea quae aliis virtutibus opponuntur nihil
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3045 prohibet opponi magnanimitati, secundum quod habent pro magnis quae
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3046 parva sunt.</p><p title="II-II q. 132 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="44386"><span class="ref">[44386] IIª-IIae, q. 132 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Ad
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3047 secundum dicendum quod inanis gloriae cupidus, secundum rei
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3048 veritatem, deficit a magnanimo, quia videlicet gloriatur in his
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3049 quae magnanimus parva aestimat, ut dictum est. Sed considerando
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3050 aestimationem eius, opponitur magnanimo per excessum, quia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3051 videlicet gloriam quam appetit, reputat aliquid magnum, et ad eam
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3052 tendit supra suam dignitatem.</p><p title="II-II q. 132 a. 2 ad 3"><a name="44387"><span class="ref">[44387] IIª-IIae, q. 132 a. 2 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3053 dicendum quod, sicut supra dictum est, oppositio vitiorum non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3054 attenditur secundum effectum. Et tamen hoc ipsum magnitudini animi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3055 opponitur, quod aliquis contentionem intendat, nullus enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3056 contendit nisi pro re quam aestimat magnam. Unde philosophus dicit,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3057 in IV Ethic., quod <i>magnanimus non est contentiosus, qui nihil
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3058 aestimat magnum</i>.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 3</h3><p title="II-II q. 132 a. 3 arg. 1"><a name="44388"><span class="ref">[44388] IIª-IIae, q. 132 a. 3 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3059 tertium sic proceditur. Videtur quod inanis gloria sit peccatum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3060 mortale. Nihil enim excludit mercedem aeternam nisi peccatum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3061 mortale. Sed inanis gloria excludit mercedem aeternam, dicitur enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3062 Matth. VI, <i>attendite ne iustitiam vestram faciatis coram
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3063 hominibus, ut videamini ab eis</i>. Ergo inanis gloria est peccatum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3064 mortale.</p><p title="II-II q. 132 a. 3 arg. 2"><a name="44389"><span class="ref">[44389] IIª-IIae, q. 132 a. 3 arg. 2</span></a>
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3065 Praeterea, quicumque subripit sibi quod est Dei proprium,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3066 mortaliter peccat. Sed per appetitum inanis gloriae aliquis sibi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3067 attribuit quod est proprium Dei, dicitur enim Isaiae XLII,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3068 <i>gloriam meam alteri non dabo</i>; et I ad Tim. I, <i>soli Deo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3069 honor et gloria</i>. Ergo inanis gloria est peccatum mortale.</p><p title="II-II q. 132 a. 3 arg. 3"><a name="44390"><span class="ref">[44390] IIª-IIae, q. 132 a. 3 arg. 3</span></a>
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3070 Praeterea, illud peccatum quod est maxime periculosum et nocivum,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3071 videtur esse mortale. Sed peccatum inanis gloriae est huiusmodi,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3072 quia super illud I ad Thess. II, Deo qui probat corda nostra, dicit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3073 Glossa Augustini, <i>quas vires nocendi habeat humanae gloriae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3074 amor, non sentit nisi qui ei bellum indixerit, quia etsi cuiquam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3075 facile est laudem non cupere dum negatur, difficile tamen est ea
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3076 non delectari cum offertur</i>. Chrysostomus etiam dicit, Matth.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3077 VI, quod <i>inanis gloria occulte ingreditur, et omnia quae intus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3078 sunt insensibiliter aufert</i>. Ergo inanis gloria est peccatum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3079 mortale.</p><p title="II-II q. 132 a. 3 s. c."><a name="44391"><span class="ref">[44391] IIª-IIae, q. 132 a. 3 s. c.</span></a> Sed
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3080 contra est quod Chrysostomus dicit, super Matth., quod <i>cum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3081 cetera vitia locum habeant in servis Diaboli, inanis gloria locum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3082 habet etiam in servis Christi</i>. In quibus tamen nullum est
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3083 peccatum mortale. Ergo inanis gloria non est peccatum mortale.</p><p title="II-II q. 132 a. 3 co."><a name="44392"><span class="ref">[44392] IIª-IIae, q. 132 a. 3 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3084 dicendum quod, sicut supra dictum est, ex hoc aliquod peccatum est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3085 mortale quod caritati contrariatur. Peccatum autem inanis gloriae,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3086 secundum se consideratum, non videtur contrariari caritati quantum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3087 ad dilectionem proximi. Quantum autem ad dilectionem Dei, potest
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3088 contrariari caritati dupliciter. Uno modo, ratione materiae de qua
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3089 quis gloriatur. Puta cum quis gloriatur de aliquo falso quod
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3090 contrariatur divinae reverentiae, secundum illud Ezech. XXVIII,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3091 <i>elevatum est cor tuum, et dixisti, Deus ego sum</i>; et I ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3092 Cor. IV, <i>quid habes quod non accepisti? Si autem accepisti,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3093 quare gloriaris quasi non acceperis?</i> Vel etiam cum quis bonum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3094 temporale de quo gloriatur, praefert Deo, quod prohibetur Ierem.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3095 IX, <i>non glorietur sapiens in sapientia sua, nec fortis in
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3096 fortitudine sua, nec dives in divitiis suis, sed in hoc glorietur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3097 qui gloriatur, scire et nosse me</i>. Aut etiam cum quis praefert
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3098 testimonium hominum testimonio Dei, sicut contra quosdam dicitur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3099 Ioan. XII, <i>qui dilexerunt magis gloriam hominum quam Dei</i>.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3100 Alio modo, ex parte ipsius gloriantis, qui intentionem suam refert
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3101 ad gloriam tanquam ad ultimum finem, ad quem scilicet ordinet etiam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3102 virtutis opera, et pro quo consequendo non praetermittat facere
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3103 etiam ea quae sunt contra Deum. Et sic est peccatum mortale. Unde
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3104 Augustinus dicit, in V de Civ. Dei, quod hoc vitium, scilicet amor
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3105 humanae laudis, <i>tam inimicum est piae fidei, si maior in corde
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3106 sit cupiditas gloriae quam Dei timor vel amor, ut dominus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3107 diceret</i> (Ioan. V), <i>quomodo potestis credere, gloriam ab
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3108 invicem expectantes, et gloriam quae a solo Deo est non
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3109 quaerentes?</i> Si autem amor humanae gloriae, quamvis sit inanis,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3110 non tamen repugnet caritati, neque quantum ad id de quo est gloria,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3111 neque quantum ad intentionem gloriam quaerentis, non est peccatum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
3112 mortale, sed veniale.</p><p title="II-II q. 132 a. 3 ad 1"><a name="44393"><span class="ref">[44393] IIª-IIae, q. 132 a. 3 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3113 ergo dicendum quod nullus peccando meretur vitam aeternam. Unde
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3114 opus virtuosum amittit vim merendi vitam aeternam si propter inanem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3115 gloriam fiat, etiam si illa inanis gloria non sit peccatum mortale.
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3116 Sed quando aliquis simpliciter amittit aeternam mercedem propter
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3117 inanem gloriam, et non solum quantum ad unum actum, tunc inanis
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
3118 gloria est peccatum mortale.</p><p title="II-II q. 132 a. 3 ad 2"><a name="44394"><span class="ref">[44394] IIª-IIae, q. 132 a. 3 ad 2</span></a> Ad
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3119 secundum dicendum quod non omnis qui est inanis gloriae cupidus,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3120 appetit sibi illam excellentiam quae competit soli Deo. Alia enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3121 est gloria quae debetur soli Deo, et alia quae debetur homini
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
3122 virtuoso vel diviti.</p><p title="II-II q. 132 a. 3 ad 3"><a name="44395"><span class="ref">[44395] IIª-IIae, q. 132 a. 3 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3123 dicendum quod inanis gloria dicitur esse periculosum peccatum non
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3124 tam propter gravitatem sui, quam etiam propter hoc quod est
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3125 dispositio ad gravia peccata, inquantum scilicet per inanem gloriam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3126 redditur homo praesumptuosus et nimis de se ipso confidens. Et sic
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3127 etiam paulatim disponit ad hoc quod homo privetur interioribus
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
3128 bonis.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 4</h3><p title="II-II q. 132 a. 4 arg. 1"><a name="44396"><span class="ref">[44396] IIª-IIae, q. 132 a. 4 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3129 quartum sic proceditur. Videtur quod inanis gloria non sit vitium
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3130 capitale. Vitium enim quod semper ex altero oritur, non videtur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3131 esse capitale. Sed inanis gloria semper ex superbia nascitur. Ergo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
3132 inanis gloria non est vitium capitale.</p><p title="II-II q. 132 a. 4 arg. 2"><a name="44397"><span class="ref">[44397] IIª-IIae, q. 132 a. 4 arg. 2</span></a>
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3133 Praeterea, honor videtur esse aliquid principalius quam gloria,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3134 quae est eius effectus. Sed ambitio, quae est inordinatus appetitus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3135 honoris, non est vitium capitale. Ergo etiam neque appetitus inanis
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3136 gloriae.</p><p title="II-II q. 132 a. 4 arg. 3"><a name="44398"><span class="ref">[44398] IIª-IIae, q. 132 a. 4 arg. 3</span></a>
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3137 Praeterea, vitium capitale habet aliquam principalitatem. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3138 inanis gloria non videtur habere aliquam principalitatem, neque
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3139 quantum ad rationem peccati, quia non semper est peccatum mortale;
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3140 neque etiam quantum ad rationem boni appetibilis, quia gloria
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3141 humana videtur esse quiddam fragile et extra hominem existens. Ergo
53
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ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3142 inanis gloria non est vitium capitale.</p><p title="II-II q. 132 a. 4 s. c."><a name="44399"><span class="ref">[44399] IIª-IIae, q. 132 a. 4 s. c.</span></a> Sed
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3143 contra est quod Gregorius, XXXI Moral., numerat inanem gloriam
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
3144 inter septem vitia capitalia.</p><p title="II-II q. 132 a. 4 co."><a name="44400"><span class="ref">[44400] IIª-IIae, q. 132 a. 4 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3145 dicendum quod de vitiis capitalibus dupliciter aliqui loquuntur.
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3146 Quidam enim ponunt superbiam unum de vitiis capitalibus. Et hi non
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3147 ponunt inanem gloriam inter vitia capitalia. Gregorius autem, in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3148 XXXI Moral., superbiam ponit reginam omnium vitiorum, et inanem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3149 gloriam, quae immediate ab ipsa oritur, ponit vitium capitale. Et
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3150 hoc rationabiliter. Superbia enim, ut infra dicetur, importat
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3151 inordinatum appetitum excellentiae. Ex omni autem bono quod quis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3152 appetit, quandam perfectionem et excellentiam consequitur. Et ideo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3153 fines omnium vitiorum ordinantur in finem superbiae. Et propter hoc
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3154 videtur quod habeat quandam generalem causalitatem super alia
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3155 vitia, et non debeat computari inter specialia vitiorum principia,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3156 quae sunt vitia capitalia. Inter bona autem per quae excellentiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3157 homo consequitur, praecipue ad hoc operari videtur gloria,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3158 inquantum importat manifestationem bonitatis alicuius, nam bonum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3159 naturaliter amatur et honoratur ab omnibus. Et ideo sicut per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3160 gloriam quae est apud Deum, consequitur homo excellentiam in rebus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3161 divinis; ita etiam per gloriam hominum consequitur homo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3162 excellentiam in rebus humanis. Et ideo, propter propinquitatem ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3163 excellentiam, quam homines maxime desiderant, consequens est quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3164 sit multum appetibilis, et quod ex eius inordinato appetitu multa
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3165 vitia oriantur. Et ita inanis gloria est vitium capitale.</p><p title="II-II q. 132 a. 4 ad 1"><a name="44401"><span class="ref">[44401] IIª-IIae, q. 132 a. 4 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3166 ergo dicendum quod aliquod vitium oriri ex superbia non repugnat ei
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3167 quod est esse vitium capitale, eo quod, sicut supra dictum est,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3168 superbia est regina et mater omnium vitiorum.</p><p title="II-II q. 132 a. 4 ad 2"><a name="44402"><span class="ref">[44402] IIª-IIae, q. 132 a. 4 ad 2</span></a> Ad
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3169 secundum dicendum quod laus et honor comparantur ad gloriam, ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3170 supra dictum est, sicut causae ex quibus gloria sequitur. Unde
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3171 gloria comparatur ad ea sicut finis, propter hoc enim aliquis amat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3172 honorari et laudari, inquantum per hoc aliquis aestimat se in
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3173 aliorum notitia fore praeclarum.</p><p title="II-II q. 132 a. 4 ad 3"><a name="44403"><span class="ref">[44403] IIª-IIae, q. 132 a. 4 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3174 dicendum quod inanis gloria habet principalem rationem appetibilis,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3175 ratione iam dicta, et hoc sufficit ad rationem vitii capitalis. Non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3176 autem requiritur quod vitium capitale semper sit peccatum mortale,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3177 quia etiam ex veniali peccato potest mortale oriri, inquantum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
3178 scilicet veniale disponit ad mortale.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 5</h3><p title="II-II q. 132 a. 5 arg. 1"><a name="44404"><span class="ref">[44404] IIª-IIae, q. 132 a. 5 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3179 quintum sic proceditur. Videtur quod inconvenienter dicantur filiae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3180 inanis gloriae esse <i>inobedientia, iactantia, hypocrisis,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3181 contentio, pertinacia, discordia, novitatum praesumptio</i>.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3182 Iactantia enim, secundum Gregorium, XXIII Moral., ponitur inter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3183 species superbiae. Superbia autem non oritur ex inani gloria, sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3184 potius e converso, ut Gregorius dicit, XXXI Moral. Ergo iactantia
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
3185 non debet poni filia inanis gloriae.</p><p title="II-II q. 132 a. 5 arg. 2"><a name="44405"><span class="ref">[44405] IIª-IIae, q. 132 a. 5 arg. 2</span></a>
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3186 Praeterea, contentiones et discordiae videntur ex ira maxime
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3187 provenire. Sed ira est capitale vitium inani gloriae condivisum.
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3188 Ergo videtur quod non sint filiae inanis gloriae.</p><p title="II-II q. 132 a. 5 arg. 3"><a name="44406"><span class="ref">[44406] IIª-IIae, q. 132 a. 5 arg. 3</span></a>
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3189 Praeterea, Chrysostomus dicit, super Matth., quod <i>ubique vana
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3190 gloria malum est, sed maxime in philanthropia</i>, idest in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3191 misericordia. Quae tamen non est aliquid novum, sed in consuetudine
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3192 hominum existit. Ergo praesumptio novitatum non debet specialiter
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3193 poni filia inanis gloriae.</p><p title="II-II q. 132 a. 5 s. c."><a name="44407"><span class="ref">[44407] IIª-IIae, q. 132 a. 5 s. c.</span></a> Sed
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3194 contra est auctoritas Gregorii, in XXXI Moral., ubi praedictas
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3195 filias inani gloriae assignat.</p><p title="II-II q. 132 a. 5 co."><a name="44408"><span class="ref">[44408] IIª-IIae, q. 132 a. 5 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3196 dicendum quod, sicut supra dictum est, illa vitia quae de se nata
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3197 sunt ordinari ad finem alicuius vitii capitalis, dicuntur filiae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3198 eius. Finis autem inanis gloriae est manifestatio propriae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3199 excellentiae, ut ex supra dictis patet. Ad quod potest homo tendere
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3200 dupliciter. Uno modo, directe, sive per verba, et sic est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3201 iactantia; sive per facta, et sic, si sint vera, habentia aliquam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3202 admirationem, est praesumptio novitatum, quas homines solent magis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3203 admirari; si autem per ficta sit, sic est hypocrisis. Alio autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3204 modo nititur aliquis manifestare suam excellentiam indirecte,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3205 ostendendo se non esse alio minorem. Et hoc quadrupliciter. Primo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3206 quidem, quantum ad intellectum, et sic est pertinacia, per quam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3207 homo nimis innititur suae sententiae, nolens credere sententiae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3208 meliori. Secundo, quantum ad voluntatem, et sic est discordia, dum
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3209 non vult a propria voluntate discedere ut aliis concordet. Tertio,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3210 quantum ad locutionem, et sic est contentio, dum aliquis verbis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3211 clamose contra alium litigat. Quarto, quantum ad factum, et sic est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3212 inobedientia, dum scilicet aliquis non vult exequi superioris
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3213 praeceptum.</p><p title="II-II q. 132 a. 5 ad 1"><a name="44409"><span class="ref">[44409] IIª-IIae, q. 132 a. 5 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3214 ergo dicendum quod, sicut supra dictum est, iactantia ponitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3215 species superbiae quantum ad interiorem causam eius, quae est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3216 arrogantia. Ipsa autem iactantia exterior. Ut dicitur in IV Ethic.,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3217 ordinatur quandoque quidem ad lucrum, sed frequentius ad gloriam
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3218 vel honorem. Et sic oritur ex inani gloria.</p><p title="II-II q. 132 a. 5 ad 2"><a name="44410"><span class="ref">[44410] IIª-IIae, q. 132 a. 5 ad 2</span></a> Ad
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3219 secundum dicendum quod ira non causat discordiam et contentionem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3220 nisi cum adiunctione inanis gloriae, per hoc scilicet quod aliquis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3221 sibi gloriosum reputat quod non cedat voluntati vel verbis
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3222 aliorum.</p><p title="II-II q. 132 a. 5 ad 3"><a name="44411"><span class="ref">[44411] IIª-IIae, q. 132 a. 5 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3223 dicendum quod inanis gloria vituperatur circa eleemosynam propter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3224 defectum caritatis, qui videtur esse in eo qui praefert inanem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3225 gloriam utilitati proximi, dum hoc propter illud facit. Non autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3226 vituperatur aliquis ex hoc quod praesumat eleemosynam facere quasi
59
03759e5c1080 fix multi-para s.c.
