annotate summa/latin/sth3102.html @ 53:d777cc3962f2

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date Mon, 28 Dec 2009 13:00:58 +0000
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1 <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
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2 <!DOCTYPE html
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3 PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "file:///c:/cygwin/usr/local/share/lib/xml/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
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4 <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="LA" lang="LA">
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5 <head>
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10 <meta content="Thomas de Aquino, Summa Theologiae, Corpus Thomisticum" name="keywords"/>
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11 <meta content="Latin" name="language"/>
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13 <meta content="ealarcon@unav.es" name="owner"/>
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14 <meta content="Enrique Alarcón" name="author"/>
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15 <meta content="" name="abstract"/>
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17 <link type="text/css" href="vprint.css" media="print" rel="stylesheet"/>
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18 <title>Thomas de Aquino, Summa Theologiae, IIª-IIae q.
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19 102-105</title>
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20 </head>
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21 <body><a href="http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/"/><div class="tres">CORPUS THOMISTICUM</div><div class="uno">Sancti Thomae de Aquino</div><div class="uno">Summa Theologiae</div><div class="dos">secunda pars secundae partis a quaestione CII ad
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22 CV</div><div class="centro">
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23 <table summary="Imago" align="center">
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24 <tr>
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25 <th><img align="middle" alt="Thomas de Aquino a Filippino Lippi depictus (Cappella Carafa, S. Maria sopra Minerva, Roma)" border="0" height="190" width="275" src="icons/fugit190.jpg"/></th>
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26 </tr>
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27 </table>
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28 <br/>
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29 <span class="tres">Textum Leoninum Romae 1897 editum<br/>
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30 ac automato translatum a Roberto Busa SJ in taenias
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31 magneticas<br/>
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32 denuo recognovit Enrique Alarcón atque instruxit<br/>
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33 <br/></span><br/>
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34 <hr/>
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35 <br/>
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36 <p><a href="sth3101.html"><img alt="age retro" border="0" align="middle" height="19" width="19" src="icons/ageretro.gif"/></a>  
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37 <a href="sth3106.html"><img alt="age ultra" border="0" align="middle" height="19" width="19" src="icons/ageultra.gif"/></a></p>
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38 <script type="text/javascript" language="JavaScript">
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39 //
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40 &lt;!--
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41 // original code by Bill Trefzger 12/12/96; revised by Enrique Alarcon 12/9/2000
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135 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#43438"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 104 a. 3 ad 2');
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136 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#43439"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 104 a. 3 ad 3');
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137 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#43440"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 104 a. 4 arg. 1');
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138 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#43441"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 104 a. 4 arg. 2');
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139 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#43442"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 104 a. 4 arg. 3');
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140 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#43443"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 104 a. 4 s. c.');
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141 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#43444"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 104 a. 4 co.');
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142 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#43445"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 104 a. 4 ad 1');
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143 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#43446"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 104 a. 4 ad 2');
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144 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#43447"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 104 a. 4 ad 3');
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145 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#43448"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 104 a. 5 arg. 1');
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146 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#43449"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 104 a. 5 arg. 2');
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147 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#43450"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 104 a. 5 arg. 3');
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148 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#43451"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 104 a. 5 s. c.');
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149 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#43452"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 104 a. 5 co.');
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150 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#43453"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 104 a. 5 ad 1');
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151 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#43454"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 104 a. 5 ad 2');
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152 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#43455"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 104 a. 5 ad 3');
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153 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#43456"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 104 a. 6 arg. 1');
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154 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#43457"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 104 a. 6 arg. 2');
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155 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#43458"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 104 a. 6 arg. 3');
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156 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#43459"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 104 a. 6 s. c.');
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157 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#43460"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 104 a. 6 co.');
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158 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#43461"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 104 a. 6 ad 1');
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159 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#43462"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 104 a. 6 ad 2');
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160 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#43463"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 104 a. 6 ad 3');
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161 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#43464"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 105 pr.');
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162 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#43465"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 105 a. 1 arg. 1');
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163 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#43466"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 105 a. 1 arg. 2');
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164 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#43467"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 105 a. 1 arg. 3');
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165 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#43468"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 105 a. 1 s. c.');
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166 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#43469"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 105 a. 1 co.');
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167 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#43470"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 105 a. 1 ad 1');
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168 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#43471"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 105 a. 1 ad 2');
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169 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#43472"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 105 a. 1 ad 3');
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170 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#43473"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 105 a. 2 arg. 1');
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171 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#43474"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 105 a. 2 arg. 2');
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172 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#43475"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 105 a. 2 arg. 3');
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173 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#43476"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 105 a. 2 s. c.');
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174 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#43477"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 105 a. 2 co.');
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175 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#43478"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 105 a. 2 ad 1');
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176 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#43479"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 105 a. 2 ad 2');
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177 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#43480"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 105 a. 2 ad 3');
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178 document.write('&lt;\/SELECT&gt;');
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179 document.write('&lt;BR&gt;&lt;BR&gt;');
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180 document.write('&lt;INPUT TYPE="button" VALUE="Agedum" ONCLICK="go()"&gt;');
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181 document.write('&lt;\/FORM&gt;');
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182 // --&gt;
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183 //
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184 </script><br/>
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185 <hr/>
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186 <br/></div><div class="q" id="q102"><h2>Quaestio 102</h2><div class="p"><h3>Prooemium</h3><p title="II-II q. 102 pr."><a name="43353"><span class="ref">[43353] IIª-IIae q. 102 pr.</span></a> Deinde
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187 considerandum est de observantia, et partibus eius. Per quae de
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188 oppositis vitiis erit manifestum. Circa observantiam autem
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189 quaeruntur tria. Primo, utrum observantia sit specialis virtus ab
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190 aliis distincta. Secundo, quid observantia exhibeat. Tertio, de
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191 comparatione eius ad pietatem.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 1</h3><p title="II-II q. 102 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="43354"><span class="ref">[43354] IIª-IIae q. 102 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad primum
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192 sic proceditur. Videtur quod observantia non sit specialis virtus
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193 ab aliis distincta. Virtutes enim distinguuntur secundum obiecta.
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194 Sed obiectum observantiae non distinguitur ab obiecto pietatis.
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195 Dicit enim Tullius, in sua rhetorica, quod <i>observantia est per
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196 quam homines aliqua dignitate antecedentes quodam cultu et honore
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197 dignantur</i>. Sed cultum et honorem etiam pietas exhibet
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198 parentibus, qui dignitate antecedunt. Ergo observantia non est
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199 virtus distincta a pietate.</p><p title="II-II q. 102 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="43355"><span class="ref">[43355] IIª-IIae q. 102 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a>
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200 Praeterea, sicut hominibus in dignitate constitutis debetur honor
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201 et cultus, ita etiam eis qui excellunt in scientia et virtute. Sed
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202 non est aliqua specialis virtus per quam honorem et cultum
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203 exibeamus hominibus qui scientiae vel virtutis excellentiam habent.
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204 Ergo etiam observantia, per quam cultum et honorem exhibemus his
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205 qui nos in dignitate antecedunt, non est specialis virtus ab aliis
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206 distincta.</p><p title="II-II q. 102 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="43356"><span class="ref">[43356] IIª-IIae q. 102 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a>
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207 Praeterea, hominibus in dignitate constitutis multa debentur ad
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208 quae solvenda lex cogit, secundum illud Rom. XIII, <i>reddite
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209 omnibus debita, cui tributum, tributum,</i> et cetera. Ea vero ad
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210 quae per legem compellimur, pertinent ad iustitiam legalem, seu
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211 etiam ad iustitiam specialem. Ergo observantia non est per se
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212 specialis virtus ab aliis distincta.</p><p title="II-II q. 102 a. 1 s. c."><a name="43357"><span class="ref">[43357] IIª-IIae q. 102 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
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213 est quod Tullius condividit observantiam aliis iustitiae partibus,
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214 quae sunt speciales virtutes.</p><p title="II-II q. 102 a. 1 co."><a name="43358"><span class="ref">[43358] IIª-IIae q. 102 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo
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215 dicendum quod, sicut ex dictis patet, necesse est ut eo modo per
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216 quendam ordinatum descensum distinguantur virtutes, sicut et
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217 excellentia personarum quibus est aliquid reddendum. Sicut autem
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218 carnalis pater particulariter participat rationem principii, quae
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219 universaliter invenitur in Deo; ita etiam persona quae quantum ad
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220 aliquid providentiam circa nos gerit, particulariter participat
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221 proprietatem patris, quia pater est principium et generationis et
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222 educationis et disciplinae, et omnium quae ad perfectionem humanae
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223 vitae pertinent. Persona autem in dignitate constituta est sicut
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224 principium gubernationis respectu aliquarum rerum, sicut princeps
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225 civitatis in rebus civilibus, dux autem exercitus in rebus
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226 bellicis, magister autem in disciplinis, et simile est in aliis. Et
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227 inde est quod omnes tales personae patres appellantur, propter
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228 similitudinem curae, sicut IV Reg. V, servi Naaman dixerunt ad eum,
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229 <i>pater, etsi rem grandem dixisset tibi propheta,</i> et cetera.
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230 Et ideo sicut sub religione, per quam cultus tribuitur Deo, quodam
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231 ordine invenitur pietas, per quam coluntur parentes; ita sub
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232 pietate invenitur observantia, per quam cultus et honor exhibetur
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233 personis in dignitate constitutis.</p><p title="II-II q. 102 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="43359"><span class="ref">[43359] IIª-IIae q. 102 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
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234 ergo dicendum quod sicut supra dictum est quod religio per quandam
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235 supereminentiam pietas dicitur, et tamen pietas proprie dicta a
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236 religione distinguitur; ita etiam pietas per quandam excellentiam
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237 potest dici observantia, et tamen observantia proprie dicta a
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238 pietate distinguitur.</p><p title="II-II q. 102 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="43360"><span class="ref">[43360] IIª-IIae q. 102 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
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239 dicendum quod aliquis ex hoc quod est in dignitate constitutus, non
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240 solum quandam status excellentiam habet, sed etiam quandam
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241 potestatem gubernandi subditos. Unde competit sibi ratio principii,
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242 prout est aliorum gubernator. Ex hoc autem quod aliquis habet
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243 perfectionem scientiae vel virtutis, non sortitur rationem
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244 principii quantum ad alios, sed solum quandam excellentiam in
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245 seipso. Et ideo specialiter quaedam virtus determinatur ad
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246 exhibendum honorem et cultum his qui sunt in dignitate constituti.
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247 Verum quia per scientiam et virtutem, et omnia alia huiusmodi,
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248 aliquis idoneus redditur ad dignitatis statum, reverentia quae
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249 propter quamcumque excellentiam aliquibus exhibetur, ad eandem
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250 virtutem pertinet.</p><p title="II-II q. 102 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="43361"><span class="ref">[43361] IIª-IIae q. 102 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
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251 dicendum quod ad iustitiam specialem proprie sumptam pertinet
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252 reddere aequale ei cui aliquid debetur. Quod quidem non potest
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253 fieri ad virtuosos, et ad eos qui bene statu dignitatis utuntur,
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254 sicut nec ad Deum, nec ad parentes. Et ideo ad quandam virtutem
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255 adiunctam hoc pertinet, non autem ad iustitiam specialem, quae est
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256 principalis virtus. Iustitia vero legalis se extendit ad actus
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257 omnium virtutum, ut supra dictum est.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 2</h3><p title="II-II q. 102 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="43362"><span class="ref">[43362] IIª-IIae q. 102 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
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258 secundum sic proceditur. Videtur quod ad observantiam non pertinet
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259 exhibere cultum et honorem his qui sunt in dignitate constituti.
