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date Mon, 28 Dec 2009 13:00:58 +0000
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1 <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
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2 <!DOCTYPE html
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3 PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "file:///c:/cygwin/usr/local/share/lib/xml/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
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4 <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="LA" lang="LA">
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5 <head>
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9 <meta content="text/javascript" http-equiv="Content-Script-Type"/>
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10 <meta content="Thomas de Aquino, Summa Theologiae, Corpus Thomisticum" name="keywords"/>
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11 <meta content="Latin" name="language"/>
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12 <meta content="public" name="security"/>
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13 <meta content="ealarcon@unav.es" name="owner"/>
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14 <meta content="Enrique Alarcón" name="author"/>
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15 <meta content="" name="abstract"/>
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17 <link type="text/css" href="vprint.css" media="print" rel="stylesheet"/>
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18 <title>Thomas de Aquino, Summa Theologiae, IIª-IIae q.
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19 92-100</title>
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20 </head>
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21 <body><a href="http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/"/><div class="tres">CORPUS THOMISTICUM</div><div class="uno">Sancti Thomae de Aquino</div><div class="uno">Summa Theologiae</div><div class="dos">secunda pars secundae partis a quaestione XCII ad
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22 quaestionem C</div><div class="centro">
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23 <table summary="Imago" align="center">
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24 <tr>
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25 <th><img align="middle" alt="Thomas de Aquino a Filippino Lippi depictus (Cappella Carafa, S. Maria sopra Minerva, Roma)" border="0" height="190" width="275" src="icons/fugit190.jpg"/></th>
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26 </tr>
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27 </table>
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28 <br/>
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29 <span class="tres">Textum Leoninum Romae 1897 editum<br/>
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30 ac automato translatum a Roberto Busa SJ in taenias
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31 magneticas<br/>
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32 denuo recognovit Enrique Alarcón atque instruxit<br/>
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33 <br/></span><br/>
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34 <hr/>
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35 <br/>
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36 <p><a href="sth3082.html"><img alt="age retro" border="0" align="middle" height="19" width="19" src="icons/ageretro.gif"/></a>  
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37 <a href="sth3101.html"><img alt="age ultra" border="0" align="middle" height="19" width="19" src="icons/ageultra.gif"/></a></p>
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38 <script type="text/javascript" language="JavaScript">
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39 //
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40 &lt;!--
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41 // original code by Bill Trefzger 12/12/96; revised by Enrique Alarcon 12/9/2000
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45 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="none"&gt;------------------------------------------------');
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135 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#43058"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 95 a. 2 co.');
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136 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#43059"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 95 a. 2 ad 1');
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137 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#43060"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 95 a. 2 ad 2');
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138 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#43061"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 95 a. 2 ad 3');
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139 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#43062"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 95 a. 3 arg. 1');
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140 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#43063"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 95 a. 3 arg. 2');
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141 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#43064"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 95 a. 3 arg. 3');
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142 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#43065"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 95 a. 3 s. c.');
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143 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#43066"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 95 a. 3 co.');
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144 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#43067"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 95 a. 3 ad 1');
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145 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#43068"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 95 a. 3 ad 2');
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146 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#43069"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 95 a. 3 ad 3');
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147 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#43070"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 95 a. 4 arg. 1');
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148 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#43071"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 95 a. 4 arg. 2');
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149 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#43072"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 95 a. 4 arg. 3');
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150 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#43073"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 95 a. 4 s. c.');
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151 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#43074"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 95 a. 4 co.');
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152 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#43075"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 95 a. 4 ad 1');
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153 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#43076"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 95 a. 4 ad 2');
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154 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#43077"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 95 a. 4 ad 3');
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155 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#43078"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 95 a. 5 arg. 1');
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156 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#43079"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 95 a. 5 arg. 2');
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157 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#43080"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 95 a. 5 arg. 3');
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158 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#43081"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 95 a. 5 s. c.');
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159 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#43082"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 95 a. 5 co.');
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160 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#43083"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 95 a. 5 ad 1');
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161 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#43084"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 95 a. 5 ad 2');
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162 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#43085"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 95 a. 5 ad 3');
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163 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#43086"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 95 a. 6 arg. 1');
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164 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#43087"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 95 a. 6 arg. 2');
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165 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#43088"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 95 a. 6 arg. 3');
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166 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#43089"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 95 a. 6 s. c.');
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167 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#43090"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 95 a. 6 co.');
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168 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#43091"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 95 a. 6 ad');
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169 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#43092"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 95 a. 7 arg. 1');
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170 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#43093"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 95 a. 7 arg. 2');
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171 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#43094"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 95 a. 7 arg. 3');
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172 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#43095"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 95 a. 7 s. c.');
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173 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#43096"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 95 a. 7 co.');
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174 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#43097"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 95 a. 7 ad 1');
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175 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#43098"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 95 a. 7 ad 2');
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176 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#43099"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 95 a. 7 ad 3');
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177 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#43100"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 95 a. 8 arg. 1');
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178 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#43101"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 95 a. 8 arg. 2');
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179 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#43102"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 95 a. 8 arg. 3');
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180 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#43103"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 95 a. 8 s. c.');
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181 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#43104"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 95 a. 8 co.');
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182 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#43105"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 95 a. 8 ad 1');
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183 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#43106"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 95 a. 8 ad 3');
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parents: 28
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184 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#43107"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 96 pr.');
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185 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#43108"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 96 a. 1 arg. 1');
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186 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#43109"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 96 a. 1 arg. 2');
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187 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#43110"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 96 a. 1 arg. 3');
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188 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#43111"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 96 a. 1 s. c.');
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189 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#43112"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 96 a. 1 co.');
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190 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#43113"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 96 a. 1 ad 1');
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191 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#43114"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 96 a. 1 ad 2');
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192 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#43115"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 96 a. 1 ad 3');
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193 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#43116"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 96 a. 2 arg. 1');
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194 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#43117"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 96 a. 2 arg. 2');
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195 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#43118"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 96 a. 2 arg. 3');
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196 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#43119"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 96 a. 2 s. c.');
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197 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#43120"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 96 a. 2 co.');
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198 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#43121"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 96 a. 2 ad 1');
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199 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#43122"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 96 a. 2 ad 2');
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200 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#43123"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 96 a. 2 ad 3');
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201 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#43124"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 96 a. 3 arg. 1');
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202 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#43125"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 96 a. 3 arg. 2');
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203 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#43126"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 96 a. 3 arg. 3');
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204 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#43127"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 96 a. 3 s. c.');
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205 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#43128"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 96 a. 3 co.');
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206 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#43129"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 96 a. 3 ad 1');
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207 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#43130"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 96 a. 3 ad 2');
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208 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#43131"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 96 a. 3 ad 3');
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209 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#43132"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 96 a. 4 arg. 1');
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210 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#43133"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 96 a. 4 arg. 2');
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211 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#43134"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 96 a. 4 arg. 3');
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212 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#43135"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 96 a. 4 s. c.');
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213 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#43136"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 96 a. 4 co.');
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214 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#43137"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 96 a. 4 ad 1');
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215 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#43138"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 96 a. 4 ad 2');
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216 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#43139"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 96 a. 4 ad 3');
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217 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#43140"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 96 a. 4 ad 4');
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218 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#43141"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 97 pr.');
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219 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#43142"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 97 a. 1 arg. 1');
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220 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#43143"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 97 a. 1 arg. 2');
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221 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#43144"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 97 a. 1 arg. 3');
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222 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#43145"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 97 a. 1 s. c.');
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223 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#43146"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 97 a. 1 co.');
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224 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#43147"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 97 a. 1 ad 1');
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225 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#43148"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 97 a. 1 ad 2');
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226 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#43149"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 97 a. 1 ad 3');
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227 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#43150"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 97 a. 2 arg. 1');
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228 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#43151"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 97 a. 2 arg. 2');
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229 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#43152"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 97 a. 2 arg. 3');
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230 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#43153"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 97 a. 2 s. c.');
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231 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#43154"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 97 a. 2 co.');
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232 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#43155"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 97 a. 2 ad 1');
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233 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#43156"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 97 a. 2 ad 2');
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234 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#43157"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 97 a. 2 ad 3');
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235 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#43158"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 97 a. 3 arg. 1');
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236 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#43159"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 97 a. 3 arg. 2');
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237 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#43160"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 97 a. 3 arg. 3');
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238 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#43161"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 97 a. 3 s. c.');
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239 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#43162"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 97 a. 3 co.');
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240 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#43163"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 97 a. 3 ad 1');
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241 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#43164"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 97 a. 3 ad 2');
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242 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#43165"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 97 a. 3 ad 3');
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243 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#43166"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 97 a. 4 arg. 1');
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244 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#43167"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 97 a. 4 arg. 2');
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245 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#43168"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 97 a. 4 arg. 3');
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246 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#43169"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 97 a. 4 s. c.');
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247 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#43170"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 97 a. 4 co.');
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248 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#43171"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 97 a. 4 ad 1');
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249 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#43172"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 97 a. 4 ad 2');
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250 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#43173"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 97 a. 4 ad 3');
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251 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#43174"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 98 pr.');
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252 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#43175"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 98 a. 1 arg. 1');
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253 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#43176"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 98 a. 1 arg. 2');
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254 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#43177"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 98 a. 1 arg. 3');
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255 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#43178"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 98 a. 1 s. c.');
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256 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#43179"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 98 a. 1 co.');
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257 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#43180"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 98 a. 1 ad 1');
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diff changeset
258 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#43181"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 98 a. 1 ad 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
259 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#43182"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 98 a. 1 ad 3');
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diff changeset
260 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#43183"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 98 a. 2 arg. 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
261 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#43184"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 98 a. 2 arg. 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
262 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#43185"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 98 a. 2 arg. 3');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
263 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#43186"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 98 a. 2 arg. 4');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
264 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#43187"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 98 a. 2 s. c.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
265 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#43188"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 98 a. 2 co.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
266 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#43189"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 98 a. 2 ad 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
267 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#43190"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 98 a. 2 ad 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
268 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#43191"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 98 a. 2 ad 3');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
269 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#43192"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 98 a. 2 ad 4');
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diff changeset
270 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#43193"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 98 a. 3 arg. 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
271 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#43194"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 98 a. 3 arg. 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
272 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#43195"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 98 a. 3 arg. 3');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
273 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#43196"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 98 a. 3 s. c.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
274 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#43197"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 98 a. 3 co.');
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diff changeset
275 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#43198"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 98 a. 3 ad 1');
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diff changeset
276 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#43199"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 98 a. 3 ad 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
277 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#43200"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 98 a. 3 ad 3');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
278 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#43201"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 98 a. 4 arg. 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
279 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#43202"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 98 a. 4 arg. 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
280 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#43203"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 98 a. 4 arg. 3');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
281 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#43204"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 98 a. 4 s. c.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
282 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#43205"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 98 a. 4 co.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
283 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#43206"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 98 a. 4 ad 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
284 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#43207"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 98 a. 4 ad 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
285 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#43208"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 98 a. 4 ad 3');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
286 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#43209"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 98 a. 4 ad 4');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
287 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#43210"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 99 pr.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
288 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#43211"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 99 a. 1 arg. 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
289 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#43212"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 99 a. 1 arg. 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
290 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#43213"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 99 a. 1 arg. 3');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
291 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#43214"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 99 a. 1 s. c.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
292 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#43215"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 99 a. 1 co.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
293 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#43216"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 99 a. 1 ad 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
294 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#43217"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 99 a. 1 ad 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
295 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#43218"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 99 a. 1 ad 3');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
296 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#43219"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 99 a. 2 arg. 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
297 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#43220"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 99 a. 2 arg. 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
298 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#43221"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 99 a. 2 arg. 3');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
299 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#43222"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 99 a. 2 s. c.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
300 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#43223"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 99 a. 2 co.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
301 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#43224"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 99 a. 2 ad 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
302 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#43225"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 99 a. 2 ad 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
303 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#43226"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 99 a. 2 ad 3');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
304 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#43227"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 99 a. 3 arg. 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
305 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#43228"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 99 a. 3 arg. 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
306 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#43229"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 99 a. 3 arg. 3');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
307 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#43230"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 99 a. 3 s. c.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
308 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#43231"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 99 a. 3 co.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
309 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#43232"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 99 a. 3 ad 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
310 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#43233"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 99 a. 3 ad 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
311 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#43234"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 99 a. 3 ad 3');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
312 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#43235"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 99 a. 4 arg. 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
313 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#43236"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 99 a. 4 arg. 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
314 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#43237"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 99 a. 4 arg. 3');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
315 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#43238"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 99 a. 4 s. c.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
316 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#43239"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 99 a. 4 co.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
317 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#43240"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 99 a. 4 ad 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
318 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#43241"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 99 a. 4 ad 2');
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parents: 28
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319 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#43242"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 99 a. 4 ad 3');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
320 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#43243"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 100 pr.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
321 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#43244"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 100 a. 1 arg. 1');
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parents: 28
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322 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#43245"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 100 a. 1 arg. 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
323 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#43246"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 100 a. 1 arg. 3');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
324 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#43247"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 100 a. 1 arg. 4');
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parents: 28
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325 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#43248"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 100 a. 1 arg. 5');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
326 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#43249"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 100 a. 1 arg. 6');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
327 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#43250"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 100 a. 1 arg. 7');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
328 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#43251"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 100 a. 1 s. c.');
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parents: 28
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329 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#43252"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 100 a. 1 co.');
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parents: 28
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330 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#43253"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 100 a. 1 ad 1');
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parents: 28
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331 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#43254"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 100 a. 1 ad 2');
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parents: 28
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332 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#43255"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 100 a. 1 ad 3');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
333 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#43256"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 100 a. 1 ad 4');
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parents: 28
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334 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#43257"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 100 a. 1 ad 5');
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parents: 28
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335 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#43258"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 100 a. 1 ad 6');
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parents: 28
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336 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#43259"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 100 a. 1 ad 7');
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parents: 28
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337 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#43260"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 100 a. 2 arg. 1');
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parents: 28
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338 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#43261"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 100 a. 2 arg. 2');
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parents: 28
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339 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#43262"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 100 a. 2 arg. 3');
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parents: 28
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340 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#43263"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 100 a. 2 arg. 4');
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parents: 28
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341 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#43264"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 100 a. 2 arg. 5');
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parents: 28
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342 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#43265"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 100 a. 2 arg. 6');
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parents: 28
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343 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#43266"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 100 a. 2 s. c.');
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parents: 28
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344 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#43267"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 100 a. 2 co.');
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parents: 28
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345 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#43268"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 100 a. 2 ad 1');
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parents: 28
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346 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#43269"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 100 a. 2 ad 2');
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parents: 28
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347 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#43270"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 100 a. 2 ad 3');
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parents: 28
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348 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#43271"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 100 a. 2 ad 4');
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parents: 28
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349 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#43272"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 100 a. 2 ad 5');
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parents: 28
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350 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#43273"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 100 a. 2 ad 6');
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parents: 28
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351 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#43274"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 100 a. 3 arg. 1');
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parents: 28
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352 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#43275"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 100 a. 3 arg. 2');
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parents: 28
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353 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#43276"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 100 a. 3 arg. 3');
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parents: 28
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354 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#43277"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 100 a. 3 arg. 4');
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parents: 28
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355 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#43278"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 100 a. 3 s. c.');
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parents: 28
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356 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#43279"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 100 a. 3 co.');
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parents: 28
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357 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#43280"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 100 a. 3 ad 1');
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parents: 28
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358 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#43281"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 100 a. 3 ad 2');
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parents: 28
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359 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#43282"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 100 a. 3 ad 3');
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parents: 28
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360 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#43283"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 100 a. 3 ad 4');
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parents: 28
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361 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#43284"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 100 a. 4 arg. 1');
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parents: 28
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362 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#43285"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 100 a. 4 arg. 2');
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parents: 28
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363 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#43286"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 100 a. 4 arg. 3');
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parents: 28
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364 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#43287"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 100 a. 4 s. c.');
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parents: 28
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365 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#43288"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 100 a. 4 co.');
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parents: 28
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366 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#43289"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 100 a. 4 ad 1');
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parents: 28
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367 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#43290"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 100 a. 4 ad 2');
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parents: 28
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368 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#43291"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 100 a. 4 ad 3');
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parents: 28
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369 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#43292"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 100 a. 5 arg. 1');
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parents: 28
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370 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#43293"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 100 a. 5 arg. 2');
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parents: 28
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371 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#43294"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 100 a. 5 arg. 3');
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parents: 28
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372 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#43295"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 100 a. 5 arg. 4');
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parents: 28
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373 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#43296"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 100 a. 5 s. c.');
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parents: 28
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374 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#43297"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 100 a. 5 co.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
375 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#43298"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 100 a. 5 ad 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
376 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#43299"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 100 a. 5 ad 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
377 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#43300"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 100 a. 5 ad 3');
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parents: 28
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378 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#43301"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 100 a. 5 ad 4');
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parents: 28
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379 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#43302"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 100 a. 6 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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380 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#43303"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 100 a. 6 arg. 2');
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381 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#43304"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 100 a. 6 arg. 3');
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382 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#43305"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 100 a. 6 arg. 4');
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383 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#43306"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 100 a. 6 arg. 5');
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384 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#43307"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 100 a. 6 arg. 6');
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385 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#43308"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 100 a. 6 arg. 7');
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386 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#43309"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 100 a. 6 s. c.');
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387 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#43310"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 100 a. 6 co.');
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388 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#43311"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 100 a. 6 ad 1');
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389 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#43312"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 100 a. 6 ad 2');
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390 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#43313"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 100 a. 6 ad 3');
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391 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#43314"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 100 a. 6 ad 4');
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392 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#43315"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 100 a. 6 ad 5');
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393 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#43316"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 100 a. 6 ad 6');
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394 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#43317"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 100 a. 6 ad 7');
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395 document.write('&lt;\/SELECT&gt;');
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396 document.write('&lt;BR&gt;&lt;BR&gt;');
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397 document.write('&lt;INPUT TYPE="button" VALUE="Agedum" ONCLICK="go()"&gt;');
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398 document.write('&lt;\/FORM&gt;');
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399 // --&gt;
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400 //
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401 </script><br/>
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402 <hr/>
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403 <br/></div><div class="q" id="q92"><h2>Quaestio 92</h2><div class="p"><h3>Prooemium</h3><p title="II-II q. 92 pr."><a name="42973"><span class="ref">[42973] IIª-IIae q. 92 pr.</span></a> Deinde
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404 considerandum est de vitiis religioni oppositis. Et primo, de illis
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405 quae cum religione conveniunt in hoc quod exhibent cultum divinum;
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406 secundo, de vitiis manifestam contrarietatem ad religionem
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407 habentibus, per contemptum eorum quae ad cultum divinum pertinent.