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parents: 53
diff changeset
3227 aliquid novum.</p></div></div><div id="q133" class="q"><h2>Quaestio 133</h2><div class="p"><h3>Prooemium</h3><p title="II-II q. 133 pr."><a name="44412"><span class="ref">[44412] IIª-IIae, q. 133 pr.</span></a> Deinde
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3228 considerandum est de pusillanimitate. Et circa hoc quaeruntur duo.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3229 Primo, utrum pusillanimitas sit peccatum. Secundo, cui virtuti
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3230 opponatur.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 1</h3><p title="II-II q. 133 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="44413"><span class="ref">[44413] IIª-IIae, q. 133 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3231 primum sic proceditur. Videtur quod pusillanimitas non sit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3232 peccatum. Ex omni enim peccato aliquis efficitur malus, sicut ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3233 omni virtute aliquis efficitur bonus. <i>Sed pusillanimus non est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3234 malus</i>, ut philosophus dicit, in IV Ethic. Ergo pusillanimitas
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
3235 non est peccatum.</p><p title="II-II q. 133 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="44414"><span class="ref">[44414] IIª-IIae, q. 133 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a>
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3236 Praeterea, philosophus dicit, ibidem, quod <i>maxime videtur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3237 pusillanimus esse qui magnis bonis dignus existit, et tamen his non
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3238 dignificat seipsum</i>. Sed nullus est dignus magnis bonis nisi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3239 virtuosus, quia, ut ibidem philosophus dicit, <i>secundum veritatem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3240 solus bonus est honorandus</i>. Ergo pusillanimus est virtuosus.
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
3241 Non ergo pusillanimitas est peccatum.</p><p title="II-II q. 133 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="44415"><span class="ref">[44415] IIª-IIae, q. 133 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a>
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3242 Praeterea, initium omnis peccati est superbia, ut dicitur Eccli. X.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3243 Sed pusillanimitas non procedit ex superbia, quia superbus extollit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3244 se supra id quod est; pusillanimus autem subtrahit se ab his quibus
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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diff changeset
3245 est dignus. Ergo pusillanimitas non est peccatum.</p><p title="II-II q. 133 a. 1 arg. 4"><a name="44416"><span class="ref">[44416] IIª-IIae, q. 133 a. 1 arg. 4</span></a>
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3246 Praeterea, philosophus dicit, in IV Ethic., quod qui dignificat se
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3247 minoribus quam sit dignus, dicitur pusillanimus. Sed quandoque
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3248 sancti viri dignificant seipsos minoribus quam sint digni, sicut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3249 patet de Moyse et Ieremia, qui digni erant officio ad quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3250 assumebantur a Deo, quod tamen uterque eorum humiliter recusabat,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3251 ut habetur Exod. III et Ierem. I. Non ergo pusillanimitas est
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
3252 peccatum.</p><p title="II-II q. 133 a. 1 s. c."><a name="44417"><span class="ref">[44417] IIª-IIae, q. 133 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3253 contra, nihil in moribus hominum est vitandum nisi peccatum. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3254 pusillanimitas est vitanda, dicitur enim ad Coloss. III, <i>patres,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3255 nolite ad indignationem provocare filios vestros, ut non pusillo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
3256 animo fiant</i>. Ergo pusillanimitas est peccatum.</p><p title="II-II q. 133 a. 1 co."><a name="44418"><span class="ref">[44418] IIª-IIae, q. 133 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3257 dicendum quod omne illud quod contrariatur naturali inclinationi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3258 est peccatum, quia contrariatur legi naturae. Inest autem unicuique
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3259 rei naturalis inclinatio ad exequendam actionem commensuratam suae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3260 potentiae, ut patet in omnibus rebus naturalibus, tam animatis quam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3261 inanimatis. Sicut autem per praesumptionem aliquis excedit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3262 proportionem suae potentiae, dum nititur ad maiora quam possit; ita
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3263 etiam pusillanimus deficit a proportione suae potentiae, dum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3264 recusat in id tendere quod est suae potentiae commensuratum. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3265 ideo, sicut praesumptio est peccatum, ita et pusillanimitas. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3266 inde est quod servus qui acceptam pecuniam domini sui fodit in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3267 terram, nec est operatus ex ea, propter quendam pusillanimitatis
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
3268 timorem, punitur a domino, ut habetur Matth. XXV et Luc. XIX.</p><p title="II-II q. 133 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="44419"><span class="ref">[44419] IIª-IIae, q. 133 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3269 ergo dicendum quod philosophus illos nominat malos qui proximis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3270 inferunt nocumenta. Et secundum hoc, pusillanimus dicitur non esse
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3271 malus, quia nulli infert nocumentum, nisi per accidens, inquantum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3272 scilicet deficit ab operationibus quibus posset alios iuvare. Dicit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3273 enim Gregorius, in pastorali, quod <i>illi qui prodesse utilitati
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3274 proximorum in praedicatione refugiunt, si districte iudicentur, ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3275 tantis rei sunt ex quantis venientes ad publicum prodesse
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3276 potuerunt</i>.</p><p title="II-II q. 133 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="44420"><span class="ref">[44420] IIª-IIae, q. 133 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3277 secundum dicendum quod nihil prohibet aliquem habentem habitum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3278 virtutis peccare, venialiter quidem, etiam ipso habitu remanente;
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3279 mortaliter autem, cum corruptione ipsius habitus virtutis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3280 gratuitae. Et ideo potest contingere quod aliquis ex virtute quam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3281 habet sit dignus ad aliqua magna facienda, quae sunt digna magno
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3282 honore; et tamen, per hoc quod ipse non attentat sua virtute uti,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3283 peccat, quandoque quidem venialiter, quandoque autem mortaliter.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3284 Vel potest dici quod pusillanimus est dignus magnis secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3285 habilitatem ad virtutem quae inest ei, vel ex bona dispositione
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3286 naturae, vel ex scientia, vel ex exteriori fortuna, quibus dum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3287 recusat uti ad virtutem, pusillanimus redditur.</p><p title="II-II q. 133 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="44421"><span class="ref">[44421] IIª-IIae, q. 133 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3288 dicendum quod etiam pusillanimitas aliquo modo ex superbia potest
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3289 oriri, dum scilicet aliquis nimis proprio sensui innititur, quo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3290 reputat se insufficientem ad ea respectu quorum sufficientiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3291 habet. Unde dicitur Prov. XXVI, <i>sapientior sibi piger videtur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3292 septem viris loquentibus sententias</i>. Nihil enim prohibet quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3293 se quantum ad aliqua deiiciat, et quantum ad alia se in sublime
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3294 extollat. Unde Gregorius, in pastorali, de Moyse dicit quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3295 <i>superbus fortasse esset si ducatum plebis suae sine trepidatione
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3296 susciperet, et rursum superbus existeret si auctoris imperio
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3297 obedire recusaret</i>.</p><p title="II-II q. 133 a. 1 ad 4"><a name="44422"><span class="ref">[44422] IIª-IIae, q. 133 a. 1 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3298 dicendum quod Moyses et Ieremias digni erant officio ad quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3299 divinitus eligebantur, ex divina gratia. Sed ipsi considerantes
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3300 propriae infirmitatis insufficientiam, recusabant, non tamen
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3301 pertinaciter, ne in superbiam laberentur.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 2</h3><p title="II-II q. 133 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="44423"><span class="ref">[44423] IIª-IIae, q. 133 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3302 secundum sic proceditur. Videtur quod pusillanimitas non opponatur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3303 magnanimitati. Dicit enim philosophus, in IV Ethic., quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3304 <i>pusillanimus ignorat seipsum, appeteret enim bona quibus dignus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3305 est, si se cognosceret</i>. Sed ignorantia sui videtur opponi
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3306 prudentiae. Ergo pusillanimitas opponitur prudentiae.</p><p title="II-II q. 133 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="44424"><span class="ref">[44424] IIª-IIae, q. 133 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a>
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3307 Praeterea, Matth. XXV, servum qui propter pusillanimitatem pecunia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3308 uti recusavit, vocat dominus malum et pigrum. Philosophus etiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3309 dicit, in IV Ethic., quod pusillanimi videntur pigri. Sed pigritia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3310 opponitur sollicitudini, quae est actus prudentiae, ut supra
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3311 habitum est. Ergo pusillanimitas non opponitur magnanimitati.</p><p title="II-II q. 133 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="44425"><span class="ref">[44425] IIª-IIae, q. 133 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a>
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3312 Praeterea, pusillanimitas videtur ex inordinato timore procedere,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3313 unde dicitur Isaiae XXXV, <i>dicite, pusillanimes, confortamini et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3314 nolite timere</i>. Videtur etiam procedere ex inordinata ira,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3315 secundum illud Coloss. III, <i>patres, nolite ad indignationem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3316 provocare filios vestros, ut non pusillo animo fiant</i>. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3317 inordinatio timoris opponitur fortitudini, inordinatio autem irae
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3318 mansuetudini. Ergo pusillanimitas non opponitur magnanimitati.</p><p title="II-II q. 133 a. 2 arg. 4"><a name="44426"><span class="ref">[44426] IIª-IIae, q. 133 a. 2 arg. 4</span></a>
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3319 Praeterea, vitium quod opponitur alicui virtuti, tanto gravius est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3320 quanto magis est virtuti dissimile. Sed pusillanimitas magis est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3321 dissimilis magnanimitati quam praesumptio. Ergo, si pusillanimitas
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3322 opponeretur magnanimitati, sequeretur quod esset gravius peccatum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3323 quam praesumptio. Quod est contra id quod dicitur Eccli. XXXVII,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3324 <i>o praesumptio nequissima, unde creata es?</i> Non ergo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3325 pusillanimitas magnanimitati opponitur.</p><p title="II-II q. 133 a. 2 s. c."><a name="44427"><span class="ref">[44427] IIª-IIae, q. 133 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3326 contra est quod pusillanimitas et magnanimitas differunt secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3327 magnitudinem et parvitatem animi, ut ex ipsis nominibus apparet.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3328 Sed magnum et parvum sunt opposita. Ergo pusillanimitas opponitur
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3329 magnanimitati.</p><p title="II-II q. 133 a. 2 co."><a name="44428"><span class="ref">[44428] IIª-IIae, q. 133 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3330 dicendum quod pusillanimitas potest tripliciter considerari. Uno
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3331 modo, secundum seipsam. Et sic manifestum est quod secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3332 propriam rationem opponitur magnanimitati, a qua differt secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3333 differentiam magnitudinis et parvitatis circa idem, nam sicut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3334 magnanimus ex animi magnitudine tendit ad magna, ita pusillanimus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3335 ex animi parvitate se retrahit a magnis. Alio modo potest
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3336 considerari ex parte suae causae, quae ex parte intellectus, est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3337 ignorantia propriae conditionis; ex parte autem appetitus, est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3338 timor deficiendi in his quae falso aestimat excedere suam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3339 facultatem. Tertio modo potest considerari quantum ad effectum, qui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3340 est retrahere se a magnis quibus est dignus. Sed sicut supra dictum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3341 est, oppositio vitii ad virtutem attenditur magis secundum propriam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3342 speciem quam secundum causam vel effectum. Et ideo pusillanimitas
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
3343 directe magnanimitati opponitur.</p><p title="II-II q. 133 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="44429"><span class="ref">[44429] IIª-IIae, q. 133 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3344 ergo dicendum quod ratio illa procedit de pusillanimitate ex parte
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3345 causae quam habet in intellectu. Et tamen non proprie potest dici
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3346 quod opponatur prudentiae etiam secundum causam suam, quia talis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3347 ignorantia non procedit ex insipientia, sed magis ex pigritia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3348 considerandi suam facultatem, ut dicitur in IV Ethic., vel
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3349 exequendi quod suae subiacet potestati.</p><p title="II-II q. 133 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="44430"><span class="ref">[44430] IIª-IIae, q. 133 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Ad
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3350 secundum dicendum quod ratio illa procedit de pusillanimitate ex
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3351 parte effectus.</p><p title="II-II q. 133 a. 2 ad 3"><a name="44431"><span class="ref">[44431] IIª-IIae, q. 133 a. 2 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3352 dicendum quod ratio illa procedit ex parte causae. Nec tamen timor
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3353 causans pusillanimitatem semper est timor periculorum mortis. Unde
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3354 etiam ex hac parte non oportet quod opponatur fortitudini. Ira
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3355 autem, secundum rationem proprii motus, quo quis extollitur in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3356 vindictam, non causat pusillanimitatem, quae deiicit animum, sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3357 magis tollit eam. Inducit autem ad pusillanimitatem ratione
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3358 causarum irae, quae sunt iniuriae illatae, ex quibus deiicitur
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
3359 animus patientis.</p><p title="II-II q. 133 a. 2 ad 4"><a name="44432"><span class="ref">[44432] IIª-IIae, q. 133 a. 2 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3360 dicendum quod pusillanimitas est gravius peccatum, secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3361 propriam speciem, quam praesumptio, quia per ipsam recedit homo a
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3362 bonis, quod est pessimum, ut dicitur in IV Ethic. Sed praesumptio
59
03759e5c1080 fix multi-para s.c.