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260 Quia ut Augustinus dicit, in X de Civ. Dei, colere dicimur illas
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261 personas quas in quodam honore habemus, et sic idem videtur esse
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262 cultus quod honor. Inconvenienter igitur determinatur quod
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263 observantia exhibet in dignitate constitutis cultum et honorem.</p><p title="II-II q. 102 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="43363"><span class="ref">[43363] IIª-IIae q. 102 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a>
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264 Praeterea, ad iustitiam pertinet reddere debitum. Unde et ad
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265 observantiam, quae ponitur iustitiae pars. Sed cultum et honorem
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266 non debemus omnibus in dignitate constitutis, sed solum his qui
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267 super nos praelationem habent. Ergo inconvenienter determinatur
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268 quod eis observantia exhibet cultum et honorem.</p><p title="II-II q. 102 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="43364"><span class="ref">[43364] IIª-IIae q. 102 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a>
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269 Praeterea, superioribus nostris in dignitate constitutis non solum
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270 debemus honorem, sed etiam timorem, et aliquam munerum largitionem,
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271 secundum illud ad Rom. XIII, <i>reddite omnibus debita, et cui
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272 tributum, tributum; cui vectigal, vectigal; cui timorem, timorem;
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273 cui honorem, honorem</i>. Debemus etiam eis reverentiam et
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274 subiectionem, secundum illud Heb. XIII, <i>obedite praepositis
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275 vestris, et subiacete eis</i>. Non ergo convenienter determinatur
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276 quod observantia exhibet cultum et honorem.</p><p title="II-II q. 102 a. 2 s. c."><a name="43365"><span class="ref">[43365] IIª-IIae q. 102 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
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277 est quod Tullius dicit, quod <i>observantia est per quam homines
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278 aliqua dignitate antecedentes quodam cultu et honore
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279 dignantur</i>.</p><p title="II-II q. 102 a. 2 co."><a name="43366"><span class="ref">[43366] IIª-IIae q. 102 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo
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280 dicendum quod ad eos qui sunt in dignitate constituti pertinet
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281 gubernare subditos. Gubernare autem est movere aliquos in debitum
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282 finem, sicut nauta gubernat navem ducendo eam ad portum. Omne autem
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283 movens habet excellentiam quandam et virtutem supra id quod
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284 movetur. Unde oportet quod in eo qui est in dignitate constitutus,
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285 primo consideretur excellentia status, cum quadam potestate in
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286 subditos; secundo, ipsum gubernationis officium. Ratione igitur
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287 excellentiae, debetur eis honor, qui est quaedam recognitio
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288 excellentiae alicuius. Ratione autem officii gubernationis, debetur
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289 eis cultus, qui in quodam obsequio consistit dum scilicet aliquis
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290 eorum obedit imperio, et vicem beneficiis eorum pro suo modo
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291 rependit.</p><p title="II-II q. 102 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="43367"><span class="ref">[43367] IIª-IIae q. 102 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
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292 ergo dicendum quod in cultu non solum intelligitur honor, sed etiam
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293 quaecumque alia pertinent ad decentes actus quibus homo ad alium
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294 ordinatur.</p><p title="II-II q. 102 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="43368"><span class="ref">[43368] IIª-IIae q. 102 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
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295 dicendum quod, sicut supra dictum est, duplex est debitum. Unum
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296 quidem legale, ad quod reddendum homo lege compellitur. Et sic
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297 debet homo honorem et cultum his qui sunt in dignitate constituti
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298 praelationem super ipsum habentes. Aliud autem est debitum morale,
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299 quod ex quadam honestate debetur. Et hoc modo debemus cultum et
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300 honorem his qui sunt in dignitate constituti, etiam si non simus
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301 eis subiecti.</p><p title="II-II q. 102 a. 2 ad 3"><a name="43369"><span class="ref">[43369] IIª-IIae q. 102 a. 2 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
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302 dicendum quod excellentiae eorum qui sunt in dignitate constituti
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303 debetur honor ratione sublimioris gradus; timor autem ratione
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304 potestatis quam habent ad coercendum. Officio vero gubernationis
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305 ipsorum debetur obedientia, per quam subditi moventur ad imperium
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306 praesidentium; et tributa, quae sunt quaedam stipendia laboris
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307 ipsorum.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 3</h3><p title="II-II q. 102 a. 3 arg. 1"><a name="43370"><span class="ref">[43370] IIª-IIae q. 102 a. 3 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
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308 tertium sic proceditur. Videtur quod observantia sit potior virtus
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309 quam pietas. Princeps enim, cui cultus per observantiam exhibetur,
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310 comparatur ad patrem, qui pietate colitur, sicut universalis
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311 gubernator ad particularem, nam familia, quam pater gubernat, est
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312 pars civitatis, quae gubernatur a principe. Sed universalis virtus
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313 potior est, et magis ei inferiora subduntur. Ergo observantia est
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314 potior virtus quam pietas.</p><p title="II-II q. 102 a. 3 arg. 2"><a name="43371"><span class="ref">[43371] IIª-IIae q. 102 a. 3 arg. 2</span></a>
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315 Praeterea, illi qui sunt in dignitate constituti curam gerunt boni
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316 communis. Consanguinei autem pertinent ad bonum privatum, quod est
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317 propter bonum commune contemnendum, unde laudabiliter aliqui
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318 seipsos pro bono communi periculis mortis exponunt. Ergo
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319 observantia, per quam exhibetur cultus his qui sunt in dignitate
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320 constituti, est potior virtus quam pietas, quae exhibet cultum
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321 personis sanguine coniunctis.</p><p title="II-II q. 102 a. 3 arg. 3"><a name="43372"><span class="ref">[43372] IIª-IIae q. 102 a. 3 arg. 3</span></a>
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322 Praeterea, honor et reverentia maxime debetur virtuosis, post Deum.
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323 Sed virtuosis exhibetur honor et reverentia per observantiae
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324 virtutem, ut dictum est. Ergo observantia est praecipua post
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325 religionem.</p><p title="II-II q. 102 a. 3 s. c."><a name="43373"><span class="ref">[43373] IIª-IIae q. 102 a. 3 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
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326 est quod praecepta legis dantur de actibus virtutum. Immediate
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327 autem post praecepta religionis, quae pertinent ad primam tabulam,
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328 subditur praeceptum de honoratione parentum, quod pertinet ad
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329 pietatem. Ergo pietas immediate sequitur religionem ordine
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330 dignitatis.</p><p title="II-II q. 102 a. 3 co."><a name="43374"><span class="ref">[43374] IIª-IIae q. 102 a. 3 co.</span></a> Respondeo
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331 dicendum quod personis in dignitate constitutis potest aliquid
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332 exhiberi dupliciter. Uno modo, in ordine ad bonum commune, puta cum
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333 aliquis ei servit in administratione reipublicae. Et hoc iam non
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334 pertinet ad observantiam, sed ad pietatem, quae cultum exhibet non
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335 solum patri, sed etiam patriae. Alio modo exhibetur aliquid
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336 personis in dignitate constitutis pertinens specialiter ad
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337 personalem eorum utilitatem vel gloriam. Et hoc proprie pertinet ad
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338 observantiam secundum quod a pietate distinguitur. Et ideo
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339 comparatio observantiae ad pietatem necesse est quod attendatur
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340 secundum diversas habitudines diversarum personarum ad nos, quas
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341 respicit utraque virtus. Manifestum est autem quod personae
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342 parentum, et eorum qui sunt nobis sanguine iuncti, substantialius
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343 nobis coniunguntur quam personae quae sunt in dignitate
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344 constitutae, magis enim ad substantiam pertinet generatio et
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345 educatio, cuius principium est pater, quam exterior gubernatio,
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346 cuius principium sunt illi qui in dignitate constituuntur. Et
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347 secundum hoc, pietas observantiae praeeminet, inquantum cultum
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348 reddit personis magis coniunctis, quibus magis obligamur.</p><p title="II-II q. 102 a. 3 ad 1"><a name="43375"><span class="ref">[43375] IIª-IIae q. 102 a. 3 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
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349 ergo dicendum quod princeps comparatur ad patrem sicut universalis
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350 virtus ad particularem, quantum ad exteriorem gubernationem, non
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351 autem quantum ad hoc quod pater est principium generationis. Sic
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352 enim comparatur ad ipsum virtus divina, quae est omnium productiva
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353 in esse.</p><p title="II-II q. 102 a. 3 ad 2"><a name="43376"><span class="ref">[43376] IIª-IIae q. 102 a. 3 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
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354 dicendum quod ex ea parte qua personae in dignitate constitutae
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355 ordinantur ad bonum commune, non pertinet earum cultus ad
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356 observantiam, sed ad pietatem, ut dictum est.</p><p title="II-II q. 102 a. 3 ad 3"><a name="43377"><span class="ref">[43377] IIª-IIae q. 102 a. 3 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
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357 dicendum quod exhibitio honoris vel cultus non solum est
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358 proportionanda personae cui exhibetur secundum se consideratae, sed
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359 etiam secundum quod ad exhibentes comparatur. Quamvis ergo
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360 virtuosi, secundum se considerati, sint magis digni honore quam
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361 personae parentum, tamen filii magis obligantur, propter beneficia
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362 suscepta et coniunctionem naturalem, ad exhibendum cultum et
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363 honorem parentibus quam extraneis virtuosis.</p></div></div><div class="q" id="q103"><h2>Quaestio 103</h2><div class="p"><h3>Prooemium</h3><p title="II-II q. 103 pr."><a name="43378"><span class="ref">[43378] IIª-IIae q. 103 pr.</span></a> Deinde
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364 considerandum est de partibus observantiae. Et primo, de dulia,
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365 quae exhibet honorem, et cetera ad hoc pertinentia, personis
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366 superioribus; secundo, de obedientia, per quam earum obeditur
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367 imperio. Circa primum quaeruntur quatuor. Primo, utrum honor sit
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368 aliquid spirituale, vel corporale. Secundo, utrum honor debeatur
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369 solis superioribus. Tertio, utrum dulia, cuius est exhibere honorem
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370 et cultum superioribus, sit specialis virtus a latria distincta.
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371 Quarto, utrum per species distinguatur.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 1</h3><p title="II-II q. 103 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="43379"><span class="ref">[43379] IIª-IIae q. 103 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad primum
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372 sic proceditur. Videtur quod honor non importet aliquid corporale.
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373 Honor enim est exhibitio reverentiae in testimonium virtutis, ut
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374 potest accipi a philosopho, in I Ethic. Sed exhibitio reverentiae
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375 est aliquid spirituale, revereri enim est actus timoris, ut supra
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376 habitum est. Ergo honor est aliquid spirituale.</p><p title="II-II q. 103 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="43380"><span class="ref">[43380] IIª-IIae q. 103 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a>
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377 Praeterea, secundum philosophum, in IV Ethic., <i>honor est
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378 praemium virtutis</i>. Virtutis autem, quae principaliter in
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379 spiritualibus consistit, praemium non est aliquid corporale, cum
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380 praemium sit potius merito. Ergo honor non consistit in
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381 corporalibus.</p><p title="II-II q. 103 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="43381"><span class="ref">[43381] IIª-IIae q. 103 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a>
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382 Praeterea, honor a laude distinguitur, et etiam a gloria. Sed laus
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383 et gloria in exterioribus consistunt. Ergo honor consistit in
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384 interioribus et spiritualibus.</p><p title="II-II q. 103 a. 1 s. c."><a name="43382"><span class="ref">[43382] IIª-IIae q. 103 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
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385 est quod Hieronymus, exponens illud I ad Tim. V, qui bene praesunt
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386 presbyteri duplici honore etc., dicit, honor <i>in praesentiarum
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387 vel pro eleemosyna, vel pro munere accipitur</i>. Utrumque autem
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388 horum ad corporalia pertinet. Ergo honor in corporalibus
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389 consistit.</p><p title="II-II q. 103 a. 1 co."><a name="43383"><span class="ref">[43383] IIª-IIae q. 103 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo
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390 dicendum quod honor testificationem quandam importat de excellentia
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391 alicuius, unde homines qui volunt honorari, testimonium suae
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392 excellentiae quaerunt, ut per philosophum patet, in I et VIII
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393 Ethic. Testimonium autem redditur vel coram Deo, vel coram
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394 hominibus. Coram Deo quidem, qui inspector est cordium, testimonium
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395 conscientiae sufficit. Et ideo honor quoad Deum potest consistere
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396 in solo interiori motu cordis, dum scilicet aliquis recogitat vel
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397 Dei excellentiam, vel etiam alterius hominis coram Deo. Sed quoad
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398 homines aliquis non potest testimonium ferre nisi per aliqua signa
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399 exteriora, vel verborum, puta cum aliquis ore pronuntiat
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400 excellentiam alicuius; vel factis, sicut inclinationibus,
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401 obviationibus, et aliis huiusmodi; vel etiam exterioribus rebus,
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402 puta in exenniorum vel munerum oblatione, aut imaginum
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403 institutione, vel aliis huiusmodi. Et secundum hoc, honor in signis
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404 exterioribus et corporalibus consistit.</p><p title="II-II q. 103 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="43384"><span class="ref">[43384] IIª-IIae q. 103 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
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405 ergo dicendum quod reverentia non est idem quod honor, sed ex una
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406 parte est principium motivum ad honorandum, inquantum scilicet
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407 aliquis ex reverentia quam habet ad aliquem, eum honorat; ex alia
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408 vero parte est honoris finis, inquantum scilicet aliquis ad hoc
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409 honoratur ut in reverentia habeatur ab aliis.</p><p title="II-II q. 103 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="43385"><span class="ref">[43385] IIª-IIae q. 103 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
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410 dicendum quod, sicut philosophus ibidem dicit, honor non est
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411 sufficiens virtutis praemium, sed nihil potest esse in humanis
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412 rebus et corporalibus maius honore, inquantum scilicet ipsae
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413 corporales res sunt signa demonstrativa excellentis virtutis. Est
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414 autem debitum bono et pulchro ut manifestetur, secundum illud
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415 Matth. V, <i>neque accendunt lucernam et ponunt eam sub modio, sed
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416 super candelabrum, ut luceat omnibus qui in domo sunt</i>, et pro
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417 tanto praemium virtutis dicitur honor.</p><p title="II-II q. 103 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="43386"><span class="ref">[43386] IIª-IIae q. 103 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
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418 dicendum quod laus distinguitur ab honore dupliciter. Uno modo,
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419 quia laus consistit in solis signis verborum, honor autem in
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420 quibuscumque exterioribus signis. Et secundum hoc, laus in honore
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421 includitur. Alio modo, quia per exhibitionem honoris testimonium
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422 reddimus de excellentia bonitatis alicuius absolute, sed per laudem
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423 testificamur de bonitate alicuius in ordine ad finem, sicut
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424 laudamus bene operantem propter finem; honor autem est etiam
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425 optimorum, quae non ordinantur ad finem, sed iam sunt in fine; ut
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426 patet per philosophum, in I Ethic. Gloria autem est effectus
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427 honoris et laudis. Quia ex hoc quod testificamur de bonitate
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428 alicuius, clarescit eius bonitas in notitia plurimorum. Et hoc
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429 importat nomen gloriae, nam gloria dicitur quasi claria. Unde Rom.