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408 Primum autem horum pertinet ad superstitionem; secundum ad
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409 irreligiositatem. Unde primo considerandum est de ipsa
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410 superstitione, et de partibus eius; deinde de irreligiositate et
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411 partibus eius. Circa primum quaeruntur duo. Primo, utrum
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412 superstitio sit vitium religioni contrarium. Secundo, utrum habeat
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413 plures partes seu species.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 1</h3><p title="II-II q. 92 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="42974"><span class="ref">[42974] IIª-IIae q. 92 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad primum
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414 sic proceditur. Videtur quod superstitio non sit vitium religioni
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415 contrarium. Unum enim contrariorum non ponitur in definitione
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416 alterius. Sed religio ponitur in definitione superstitionis,
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417 dicitur enim superstitio esse religio supra modum servata, ut patet
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418 in Glossa ad Coloss. II, super illud, <i>quae sunt rationem
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419 habentia sapientiae in superstitione</i>. Ergo superstitio non est
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420 vitium religioni oppositum.</p><p title="II-II q. 92 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="42975"><span class="ref">[42975] IIª-IIae q. 92 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
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421 Isidorus dicit, in libro Etymol., <i>superstitiosos ait Cicero
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422 appellatos qui totos dies precabantur et immolabant ut sui sibi
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423 liberi superstites fierent</i>. Sed hoc etiam fieri potest secundum
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424 verae religionis cultum. Ergo superstitio non est vitium religioni
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425 oppositum.</p><p title="II-II q. 92 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="42976"><span class="ref">[42976] IIª-IIae q. 92 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
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426 superstitio quendam excessum importare videtur. Sed religio non
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427 potest habere excessum, quia sicut supra dictum est, secundum eam
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428 non contingit aequale Deo reddere eius quod debemus. Ergo
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429 superstitio non est vitium religioni oppositum.</p><p title="II-II q. 92 a. 1 s. c."><a name="42977"><span class="ref">[42977] IIª-IIae q. 92 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
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430 est quod Augustinus dicit, in libro de decem chordis, <i>tangis
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431 primam chordam, qua colitur unus Deus, et cecidit bestia
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432 superstitionis</i>. Sed cultus unius Dei pertinet ad religionem.
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433 Ergo superstitio religioni opponitur.</p><p title="II-II q. 92 a. 1 co."><a name="42978"><span class="ref">[42978] IIª-IIae q. 92 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo
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434 dicendum quod, sicut supra dictum est, religio est virtus moralis.
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435 Omnis autem virtus moralis in medio consistit, ut supra habitum
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436 est. Et ideo duplex vitium virtuti morali opponitur, unum quidem
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437 secundum excessum; aliud autem secundum defectum. Contingit autem
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438 excedere medium virtutis non solum secundum circumstantiam quae
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439 dicitur quantum, sed etiam secundum alias circumstantias. Unde in
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440 aliquibus virtutibus, sicut in magnanimitate et magnificentia,
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441 vitium excedit virtutis medium non quia ad maius aliquid tendat
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442 quam virtus, sed forte ad minus, transcendit tamen virtutis medium,
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443 inquantum facit aliquid cui non debet, vel quando non debet, et
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444 similiter secundum alia huiusmodi; ut patet per philosophum, in IV
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445 Ethic. Sic igitur superstitio est vitium religioni oppositum
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446 secundum excessum, non quia plus exhibeat in cultum divinum quam
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447 vera religio, sed quia exhibet cultum divinum vel cui non debet,
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448 vel eo modo quo non debet.</p><p title="II-II q. 92 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="42979"><span class="ref">[42979] IIª-IIae q. 92 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
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449 ergo dicendum quod sicut bonum metaphorice dicitur in malis, prout
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450 dicimus bonum latronem, ita etiam nomina virtutum quandoque
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451 transumptive accipiuntur in malis, sicut prudentia quandoque
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452 ponitur pro astutia, secundum illud Luc. XVI, <i>filii huius
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453 saeculi prudentiores filiis lucis sunt</i>. Et per hunc modum
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454 superstitio dicitur esse religio.</p><p title="II-II q. 92 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="42980"><span class="ref">[42980] IIª-IIae q. 92 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
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455 dicendum quod aliud est etymologia nominis, et aliud est
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456 significatio nominis. Etymologia attenditur secundum id a quo
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457 imponitur nomen ad significandum, nominis vero significatio
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458 attenditur secundum id ad quod significandum nomen imponitur. Quae
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459 quandoque diversa sunt, nomen enim lapidis imponitur a laesione
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460 pedis, non tamen hoc significat; alioquin ferrum, cum pedem laedat,
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461 lapis esset. Similiter etiam nomen superstitionis non oportet quod
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462 significet illud a quo nomen est impositum.</p><p title="II-II q. 92 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="42981"><span class="ref">[42981] IIª-IIae q. 92 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
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463 dicendum quod religio non potest habere excessum secundum
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464 quantitatem absolutam. Potest tamen habere excessum secundum
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465 quantitatem proportionis, prout scilicet in cultu divino fit
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466 aliquid quod fieri non debet.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 2</h3><p title="II-II q. 92 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="42982"><span class="ref">[42982] IIª-IIae q. 92 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
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467 secundum sic proceditur. Videtur quod non sint diversae
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468 superstitionis species. Quia secundum philosophum, in I Topic.,
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469 <i>si unum oppositorum dicitur multipliciter, et reliquum</i>. Sed
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470 religio, cui superstitio opponitur, non habet diversas species, sed
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471 omnes eius actus ad unam speciem referuntur. Ergo nec superstitio
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472 habet diversas species.</p><p title="II-II q. 92 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="42983"><span class="ref">[42983] IIª-IIae q. 92 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
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473 opposita sunt circa idem. Sed religio, cui opponitur superstitio,
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474 est circa ea quibus ordinamur in Deum, ut supra habitum est. Non
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475 ergo species superstitionis, quae opponitur religioni, potest
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476 attendi secundum aliquas divinationes humanorum eventuum, vel
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477 secundum aliquas observationes humanorum actuum.</p><p title="II-II q. 92 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="42984"><span class="ref">[42984] IIª-IIae q. 92 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
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478 Coloss. II, super illud, <i>quae sunt rationem habentia sapientiae
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479 in superstitione</i>, dicit Glossa, idest, in simulata religione.
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480 Ergo etiam simulatio debet poni species superstitionis.</p><p title="II-II q. 92 a. 2 s. c."><a name="42985"><span class="ref">[42985] IIª-IIae q. 92 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
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481 est quod Augustinus, in II de Doct. Christ., diversas species
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482 superstitionis assignat.</p><p title="II-II q. 92 a. 2 co."><a name="42986"><span class="ref">[42986] IIª-IIae q. 92 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo
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483 dicendum quod, sicut supra dictum est, vitium religionis consistit
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484 in hoc quod transcenditur virtutis medium secundum aliquas
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485 circumstantias. Ut autem supra dictum est, non quaelibet
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486 circumstantiarum corruptarum diversitas variat peccati speciem, sed
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487 solum quando referuntur ad diversa obiecta vel diversos fines,
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488 secundum hoc enim morales actus speciem sortiuntur, ut supra
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489 habitum est. Diversificatur ergo superstitionis species, primo
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490 quidem, ex parte obiecti. Potest enim divinus cultus exhiberi vel
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491 cui exhibendus est, scilicet Deo vero, modo tamen indebito, et haec
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492 est prima superstitionis species. Vel ei cui non debet exhiberi,
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493 scilicet cuicumque creaturae. Et hoc est aliud superstitionis
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494 genus, quod in multas species dividitur, secundum diversos fines
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495 divini cultus ordinatur enim, primo, divinus cultus ad reverentiam
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496 Deo exhibendam. Et secundum hoc, prima species huius generis est
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497 idololatria, quae divinam reverentiam indebite exhibet creaturae.
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498 Secundo, ordinatur ad hoc quod homo instruatur a Deo, quem colit.
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499 Et ad hoc pertinet superstitio divinativa, quae Daemones consulit
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500 per aliqua pacta cum eis inita, tacita vel expressa. Tertio,
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501 ordinatur divinus cultus ad quandam directionem humanorum actuum
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502 secundum instituta Dei, qui colitur. Et ad hoc pertinet superstitio
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503 quarundam observationum. Et haec tria tangit Augustinus, in II de
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504 Doct. Christ., dicens <i>superstitiosum esse quidquid institutum ab
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505 hominibus est ad facienda et colenda idola pertinens</i>, et hoc
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506 pertinet ad primum. Et postea subdit, <i>vel ad consultationes et
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507 pacta quaedam significationum cum Daemonibus placita atque
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508 foederata</i>, quod pertinet ad secundum. Et post pauca subdit, ad
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509 hoc genus pertinent omnes ligaturae, etc., quod pertinet ad
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510 tertium.</p><p title="II-II q. 92 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="42987"><span class="ref">[42987] IIª-IIae q. 92 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
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511 ergo dicendum quod, sicut Dionysius dicit, IV cap. de Div. Nom.,
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512 <i>bonum contingit ex una et integra causa, malum autem ex
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513 singularibus defectibus</i>. Et ideo uni virtuti plura vitia
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514 opponuntur, ut supra habitum est. Verbum autem philosophi veritatem
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515 habet in oppositis in quibus est eadem ratio multiplicationis.</p><p title="II-II q. 92 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="42988"><span class="ref">[42988] IIª-IIae q. 92 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
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516 dicendum quod divinationes et observationes aliquae pertinent ad
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517 superstitionem inquantum dependent ex aliquibus operationibus
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518 Daemonum. Et sic pertinent ad quaedam pacta cum ipsis inita.</p><p title="II-II q. 92 a. 2 ad 3"><a name="42989"><span class="ref">[42989] IIª-IIae q. 92 a. 2 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
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519 dicendum quod simulata religio ibi dicitur <i>quando traditioni
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520 humanae nomen religionis applicatur</i>, prout in Glossa sequitur.
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521 Unde ista simulata religio nihil est aliud quam cultus Deo vero
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522 exhibitus modo indebito, sicut si aliquis tempore gratiae vellet
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523 colere Deum secundum veteris legis ritum. Et de hoc ad litteram
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524 loquitur Glossa.</p></div></div><div class="q" id="q93"><h2>Quaestio 93</h2><div class="p"><h3>Prooemium</h3><p title="II-II q. 93 pr."><a name="42990"><span class="ref">[42990] IIª-IIae q. 93 pr.</span></a> Deinde
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525 considerandum est de speciebus superstitionis. Et primo, de
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526 superstitione indebiti cultus veri Dei; secundo, de superstitione
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527 idololatriae; tertio, de superstitione divinationum; quarto, de
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diff changeset
528 superstitione observationum. Circa primum quaeruntur duo. Primo,
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529 utrum in cultu Dei veri possit esse aliquid perniciosum. Secundo,
53
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530 utrum possit ibi esse aliquid superfluum.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 1</h3><p title="II-II q. 93 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="42991"><span class="ref">[42991] IIª-IIae q. 93 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
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diff changeset
531 sic proceditur. Videtur quod in cultu veri Dei non possit esse
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diff changeset
532 aliquid perniciosum. Dicitur enim Ioel II, <i>omnis quicumque
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diff changeset
533 invocaverit nomen domini, salvus erit</i>. Sed quicumque colit Deum
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534 quocumque modo, invocat nomen eius. Ergo omnis cultus Dei confert
53
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535 salutem. Nullus ergo est perniciosus.</p><p title="II-II q. 93 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="42992"><span class="ref">[42992] IIª-IIae q. 93 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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diff changeset
536 idem Deus est qui colitur a iustis quacumque mundi aetate. Sed ante
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diff changeset
537 legem datam, iusti, absque peccato mortali, colebant Deum
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diff changeset
538 qualitercumque eis placebat, unde et Iacob proprio voto se
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diff changeset
539 obligavit ad specialem cultum, ut habetur Gen. XXVIII. Ergo etiam
53
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540 modo nullus Dei cultus est perniciosus.</p><p title="II-II q. 93 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="42993"><span class="ref">[42993] IIª-IIae q. 93 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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diff changeset
541 nihil perniciosum in Ecclesia sustinetur. Sustinet autem Ecclesia
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diff changeset
542 diversos ritus colendi Deum, unde Gregorius scribit Augustino
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diff changeset
543 episcopo Anglorum, proponenti quod sunt diversae Ecclesiarum
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diff changeset
544 consuetudines in Missarum celebratione, mihi, inquit, placet ut,
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diff changeset
545 sive in Romanis <i>sive in Galliarum sive in qualibet Ecclesia
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546 aliquid invenisti quod plus omnipotenti Deo possit placere,
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diff changeset
547 sollicite eligas</i>. Ergo nullus modus colendi Deum est
53
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548 perniciosus.</p><p title="II-II q. 93 a. 1 s. c."><a name="42994"><span class="ref">[42994] IIª-IIae q. 93 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
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diff changeset
549 est quod Augustinus dicit, in epistola ad Hieron., et habetur in
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diff changeset
550 Glossa, Galat. II, quod legalia observata post veritatem Evangelii
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diff changeset
551 divulgatam, sunt mortifera. Et tamen legalia ad cultum Dei
53
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552 pertinent. Ergo in cultu Dei potest esse aliquid mortiferum.</p><p title="II-II q. 93 a. 1 co."><a name="42995"><span class="ref">[42995] IIª-IIae q. 93 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
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diff changeset
553 dicendum quod, sicut Augustinus dicit, in libro contra mendacium,
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diff changeset
554 mendacium maxime perniciosum est quod fit in his quae ad
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diff changeset
555 Christianam religionem pertinent. Est autem mendacium cum aliquis
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diff changeset
556 exterius significat contrarium veritati. Sicut autem significatur
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diff changeset
557 aliquid verbo, ita etiam significatur aliquid facto, et in tali
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diff changeset
558 significatione facti consistit exterior religionis cultus, ut ex
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diff changeset
559 supradictis patet. Et ideo si per cultum exteriorem aliquid falsum
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diff changeset
560 significetur, erit cultus perniciosus. Hoc autem contingit
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diff changeset
561 dupliciter. Uno quidem modo, ex parte rei significatae, a qua
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diff changeset
562 discordat significatio cultus. Et hoc modo, tempore novae legis,
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diff changeset
563 peractis iam Christi mysteriis, perniciosum est uti caeremoniis
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diff changeset
564 veteris legis, quibus Christi mysteria significabantur futura,
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diff changeset
565 sicut etiam perniciosum esset si quis verbo confiteretur Christum
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566 esse passurum. Alio modo potest contingere falsitas in exteriori
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diff changeset
567 cultu ex parte colentis, et hoc praecipue in cultu communi, qui per
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diff changeset
568 ministros exhibetur in persona totius Ecclesiae. Sicut enim
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diff changeset
569 falsarius esset qui aliqua proponeret ex parte alicuius quae non
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570 essent ei commissa, ita vitium falsitatis incurrit qui ex parte
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diff changeset
571 Ecclesiae cultum exhibet Deo contra modum divina auctoritate ab
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diff changeset
572 Ecclesia constitutum et in Ecclesia consuetum. Unde Ambrosius
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diff changeset
573 dicit, <i>indignus est qui aliter celebrat mysterium quam Christus
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diff changeset
574 tradidit</i>. Et propter hoc etiam Glossa dicit, Coloss. II, quod
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diff changeset
575 <i>superstitio est quando traditioni humanae nomen religionis
53
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576 applicatur</i>.</p><p title="II-II q. 93 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="42996"><span class="ref">[42996] IIª-IIae q. 93 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
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diff changeset
577 ergo dicendum quod, cum Deus sit veritas, illi invocant Deum qui in
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diff changeset
578 spiritu et veritate eum colunt, ut dicitur Ioan. IV. Et ideo cultus
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diff changeset
579 continens falsitatem non pertinet proprie ad Dei invocationem quae
53
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diff changeset
580 salvat.</p><p title="II-II q. 93 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="42997"><span class="ref">[42997] IIª-IIae q. 93 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
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diff changeset
581 dicendum quod ante tempus legis, iusti per interiorem instinctum
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582 instruebantur de modo colendi Deum, quos alii sequebantur.
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diff changeset
583 Postmodum vero exterioribus praeceptis circa hoc homines sunt
53
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584 instructi, quae praeterire pestiferum est.</p><p title="II-II q. 93 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="42998"><span class="ref">[42998] IIª-IIae q. 93 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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diff changeset
585 dicendum quod diversae consuetudines Ecclesiae in cultu divino in
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586 nullo veritati repugnant. Et ideo sunt servandae; et eas praeterire
53
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587 illicitum est.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 2</h3><p title="II-II q. 93 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="42999"><span class="ref">[42999] IIª-IIae q. 93 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
28
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diff changeset
588 secundum sic proceditur. Videtur quod in cultu Dei non possit esse
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diff changeset
589 aliquid superfluum. Dicitur enim Eccli. XLIII, <i>glorificantes
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diff changeset
590 Deum quantumcumque potueritis, supervalebit adhuc</i>. Sed cultus
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diff changeset
591 divinus ordinatur ad Deum glorificandum. Ergo nihil superfluum in
53
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diff changeset
592 eo esse potest.</p><p title="II-II q. 93 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="43000"><span class="ref">[43000] IIª-IIae q. 93 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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diff changeset
593 exterior cultus est professio quaedam cultus interioris quo Deus
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diff changeset
594 colitur fide, spe et caritate; ut Augustinus dicit, in Enchirid.
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595 Sed in fide, spe et caritate non potest esse aliquid superfluum.