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parents: 53
diff changeset
3363 dicitur esse nequissima ratione superbiae, ex qua procedit.</p></div></div><div id="q134" class="q"><h2>Quaestio 134</h2><div class="p"><h3>Prooemium</h3><p title="II-II q. 134 pr."><a name="44433"><span class="ref">[44433] IIª-IIae, q. 134 pr.</span></a> Deinde
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3364 considerandum est de magnificentia et vitiis oppositis. Circa
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3365 magnificentiam autem quaeruntur quatuor. Primo, utrum magnificentia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3366 sit virtus. Secundo, utrum sit virtus specialis. Tertio, quae sit
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
3367 materia eius. Quarto, utrum sit pars fortitudinis.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 1</h3><p title="II-II q. 134 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="44434"><span class="ref">[44434] IIª-IIae, q. 134 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3368 primum sic proceditur. Videtur quod magnificentia non sit virtus.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3369 Qui enim habet unam virtutem, habet omnes, ut supra habitum est.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3370 Sed aliquis potest habere alias virtutes sine magnificentia, dicit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3371 enim philosophus, in IV Ethic., quod <i>non omnis liberalis est
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
3372 magnificus</i>. Ergo magnificentia non est virtus.</p><p title="II-II q. 134 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="44435"><span class="ref">[44435] IIª-IIae, q. 134 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a>
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3373 Praeterea, virtus moralis consistit in medio, ut in II Ethic.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3374 dicitur. Sed magnificentia non videtur consistere in medio.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3375 Superexcellit enim liberalitatem magnitudine. Magnum autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3376 opponitur parvo sicut extremum, quorum medium est aequale, ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3377 dicitur X Metaphys. Et sic magnificentia non est in medio, sed in
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
3378 extremo. Ergo non est virtus.</p><p title="II-II q. 134 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="44436"><span class="ref">[44436] IIª-IIae, q. 134 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a>
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3379 Praeterea, nulla virtus contrariatur inclinationi naturali, sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3380 magis perficit ipsam, ut supra habitum est. Sed sicut philosophus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3381 dicit, in IV Ethic., <i>magnificus non est sumptuosus in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3382 seipsum</i>, quod est contra inclinationem naturalem, per quam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3383 aliquis maxime providet sibi. Ergo magnificentia non est
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3384 virtus.</p><p title="II-II q. 134 a. 1 arg. 4"><a name="44437"><span class="ref">[44437] IIª-IIae, q. 134 a. 1 arg. 4</span></a>
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3385 Praeterea, secundum philosophum, in VI Ethic., ars est recta ratio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3386 factibilium. Sed magnificentia est circa factibilia, ut ex ipso
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
3387 nomine apparet. Ergo magis est ars quam virtus.</p><p title="II-II q. 134 a. 1 s. c."><a name="44438"><span class="ref">[44438] IIª-IIae, q. 134 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3388 contra, virtus humana est participatio quaedam virtutis divinae.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3389 Sed magnificentia pertinet ad virtutem divinam, secundum illud
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3390 Psalmi, <i>magnificentia eius et virtus eius in nubibus</i>. Ergo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
3391 magnificentia est virtus.</p><p title="II-II q. 134 a. 1 co."><a name="44439"><span class="ref">[44439] IIª-IIae, q. 134 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3392 dicendum quod, sicut dicitur in I de caelo, <i>virtus dicitur per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3393 comparationem ad ultimum in quod potentia potest</i>, non quidem ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3394 ultimum ex parte defectus; sed ex parte excessus, cuius ratio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3395 consistit in magnitudine. Et ideo operari aliquid magnum, ex quo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3396 sumitur nomen magnificentiae, proprie pertinet ad rationem
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3397 virtutis. Unde magnificentia nominat virtutem.</p><p title="II-II q. 134 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="44440"><span class="ref">[44440] IIª-IIae, q. 134 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3398 ergo dicendum quod non omnis liberalis est magnificus quantum ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3399 actum, quia desunt sibi ea quibus uti necesse est ad actum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3400 magnificum. Tamen omnis liberalis habet habitum magnificentiae, vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3401 actu vel in propinqua dispositione, ut supra dictum est, cum de
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3402 connexione virtutum ageretur.</p><p title="II-II q. 134 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="44441"><span class="ref">[44441] IIª-IIae, q. 134 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3403 secundum dicendum quod magnificentia consistit quidem in extremo,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3404 considerata quantitate eius quod facit. Sed tamen in medio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3405 consistit, considerata regula rationis, a qua non deficit nec eam
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3406 excedit, sicut et de magnanimitate dictum est.</p><p title="II-II q. 134 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="44442"><span class="ref">[44442] IIª-IIae, q. 134 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3407 dicendum quod ad magnificentiam pertinet facere aliquid magnum.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3408 Quod autem pertinet ad personam uniuscuiusque, est aliquid parvum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3409 in comparatione ad id quod convenit rebus divinis vel rebus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3410 communibus. Et ideo magnificus non principaliter intendit sumptus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3411 facere in his quae pertinent ad personam propriam, non quia bonum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3412 suum non quaerat, sed quia non est magnum. Si quid tamen in his
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3413 quae ad ipsum pertinent magnitudinem habeat, hoc etiam magnifice
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3414 magnificus prosequitur, sicut ea quae semel fiunt, ut nuptiae vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3415 aliquid aliud huiusmodi; vel etiam ea quae permanentia sunt, sicut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3416 ad magnificum pertinet praeparare convenientem habitationem, ut
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3417 dicitur in IV Ethic.</p><p title="II-II q. 134 a. 1 ad 4"><a name="44443"><span class="ref">[44443] IIª-IIae, q. 134 a. 1 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3418 dicendum quod, sicut philosophus dicit, in VI Ethic., oportet artis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3419 esse quandam virtutem, scilicet moralem, per quam scilicet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3420 appetitus inclinetur ad recte utendum ratione artis. Et hoc
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
3421 pertinet ad magnificentiam. Unde non est ars, sed virtus.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 2</h3><p title="II-II q. 134 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="44444"><span class="ref">[44444] IIª-IIae, q. 134 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3422 secundum sic proceditur. Videtur quod magnificentia non sit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3423 specialis virtus. Ad magnificentiam enim videtur pertinere facere
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3424 aliquid magnum. Sed facere aliquid magnum potest convenire cuilibet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3425 virtuti, si sit magna, sicut qui habet magnam virtutem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3426 temperantiae, facit magnum temperantiae opus. Ergo magnificentia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3427 non est aliqua specialis virtus, sed significat statum perfectum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3428 cuiuslibet virtutis.</p><p title="II-II q. 134 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="44445"><span class="ref">[44445] IIª-IIae, q. 134 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a>
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3429 Praeterea, eiusdem videtur facere aliquid et tendere in illud. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3430 tendere in aliquid magnum pertinet ad magnanimitatem, ut supra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3431 dictum est. Ergo et facere aliquid magnum pertinet ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3432 magnanimitatem. Non ergo magnificentia est virtus distincta a
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3433 magnanimitate.</p><p title="II-II q. 134 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="44446"><span class="ref">[44446] IIª-IIae, q. 134 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a>
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3434 Praeterea, magnificentia videtur ad sanctitatem pertinere, dicitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3435 enim Exod. XV, <i>magnificus in sanctitate</i>; et in Psalmo,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3436 <i>sanctitas et magnificentia in sanctificatione eius</i>. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3437 sanctitas idem est religioni, ut supra habitum est. Ergo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3438 magnificentia videtur esse idem religioni. Non ergo est virtus
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3439 specialis ab aliis distincta.</p><p title="II-II q. 134 a. 2 s. c."><a name="44447"><span class="ref">[44447] IIª-IIae, q. 134 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3440 contra est quod philosophus connumerat eam aliis virtutibus
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3441 specialibus.</p><p title="II-II q. 134 a. 2 co."><a name="44448"><span class="ref">[44448] IIª-IIae, q. 134 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3442 dicendum quod ad magnificentiam pertinet facere aliquid magnum,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3443 sicut ex ipso nomine apparet. Facere autem dupliciter potest
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3444 accipi, uno modo, proprie; alio modo, communiter. Proprie autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3445 facere dicitur operari aliquid in exteriori materia, sicut facere
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3446 domum vel aliquid aliud huiusmodi. Communiter autem dicitur facere
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3447 pro quacumque actione, sive transeat in exteriorem materiam, sicut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3448 urere et secare; sive maneat in ipso agente, sicut intelligere et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3449 velle. Si igitur magnificentia accipiatur secundum quod importat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3450 factionem alicuius magni prout factio proprie dicitur, sic
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3451 magnificentia est specialis virtus. Opus enim factibile producitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3452 ab arte. In cuius quidem usu potest attendi una specialis ratio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3453 bonitatis quod ipsum opus factum per artem sit magnum, scilicet in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3454 quantitate, pretiositate vel dignitate, quod facit magnificentia.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3455 Et secundum hoc magnificentia est specialis virtus. Si vero nomen
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3456 magnificentiae accipiatur ab eo quod est facere magnum secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3457 quod facere communiter sumitur, sic magnificentia non est specialis
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3458 virtus.</p><p title="II-II q. 134 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="44449"><span class="ref">[44449] IIª-IIae, q. 134 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3459 ergo dicendum quod ad quamlibet virtutem perfectam pertinet magnum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3460 facere in suo genere, secundum quod facere communiter sumitur, non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3461 autem secundum quod sumitur proprie, sed hoc est proprium
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3462 magnificentiae.</p><p title="II-II q. 134 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="44450"><span class="ref">[44450] IIª-IIae, q. 134 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Ad
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3463 secundum dicendum quod ad magnanimitatem pertinet non solum tendere
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3464 in magnum, sed etiam in omnibus virtutibus magnum operari, vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3465 faciendo vel qualitercumque agendo, ut dicitur in IV Ethic., ita
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3466 tamen quod magnanimitas circa hoc respicit solam rationem magni.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3467 Aliae autem virtutes, quae, si sint perfectae, magnum operantur,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3468 non principaliter dirigunt intentionem suam ad magnum, sed ad id
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3469 quod est proprium unicuique virtuti, magnitudo autem consequitur ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3470 quantitate virtutis. Ad magnificentiam vero pertinet non solum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3471 facere magnum secundum quod facere proprie sumitur, sed etiam ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3472 magnum faciendum tendere animo, unde Tullius dicit, in sua
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3473 rhetorica, quod <i>magnificentia est rerum magnarum et excelsarum,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3474 cum animi quadam ampla et splendida propositione, cogitatio atque
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3475 administratio</i>; ut cogitatio referatur ad interiorem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3476 intentionem, administratio ad exteriorem executionem. Unde oportet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3477 quod sicut magnanimitas intendit aliquod magnum in omni materia,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3478 ita magnificentia in aliquo opere factibili.</p><p title="II-II q. 134 a. 2 ad 3"><a name="44451"><span class="ref">[44451] IIª-IIae, q. 134 a. 2 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3479 dicendum quod magnificentia intendit opus magnum facere. Opera
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3480 autem ab hominibus facta ad aliquem finem ordinantur. Nullus autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3481 finis humanorum operum est adeo magnus sicut honor Dei. Et ideo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3482 magnificentia praecipue magnum opus facit in ordine ad honorem Dei.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3483 Unde philosophus dicit, in IV Ethic., quod <i>honorabiles sumptus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3484 sunt maxime qui pertinent ad divina sacrificia, et circa hoc maxime
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3485 studet magnificus</i>. Et ideo magnificentia coniungitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3486 sanctitati, quia praecipue eius effectus ad religionem, sive ad
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3487 sanctitatem, ordinatur.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 3</h3><p title="II-II q. 134 a. 3 arg. 1"><a name="44452"><span class="ref">[44452] IIª-IIae, q. 134 a. 3 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3488 tertium sic proceditur. Videtur quod materia magnificentiae non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3489 sint sumptus magni. Circa eandem enim materiam non sunt duae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3490 virtutes. Sed circa sumptus est liberalitas, ut supra habitum est.
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3491 Ergo magnificentia non est circa sumptus.</p><p title="II-II q. 134 a. 3 arg. 2"><a name="44453"><span class="ref">[44453] IIª-IIae, q. 134 a. 3 arg. 2</span></a>
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3492 Praeterea, omnis magnificus est liberalis, ut dicitur in IV Ethic.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3493 Sed liberalitas magis est circa dona quam circa sumptus. Ergo etiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3494 magnificentia non praecipue est circa sumptus, sed magis circa
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3495 dona.</p><p title="II-II q. 134 a. 3 arg. 3"><a name="44454"><span class="ref">[44454] IIª-IIae, q. 134 a. 3 arg. 3</span></a>
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3496 Praeterea, ad magnificentiam pertinet aliquod opus exterius facere.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3497 Non autem quibuslibet sumptibus fit aliquod exterius opus, etiam si
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3498 sint sumptus magni, puta cum aliquis multa expendit in exenniis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3499 mittendis. Ergo sumptus non sunt propria materia
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3500 magnificentiae.</p><p title="II-II q. 134 a. 3 arg. 4"><a name="44455"><span class="ref">[44455] IIª-IIae, q. 134 a. 3 arg. 4</span></a>
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3501 Praeterea, magnos sumptus non possunt facere nisi divites. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3502 omnes virtutes possunt habere etiam pauperes, quia virtutes non ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3503 necessitate indigent exteriori fortuna, sed sibi ipsis sufficiunt,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3504 ut Seneca dicit, in libro de ira. Ergo magnificentia non est circa
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3505 magnos sumptus.</p><p title="II-II q. 134 a. 3 s. c."><a name="44456"><span class="ref">[44456] IIª-IIae, q. 134 a. 3 s. c.</span></a> Sed
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3506 contra est quod philosophus dicit, in IV Ethic., quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3507 <i>magnificentia non extenditur circa omnes operationes quae sunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3508 in pecuniis, sicut liberalitas, sed circa sumptuosas solum, in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3509 quibus excellit liberalitatem magnitudine</i>. Ergo est solum circa
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3510 magnos sumptus.</p><p title="II-II q. 134 a. 3 co."><a name="44457"><span class="ref">[44457] IIª-IIae, q. 134 a. 3 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3511 dicendum quod ad magnificentiam, sicut dictum est, pertinet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3512 intendere ad aliquod magnum opus faciendum. Ad hoc autem quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3513 aliquod magnum opus convenienter fiat, requiruntur proportionati
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3514 sumptus, non enim possunt magna opera fieri nisi cum magnis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3515 expensis. Unde ad magnificentiam pertinet magnos sumptus facere ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3516 hoc quod opus magnum convenienter fiat, unde et philosophus dicit,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3517 in IV Ethic., quod magnificus ab aequali, idest proportionato,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3518 sumptu, <i>opus faciet magis magnificum</i>. Sumptus autem est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3519 quaedam pecuniae emissio, a qua potest aliquis prohiberi per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3520 superfluum amorem pecuniae. Et ideo materia magnificentiae possunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3521 dici et ipsi sumptus, quibus utitur magnificus ad opus magnum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3522 faciendum; et ipsa pecunia, qua utitur ad sumptus magnos faciendos;
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3523 et amor pecuniae, quem moderatur magnificus, ne sumptus magni
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3524 impediantur.</p><p title="II-II q. 134 a. 3 ad 1"><a name="44458"><span class="ref">[44458] IIª-IIae, q. 134 a. 3 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3525 ergo dicendum quod, sicut supra dictum est, virtutes illae quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3526 sunt circa res exteriores habent aliquam difficultatem ex ipso
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3527 genere rei circa quam est virtus, et aliam difficultatem ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3528 magnitudine ipsius rei. Et ideo oportet circa pecuniam et usum eius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3529 esse duas virtutes, scilicet liberalitatem, quae respicit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3530 communiter usum pecuniae; et magnificentiam, quae respicit magnum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3531 in pecuniae usu.</p><p title="II-II q. 134 a. 3 ad 2"><a name="44459"><span class="ref">[44459] IIª-IIae, q. 134 a. 3 ad 2</span></a> Ad
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3532 secundum dicendum quod usus pecuniae aliter pertinet ad liberalem,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3533 et aliter ad magnificum. Ad liberalem enim pertinet secundum quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3534 procedit ex ordinato affectu circa pecunias. Et ideo omnis usus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3535 debitus pecuniae, cuius impedimentum tollit moderatio amoris
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3536 pecuniae, pertinet ad liberalitatem, scilicet et dona et sumptus.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3537 Sed usus pecuniae pertinet ad magnificum in ordine ad aliquod opus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3538 magnum quod faciendum est. Et talis usus non potest esse nisi
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3539 sumptus sive expensa.</p><p title="II-II q. 134 a. 3 ad 3"><a name="44460"><span class="ref">[44460] IIª-IIae, q. 134 a. 3 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3540 dicendum quod magnificus etiam dat dona vel exennia, ut dicitur in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3541 IV Ethic., non tamen sub ratione doni, sed potius sub ratione
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3542 sumptus ordinati ad aliquod opus faciendum, puta ad honorandum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3543 aliquem, vel ad faciendum aliquid unde proveniat honor toti
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3544 civitati, sicut cum facit aliquid ad quod tota civitas studet.</p><p title="II-II q. 134 a. 3 ad 4"><a name="44461"><span class="ref">[44461] IIª-IIae, q. 134 a. 3 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3545 dicendum quod principalis actus virtutis est interior electio, quam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3546 virtus potest habere absque exteriori fortuna. Et sic etiam pauper
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3547 potest esse magnificus. Sed ad exteriores actus virtutum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3548 requiruntur bona fortunae sicut quaedam instrumenta. Et secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3549 hoc, pauper non potest actum magnificentiae exteriorem exercere in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3550 his quae sunt magna simpliciter, sed forte in his quae sunt magna
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3551 per comparationem ad aliquod opus quod, etsi in se sit parvum,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3552 tamen potest magnifice fieri secundum proportionem illius generis;
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3553 nam parvum et magnum dicuntur relative, ut philosophus dicit, in
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3554 praedicamentis.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 4</h3><p title="II-II q. 134 a. 4 arg. 1"><a name="44462"><span class="ref">[44462] IIª-IIae, q. 134 a. 4 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3555 quartum sic proceditur. Videtur quod magnificentia non sit pars
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3556 fortitudinis. Magnificentia enim convenit in materia cum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3557 liberalitate, ut dictum est. Sed liberalitas non est pars
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3558 fortitudinis, sed iustitiae. Ergo magnificentia non est pars
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3559 fortitudinis.</p><p title="II-II q. 134 a. 4 arg. 2"><a name="44463"><span class="ref">[44463] IIª-IIae, q. 134 a. 4 arg. 2</span></a>
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3560 Praeterea, fortitudo est circa timores et audacias. Magnificentia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3561 autem in nullo videtur respicere timorem, sed solum sumptus, qui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3562 sunt operationes quaedam. Ergo magnificentia magis videtur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3563 pertinere ad iustitiam, quae est circa operationes, quam ad
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3564 fortitudinem.</p><p title="II-II q. 134 a. 4 arg. 3"><a name="44464"><span class="ref">[44464] IIª-IIae, q. 134 a. 4 arg. 3</span></a>
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3565 Praeterea, philosophus dicit, in IV Ethic., quod <i>magnificus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3566 scienti assimilatur</i>. Sed scientia magis convenit cum prudentia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3567 quam cum fortitudine. Ergo magnificentia non debet poni pars
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3568 fortitudinis.</p><p title="II-II q. 134 a. 4 s. c."><a name="44465"><span class="ref">[44465] IIª-IIae, q. 134 a. 4 s. c.</span></a> Sed
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3569 contra est quod Tullius et Macrobius et Andronicus magnificentiam
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3570 partem fortitudinis ponunt.</p><p title="II-II q. 134 a. 4 co."><a name="44466"><span class="ref">[44466] IIª-IIae, q. 134 a. 4 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3571 dicendum quod magnificentia, secundum quod est specialis virtus,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3572 non potest poni pars subiectiva fortitudinis, quia non convenit cum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3573 ea in materia, sed ponitur pars eius inquantum adiungitur ei sicut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3574 virtus secundaria principali. Ad hoc autem quod aliqua virtus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3575 adiungatur alicui principali, duo requiruntur, ut supra dictum est,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3576 quorum unum est ut secundaria conveniat cum principali; aliud autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3577 est ut in aliquo excedatur ab ea. Magnificentia autem convenit cum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3578 fortitudine in hoc quod, sicut fortitudo tendit in aliquod arduum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3579 et difficile, ita etiam et magnificentia, unde etiam videtur esse
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3580 in irascibili, sicut et fortitudo. Sed magnificentia deficit a
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3581 fortitudine in hoc quod illud arduum in quod tendit fortitudo,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3582 habet difficultatem propter periculum quod imminet personae, arduum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3583 autem in quod tendit magnificentia, habet difficultatem propter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3584 dispendium rerum; quod est multo minus quam periculum personae. Et
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3585 ideo magnificentia ponitur pars fortitudinis.</p><p title="II-II q. 134 a. 4 ad 1"><a name="44467"><span class="ref">[44467] IIª-IIae, q. 134 a. 4 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3586 ergo dicendum quod iustitia respicit operationes secundum se, prout
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3587 in eis consideratur ratio debiti. Sed liberalitas et magnificentia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3588 considerant operationes sumptuum secundum quod comparantur ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3589 passiones animae, diversimode tamen. Nam liberalitas respicit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3590 sumptus per comparationem ad amorem et concupiscentiam pecuniarum,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3591 quae sunt passiones concupiscibilis, quibus non impeditur liberalis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3592 a dationibus et sumptibus faciendis, unde est in concupiscibili.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3593 Sed magnificentia respicit sumptus per comparationem ad spem,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3594 attingendo ad aliquid arduum, non simpliciter, sicut magnanimitas,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3595 sed in determinata materia, scilicet in sumptibus. Unde
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3596 magnificentia videtur esse in irascibili, sicut et
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3597 magnanimitas.</p><p title="II-II q. 134 a. 4 ad 2"><a name="44468"><span class="ref">[44468] IIª-IIae, q. 134 a. 4 ad 2</span></a> Ad
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3598 secundum dicendum quod magnificentia, etsi non conveniat cum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3599 fortitudine in materia, convenit tamen cum ea in conditione
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3600 materiae, inquantum scilicet tendit in aliquid arduum circa
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3601 sumptus, sicut fortitudo in aliquid arduum circa timores.</p><p title="II-II q. 134 a. 4 ad 3"><a name="44469"><span class="ref">[44469] IIª-IIae, q. 134 a. 4 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3602 dicendum quod magnificentia ordinat usum artis ad aliquid magnum,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3603 ut dictum est. Ars autem est in ratione. Et ideo ad magnificum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3604 pertinet bene uti ratione in attendendo proportionem sumptus ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3605 opus quod faciendum est. Et hoc praecipue necessarium est propter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3606 magnitudinem utriusque, quia nisi diligens consideratio
59
03759e5c1080 fix multi-para s.c.