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430 I, dicit quaedam Glossa Ambrosii quod gloria est clara cum laude
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431 notitia.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 2</h3><p title="II-II q. 103 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="43387"><span class="ref">[43387] IIª-IIae q. 103 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
28
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432 secundum sic proceditur. Videtur quod honor non proprie debeatur
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433 superioribus. Angelus enim est superior quolibet homine viatore,
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434 secundum illud Matth. XI, <i>qui minor est in regno caelorum, est
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diff changeset
435 maior Ioanne Baptista</i>. Sed Angelus prohibuit Ioannem volentem
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436 se honorare, ut patet Apoc. ult. Ergo honor non debetur
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437 superioribus.</p><p title="II-II q. 103 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="43388"><span class="ref">[43388] IIª-IIae q. 103 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a>
28
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438 Praeterea, honor debetur alicui in testimonium virtutis, ut dictum
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439 est. Sed quandoque contingit quod superiores non sunt virtuosi.
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440 Ergo eis non debetur honor. Sicut nec Daemonibus, qui tamen
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441 superiores sunt nobis ordine naturae.</p><p title="II-II q. 103 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="43389"><span class="ref">[43389] IIª-IIae q. 103 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a>
28
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442 Praeterea, apostolus dicit, Rom. XII, honore invicem praevenientes.
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443 Et I Pet. II, omnes honorate. Sed hoc non esset servandum si solis
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444 superioribus honor deberetur. Ergo honor non debetur proprie
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445 superioribus.</p><p title="II-II q. 103 a. 2 arg. 4"><a name="43390"><span class="ref">[43390] IIª-IIae q. 103 a. 2 arg. 4</span></a>
28
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446 Praeterea, Tobiae I dicitur quod <i>Tobias habebat decem talenta ex
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diff changeset
447 his quibus erat honoratus a rege</i>. Legitur etiam Esther VI, quod
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448 Assuerus honoravit Mardochaeum, et coram eo fecit clamari, <i>hoc
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449 honore dignus est quem rex honorare voluerit</i>. Ergo honor
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450 exhibetur etiam inferioribus. Et ita non videtur quod honor proprie
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451 superioribus debeatur.</p><p title="II-II q. 103 a. 2 s. c."><a name="43391"><span class="ref">[43391] IIª-IIae q. 103 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
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452 est quod philosophus dicit, in I Ethic., quod honor debetur
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453 optimis.</p><p title="II-II q. 103 a. 2 co."><a name="43392"><span class="ref">[43392] IIª-IIae q. 103 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
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454 dicendum quod, sicut dictum est, honor nihil est aliud quam quaedam
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diff changeset
455 protestatio de excellentia bonitatis alicuius. Potest autem
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456 alicuius excellentia considerari non solum per comparationem ad
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457 honorantem, ut scilicet sit excellentior eo qui honoratur, sed
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458 etiam secundum se, vel per comparationem ad aliquos alios. Et
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diff changeset
459 secundum hoc, honor semper debetur alicui propter aliquam
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diff changeset
460 excellentiam vel superioritatem. Non enim oportet quod ille qui
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461 honoratur sit excellentior honorante, sed forte quibusdam aliis;
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462 vel etiam ipso honorante quantum ad aliquid, et non
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463 simpliciter.</p><p title="II-II q. 103 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="43393"><span class="ref">[43393] IIª-IIae q. 103 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
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464 ergo dicendum quod Angelus prohibuit Ioannem non a quacumque
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465 honoratione, sed ab honoratione adorationis latriae, quae debetur
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466 Deo. Vel etiam ab honoratione duliae, ut ostenderet ipsius Ioannis
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467 dignitatem, qua per Christum erat Angelis adaequatus, secundum spem
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468 gloriae filiorum Dei. Et ideo nolebat ab eo adorari tanquam
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469 superior.</p><p title="II-II q. 103 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="43394"><span class="ref">[43394] IIª-IIae q. 103 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
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470 dicendum quod si praelati sunt mali, non honorantur propter
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471 excellentiam propriae virtutis, sed propter excellentiam
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472 dignitatis, secundum quam sunt Dei ministri. Et in eis etiam
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473 honoratur tota communitas, cui praesunt. Daemones autem sunt
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474 irrevocabiliter mali, et pro inimicis habendi magis quam
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475 honorandi.</p><p title="II-II q. 103 a. 2 ad 3"><a name="43395"><span class="ref">[43395] IIª-IIae q. 103 a. 2 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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476 dicendum quod in quolibet invenitur aliquid ex quo potest aliquis
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477 eum superiorem reputare, secundum illud Philipp. II <i>in
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diff changeset
478 humilitate superiores invicem arbitrantes</i>. Et secundum hoc
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479 etiam omnes se invicem debent honore praevenire.</p><p title="II-II q. 103 a. 2 ad 4"><a name="43396"><span class="ref">[43396] IIª-IIae q. 103 a. 2 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
28
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480 dicendum quod privatae personae interdum honorantur a regibus, non
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481 quia sint eis superiores secundum ordinem dignitatis, sed propter
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482 aliquam excellentiam virtutis ipsarum. Et secundum hoc honorati
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483 sunt Tobias et Mardochaeus a regibus.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 3</h3><p title="II-II q. 103 a. 3 arg. 1"><a name="43397"><span class="ref">[43397] IIª-IIae q. 103 a. 3 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
28
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484 tertium sic proceditur. Videtur quod dulia non sit specialis virtus
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diff changeset
485 a latria distincta. Quia super illud Psalm., domine Deus meus, in
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486 te speravi, dicit Glossa, <i>domine omnium per potentiam, cui
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487 debetur dulia, Deus per creationem, cui debetur latria</i>. Sed non
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488 est distincta virtus quae ordinatur in Deum secundum quod est
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489 dominus, et secundum quod est Deus. Ergo dulia non est virtus
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490 distincta a latria.</p><p title="II-II q. 103 a. 3 arg. 2"><a name="43398"><span class="ref">[43398] IIª-IIae q. 103 a. 3 arg. 2</span></a>
28
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491 Praeterea, secundum philosophum, in VIII Ethic., <i>amari simile
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492 est ei quod est honorari</i>. Sed eadem est virtus caritatis qua
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493 amatur Deus, et qua amatur proximus. Ergo dulia, qua honoratur
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494 proximus, non est alia virtus a latria, qua honoratur Deus.</p><p title="II-II q. 103 a. 3 arg. 3"><a name="43399"><span class="ref">[43399] IIª-IIae q. 103 a. 3 arg. 3</span></a>
28
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495 Praeterea, idem est motus quo aliquis movetur in imaginem, et in
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496 rem cuius est imago. Sed per duliam honoratur homo inquantum est ad
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497 Dei imaginem, dicitur enim Sap. II, de impiis quod <i>non
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498 iudicaverunt honorem animarum sanctarum, quoniam Deus creavit
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499 hominem inexterminabilem, et ad imaginem suae similitudinis fecit
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500 illum</i>. Ergo dulia non est alia virtus a latria, qua honoratur
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diff changeset
501 Deus.</p><p title="II-II q. 103 a. 3 s. c."><a name="43400"><span class="ref">[43400] IIª-IIae q. 103 a. 3 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
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502 est quod Augustinus dicit, X de Civ. Dei, quod <i>alia est servitus
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diff changeset
503 quae debetur hominibus, secundum quam praecepit apostolus servos
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504 dominis suis subditos esse, quae scilicet Graece dulia dicitur,
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505 alia vero latria, quae dicitur servitus pertinens ad colendum
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diff changeset
506 Deum</i>.</p><p title="II-II q. 103 a. 3 co."><a name="43401"><span class="ref">[43401] IIª-IIae q. 103 a. 3 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
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507 dicendum quod, secundum ea quae supra dicta sunt, ubi est alia
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diff changeset
508 ratio debiti, ibi necesse est quod sit alia virtus quae debitum
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diff changeset
509 reddat. Alia autem ratione debetur servitus Deo, et homini, sicut
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510 alia ratione dominum esse competit Deo, et homini. Nam Deus
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511 plenarium et principale dominium habet respectu totius et
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512 cuiuslibet creaturae, quae totaliter eius subiicitur potestati,
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diff changeset
513 homo autem participat quandam similitudinem divini dominii,
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diff changeset
514 secundum quod habet particularem potestatem super aliquem hominem
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515 vel super aliquam creaturam. Et ideo dulia, quae debitam servitutem
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diff changeset
516 exhibet homini dominanti, alia virtus est a latria, quae exhibet
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diff changeset
517 debitam servitutem divino dominio. Et est quaedam observantiae
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diff changeset
518 species. Quia per observantiam honoramus quascumque personas
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519 dignitate praecellentes, per duliam autem proprie sumptam servi
53
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520 suos dominos venerantur; dulia enim Graece servitus dicitur.</p><p title="II-II q. 103 a. 3 ad 1"><a name="43402"><span class="ref">[43402] IIª-IIae q. 103 a. 3 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
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521 ergo dicendum quod sicut religio per excellentiam dicitur pietas,
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diff changeset
522 inquantum Deus est per excellentiam pater; ita etiam latria per
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diff changeset
523 excellentiam dicitur dulia, inquantum Deus excellenter est dominus.
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diff changeset
524 Non autem creatura participat potentiam creandi, ratione cuius Deo
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diff changeset
525 debetur latria. Et ideo Glossa illa distinxit, attribuens latriam
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diff changeset
526 Deo secundum creationem, quae creaturae non communicatur; duliam
53
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diff changeset
527 vero secundum dominium, quod creaturae communicatur.</p><p title="II-II q. 103 a. 3 ad 2"><a name="43403"><span class="ref">[43403] IIª-IIae q. 103 a. 3 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
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diff changeset
528 dicendum quod ratio diligendi proximum Deus est, non enim diligimus
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diff changeset
529 per caritatem in proximo nisi Deum, et ideo eadem caritas est qua
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diff changeset
530 diligitur Deus, et proximus. Sunt tamen aliae amicitiae,
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diff changeset
531 differentes a caritate, secundum alias rationes quibus homines
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diff changeset
532 amantur. Et similiter, cum sit alia ratio serviendi Deo et homini,
53
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diff changeset
533 aut honorandi utrumque, non est eadem virtus latria et dulia.</p><p title="II-II q. 103 a. 3 ad 3"><a name="43404"><span class="ref">[43404] IIª-IIae q. 103 a. 3 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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diff changeset
534 dicendum quod motus qui est in imaginem inquantum est imago,
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diff changeset
535 refertur in rem cuius est imago, non tamen omnis motus qui est in
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diff changeset
536 imaginem est in eam inquantum est imago. Et ideo quandoque est
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diff changeset
537 alius specie motus in imaginem, et motus in rem. Sic ergo dicendum
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diff changeset
538 est quod honor vel subiectio duliae respicit absolute quandam
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diff changeset
539 hominis dignitatem. Licet enim secundum illam dignitatem sit homo
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diff changeset
540 ad imaginem vel similitudinem Dei, non tamen semper homo, quando
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diff changeset
541 reverentiam alteri exhibet, refert hoc actu in Deum. Vel dicendum
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diff changeset
542 quod motus qui est in imaginem quodammodo est in rem, non tamen
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diff changeset
543 motus qui est in rem oportet quod sit in imaginem. Et ideo
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diff changeset
544 reverentia quae exhibetur alicui inquantum est ad imaginem,
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diff changeset
545 redundat quodammodo in Deum, alia tamen est reverentia quae ipsi
53
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546 Deo exhibetur, quae nullo modo pertinet ad eius imaginem.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 4</h3><p title="II-II q. 103 a. 4 arg. 1"><a name="43405"><span class="ref">[43405] IIª-IIae q. 103 a. 4 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
28
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diff changeset
547 quartum sic proceditur. Videtur quod dulia habeat diversas species.