53
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596 Ergo etiam neque in divino cultu.</p><p title="II-II q. 93 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="43001"><span class="ref">[43001] IIª-IIae q. 93 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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diff changeset
597 ad divinum cultum pertinet ut ea Deo exhibeamus quae a Deo
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598 accepimus. Sed omnia bona nostra a Deo accepimus. Ergo si totum
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599 quidquid possumus facimus ad Dei reverentiam, nihil erit superfluum
53
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diff changeset
600 in divino cultu.</p><p title="II-II q. 93 a. 2 s. c."><a name="43002"><span class="ref">[43002] IIª-IIae q. 93 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
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diff changeset
601 est quod Augustinus dicit, in II de Doct. Christ., quod <i>bonus
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diff changeset
602 verusque Christianus etiam in litteris sacris superstitiosa
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diff changeset
603 figmenta repudiat</i>. Sed per sacras litteras Deus colendus
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diff changeset
604 ostenditur. Ergo etiam in cultu divino potest esse superstitio ex
53
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diff changeset
605 aliqua superfluitate.</p><p title="II-II q. 93 a. 2 co."><a name="43003"><span class="ref">[43003] IIª-IIae q. 93 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
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diff changeset
606 dicendum quod aliquid dicitur superfluum dupliciter. Uno modo,
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diff changeset
607 secundum quantitatem absolutam. Et secundum hoc non potest esse
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diff changeset
608 superfluum in divino cultu, quia nihil potest homo facere quod non
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diff changeset
609 sit minus eo quod Deo debet. Alio modo potest esse aliquid
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diff changeset
610 superfluum secundum quantitatem proportionis, quia scilicet non est
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diff changeset
611 fini proportionatum. Finis autem divini cultus est ut homo Deo det
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diff changeset
612 gloriam, et ei se subiiciat mente et corpore. Et ideo quidquid homo
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diff changeset
613 faciat quod pertinet ad Dei gloriam, et ad hoc quod mens hominis
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diff changeset
614 Deo subiiciatur, et etiam corpus per moderatam refrenationem
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diff changeset
615 concupiscentiarum, secundum Dei et Ecclesiae ordinationem, et
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diff changeset
616 consuetudinem eorum quibus homo convivit, non est superfluum in
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diff changeset
617 divino cultu. Si autem aliquid sit quod quantum est de se non
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diff changeset
618 pertinet ad Dei gloriam, neque ad hoc quod mens hominis feratur in
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diff changeset
619 Deum, aut quod carnis concupiscentiae moderate refrenantur; aut
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diff changeset
620 etiam si sit praeter Dei et Ecclesiae institutionem, vel contra
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parents: 26
diff changeset
621 consuetudinem communem (quae secundum Augustinum, pro lege habenda
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diff changeset
622 est). Totum hoc reputandum est superfluum et superstitiosum, quia,
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diff changeset
623 in exterioribus solum consistens, ad interiorem Dei cultum non
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diff changeset
624 pertinet. Unde Augustinus, in libro de vera Relig., inducit quod
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diff changeset
625 dicitur Luc. XVII, <i>regnum Dei intra vos est</i>, contra
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diff changeset
626 superstitiosos, qui scilicet exterioribus principalem curam
53
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diff changeset
627 impendunt.</p><p title="II-II q. 93 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="43004"><span class="ref">[43004] IIª-IIae q. 93 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
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diff changeset
628 ergo dicendum quod in ipsa Dei glorificatione implicatur quod id
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diff changeset
629 quod fit pertineat ad Dei gloriam. Per quod excluditur
53
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diff changeset
630 superstitionis superfluitas.</p><p title="II-II q. 93 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="43005"><span class="ref">[43005] IIª-IIae q. 93 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
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diff changeset
631 dicendum quod per fidem, spem et caritatem anima subiicitur Deo.
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632 Unde in eis non potest esse aliquid superfluum. Aliud autem est de
53
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diff changeset
633 exterioribus actibus, qui quandoque ad haec non pertinent.</p><p title="II-II q. 93 a. 2 ad 3"><a name="43006"><span class="ref">[43006] IIª-IIae q. 93 a. 2 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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diff changeset
634 dicendum quod ratio illa procedit de superfluo quantum ad
53
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635 quantitatem absolutam.</p></div></div><div class="q" id="q94"><h2>Quaestio 94</h2><div class="p"><h3>Prooemium</h3><p title="II-II q. 94 pr."><a name="43007"><span class="ref">[43007] IIª-IIae q. 94 pr.</span></a> Deinde
28
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diff changeset
636 considerandum est de idololatria. Et circa hoc quaeruntur quatuor.
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diff changeset
637 Primo, utrum idololatria sit species superstitionis. Secundo, utrum
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diff changeset
638 sit peccatum. Tertio, utrum sit gravissimum peccatorum. Quarto, de
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diff changeset
639 causa huius peccati. Utrum autem cum idololatris sit communicandum,
53
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diff changeset
640 dictum est supra, cum de infidelitate ageretur.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 1</h3><p title="II-II q. 94 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="43008"><span class="ref">[43008] IIª-IIae q. 94 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
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diff changeset
641 sic proceditur. Videtur quod idololatria non recte ponatur species
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diff changeset
642 superstitionis. Sicut enim haeretici sunt infideles, ita et
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diff changeset
643 idololatrae. Sed haeresis est species infidelitatis, ut supra
53
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diff changeset
644 habitum est. Ergo et idololatria, non autem superstitionis.</p><p title="II-II q. 94 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="43009"><span class="ref">[43009] IIª-IIae q. 94 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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diff changeset
645 latria pertinet ad virtutem religionis, cui opponitur superstitio.
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diff changeset
646 Sed idololatria videtur univoce dici latria cum ea quae ad veram
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diff changeset
647 religionem pertinet, sicut enim appetitus falsae beatitudinis
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diff changeset
648 univoce dicitur cum appetitu verae beatitudinis, ita cultus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
649 falsorum deorum, qui dicitur idololatria, univoce videtur dici cum
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diff changeset
650 cultu veri Dei, qui est latria verae religionis. Ergo idololatria
53
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diff changeset
651 non est species superstitionis.</p><p title="II-II q. 94 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="43010"><span class="ref">[43010] IIª-IIae q. 94 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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diff changeset
652 id quod nihil est non potest esse alicuius generis species. Sed
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diff changeset
653 idololatria nihil esse videtur. Dicit enim apostolus, I ad Cor.
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diff changeset
654 VIII, scimus quia nihil est idolum in mundo, et infra, X, quid
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parents: 26
diff changeset
655 ergo? Dico <i>quod idolis immolatum sit aliquid? Aut quod idolum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
656 sit aliquid?</i> Quasi dicat, non. Immolare autem idolis proprie ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
657 idololatriam pertinet. Ergo idololatria, quasi nihil existens, non
53
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diff changeset
658 potest esse superstitionis species.</p><p title="II-II q. 94 a. 1 arg. 4"><a name="43011"><span class="ref">[43011] IIª-IIae q. 94 a. 1 arg. 4</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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diff changeset
659 ad superstitionem pertinet exhibere cultum divinum cui non debetur.
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diff changeset
660 Sed cultus divinus, sicut non debetur idolis, ita nec aliis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
661 creaturis, unde Rom. I quidam vituperantur de hoc quod <i>coluerunt
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diff changeset
662 et servierunt potius creaturis quam creatori</i>. Ergo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
663 inconvenienter huiusmodi superstitionis species idololatria
53
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diff changeset
664 nominatur, sed deberet potius nominari latria creaturae.</p><p title="II-II q. 94 a. 1 s. c."><a name="43012"><span class="ref">[43012] IIª-IIae q. 94 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
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diff changeset
665 est quod Act. XVII dicitur quod <i>Paulus cum Athenis expectaret,
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diff changeset
666 incitabatur spiritus eius in ipso, videns idololatriae deditam
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diff changeset
667 civitatem</i>, et postea dixit, viri Athenienses, per omnia quasi
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diff changeset
668 superstitiosos vos iudico. Ergo idololatria ad superstitionem
53
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diff changeset
669 pertinet.</p><p title="II-II q. 94 a. 1 co."><a name="43013"><span class="ref">[43013] IIª-IIae q. 94 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
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diff changeset
670 dicendum quod, sicut supra dictum est, ad superstitionem pertinet
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diff changeset
671 excedere debitum modum divini cultus. Quod quidem praecipue fit
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672 quando divinus cultus exhibetur cui non debet exhiberi. Debet autem
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diff changeset
673 exhiberi soli summo Deo increato, ut supra habitum est, cum de
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diff changeset
674 religione ageretur. Et ideo, cuicumque creaturae divinus cultus
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diff changeset
675 exhibeatur, superstitiosum est. Huiusmodi autem cultus divinus,
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diff changeset
676 sicut creaturis sensibilibus exhibebatur per aliqua sensibilia
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diff changeset
677 signa, puta sacrificia, ludos et alia huiusmodi; ita etiam
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diff changeset
678 exhibebatur creaturae repraesentatae per aliquam sensibilem formam
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diff changeset
679 seu figuram, quae idolum dicitur. Diversimode tamen cultus divinus
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diff changeset
680 idolis exhibebatur. Quidam enim per quandam nefariam artem imagines
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parents: 26
diff changeset
681 quasdam construebant quae virtute Daemonum aliquos certos effectus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
682 habebant, unde putabant in ipsis imaginibus esse aliquid
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diff changeset
683 divinitatis; et quod per consequens divinus cultus eis deberetur.
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684 Et haec fuit opinio Hermetis Trimegisti; ut Augustinus dicit, in
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diff changeset
685 VIII de Civ. Dei. Alii vero non exhibebant cultum divinitatis ipsis
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diff changeset
686 imaginibus, sed creaturis quarum erant imagines. Et utrumque horum
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diff changeset
687 tangit apostolus, ad Rom. I. Nam quantum ad primum, dicit,
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diff changeset
688 <i>mutaverunt gloriam incorruptibilis Dei in similitudinem imaginis
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diff changeset
689 corruptibilis hominis, et volucrum et quadrupedum et serpentum</i>.
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diff changeset
690 Quantum autem ad secundum, subdit, <i>coluerunt et servierunt
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diff changeset
691 potius creaturae quam creatori</i>. Horum tamen fuit triplex
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diff changeset
692 opinio. Quidam enim aestimabant quosdam homines deos fuisse, quos
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diff changeset
693 per eorum imagines colebant, sicut Iovem, Mercurium, et alios
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diff changeset
694 huiusmodi. Quidam vero aestimabant totum mundum esse unum Deum, non
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diff changeset
695 propter corporalem substantiam, sed propter animam, quam Deum esse
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diff changeset
696 credebant, dicentes Deum nihil aliud esse quam animam motu et
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diff changeset
697 ratione mundum gubernantem; sicut et homo dicitur sapiens propter
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diff changeset
698 animam, non propter corpus. Unde putabant toti mundo, et omnibus
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diff changeset
699 partibus eius, esse cultum divinitatis exhibendum, caelo, aeri,
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diff changeset
700 aquae, et omnibus huiusmodi. Et ad haec referebant nomina et
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diff changeset
701 imagines suorum deorum, sicut Varro dicebat, et narrat Augustinus,
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diff changeset
702 VII de Civ. Dei. Alii vero, scilicet Platonici, posuerunt unum esse
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diff changeset
703 summum Deum, causam omnium; post quem ponebant esse substantias
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diff changeset
704 quasdam spirituales a summo Deo creatas, quas deos nominabant,
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diff changeset
705 participatione scilicet divinitatis, nos autem eos Angelos dicimus;
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diff changeset
706 post quos ponebant animas caelestium corporum; et sub his Daemones,
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diff changeset
707 quos dicebant esse aerea quaedam animalia; et sub his ponebant
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diff changeset
708 animas hominum, quas per virtutis meritum ad deorum vel Daemonum
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diff changeset
709 societatem assumi credebant. Et omnibus his cultum divinitatis
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diff changeset
710 exhibebant, ut Augustinus narrat, in XVIII de Civ. Dei. Has autem
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diff changeset
711 duas ultimas opiniones dicebant pertinere ad physicam theologiam,
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diff changeset
712 quam philosophi considerabant in mundo, et docebant in scholis.
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diff changeset
713 Aliam vero, de cultu hominum, dicebant pertinere ad theologiam
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diff changeset
714 fabularem, quae secundum figmenta poetarum repraesentabatur in
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diff changeset
715 theatris. Aliam vero opinionem, de imaginibus, dicebant pertinere
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diff changeset
716 ad civilem theologiam, quae per pontifices celebrabatur in templis.
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diff changeset
717 Omnia autem haec ad superstitionem idololatriae pertinebant. Unde
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diff changeset
718 Augustinus dicit, in II de Doct. Christ., <i>superstitiosum est
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diff changeset
719 quidquid institutum ab hominibus est ad facienda et colenda idola
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720 pertinens, vel ad colendam sicut Deum creaturam partemve ullam
53
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721 creaturae</i>.</p><p title="II-II q. 94 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="43014"><span class="ref">[43014] IIª-IIae q. 94 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
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722 ergo dicendum quod sicut religio non est fides, sed fidei
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diff changeset
723 protestatio per aliqua exteriora signa, ita superstitio est quaedam
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diff changeset
724 infidelitatis protestatio per exteriorem cultum. Quam quidem
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diff changeset
725 protestationem nomen idololatriae significat, non autem nomen
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diff changeset
726 haeresis, sed solum falsam opinionem. Et ideo haeresis est species
53
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727 infidelitatis, sed idololatria est species superstitionis.</p><p title="II-II q. 94 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="43015"><span class="ref">[43015] IIª-IIae q. 94 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
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728 dicendum quod nomen latriae dupliciter accipi potest. Uno modo
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diff changeset
729 potest significare humanum actum ad cultum Dei pertinentem. Et
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diff changeset
730 secundum hoc, non variatur significatio huius nominis latria,
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diff changeset
731 cuicumque exhibeatur, quia illud cui exhibetur non cadet, secundum
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diff changeset
732 hoc, in eius definitione. Et secundum hoc latria univoce dicetur
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diff changeset
733 secundum quod pertinet ad veram religionem, et secundum quod
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diff changeset
734 pertinet ad idololatriam, sicut solutio tributi univoce dicitur
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diff changeset
735 sive exhibeatur vero regi, sive falso. Alio modo accipitur latria
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diff changeset
736 prout est idem religioni. Et sic, cum sit virtus, de ratione eius
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diff changeset
737 est quod cultus divinus exhibeatur ei cui debet exhiberi. Et
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738 secundum hoc latria aequivoce dicetur de latria verae religionis,
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739 et de idololatria, sicut prudentia aequivoce dicitur de prudentia
53
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740 quae est virtus, et de prudentia quae est carnis.</p><p title="II-II q. 94 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="43016"><span class="ref">[43016] IIª-IIae q. 94 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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741 dicendum quod apostolus intelligit nihil esse in mundo quia
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diff changeset
742 imagines illae quae idola dicebantur, non erant animatae aut
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diff changeset
743 aliquam virtutem divinitatis habentes, sicut Hermes ponebat, quasi
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diff changeset
744 esset aliquid compositum ex spiritu et corpore. Et similiter
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745 intelligendum est quod idolis immolatum non est aliquid, quia per
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diff changeset
746 huiusmodi immolationem carnes immolatitiae neque aliquam
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diff changeset
747 sanctificationem consequebantur, ut gentiles putabant; neque
53
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diff changeset
748 aliquam immunditiam, ut putabant Iudaei.</p><p title="II-II q. 94 a. 1 ad 4"><a name="43017"><span class="ref">[43017] IIª-IIae q. 94 a. 1 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
28
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749 dicendum quod ex communi consuetudine qua creaturas quascumque
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diff changeset
750 colebant gentiles sub quibusdam imaginibus, impositum est hoc nomen
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diff changeset
751 idololatria ad significandum quemcumque cultum creaturae, et etiam
53
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752 si sine imaginibus fieret.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 2</h3><p title="II-II q. 94 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="43018"><span class="ref">[43018] IIª-IIae q. 94 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
28
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753 secundum sic proceditur. Videtur quod idololatria non sit peccatum.