ht
parents: 53
diff changeset
3607 adhiberetur, immineret periculum magni damni.</p></div></div><div id="q135" class="q"><h2>Quaestio 135</h2><div class="p"><h3>Prooemium</h3><p title="II-II q. 135 pr."><a name="44470"><span class="ref">[44470] IIª-IIae, q. 135 pr.</span></a> Deinde
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3608 considerandum est de vitiis oppositis magnificentiae. Et circa hoc
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3609 quaeruntur duo. Primo, utrum parvificentia sit vitium. Secundo, de
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3610 vitio ei opposito.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 1</h3><p title="II-II q. 135 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="44471"><span class="ref">[44471] IIª-IIae, q. 135 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3611 primum sic proceditur. Videtur quod parvificentia non sit vitium.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3612 Virtus enim, sicut est moderativa magnorum, ita etiam est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3613 moderativa parvorum, unde et liberales et magnifici aliqua parva
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3614 faciunt. Sed magnificentia est virtus. Ergo similiter parvificentia
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3615 magis est virtus quam vitium.</p><p title="II-II q. 135 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="44472"><span class="ref">[44472] IIª-IIae, q. 135 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a>
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3616 Praeterea, philosophus dicit, in IV Ethic., quod <i>diligentia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3617 ratiocinii est parvifica</i>. Sed diligentia ratiocinii videtur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3618 esse laudabilis, <i>quia bonum hominis est secundum rationem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3619 esse</i>, ut Dionysius dicit, IV cap. de Div. Nom. Ergo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3620 parvificentia non est vitium.</p><p title="II-II q. 135 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="44473"><span class="ref">[44473] IIª-IIae, q. 135 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a>
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3621 Praeterea, philosophus dicit, in IV Ethic., quod parvificus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3622 consumit pecuniam tristatus. Sed hoc pertinet ad avaritiam, sive ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3623 illiberalitatem. Ergo parvificentia non est vitium ab aliis
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3624 distinctum.</p><p title="II-II q. 135 a. 1 s. c."><a name="44474"><span class="ref">[44474] IIª-IIae, q. 135 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3625 contra est quod philosophus, in II et IV Ethic., ponit
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3626 parvificentiam speciale vitium magnificentiae oppositum.</p><p title="II-II q. 135 a. 1 co."><a name="44475"><span class="ref">[44475] IIª-IIae, q. 135 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3627 dicendum quod, sicut supra dictum est, moralia speciem a fine
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3628 sortiuntur. Unde et a fine ut pluries nominantur. Ex hoc ergo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3629 dicitur aliquis parvificus quod intendit ad aliquid parvum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3630 faciendum. Parvum autem et magnum, secundum philosophum, in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3631 praedicamentis, relative dicuntur. Unde cum dicitur quod parvificus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3632 intendit aliquid parvum faciendum, facere parvum intelligendum est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3633 in comparatione ad genus operis quod facit. In quo quidem parvum et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3634 magnum potest attendi dupliciter, uno modo, ex parte operis fiendi;
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3635 alio modo, ex parte sumptus. Magnificus igitur principaliter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3636 intendit magnitudinem operis, secundario intendit magnitudinem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3637 sumptus, quam non vitat, ut faciat magnum opus, unde philosophus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3638 dicit, in IV Ethic., quod <i>magnificus ab aequali sumptu opus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3639 facit magis magnificum</i>. Parvificus autem e converso
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3640 principaliter quidem intendit parvitatem sumptus, unde philosophus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3641 dicit, in IV Ethic., quod <i>intendit qualiter minimum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3642 consumat</i>, ex consequenti autem intendit parvitatem operis, quam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3643 scilicet non recusat, dummodo parvum sumptum faciat. Unde
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3644 philosophus dicit, ibidem, quod parvificus, maxima consumens in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3645 parvo, quod scilicet non vult expendere, bonum perdit, scilicet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3646 magnifici operis. Sic ergo patet quod parvificus deficit a
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3647 proportione quae debet esse secundum rationem inter sumptum et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3648 opus. Defectus autem ab eo quod est secundum rationem, causat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3649 rationem vitii. Unde manifestum est quod parvificentia vitium
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3650 est.</p><p title="II-II q. 135 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="44476"><span class="ref">[44476] IIª-IIae, q. 135 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3651 ergo dicendum quod virtus moderatur parva secundum regulam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3652 rationis, a qua deficit parvificus, ut dictum est. Non enim dicitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3653 parvificus qui parva moderatur, sed qui in moderando magna vel
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3654 parva deficit a regula rationis. Et ideo habet vitii rationem.</p><p title="II-II q. 135 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="44477"><span class="ref">[44477] IIª-IIae, q. 135 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3655 secundum dicendum quod, sicut dicit philosophus, in II Rhet., timor
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3656 facit consiliativos. Et ideo parvificus diligenter ratiociniis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3657 intendit, quia inordinate timet bonorum suorum consumptionem, etiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3658 in minimis. Unde hoc non est laudabile, sed vitiosum et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3659 vituperabile, quia non dirigit affectum suum secundum rationem, sed
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3660 potius rationis usum applicat ad inordinationem sui affectus.</p><p title="II-II q. 135 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="44478"><span class="ref">[44478] IIª-IIae, q. 135 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3661 dicendum quod sicut magnificus convenit cum liberali in hoc quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3662 prompte et delectabiliter pecunias emittit, ita etiam parvificus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3663 convenit cum illiberali sive avaro in hoc quod cum tristitia et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3664 tarditate expensas facit. Differt autem in hoc quod illiberalitas
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3665 attenditur circa communes sumptus, parvificentia autem circa magnos
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3666 sumptus, quos difficilius est facere. Et ideo minus vitium est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3667 parvificentia quam illiberalitas. Unde philosophus dicit, in IV
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3668 Ethic., quod quamvis parvificentia et oppositum vitium sint
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3669 malitiae, <i>non tamen opprobria inferunt, quia neque sunt nociva
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3670 proximo, neque sunt valde turpes</i>.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 2</h3><p title="II-II q. 135 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="44479"><span class="ref">[44479] IIª-IIae, q. 135 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3671 secundum sic proceditur. Videtur quod parvificentiae nullum vitium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3672 opponatur. Parvo enim opponitur magnum. Sed magnificentia non est
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3673 vitium, sed virtus. Ergo parvificentiae non opponitur vitium.</p><p title="II-II q. 135 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="44480"><span class="ref">[44480] IIª-IIae, q. 135 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a>
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3674 Praeterea, cum parvificentia sit vitium ex defectu, ut dictum est,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3675 videtur quod, si aliquod vitium esset parvificentiae oppositum,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3676 quod consisteret solum in superabundanti consumptione. <i>Sed illi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3677 qui consumunt multa ubi pauca oporteret consumere, consumunt pauca
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3678 ubi multa oporteret consumere</i>, ut dicitur in IV Ethic., et sic
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3679 habent aliquid de parvificentia. Non ergo est aliquod vitium
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3680 parvificentiae oppositum.</p><p title="II-II q. 135 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="44481"><span class="ref">[44481] IIª-IIae, q. 135 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a>
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3681 Praeterea, moralia sortiuntur speciem ex fine, ut dictum est. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3682 illi qui superflue consumunt, hoc faciunt causa ostentationis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3683 divitiarum, ut dicitur in IV Ethic. Hoc autem pertinet ad inanem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3684 gloriam, quae opponitur magnanimitati, ut dictum est. Ergo nullum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3685 vitium parvificentiae opponitur.</p><p title="II-II q. 135 a. 2 s. c."><a name="44482"><span class="ref">[44482] IIª-IIae, q. 135 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3686 contra est auctoritas philosophi, qui, in II et IV Ethic., ponit
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3687 magnificentiam medium duorum oppositorum vitiorum.</p><p title="II-II q. 135 a. 2 co."><a name="44483"><span class="ref">[44483] IIª-IIae, q. 135 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3688 dicendum quod parvo opponitur magnum. Parvum autem et magnum, ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3689 dictum est, relative dicuntur. Sicut autem contingit sumptum esse
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3690 parvum per comparationem ad opus, ita etiam contingit sumptum esse
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3691 magnum in comparatione ad opus, ut scilicet excedat proportionem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3692 quae esse debet sumptus ad opus secundum regulam rationis. Unde
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3693 manifestum est quod vitio parvificentiae, qua aliquis deficit a
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3694 proportione debita expensarum ad opus, intendens minus expendere
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3695 quam dignitas operis requirat, opponitur vitium quo aliquis dictam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3696 proportionem excedit, ut scilicet plus expendat quam sit operi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3697 proportionatum. Et hoc vitium Graece quidem dicitur banausia, a
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3698 furno dicta, quia videlicet ad modum ignis qui est in furno, omnia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3699 consumit, vel dicitur apirocalia, idest sine bono igne, quia ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3700 modum ignis consumit non propter bonum. Unde Latine hoc vitium
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3701 nominari potest consumptio.</p><p title="II-II q. 135 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="44484"><span class="ref">[44484] IIª-IIae, q. 135 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3702 ergo dicendum quod magnificentia dicitur esse eo quod facit magnum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3703 opus, non autem ex eo quod in sumptu excedat proportionem operis.
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3704 Hoc enim pertinet ad vitium quod opponitur parvificentiae.</p><p title="II-II q. 135 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="44485"><span class="ref">[44485] IIª-IIae, q. 135 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Ad
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3705 secundum dicendum quod idem vitium contrariatur virtuti quae est in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3706 medio, et contrario vitio. Sic igitur vitium consumptionis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3707 opponitur parvificentiae in eo quod excedit in sumptu operis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3708 dignitatem, expendens multa ubi pauca oporteret expendere.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3709 Opponitur autem magnificentiae ex parte operis magni, quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3710 praecipue intendit magnificus, inquantum scilicet, ubi oportet
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3711 multa expendere, nihil aut parum expendit.</p><p title="II-II q. 135 a. 2 ad 3"><a name="44486"><span class="ref">[44486] IIª-IIae, q. 135 a. 2 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3712 dicendum quod consumptor ex ipsa specie actus opponitur parvifico,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3713 inquantum transcendit regulam rationis, a qua parvificus deficit.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3714 Nihil tamen prohibet quin hoc ad finem alterius vitii ordinetur,
59
03759e5c1080 fix multi-para s.c.
ht
parents: 53
diff changeset
3715 puta inanis gloria, vel cuiuscumque alterius.</p></div></div><div id="q136" class="q"><h2>Quaestio 136</h2><div class="p"><h3>Prooemium</h3><p title="II-II q. 136 pr."><a name="44487"><span class="ref">[44487] IIª-IIae, q. 136 pr.</span></a> Deinde
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3716 considerandum est de patientia. Et circa hoc quaeruntur quinque.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3717 Primo, utrum patientia sit virtus. Secundo, utrum sit maxima
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3718 virtutum. Tertio, utrum possit haberi sine gratia. Quarto, utrum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3719 sit pars fortitudinis. Quinto, utrum sit idem cum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3720 longanimitate.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 1</h3><p title="II-II q. 136 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="44488"><span class="ref">[44488] IIª-IIae, q. 136 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3721 primum sic proceditur. Videtur quod patientia non sit virtus.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3722 Virtutes enim perfectissime sunt in patria, ut dicit Augustinus,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3723 XIV de Trin. Sed ibi non est patientia, quia nulla sunt ibi mala
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3724 toleranda, secundum illud Isaiae XLIX et Apocalyps. XXI, <i>non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3725 esurient neque sitient, et non percutiet eos aestus neque sol</i>.
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3726 Ergo patientia non est virtus.</p><p title="II-II q. 136 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="44489"><span class="ref">[44489] IIª-IIae, q. 136 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a>
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3727 Praeterea, nulla virtus in malis potest inveniri, quia virtus est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3728 quae bonum facit habentem. Sed patientia quandoque in malis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3729 hominibus invenitur, sicut patet in avaris, qui multa mala
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3730 patienter tolerant ut pecunias congregent, secundum illud Eccle. V
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3731 <i>cunctis diebus vitae suae comedit in tenebris, et in curis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3732 multis, et in aerumna atque tristitia</i>. Ergo patientia non est
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3733 virtus.</p><p title="II-II q. 136 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="44490"><span class="ref">[44490] IIª-IIae, q. 136 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a>
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3734 Praeterea, fructus a virtutibus differunt, ut supra habitum est.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3735 Sed patientia ponitur inter fructus, ut patet Galat. V. Ergo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3736 patientia non est virtus.</p><p title="II-II q. 136 a. 1 s. c."><a name="44491"><span class="ref">[44491] IIª-IIae, q. 136 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3737 contra est quod Augustinus dicit, in libro de patientia, <i>virtus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3738 animi quae patientia dicitur, tam magnum Dei donum est ut etiam
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3739 ipsius qui nobis eam largitur patientia praedicetur</i>.</p><p title="II-II q. 136 a. 1 co."><a name="44492"><span class="ref">[44492] IIª-IIae, q. 136 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3740 dicendum quod, sicut dictum est supra, virtutes morales ordinantur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3741 ad bonum inquantum conservant bonum rationis contra impetus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3742 passionum. Inter alias autem passiones, tristitia efficax est ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3743 impediendum bonum rationis, secundum illud II ad Cor. VII,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3744 <i>saeculi tristitia mortem operatur</i>; et Eccli. XXX, <i>multos
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3745 occidit tristitia, et non est utilitas in illa</i>. Unde necesse
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3746 est habere aliquam virtutem per quam bonum rationis conservetur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3747 contra tristitiam, ne scilicet ratio tristitiae succumbat. Hoc
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3748 autem facit patientia. Unde Augustinus dicit, in libro de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3749 patientia, quod <i>patientia hominis est qua mala aequo animo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3750 toleramus</i>, idest sine perturbatione tristitiae, <i>ne animo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3751 iniquo bona deseramus per quae ad meliora perveniamus</i>. Unde
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3752 manifestum est patientiam esse virtutem.</p><p title="II-II q. 136 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="44493"><span class="ref">[44493] IIª-IIae, q. 136 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3753 ergo dicendum quod virtutes morales non remanent secundum eundem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3754 actum in patria quem habent in via, scilicet per comparationem ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3755 bona praesentis vitae, quae non remanebunt in patria, sed per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3756 comparationem ad finem, qui erit in patria. Sicut iustitia non erit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3757 in patria circa emptiones et venditiones, et alia quae pertinent ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3758 vitam praesentem, sed in hoc quod est subditum esse Deo. Similiter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3759 actus patientiae in patria non erit in sustinendo aliqua, sed in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3760 fruitione bonorum in quae pervenire volebamus patiendo. Unde
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3761 Augustinus dicit, in XIV de Civ. Dei, quod <i>in patria non erit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3762 ipsa patientia, quae necessaria non est nisi ubi toleranda sunt
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3763 mala, sed aeternum erit id quo per patientiam pervenitur</i>.</p><p title="II-II q. 136 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="44494"><span class="ref">[44494] IIª-IIae, q. 136 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3764 secundum dicendum quod, sicut Augustinus dicit, in libro de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3765 patientia, <i>patientes proprie dicuntur qui mala malunt non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3766 committendo ferre, quam non ferendo committere. In illis autem qui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3767 mala sustinent ut mala faciant, nec miranda nec laudanda est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3768 patientia, quae nulla est, sed miranda duritia, neganda
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3769 patientia</i>.</p><p title="II-II q. 136 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="44495"><span class="ref">[44495] IIª-IIae, q. 136 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3770 dicendum quod, sicut supra dictum est, fructus in sui ratione
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3771 importat quandam delectationem. <i>Sunt autem operationes virtutum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3772 delectabiles secundum seipsas</i>, ut dicitur in I Ethic. Consuetum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3773 est autem ut nomine virtutum etiam virtutum actus significentur. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3774 ideo patientia, quantum ad habitum, ponitur virtus quantum autem ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3775 delectationem quam habet in actu, ponitur fructus et praecipue
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3776 quantum ad hoc quod per patientiam animus praeservatur ne obruatur
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3777 tristitia.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 2</h3><p title="II-II q. 136 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="44496"><span class="ref">[44496] IIª-IIae, q. 136 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3778 secundum sic proceditur. Videtur quod patientia sit potissima
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3779 virtutum. Id enim quod est perfectum est potissimum in unoquoque
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3780 genere. Sed patentia habet opus perfectum, ut dicitur Iac. I. Ergo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3781 patientia est potissima virtutum.</p><p title="II-II q. 136 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="44497"><span class="ref">[44497] IIª-IIae, q. 136 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a>
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3782 Praeterea, omnes virtutes ad bonum animae ordinantur. Sed hoc
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3783 praecipue videtur pertinere ad patientiam, dicitur enim Luc. XXI,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3784 <i>in patientia vestra possidebitis animas vestras</i>. Ergo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3785 patientia est maxima virtutum.</p><p title="II-II q. 136 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="44498"><span class="ref">[44498] IIª-IIae, q. 136 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a>
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3786 Praeterea, illud quod est conservativum et causa aliorum, videtur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3787 potius esse. Sed sicut Gregorius dicit, in quadam homilia,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3788 <i>patientia est radix et custos omnium virtutum</i>. Ergo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3789 patientia est maxima virtutum.</p><p title="II-II q. 136 a. 2 s. c."><a name="44499"><span class="ref">[44499] IIª-IIae, q. 136 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3790 contra est quod non enumeratur inter quatuor virtutes quas
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3791 Gregorius, XXII Moral., et Augustinus, in libro de moribus Eccle.,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3792 vocat principales.</p><p title="II-II q. 136 a. 2 co."><a name="44500"><span class="ref">[44500] IIª-IIae, q. 136 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3793 dicendum quod virtutes secundum suam rationem ordinantur ad bonum,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3794 est enim virtus quae bonum facit habentem et opus eius bonum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3795 reddit, ut dicitur in II Ethic. Unde oportet quod tanto
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3796 principalior sit virtus et potior, quanto magis et directius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3797 ordinat in bonum. Directius autem ad bonum ordinant hominem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3798 virtutes quae sunt constitutivae boni, quam illae quae sunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3799 impeditivae eorum quae abducunt a bono. Et sicut inter illas quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3800 sunt constitutivae boni tanto aliqua potior est quanto in maiori
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3801 bono statuit hominem, sicut fides, spes et caritas quam prudentia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3802 et iustitia; ita etiam inter illas quae sunt impeditivae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3803 retrahentium a bono, tanto aliqua est potior quanto id quod ab ea