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diff changeset
548 Per duliam enim exhibetur honor proximo. Diversa autem ratione
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diff changeset
549 honorantur diversi proximi, sicut rex, pater et magister, ut patet
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parents: 26
diff changeset
550 per philosophum, in IX Ethic. Cum ergo diversa ratio obiecti
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diff changeset
551 diversificet speciem virtutis, videtur quod dulia dividatur in
53
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diff changeset
552 virtutes specie differentes.</p><p title="II-II q. 103 a. 4 arg. 2"><a name="43406"><span class="ref">[43406] IIª-IIae q. 103 a. 4 arg. 2</span></a>
28
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diff changeset
553 Praeterea, medium differt specie ab extremo, sicut pallidum ab albo
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diff changeset
554 et nigro. Sed hyperdulia videtur esse medium inter latriam et
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diff changeset
555 duliam, exhibetur enim creaturis quae habent specialem affinitatem
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diff changeset
556 ad Deum, sicut beatae virgini inquantum est mater Dei. Ergo videtur
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diff changeset
557 quod duliae sint species differentes, una quidem dulia simpliciter,
53
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diff changeset
558 alia vero hyperdulia.</p><p title="II-II q. 103 a. 4 arg. 3"><a name="43407"><span class="ref">[43407] IIª-IIae q. 103 a. 4 arg. 3</span></a>
28
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diff changeset
559 Praeterea, sicut in creatura rationali invenitur imago Dei, ratione
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diff changeset
560 cuius honoratur, ita etiam in creatura irrationali invenitur
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diff changeset
561 vestigium Dei. Sed alia ratio similitudinis importatur in nomine
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diff changeset
562 imaginis, et in nomine vestigii. Ergo etiam oportet secundum hoc
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diff changeset
563 diversas species duliae attendi, praesertim cum quibusdam
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diff changeset
564 irrationabilibus creaturis honor exhibeatur, sicut ligno sanctae
53
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diff changeset
565 crucis, et aliis huiusmodi.</p><p title="II-II q. 103 a. 4 s. c."><a name="43408"><span class="ref">[43408] IIª-IIae q. 103 a. 4 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
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diff changeset
566 est quod dulia contra latriam dividitur. Latria autem non dividitur
53
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diff changeset
567 per diversas species. Ergo nec dulia.</p><p title="II-II q. 103 a. 4 co."><a name="43409"><span class="ref">[43409] IIª-IIae q. 103 a. 4 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
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diff changeset
568 dicendum quod dulia potest accipi dupliciter. Uno modo, communiter,
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diff changeset
569 secundum quod exhibet reverentiam cuicumque homini, ratione
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diff changeset
570 cuiuscumque excellentiae. Et sic continet sub se pietatem et
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diff changeset
571 observantiam, et quamcumque huiusmodi virtutem quae homini
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diff changeset
572 reverentiam exhibet. Et secundum hoc habebit partes specie
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diff changeset
573 diversas. Alio modo potest accipi stricte, prout secundum eam
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diff changeset
574 servus reverentiam exhibet domino, nam dulia servitus dicitur, ut
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diff changeset
575 dictum est. Et secundum hoc non dividitur in diversas species, sed
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diff changeset
576 est una specierum observantiae, quam Tullius ponit, eo quod alia
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diff changeset
577 ratione servus reveretur dominum, miles ducem, discipulus
53
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578 magistrum, et sic de aliis huiusmodi.</p><p title="II-II q. 103 a. 4 ad 1"><a name="43410"><span class="ref">[43410] IIª-IIae q. 103 a. 4 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
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diff changeset
579 ergo dicendum quod ratio illa procedit de dulia communiter
53
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diff changeset
580 sumpta.</p><p title="II-II q. 103 a. 4 ad 2"><a name="43411"><span class="ref">[43411] IIª-IIae q. 103 a. 4 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
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diff changeset
581 dicendum quod hyperdulia est potissima species duliae communiter
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diff changeset
582 sumptae. Maxima enim reverentia debetur homini ex affinitate quam
53
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583 habet ad Deum.</p><p title="II-II q. 103 a. 4 ad 3"><a name="43412"><span class="ref">[43412] IIª-IIae q. 103 a. 4 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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diff changeset
584 dicendum quod creaturae irrationali in se consideratae non debetur
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diff changeset
585 ab homine aliqua subiectio vel honor, quin potius omnis talis
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diff changeset
586 creatura est naturaliter homini subiecta. Quod autem crux Christi
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diff changeset
587 honoretur, hoc fit eodem honore quo Christus honoratur, sicut
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588 purpura regis honoratur eodem honore quo rex, ut Damascenus dicit,
53
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589 in IV libro.</p></div></div><div class="q" id="q104"><h2>Quaestio 104</h2><div class="p"><h3>Prooemium</h3><p title="II-II q. 104 pr."><a name="43413"><span class="ref">[43413] IIª-IIae q. 104 pr.</span></a> Deinde
28
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590 considerandum est de obedientia. Et circa hoc quaeruntur sex.
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diff changeset
591 Primo, utrum homo debeat homini obedire. Secundo, utrum obedientia
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diff changeset
592 sit specialis virtus. Tertio, de comparatione eius ad alias
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593 virtutes. Quarto, utrum Deo sit in omnibus obediendum. Quinto,
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594 utrum subditi suis praelatis teneantur in omnibus obedire. Sexto,
53
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595 utrum fideles teneantur saecularibus potestatibus obedire.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 1</h3><p title="II-II q. 104 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="43414"><span class="ref">[43414] IIª-IIae q. 104 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
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diff changeset
596 sic proceditur. Videtur quod unus homo non teneatur alii obedire.
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diff changeset
597 Non enim est aliquid faciendum contra institutionem divinam. Sed
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diff changeset
598 hoc habet divina institutio, ut homo suo consilio regatur, secundum
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diff changeset
599 illud Eccli. XV, <i>Deus ab initio constituit hominem, et reliquit
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600 illum in manu consilii sui</i>. Ergo non tenetur unus homo alteri
53
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601 obedire.</p><p title="II-II q. 104 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="43415"><span class="ref">[43415] IIª-IIae q. 104 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a>
28
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diff changeset
602 Praeterea, si aliquis alicui teneretur obedire, oporteret quod
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diff changeset
603 haberet voluntatem praecipientis tanquam regulam suae actionis. Sed
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604 sola divina voluntas, quae semper est recta, est regula humanae
53
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605 actionis. Ergo non tenetur homo obedire nisi Deo.</p><p title="II-II q. 104 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="43416"><span class="ref">[43416] IIª-IIae q. 104 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a>
28
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606 Praeterea, servitia, quanto sunt magis gratuita, tanto sunt magis
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diff changeset
607 accepta. Sed illud quod homo ex debito facit non est gratuitum. Si
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diff changeset
608 ergo homo ex debito teneretur aliis obedire in bonis operibus
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diff changeset
609 faciendis, ex hoc ipso redderetur minus acceptabile opus bonum quod
53
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610 ex obedientia fieret. Non ergo tenetur homo alteri obedire.</p><p title="II-II q. 104 a. 1 s. c."><a name="43417"><span class="ref">[43417] IIª-IIae q. 104 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
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diff changeset
611 est quod praecipitur ad Heb. ult., <i>obedite praepositis vestris,
53
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diff changeset
612 et subiacete eis</i>.</p><p title="II-II q. 104 a. 1 co."><a name="43418"><span class="ref">[43418] IIª-IIae q. 104 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
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diff changeset
613 dicendum quod sicut actiones rerum naturalium procedunt ex
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diff changeset
614 potentiis naturalibus, ita etiam operationes humanae procedunt ex
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diff changeset
615 humana voluntate. Oportuit autem in rebus naturalibus ut superiora
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616 moverent inferiora ad suas actiones, per excellentiam naturalis
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diff changeset
617 virtutis collatae divinitus. Unde etiam oportet in rebus humanis
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diff changeset
618 quod superiores moveant inferiores per suam voluntatem, ex vi
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diff changeset
619 auctoritatis divinitus ordinatae. Movere autem per rationem et
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diff changeset
620 voluntatem est praecipere. Et ideo, sicut ex ipso ordine naturali
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621 divinitus instituto inferiora in rebus naturalibus necesse habent
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622 subdi motioni superiorum, ita etiam in rebus humanis, ex ordine
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diff changeset
623 iuris naturalis et divini, tenentur inferiores suis superioribus
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624 obedire.</p><p title="II-II q. 104 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="43419"><span class="ref">[43419] IIª-IIae q. 104 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
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diff changeset
625 ergo dicendum quod Deus reliquit hominem in manu consilii sui, non
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diff changeset
626 quia liceat ei facere omne quod velit, sed quia ad id quod
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627 faciendum est non cogitur necessitate naturae, sicut creaturae
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628 irrationales, sed libera electione ex proprio consilio procedente.
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diff changeset
629 Et sicut ad alia facienda debet procedere proprio consilio, ita
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630 etiam ad hoc quod obediat suis superioribus, dicit enim Gregorius,
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diff changeset
631 ult. Moral., quod <i>dum alienae voci humiliter subdimur,
53
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diff changeset
632 nosmetipsos in corde superamus</i>.</p><p title="II-II q. 104 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="43420"><span class="ref">[43420] IIª-IIae q. 104 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
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diff changeset
633 dicendum quod divina voluntas est prima regula, qua regulantur
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diff changeset
634 omnes rationales voluntates, cui una magis appropinquat quam alia,
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diff changeset
635 secundum ordinem divinitus institutum. Et ideo voluntas unius
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diff changeset
636 hominis praecipientis potest esse quasi secunda regula voluntatis
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637 alterius obedientis.</p><p title="II-II q. 104 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="43421"><span class="ref">[43421] IIª-IIae q. 104 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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638 dicendum quod aliquid potest iudicari gratuitum dupliciter. Uno
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diff changeset
639 modo, ex parte ipsius operis, quia scilicet ad id homo non
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640 obligatur. Alio modo, ex parte operantis, quia scilicet libera
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diff changeset
641 voluntate hoc facit. Opus autem redditur virtuosum et laudabile et
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642 meritorium praecipue secundum quod ex voluntate procedit. Et ideo,
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643 quamvis obedire sit debitum, si prompta voluntate aliquis obediat,
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644 non propter hoc minuitur eius meritum, maxime apud Deum, qui non
53
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645 solum exteriora opera, verum etiam interiorem voluntatem videt.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 2</h3><p title="II-II q. 104 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="43422"><span class="ref">[43422] IIª-IIae q. 104 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
28
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646 secundum sic proceditur. Videtur quod obedientia non sit specialis
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diff changeset
647 virtus. Obedientiae enim inobedientia opponitur. Sed inobedientia
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diff changeset
648 est generale peccatum, dicit enim Ambrosius quod peccatum est
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649 inobedientia legis divinae. Ergo obedientia non est specialis
53
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650 virtus, sed generalis.</p><p title="II-II q. 104 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="43423"><span class="ref">[43423] IIª-IIae q. 104 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a>
28
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651 Praeterea, omnis virtus specialis aut est theologica, aut moralis.