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diff changeset
754 Nihil enim est peccatum quod vera fides in cultum Dei assumit. Sed
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diff changeset
755 vera fides imagines quasdam assumit ad divinum cultum, nam et in
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diff changeset
756 tabernaculo erant imagines Cherubin, ut legitur Exod. XXV; et in
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diff changeset
757 Ecclesia quaedam imagines ponuntur quas fideles adorant. Ergo
53
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758 idololatria, secundum quam idola adorantur, non est peccatum.</p><p title="II-II q. 94 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="43019"><span class="ref">[43019] IIª-IIae q. 94 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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759 cuilibet superiori est reverentia exhibenda. Sed Angeli et animae
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760 sanctorum sunt nobis superiores. Ergo, si eis exhibeatur reverentia
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diff changeset
761 per aliquem cultum vel sacrificiorum vel aliquorum huiusmodi, non
53
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762 erit peccatum.</p><p title="II-II q. 94 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="43020"><span class="ref">[43020] IIª-IIae q. 94 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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diff changeset
763 summus Deus interiori cultu mentis est colendus, secundum illud
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diff changeset
764 Ioan. IV, Deum oportet adorare in spiritu et veritate. Et
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diff changeset
765 Augustinus dicit, in Enchirid., quod Deus colitur fide, spe et
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diff changeset
766 caritate. Potest autem contingere quod aliquis exterius idola
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diff changeset
767 colat, interius tamen a vera fide non discedat. Ergo videtur quod
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diff changeset
768 sine praeiudicio divini cultus possit aliquis exterius idola
53
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diff changeset
769 colere.</p><p title="II-II q. 94 a. 2 s. c."><a name="43021"><span class="ref">[43021] IIª-IIae q. 94 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
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diff changeset
770 est quod Exod. XX dicitur, non adorabis ea, scilicet exterius,
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diff changeset
771 neque coles, scilicet interius, ut Glossa exponit et loquitur de
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diff changeset
772 sculptilibus et imaginibus. Ergo peccatum est idolis exteriorem vel
53
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diff changeset
773 interiorem cultum exhibere.</p><p title="II-II q. 94 a. 2 co."><a name="43022"><span class="ref">[43022] IIª-IIae q. 94 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
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diff changeset
774 dicendum quod circa hoc aliqui dupliciter erraverunt. Quidam enim
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diff changeset
775 putaverunt quod offerre sacrificium et alia ad latriam pertinentia
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diff changeset
776 non solum summo Deo, sed etiam aliis supra dictis, est debitum et
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diff changeset
777 per se bonum, eo quod superiori cuilibet naturae divinam
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diff changeset
778 reverentiam exhibendam putant, quasi Deo propinquiori. Sed hoc
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diff changeset
779 irrationabiliter dicitur. Nam etsi omnes superiores revereri
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diff changeset
780 debeamus, non tamen eadem reverentia omnibus debetur, sed aliquid
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diff changeset
781 speciale debetur summo Deo, qui singulari ratione omnes excellit,
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diff changeset
782 et hic est latriae cultus. Nec potest dici, sicut quidam
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diff changeset
783 putaverunt, <i>haec visibilia sacrificia diis aliis congruere, illi
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diff changeset
784 vero summo Deo, tanquam meliori, meliora, scilicet purae mentis
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diff changeset
785 officia</i>, quia, ut Augustinus dicit, in X de Civ. Dei,
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diff changeset
786 <i>exteriora sacrificia ita sunt signa interiorum sicut verba
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diff changeset
787 sonantia signa sunt rerum. Quocirca, sicut orantes atque laudantes
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diff changeset
788 ad eum dirigimus significantes voces cui res ipsas in corde quas
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diff changeset
789 significamus offerimus, ita, sacrificantes, non alteri visibile
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diff changeset
790 sacrificium offerendum esse noverimus quam ei cuius in cordibus
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diff changeset
791 nostris invisibile sacrificium nos ipsi esse debemus</i>. Alii vero
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diff changeset
792 aestimaverunt latriae cultum exteriorem non esse idolis exhibendum
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diff changeset
793 tanquam per se bonum aut opportunum, sed tanquam vulgari
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diff changeset
794 consuetudini consonum, ut Augustinus, in VI de Civ. Dei, introducit
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diff changeset
795 Senecam dicentem, <i>sic, inquit, adorabimus ut meminerimus
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diff changeset
796 huiusmodi cultum magis ad morem quam ad rem pertinere</i>. Et in
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diff changeset
797 libro de vera Relig. Augustinus dicit <i>non esse religionem a
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diff changeset
798 philosophis quaerendam, qui eadem sacra recipiebant cum populis, et
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diff changeset
799 de suorum deorum natura ac summo bono diversas contrariasque
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diff changeset
800 sententias in scholis personabant</i>. Et hunc etiam errorem secuti
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diff changeset
801 sunt quidam haeretici asserentes non esse perniciosum si quis,
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diff changeset
802 persecutionis tempore deprehensus, exterius idola colat, dum tamen
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diff changeset
803 fidem servat in mente. Sed hoc apparet manifeste falsum. Nam cum
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diff changeset
804 exterior cultus sit signum interioris cultus, sicut est perniciosum
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diff changeset
805 mendacium si quis verbis asserat contrarium eius quod per veram
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diff changeset
806 fidem tenet in corde, ita etiam est perniciosa falsitas si quis
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diff changeset
807 exteriorem cultum exhibeat alicui contra id quod sentit in mente.
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diff changeset
808 Unde Augustinus dicit contra Senecam, in VI de Civ. Dei, quod eo
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809 damnabilius colebat idola, quo illa quae mendaciter <i>agebat sic
53
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810 ageret ut cum populo veraciter agere existimaretur</i>.</p><p title="II-II q. 94 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="43023"><span class="ref">[43023] IIª-IIae q. 94 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
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diff changeset
811 ergo dicendum quod neque in veteris legis tabernaculo seu templo,
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812 neque etiam nunc in Ecclesia imagines instituuntur ut eis cultus
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diff changeset
813 latriae exhibeatur, sed ad quandam significationem, ut per
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diff changeset
814 huiusmodi imagines mentibus hominum imprimatur et confirmetur fides
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diff changeset
815 de excellentia Angelorum et sanctorum. Secus autem est de imagine
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diff changeset
816 Christi, cui, ratione deitatis, latria debetur, ut dicetur in
53
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diff changeset
817 tertio.</p><p title="II-II q. 94 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="43024"><span class="ref">[43024] IIª-IIae q. 94 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
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diff changeset
818 et tertium patet responsio per ea quae dicta sunt.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 3</h3><p title="II-II q. 94 a. 3 arg. 1"><a name="43025"><span class="ref">[43025] IIª-IIae q. 94 a. 3 arg. 1</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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819 sic proceditur. Videtur quod idololatria non sit gravissimum
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diff changeset
820 peccatorum. Pessimum enim optimo opponitur, ut dicitur in VIII
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diff changeset
821 Ethic. Sed cultus interior, qui consistit in fide, spe et caritate,
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822 est melior quam cultus exterior. Ergo infidelitas, desperatio et
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823 odium Dei, quae opponuntur cultui interiori, sunt graviora peccata
53
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824 quam idololatria, quae opponitur cultui exteriori.</p><p title="II-II q. 94 a. 3 arg. 2"><a name="43026"><span class="ref">[43026] IIª-IIae q. 94 a. 3 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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diff changeset
825 tanto aliquod peccatum est gravius quanto magis est contra Deum.
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diff changeset
826 Sed directius videtur aliquis contra Deum agere blasphemando, vel
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diff changeset
827 fidem impugnando, quam cultum Dei alii exhibendo, quod pertinet ad
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828 idololatriam. Ergo blasphemia vel impugnatio fidei est gravius
53
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829 peccatum quam idololatria.</p><p title="II-II q. 94 a. 3 arg. 3"><a name="43027"><span class="ref">[43027] IIª-IIae q. 94 a. 3 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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diff changeset
830 minora mala maioribus malis puniri videntur. Sed peccatum
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diff changeset
831 idololatriae punitum est peccato contra naturam, ut dicitur Rom. I.
53
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832 Ergo peccatum contra naturam est gravius peccato idololatriae.</p><p title="II-II q. 94 a. 3 arg. 4"><a name="43028"><span class="ref">[43028] IIª-IIae q. 94 a. 3 arg. 4</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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diff changeset
833 Augustinus dicit, XX contra Faust., <i>neque vos, scilicet
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diff changeset
834 Manichaeos, Paganos dicimus, aut schisma Paganorum, sed habere cum
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diff changeset
835 eis quandam similitudinem, eo quod multos colatis deos. Verum vos
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diff changeset
836 esse eis longe deteriores, quod illi ea colunt quae sunt, sed pro
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diff changeset
837 diis colenda non sunt; vos autem ea colitis quae omnino non
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diff changeset
838 sunt</i>. Ergo vitium haereticae pravitatis est gravius quam
53
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diff changeset
839 idololatria.</p><p title="II-II q. 94 a. 3 arg. 5"><a name="43029"><span class="ref">[43029] IIª-IIae q. 94 a. 3 arg. 5</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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diff changeset
840 super illud Gal. IV, <i>quomodo convertimini iterum ad infirma et
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diff changeset
841 egena elementa?</i> Dicit Glossa Hieronymi, <i>legis observantia,
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diff changeset
842 cui dediti tunc erant, erat peccatum paene par servituti idolorum,
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diff changeset
843 cui ante conversionem vacaverant</i>. Non ergo peccatum
53
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diff changeset
844 idololatriae est gravissimum.</p><p title="II-II q. 94 a. 3 s. c."><a name="43030"><span class="ref">[43030] IIª-IIae q. 94 a. 3 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
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845 est quod Levit. XV, super illud quod dicitur de immunditia mulieris
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846 patientis fluxum sanguinis, dicit Glossa, <i>omne peccatum est
53
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diff changeset
847 immunditia animae, sed idololatria maxime</i>.</p><p title="II-II q. 94 a. 3 co."><a name="43031"><span class="ref">[43031] IIª-IIae q. 94 a. 3 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
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diff changeset
848 dicendum quod gravitas alicuius peccati potest attendi dupliciter.
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diff changeset
849 Uno modo, ex parte ipsius peccati. Et sic peccatum idololatriae est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
850 gravissimum. Sicut enim in terrena republica gravissimum esse
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parents: 26
diff changeset
851 videtur quod aliquis honorem regium alteri impendat quam vero regi,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
852 quia quantum in se est, totum reipublicae perturbat ordinem; ita in
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parents: 26
diff changeset
853 peccatis quae contra Deum committuntur, quae tamen sunt maxima,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
854 gravissimum esse videtur quod aliquis honorem divinum creaturae
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parents: 26
diff changeset
855 impendat, quia quantum est in se, facit alium Deum in mundo,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
856 minuens principatum divinum. Alio modo potest attendi gravitas
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parents: 26
diff changeset
857 peccati ex parte peccantis, sicut dicitur esse gravius peccatum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
858 eius qui peccat scienter quam eius qui peccat ignoranter. Et
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diff changeset
859 secundum hoc nihil prohibet gravius peccare haereticos, qui
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diff changeset
860 scienter corrumpunt fidem quam acceperunt, quam idololatras
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diff changeset
861 ignoranter peccantes. Et similiter etiam aliqua alia peccata
53
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diff changeset
862 possunt esse maiora propter maiorem contemptum peccantis.</p><p title="II-II q. 94 a. 3 ad 1"><a name="43032"><span class="ref">[43032] IIª-IIae q. 94 a. 3 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
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diff changeset
863 ergo dicendum quod idololatria praesupponit interiorem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
864 infidelitatem, et adiicit exterius indebitum cultum. Si vero sit
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diff changeset
865 exterior tantum idololatria absque interiori infidelitate, additur
53
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diff changeset
866 culpa falsitatis, ut prius dictum est.</p><p title="II-II q. 94 a. 3 ad 2"><a name="43033"><span class="ref">[43033] IIª-IIae q. 94 a. 3 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
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diff changeset
867 dicendum quod idololatria includit magnam blasphemiam, inquantum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
868 Deo subtrahitur dominii singularitas. Et fidem opere impugnat
53
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diff changeset
869 idololatria.</p><p title="II-II q. 94 a. 3 ad 3"><a name="43034"><span class="ref">[43034] IIª-IIae q. 94 a. 3 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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diff changeset
870 dicendum quod quia de ratione poenae est quod sit contra
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parents: 26
diff changeset
871 voluntatem, peccatum per quod aliud punitur oportet esse magis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
872 manifestum, ut ex hoc homo sibi ipsi et aliis detestabilis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
873 reddatur, non autem oportet quod sit gravius. Et secundum hoc,
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diff changeset
874 peccatum contra naturam minus est quam peccatum idololatriae, sed
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parents: 26
diff changeset
875 quia est manifestius, ponitur quasi conveniens poena peccati
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parents: 26
diff changeset
876 idololatriae, ut scilicet, sicut homo per idololatriam pervertit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
877 ordinem divini honoris, ita per peccatum contra naturam propriae
53
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diff changeset
878 naturae confusibilem perversitatem patiatur.</p><p title="II-II q. 94 a. 3 ad 4"><a name="43035"><span class="ref">[43035] IIª-IIae q. 94 a. 3 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
28
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diff changeset
879 dicendum quod haeresis Manichaeorum, etiam quantum ad genus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
880 peccati, gravior est quam peccatum aliorum idololatrarum, quia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
881 magis derogant divino honori, ponentes duos deos contrarios, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
882 multa vana fabulosa de Deo fingentes. Secus autem est de aliis
53
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diff changeset
883 haereticis, qui unum Deum confitentur et eum solum colunt.</p><p title="II-II q. 94 a. 3 ad 5"><a name="43036"><span class="ref">[43036] IIª-IIae q. 94 a. 3 ad 5</span></a> Ad quintum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
884 dicendum quod observatio legis tempore gratiae non est omnino
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
885 aequalis idololatriae secundum genus peccati, sed paene aequalis,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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diff changeset
886 quia utrumque est species pestiferae superstitionis.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 4</h3><p title="II-II q. 94 a. 4 arg. 1"><a name="43037"><span class="ref">[43037] IIª-IIae q. 94 a. 4 arg. 1</span></a> Ad quartum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
887 sic proceditur. Videtur quod causa idololatriae non fuerit ex parte
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
888 hominis. In homine enim nihil est nisi vel natura, vel virtus, vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
889 culpa. Sed causa idololatriae non potuit esse ex parte naturae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
890 hominis, quin potius naturalis ratio hominis dictat quod sit unus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
891 Deus, et quod non sit mortuis cultus divinus exhibendus, neque
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
892 rebus inanimatis. Similiter etiam nec idololatria habet causam in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
893 homine ex parte virtutis, quia <i>non potest arbor bona fructus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
894 malos facere</i>, ut dicitur Matth. VII. Neque etiam ex parte
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
895 culpae, quia, ut dicitur Sap. XIV, <i>infandorum idolorum cultura
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
896 omnis mali causa est, et initium et finis</i>. Ergo idololatria non
53
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diff changeset
897 habet causam ex parte hominis.</p><p title="II-II q. 94 a. 4 arg. 2"><a name="43038"><span class="ref">[43038] IIª-IIae q. 94 a. 4 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
898 ea quae ex parte hominis causantur, omni tempore in hominibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
899 inveniuntur. Non autem semper fuit idololatria, sed in secunda
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
900 aetate legitur esse adinventa, vel a Nemrod, qui, ut dicitur,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
901 cogebat homines ignem adorare; vel a Nino, qui imaginem patris sui
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parents: 26
diff changeset
902 Beli adorari fecit. Apud Graecos autem, ut Isidorus refert,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
903 <i>Prometheus primus simulacra hominum de luto finxit. Iudaei vero
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
904 dicunt quod Ismael primus simulacra de luto fecit</i>. Cessavit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
905 etiam in sexta aetate idololatria ex magna parte. Ergo idololatria
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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diff changeset
906 non habuit causam ex parte hominis.</p><p title="II-II q. 94 a. 4 arg. 3"><a name="43039"><span class="ref">[43039] IIª-IIae q. 94 a. 4 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
907 Augustinus dicit, XXI de Civ. Dei, neque potuit primum, nisi illis,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
908 scilicet Daemonibus, <i>docentibus, disci quid quisque illorum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
909 appetat, quid exhorreat, quo invitetur nomine, quo cogatur, unde
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
910 magicae artes, earumque artifices extiterunt</i>. Eadem autem ratio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
911 videtur esse de idololatria. Ergo idololatriae causa non est ex
53
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diff changeset
912 parte hominum.</p><p title="II-II q. 94 a. 4 s. c."><a name="43040"><span class="ref">[43040] IIª-IIae q. 94 a. 4 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
913 est quod dicitur Sap. XIV, <i>supervacuitas hominum haec</i>,
53
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diff changeset
914 scilicet idola, <i>adinvenit in orbe terrarum</i>.</p><p title="II-II q. 94 a. 4 co."><a name="43041"><span class="ref">[43041] IIª-IIae q. 94 a. 4 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
915 dicendum quod idololatriae est duplex causa. Una quidem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
916 dispositiva. Et haec fuit ex parte hominum. Et hoc tripliciter.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
917 Primo quidem, ex inordinatione affectus, prout scilicet homines
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
918 aliquem hominem vel nimis amantes vel nimis venerantes, honorem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
919 divinum ei impenderunt. Et haec causa assignatur Sap. XIV,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
920 <i>acerbo luctu dolens pater cito sibi rapti filii fecit imaginem;
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diff changeset
921 et illum qui tunc, quasi homo, mortuus fuerat, tanquam Deum colere
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
922 coepit</i>. Et ibidem etiam subditur quod <i>homines, aut affectui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
923 aut regibus deservientes, incommunicabile nomen</i>, scilicet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
924 divinitatis, lignis et lapidibus imposuerunt. Secundo, propter hoc
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
925 quod homo naturaliter de repraesentatione delectatur, ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
926 philosophus dicit, in poetria sua. Et ideo homines rudes a
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
927 principio videntes per diligentiam artificum imagines hominum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
928 expressive factas, divinitatis cultum eis impenderunt. Unde dicitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
929 Sap. XIII, <i>si quis artifex faber de silva lignum rectum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
930 secuerit; et per scientiam suae artis figuret illud et assimilet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
931 imagini hominis, de substantia sua, et filiis et nuptiis, votum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
932 faciens, inquirit</i>. Tertio, propter ignorantiam veri Dei, cuius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
933 excellentiam homines non considerantes, quibusdam creaturis,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
934 propter pulchritudinem seu virtutem, divinitatis cultum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
935 exhibuerunt. Unde dicitur Sap. XIII, <i>neque, operibus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
936 attendentes, agnoverunt quis esset artifex. Sed aut ignem, aut
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parents: 26
diff changeset
937 spiritum, aut citatum aerem, aut gyrum stellarum, aut nimiam aquam,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
938 aut solem, aut lunam, rectores orbis terrarum, deos putaverunt</i>.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
939 Alia autem causa idololatriae fuit consummativa, ex parte Daemonum,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
940 qui se colendos hominibus errantibus exhibuerunt in idolis, dando
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
941 responsa et aliqua quae videbantur hominibus mirabilia faciendo.