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3804 impeditur magis a bono retrahit. Plus autem a bono retrahunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3805 pericula mortis, circa quae est fortitudo, vel delectationes
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3806 tactus, circa quae est temperantia, quam quaevis adversa, circa
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3807 quae est patientia. Et ideo patientia non est potissima virtutum,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3808 sed deficit non solum a virtutibus theologicis et prudentia et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3809 iustitia, quae directe statuunt hominem in bono; sed etiam a
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3810 fortitudine et temperantia, quae retrahunt a maioribus
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3811 impedimentis.</p><p title="II-II q. 136 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="44501"><span class="ref">[44501] IIª-IIae, q. 136 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3812 ergo dicendum quod patientia dicitur habere opus perfectum in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3813 adversis tolerandis, ex quibus primo procedit tristitia, quam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3814 moderatur patientia; secundo ira, quam moderatur mansuetudo; tertio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3815 odium, quod tollit caritas; quarto iniustum nocumentum, quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3816 prohibet iustitia. Tollere enim principium uniuscuiusque est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3817 perfectius. Nec tamen sequitur, si in hoc patientia est perfectior,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3818 quod sit perfectior simpliciter.</p><p title="II-II q. 136 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="44502"><span class="ref">[44502] IIª-IIae, q. 136 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Ad
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3819 secundum dicendum quod possessio importat quietum dominium. Et ideo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3820 per patientiam dicitur homo suam animam possidere, inquantum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3821 radicitus evellit passiones adversitatum, quibus anima
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3822 inquietatur.</p><p title="II-II q. 136 a. 2 ad 3"><a name="44503"><span class="ref">[44503] IIª-IIae, q. 136 a. 2 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3823 dicendum quod patientia dicitur esse radix et custos omnium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3824 virtutum, non quasi directe eas causando et conservando, sed solum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3825 removendo prohibens.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 3</h3><p title="II-II q. 136 a. 3 arg. 1"><a name="44504"><span class="ref">[44504] IIª-IIae, q. 136 a. 3 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3826 tertium sic proceditur. Videtur quod patientia possit haberi sine
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3827 gratia. Illud enim ad quod ratio magis inclinat, magis potest
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3828 implere rationalis creatura. Sed magis est rationabile quod aliquis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3829 patiatur mala propter bonum quam propter malum. Aliqui autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3830 patiuntur mala propter malum ex propria virtute, sine auxilio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3831 gratiae, dicit enim Augustinus, in libro de patientia, quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3832 <i>multa in laboribus et doloribus sustinent homines propter ea
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3833 quae vitiose diligunt</i>. Ergo multo magis homo potest mala
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3834 sustinere propter bonum, quod est vere patientem esse, praeter
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3835 auxilium gratiae.</p><p title="II-II q. 136 a. 3 arg. 2"><a name="44505"><span class="ref">[44505] IIª-IIae, q. 136 a. 3 arg. 2</span></a>
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3836 Praeterea, aliqui non existentes in statu gratiae magis abhorrent
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3837 mala vitiorum quam corporalia mala, unde quidam gentilium leguntur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3838 multa mala tolerasse ne patriam proderent, aut aliquid aliud
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3839 inhonestum committerent. Sed hoc est vere patientem esse. Ergo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3840 videtur quod patientia possit haberi absque auxilio gratiae.</p><p title="II-II q. 136 a. 3 arg. 3"><a name="44506"><span class="ref">[44506] IIª-IIae, q. 136 a. 3 arg. 3</span></a>
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3841 Praeterea, manifeste apparet quod aliqui propter sanitatem corporis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3842 recuperandam gravia quaedam et amara patiuntur. Salus autem animae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3843 non est minus appetibilis quam sanitas corporis. Ergo, pari
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3844 ratione, pro salute animae potest aliquis multa mala sustinere,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3845 quod est vere patientem esse, absque auxilio gratiae.</p><p title="II-II q. 136 a. 3 s. c."><a name="44507"><span class="ref">[44507] IIª-IIae, q. 136 a. 3 s. c.</span></a> Sed
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3846 contra est quod dicitur in Psalmo, ab ipso, scilicet Deo, patientia
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3847 mea.</p><p title="II-II q. 136 a. 3 co."><a name="44508"><span class="ref">[44508] IIª-IIae, q. 136 a. 3 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3848 dicendum quod, sicut Augustinus dicit, in libro de patientia,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3849 <i>vis desideriorum facit tolerantiam laborum et dolorum, et nemo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3850 nisi pro eo quod delectat, sponte suscipit ferre quod cruciat</i>.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3851 Et huius ratio est quia tristitiam et dolorem secundum se abhorret
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3852 animus, unde nunquam eligeret eam pati propter se, sed solum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3853 propter finem. Ergo oportet quod illud bonum propter quod aliquis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3854 vult pati mala, sit magis volitum et amatum quam illud bonum cuius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3855 privatio ingerit dolorem quem patienter toleramus. Quod autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3856 aliquis praeferat bonum gratiae omnibus naturalibus bonis ex quorum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3857 amissione potest dolor causari, pertinet ad caritatem, quae diligit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3858 Deum super omnia. Unde manifestum est quod patientia, secundum quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3859 est virtus, a caritate causatur, secundum illud I ad Cor. XIII,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3860 <i>caritas patiens est</i>. Manifestum est autem quod caritas non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3861 potest haberi nisi per gratiam, secundum illud Rom. V, <i>caritas
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3862 Dei diffusa est in cordibus nostris per spiritum sanctum, qui datus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3863 est nobis</i>. Unde patet quod patientia non potest haberi sine
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3864 auxilio gratiae.</p><p title="II-II q. 136 a. 3 ad 1"><a name="44509"><span class="ref">[44509] IIª-IIae, q. 136 a. 3 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3865 ergo dicendum quod in natura humana, si esset integra, praevaleret
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3866 inclinatio rationis, sed in natura corrupta praevalet inclinatio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3867 concupiscentiae, quae in homine dominatur. Et ideo pronior est homo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3868 ad sustinendum mala in quibus concupiscentia delectatur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3869 praesentialiter, quam tolerare mala propter bona futura quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3870 secundum rationem appetuntur, quod tamen pertinet ad veram
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3871 patientiam.</p><p title="II-II q. 136 a. 3 ad 2"><a name="44510"><span class="ref">[44510] IIª-IIae, q. 136 a. 3 ad 2</span></a> Ad
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3872 secundum dicendum quod bonum politicae virtutis est commensuratum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3873 naturae humanae. Et ideo absque auxilio gratiae gratum facientis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3874 potest voluntas humana in illud tendere, licet non absque auxilio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3875 Dei. Sed bonum gratiae est supernaturale. Unde in illud non potest
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3876 tendere homo per virtutem suae naturae. Et ideo non est similis
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3877 ratio.</p><p title="II-II q. 136 a. 3 ad 3"><a name="44511"><span class="ref">[44511] IIª-IIae, q. 136 a. 3 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3878 dicendum quod tolerantia etiam malorum quae quis sustinet propter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3879 corporis sanitatem, procedit ex amore quo homo naturaliter diligit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3880 suam carnem. Et ideo non est similis ratio de patientia, quae
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3881 procedit ex amore supernaturali.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 4</h3><p title="II-II q. 136 a. 4 arg. 1"><a name="44512"><span class="ref">[44512] IIª-IIae, q. 136 a. 4 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3882 quartum sic proceditur. Videtur quod patientia non sit pars
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3883 fortitudinis. Idem enim non est pars sui ipsius. Sed patientia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3884 videtur idem esse fortitudini, quia sicut supra dictum est,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3885 proprius actus fortitudinis est sustinere; et hoc etiam pertinet ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3886 patientiam, dicitur enim in libro sententiarum prosperi quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3887 patientia consistit in alienis malis tolerandis. Ergo patientia non
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3888 est pars fortitudinis.</p><p title="II-II q. 136 a. 4 arg. 2"><a name="44513"><span class="ref">[44513] IIª-IIae, q. 136 a. 4 arg. 2</span></a>
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3889 Praeterea, fortitudo est circa timores et audacias, ut supra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3890 habitum est, et ita est in irascibili. Sed patientia videtur esse
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3891 circa tristitias, et ita videtur esse in concupiscibili. Ergo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3892 patientia non est pars fortitudinis, sed magis temperantiae.</p><p title="II-II q. 136 a. 4 arg. 3"><a name="44514"><span class="ref">[44514] IIª-IIae, q. 136 a. 4 arg. 3</span></a>
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3893 Praeterea, totum non potest esse sine parte. Si ergo patientia sit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3894 pars fortitudinis, fortitudo nunquam posset esse sine patientia,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3895 cum tamen fortis quandoque non toleret patienter mala, sed etiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3896 aggrediatur eum qui mala facit. Ergo patientia non est pars
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3897 fortitudinis.</p><p title="II-II q. 136 a. 4 s. c."><a name="44515"><span class="ref">[44515] IIª-IIae, q. 136 a. 4 s. c.</span></a> Sed
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3898 contra est quod Tullius, in sua rhetorica, ponit eam fortitudinis
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3899 partem.</p><p title="II-II q. 136 a. 4 co."><a name="44516"><span class="ref">[44516] IIª-IIae, q. 136 a. 4 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3900 dicendum quod patientia est pars fortitudinis quasi potentialis,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3901 quia adiungitur fortitudini sicut virtus secundaria principali. Ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3902 patientiam enim pertinet aliena mala aequanimiter perpeti, ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3903 Gregorius dicit, in quadam homilia. In malis autem quae ab aliis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3904 inferuntur, praecipua sunt, et difficillima ad sustinendum, illa
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3905 quae pertinent ad pericula mortis, circa quae est fortitudo. Unde
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3906 patet quod in ista materia principalitatem tenet fortitudo, quasi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3907 vindicans sibi id quod principalius est in hac materia. Et ideo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3908 patientia adiungitur ei sicut secundaria virtus principali.</p><p title="II-II q. 136 a. 4 ad 1"><a name="44517"><span class="ref">[44517] IIª-IIae, q. 136 a. 4 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3909 ergo dicendum quod ad fortitudinem pertinet non qualiacumque
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3910 sustinere, sed illud quod est summe difficile in sustinendo,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3911 scilicet sustinere pericula mortis. Ad patientiam autem pertinere
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3912 potest sustinentia quorumcumque malorum.</p><p title="II-II q. 136 a. 4 ad 2"><a name="44518"><span class="ref">[44518] IIª-IIae, q. 136 a. 4 ad 2</span></a> Ad
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3913 secundum dicendum quod actus fortitudinis non solum consistit in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3914 hoc quod aliquis in bono persistat contra timores futurorum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3915 periculorum, sed etiam ut non deficiat propter praesentium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3916 tristitiam sive dolorem, et ex hac parte habet affinitatem cum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3917 fortitudine patientia. Et tamen fortitudo est principaliter circa
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3918 timores, ad quorum rationem pertinet fugere, quod vitat fortitudo.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3919 Patientia vero principalius est circa tristitias, nam patiens
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3920 aliquis dicitur non ex hoc quod non fugit, sed ex hoc quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3921 laudabiliter se habet in patiendo quae praesentialiter nocent, ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3922 scilicet non inordinate ex eis tristetur. Et ideo fortitudo proprie
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3923 est in irascibili, patientia autem in concupiscibili. Nec hoc
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3924 impedit quin patientia sit pars fortitudinis, quia adiunctio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3925 virtutis ad virtutem non attenditur secundum subiectum, sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3926 secundum materiam vel formam. Nec tamen patientia ponitur pars
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3927 temperantiae, quamvis utraque sit in concupiscibili. Quia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3928 temperantia est solum circa tristitias quae opponuntur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3929 delectationibus tactus, puta quae sunt ex abstinentia ciborum vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3930 venereorum, sed patientia praecipue est circa tristitias quae ab
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3931 aliis inferuntur. Et iterum ad temperantiam pertinet refrenare
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3932 huiusmodi tristitias, sicut et delectationes contrarias, ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3933 patientiam autem pertinet ut propter huiusmodi tristitias,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3934 quantaecumque sint, homo non recedat a bono virtutis.</p><p title="II-II q. 136 a. 4 ad 3"><a name="44519"><span class="ref">[44519] IIª-IIae, q. 136 a. 4 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3935 dicendum quod patientia potest, quantum ad aliquid sui, poni pars
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3936 integralis fortitudinis, de qua parte obiectio procedit, prout
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3937 scilicet aliquis patienter sustinet mala quae pertinent ad pericula
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3938 mortis. Nec est contra rationem patientiae quod aliquis, quando
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3939 opus fuerit, insiliat in eum qui mala facit, quia, ut Chrysostomus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3940 dicit, super illud Matth., <i>vade Satanas, in iniuriis propriis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3941 patientem esse laudabile est, iniurias autem Dei patienter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3942 sustinere nimis est impium</i>. Et Augustinus dicit, in quadam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3943 epistola contra Marcellinum, quod praecepta patientiae non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3944 contrariantur bono reipublicae, pro quo conservando contra inimicos
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3945 compugnatur. Secundum vero quod patientia se habet circa quaecumque
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3946 alia mala, adiungitur fortitudini ut virtus secundaria
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3947 principali.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 5</h3><p title="II-II q. 136 a. 5 arg. 1"><a name="44520"><span class="ref">[44520] IIª-IIae, q. 136 a. 5 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3948 quintum sic proceditur. Videtur quod patientia sit idem quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3949 longanimitas. Dicit enim Augustinus, in libro de patientia, quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3950 patientia Dei praedicatur non in hoc quod aliquod malum patiatur,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3951 sed in hoc quod expectat malos ut convertantur, unde Eccli. V
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3952 dicitur, <i>altissimus patiens redditor est</i>. Ergo videtur quod
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3953 patientia sit idem quod longanimitas.</p><p title="II-II q. 136 a. 5 arg. 2"><a name="44521"><span class="ref">[44521] IIª-IIae, q. 136 a. 5 arg. 2</span></a>
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3954 Praeterea, idem non est oppositum duobus. Sed impatientia opponitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3955 longanimitati, per quam aliquis moram expectat, dicitur enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3956 aliquis impatiens morae, sicut et aliorum malorum. Ergo videtur
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3957 quod patientia sit idem longanimitati.</p><p title="II-II q. 136 a. 5 arg. 3"><a name="44522"><span class="ref">[44522] IIª-IIae, q. 136 a. 5 arg. 3</span></a>
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3958 Praeterea, sicut tempus est quaedam circumstantia malorum quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3959 sustinentur, ita etiam locus. Sed ex parte loci non sumitur aliqua
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3960 virtus quae distinguatur a patientia. Ergo similiter nec
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3961 longanimitas, quae sumitur ex parte temporis, inquantum scilicet
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
3962 aliquis diu expectat, distinguitur a patientia.</p><p title="II-II q. 136 a. 5 s. c."><a name="44523"><span class="ref">[44523] IIª-IIae, q. 136 a. 5 s. c.</span></a> Sed
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3963 contra est quod Rom. II, super illud, an divitias bonitatis eius et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3964 patientiae et longanimitatis contemnis, dicit Glossa, <i>videtur
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3965 longanimitas a patientia differre, quia qui infirmitate magis quam
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3966 proposito delinquunt, sustentari per longanimitatem dicuntur, qui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3967 vero pertinaci mente exultant in delictis suis, ferri patienter
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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diff changeset
3968 dicendi sunt</i>.</p><p title="II-II q. 136 a. 5 co."><a name="44524"><span class="ref">[44524] IIª-IIae, q. 136 a. 5 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3969 dicendum quod sicut magnanimitas dicitur per quam aliquis habet
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3970 animum tendendi in magna, ita etiam longanimitas dicitur per quam
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3971 aliquis habet animum tendendi in aliquid quod in longinquum distat.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3972 Et ideo sicut magnanimitas magis respicit spem tendentem in bonum,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3973 quam audaciam vel timorem sive tristitiam quae respiciunt malum,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3974 ita etiam et longanimitas. Unde longanimitas maiorem convenientiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3975 videtur habere cum magnanimitate quam cum patientia. Potest tamen
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3976 convenire cum patientia duplici ratione. Primo quidem, quia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3977 patientia, sicut et fortitudo, sustinet aliqua mala propter aliquod
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3978 bonum. Quod si ex propinquo expectetur, facilius est sustinere, si
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3979 autem in longinquum differatur, mala autem oporteat in praesenti
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3980 sustinere, difficilius est. Secundo, quia hoc ipsum quod est
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3981 differri bonum speratum, natum est causare tristitiam, secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3982 illud Prov. XIII, <i>spes quae differtur affligit animam</i>. Unde
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3983 et in sustinendo huiusmodi afflictionem potest esse patientia,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3984 sicut et in sustinendo quascumque alias tristitias. Sic igitur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3985 secundum quod sub ratione mali contristantis potest comprehendi et
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3986 dilatio boni sperati, quae pertinet ad longanimitatem; et labor
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3987 quem homo sustinet in continuata executione boni operis, quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3988 pertinet ad constantiam; tam longanimitas quam etiam constantia sub
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3989 patientia comprehenduntur. Unde et Tullius, definiens patientiam,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3990 dicit quod <i>patientia est, honestatis ac utilitatis causa,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3991 voluntaria ac diuturna perpessio rerum arduarum ac difficilium</i>.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3992 Quod dicit arduarum, pertinet ad constantiam in bono; quod dicit
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3993 difficilium, pertinet ad gravitatem mali, quam proprie respicit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3994 patientia; quod vero addit ac diuturna, pertinet ad longanimitatem
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
3995 secundum quod convenit cum patientia.</p><p title="II-II q. 136 a. 5 ad 1"><a name="44525"><span class="ref">[44525] IIª-IIae, q. 136 a. 5 ad 1</span></a> Et per hoc
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
3996 patet responsio ad primum et secundum.</p><p title="II-II q. 136 a. 5 ad 3"><a name="44526"><span class="ref">[44526] IIª-IIae, q. 136 a. 5 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3997 dicendum quod illud quod est longinquum loco, quamvis sit remotum a
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3998 nobis, tamen non est similiter remotum a natura rerum sicut illud
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3999 quod est longinquum tempore. Et ideo non est similis ratio. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4000 praeterea quod est longinquum loco non affert difficultatem nisi
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4001 ratione temporis, quia quod est longinquum loco a nobis tardius
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
4002 tempore ad nos potest pervenire.</p><p title="II-II q. 136 a. 5 ad 4"><a name="44527"><span class="ref">[44527] IIª-IIae, q. 136 a. 5 ad 4</span></a> Quartum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4003 concedimus. Tamen consideranda est ratio illius differentiae quam
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4004 Glossa assignat. Quia in his qui ex infirmitate peccant hoc solum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4005 videtur importabile, quod diu perseverant in malo, et ideo dicitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4006 quod ex longanimitate supportantur. Sed hoc ipsum quod aliquis ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4007 superbia peccat, importabile videtur, et ideo per patientiam
59
03759e5c1080 fix multi-para s.c.