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652 Sed obedientia non est virtus theologica, quia neque continetur sub
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653 fide, neque sub spe, neque sub caritate. Similiter etiam non est
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diff changeset
654 virtus moralis, quia non est in medio superflui et diminuti; quanto
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655 enim aliquis est magis obediens, tanto magis laudatur. Ergo
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diff changeset
656 obedientia non est specialis virtus.</p><p title="II-II q. 104 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="43424"><span class="ref">[43424] IIª-IIae q. 104 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a>
28
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657 Praeterea, Gregorius dicit, ult. Moral., quod <i>obedientia tanto
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658 magis est meritoria et laudabilis quanto minus habet de suo</i>.
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659 Sed quaelibet specialis virtus tanto magis laudatur quanto magis
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diff changeset
660 habet de suo, eo quod ad virtutem requiritur ut sit volens et
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661 eligens, sicut dicitur in II Ethic. Ergo obedientia non est
53
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662 specialis virtus.</p><p title="II-II q. 104 a. 2 arg. 4"><a name="43425"><span class="ref">[43425] IIª-IIae q. 104 a. 2 arg. 4</span></a>
28
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663 Praeterea, virtutes differunt specie secundum obiecta. Obiectum
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664 autem obedientiae esse videtur superioris praeceptum, quod
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diff changeset
665 multipliciter diversificari videtur, secundum diversos
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666 superioritatis gradus. Ergo obedientia est virtus generalis sub se
53
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667 multas virtutes speciales comprehendens.</p><p title="II-II q. 104 a. 2 s. c."><a name="43426"><span class="ref">[43426] IIª-IIae q. 104 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
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668 est quod obedientia a quibusdam ponitur pars iustitiae, ut supra
53
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diff changeset
669 dictum est.</p><p title="II-II q. 104 a. 2 co."><a name="43427"><span class="ref">[43427] IIª-IIae q. 104 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
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670 dicendum quod ad omnia opera bona quae specialem laudis rationem
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diff changeset
671 habent, specialis virtus determinatur, hoc enim proprie competit
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diff changeset
672 virtuti, ut opus bonum reddat. Obedire autem superiori debitum est
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673 secundum divinum ordinem rebus inditum, ut ostensum est, et per
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674 consequens est bonum, cum bonum consistat in modo, specie et
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675 ordine, ut Augustinus dicit, in libro de Nat. boni. Habet autem hic
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diff changeset
676 actus specialem rationem laudis ex speciali obiecto. Cum enim
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diff changeset
677 inferiores suis superioribus multa debeant exhibere, inter cetera
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diff changeset
678 hoc est unum speciale, quod tenentur eius praeceptis obedire. Unde
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679 obedientia est specialis virtus, et eius speciale obiectum est
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diff changeset
680 praeceptum tacitum vel expressum. Voluntas enim superioris,
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diff changeset
681 quocumque modo innotescat, est quoddam tacitum praeceptum, et tanto
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diff changeset
682 videtur obedientia promptior quanto praeceptum expressum obediendo
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683 praevenit, voluntate superioris intellecta.</p><p title="II-II q. 104 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="43428"><span class="ref">[43428] IIª-IIae q. 104 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
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diff changeset
684 ergo dicendum quod nihil prohibet duas speciales rationes, ad quas
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diff changeset
685 duae speciales virtutes respiciunt, in uno et eodem materiali
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diff changeset
686 obiecto concurrere, sicut miles, defendendo castrum regis, implet
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687 opus fortitudinis non refugiens mortis pericula propter bonum, et
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diff changeset
688 opus iustitiae debitum servitium domino suo reddens. Sic igitur
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diff changeset
689 ratio praecepti, quam attendit obedientia, concurrit cum actibus
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diff changeset
690 omnium virtutum, non tamen cum omnibus virtutum actibus, quia non
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diff changeset
691 omnes actus virtutum sunt in praecepto, ut supra habitum est.
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diff changeset
692 Similiter etiam quaedam quandoque sub praecepto cadunt quae ad
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diff changeset
693 nullam aliam virtutem pertinent, ut patet in his quae non sunt mala
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diff changeset
694 nisi quia prohibita. Sic ergo, si obedientia proprie accipiatur,
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diff changeset
695 secundum quod respicit per intentionem formalem rationem praecepti,
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diff changeset
696 erit specialis virtus et inobedientia speciale peccatum. Secundum
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diff changeset
697 hoc ad obedientiam requiretur quod impleat aliquis actum iustitiae,
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diff changeset
698 vel alterius virtutis, intendens implere praeceptum, et ad
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diff changeset
699 inobedientiam requiretur quod actualiter contemnat praeceptum. Si
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diff changeset
700 vero obedientia large accipiatur pro executione cuiuscumque quod
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diff changeset
701 potest cadere sub praecepto, et inobedientia pro omissione eiusdem
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diff changeset
702 ex quacumque intentione, sic obedientia erit generalis virtus, et
53
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703 inobedientia generale peccatum.</p><p title="II-II q. 104 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="43429"><span class="ref">[43429] IIª-IIae q. 104 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
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diff changeset
704 dicendum quod obedientia non est virtus theologica. Non enim per se
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diff changeset
705 obiectum eius est Deus, sed praeceptum superioris cuiuscumque, vel
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diff changeset
706 expressum vel interpretativum, scilicet simplex verbum praelati
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diff changeset
707 eius indicans voluntatem, cui obedit promptus obediens, secundum
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diff changeset
708 illud Tit. III, dicto obedire. Est autem virtus moralis, cum sit
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parents: 26
diff changeset
709 pars iustitiae, et est medium inter superfluum et diminutum.
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diff changeset
710 Attenditur autem eius superfluum non quidem secundum quantum, sed
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diff changeset
711 secundum alias circumstantias, inquantum scilicet aliquis obedit
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diff changeset
712 vel cui non debet vel in quibus sicut etiam supra de religione
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diff changeset
713 dictum est. Potest etiam dici quod sicut in iustitia superfluum est
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diff changeset
714 in eo qui retinet alienum, diminutum autem in eo cui non redditur
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diff changeset
715 quod debetur, ut philosophus dicit, in V Ethic.; ita etiam
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diff changeset
716 obedientia medium est inter superfluum quod attenditur ex parte
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diff changeset
717 eius qui subtrahit superiori obedientiae debitum, quia superabundat
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diff changeset
718 in implendo propriam voluntatem, diminutum autem ex parte
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diff changeset
719 superioris cui non obeditur. Unde secundum hoc, obedientia non erit
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720 medium duarum malitiarum, sicut supra de iustitia dictum est.</p><p title="II-II q. 104 a. 2 ad 3"><a name="43430"><span class="ref">[43430] IIª-IIae q. 104 a. 2 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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diff changeset
721 dicendum quod obedientia, sicut et quaelibet virtus, debet habere
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diff changeset
722 promptam voluntatem in suum proprium obiectum, non autem in id quod
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diff changeset
723 repugnans est ei. Proprium autem obiectum obedientiae est
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diff changeset
724 praeceptum, quod quidem ex alterius voluntate procedit. Unde
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diff changeset
725 obedientia reddit promptam hominis voluntatem ad implendam
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diff changeset
726 voluntatem alterius, scilicet praecipientis. Si autem id quod ei
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diff changeset
727 praecipitur sit propter se ei volitum, etiam absque ratione
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parents: 26
diff changeset
728 praecepti, sicut accidit in prosperis; iam ex propria voluntate
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parents: 26
diff changeset
729 tendit in illud, et non videtur illud implere propter praeceptum,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
730 sed propter propriam voluntatem. Sed quando illud quod praecipitur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
731 nullo modo est secundum se volitum, sed est, secundum se
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diff changeset
732 consideratum, propriae voluntati repugnans, sicut accidit in
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parents: 26
diff changeset
733 asperis; tunc omnino manifestum est quod non impletur nisi propter
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parents: 26
diff changeset
734 praeceptum. Et ideo Gregorius dicit, in libro Moral., quod
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diff changeset
735 <i>obedientia quae habet aliquid de suo in prosperis, est nulla vel
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parents: 26
diff changeset
736 minor</i>, quia scilicet voluntas propria non videtur principaliter
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parents: 26
diff changeset
737 tendere ad implendum praeceptum, sed ad assequendum proprium
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parents: 26
diff changeset
738 volitum, in adversis autem vel difficilibus est maior, quia propria
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parents: 26
diff changeset
739 voluntas in nihil aliud tendit quam in praeceptum. Sed hoc
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parents: 26
diff changeset
740 intelligendum est secundum illud quod exterius apparet. Secundum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
741 tamen Dei iudicium, qui corda rimatur, potest contingere quod etiam
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diff changeset
742 in prosperis obedientia, aliquid de suo habens, non propter hoc sit
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parents: 26
diff changeset
743 minus laudabilis, si scilicet propria voluntas obedientis non minus
53
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744 devote tendat ad impletionem praecepti.</p><p title="II-II q. 104 a. 2 ad 4"><a name="43431"><span class="ref">[43431] IIª-IIae q. 104 a. 2 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
28
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diff changeset
745 dicendum quod reverentia directe respicit personam excellentem, et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
746 ideo secundum diversam rationem excellentiae, diversas species
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parents: 26
diff changeset
747 habet. Obedientia vero respicit praeceptum personae excellentis, et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
748 ideo est unius rationis. Sed quia propter reverentiam personae
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parents: 26
diff changeset
749 obedientia debetur eius praecepto, consequens est quod obedientia
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diff changeset
750 omnis sit eadem specie, ex diversis tamen specie causis
53
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diff changeset
751 procedens.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 3</h3><p title="II-II q. 104 a. 3 arg. 1"><a name="43432"><span class="ref">[43432] IIª-IIae q. 104 a. 3 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
28
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752 tertium sic proceditur. Videtur quod obedientia sit maxima
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diff changeset
753 virtutum. Dicitur enim I Reg. XV, <i>melior est obedientia quam
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diff changeset
754 victimae</i>. Sed oblatio victimarum pertinet ad religionem, quae
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diff changeset
755 est potissima inter omnes virtutes morales, ut ex supra dictis
53
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diff changeset
756 patet. Ergo obedientia est potissima inter virtutes.</p><p title="II-II q. 104 a. 3 arg. 2"><a name="43433"><span class="ref">[43433] IIª-IIae q. 104 a. 3 arg. 2</span></a>
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
757 Praeterea, Gregorius dicit, ult. Moral., quod <i>obedientia sola
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diff changeset
758 virtus est quae virtutes ceteras menti inserit, insertasque
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
759 custodit</i>. Sed causa est potior effectu. Ergo obedientia est
53
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diff changeset
760 potior omnibus virtutibus.</p><p title="II-II q. 104 a. 3 arg. 3"><a name="43434"><span class="ref">[43434] IIª-IIae q. 104 a. 3 arg. 3</span></a>
28
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diff changeset
761 Praeterea, Gregorius dicit, ult. Moral., quod <i>nunquam per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
762 obedientiam malum fieri, aliquando autem debet per obedientiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
763 bonum quod agitur intermitti</i>. Sed non praetermittitur aliquid
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parents: 26
diff changeset
764 nisi pro meliori. Ergo obedientia, pro qua praetermittuntur bona
53
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diff changeset
765 aliarum virtutum, est virtutibus aliis melior.</p><p title="II-II q. 104 a. 3 s. c."><a name="43435"><span class="ref">[43435] IIª-IIae q. 104 a. 3 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
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diff changeset
766 est quod obedientia habet laudem ex eo quod ex caritate procedit,
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diff changeset
767 dicit enim Gregorius, ult. Moral., quod <i>obedientia non servili
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diff changeset
768 metu, sed caritatis affectu servanda est, non timore poenae, sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
769 amore iustitiae</i>. Ergo caritas est potior virtus quam
53
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diff changeset
770 obedientia.</p><p title="II-II q. 104 a. 3 co."><a name="43436"><span class="ref">[43436] IIª-IIae q. 104 a. 3 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
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diff changeset
771 dicendum quod sicut peccatum consistit in hoc quod homo, contempto
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diff changeset
772 Deo, commutabilibus bonis inhaeret; ita meritum virtuosi actus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
773 consistit e contrario in hoc quod homo, contemptis bonis creatis,
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diff changeset
774 Deo inhaeret. Finis autem potior est his quae sunt ad finem. Si
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diff changeset
775 ergo bona creata propter hoc contemnantur ut Deo inhaereatur, maior
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diff changeset
776 est laus virtutis ex hoc quod Deo inhaeret quam ex hoc quod bona
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diff changeset
777 terrena contemnit. Et ideo illae virtutes quibus Deo secundum se
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parents: 26
diff changeset
778 inhaeretur, scilicet theologicae, sunt potiores virtutibus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
779 moralibus, quibus aliquid terrenum contemnitur ut Deo inhaereatur.