53
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diff changeset
942 Unde et in Psalm. dicitur, <i>omnes dii gentium Daemonia</i>.</p><p title="II-II q. 94 a. 4 ad 1"><a name="43042"><span class="ref">[43042] IIª-IIae q. 94 a. 4 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
943 ergo dicendum quod causa dispositiva idololatriae fuit, ex parte
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parents: 26
diff changeset
944 hominis, naturae defectus vel per ignorantiam intellectus vel per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
945 deordinationem affectus, ut dictum est. Et hoc etiam ad culpam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
946 pertinet. Dicitur autem idololatria esse causa, initium et finis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
947 omnis peccati, quia non est aliquod genus peccati quod interdum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
948 idololatria non producat, vel expresse inducendo, per modum causae;
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
949 vel occasionem praebendo, per modum initii; vel per modum finis,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
950 inquantum peccata aliqua assumebantur in cultum idolorum, sicut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
951 occisiones hominum et mutilationes membrorum, et alia huiusmodi. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
952 tamen aliqua peccata possunt idololatriam praecedere, quae ad ipsam
53
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diff changeset
953 hominem disponunt.</p><p title="II-II q. 94 a. 4 ad 2"><a name="43043"><span class="ref">[43043] IIª-IIae q. 94 a. 4 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
954 dicendum quod in prima aetate non fuit idololatria propter recentem
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diff changeset
955 memoriam creationis mundi, ex qua adhuc vigebat cognitio unius Dei
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
956 in mente hominum. In sexta autem aetate idololatria est exclusa per
53
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diff changeset
957 doctrinam et virtutem Christi, qui de Diabolo triumphavit.</p><p title="II-II q. 94 a. 4 ad 3"><a name="43044"><span class="ref">[43044] IIª-IIae q. 94 a. 4 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
958 dicendum quod ratio illa procedit de causa consummativa
53
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diff changeset
959 idololatriae.</p></div></div><div class="q" id="q95"><h2>Quaestio 95</h2><div class="p"><h3>Prooemium</h3><p title="II-II q. 95 pr."><a name="43045"><span class="ref">[43045] IIª-IIae q. 95 pr.</span></a> Deinde
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
960 considerandum est de superstitione divinativa. Et circa hoc
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parents: 26
diff changeset
961 quaeruntur octo. Primo, utrum divinatio sit peccatum. Secundo,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
962 utrum sit species superstitionis. Tertio, de speciebus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
963 divinationis. Quarto, de divinatione quae fit per Daemones. Quinto,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
964 de divinatione quae fit per astra. Sexto, de divinatione quae fit
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diff changeset
965 per somnia. Septimo, de divinatione quae fit per auguria et alias
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diff changeset
966 huiusmodi observationes. Octavo, de divinatione quae fit per
53
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diff changeset
967 sortes.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 1</h3><p title="II-II q. 95 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="43046"><span class="ref">[43046] IIª-IIae q. 95 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
968 sic proceditur. Videtur quod divinatio non sit peccatum. Divinatio
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parents: 26
diff changeset
969 enim ab aliquo divino nominatur. Sed ea quae sunt divina magis ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
970 sanctitatem pertinent quam ad peccatum. Ergo videtur quod divinatio
53
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diff changeset
971 non est peccatum.</p><p title="II-II q. 95 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="43047"><span class="ref">[43047] IIª-IIae q. 95 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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972 Augustinus dicit, in libro de Lib. Arbit., <i>quis audeat dicere
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diff changeset
973 disciplinam esse malum?</i> Et iterum, <i>nullo modo dixerim
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diff changeset
974 aliquam intelligentiam malam esse posse</i>. Sed aliquae artes sunt
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diff changeset
975 divinativae, ut patet per philosophum, in libro de memoria. Videtur
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diff changeset
976 etiam ipsa divinatio ad aliquam intelligentiam veritatis pertinere.
53
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977 Ergo videtur quod divinatio non sit peccatum.</p><p title="II-II q. 95 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="43048"><span class="ref">[43048] IIª-IIae q. 95 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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978 naturalis inclinatio non est ad aliquod malum, quia natura non
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diff changeset
979 inclinat nisi ad simile sibi. Sed ex naturali inclinatione homines
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diff changeset
980 sollicitantur praenoscere futuros eventus, quod pertinet ad
53
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diff changeset
981 divinationem. Ergo divinatio non est peccatum.</p><p title="II-II q. 95 a. 1 s. c."><a name="43049"><span class="ref">[43049] IIª-IIae q. 95 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
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diff changeset
982 est quod dicitur Deut. XVIII, <i>non sit qui Pythones consulat,
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diff changeset
983 neque divinos</i>. Et in decretis, XXVI, qu. V, dicitur, <i>qui
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diff changeset
984 divinationes expetunt, sub regulis quinquennii iaceant, secundum
53
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diff changeset
985 gradus poenitentiae definitos</i>.</p><p title="II-II q. 95 a. 1 co."><a name="43050"><span class="ref">[43050] IIª-IIae q. 95 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
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diff changeset
986 dicendum quod in nomine divinationis intelligitur quaedam
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diff changeset
987 praenuntiatio futurorum. Futura autem dupliciter praenosci possunt,
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diff changeset
988 uno quidem modo, in suis causis; alio modo, in seipsis. Causae
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diff changeset
989 autem futurorum tripliciter se habent. Quaedam enim producunt ex
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diff changeset
990 necessitate et semper suos effectus. Et huiusmodi effectus futuri
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parents: 26
diff changeset
991 per certitudinem praenosci possunt et praenuntiari ex
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parents: 26
diff changeset
992 consideratione suarum causarum, sicut astrologi praenuntiant
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parents: 26
diff changeset
993 eclipses futuras. Quaedam vero causae producunt suos effectus non
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parents: 26
diff changeset
994 ex necessitate et semper, sed ut in pluribus, raro tamen deficiunt.
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diff changeset
995 Et per huiusmodi causas possunt praenosci futuri effectus, non
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diff changeset
996 quidem per certitudinem, sed per quandam coniecturam, sicut
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diff changeset
997 astrologi per considerationem stellarum quaedam praenoscere et
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diff changeset
998 praenuntiare possunt de pluviis et siccitatibus, et medici de
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diff changeset
999 sanitate vel morte. Quaedam vero causae sunt quae, si secundum se
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diff changeset
1000 considerentur, se habent ad utrumlibet, quod praecipue videtur de
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diff changeset
1001 potentiis rationalibus, quae se habent ad opposita, secundum
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diff changeset
1002 philosophum. Et tales effectus, vel etiam si qui effectus ut in
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diff changeset
1003 paucioribus casu accidunt ex naturalibus causis, per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1004 considerationem causarum praenosci non possunt, quia eorum causae
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1005 non habent inclinationem determinatam ad huiusmodi effectus. Et
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diff changeset
1006 ideo effectus huiusmodi praenosci non possunt nisi in seipsis
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diff changeset
1007 considerentur. Homines autem in seipsis huiusmodi effectus
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diff changeset
1008 considerare possunt solum dum sunt praesentes, sicut cum homo videt
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diff changeset
1009 Socratem currere vel ambulare. Sed considerare huiusmodi in seipsis
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diff changeset
1010 antequam fiant, est Dei proprium, qui solus in sua aeternitate
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1011 videt ea quae futura sunt quasi praesentia, ut in primo habitum
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diff changeset
1012 est, unde dicitur Isaiae XLI, <i>annuntiate quae futura sunt in
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diff changeset
1013 futurum, et sciemus quoniam dii estis vos</i>. Si quis ergo
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diff changeset
1014 huiusmodi futura praenoscere aut praenuntiare quocumque modo
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diff changeset
1015 praesumpserit, nisi Deo revelante, manifeste usurpat sibi quod Dei
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diff changeset
1016 est. Et ex hoc aliqui divini dicuntur, unde dicit Isidorus, in
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diff changeset
1017 libro Etymol., <i>divini dicti quasi Deo pleni, divinitate enim se
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diff changeset
1018 plenos simulant, et astutia quadam fraudulentiae hominibus futura
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1019 coniectant</i>. Divinatio ergo non dicitur si quis praenuntiet ea
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diff changeset
1020 quae ex necessario eveniunt vel ut in pluribus, quae humana ratione
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diff changeset
1021 praenosci possunt. Neque etiam si quis futura alia contingentia,
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diff changeset
1022 Deo revelante, cognoscat, tunc enim non ipse divinat, idest, quod
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diff changeset
1023 divinum est facit, sed magis quod divinum est suscipit. Tunc autem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1024 solum dicitur divinare quando sibi indebito modo usurpat
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1025 praenuntiationem futurorum eventuum. Hoc autem constat esse
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1026 peccatum. Unde divinatio semper est peccatum. Et propter hoc
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diff changeset
1027 Hieronymus dicit, super Michaeam, quod <i>divinatio semper in malam
53
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diff changeset
1028 partem accipitur</i>.</p><p title="II-II q. 95 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="43051"><span class="ref">[43051] IIª-IIae q. 95 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
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1029 ergo dicendum quod divinatio non dicitur ab ordinata participatione
53
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1030 alicuius divini, sed ab indebita usurpatione, ut dictum est.</p><p title="II-II q. 95 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="43052"><span class="ref">[43052] IIª-IIae q. 95 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
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diff changeset
1031 dicendum quod artes quaedam sunt ad praecognoscendum futuros
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diff changeset
1032 eventus qui ex necessitate vel frequenter proveniunt, quod ad
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diff changeset
1033 divinationem non pertinet. Sed ad alios futuros eventus
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diff changeset
1034 cognoscendos non sunt aliquae verae artes seu disciplinae, sed
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diff changeset
1035 fallaces et vanae, ex deceptione Daemonum introductae; ut dicit
53
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diff changeset
1036 Augustinus, in XXI de Civ. Dei.</p><p title="II-II q. 95 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="43053"><span class="ref">[43053] IIª-IIae q. 95 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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diff changeset
1037 dicendum quod homo habet naturalem inclinationem ad cognoscendum
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diff changeset
1038 futura secundum modum humanum, non autem secundum indebitum
53
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diff changeset
1039 divinationis modum.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 2</h3><p title="II-II q. 95 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="43054"><span class="ref">[43054] IIª-IIae q. 95 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
28
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diff changeset
1040 secundum sic proceditur. Videtur quod divinatio non sit species
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diff changeset
1041 superstitionis. Idem enim non potest esse species diversorum
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diff changeset
1042 generum. Sed divinatio videtur esse species curiositatis; ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
1043 Augustinus dicit, in libro de vera Relig. Ergo videtur quod non sit
53
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diff changeset
1044 species superstitionis.</p><p title="II-II q. 95 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="43055"><span class="ref">[43055] IIª-IIae q. 95 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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diff changeset
1045 sicut religio est cultus debitus, ita superstitio est cultus
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1046 indebitus. Sed divinatio non videtur ad aliquem cultum indebitum
53
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1047 pertinere. Ergo divinatio non pertinet ad superstitionem.</p><p title="II-II q. 95 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="43056"><span class="ref">[43056] IIª-IIae q. 95 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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diff changeset
1048 superstitio religioni opponitur. Sed in vera religione non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
1049 invenitur aliquid divinationi per contrarium respondens. Ergo
53
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diff changeset
1050 divinatio non est species superstitionis.</p><p title="II-II q. 95 a. 2 s. c."><a name="43057"><span class="ref">[43057] IIª-IIae q. 95 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
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diff changeset
1051 est quod Origenes dicit, in periarchon, <i>est quaedam operatio
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diff changeset
1052 Daemonum in ministerio praescientiae, quae artibus quibusdam ab his
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1053 qui se Daemonibus mancipaverunt, nunc per sortes, nunc per auguria,
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diff changeset
1054 nunc ex contemplatione umbrarum comprehendi videtur. Haec autem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1055 omnia operatione Daemonum fieri non dubito</i>. Sed sicut
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1056 Augustinus dicit, in II de Doct. Christ., quidquid procedit ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
1057 societate Daemonum et hominum superstitiosum est. Ergo divinatio
53
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diff changeset
1058 est species superstitionis.</p><p title="II-II q. 95 a. 2 co."><a name="43058"><span class="ref">[43058] IIª-IIae q. 95 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
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diff changeset
1059 dicendum quod, sicut supra dictum est, superstitio importat
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diff changeset
1060 indebitum cultum divinitatis. Ad cultum autem Dei pertinet aliquid
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diff changeset
1061 dupliciter. Uno modo, cum aliquid Deo offertur, vel sacrificium,
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diff changeset
1062 vel oblatio, vel aliquid huiusmodi. Alio modo, cum aliquid divinum
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diff changeset
1063 assumitur, sicut dictum est supra de iuramento. Et ideo ad
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diff changeset
1064 superstitionem pertinet non solum cum sacrificium Daemonibus
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diff changeset
1065 offertur per idololatriam, sed etiam cum aliquis assumit auxilium
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1066 Daemonum ad aliquid faciendum vel cognoscendum. Omnis autem
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diff changeset
1067 divinatio ex operatione Daemonum provenit, vel quia expresse
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1068 Daemones invocantur ad futura manifestanda; vel quia Daemones se
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diff changeset
1069 ingerunt vanis inquisitionibus futurorum, ut mentes hominum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1070 implicent vanitate; de qua vanitate in Psalm. dicitur, <i>non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
1071 respexit in vanitates et insanias falsas</i>. Vana autem inquisitio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1072 futurorum est quando aliquis futurum praenoscere tentat unde
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
1073 praenosci non potest. Unde manifestum est quod divinatio species
53
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diff changeset
1074 superstitionis est.</p><p title="II-II q. 95 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="43059"><span class="ref">[43059] IIª-IIae q. 95 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
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diff changeset
1075 ergo dicendum quod divinatio pertinet ad curiositatem quantum ad
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diff changeset
1076 finem intentum, qui est praecognitio futurorum. Sed pertinet ad
53
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diff changeset
1077 superstitionem quantum ad modum operationis.</p><p title="II-II q. 95 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="43060"><span class="ref">[43060] IIª-IIae q. 95 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
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diff changeset
1078 dicendum quod huiusmodi divinatio pertinet ad cultum Daemonum,
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diff changeset
1079 inquantum aliquis utitur quodam pacto tacito vel expresso cum
53
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diff changeset
1080 Daemonibus.</p><p title="II-II q. 95 a. 2 ad 3"><a name="43061"><span class="ref">[43061] IIª-IIae q. 95 a. 2 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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diff changeset
1081 dicendum quod in nova lege mens hominis arcetur a temporalium
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diff changeset
1082 sollicitudine, et ideo non est in nova lege aliquid institutum ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
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diff changeset
1083 praecognitionem eventuum futurorum de temporalibus rebus. In veteri
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1084 autem lege, quae promittebat terrena, erant consultationes de
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1085 futuris ad religionem pertinentes, unde dicitur Isaiae VIII, <i>et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1086 cum dixerint ad vos, quaerite a Pythonibus et a divinis, qui
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1087 strident incantationibus suis</i>, subdit, quasi responsionem,
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diff changeset
1088 <i>numquid non populus a Deo suo requiret visionem pro vivis et
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diff changeset
1089 mortuis?</i> Fuerunt tamen in novo testamento etiam aliqui
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diff changeset
1090 prophetiae spiritum habentes, qui multa de futuris eventibus
53
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diff changeset
1091 praedixerunt.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 3</h3><p title="II-II q. 95 a. 3 arg. 1"><a name="43062"><span class="ref">[43062] IIª-IIae q. 95 a. 3 arg. 1</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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diff changeset
1092 sic proceditur. Videtur quod non sit determinare plures
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diff changeset
1093 divinationis species. Ubi enim est una ratio peccandi, non videntur
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diff changeset
1094 esse plures peccati species. Sed in omni divinatione est una ratio
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diff changeset
1095 peccandi, quia scilicet utitur aliquis pacto Daemonum ad
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diff changeset
1096 cognoscendum futura. Ergo divinationis non sunt diversae
53
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diff changeset
1097 species.</p><p title="II-II q. 95 a. 3 arg. 2"><a name="43063"><span class="ref">[43063] IIª-IIae q. 95 a. 3 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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diff changeset
1098 actus humanus speciem sortitur ex fine, ut supra habitum est. Sed
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diff changeset
1099 omnis divinatio ordinatur ad unum finem, scilicet ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
1100 praenuntiationem futurorum. Ergo omnis divinatio est unius
53
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diff changeset
1101 speciei.</p><p title="II-II q. 95 a. 3 arg. 3"><a name="43064"><span class="ref">[43064] IIª-IIae q. 95 a. 3 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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diff changeset
1102 signa non diversificant speciem peccati, sive enim aliquis detrahat
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diff changeset
1103 verbis, vel scripto vel nutu, est eadem peccati species. Sed
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diff changeset
1104 divinationes non videntur differre nisi secundum diversa signa ex
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diff changeset
1105 quibus accipitur praecognitio futurorum. Ergo non sunt diversae
53
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diff changeset
1106 divinationis species.</p><p title="II-II q. 95 a. 3 s. c."><a name="43065"><span class="ref">[43065] IIª-IIae q. 95 a. 3 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
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diff changeset
1107 est quod Isidorus, in libro Etymol., enumerat diversas species
53
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diff changeset
1108 divinationis.</p><p title="II-II q. 95 a. 3 co."><a name="43066"><span class="ref">[43066] IIª-IIae q. 95 a. 3 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
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1109 dicendum quod, sicut dictum est, omnis divinatio utitur ad
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diff changeset
1110 praecognitionem futuri eventus aliquo Daemonum consilio et auxilio.
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1111 Quod quidem vel expresse imploratur, vel praeter petitionem
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1112 hominis, se occulte Daemon ingerit ad praenuntiandum quaedam futura
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diff changeset
1113 quae hominibus sunt ignota, eis autem cognita per modos de quibus
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diff changeset
1114 in primo dictum est. Daemones autem expresse invocati solent futura
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diff changeset
1115 praenuntiare multipliciter. Quandoque quidem praestigiosis
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diff changeset
1116 quibusdam apparitionibus se aspectui et auditui hominum ingerentes
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1117 ad praenuntiandum futura. Et haec species vocatur praestigium, ex
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diff changeset
1118 eo quod oculi hominum praestringuntur. Quandoque autem per somnia.
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1119 Et haec vocatur divinatio somniorum. Quandoque vero per mortuorum
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diff changeset
1120 aliquorum apparitionem vel locutionem. Et haec species vocatur
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diff changeset
1121 nigromantia, quia, ut Isidorus dicit, in libro Etymol., <i>nigrum
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diff changeset
1122 Graece mortuus, mantia divinatio nuncupatur, quia quibusdam
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diff changeset
1123 praecantationibus, adhibito sanguine, videntur resuscitati mortui
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diff changeset
1124 divinare et ad interrogata respondere</i>. Quandoque vero futura
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diff changeset
1125 praenuntiant per homines vivos, sicut in arreptitiis patet. Et haec
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diff changeset
1126 est divinatio per Pythones, et ut Isidorus dicit, <i>Pythones a
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diff changeset
1127 Python Apolline sunt dicti, qui dicebatur esse auctor
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1128 divinandi</i>. Quandoque vero futura praenuntiant per aliquas
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diff changeset
1129 figuras vel signa quae in rebus inanimatis apparent. Quae quidem si
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diff changeset
1130 appareant in aliquo corpore terrestri, puta in ligno vel ferro aut
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diff changeset
1131 lapide polito, vocatur geomantia; si autem in aqua, hydromantia; si
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diff changeset
1132 autem in aere, aeromantia; si autem in igne, pyromantia; si autem
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diff changeset
1133 in visceribus animalium immolatorum in aris Daemonum, vocatur
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diff changeset
1134 aruspicium. Divinatio autem quae fit absque expressa Daemonum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1135 invocatione, in duo genera dividitur. Quorum primum est cum ad
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diff changeset
1136 praenoscendum futura aliquid consideramus in dispositionibus
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diff changeset
1137 aliquarum rerum. Et si quidem aliquis conetur futura praenoscere ex
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diff changeset
1138 consideratione situs et motus siderum, hoc pertinet ad astrologos;
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diff changeset
1139 qui et geneatici dicuntur, propter natalium considerationes dierum.