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parents: 53
diff changeset
4008 dicuntur sustineri illi qui ex superbia peccant.</p></div></div><div id="q137" class="q"><h2>Quaestio 137</h2><div class="p"><h3>Prooemium</h3><p title="II-II q. 137 pr."><a name="44528"><span class="ref">[44528] IIª-IIae, q. 137 pr.</span></a> Deinde
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4009 considerandum est de perseverantia, et de vitiis oppositis. Circa
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4010 perseverantiam autem quaeruntur quatuor. Primo, utrum perseverantia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4011 sit virtus. Secundo, utrum sit pars fortitudinis. Tertio, quomodo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4012 se habet ad constantiam. Quarto, utrum indigeat auxilio
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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diff changeset
4013 gratiae.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 1</h3><p title="II-II q. 137 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="44529"><span class="ref">[44529] IIª-IIae, q. 137 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4014 primum sic proceditur. Videtur quod perseverantia non sit virtus.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4015 Quia, ut philosophus dicit, in VII Ethic., <i>continentia est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4016 potior quam perseverantia</i>. Sed continentia non est virtus, ut
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
4017 dicitur in IV Ethic. Ergo perseverantia non est virtus.</p><p title="II-II q. 137 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="44530"><span class="ref">[44530] IIª-IIae, q. 137 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a>
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4018 <i>Praeterea, virtus est qua recte vivitur</i>, secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4019 Augustinum, in libro de Lib. Arbit. Sed sicut ipse dicit in libro
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4020 de perseverantia, <i>nullus potest dici perseverantiam habere
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4021 quandiu vivit, nisi perseveret usque ad mortem</i>. Ergo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4022 perseverantia non est virtus.</p><p title="II-II q. 137 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="44531"><span class="ref">[44531] IIª-IIae, q. 137 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a>
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4023 Praeterea, immobiliter persistere in opere virtutis requiritur ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4024 omnem virtutem, ut patet in II Ethic. Sed hoc pertinet ad rationem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4025 perseverantiae, dicit enim Tullius, in sua rhetorica, quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4026 <i>perseverantia est in ratione bene considerata stabilis et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4027 perpetua permansio</i>. Ergo perseverantia non est specialis
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4028 virtus, sed conditio omnis virtutis.</p><p title="II-II q. 137 a. 1 s. c."><a name="44532"><span class="ref">[44532] IIª-IIae, q. 137 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4029 contra est quod Andronicus dicit, quod <i>perseverantia est habitus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4030 eorum quibus immanendum est et non immanendum, et neutrorum</i>.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4031 Sed habitus ordinans nos ad bene faciendum aliquid vel omittendum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4032 est virtus. Ergo perseverantia est virtus.</p><p title="II-II q. 137 a. 1 co."><a name="44533"><span class="ref">[44533] IIª-IIae, q. 137 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4033 dicendum quod, secundum philosophum, in II Ethic., <i>virtus est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4034 circa difficile et bonum</i>. Et ideo ubi occurrit specialis ratio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4035 difficultatis vel boni, ibi est specialis virtus. Opus autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4036 virtutis potest habere bonitatem et difficultatem ex duobus. Uno
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4037 quidem modo, ex specie ipsa actus, quae accipitur secundum rationem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4038 proprii obiecti. Alio modo, ex ipsa diuturnitate temporis, nam hoc
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4039 ipsum quod est diu insistere alicui difficili, specialem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4040 difficultatem habet. Et ideo diu persistere in aliquo bono usque ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4041 consummationem pertinet ad specialem virtutem. Sicut ergo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4042 temperantia et fortitudo sunt speciales virtutes eo quod altera
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4043 earum moderatur delectationes tactus, quod de se difficultatem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4044 habet, altera autem moderatur timores et audacias circa pericula
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4045 mortis, quod etiam secundum se difficile est; ita etiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4046 perseverantia est quaedam specialis virtus ad quam pertinet in his
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4047 vel in aliis virtuosis operibus diuturnitatem sustinere prout
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
4048 necesse est.</p><p title="II-II q. 137 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="44534"><span class="ref">[44534] IIª-IIae, q. 137 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4049 ergo dicendum quod philosophus accipit ibi perseverantiam secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4050 quod aliquis perseverat in his in quibus difficillimum est diu
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4051 sustinere. Non est autem difficile sustinere bona, sed mala. Mala
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4052 autem quae sunt pericula mortis, ut plurimum non diu sustinentur,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4053 quia ut frequentius cito transeunt. Unde respectu illorum non est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4054 praecipua laus perseverantiae. Inter alia autem mala, praecipua
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4055 sunt illa quae opponuntur delectationibus tactus, quia huiusmodi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4056 mala attenduntur circa necessaria vitae, puta circa defectum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4057 ciborum et aliorum huiusmodi, quae quandoque imminent diu
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4058 sustinenda. Non est autem difficile hoc diu sustinere illi qui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4059 circa hoc non multum tristatur, nec in oppositis bonis multum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4060 delectatur, sicut patet in temperato, in quo huiusmodi passiones
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4061 non sunt vehementes. Sed maxime hoc difficile est in eo qui circa
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4062 hoc vehementer afficitur, utpote non habens perfectam virtutem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4063 modificantem has passiones. Et ideo, si accipiatur hoc modo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4064 perseverantia, non est virtus perfecta, sed est quoddam imperfectum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4065 in genere virtutis. Si autem accipiamus perseverantiam secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4066 quod aliquis in quocumque bono difficili diu persistit, hoc potest
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4067 convenire etiam habenti perfectam virtutem. Cui etiam si persistere
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4068 sit minus difficile, persistit tamen in bono magis perfecto. Unde
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4069 talis perseverantia potest esse virtus, quia perfectio virtutis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4070 magis attenditur secundum rationem boni quam secundum rationem
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4071 difficilis.</p><p title="II-II q. 137 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="44535"><span class="ref">[44535] IIª-IIae, q. 137 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4072 secundum dicendum quod eodem nomine quandoque nominatur et virtus,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4073 et actus virtutis, sicut Augustinus dicit, super Ioan., <i>fides
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4074 est credere quod non vides</i>. Potest tamen contingere quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4075 aliquis habet habitum virtutis qui tamen non exercet actum, sicut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4076 aliquis pauper habet habitum magnificentiae, cum tamen actum non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4077 exerceat. Quandoque vero aliquis habens habitum incipit quidem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4078 exercere actum, sed non perficit, puta si aedificator incipiat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4079 aedificare et non compleat domum. Sic ergo dicendum est quod nomen
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4080 perseverantiae quandoque sumitur pro habitu quo quis eligit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4081 perseverare, quandoque autem pro actu quo quis perseverat. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4082 quandoque quidem habens habitum perseverantiae eligit quidem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4083 perseverare, et incipit exequi aliquandiu persistendo; non tamen
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4084 complet actum, quia non persistit usque in finem. Est autem duplex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4085 finis, unus quidem qui est finis operis; alius autem qui est finis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4086 humanae vitae. Per se autem ad perseverantiam pertinet ut aliquis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4087 perseveret usque ad terminum virtuosi operis, sicut quod miles
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4088 perseveret usque ad finem certaminis, et magnificus usque ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4089 consummationem operis. Sunt autem quaedam virtutes quarum actus per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4090 totam vitam debet durare, sicut fidei, spei et caritatis, quia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4091 respiciunt ultimum finem totius vitae humanae. Et ideo respectu
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4092 harum virtutum, quae sunt principales, non consummatur actus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4093 perseverantiae usque ad finem vitae. Et secundum hoc, Augustinus
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4094 accipit perseverantiam pro actu perseverantiae consummato.</p><p title="II-II q. 137 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="44536"><span class="ref">[44536] IIª-IIae, q. 137 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4095 dicendum quod virtuti potest aliquid convenire dupliciter. Uno
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4096 modo, ex propria intentione finis. Et sic diu persistere usque ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4097 finem in bono pertinet ad specialem virtutem quae dicitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4098 perseverantia, quae hoc intendit sicut specialem finem. Alio modo,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4099 ex comparatione habitus ad subiectum. Et sic immobiliter persistere
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4100 consequitur quamlibet virtutem, inquantum est qualitas difficile
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4101 mobilis.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 2</h3><p title="II-II q. 137 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="44537"><span class="ref">[44537] IIª-IIae, q. 137 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4102 secundum sic proceditur. Videtur quod perseverantia non sit pars
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4103 fortitudinis. Quia, ut philosophus dicit, in VII Ethic.,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4104 perseverantia est circa tristitias tactus. Sed huiusmodi pertinent
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4105 ad temperantiam. Ergo perseverantia magis est pars temperantiae
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4106 quam fortitudinis.</p><p title="II-II q. 137 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="44538"><span class="ref">[44538] IIª-IIae, q. 137 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a>
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4107 Praeterea, omnis pars virtutis moralis est circa aliquas passiones,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4108 quas virtus moralis moderatur. Sed perseverantia non importat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4109 moderantiam passionum, quia quanto vehementiores fuerint passiones,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4110 tanto aliquis secundum rationem perseverans laudabilior videtur.
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4111 Ergo videtur quod perseverantia non sit pars alicuius virtutis
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
4112 moralis, sed magis prudentiae, quae perficit rationem.</p><p title="II-II q. 137 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="44539"><span class="ref">[44539] IIª-IIae, q. 137 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a>
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4113 Praeterea, Augustinus dicit, in libro de perseverantia, quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4114 <i>perseverantiam nullus potest amittere</i>. Alias autem virtutes
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4115 potest homo amittere. Ergo perseverantia est potior omnibus aliis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4116 virtutibus. Sed virtus principalis est potior quam pars eius. Ergo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4117 perseverantia non est pars alicuius virtutis, sed magis ipsa est
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
4118 virtus principalis.</p><p title="II-II q. 137 a. 2 s. c."><a name="44540"><span class="ref">[44540] IIª-IIae, q. 137 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4119 contra est quod Tullius ponit perseverantiam partem
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
4120 fortitudinis.</p><p title="II-II q. 137 a. 2 co."><a name="44541"><span class="ref">[44541] IIª-IIae, q. 137 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4121 dicendum quod, sicut supra dictum est, virtus principalis est cui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4122 principaliter adscribitur aliquid quod pertinet ad laudem virtutis,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4123 inquantum scilicet exercet illud circa propriam materiam in qua
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4124 difficillimum et optimum est illud observare. Et secundum hoc
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4125 dictum est quod fortitudo est principalis virtus, quia firmitatem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4126 servat in his in quibus difficillimum est firmiter persistere,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4127 scilicet in periculis mortis. Et ideo necesse est quod fortitudini
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4128 adiungatur sicut secundaria virtus principali, omnis virtus cuius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4129 laus consistit in sustinendo firmiter aliquod difficile. Sustinere
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4130 autem difficultatem quae provenit ex diuturnitate boni operis, dat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4131 laudem perseverantiae, nec hoc est ita difficile sicut sustinere
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4132 pericula mortis. Et ideo perseverantia adiungitur fortitudini sicut
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
4133 virtus secundaria principali.</p><p title="II-II q. 137 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="44542"><span class="ref">[44542] IIª-IIae, q. 137 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4134 ergo dicendum quod annexio secundariae virtutis ad principalem non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4135 solum attenditur secundum materiam, sed magis secundum modum, quia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4136 forma in unoquoque potior est quam materia. Unde licet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4137 perseverantia magis videatur convenire in materia cum temperantia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4138 quam cum fortitudine, tamen in modo magis convenit cum fortitudine,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4139 inquantum firmitatem servat contra difficultatem diuturnitatis.</p><p title="II-II q. 137 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="44543"><span class="ref">[44543] IIª-IIae, q. 137 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Ad
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4140 secundum dicendum quod illa perseverantia de qua philosophus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4141 loquitur, non moderatur aliquas passiones, sed consistit solum in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4142 quadam firmitate rationis et voluntatis. Sed perseverantia secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4143 quod ponitur virtus, moderatur aliquas passiones, scilicet timorem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4144 fatigationis aut defectus propter diuturnitatem. Unde haec virtus
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4145 est in irascibili, sicut et fortitudo.</p><p title="II-II q. 137 a. 2 ad 3"><a name="44544"><span class="ref">[44544] IIª-IIae, q. 137 a. 2 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4146 dicendum quod Augustinus ibi loquitur de perseverantia non secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4147 quod nominat habitum virtutis, sed secundum quod nominat actum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4148 virtutis continuatum usque in finem, secundum illud Matth. XXIV
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4149 <i>qui perseveraverit usque in finem, hic salvus erit</i>. Et ideo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4150 contra rationem perseverantiae sic acceptae esset quod amitteretur,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
4151 quia iam non duraret usque in finem.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 3</h3><p title="II-II q. 137 a. 3 arg. 1"><a name="44545"><span class="ref">[44545] IIª-IIae, q. 137 a. 3 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4152 tertium sic proceditur. Videtur quod constantia non pertineat ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4153 perseverantiam. Constantia enim pertinet ad patientiam, ut supra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4154 dictum est. Sed patientia differt a perseverantia. Ergo constantia
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4155 non pertinet ad perseverantiam.</p><p title="II-II q. 137 a. 3 arg. 2"><a name="44546"><span class="ref">[44546] IIª-IIae, q. 137 a. 3 arg. 2</span></a>
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4156 Praeterea, virtus est circa difficile et bonum. Sed in parvis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4157 operibus constantem esse non videtur esse difficile, sed solum in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4158 operibus magnis, quae pertinent ad magnificentiam. Ergo constantia
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4159 magis pertinet ad magnificentiam quam ad perseverantiam.</p><p title="II-II q. 137 a. 3 arg. 3"><a name="44547"><span class="ref">[44547] IIª-IIae, q. 137 a. 3 arg. 3</span></a>
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4160 Praeterea, si ad perseverantiam pertineret constantia, in nullo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4161 videretur a perseverantia differre, quia utrumque immobilitatem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4162 quandam importat. Differunt autem, nam Macrobius condividit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4163 constantiam firmitati, per quam intelligitur perseverantia, ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4164 supra dictum est. Ergo constantia non pertinet ad
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4165 perseverantiam.</p><p title="II-II q. 137 a. 3 s. c."><a name="44548"><span class="ref">[44548] IIª-IIae, q. 137 a. 3 s. c.</span></a> Sed
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4166 contra est quod aliquis dicitur esse constans ex eo quod in aliquo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4167 stat. Sed immanere aliquibus pertinet ad perseverantiam, ut patet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4168 ex definitione quam Andronicus ponit. Ergo constantia pertinet ad
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4169 perseverantiam.</p><p title="II-II q. 137 a. 3 co."><a name="44549"><span class="ref">[44549] IIª-IIae, q. 137 a. 3 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4170 dicendum quod perseverantia et constantia conveniunt quidem in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4171 fine, quia ad utramque pertinet firmiter persistere in aliquo bono,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4172 differunt autem secundum ea quae difficultatem afferunt ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4173 persistendum in bono. Nam virtus perseverantiae proprie facit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4174 firmiter persistere hominem in bono contra difficultatem quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4175 provenit ex ipsa diuturnitate actus, constantia autem facit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4176 firmiter persistere in bono contra difficultatem quae provenit ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4177 quibuscumque aliis exterioribus impedimentis. Et ideo principalior
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4178 pars fortitudinis est perseverantia quam constantia, quia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4179 difficultas quae est ex diuturnitate actus, est essentialior actui
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4180 virtutis quam illa quae est ex exterioribus impedimentis.</p><p title="II-II q. 137 a. 3 ad 1"><a name="44550"><span class="ref">[44550] IIª-IIae, q. 137 a. 3 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4181 ergo dicendum quod exteriora impedimenta persistendi in bono
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4182 praecipue sunt illa quae tristitiam inferunt. Circa tristitiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4183 autem est patientia, ut dictum est. Et ideo constantia secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4184 finem convenit cum perseverantia, secundum autem ea quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4185 difficultatem inferunt, convenit cum patientia. Finis autem potior
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4186 est. Et ideo constantia magis pertinet ad perseverantiam quam ad
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4187 patientiam.</p><p title="II-II q. 137 a. 3 ad 2"><a name="44551"><span class="ref">[44551] IIª-IIae, q. 137 a. 3 ad 2</span></a> Ad
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4188 secundum dicendum quod in magnis operibus persistere difficilius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4189 est, sed in parvis vel mediocribus diu persistere habet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4190 difficultatem, etsi non ex magnitudine actus, quam respicit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4191 magnificentia, saltem ex ipsa diuturnitate, quam respicit
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4192 perseverantia. Et ideo constantia potest ad utrumque pertinere.</p><p title="II-II q. 137 a. 3 ad 3"><a name="44552"><span class="ref">[44552] IIª-IIae, q. 137 a. 3 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4193 dicendum quod constantia pertinet quidem ad perseverantiam,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4194 inquantum convenit cum ea, non tamen est idem ei inquantum differt
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
4195 ab ea ut dictum est.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 4</h3><p title="II-II q. 137 a. 4 arg. 1"><a name="44553"><span class="ref">[44553] IIª-IIae, q. 137 a. 4 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4196 quartum sic proceditur. Videtur quod perseverantia non indigeat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4197 auxilio gratiae. Perseverantia enim est quaedam virtus, ut dictum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4198 est. Sed virtus, ut Tullius dicit, in sua rhetorica, agit in modum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4199 naturae. Ergo sola inclinatio virtutis sufficit ad perseverandum.