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diff changeset
780 Inter virtutes autem morales, tanto aliqua potior est quanto maius
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diff changeset
781 aliquid contemnit ut Deo inhaereat. Sunt autem tria genera bonorum
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diff changeset
782 humanorum quae homo potest contemnere propter Deum, quorum infimum
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diff changeset
783 sunt exteriora bona; medium autem sunt bona corporis; supremum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
784 autem sunt bona animae, inter quae quodammodo praecipuum est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
785 voluntas, inquantum scilicet per voluntatem homo omnibus aliis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
786 bonis utitur. Et ideo, per se loquendo, laudabilior est obedientiae
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parents: 26
diff changeset
787 virtus, quae propter Deum contemnit propriam voluntatem, quam aliae
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diff changeset
788 virtutes morales, quae propter Deum aliqua alia bona contemnunt.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
789 Unde Gregorius dicit, in ult. Moral., quod <i>obedientia victimis
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diff changeset
790 iure praeponitur, quia per victimas aliena caro, per obedientiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
791 vero voluntas propria mactatur</i>. Unde etiam quaecumque alia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
792 virtutum opera ex hoc meritoria sunt apud Deum quod sint ut
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diff changeset
793 obediatur voluntati divinae. Nam si quis etiam martyrium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
794 sustineret, vel omnia sua pauperibus erogaret, nisi haec ordinaret
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
795 ad impletionem divinae voluntatis, quod recte ad obedientiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
796 pertinet, meritoria esse non possent, sicut nec si fierent sine
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diff changeset
797 caritate, quae sine obedientia esse non potest. Dicitur enim I
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
798 Ioan. II, quod <i>qui dicit se nosse Deum, et mandata eius non
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diff changeset
799 custodit, mendax est, qui autem servat verba eius, vere in hoc
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diff changeset
800 caritas Dei perfecta est</i>. Et hoc ideo est quia amicitia facit
53
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diff changeset
801 idem velle et nolle.</p><p title="II-II q. 104 a. 3 ad 1"><a name="43437"><span class="ref">[43437] IIª-IIae q. 104 a. 3 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
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802 ergo dicendum quod obedientia procedit ex reverentia, quae exhibet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
803 cultum et honorem superiori. Et quantum ad hoc, sub diversis
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diff changeset
804 virtutibus continetur, licet secundum se considerata, prout
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
805 respicit rationem praecepti, sit una specialis virtus. Inquantum
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diff changeset
806 ergo procedit ex reverentia praelatorum, continetur quodammodo sub
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diff changeset
807 observantia. Inquantum vero procedit ex reverentia parentum, sub
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diff changeset
808 pietate. Inquantum vero procedit ex reverentia Dei, sub religione,
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diff changeset
809 et pertinet ad devotionem, quae est principalis actus religionis.
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diff changeset
810 Unde secundum hoc, laudabilius est obedire Deo quam sacrificium
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diff changeset
811 offerre. Et etiam quia in sacrificio immolatur aliena caro, per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
812 obedientiam autem propria voluntas, ut Gregorius dicit. Specialiter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
813 tamen in casu in quo loquebatur Samuel, melius fuisset Sauli
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diff changeset
814 obedire Deo quam animalia pinguia Amalecitarum in sacrificium
53
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diff changeset
815 offerre, contra Dei mandatum.</p><p title="II-II q. 104 a. 3 ad 2"><a name="43438"><span class="ref">[43438] IIª-IIae q. 104 a. 3 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
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diff changeset
816 dicendum quod ad obedientiam pertinent omnes actus virtutum prout
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diff changeset
817 sunt in praecepto. Inquantum ergo actus virtutum operantur
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diff changeset
818 causaliter vel dispositive ad earum generationem et conservationem,
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diff changeset
819 intantum dicitur quod obedientia omnes virtutes menti inserit et
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diff changeset
820 custodit. Nec tamen sequitur quod obedientia sit simpliciter
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diff changeset
821 omnibus virtutibus prior, propter duo. Primo quidem, quia licet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
822 actus virtutis cadat sub praecepto, tamen potest aliquis implere
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parents: 26
diff changeset
823 actum virtutis non attendens ad rationem praecepti. Unde si aliqua
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diff changeset
824 virtus sit cuius obiectum sit naturaliter prius quam praeceptum,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
825 illa virtus dicitur naturaliter prior quam obedientia, ut patet de
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diff changeset
826 fide, per quam nobis divinae auctoritatis sublimitas innotescit, ex
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diff changeset
827 qua competit ei potestas praecipiendi. Secundo, quia infusio
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diff changeset
828 gratiae et virtutum potest praecedere, etiam tempore, omnem actum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
829 virtuosum. Et secundum hoc, neque tempore neque natura est
53
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diff changeset
830 obedientia omnibus aliis virtutibus prior.</p><p title="II-II q. 104 a. 3 ad 3"><a name="43439"><span class="ref">[43439] IIª-IIae q. 104 a. 3 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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diff changeset
831 dicendum quod duplex est bonum. Quoddam ad quod faciendum homo ex
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diff changeset
832 necessitate tenetur, sicut amare Deum, vel aliquid huiusmodi. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
833 tale bonum nullo modo debet propter obedientiam praetermitti. Est
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diff changeset
834 autem aliud bonum ad quod homo non tenetur ex necessitate. Et tale
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diff changeset
835 bonum debet homo quandoque propter obedientiam praetermittere, ad
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diff changeset
836 quam ex necessitate homo tenetur, quia non debet homo aliquid bonum
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diff changeset
837 facere culpam incurrendo. Et tamen, sicut ibidem Gregorius dicit,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
838 <i>qui ab uno quolibet bono subiectos vetat, necesse est ut multa
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diff changeset
839 concedat, ne obedientis mens funditus intereat, si a bonis omnibus
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diff changeset
840 penitus repulsa ieiunet</i>. Et sic per obedientiam et alia bona
53
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diff changeset
841 potest damnum unius boni recompensari.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 4</h3><p title="II-II q. 104 a. 4 arg. 1"><a name="43440"><span class="ref">[43440] IIª-IIae q. 104 a. 4 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
842 quartum sic proceditur. Videtur quod non in omnibus sit Deo
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diff changeset
843 obediendum. Dicitur enim Matth. IX, quod dominus duobus caecis
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diff changeset
844 curatis praecepit dicens, <i>videte ne quis sciat. Illi autem,
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diff changeset
845 exeuntes, diffamaverunt eum per totam terram illam</i>. Nec tamen
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
846 ex hoc inculpantur. Ergo videtur quod non teneamur in omnibus
53
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diff changeset
847 obedire Deo.</p><p title="II-II q. 104 a. 4 arg. 2"><a name="43441"><span class="ref">[43441] IIª-IIae q. 104 a. 4 arg. 2</span></a>
28
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diff changeset
848 Praeterea, nullus tenetur aliquid facere contra virtutem. Sed
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diff changeset
849 inveniuntur quaedam praecepta Dei contra virtutem, sicut quod
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diff changeset
850 praecepit Abrahae quod occideret filium innocentem, ut habetur Gen.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
851 XXII, et Iudaeis ut furarentur res Aegyptiorum, ut habetur Exod.
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diff changeset
852 XI, quae sunt contra iustitiam; et Osee quod acciperet mulierem
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diff changeset
853 adulteram, quod est contra castitatem. Ergo non in omnibus est
53
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diff changeset
854 obediendum Deo.</p><p title="II-II q. 104 a. 4 arg. 3"><a name="43442"><span class="ref">[43442] IIª-IIae q. 104 a. 4 arg. 3</span></a>
28
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diff changeset
855 Praeterea, quicumque obedit Deo, conformat voluntatem suam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
856 voluntati divinae etiam in volito. Sed non quantum ad omnia tenemur
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diff changeset
857 conformare voluntatem nostram voluntati divinae in volito, ut supra
53
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diff changeset
858 habitum est. Ergo non in omnibus tenetur homo Deo obedire.</p><p title="II-II q. 104 a. 4 s. c."><a name="43443"><span class="ref">[43443] IIª-IIae q. 104 a. 4 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
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diff changeset
859 est quod dicitur Exod. XXIV, <i>omnia quae locutus est dominus
53
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diff changeset
860 faciemus, et erimus obedientes</i>.</p><p title="II-II q. 104 a. 4 co."><a name="43444"><span class="ref">[43444] IIª-IIae q. 104 a. 4 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
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diff changeset
861 dicendum quod, sicut supra dictum est, ille qui obedit movetur per
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diff changeset
862 imperium eius cui obedit, sicut res naturales moventur per suos
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parents: 26
diff changeset
863 motores. Sicut autem Deus est primus motor omnium quae naturaliter
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diff changeset
864 moventur, ita etiam est primus motor omnium voluntatum, ut ex supra
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parents: 26
diff changeset
865 dictis patet. Et ideo sicut naturali necessitate omnia naturalia
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diff changeset
866 subduntur divinae motioni, ita etiam quadam necessitate iustitiae
53
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diff changeset
867 omnes voluntates tenentur obedire divino imperio.</p><p title="II-II q. 104 a. 4 ad 1"><a name="43445"><span class="ref">[43445] IIª-IIae q. 104 a. 4 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
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diff changeset
868 ergo dicendum quod dominus caecis dixit ut miraculum occultarent,
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diff changeset
869 non quasi intendens eos per virtutem divini praecepti obligare,
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diff changeset
870 sed, sicut Gregorius dicit, XIX Moral., <i>servis suis se
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diff changeset
871 sequentibus exemplum dedit, ut ipsi quidem virtutes suas occultare
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diff changeset
872 desiderent; et tamen, ut alii eorum exemplo proficiant, prodantur
53
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diff changeset
873 inviti</i>.</p><p title="II-II q. 104 a. 4 ad 2"><a name="43446"><span class="ref">[43446] IIª-IIae q. 104 a. 4 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
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diff changeset
874 dicendum quod sicut Deus nihil operatur contra naturam, quia haec
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diff changeset
875 est natura uniuscuiusque rei quod in ea Deus operatur, ut habetur
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diff changeset
876 in Glossa Rom. XI, operatur tamen aliquid contra solitum cursum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
877 naturae; ita etiam Deus nihil potest praecipere contra virtutem,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
878 quia in hoc principaliter consistit virtus et rectitudo voluntatis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
879 humanae quod Dei voluntati conformetur et eius sequatur imperium,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
880 quamvis sit contra consuetum virtutis modum. Secundum hoc ergo,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
881 praeceptum Abrahae factum quod filium innocentem occideret, non
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parents: 26
diff changeset
882 fuit contra iustitiam, quia Deus est auctor mortis et vitae.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
883 Similiter nec fuit contra iustitiam quod mandavit Iudaeis ut res
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parents: 26
diff changeset
884 Aegyptiorum acciperent, quia eius sunt omnia, et cui voluerit dat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
885 illa. Similiter etiam non fuit contra castitatem praeceptum ad Osee
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
886 factum ut mulierem adulteram acciperet, quia ipse Deus est humanae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
887 generationis ordinator, et ille est debitus modus mulieribus utendi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
888 quem Deus instituit. Unde patet quod praedicti nec obediendo Deo,
53
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diff changeset
889 nec obedire volendo, peccaverunt.</p><p title="II-II q. 104 a. 4 ad 3"><a name="43447"><span class="ref">[43447] IIª-IIae q. 104 a. 4 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
890 dicendum quod etsi non semper teneatur homo velle quod Deus vult,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
891 semper tamen tenetur velle quod Deus vult eum velle. Et hoc homini
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
892 praecipue innotescit per praeceptum divinum. Et ideo tenetur homo
53
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diff changeset
893 in omnibus divinis praeceptis obedire.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 5</h3><p title="II-II q. 104 a. 5 arg. 1"><a name="43448"><span class="ref">[43448] IIª-IIae q. 104 a. 5 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
894 quintum sic proceditur. Videtur quod subditi teneantur suis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
895 superioribus in omnibus obedire. Dicit enim apostolus, ad Coloss.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
896 III, <i>filii, obedite parentibus per omnia</i>. Et postea subdit,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
897 <i>servi, obedite per omnia dominis carnalibus</i>. Ergo, eadem
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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diff changeset
898 ratione, alii subditi debent suis praelatis in omnibus obedire.</p><p title="II-II q. 104 a. 5 arg. 2"><a name="43449"><span class="ref">[43449] IIª-IIae q. 104 a. 5 arg. 2</span></a>
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
899 Praeterea, praelati sunt medii inter Deum et subditos, secundum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
900 illud Deut. V, <i>ego sequester et medius fui inter Deum et vos in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
901 tempore illo, ut annuntiarem vobis verba eius</i>. Sed ab extremo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
902 in extremum non pervenitur nisi per medium. Ergo praecepta praelati
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
903 sunt reputanda tanquam praecepta Dei. Unde et apostolus dicit, Gal.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
904 IV, <i>sicut Angelum Dei accepistis me, sicut Christum Iesum</i>;