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diff changeset
1140 Si vero per motus vel voces avium, seu quorumcumque animalium; sive
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diff changeset
1141 per sternutationes hominum, vel membrorum saltus; hoc pertinet
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diff changeset
1142 generaliter ad augurium, quod dicitur a garritu avium, sicut
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diff changeset
1143 auspicium ab inspectione avium, quorum primum pertinet ad aures,
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diff changeset
1144 secundum ad oculos; in avibus enim huiusmodi praecipue considerari
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diff changeset
1145 solent. Si vero huiusmodi consideratio fiat circa verba hominum
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diff changeset
1146 alia intentione dicta, quae quis retorquet ad futurum quod vult
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diff changeset
1147 praenoscere, hoc vocatur omen. Et sic ut maximus Valerius dicit,
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diff changeset
1148 <i>ominum observatio aliquo contractu religioni innexa est. Quoniam
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diff changeset
1149 non fortuito motu, sed divina providentia constare creditur quae
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diff changeset
1150 fecit, ut, Romanis deliberantibus utrum ad alium locum migrarent,
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diff changeset
1151 forte eo tempore centurio quidam exclamavit, signifer, statue
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diff changeset
1152 signum, hic optime manebimus; quam vocem auditam pro omine
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diff changeset
1153 acceperunt, transeundi consilium omittentes</i>. Si autem
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diff changeset
1154 considerentur aliquae dispositiones figurarum in aliquibus
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diff changeset
1155 corporibus visui occurrentes, erit alia divinationis species. Nam
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diff changeset
1156 ex lineamentis manus consideratis divinatio sumpta chiromantia
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diff changeset
1157 vocatur, quasi divinatio manus, chiros enim Graece dicitur manus.
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diff changeset
1158 Divinatio vero ex quibusdam figuris in spatula alicuius animalis
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diff changeset
1159 apparentibus, spatulimantia vocatur. Ad secundum autem divinationis
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diff changeset
1160 genus quae est sine expressa Daemonum invocatione, pertinet
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1161 divinatio quae fit ex consideratione eorum quae eveniunt ex
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diff changeset
1162 quibusdam quae ab hominibus serio fiunt ad aliquid occultum
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diff changeset
1163 inquirendum, sive per protractionem punctorum (quod pertinet ad
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diff changeset
1164 artem geomantiae); sive per considerationem figurarum quae
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diff changeset
1165 proveniunt ex plumbo liquefacto in aquam proiecto; sive ex
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diff changeset
1166 quibusdam cedulis, scriptis vel non scriptis, in occulto repositis,
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diff changeset
1167 dum consideratur quis quam accipiat; vel etiam ex festucis
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diff changeset
1168 inaequalibus propositis, quis maiorem vel minorem accipiat; vel
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diff changeset
1169 etiam ex taxillorum proiectione, quis plura puncta proiiciat; vel
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diff changeset
1170 etiam dum consideratur quid aperienti librum occurrat. Quae omnia
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diff changeset
1171 sortium nomen habent. Sic igitur patet triplex esse divinationis
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diff changeset
1172 genus. Quorum primum est per manifestam Daemonum invocationem, quod
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diff changeset
1173 pertinet ad nigromanticos. Secundum autem est per solam
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diff changeset
1174 considerationem dispositionis vel motus alterius rei, quod pertinet
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diff changeset
1175 ad augures. Tertium est dum facimus aliquid ut nobis manifestetur
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diff changeset
1176 aliquid occultum, quod pertinet ad sortes. Sub quolibet autem horum
53
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diff changeset
1177 multa continentur, ut patet ex dictis.</p><p title="II-II q. 95 a. 3 ad 1"><a name="43067"><span class="ref">[43067] IIª-IIae q. 95 a. 3 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
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diff changeset
1178 ergo dicendum quod in omnibus praedictis est eadem ratio generalis
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diff changeset
1179 peccandi, sed non eadem specialis. Multo enim gravius est Daemones
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diff changeset
1180 invocare quam aliqua facere quibus dignum sit ut se Daemones
53
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diff changeset
1181 ingerant.</p><p title="II-II q. 95 a. 3 ad 2"><a name="43068"><span class="ref">[43068] IIª-IIae q. 95 a. 3 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
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diff changeset
1182 dicendum quod cognitio futurorum vel occultorum est ultimus finis,
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diff changeset
1183 ex quo sumitur generalis ratio divinationis. Distinguuntur autem
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diff changeset
1184 diversae species secundum propria obiecta sive materias, prout
53
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diff changeset
1185 scilicet in diversis rebus occultorum cognitio consideratur.</p><p title="II-II q. 95 a. 3 ad 3"><a name="43069"><span class="ref">[43069] IIª-IIae q. 95 a. 3 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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diff changeset
1186 dicendum quod res quas divinantes attendunt considerantur ab eis
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diff changeset
1187 non sicut signa quibus exprimant quod iam sciunt, sicut accidit in
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diff changeset
1188 detractione, sed sicut principia cognoscendi. Manifestum est autem
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diff changeset
1189 quod diversitas principiorum diversificat speciem, etiam in
53
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diff changeset
1190 scientiis demonstrativis.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 4</h3><p title="II-II q. 95 a. 4 arg. 1"><a name="43070"><span class="ref">[43070] IIª-IIae q. 95 a. 4 arg. 1</span></a> Ad quartum
28
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diff changeset
1191 sic proceditur. Videtur quod divinatio quae fit per invocationes
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diff changeset
1192 Daemonum non sit illicita. Christus enim nihil illicitum commisit,
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diff changeset
1193 secundum illud I Pet. II, qui peccatum non fecit. Sed dominus a
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diff changeset
1194 Daemone interrogavit, quod tibi nomen est? Qui respondit, legio,
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diff changeset
1195 multi enim sumus, ut habetur Marc. V. Ergo videtur quod liceat a
53
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diff changeset
1196 Daemonibus aliquid occultum interrogare.</p><p title="II-II q. 95 a. 4 arg. 2"><a name="43071"><span class="ref">[43071] IIª-IIae q. 95 a. 4 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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diff changeset
1197 sanctorum animae non favent illicite interrogantibus. Sed Sauli
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diff changeset
1198 interroganti de eventu futuri belli a muliere habente spiritum
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diff changeset
1199 Pythonis, apparuit Samuel, et ei futurum eventum praedixit, ut
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diff changeset
1200 legitur I Reg. XXVIII. Ergo divinatio quae fit per interrogationem
53
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diff changeset
1201 a Daemonibus non est illicita.</p><p title="II-II q. 95 a. 4 arg. 3"><a name="43072"><span class="ref">[43072] IIª-IIae q. 95 a. 4 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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diff changeset
1202 licitum esse videtur veritatem ab aliquo sciente inquirere, quam
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diff changeset
1203 utile est scire. Sed quandoque utile est scire aliqua occulta quae
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diff changeset
1204 per Daemones sciri possunt, sicut apparet in inventione furtorum.
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diff changeset
1205 Ergo divinatio quae fit per invocationem Daemonum non est
53
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diff changeset
1206 illicita.</p><p title="II-II q. 95 a. 4 s. c."><a name="43073"><span class="ref">[43073] IIª-IIae q. 95 a. 4 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
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diff changeset
1207 est quod dicitur Deut. XVIII, <i>non inveniatur in te qui ariolos
53
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diff changeset
1208 sciscitetur, neque Pythones consulat</i>.</p><p title="II-II q. 95 a. 4 co."><a name="43074"><span class="ref">[43074] IIª-IIae q. 95 a. 4 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
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diff changeset
1209 dicendum quod omnis divinatio quae fit per invocationes Daemonum
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diff changeset
1210 est illicita, duplici ratione. Quarum prima sumitur ex parte
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1211 principii divinationis, quod scilicet est pactum expresse cum
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diff changeset
1212 Daemone initum per ipsam Daemonis invocationem. Et hoc est omnino
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diff changeset
1213 illicitum. Unde contra quosdam dicitur Isaiae XXVIII, <i>dixistis,
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diff changeset
1214 percussimus foedus cum morte, et cum Inferno fecimus pactum</i>. Et
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diff changeset
1215 adhuc gravius esset si sacrificium vel reverentia Daemoni invocato
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diff changeset
1216 exhiberetur. Secunda ratio sumitur ex parte futuri eventus. Daemon
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diff changeset
1217 enim, qui intendit perditionem hominum, ex huiusmodi suis
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diff changeset
1218 responsis, etiam si aliquando vera dicat, intendit homines
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diff changeset
1219 assuefacere ad hoc quod ei credatur, et sic intendit perducere in
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diff changeset
1220 aliquid quod sit saluti humanae nocivum. Unde Athanasius, exponens
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diff changeset
1221 id quod habetur Luc. IV, increpavit illum, dicens, obmutesce,
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diff changeset
1222 dicit, <i>quamvis vera fateretur Daemon, compescebat tamen Christus
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diff changeset
1223 eius sermonem, ne simul cum veritate etiam suam iniquitatem
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diff changeset
1224 promulget. Ut nos etiam assuefaciat ne curemus de talibus, etsi
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diff changeset
1225 vera loqui videantur, nefas enim est ut, cum adsit nobis Scriptura
53
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diff changeset
1226 divina, a Diabolo instruamur</i>.</p><p title="II-II q. 95 a. 4 ad 1"><a name="43075"><span class="ref">[43075] IIª-IIae q. 95 a. 4 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
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diff changeset
1227 ergo dicendum quod, sicut Beda dicit, Luc. VIII, <i>non velut
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diff changeset
1228 inscius dominus inquirit, sed ut, confessa peste quam tolerabat,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1229 virtus curantis gratior emicaret</i>. Aliud autem est quaerere
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1230 aliquid a Daemone sponte occurrente, quod quandoque licet propter
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1231 utilitatem aliorum, maxime quando virtute divina potest compelli ad
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diff changeset
1232 vera dicendum, et aliud est Daemonem invocare ad cognitionem
53
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diff changeset
1233 occultorum acquirendum ab ipso.</p><p title="II-II q. 95 a. 4 ad 2"><a name="43076"><span class="ref">[43076] IIª-IIae q. 95 a. 4 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
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diff changeset
1234 dicendum quod, sicut Augustinus dicit, ad Simplicianum, <i>non est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1235 absurdum credere aliqua dispensatione permissum fuisse ut, non
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1236 dominante arte magica vel potentia, sed dispensatione occulta, quae
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1237 pythonissam et Saulem latebat, se ostenderet spiritus iusti
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1238 aspectibus regis, divina eum sententia percussurus. Vel, non vere
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1239 spiritus Samuelis a requie sua excitatus est, sed aliquod phantasma
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1240 et illusio imaginaria, Diaboli machinationibus facta, quam
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diff changeset
1241 Scriptura Samuelem appellat, sicut solent imagines rerum suarum
53
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diff changeset
1242 nominibus appellari</i>.</p><p title="II-II q. 95 a. 4 ad 3"><a name="43077"><span class="ref">[43077] IIª-IIae q. 95 a. 4 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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diff changeset
1243 dicendum quod nulla utilitas temporalis potest comparari detrimento
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diff changeset
1244 spiritualis salutis, quod imminet ex inquisitione occultorum per
53
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diff changeset
1245 Daemonum invocationem.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 5</h3><p title="II-II q. 95 a. 5 arg. 1"><a name="43078"><span class="ref">[43078] IIª-IIae q. 95 a. 5 arg. 1</span></a> Ad quintum
28
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diff changeset
1246 sic proceditur. Videtur quod divinatio quae fit per astra non sit
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diff changeset
1247 illicita. Licitum enim est ex consideratione causarum praenuntiare
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1248 effectus, sicut medici ex dispositione aegritudinis praenuntiant
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1249 mortem. Sed corpora caelestia sunt causa eorum quae fiunt in hoc
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diff changeset
1250 mundo, ut etiam Dionysius dicit, IV cap. de Div. Nom. Ergo
53
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diff changeset
1251 divinatio quae fit per astra non est illicita.</p><p title="II-II q. 95 a. 5 arg. 2"><a name="43079"><span class="ref">[43079] IIª-IIae q. 95 a. 5 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1252 scientia humana ex experimentis originem sumit, ut patet per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1253 philosophum, in principio Metaphys. Sed per multa experimenta
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1254 aliqui compererunt ex consideratione siderum aliqua futura posse
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diff changeset
1255 praenosci. Ergo non videtur esse illicitum tali divinatione
53
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diff changeset
1256 uti.</p><p title="II-II q. 95 a. 5 arg. 3"><a name="43080"><span class="ref">[43080] IIª-IIae q. 95 a. 5 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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diff changeset
1257 divinatio dicitur esse illicita inquantum innititur pacto cum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1258 Daemonibus inito. Sed hoc non fit in divinatione quae fit per
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diff changeset
1259 astra, sed solum consideratur dispositio creaturarum Dei. Ergo
53
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diff changeset
1260 videtur quod huiusmodi divinatio non sit illicita.</p><p title="II-II q. 95 a. 5 s. c."><a name="43081"><span class="ref">[43081] IIª-IIae q. 95 a. 5 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
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diff changeset
1261 est quod Augustinus dicit, in IV Confess., <i>illos planetarios
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1262 quos mathematicos vocant, consulere non desistebam, quod quasi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1263 nullum esset eis sacrificium, et nullae preces ad aliquem spiritum
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diff changeset
1264 ob divinationem dirigerentur. Quod tamen Christiana et vera pietas
53
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diff changeset
1265 expellit et damnat</i>.</p><p title="II-II q. 95 a. 5 co."><a name="43082"><span class="ref">[43082] IIª-IIae q. 95 a. 5 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
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diff changeset
1266 dicendum quod, sicut dictum est, divinationi quae ex opinione falsa
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diff changeset
1267 vel vana procedit, ingerit se operatio Daemonis, ut hominum animos
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1268 implicet vanitati aut falsitati. Vana autem aut falsa opinione
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1269 utitur si quis ex consideratione stellarum futura velit
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1270 praecognoscere quae per ea praecognosci non possunt. Est igitur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1271 considerandum quid per caelestium corporum inspectionem de futuris
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diff changeset
1272 possit praenosci. Et de his quidem quae ex necessitate eveniunt,
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diff changeset
1273 manifestum est quod per considerationem stellarum possunt
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diff changeset
1274 praenosci, sicut astrologi praenuntiant eclipses futuras. Circa
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diff changeset
1275 praecognitionem vero futurorum eventuum ex consideratione
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diff changeset
1276 stellarum, diversi diversa dixerunt. Fuerunt enim qui dicerent quod
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diff changeset
1277 stellae significant potius quam faciant ea quae ex earum
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diff changeset
1278 consideratione praenuntiantur. Sed hoc irrationabiliter dicitur.
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diff changeset
1279 Omne enim corporale signum vel est effectus eius cuius est signum,
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diff changeset
1280 sicut fumus significat ignem, a quo causatur, vel procedit ab eadem
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diff changeset
1281 causa, et sic, dum significat causam, per consequens significat
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diff changeset
1282 effectum, sicut iris quandoque significat serenitatem, inquantum
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diff changeset
1283 causa eius est causa serenitatis. Non autem potest dici quod
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diff changeset
1284 dispositiones caelestium corporum et motus sint effectus futurorum
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diff changeset
1285 eventuum. Nec iterum possunt reduci in aliquam superiorem causam
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diff changeset
1286 communem quae sit corporalis. Possunt autem reduci in unam causam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1287 communem quae est providentia divina, sed alia ratione disponuntur
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diff changeset
1288 a divina providentia motus et situs caelestium corporum, et alia
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1289 ratione eventus contingentium futurorum; quia illa disponuntur
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diff changeset
1290 secundum rationem necessitatis, ut semper eodem modo proveniant;
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diff changeset
1291 haec autem secundum rationem contingentiae, ut variabiliter
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diff changeset
1292 contingant. Unde non potest esse quod ex inspectione siderum
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diff changeset
1293 accipiatur praecognitio futurorum nisi sicut ex causis
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diff changeset
1294 praecognoscuntur effectus. Duplices autem effectus subtrahuntur
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diff changeset
1295 causalitati caelestium corporum. Primo quidem, omnes effectus per
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diff changeset
1296 accidens contingentes, sive in rebus humanis sive in rebus
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diff changeset
1297 naturalibus. Quia, ut probatur in VI Metaphys., ens per accidens
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diff changeset
1298 non habet causam, et praecipue naturalem, cuiusmodi est virtus
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diff changeset
1299 caelestium corporum. Quia quod per accidens fit neque est ens
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diff changeset
1300 proprie neque unum, sicut quod, lapide cadente, fiat terraemotus,
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diff changeset
1301 vel quod, homine fodiente sepulcrum, inveniatur thesaurus; haec
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diff changeset
1302 enim, et huiusmodi, non sunt unum, sed simpliciter multa. Operatio
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diff changeset
1303 autem naturae semper terminatur ad aliquid unum, sicut et procedit
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diff changeset
1304 ab uno principio, quod est forma rei naturalis. Secundo autem,
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diff changeset
1305 subtrahuntur causalitati caelestium corporum actus liberi arbitrii,
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diff changeset
1306 quod est facultas voluntatis et rationis. Intellectus enim, sive
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diff changeset
1307 ratio, non est corpus nec actus organi corporei; et per consequens
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diff changeset
1308 nec voluntas, quae est in ratione, ut patet per philosophum, in III
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diff changeset
1309 de anima. Nullum autem corpus potest imprimere in rem incorpoream.