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4200 Non ergo ad hoc requiritur aliud auxilium gratiae.</p><p title="II-II q. 137 a. 4 arg. 2"><a name="44554"><span class="ref">[44554] IIª-IIae, q. 137 a. 4 arg. 2</span></a>
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4201 Praeterea, donum gratiae Christi est maius quam nocumentum quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4202 Adam intulit, ut patet Rom. V. Sed ante peccatum homo sic conditus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4203 fuit ut posset perseverare per id quod acceperat, sicut Augustinus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4204 dicit, in libro de Corrept. et gratia. Ergo multo magis homo per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4205 gratiam Christi reparatus, potest perseverare absque auxilio novae
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4206 gratiae.</p><p title="II-II q. 137 a. 4 arg. 3"><a name="44555"><span class="ref">[44555] IIª-IIae, q. 137 a. 4 arg. 3</span></a>
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4207 Praeterea, opera peccati quandoque sunt difficiliora quam opera
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4208 virtutis, unde ex persona impiorum dicitur Sap. V, ambulavimus vias
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4209 difficiles. Sed aliqui perseverant in operibus peccati absque
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4210 alterius auxilio. Ergo etiam in operibus virtutum potest homo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4211 perseverare absque auxilio gratiae.</p><p title="II-II q. 137 a. 4 s. c."><a name="44556"><span class="ref">[44556] IIª-IIae, q. 137 a. 4 s. c.</span></a> Sed
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4212 contra est quod Augustinus dicit, in libro de perseverantia,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4213 <i>asserimus donum Dei esse perseverantiam, qua usque in finem
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4214 perseveratur in Christo</i>.</p><p title="II-II q. 137 a. 4 co."><a name="44557"><span class="ref">[44557] IIª-IIae, q. 137 a. 4 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4215 dicendum quod, sicut ex dictis patet, perseverantia dupliciter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4216 dicitur. Uno modo, pro ipso habitu perseverantiae, secundum quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4217 est virtus. Et hoc modo indiget dono habitualis gratiae, sicut et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4218 ceterae virtutes infusae. Alio modo potest accipi pro actu
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4219 perseverantiae durante usque ad mortem. Et secundum hoc indiget non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4220 solum gratia habituali, sed etiam gratuito Dei auxilio conservantis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4221 hominem in bono usque ad finem vitae, sicut supra dictum est, cum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4222 de gratia ageretur. Quia cum liberum arbitrium de se sit vertibile,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4223 et hoc ei non tollatur per habitualem gratiam praesentis vitae; non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4224 subest potestati liberi arbitrii, etiam per gratiam reparati, ut se
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4225 immobiliter in bono statuat, licet sit in potestate eius quod hoc
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4226 eligat, plerumque enim cadit in potestate nostra electio, non autem
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4227 executio.</p><p title="II-II q. 137 a. 4 ad 1"><a name="44558"><span class="ref">[44558] IIª-IIae, q. 137 a. 4 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4228 ergo dicendum quod virtus perseverantiae, quantum est de se,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4229 inclinat ad perseverandum. Quia tamen habitus est quo quis utitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4230 cum voluerit, non est necessarium quod habens habitum virtutis
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4231 immobiliter utatur eo usque ad mortem.</p><p title="II-II q. 137 a. 4 ad 2"><a name="44559"><span class="ref">[44559] IIª-IIae, q. 137 a. 4 ad 2</span></a> Ad
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4232 secundum dicendum quod, sicut Augustinus dicit, in libro de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4233 Corrept. et gratia, <i>primo homini datum est, non ut perseveraret,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4234 sed ut perseverare posset, per liberum arbitrium</i>, quia nulla
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4235 corruptio tunc erat in natura humana quae perseverandi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4236 difficultatem praeberet. <i>Sed nunc praedestinatis per gratiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4237 Christi non solum datur ut perseverare possint, sed ut perseverent.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4238 Unde primus homo, nullo terrente, contra Dei terrentis imperium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4239 libero usus arbitrio, non stetit in tanta felicitate, cum tanta non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4240 peccandi facilitate. Isti autem, saeviente mundo ne starent,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4241 steterunt in fide</i>.</p><p title="II-II q. 137 a. 4 ad 3"><a name="44560"><span class="ref">[44560] IIª-IIae, q. 137 a. 4 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4242 dicendum quod homo per se potest cadere in peccatum, sed non potest
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4243 per se resurgere a peccato sine auxilio gratiae. Et ideo ex hoc
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4244 ipso quod homo cadit in peccatum, inquantum est de se, facit se in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4245 peccato perseverantem, nisi gratia Dei liberetur. Non autem ex hoc
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4246 quod facit bonum facit se perseverantem in bono, quia de se potens
59
03759e5c1080 fix multi-para s.c.
ht
parents: 53
diff changeset
4247 est peccare. Et ideo ad hoc indiget auxilio gratiae.</p></div></div><div id="q138" class="q"><h2>Quaestio 138</h2><div class="p"><h3>Prooemium</h3><p title="II-II q. 138 pr."><a name="44561"><span class="ref">[44561] IIª-IIae, q. 138 pr.</span></a> Deinde
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4248 considerandum est de vitiis oppositis perseverantiae. Et circa hoc
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4249 quaeruntur duo. Primo, de mollitie. Secundo, de pertinacia.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 1</h3><p title="II-II q. 138 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="44562"><span class="ref">[44562] IIª-IIae, q. 138 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4250 primum sic proceditur. Videtur quod mollities non opponatur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4251 perseverantiae. Quia super illud I ad Cor. VI, <i>neque adulteri
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4252 neque molles neque masculorum concubitores</i>, Glossa exponit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4253 molles, idest pathici, hoc est muliebria patientes. Sed hoc
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4254 opponitur castitati. Ergo mollities non est vitium oppositum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
4255 perseverantiae.</p><p title="II-II q. 138 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="44563"><span class="ref">[44563] IIª-IIae, q. 138 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a>
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4256 Praeterea, philosophus dicit, in VII Ethic., quod <i>delicia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4257 mollities quaedam est</i>. Sed esse deliciosum videtur pertinere ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4258 intemperantiam. Ergo mollities non opponitur perseverantiae, sed
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
4259 magis temperantiae.</p><p title="II-II q. 138 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="44564"><span class="ref">[44564] IIª-IIae, q. 138 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a>
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4260 Praeterea, philosophus, ibidem, dicit quod lusivus est mollis. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4261 esse immoderate lusivum opponitur eutrapeliae, quae est virtus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4262 circa delectationes ludorum, ut dicitur in IV Ethic. Ergo mollities
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
4263 non opponitur perseverantiae.</p><p title="II-II q. 138 a. 1 s. c."><a name="44565"><span class="ref">[44565] IIª-IIae, q. 138 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4264 contra est quod philosophus dicit, in VII Ethic., quod <i>molli
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
4265 opponitur perseverativus</i>.</p><p title="II-II q. 138 a. 1 co."><a name="44566"><span class="ref">[44566] IIª-IIae, q. 138 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4266 dicendum quod, sicut supra dictum est, laus perseverantiae in hoc
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4267 consistit quod aliquis non recedit a bono propter diuturnam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4268 tolerantiam difficilium et laboriosorum. Cui directe opponi videtur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4269 quod aliquis de facili recedat a bono propter aliqua difficilia,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4270 quae sustinere non potest. Et hoc pertinet ad rationem mollitiei,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4271 nam molle dicitur quod facile cedit tangenti. Non autem iudicatur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4272 aliquid molle ex hoc quod cedit fortiter impellenti, nam et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4273 parietes cedunt machinae percutienti. Et ideo non reputatur aliquis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4274 mollis si cedat aliquibus valde graviter impellentibus, unde
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4275 philosophus dicit, in VII Ethic., quod <i>si quis a fortibus et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4276 superexcellentibus delectationibus vincitur vel tristitiis, non est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4277 admirabile, sed condonabile, si contra tendat</i>. Manifestum est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4278 autem quod gravius impellit metus periculorum quam cupiditas
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4279 delectationum, unde Tullius dicit, in I de Offic., <i>non est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4280 consentaneum qui metu non frangatur, eum frangi cupiditate; nec qui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4281 invictum se a labore praestiterit, vinci a voluptate</i>. Ipsa
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4282 etiam voluptas fortius movet attrahendo quam tristitia de carentia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4283 voluptatis retrahendo, quia carentia voluptatis est purus defectus.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4284 Et ideo secundum philosophum, proprie mollis dicitur qui recedit a
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4285 bono propter tristitias causatas ex defectu delectationum, quasi
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4286 cedens debili moventi.</p><p title="II-II q. 138 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="44567"><span class="ref">[44567] IIª-IIae, q. 138 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4287 ergo dicendum quod praedicta mollities causatur dupliciter. Uno
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4288 modo, ex consuetudine, cum enim aliquis consuetus est voluptatibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4289 frui, difficilius potest earum absentiam sustinere. Alio modo, ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4290 naturali dispositione, quia videlicet habent animum minus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4291 constantem, propter fragilitatem complexionis. Et hoc modo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4292 comparantur feminae ad masculos, ut philosophus dicit, in VII
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4293 Ethic. Et ideo illi qui muliebria patiuntur molles dicuntur, quasi
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
4294 muliebres effecti.</p><p title="II-II q. 138 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="44568"><span class="ref">[44568] IIª-IIae, q. 138 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4295 secundum dicendum quod voluptati corporali opponitur labor, et ideo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4296 res laboriosae tantum impediunt voluptates. Deliciosi autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4297 dicuntur qui non possunt sustinere aliquos labores, nec aliquid
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4298 quod voluptatem diminuat, unde dicitur Deut. XXVIII, <i>tenera
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4299 mulier et delicata, quae super terram ingredi non valebat, nec
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4300 pedis vestigium figere, propter mollitiem</i>. Et ideo delicia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4301 quaedam mollities est. Sed mollities proprie respicit defectum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4302 delectationum, deliciae autem causam impeditivam delectationis,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4303 puta laborem vel aliquid huiusmodi.</p><p title="II-II q. 138 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="44569"><span class="ref">[44569] IIª-IIae, q. 138 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4304 dicendum quod in ludo duo est considerare. Uno quidem modo,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4305 delectationem, et sic inordinate lusivus opponitur eutrapeliae.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4306 Alio modo in ludo consideratur quaedam remissio sive quies, quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4307 opponitur labori. Et ideo sicut non posse sustinere laboriosa
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4308 pertinet ad mollitiem, ita etiam nimis appetere remissionem ludi,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4309 vel quamcumque aliam quietem.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 2</h3><p title="II-II q. 138 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="44570"><span class="ref">[44570] IIª-IIae, q. 138 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4310 secundum sic proceditur. Videtur quod pertinacia non opponatur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4311 perseverantiae. Dicit enim Gregorius, XXXI Moral., quod pertinacia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4312 oritur ex inani gloria. Sed inanis gloria non opponitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4313 perseverantiae, sed magis magnanimitati, ut supra dictum est. Ergo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4314 pertinacia non opponitur perseverantiae.</p><p title="II-II q. 138 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="44571"><span class="ref">[44571] IIª-IIae, q. 138 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a>
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4315 Praeterea, si opponitur perseverantiae, aut opponitur ei per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4316 excessum, aut per defectum. Sed non opponitur ei per excessum, quia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4317 etiam pertinax cedit alicui delectationi et tristitiae; quia, ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4318 dicit philosophus, in VII Ethic., <i>gaudent vincentes, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4319 tristantur si sententiae eorum infirmae appareant</i>. Si autem per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4320 defectum, erit idem quod mollities, quod patet esse falsum. Nullo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4321 ergo modo pertinacia opponitur perseverantiae.</p><p title="II-II q. 138 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="44572"><span class="ref">[44572] IIª-IIae, q. 138 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a>
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4322 Praeterea, sicut perseverans persistit in bono contra tristitias,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4323 ita continens et temperatus contra delectationes, et fortis contra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4324 timores, et mansuetus contra iras. Sed pertinax dicitur aliquis ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4325 eo quod nimis in aliquo persistit. Ergo pertinacia non magis
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4326 opponitur perseverantiae quam aliis virtutibus.</p><p title="II-II q. 138 a. 2 s. c."><a name="44573"><span class="ref">[44573] IIª-IIae, q. 138 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4327 contra est quod Tullius dicit, in sua rhetorica, quod ita se habet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4328 pertinacia ad perseverantiam sicut superstitio ad religionem. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4329 superstitio opponitur religioni, ut supra dictum est. Ergo et
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4330 pertinacia perseverantiae.</p><p title="II-II q. 138 a. 2 co."><a name="44574"><span class="ref">[44574] IIª-IIae, q. 138 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4331 dicendum quod, sicut Isidorus dicit, in libro Etymol., pertinax
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4332 dicitur aliquis qui est impudenter tenens, quasi omnia tenax. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4333 hic idem dicitur pervicax, eo quod <i>in proposito suo ad victoriam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4334 perseverat, antiqui enim dicebant viciam quam nos victoriam</i>. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4335 hos philosophus vocat, in VII Ethic., ischyrognomones, idest fortis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4336 sententiae, vel idiognomones, idest propriae sententiae, quia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4337 scilicet perseverant in propria sententia plus quam oportet; mollis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4338 autem minus quam oportet; perseverans autem secundum quod oportet.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4339 Unde patet quod perseverantia laudatur sicut in medio existens;
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4340 pertinax autem vituperatur sicut secundum excessum medii mollis
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4341 autem secundum defectum.</p><p title="II-II q. 138 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="44575"><span class="ref">[44575] IIª-IIae, q. 138 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4342 ergo dicendum quod ideo aliquis nimis persistit in propria
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4343 sententia, quia per hoc vult suam excellentiam manifestare. Et ideo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4344 oritur ex inani gloria sicut ex causa. Dictum est autem supra quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4345 oppositio vitiorum ad virtutes non attenditur secundum causam, sed
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4346 secundum propriam speciem.</p><p title="II-II q. 138 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="44576"><span class="ref">[44576] IIª-IIae, q. 138 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Ad
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4347 secundum dicendum quod pertinax excedit quidem in hoc quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4348 inordinate persistit in aliquo contra multas difficultates, habet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4349 tamen aliquam delectationem in fine, sicut et fortis et etiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4350 perseverans. Quia tamen illa delectatio est vitiosa, ex hoc quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4351 nimis eam appetit et contrariam tristitiam fugit, assimilatur
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4352 incontinenti vel molli.</p><p title="II-II q. 138 a. 2 ad 3"><a name="44577"><span class="ref">[44577] IIª-IIae, q. 138 a. 2 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4353 dicendum quod aliae virtutes, etsi persistant contra impetus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4354 passionum, non tamen proprie laus earum est ex persistendo, sicut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4355 laus perseverantiae. Laus vero continentiae magis videtur ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4356 vincendo delectationes. Et ideo pertinacia directe opponitur
59
03759e5c1080 fix multi-para s.c.