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
905 et I ad Thess. II, <i>cum accepissetis a nobis verbum auditus Dei,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
906 accepistis illud non ut verbum hominum, sed, sicut vere est, verbum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
907 Dei</i>. Ergo sicut Deo debet homo in omnibus obedire, ita etiam et
53
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diff changeset
908 praelatis.</p><p title="II-II q. 104 a. 5 arg. 3"><a name="43450"><span class="ref">[43450] IIª-IIae q. 104 a. 5 arg. 3</span></a>
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
909 Praeterea, sicut religiosi profitendo vovent castitatem et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
910 paupertatem, ita et obedientiam. Sed religiosus tenetur quantum ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
911 omnia servare castitatem et paupertatem. Ergo similiter quantum ad
53
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diff changeset
912 omnia tenetur obedire.</p><p title="II-II q. 104 a. 5 s. c."><a name="43451"><span class="ref">[43451] IIª-IIae q. 104 a. 5 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
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diff changeset
913 est quod dicitur Act. V, <i>obedire oportet Deo magis quam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
914 hominibus</i>. Sed quandoque praecepta praelatorum sunt contra
53
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diff changeset
915 Deum. Ergo non in omnibus praelatis est obediendum.</p><p title="II-II q. 104 a. 5 co."><a name="43452"><span class="ref">[43452] IIª-IIae q. 104 a. 5 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
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diff changeset
916 dicendum quod, sicut dictum est, obediens movetur ad imperium
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parents: 26
diff changeset
917 praecipientis quadam necessitate iustitiae, sicut res naturalis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
918 movetur ex virtute sui motoris necessitate naturae. Quod autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
919 aliqua res naturalis non moveatur a suo motore, potest contingere
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parents: 26
diff changeset
920 dupliciter. Uno modo, propter impedimentum quod provenit ex
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parents: 26
diff changeset
921 fortiori virtute alterius moventis, sicut lignum non comburitur ab
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parents: 26
diff changeset
922 igne si fortior vis aquae impediat. Alio modo, ex defectu ordinis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
923 mobilis ad motorem, quia etsi subiiciatur eius actioni quantum ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
924 aliquid, non tamen quantum ad omnia, sicut humor quandoque
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parents: 26
diff changeset
925 subiicitur actioni caloris quantum ad calefieri, non autem quantum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
926 ad exsiccari sive consumi. Et similiter ex duobus potest contingere
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parents: 26
diff changeset
927 quod subditus suo superiori non teneatur in omnibus obedire. Uno
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diff changeset
928 modo, propter praeceptum maioris potestatis. Ut enim dicitur Rom.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
929 XIII, super illud, qui resistunt, ipsi sibi damnationem acquirunt,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
930 dicit Glossa, <i>si quid iusserit curator, numquid tibi faciendum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
931 est si contra proconsulem iubeat? Rursum, si quid ipse proconsul
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parents: 26
diff changeset
932 iubeat, et aliud imperator, numquid dubitatur, illo contempto, illi
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parents: 26
diff changeset
933 esse serviendum? Ergo, si aliud imperator, aliud Deus iubeat,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
934 contempto illo, obtemperandum est Deo</i>. Alio modo, non tenetur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
935 inferior suo superiori obedire, si ei aliquid praecipiat in quo ei
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
936 non subdatur. Dicit enim Seneca, in III de Benefic., <i>errat si
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parents: 26
diff changeset
937 quis existimat servitutem in totum hominem descendere. Pars eius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
938 melior excepta est. Corpora obnoxia sunt et adscripta dominis, mens
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
939 quidem est sui iuris</i>. Et ideo in his quae pertinent ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
940 interiorem motum voluntatis, homo non tenetur homini obedire, sed
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parents: 26
diff changeset
941 solum Deo. Tenetur autem homo homini obedire in his quae exterius
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parents: 26
diff changeset
942 per corpus sunt agenda. In quibus tamen etiam, secundum ea quae ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
943 naturam corporis pertinent, homo homini obedire non tenetur, sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
944 solum Deo, quia omnes homines natura sunt pares, puta in his quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
945 pertinent ad corporis sustentationem et prolis generationem. Unde
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
946 non tenentur nec servi dominis, nec filii parentibus obedire de
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parents: 26
diff changeset
947 matrimonio contrahendo vel virginitate servanda, aut aliquo alio
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parents: 26
diff changeset
948 huiusmodi. Sed in his quae pertinent ad dispositionem actuum et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
949 rerum humanarum, tenetur subditus suo superiori obedire secundum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
950 rationem superioritatis, sicut miles duci exercitus in his quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
951 pertinent ad bellum; servus domino in his quae pertinent ad
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diff changeset
952 servilia opera exequenda; filius patri in his quae pertinent ad
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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953 disciplinam vitae et curam domesticam; et sic de aliis.</p><p title="II-II q. 104 a. 5 ad 1"><a name="43453"><span class="ref">[43453] IIª-IIae q. 104 a. 5 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
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954 ergo dicendum quod hoc quod apostolus dixit, per omnia,
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diff changeset
955 intelligendum est quantum ad illa quae pertinent ad ius patriae vel
53
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diff changeset
956 dominativae potestatis.</p><p title="II-II q. 104 a. 5 ad 2"><a name="43454"><span class="ref">[43454] IIª-IIae q. 104 a. 5 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
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diff changeset
957 dicendum quod Deo subiicitur homo simpliciter quantum ad omnia, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
958 interiora et exteriora, et ideo in omnibus ei obedire tenetur.
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diff changeset
959 Subditi autem non subiiciuntur suis superioribus quantum ad omnia,
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diff changeset
960 sed quantum ad aliqua determinate. Et quantum ad illa, medii sunt
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parents: 26
diff changeset
961 inter Deum et subditos. Quantum ad alia vero, immediate subduntur
53
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diff changeset
962 Deo, a quo instruuntur per legem naturalem vel scriptam.</p><p title="II-II q. 104 a. 5 ad 3"><a name="43455"><span class="ref">[43455] IIª-IIae q. 104 a. 5 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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diff changeset
963 dicendum quod religiosi obedientiam profitentur quantum ad
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diff changeset
964 regularem conversationem, secundum quam suis praelatis subduntur.
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diff changeset
965 Et ideo quantum ad illa sola obedire tenentur quae possunt ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
966 regularem conversationem pertinere. Et haec est obedientia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
967 sufficiens ad salutem. Si autem etiam in aliis obedire voluerint,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
968 hoc pertinebit ad cumulum perfectionis, dum tamen illa non sint
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diff changeset
969 contra Deum, aut contra professionem regulae; quia talis obedientia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
970 esset illicita. Sic ergo potest triplex obedientia distingui, una
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parents: 26
diff changeset
971 sufficiens ad salutem, quae scilicet obedit in his ad quae
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diff changeset
972 obligatur; alia perfecta, quae obedit in omnibus licitis; alia
53
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diff changeset
973 indiscreta, quae etiam in illicitis obedit.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 6</h3><p title="II-II q. 104 a. 6 arg. 1"><a name="43456"><span class="ref">[43456] IIª-IIae q. 104 a. 6 arg. 1</span></a> Ad sextum
28
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diff changeset
974 sic proceditur. Videtur quod Christiani non teneantur saecularibus
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diff changeset
975 potestatibus obedire. Quia super illud Matth. XVII, ergo liberi
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diff changeset
976 sunt filii, dicit Glossa, <i>si in quolibet regno filii illius
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diff changeset
977 regis qui regno illi praefertur sunt liberi, tunc filii regis cui
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diff changeset
978 omnia regna subduntur, in quolibet regno liberi esse debent</i>.
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diff changeset
979 Sed Christiani per fidem Christi facti sunt filii Dei, secundum
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diff changeset
980 illud Ioan. I, <i>dedit eis potestatem filios Dei fieri, his qui
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diff changeset
981 credunt in nomine eius</i>. Ergo non tenentur potestatibus
53
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diff changeset
982 saecularibus obedire.</p><p title="II-II q. 104 a. 6 arg. 2"><a name="43457"><span class="ref">[43457] IIª-IIae q. 104 a. 6 arg. 2</span></a>
28
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diff changeset
983 Praeterea, Rom. VII dicitur, <i>mortificati estis legi per corpus
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diff changeset
984 Christi</i>, et loquitur de lege divina veteris testamenti. Sed
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diff changeset
985 minor est lex humana, per quam homines potestatibus saecularibus
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diff changeset
986 subduntur, quam lex divina veteris testamenti. Ergo multo magis
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diff changeset
987 homines, per hoc quod sunt facti membra corporis Christi,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
988 liberantur a lege subiectionis qua saecularibus principibus
53
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diff changeset
989 adstringebantur.</p><p title="II-II q. 104 a. 6 arg. 3"><a name="43458"><span class="ref">[43458] IIª-IIae q. 104 a. 6 arg. 3</span></a>
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
990 Praeterea, latronibus, qui per violentiam opprimunt, homines
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diff changeset
991 obedire non tenentur. Sed Augustinus dicit, IV de Civ. Dei,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
992 <i>remota iustitia, quid sunt regna nisi magna latrocinia?</i> Cum
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diff changeset
993 igitur dominia saecularia principum plerumque cum iniustitia
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parents: 26
diff changeset
994 exerceantur, vel ab aliqua iniusta usurpatione principium
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diff changeset
995 sumpserint, videtur quod non sit principibus saecularibus
53
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diff changeset
996 obediendum a Christianis.</p><p title="II-II q. 104 a. 6 s. c."><a name="43459"><span class="ref">[43459] IIª-IIae q. 104 a. 6 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
997 est quod dicitur Tit. III, <i>admone illos principibus et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
998 potestatibus subditos esse</i>; et I Pet. II, <i>subiecti estote
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parents: 26
diff changeset
999 omni humanae creaturae propter Deum, sive regi, quasi praecellenti;
53
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diff changeset
1000 sive ducibus, tanquam ab eo Missis</i>.</p><p title="II-II q. 104 a. 6 co."><a name="43460"><span class="ref">[43460] IIª-IIae q. 104 a. 6 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1001 dicendum quod fides Christi est iustitiae principium et causa,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1002 secundum illud Rom. III, <i>iustitia Dei per fidem Iesu
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1003 Christi</i>. Et ideo per fidem Christi non tollitur ordo iustitiae,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1004 sed magis firmatur. Ordo autem iustitiae requirit ut inferiores
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1005 suis superioribus obediant, aliter enim non posset humanarum rerum
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diff changeset
1006 status conservari. Et ideo per fidem Christi non excusantur fideles
53
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diff changeset
1007 quin principibus saecularibus obedire teneantur.</p><p title="II-II q. 104 a. 6 ad 1"><a name="43461"><span class="ref">[43461] IIª-IIae q. 104 a. 6 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
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diff changeset
1008 ergo dicendum quod, sicut supra dictum est, servitus qua homo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1009 homini subiicitur ad corpus pertinet, non ad animam, quae libera
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diff changeset
1010 manet. Nunc autem, in statu huius vitae, per gratiam Christi
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diff changeset
1011 liberamur a defectibus animae, non autem a defectibus corporis, ut
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1012 patet per apostolum, Rom. VII, qui dicit de seipso quod <i>mente
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diff changeset
1013 servit legi Dei, carne autem legi peccati</i>. Et ideo illi qui
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diff changeset
1014 fiunt filii Dei per gratiam, liberi sunt a spirituali servitute
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diff changeset
1015 peccati, non autem a servitute corporali, qua temporalibus dominis
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diff changeset
1016 tenentur adstricti, ut dicit Glossa, super illud I ad Tim. VI,
53
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diff changeset
1017 <i>quicumque sunt sub iugo servi,</i> et cetera.</p><p title="II-II q. 104 a. 6 ad 2"><a name="43462"><span class="ref">[43462] IIª-IIae q. 104 a. 6 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
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diff changeset
1018 dicendum quod lex vetus fuit figura novi testamenti, et ideo debuit
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diff changeset
1019 cessare, veritate veniente. Non autem est simile de lege humana,
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diff changeset
1020 per quam homo subiicitur homini. Et tamen etiam ex lege divina homo
53
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diff changeset
1021 tenetur homini obedire.</p><p title="II-II q. 104 a. 6 ad 3"><a name="43463"><span class="ref">[43463] IIª-IIae q. 104 a. 6 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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diff changeset
1022 dicendum quod principibus saecularibus intantum homo obedire
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diff changeset
1023 tenetur, inquantum ordo iustitiae requirit. Et ideo si non habeant
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diff changeset
1024 iustum principatum sed usurpatum, vel si iniusta praecipiant, non
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diff changeset
1025 tenentur eis subditi obedire, nisi forte per accidens, propter
53
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1026 vitandum scandalum vel periculum.</p></div></div><div class="q" id="q105"><h2>Quaestio 105</h2><div class="p"><h3>Prooemium</h3><p title="II-II q. 105 pr."><a name="43464"><span class="ref">[43464] IIª-IIae q. 105 pr.</span></a> Deinde
28
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1027 considerandum est de inobedientia. Et circa hoc quaeruntur duo.