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diff changeset
1310 Unde impossibile est quod corpora caelestia directe imprimant in
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diff changeset
1311 intellectum et voluntatem, hoc enim esset ponere intellectum non
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diff changeset
1312 differre a sensu; quod Aristoteles, in libro de anima, imponit his
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diff changeset
1313 qui dicebant quod talis voluntas <i>est in hominibus qualem in die
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diff changeset
1314 inducit pater virorum deorumque</i>, scilicet sol vel caelum. Unde
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diff changeset
1315 corpora caelestia non possunt esse per se causa operum liberi
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diff changeset
1316 arbitrii. Possunt tamen ad hoc dispositive inclinare, inquantum
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diff changeset
1317 imprimunt in corpus humanum, et per consequens in vires sensitivas,
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diff changeset
1318 quae sunt actus corporalium organorum, quae inclinant ad humanos
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diff changeset
1319 actus. Quia tamen vires sensitivae obediunt rationi, ut patet per
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diff changeset
1320 philosophum, in III de anima et in I Ethic., nulla necessitas ex
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diff changeset
1321 hoc libero arbitrio imponitur, sed contra inclinationem caelestium
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diff changeset
1322 corporum homo potest per rationem operari. Si quis ergo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1323 consideratione astrorum utatur ad praecognoscendos futuros casuales
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diff changeset
1324 vel fortuitos eventus, aut etiam ad cognoscendum per certitudinem
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diff changeset
1325 futura opera hominum, procedet hoc ex falsa et vana opinione. Et
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diff changeset
1326 sic operatio Daemonis se immiscet. Unde erit divinatio
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diff changeset
1327 superstitiosa et illicita. Si vero aliquis utatur consideratione
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diff changeset
1328 astrorum ad praecognoscendum futura quae ex caelestibus causantur
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diff changeset
1329 corporibus, puta siccitates et pluvias et alia huiusmodi, non erit
53
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1330 illicita divinatio nec superstitiosa.</p><p title="II-II q. 95 a. 5 ad 1"><a name="43083"><span class="ref">[43083] IIª-IIae q. 95 a. 5 ad 1</span></a> Et secundum
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diff changeset
1331 hoc patet responsio ad primum.</p><p title="II-II q. 95 a. 5 ad 2"><a name="43084"><span class="ref">[43084] IIª-IIae q. 95 a. 5 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
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diff changeset
1332 dicendum quod hoc quod astrologi ex consideratione astrorum
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diff changeset
1333 frequenter vera praenuntiant, contingit dupliciter. Uno quidem
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diff changeset
1334 modo, quia plures hominum passiones corporales sequuntur, et ideo
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diff changeset
1335 actus eorum disponuntur, ut in pluribus, secundum inclinationem
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diff changeset
1336 caelestium corporum, pauci autem sunt, idest soli sapientes, qui
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diff changeset
1337 ratione huiusmodi inclinationes moderentur. Et ideo astrologi in
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diff changeset
1338 multis vera praenuntiant, et praecipue in communibus eventibus, qui
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diff changeset
1339 dependent ex multitudine. Alio modo, propter Daemones se
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diff changeset
1340 immiscentes. Unde Augustinus dicit, in II super Gen. ad Litt.,
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diff changeset
1341 <i>fatendum est, quando a mathematicis vera dicuntur, instinctu
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diff changeset
1342 quodam occultissimo dici, quem nescientes humanae mentes patiuntur.
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diff changeset
1343 Quod cum ad decipiendos homines fit, spirituum immundorum et
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diff changeset
1344 seductorum operatio est, quibus quaedam vera de temporalibus rebus
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diff changeset
1345 nosse permittitur</i>. Unde concludit, <i>quapropter bono
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diff changeset
1346 Christiano sive mathematici, sive quilibet impie divinantium, et
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diff changeset
1347 maxime dicentes vera, cavendi sunt, ne consortio Daemoniorum animam
53
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diff changeset
1348 deceptam pacto quodam societatis irretiant</i>.</p><p title="II-II q. 95 a. 5 ad 3"><a name="43085"><span class="ref">[43085] IIª-IIae q. 95 a. 5 ad 3</span></a> Et per hoc
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diff changeset
1349 patet responsio ad tertium.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 6</h3><p title="II-II q. 95 a. 6 arg. 1"><a name="43086"><span class="ref">[43086] IIª-IIae q. 95 a. 6 arg. 1</span></a> Ad sextum
28
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diff changeset
1350 sic proceditur. Videtur quod divinatio quae fit per somnia non sit
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diff changeset
1351 illicita. Uti enim instructione divina non est illicitum. Sed in
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diff changeset
1352 somniis homines instruuntur a Deo, dicitur enim Iob XXXIII, <i>per
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diff changeset
1353 somnium in visione nocturna, quando irruit sopor super homines et
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diff changeset
1354 dormiunt in lectulo, tunc aperit</i>, scilicet Deus, aures virorum,
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diff changeset
1355 et erudiens eos instruit disciplina. Ergo uti divinatione quae est
53
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diff changeset
1356 per somnia non est illicitum.</p><p title="II-II q. 95 a. 6 arg. 2"><a name="43087"><span class="ref">[43087] IIª-IIae q. 95 a. 6 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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diff changeset
1357 illi qui interpretantur somnia, proprie utuntur divinatione
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diff changeset
1358 somniorum. Sed sancti viri leguntur somnia interpretari, sicut
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diff changeset
1359 Ioseph interpretatur somnia pincernae Pharaonis et magistri
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diff changeset
1360 pistorum, ut legitur Gen. XL, et somnium Pharaonis, ut legitur Gen.
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diff changeset
1361 XLI; et Daniel interpretatus est somnium regis Babylonis, ut
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diff changeset
1362 habetur Dan. II et IV. Ergo divinatio somniorum non est
53
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diff changeset
1363 illicita.</p><p title="II-II q. 95 a. 6 arg. 3"><a name="43088"><span class="ref">[43088] IIª-IIae q. 95 a. 6 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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diff changeset
1364 illud quod communiter homines experiuntur, irrationabile est
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diff changeset
1365 negare. Sed omnes experiuntur somnia habere aliquam significationem
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diff changeset
1366 futurorum. Ergo vanum est negare somnia habere vim divinationis.
53
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diff changeset
1367 Ergo licitum est eis intendere.</p><p title="II-II q. 95 a. 6 s. c."><a name="43089"><span class="ref">[43089] IIª-IIae q. 95 a. 6 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
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diff changeset
1368 est quod dicitur Deut. XVIII, <i>non inveniatur in te qui observet
53
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diff changeset
1369 somnia</i>.</p><p title="II-II q. 95 a. 6 co."><a name="43090"><span class="ref">[43090] IIª-IIae q. 95 a. 6 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
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diff changeset
1370 dicendum quod, sicut dictum est, divinatio quae innititur falsae
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diff changeset
1371 opinioni est superstitiosa et illicita. Ideo considerare oportet
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diff changeset
1372 quid sit verum circa praecognitionem futurorum de somniis sunt
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diff changeset
1373 autem somnia futurorum eventuum quandoque quidem causa, puta cum
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diff changeset
1374 mens alicuius, sollicita ex his quae videt in somniis, inducitur ad
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diff changeset
1375 aliquid faciendum vel vitandum. Quandoque vero somnia sunt signa
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1376 aliquorum futurorum eventuum, inquantum reducuntur in aliquam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1377 causam communem somniis et futuris eventibus. Secundum hoc plurimum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1378 praecognitiones futurorum ex somniis fiunt. Est ergo considerandum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1379 quae sit causa somniorum; et an possit esse causa futurorum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1380 eventuum; vel ea possit cognoscere. Sciendum est ergo quod
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1381 somniorum causa quandoque quidem est interius, quandoque autem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1382 exterius. Interior autem somniorum causa est duplex. Una quidem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1383 animalis, inquantum scilicet ea occurrunt hominis phantasiae in
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diff changeset
1384 dormiendo circa quae eius cogitatio et affectio fuit immorata in
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1385 vigilando. Et talis causa somniorum non est causa futurorum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1386 eventuum. Unde huiusmodi somnia per accidens se habent ad futuros
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1387 eventus, et si quandoque simul concurrant, erit casuale. Quandoque
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1388 vero causa intrinseca somniorum est corporalis. Nam ex interiori
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1389 dispositione corporis formatur aliquis motus in phantasia
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1390 conveniens tali dispositioni, sicut homini in quo abundant frigidi
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1391 humores, occurrit in somniis quod sit in aqua vel nive. Et propter
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1392 haec medici dicunt esse intendendum somniis ad cognoscendum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1393 interiores dispositiones. Causa autem somniorum exterior similiter
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1394 est duplex, scilicet corporalis, et spiritualis. Corporalis quidem,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1395 inquantum imaginatio dormientis immutatur vel ab aere continenti
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1396 vel ex impressione caelestis corporis, ut sic dormienti aliquae
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1397 phantasiae appareant conformes caelestium dispositioni. Spiritualis
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diff changeset
1398 autem causa est quandoque quidem a Deo, qui ministerio Angelorum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1399 aliqua hominibus revelat in somniis, secundum illud Num. XII, <i>si
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1400 quis fuerit inter vos propheta domini, in visione apparebo ei, vel
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1401 per somnium loquar ad illum</i>. Quandoque vero operatione Daemonum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1402 aliquae phantasiae dormientibus apparent, ex quibus quandoque
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diff changeset
1403 aliqua futura revelant his qui cum eis habent pacta illicita. Sic
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diff changeset
1404 ergo dicendum quod si quis utatur somniis ad praecognoscenda futura
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diff changeset
1405 secundum quod somnia procedunt ex revelatione divina; vel ex causa
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diff changeset
1406 naturali, intrinseca sive extrinseca, quantum se potest virtus
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diff changeset
1407 talis causae extendere, non erit illicita divinatio. Si autem
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diff changeset
1408 huiusmodi divinatio causetur ex revelatione Daemonum cum quibus
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diff changeset
1409 pacta habentur expressa, quia ad hoc invocantur; vel tacita, quia
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diff changeset
1410 huiusmodi divinatio extenditur ad quod se non potest extendere,
53
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diff changeset
1411 erit divinatio illicita et superstitiosa.</p><p title="II-II q. 95 a. 6 ad arg."><a name="43091"><span class="ref">[43091] IIª-IIae q. 95 a. 6 ad arg.</span></a> Et per
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1412 hoc patet responsio ad obiecta.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 7</h3><p title="II-II q. 95 a. 7 arg. 1"><a name="43092"><span class="ref">[43092] IIª-IIae q. 95 a. 7 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
28
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1413 septimum sic proceditur. Videtur quod divinatio quae est per
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diff changeset
1414 auguria et omina et alias huiusmodi observationes exteriorum rerum,
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diff changeset
1415 non sit illicita. Si enim esset illicita, sancti viri ea non
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diff changeset
1416 uterentur. Sed de Ioseph legitur quod auguriis intendebat, legitur
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diff changeset
1417 enim Gen. XLIV quod dispensator Ioseph dixit, <i>scyphus quem
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diff changeset
1418 furati estis ipse est in quo bibit dominus meus, et in quo augurari
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diff changeset
1419 solet</i>; et ipse postea dixit fratribus suis, <i>an ignoratis
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diff changeset
1420 quod non sit similis mei in augurandi scientia?</i> Ergo uti tali
53
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diff changeset
1421 divinatione non est illicitum.</p><p title="II-II q. 95 a. 7 arg. 2"><a name="43093"><span class="ref">[43093] IIª-IIae q. 95 a. 7 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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diff changeset
1422 aves aliqua circa futuros temporum eventus naturaliter cognoscunt,
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diff changeset
1423 secundum illud Ierem. VIII, <i>milvus in caelo cognovit tempus
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diff changeset
1424 suum, turtur et hirundo et ciconia custodierunt tempus adventus
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diff changeset
1425 sui</i>. Sed naturalis cognitio est infallibilis, et a Deo. Ergo
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diff changeset
1426 uti cognitione avium ad praenoscendum futura, quod est augurari,
53
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diff changeset
1427 non videtur esse illicitum.</p><p title="II-II q. 95 a. 7 arg. 3"><a name="43094"><span class="ref">[43094] IIª-IIae q. 95 a. 7 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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diff changeset
1428 Gedeon in numero sanctorum ponitur, ut patet Heb. XI. Sed Gedeon
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diff changeset
1429 usus fuit omine ex hoc quod audivit recitationem et
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diff changeset
1430 interpretationem cuiusdam somnii, ut legitur Iudic. VII. Et
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diff changeset
1431 similiter Eliezer, servus Abrahae, ut legitur Gen. XXIV. Ergo
53
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1432 videtur quod talis divinatio non sit illicita.</p><p title="II-II q. 95 a. 7 s. c."><a name="43095"><span class="ref">[43095] IIª-IIae q. 95 a. 7 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
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diff changeset
1433 est quod dicitur Deut. XVIII, <i>non inveniatur in te qui observet
53
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diff changeset
1434 auguria</i>.</p><p title="II-II q. 95 a. 7 co."><a name="43096"><span class="ref">[43096] IIª-IIae q. 95 a. 7 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
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diff changeset
1435 dicendum quod motus vel garritus avium, vel quaecumque
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diff changeset
1436 dispositiones huiusmodi in rebus consideratae, manifestum est quod
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diff changeset
1437 non sunt causa futurorum eventuum, unde ex eis futura cognosci non
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diff changeset
1438 possunt sicut ex causis. Relinquitur ergo quod si ex eis aliqua
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diff changeset
1439 futura cognoscantur, hoc erit inquantum sunt effectus aliquarum
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diff changeset
1440 causarum quae etiam sunt causantes vel praecognoscentes futuros
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diff changeset
1441 eventus. Causa autem operationum brutorum animalium est instinctus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1442 quidam quo moventur in modum naturae, non enim habent dominium sui
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diff changeset
1443 actus. Hic autem instinctus ex duplici causa potest procedere. Uno
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diff changeset
1444 quidem modo, ex causa corporali. Cum enim bruta animalia non
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diff changeset
1445 habeant nisi animam sensitivam, cuius omnes potentiae sunt actus
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diff changeset
1446 corporalium organorum, subiacet eorum anima dispositioni
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diff changeset
1447 continentium corporum, et primordialiter caelestium. Et ideo nihil
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diff changeset
1448 prohibet aliquas eorum operationes esse futurorum signa, inquantum
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diff changeset
1449 conformantur dispositionibus corporum caelestium et aeris
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1450 continentis, ex qua proveniunt aliqui futuri eventus. In hoc tamen
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diff changeset
1451 duo considerari oportet. Primum quidem, ut huiusmodi operationes
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diff changeset
1452 non extendantur nisi ad praecognoscenda futura quae causantur per
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diff changeset
1453 motus caelestium corporum, ut supra dictum est. Secundo, ut non
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1454 extendantur nisi ad ea quae aliqualiter possunt ad huiusmodi
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1455 animalia pertinere. Consequuntur enim per caelestia corpora
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1456 cognitionem quandam naturalem et instinctum ad ea quae eorum vitae
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1457 sunt necessaria, sicut sunt immutationes quae fiunt per pluvias et
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diff changeset
1458 ventos, et alia huiusmodi. Alio modo instinctus huiusmodi causantur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1459 ex causa spirituali. Scilicet vel ex Deo, ut patet in columba super
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1460 Christum descendente, et in corvo qui pavit Eliam, et in cete qui
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1461 absorbuit et eiecit Ionam. Vel etiam ex Daemonibus, qui utuntur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1462 huiusmodi operationibus brutorum animalium ad implicandas animas
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1463 vanis opinionibus. Et eadem ratio videtur esse de omnibus aliis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1464 accipiuntur pro omine, non subduntur dispositioni stellarum.
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diff changeset
1465 Huiusmodi, praeterquam de ominibus. Quia verba humana, quae
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diff changeset
1466 disponuntur tamen secundum divinam providentiam; et quandoque
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diff changeset
1467 secundum Daemonum operationem. Sic igitur dicendum quod omnis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1468 huiusmodi divinatio, si extendatur ultra id ad quod potest
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1469 pertingere secundum ordinem naturae vel divinae providentiae, est
53
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diff changeset
1470 superstitiosa et illicita.</p><p title="II-II q. 95 a. 7 ad 1"><a name="43097"><span class="ref">[43097] IIª-IIae q. 95 a. 7 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
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diff changeset
1471 ergo dicendum quod hoc quod Ioseph dixit, non esse aliquem sibi
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diff changeset
1472 similem in scientia augurandi, secundum Augustinum, ioco dixit, non
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diff changeset
1473 serio, referens forte hoc ad id quod vulgus de eo opinabatur. Et
53
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1474 sic etiam dispensator eius locutus est.</p><p title="II-II q. 95 a. 7 ad 2"><a name="43098"><span class="ref">[43098] IIª-IIae q. 95 a. 7 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
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diff changeset
1475 dicendum quod illa auctoritas loquitur de cognitione avium respectu
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diff changeset
1476 eorum quae ad eas pertinent. Et ad haec praecognoscenda considerare
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1477 earum voces et motus non est illicitum, puta si quis ex hoc quod
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diff changeset
1478 cornicula frequenter crocitat, praedicat pluviam cito esse
53
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diff changeset
1479 futuram.</p><p title="II-II q. 95 a. 7 ad 3"><a name="43099"><span class="ref">[43099] IIª-IIae q. 95 a. 7 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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diff changeset
1480 dicendum quod Gedeon observavit recitationem et expositionem somnii
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1481 accipiens ea pro omine, quasi ordinata ad sui instructionem a
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1482 divina providentia. Et similiter Eliezer attendit verba puellae,
53
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diff changeset
1483 oratione praemissa ad Deum.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 8</h3><p title="II-II q. 95 a. 8 arg. 1"><a name="43100"><span class="ref">[43100] IIª-IIae q. 95 a. 8 arg. 1</span></a> Ad octavum
28
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diff changeset
1484 sic proceditur. Videtur quod divinatio sortium non sit illicita.