ht
parents: 53
diff changeset
4357 perseverantiae.</p></div></div><div id="q139" class="q"><h2>Quaestio 139</h2><div class="p"><h3>Prooemium</h3><p title="II-II q. 139 pr."><a name="44578"><span class="ref">[44578] IIª-IIae, q. 139 pr.</span></a> Deinde
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4358 considerandum est de dono quod respondet fortitudini, quod est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4359 fortitudinis donum. Et circa hoc quaeruntur duo. Primo, utrum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4360 fortitudo sit donum. Secundo, quid respondeat ei in beatitudinibus
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4361 et fructibus.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 1</h3><p title="II-II q. 139 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="44579"><span class="ref">[44579] IIª-IIae, q. 139 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4362 primum sic proceditur. Videtur quod fortitudo non sit donum.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4363 Virtutes enim a donis differunt. Sed fortitudo est virtus. Ergo non
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4364 debet poni donum.</p><p title="II-II q. 139 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="44580"><span class="ref">[44580] IIª-IIae, q. 139 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a>
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4365 Praeterea, actus donorum manent in patria, ut supra habitum est.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4366 Sed actus fortitudinis non manent in patria, dicit enim Gregorius,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4367 in I Moral., quod <i>fortitudo dat fiduciam trepidanti contra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4368 adversa</i>; quae nulla erunt in patria. Ergo fortitudo non est
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4369 donum.</p><p title="II-II q. 139 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="44581"><span class="ref">[44581] IIª-IIae, q. 139 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a>
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4370 Praeterea, Augustinus dicit, in II de Doctr. Christ., quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4371 <i>fortitudinis est ab omni transeuntium mortifera iucunditate
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4372 seipsum sequestrare</i>. Sed circa noxias iucunditates seu
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4373 delectationes magis consistit temperantia quam fortitudo. Ergo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4374 videtur quod fortitudo non sit donum respondens virtuti
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4375 fortitudinis.</p><p title="II-II q. 139 a. 1 s. c."><a name="44582"><span class="ref">[44582] IIª-IIae, q. 139 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4376 contra est quod Isaiae XI fortitudo inter alia dona spiritus sancti
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4377 computatur.</p><p title="II-II q. 139 a. 1 co."><a name="44583"><span class="ref">[44583] IIª-IIae, q. 139 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4378 dicendum quod fortitudo importat quandam animi firmitatem, ut supra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4379 dictum est, et haec quidem firmitas animi requiritur et in bonis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4380 faciendis et in malis perferendis, et praecipue in arduis bonis vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4381 malis. Homo autem secundum proprium et connaturalem sibi modum hanc
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4382 firmitatem in utroque potest habere, ut non deficiat a bono propter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4383 difficultatem vel alicuius ardui operis implendi, vel alicuius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4384 gravis mali perferendi, et secundum hoc fortitudo ponitur virtus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4385 specialis vel generalis, ut supra dictum est. Sed ulterius a
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4386 spiritu sancto movetur animus hominis ad hoc quod perveniat ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4387 finem cuiuslibet operis inchoati, et evadat quaecumque pericula
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4388 imminentia. Quod quidem excedit naturam humanam, quandoque enim non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4389 subest potestati hominis ut consequatur finem sui operis, vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4390 evadat mala seu pericula, cum quandoque opprimatur ab eis in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4391 mortem. Sed hoc operatur spiritus sanctus in homine, dum perducit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4392 eum ad vitam aeternam, quae est finis omnium bonorum operum et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4393 evasio omnium periculorum. Et huius rei infundit quandam fiduciam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4394 menti spiritus sanctus, contrarium timorem excludens. Et secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4395 hoc fortitudo donum spiritus sancti ponitur, dictum est enim supra
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4396 quod dona respiciunt motionem animae a spiritu sancto.</p><p title="II-II q. 139 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="44584"><span class="ref">[44584] IIª-IIae, q. 139 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4397 ergo dicendum quod fortitudo quae est virtus perficit animam ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4398 sustinendum quaecumque pericula, sed non sufficit dare fiduciam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4399 evadendi quaecumque pericula, sed hoc pertinet ad fortitudinem quae
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4400 est donum spiritus sancti.</p><p title="II-II q. 139 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="44585"><span class="ref">[44585] IIª-IIae, q. 139 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4401 secundum dicendum quod dona non habent eosdem actus in patria quos
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4402 habent in via, sed ibi habent actus circa perfruitionem finis. Unde
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4403 actus fortitudinis ibi est perfrui plena securitate a laboribus et
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4404 malis.</p><p title="II-II q. 139 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="44586"><span class="ref">[44586] IIª-IIae, q. 139 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4405 dicendum quod donum fortitudinis respicit virtutem fortitudinis non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4406 solum secundum quod consistit in sustinendo pericula, sed etiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4407 secundum quod consistit in quocumque arduo opere faciendo. Et ideo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4408 donum fortitudinis dirigitur a dono consilii, quod videtur
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4409 praecipue esse de melioribus bonis.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 2</h3><p title="II-II q. 139 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="44587"><span class="ref">[44587] IIª-IIae, q. 139 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4410 secundum sic proceditur. Videtur quod quarta beatitudo, scilicet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4411 <i>beati qui esuriunt et sitiunt iustitiam</i>, non respondeat dono
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4412 fortitudinis. Donum enim fortitudinis non respondet virtuti
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4413 iustitiae, sed potius donum pietatis. Sed esurire, et sitire
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4414 iustitiam pertinet ad actum iustitiae. Ergo ista beatitudo magis
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4415 pertinet ad donum pietatis quam ad donum fortitudinis.</p><p title="II-II q. 139 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="44588"><span class="ref">[44588] IIª-IIae, q. 139 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a>
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4416 Praeterea, esuries et sitis iustitiae importat desiderium boni. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4417 hoc proprie pertinet ad caritatem, cui non respondet donum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4418 fortitudinis, sed magis donum sapientiae, ut supra habitum est.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4419 Ergo ista beatitudo non respondet dono fortitudinis, sed dono
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4420 sapientiae.</p><p title="II-II q. 139 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="44589"><span class="ref">[44589] IIª-IIae, q. 139 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a>
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4421 Praeterea, fructus consequuntur ad beatitudines, quia de ratione
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4422 beatitudinis est delectatio, ut dicitur in I Ethic. Sed in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4423 fructibus non videtur aliquid poni quod pertineat ad fortitudinem.
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4424 Ergo neque aliqua beatitudo ei respondet.</p><p title="II-II q. 139 a. 2 s. c."><a name="44590"><span class="ref">[44590] IIª-IIae, q. 139 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4425 contra est quod Augustinus dicit, in libro de Serm. Dom. in monte,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4426 <i>fortitudo congruit esurientibus, laborant enim, desiderantes
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4427 gaudium de veris bonis, amorem a terrenis avertere
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4428 cupientes</i>.</p><p title="II-II q. 139 a. 2 co."><a name="44591"><span class="ref">[44591] IIª-IIae, q. 139 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4429 dicendum quod, sicut supra dictum est, Augustinus attribuit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4430 beatitudines donis secundum ordinem enumerationis, considerata
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4431 tamen aliqua convenientia. Et ideo quartam beatitudinem, scilicet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4432 de esurie et siti iustitiae, attribuit quarto dono, scilicet dono
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4433 fortitudinis. Est tamen ibi aliqua convenientia. Quia sicut dictum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4434 est, fortitudo in arduis consistit. Est autem valde arduum quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4435 aliquis non solum opera virtuosa faciat, quae communiter dicuntur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4436 opera iustitiae; sed quod faciat ea cum insatiabili quodam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4437 desiderio, quod potest significari per famem et sitim
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4438 iustitiae.</p><p title="II-II q. 139 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="44592"><span class="ref">[44592] IIª-IIae, q. 139 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4439 ergo dicendum quod, sicut Chrysostomus dicit, super Matth.,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4440 iustitia hic potest accipi non solum particularis, sed etiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4441 universalis; quae se habet ad omnium virtutum opera, ut dicitur in
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4442 V Ethic. In quibus arduum intendit fortitudo quae est donum.</p><p title="II-II q. 139 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="44593"><span class="ref">[44593] IIª-IIae, q. 139 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Ad
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4443 secundum dicendum quod caritas est radix omnium donorum et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4444 virtutum, ut supra dictum est. Et ideo quidquid pertinet ad
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4445 fortitudinem potest etiam ad caritatem pertinere.</p><p title="II-II q. 139 a. 2 ad 3"><a name="44594"><span class="ref">[44594] IIª-IIae, q. 139 a. 2 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4446 dicendum quod inter fructus ponuntur duo quae sufficienter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4447 correspondent dono fortitudinis, scilicet patientia, quae respicit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4448 sustinentiam malorum; et longanimitas, quae respicere potest
59
03759e5c1080 fix multi-para s.c.
ht
parents: 53
diff changeset
4449 diuturnam expectationem et operationem bonorum.</p></div></div><div id="q140" class="q"><h2>Quaestio 140</h2><div class="p"><h3>Prooemium</h3><p title="II-II q. 140 pr."><a name="44595"><span class="ref">[44595] IIª-IIae, q. 140 pr.</span></a> Deinde
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4450 considerandum est de praeceptis fortitudinis. Et primo, de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4451 praeceptis ipsius fortitudinis. Secundo, de praeceptis partium
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4452 eius.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 1</h3><p title="II-II q. 140 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="44596"><span class="ref">[44596] IIª-IIae, q. 140 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4453 primum sic proceditur. Videtur quod non convenienter in lege divina
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4454 praecepta fortitudinis tradantur. Lex enim nova perfectior est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4455 veteri lege. Sed in veteri lege ponuntur aliqua praecepta
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4456 fortitudinis, ut patet Deut. XX. Ergo et in nova lege aliqua
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4457 praecepta fortitudinis danda fuerunt.</p><p title="II-II q. 140 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="44597"><span class="ref">[44597] IIª-IIae, q. 140 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a>
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4458 Praeterea, praecepta affirmativa videntur esse potiora praeceptis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4459 negativis, quia affirmativa includunt negativa, sed non e converso.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4460 Inconvenienter igitur in lege divina ponuntur praecepta
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4461 fortitudinis solum negativa, timorem prohibentia.</p><p title="II-II q. 140 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="44598"><span class="ref">[44598] IIª-IIae, q. 140 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a>
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4462 Praeterea, fortitudo est una de virtutibus principalibus, ut supra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4463 habitum est. Sed praecepta ordinantur ad virtutes sicut ad fines,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4464 unde debent eis proportionari. Ergo et praecepta fortitudinis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4465 debuerunt poni inter praecepta Decalogi, quae sunt principalia
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4466 legis praecepta.</p><p title="II-II q. 140 a. 1 s. c."><a name="44599"><span class="ref">[44599] IIª-IIae, q. 140 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4467 contrarium apparet ex traditione sacrae Scripturae.</p><p title="II-II q. 140 a. 1 co."><a name="44600"><span class="ref">[44600] IIª-IIae, q. 140 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4468 dicendum quod praecepta legis ordinantur ad intentionem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4469 legislatoris. Unde secundum diversos fines quos intendit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4470 legislator, oportet diversimode praecepta legis institui. Unde et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4471 in rebus humanis alia sunt praecepta democratica, alia regia, alia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4472 tyrannica. Finis autem legis divinae est ut homo inhaereat Deo. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4473 ideo praecepta legis divinae, tam de fortitudine quam de aliis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4474 virtutibus, dantur secundum quod convenit ordinationi mentis in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4475 Deum. Et propter hoc Deut. XX dicitur, <i>non formidetis eos, quia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4476 dominus Deus vester in medio vestri est, et pro vobis contra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4477 adversarios dimicabit</i>. Leges autem humanae ordinantur ad aliqua
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4478 mundana bona. Secundum quorum conditionem praecepta fortitudinis in
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4479 humanis legibus inveniuntur.</p><p title="II-II q. 140 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="44601"><span class="ref">[44601] IIª-IIae, q. 140 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4480 ergo dicendum quod vetus testamentum habebat temporalia promissa,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4481 novum autem spiritualia et aeterna, ut Augustinus dicit, contra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4482 Faust. Et ideo necessarium fuit ut in veteri lege populus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4483 instrueretur qualiter pugnare deberet etiam corporaliter, pro
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4484 terrena possessione acquirenda. In novo autem instruendi fuerunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4485 homines qualiter, spiritualiter certando, ad possessionem vitae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4486 aeternae pervenirent, secundum illud Matth. XI, <i>regnum caelorum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4487 vim patitur, et violenti diripiunt illud</i>. Unde et Petrus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4488 praecipit, I Pet. ult., <i>adversarius vester Diabolus tanquam leo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4489 rugiens circuit, quaerens quem devoret, cui resistite fortes in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4490 fide</i>; et Iac. IV, <i>resistite Diabolo, et fugiet a vobis</i>.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4491 Quia tamen homines ad spiritualia bona tendentes ab eis retrahi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4492 possent per corporalia pericula, fuerunt etiam in lege divina danda
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4493 fortitudinis praecepta ad sustinenda fortiter temporalia mala,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4494 secundum illud Matth. X, <i>nolite timere eos qui occidunt
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4495 corpus</i>.</p><p title="II-II q. 140 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="44602"><span class="ref">[44602] IIª-IIae, q. 140 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4496 secundum dicendum quod lex suis praeceptis habet communem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4497 instructionem. Ea vero quae sunt agenda in periculis non possunt ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4498 aliquid commune reduci, sicut ea quae sunt vitanda. Et ideo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4499 praecepta fortitudinis magis dantur negative quam affirmative.</p><p title="II-II q. 140 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="44603"><span class="ref">[44603] IIª-IIae, q. 140 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4500 dicendum quod, sicut dictum est, praecepta Decalogi ponuntur in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4501 lege sicut prima principia, quae statim debent esse omnibus nota.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4502 Et ideo praecepta Decalogi debuerunt esse principaliter de actibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4503 iustitiae, in quibus manifeste invenitur ratio debiti, non autem de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4504 actibus fortitudinis, quia non ita manifeste videtur esse debitum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4505 quod aliquis mortis pericula non reformidet.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 2</h3><p title="II-II q. 140 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="44604"><span class="ref">[44604] IIª-IIae, q. 140 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4506 secundum sic proceditur. Videtur quod inconvenienter tradantur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4507 praecepta in lege divina de partibus fortitudinis. Sicut enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4508 patientia et perseverantia sunt partes fortitudinis, ita etiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4509 magnificentia et magnanimitas sive fiducia, ut ex supra dictis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4510 patet. Sed de patientia inveniuntur aliqua praecepta tradita in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4511 lege divina, similiter autem et de perseverantia. Ergo, pari
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4512 ratione, de magnificentia et magnanimitate aliqua praecepta tradi
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4513 debuerunt.</p><p title="II-II q. 140 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="44605"><span class="ref">[44605] IIª-IIae, q. 140 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a>
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4514 Praeterea, patientia est virtus maxime necessaria, cum sit custos
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4515 aliarum virtutum, ut Gregorius dicit. Sed de aliis virtutibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4516 dantur praecepta absolute. Non ergo de patientia fuerunt danda
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4517 praecepta quae intelligantur solum secundum praeparationem animi,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4518 ut Augustinus dicit, in libro Serm. Dom. in monte.</p><p title="II-II q. 140 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="44606"><span class="ref">[44606] IIª-IIae, q. 140 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a>
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4519 Praeterea, patientia et perseverantia sunt partes fortitudinis, ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4520 dictum est. Sed de fortitudine non dantur praecepta affirmativa,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4521 sed solum negativa, ut supra habitum est. Ergo etiam neque de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4522 patientia et perseverantia fuerunt danda praecepta affirmativa, sed
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4523 solum negativa.</p><p title="II-II q. 140 a. 2 s. c."><a name="44607"><span class="ref">[44607] IIª-IIae, q. 140 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4524 contrarium habetur ex traditione sacrae Scripturae.</p><p title="II-II q. 140 a. 2 co."><a name="44608"><span class="ref">[44608] IIª-IIae, q. 140 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4525 dicendum quod lex divina perfecte informat hominem de his quae sunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4526 necessaria ad recte vivendum. Indiget autem homo ad recte vivendum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4527 non solum virtutibus principalibus, sed etiam virtutibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4528 secundariis et adiunctis. Et ideo in lege divina, sicut dantur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4529 convenientia praecepta de actibus virtutum principalium, ita etiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4530 dantur convenientia praecepta de actibus secundariarum virtutum et
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4531 adiunctarum.</p><p title="II-II q. 140 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="44609"><span class="ref">[44609] IIª-IIae, q. 140 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4532 ergo dicendum quod magnificentia et magnanimitas non pertinent ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4533 genus fortitudinis nisi secundum quandam magnitudinis excellentiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4534 quam circa propriam materiam considerant. Ea autem quae pertinent
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4535 ad excellentiam magis cadunt sub consiliis perfectionis quam sub
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4536 praeceptis necessitatis. Et ideo de magnificentia et magnanimitate
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4537 non fuerunt danda praecepta, sed magis consilia. Afflictiones autem
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4538 et labores praesentis vitae pertinent ad patientiam et
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4539 perseverantiam non ratione alicuius magnitudinis in eis
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4540 consideratae, sed ratione ipsius generis. Et ideo de patientia et
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4541 perseverantia fuerunt danda praecepta.</p><p title="II-II q. 140 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="44610"><span class="ref">[44610] IIª-IIae, q. 140 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Ad
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4542 secundum dicendum quod, sicut supra dictum est, praecepta
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4543 affirmativa, etsi semper obligent, non tamen obligant ad semper,
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4544 sed pro loco et tempore. Et ideo sicut praecepta affirmativa quae
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4545 de patientia dantur, sunt accipienda secundum praeparationem animi,
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4546 ut scilicet homo sit paratus ea adimplere cum opus fuerit, ita
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4547 etiam et praecepta patientiae.</p><p title="II-II q. 140 a. 2 ad 3"><a name="44611"><span class="ref">[44611] IIª-IIae, q. 140 a. 2 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
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4548 dicendum quod fortitudo, secundum quod distinguitur a patientia et
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4549 perseverantia, est circa maxima pericula, in quibus cautius est
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4550 agendum, nec oportet aliquid determinari in particulari quid sit
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4551 faciendum. Sed patientia et perseverantia sunt circa minores
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4552 afflictiones et labores. Et ideo magis sine periculo potest in eis
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4553 determinari quid sit agendum, maxime in universali.</p></div></div><div class="centro"><br/>
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4554 <p><a href="sth3122.html"><img src="icons/ageretro.gif" width="19" height="19" align="middle" border="0" alt="age retro"/></a>  
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4555 <a href="sth3141.html"><img src="icons/ageultra.gif" width="19" height="19" align="middle" border="0" alt="age ultra"/></a></p>
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4556 <br/>
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4557 <hr/>
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4558 <br/>
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4559 <address>© 2006 Fundación Tomás de Aquino quoad
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4560 hanc editionem<br/>
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4561 Iura omnia asservantur<br/>
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4562 OCLC nr. <a href="http://worldcatlibraries.org/wcpa/oclc/49644264" style="text-decoration=none">49644264</a></address>
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4563 </div></body>
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4564 </html>