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1028 Primo, utrum sit peccatum mortale. Secundo, utrum sit gravissimum
53
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1029 peccatorum.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 1</h3><p title="II-II q. 105 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="43465"><span class="ref">[43465] IIª-IIae q. 105 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
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1030 sic proceditur. Videtur quod inobedientia non sit peccatum mortale.
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1031 Omne enim peccatum est inobedientia, ut patet per definitionem
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1032 Ambrosii superius positam. Si ergo inobedientia esset peccatum
53
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1033 mortale, omne peccatum esset mortale.</p><p title="II-II q. 105 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="43466"><span class="ref">[43466] IIª-IIae q. 105 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a>
28
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1034 Praeterea, Gregorius dicit, XXXI Moral., quod inobedientia oritur
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1035 ex inani gloria. Sed inanis gloria non est peccatum mortale. Ergo
53
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1036 nec inobedientia.</p><p title="II-II q. 105 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="43467"><span class="ref">[43467] IIª-IIae q. 105 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a>
28
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1037 Praeterea, tunc dicitur aliquis esse inobediens quando superioris
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1038 praeceptum non implet. Sed superiores multoties praecepta
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1039 multiplicant, quae vix aut nunquam omnia possunt observari. Si ergo
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1040 inobedientia esset peccatum mortale, sequeretur quod homo non
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1041 posset vitare mortale peccatum, quod est inconveniens. Non ergo
53
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1042 inobedientia est peccatum mortale.</p><p title="II-II q. 105 a. 1 s. c."><a name="43468"><span class="ref">[43468] IIª-IIae q. 105 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
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1043 est quod Rom. I, et II ad Tim. III, inter alia peccata mortalia
53
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1044 computatur, parentibus non obedientes.</p><p title="II-II q. 105 a. 1 co."><a name="43469"><span class="ref">[43469] IIª-IIae q. 105 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
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1045 dicendum quod, sicut supra dictum est, peccatum mortale est quod
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1046 contrariatur caritati, per quam est spiritualis vita. Caritate
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1047 autem diligitur Deus et proximus. Exigit autem caritas Dei ut eius
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1048 mandatis obediatur, sicut supra dictum est. Et ideo inobedientem
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1049 esse divinis praeceptis peccatum mortale est, quasi divinae
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1050 dilectioni contrarium. In praeceptis autem divinis continetur quod
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1051 etiam superioribus obediatur. Et ideo etiam inobedientia qua quis
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1052 inobediens est praeceptis superiorum, est peccatum mortale, quasi
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1053 divinae dilectioni contrarium, secundum illud Rom. XIII, <i>qui
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1054 potestati resistit, Dei ordinationi resistit</i>. Contrariatur
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1055 insuper dilectioni proximi, inquantum superiori proximo subtrahit
53
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1056 obedientiam quam ei debet.</p><p title="II-II q. 105 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="43470"><span class="ref">[43470] IIª-IIae q. 105 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
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1057 ergo dicendum quod illa definitio Ambrosii datur de peccato
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1058 mortali, quod habet perfectam peccati rationem. Peccatum enim
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1059 veniale non est inobedientia, quia non est contra praeceptum, sed
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1060 praeter praeceptum. Nec etiam omne peccatum mortale est
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1061 inobedientia, proprie et per se loquendo, sed solum sicut quando
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1062 aliquis praeceptum contemnit. Quia ex fine morales actus speciem
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1063 habent. Cum autem facit aliquid contra praeceptum non propter
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1064 praecepti contemptum, sed propter aliquid aliud, est inobedientia
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1065 materialiter tantum, sed pertinet formaliter ad aliam speciem
53
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1066 peccati.</p><p title="II-II q. 105 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="43471"><span class="ref">[43471] IIª-IIae q. 105 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
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1067 dicendum quod inanis gloria appetit manifestationem alicuius
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1068 excellentiae, et quia videtur ad quandam excellentiam pertinere
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1069 quod homo praeceptis alterius non subdatur, inde est quod
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1070 inobedientia ex inani gloria oritur. Nihil autem prohibet ex
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1071 peccato veniali oriri mortale, cum veniale sit dispositio ad
53
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1072 mortale.</p><p title="II-II q. 105 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="43472"><span class="ref">[43472] IIª-IIae q. 105 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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1073 dicendum quod nullus obligatur ad impossibile. Et ideo si tot
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1074 praecepta aliquis praelatus ingerat quod subditus ea implere non
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1075 possit, excusatur a peccato. Et ideo praelati abstinere debent a
53
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1076 multitudine praeceptorum.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 2</h3><p title="II-II q. 105 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="43473"><span class="ref">[43473] IIª-IIae q. 105 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
28
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1077 secundum sic proceditur. Videtur quod inobedientia sit gravissimum
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1078 peccatum. Dicitur enim I Reg. XV, <i>et quasi scelus idololatriae
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1079 nolle acquiescere</i>. Sed idolatria est gravissimum peccatum, ut
53
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1080 supra habitum est. Ergo inobedientia est gravissimum peccatum.</p><p title="II-II q. 105 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="43474"><span class="ref">[43474] IIª-IIae q. 105 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a>
28
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1081 Praeterea, illud peccatum dicitur esse in spiritum sanctum per quod
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1082 tolluntur impedimenta peccati, ut supra dictum est. Sed per
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1083 inobedientiam contemnit homo praeceptum, quod maxime retrahit
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1084 hominem a peccando. Ergo inobedientia est peccatum in spiritum
53
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1085 sanctum. Et ita est gravissimum peccatum.</p><p title="II-II q. 105 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="43475"><span class="ref">[43475] IIª-IIae q. 105 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a>
28
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1086 Praeterea, apostolus dicit, Rom. V, quod <i>per unius inobedientiam
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diff changeset
1087 peccatores constituti sunt multi</i>. Sed causa videtur esse potior
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1088 effectu. Ergo inobedientia videtur esse gravius peccatum quam alia
53
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1089 quae ex ea causantur.</p><p title="II-II q. 105 a. 2 s. c."><a name="43476"><span class="ref">[43476] IIª-IIae q. 105 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
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1090 est quod gravius est contemnere praecipientem quam praeceptum. Sed
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1091 quaedam peccata sunt contra ipsam personam praecipientis, sicut
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1092 patet de blasphemia et homicidio. Ergo inobedientia non est
53
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1093 gravissimum peccatum.</p><p title="II-II q. 105 a. 2 co."><a name="43477"><span class="ref">[43477] IIª-IIae q. 105 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
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1094 dicendum quod non omnis inobedientia est aequale peccatum. Potest
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1095 enim una inobedientia esse gravior altera dupliciter. Uno modo, ex
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1096 parte praecipientis. Quamvis enim omnem curam homo apponere debeat
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1097 ad hoc quod cuilibet superiori obediat, tamen magis est debitum
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1098 quod homo obediat superiori quam inferiori potestati. Cuius signum
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1099 est quod praeceptum inferioris praetermittitur si sit praecepto
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1100 superioris contrarium unde consequens est quod quanto superior est
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1101 ille qui praecipit, tanto ei inobedientem esse sit gravius. Et sic
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1102 inobedientem esse Deo est gravius quam inobedientem esse homini.
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1103 Secundo, ex parte praeceptorum. Non enim praecipiens aequaliter
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1104 vult impleri omnia quae mandat, magis enim unusquisque vult finem,
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1105 et id quod est fini propinquius. Et ideo tanto est inobedientia
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1106 gravior, quanto praeceptum quod quis praeterit magis est de
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1107 intentione illius qui praecipit. Et in praeceptis quidem Dei,
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1108 manifestum est quod quanto praeceptum datur de meliori, tanto est
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1109 eius inobedientia gravior. Quia cum voluntas Dei per se feratur ad
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1110 bonum, quanto aliquid est melius, tanto Deus vult illud magis
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1111 impleri. Unde qui inobediens est praecepto de dilectione Dei,
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1112 gravius peccat quam qui inobediens est praecepto de dilectione
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1113 proximi. Voluntas autem hominis non semper magis fertur in melius.
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1114 Et ideo, ubi obligamur ex solo hominis praecepto, non est gravius
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1115 peccatum ex eo quod maius bonum praeteritur, sed ex eo quod
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1116 praeteritur quod est magis de intentione praecipientis. Sic ergo
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1117 oportet diversos inobedientiae gradus diversis peccatorum gradibus
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1118 comparare. Nam inobedientia qua contemnitur Dei praeceptum, ex ipsa
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1119 ratione inobedientiae gravius est peccatum quam peccatum quo
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1120 peccatur in hominem, si secerneretur inobedientia Dei (et hoc dico,
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1121 quia qui contra proximum peccat, etiam contra Dei praeceptum agit).
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1122 Si tamen in aliquo potiori praeceptum Dei contemneret, adhuc
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1123 gravius peccatum esset. Inobedientia autem qua contemnitur
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1124 praeceptum hominis, levior est peccato quo contemnitur ipse
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1125 praecipiens, quia ex reverentia praecipientis procedere debet
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1126 reverentia praecepti. Et similiter peccatum quod directe pertinet
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1127 ad contemptum Dei, sicut blasphemia vel aliquid huiusmodi, gravius
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1128 est, etiam semota per intellectum inobedientia a peccato, quam
53
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1129 peccatum in quo contemnitur solum Dei praeceptum.</p><p title="II-II q. 105 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="43478"><span class="ref">[43478] IIª-IIae q. 105 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
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1130 ergo dicendum quod illa comparatio Samuelis non est aequalitatis,
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1131 sed similitudinis, quia inobedientia redundat in contemptum Dei
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1132 sicut et idololatria, licet idololatria magis.</p><p title="II-II q. 105 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="43479"><span class="ref">[43479] IIª-IIae q. 105 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
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1133 dicendum quod non omnis inobedientia est peccatum in spiritum
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1134 sanctum, sed solum illa cui obstinatio adhibetur. Non enim
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1135 contemptus cuiuscumque quod peccatum impedit, constituit peccatum
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1136 in spiritum sanctum, alioquin cuiuslibet boni contemptus esset
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1137 peccatum in spiritum sanctum, quia per quodlibet bonum potest homo
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1138 a peccato impediri. Sed illorum bonorum contemptus facit peccatum
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1139 in spiritum sanctum quae directe ducunt ad poenitentiam et
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1140 remissionem peccatorum.</p><p title="II-II q. 105 a. 2 ad 3"><a name="43480"><span class="ref">[43480] IIª-IIae q. 105 a. 2 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
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1141 dicendum quod primum peccatum primi parentis, ex quo in omnes
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1142 peccatum emanavit, non fuit inobedientia, secundum quod est
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1143 speciale peccatum, sed superbia, ex qua homo ad inobedientiam
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1144 processit. Unde apostolus in verbis illis videtur accipere
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1145 inobedientiam secundum quod generaliter se habet ad omne
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1146 peccatum.</p></div></div><div class="centro"><br/>
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1147 <p><a href="sth3101.html"><img alt="age retro" border="0" align="middle" height="19" width="19" src="icons/ageretro.gif"/></a>  
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1148 <a href="sth3106.html"><img alt="age ultra" border="0" align="middle" height="19" width="19" src="icons/ageultra.gif"/></a></p>
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1149 <br/>
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1150 <hr/>
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1151 <br/>
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1152 <address>© 2006 Fundación Tomás de Aquino quoad
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1153 hanc editionem<br/>
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1154 Iura omnia asservantur<br/>
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1155 OCLC nr. <a style="text-decoration=none" href="http://worldcatlibraries.org/wcpa/oclc/49644264">49644264</a></address>
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1156 </div></body>
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1157 </html>