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diff changeset
1485 Quia super illud Psalm., <i>in manibus tuis sortes meae</i>, dicit
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diff changeset
1486 Glossa Augustini, <i>sors non est aliquid mali, sed res, in humana
53
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diff changeset
1487 dubitatione, divinam indicans voluntatem</i>.</p><p title="II-II q. 95 a. 8 arg. 2"><a name="43101"><span class="ref">[43101] IIª-IIae q. 95 a. 8 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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diff changeset
1488 ea quae a sanctis in Scripturis observata leguntur non videntur
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diff changeset
1489 esse illicita. Sed sancti viri, tam in veteri quam in novo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1490 testamento, inveniuntur sortibus usi esse. Legitur enim Iosue VII,
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diff changeset
1491 quod Iosue, ex praecepto domini, iudicio sortium punivit Achar, qui
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1492 de anathemate surripuerat. Saul etiam sorte deprehendit filium suum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1493 Ionatham mel comedisse, ut habetur I Reg. XIV. Ionas etiam, a facie
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1494 domini fugiens, sorte deprehensus, est in mare deiectus, ut legitur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1495 Ionae I. Zacharias etiam sorte exiit ut incensum poneret, ut
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diff changeset
1496 legitur Luc. I. Matthias etiam est sorte ab apostolis in
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1497 apostolatum electus, ut legitur Act. I. Ergo videtur quod divinatio
53
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diff changeset
1498 sortium non sit illicita.</p><p title="II-II q. 95 a. 8 arg. 3"><a name="43102"><span class="ref">[43102] IIª-IIae q. 95 a. 8 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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diff changeset
1499 pugna pugilum quae monomachia dicitur, idest singularis
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diff changeset
1500 concertatio, et iudicia ignis et aquae, quae dicuntur vulgaria,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1501 videntur ad sortes pertinere, cum per huiusmodi aliqua exquirantur
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diff changeset
1502 occulta. Sed huiusmodi non videntur esse illicita, quia et David
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diff changeset
1503 legitur cum Philisthaeo singulare iniisse certamen, ut legitur I
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diff changeset
1504 Reg. XVII. Ergo videtur quod divinatio sortium non sit
53
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diff changeset
1505 illicita.</p><p title="II-II q. 95 a. 8 s. c."><a name="43103"><span class="ref">[43103] IIª-IIae q. 95 a. 8 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
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diff changeset
1506 est quod in decretis, XXVI, qu. V, dicitur, <i>sortes quibus cuncta
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diff changeset
1507 vos vestris discriminatis provinciis, quas patres damnaverunt,
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diff changeset
1508 nihil aliud quam divinationes et maleficia decernimus. Quamobrem
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diff changeset
1509 volumus omnino illas damnari, et ultra inter Christianos nolumus
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diff changeset
1510 nominari, et ne exerceantur, anathematis interdicto
53
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diff changeset
1511 prohibemus</i>.</p><p title="II-II q. 95 a. 8 co."><a name="43104"><span class="ref">[43104] IIª-IIae q. 95 a. 8 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
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diff changeset
1512 dicendum quod, sicut supra dictum est, sortes proprie dicuntur cum
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diff changeset
1513 aliquid fit ut, eius eventu considerato, aliquid occultum
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diff changeset
1514 innotescat. Et si quidem quaeratur iudicio sortium quid cui sit
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diff changeset
1515 exhibendum, sive illud sit res possessa, sive sit honor seu
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diff changeset
1516 dignitas, seu poena, aut actio aliqua, vocatur sors divisoria. Si
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diff changeset
1517 autem inquiratur quid agere oporteat, vocatur sors consultoria. Si
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diff changeset
1518 vero quaeratur quid sit futurum, vocatur sors divinatoria. Actus
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diff changeset
1519 autem hominum, qui requiruntur ad sortes, non subduntur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1520 dispositioni stellarum, nec etiam eventus ipsorum. Unde si quis ea
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1521 intentione sortibus utatur quasi huiusmodi actus humani, qui
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1522 requiruntur ad sortes, secundum dispositionem stellarum sortiantur
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diff changeset
1523 effectum, vana et falsa est opinio, et per consequens non carens
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1524 Daemonum ingestione. Ex quo talis divinatio erit superstitiosa et
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diff changeset
1525 illicita. Hac autem causa remota, necesse est quod sortialium
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1526 actuum expectetur eventus vel ex fortuna, vel ex aliqua spirituali
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1527 causa dirigente. Et si quidem ex fortuna, quod locum habere potest
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diff changeset
1528 solum in divisoria sorte, non videtur habere nisi forte vitium
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1529 vanitatis sicut si aliqui non valentes aliquid concorditer
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1530 dividere, velint sortibus ad divisionem uti, quasi fortunae
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1531 exponentes quis quam partem accipiat. Si vero ex spirituali causa
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1532 expectetur sortium iudicium, quandoque quidem expectatur ex
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1533 Daemonibus, sicut legitur Ezech. XXI, quod <i>rex Babylonis stetit
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diff changeset
1534 in bivio, in capite duarum viarum, commiscens sagittas,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1535 interrogavit idola, exta consuluit</i>. Et tales sortes sunt
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1536 illicitae, et secundum canones prohibentur. Quandoque vero
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diff changeset
1537 expectatur a Deo, secundum illud Prov. XVI. <i>Sortes mittuntur in
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1538 sinum, sed a domino temperantur</i>. Et talis sors secundum se non
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1539 est malum, ut Augustinus dicit. Potest tamen in hoc quadrupliciter
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1540 peccatum incidere. Primo quidem, si absque ulla necessitate ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1541 sortes recurratur, hoc enim videtur ad Dei tentationem pertinere.
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diff changeset
1542 Unde Ambrosius dicit, super Lucam, <i>qui sorte eligitur, humano
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1543 iudicio non comprehenditur</i>. Secundo, si quis, etiam in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1544 necessitate, absque reverentia sortibus utatur. Unde, super actus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1545 Apost., dicit Beda, <i>si qui, necessitate aliqua compulsi, Deum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1546 putant sortibus, exemplo apostolorum, esse consulendum, videant hoc
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1547 ipsos apostolos non nisi collecto fratrum coetu, et precibus ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1548 Deum fusis, egisse</i>. Tertio, si divina oracula ad terrena
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1549 negotia convertantur. Unde Augustinus dicit, ad inquisitiones
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1550 Ianuarii, <i>his qui de paginis evangelicis sortes legunt, etsi
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1551 optandum sit ut id potius faciant quam ad Daemonia consulenda
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1552 concurrant, tamen ista mihi displicet consuetudo, ad negotia
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1553 saecularia et ad vitae huius vanitatem divina oracula velle
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1554 convertere</i>. Quarto, si in electionibus ecclesiasticis, quae ex
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1555 spiritus sancti inspiratione fieri debent, aliqui sortibus utantur.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1556 Unde, sicut Beda dicit, super actus Apost., Matthias, ante
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1557 Pentecosten ordinatus, sorte quaeritur, quia scilicet nondum erat
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1558 plenitudo spiritus sancti in Ecclesia effusa, <i>septem autem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1559 diaconi postea non sorte, sed electione discipulorum sunt
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1560 ordinati</i>. Secus autem est in temporalibus dignitatibus, quae ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1561 terrena disponenda ordinantur; in quarum electione plerumque
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1562 homines sortibus utuntur, sicut et in temporalium rerum divisione.
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1563 Si vero necessitas immineat, licitum est, cum debita reverentia,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1564 sortibus divinum iudicium implorare. Unde Augustinus dicit, in
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1565 epistola ad Honoratum, <i>si inter Dei ministros sit disceptatio
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1566 qui eorum persecutionis tempore maneant, ne fuga omnium, et qui
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1567 eorum fugiant, ne morte omnium deseratur Ecclesia, si haec
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1568 disceptatio aliter non potuerit terminari, quantum mihi videtur,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1569 qui maneant et qui fugiant sorte legendi sunt</i>. Et in I de Doct.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1570 Christ. dicit, <i>si tibi abundaret aliquid, quod oporteret dari ei
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1571 qui non haberet, nec duobus dari potuisset; si tibi occurrerent
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1572 duo, quorum neuter alium vel indigentia vel erga te aliqua
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1573 necessitate superaret; nihil iustius faceres quam ut sorte legeres
53
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diff changeset
1574 cui dandum esset quod dari utrique non posset</i>.</p><p title="II-II q. 95 a. 8 ad 1"><a name="43105"><span class="ref">[43105] IIª-IIae q. 95 a. 8 ad 1</span></a> Et per hoc
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1575 patet responsio ad primum et secundum.</p><p title="II-II q. 95 a. 8 ad 3"><a name="43106"><span class="ref">[43106] IIª-IIae q. 95 a. 8 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1576 dicendum quod iudicium ferri candentis vel aquae ferventis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1577 ordinatur quidem ad alicuius peccati occulti inquisitionem per
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1578 aliquid quod ab homine fit, et in hoc convenit cum sortibus,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1579 inquantum tamen expectatur aliquis miraculosus effectus a Deo,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1580 excedit communem sortium rationem. Unde huiusmodi iudicium
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1581 illicitum redditur, tum quia ordinatur ad iudicandum occulta, quae
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1582 divino iudicio reservantur; tum etiam quia huiusmodi iudicium non
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1583 est auctoritate divina sancitum. Unde II, qu. V, in decreto
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1584 Stephani Papae, dicitur, <i>ferri candentis vel aquae ferventis
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diff changeset
1585 examinatione confessionem extorqueri a quolibet, sacri non censent
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1586 canones, et quod sanctorum patrum documento sancitum non est,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1587 superstitiosa adinventione non est praesumendum. Spontanea enim
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diff changeset
1588 confessione vel testium approbatione publicata delicta, habito prae
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1589 oculis Dei timore, concessa sunt nostro regimini iudicare. Occulta
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diff changeset
1590 vero et incognita illi sunt relinquenda qui solus novit corda
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1591 filiorum hominum</i>. Et eadem ratio videtur esse de lege
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1592 duellorum, nisi quod plus accedit ad communem rationem sortium,
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diff changeset
1593 inquantum non expectatur ibi miraculosus effectus; nisi forte
53
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1594 quando pugiles sunt valde impares virtute vel arte.</p></div></div><div class="q" id="q96"><h2>Quaestio 96</h2><div class="p"><h3>Prooemium</h3><p title="II-II q. 96 pr."><a name="43107"><span class="ref">[43107] IIª-IIae q. 96 pr.</span></a> Deinde
28
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diff changeset
1595 considerandum est de superstitionibus observantiarum. Et circa hoc
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diff changeset
1596 quaeruntur quatuor. Primo, de observantiis ad scientiam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1597 acquirendam, quae traduntur in arte notoria. Secundo, de
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1598 observantiis quae ordinantur ad aliqua corpora immutanda. Tertio,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1599 de observantiis quae ordinantur ad coniecturas sumendas fortuniorum
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diff changeset
1600 vel infortuniorum. Quarto, de suspensionibus sacrorum verborum ad
53
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diff changeset
1601 collum.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 1</h3><p title="II-II q. 96 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="43108"><span class="ref">[43108] IIª-IIae q. 96 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
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diff changeset
1602 sic proceditur. Videtur quod uti observantiis artis notoriae non
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diff changeset
1603 sit illicitum. Dupliciter enim est aliquid illicitum, uno modo,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1604 secundum genus operis, sicut homicidium vel furtum; alio modo, ex
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diff changeset
1605 eo quod ordinatur ad malum finem, sicut cum quis dat eleemosynam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1606 propter inanem gloriam. Sed ea quae observantur in arte notoria
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1607 secundum genus operis non sunt illicita, sunt enim quaedam ieiunia
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diff changeset
1608 et orationes ad Deum. Ordinantur etiam ad bonum finem, scilicet ad
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diff changeset
1609 scientiam acquirendam. Ergo uti huiusmodi observationibus non est
53
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diff changeset
1610 illicitum.</p><p title="II-II q. 96 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="43109"><span class="ref">[43109] IIª-IIae q. 96 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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diff changeset
1611 Dan. I legitur quod pueris abstinentibus <i>dedit Deus scientiam et
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diff changeset
1612 disciplinam in omni libro et sapientia</i>. Sed observantiae artis
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diff changeset
1613 notoriae sunt secundum aliqua ieiunia et abstinentias quasdam. Ergo
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diff changeset
1614 videtur quod divinitus sortiatur ars illa effectum. Non ergo
53
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diff changeset
1615 illicitum est ea uti.</p><p title="II-II q. 96 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="43110"><span class="ref">[43110] IIª-IIae q. 96 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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diff changeset
1616 ideo videtur esse inordinatum a Daemonibus inquirere de futuris
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diff changeset
1617 quia ea non cognoscunt, sed hoc est proprium Dei, ut dictum est.
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diff changeset
1618 Sed veritates scientiarum Daemones sciunt, quia scientiae sunt de
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diff changeset
1619 his quae sunt ex necessitate et semper, quae subiacent humanae
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diff changeset
1620 cognitioni, et multo magis Daemonum, qui sunt perspicaciores, ut
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diff changeset
1621 Augustinus dicit. Ergo non videtur esse peccatum uti arte notoria,
53
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diff changeset
1622 etiam si per Daemones sortiatur effectum.</p><p title="II-II q. 96 a. 1 s. c."><a name="43111"><span class="ref">[43111] IIª-IIae q. 96 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
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diff changeset
1623 est quod dicitur Deut. XVIII, <i>non inveniatur in te qui quaerat a
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diff changeset
1624 mortuis veritatem</i>, quae quidem inquisitio innititur auxilio
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1625 Daemonum. Sed per observantias artis notoriae inquiritur cognitio
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diff changeset
1626 veritatis per quaedam pacta significationum cum Daemonibus inita.
53
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diff changeset
1627 Ergo uti arte notoria non est licitum.</p><p title="II-II q. 96 a. 1 co."><a name="43112"><span class="ref">[43112] IIª-IIae q. 96 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
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diff changeset
1628 dicendum quod ars notoria et illicita est, et inefficax. Illicita
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diff changeset
1629 quidem est, quia utitur quibusdam ad scientiam acquirendam quae non
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diff changeset
1630 habent secundum se virtutem causandi scientiam, sicut inspectione
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diff changeset
1631 quarundam figurarum, et prolatione quorundam ignotorum verborum, et
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diff changeset
1632 aliis huiusmodi. Et ideo huiusmodi ars non utitur his ut causis,
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diff changeset
1633 sed ut signis. Non autem ut signis divinitus institutis, sicut sunt
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diff changeset
1634 sacramentalia signa. Unde relinquitur quod sint supervacua signa,
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diff changeset
1635 et per consequens pertinentia ad pacta quaedam significationum cum
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diff changeset
1636 Daemonibus placita atque foederata. Et ideo ars notoria penitus est
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diff changeset
1637 repudianda et fugienda Christiano, sicut et aliae artes nugatoriae
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diff changeset
1638 vel noxiae superstitionis, ut Augustinus dicit, in II de Doct.
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diff changeset
1639 Christ. Est etiam huiusmodi ars inefficax ad scientiam acquirendam.
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diff changeset
1640 Cum enim per huiusmodi artem non intendatur acquisitio scientiae
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1641 per modum homini connaturalem, scilicet adinveniendo vel
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diff changeset
1642 addiscendo, consequens est quod iste effectus vel expectetur a Deo,
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diff changeset
1643 vel a Daemonibus. Certum est autem aliquos a Deo sapientiam et
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diff changeset
1644 scientiam per infusionem habuisse, sicut de Salomone legitur, III
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diff changeset
1645 Reg. III, et II Paral. I. Dominus etiam discipulis suis dicit, Luc.
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diff changeset
1646 XXI, <i>ego dabo vobis os et sapientiam, cui non poterunt resistere
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diff changeset
1647 et contradicere omnes adversarii vestri</i>. Sed hoc donum non
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diff changeset
1648 datur quibuscumque, aut cum certa observatione, sed secundum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1649 arbitrium spiritus sancti, secundum illud I ad Cor. XII, <i>alii
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diff changeset
1650 quidem datur per spiritum sermo sapientiae, alii sermo scientiae
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diff changeset
1651 secundum eundem spiritum</i>; et postea subditur, <i>haec omnia
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diff changeset
1652 operatur unus atque idem spiritus, dividens singulis prout
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diff changeset
1653 vult</i>. Ad Daemones autem non pertinet illuminare intellectum, ut
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diff changeset
1654 habitum est in prima huius operis parte. Acquisitio autem scientiae
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diff changeset
1655 et sapientiae fit per illuminationem intellectus. Et ideo nullus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1656 unquam per Daemones scientiam acquisivit. Unde Augustinus dicit, in
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diff changeset
1657 X de Civ. Dei, <i>Porphyrium fateri quod theurgicis teletis, in
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diff changeset
1658 operationibus Daemonum, intellectuali animae nihil purgationis
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diff changeset
1659 accidit quod eam facit idoneam ad videndum Deum suum, et
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diff changeset
1660 perspicienda ea quae vera sunt</i>, qualia sunt omnia scientiarum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1661 theoremata. Possent tamen Daemones, verbis hominibus colloquentes,
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diff changeset
1662 exprimere aliqua scientiarum documenta, sed hoc non quaeritur per
53
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diff changeset
1663 artem notoriam.</p><p title="II-II q. 96 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="43113"><span class="ref">[43113] IIª-IIae q. 96 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
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diff changeset
1664 ergo dicendum quod acquirere scientiam bonum est, sed acquirere eam
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diff changeset
1665 modo indebito non est bonum. Et hunc finem intendit ars
53
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diff changeset
1666 notoria.</p><p title="II-II q. 96 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="43114"><span class="ref">[43114] IIª-IIae q. 96 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
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diff changeset
1667 dicendum quod pueri illi non abstinebant secundum vanam
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diff changeset
1668 observantiam artis notoriae, sed secundum auctoritatem legis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1669 divinae, nolentes inquinari cibis gentilium. Et ideo merito
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diff changeset
1670 obedientiae consecuti sunt a Deo scientiam, secundum illud Psalm.,
53
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diff changeset
1671 <i>super senes intellexi, quia mandata tua quaesivi</i>.</p><p title="II-II q. 96 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="43115"><span class="ref">[43115] IIª-IIae q. 96 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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diff changeset
1672 dicendum quod exquirere cognitionem futurorum a Daemonibus non
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diff changeset
1673 solum est peccatum propter hoc quod ipsi futura non cognoscunt, sed
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diff changeset
1674 propter societatem cum eis initam, quae etiam in proposito locum
53
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diff changeset
1675 habet.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 2</h3><p title="II-II q. 96 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="43116"><span class="ref">[43116] IIª-IIae q. 96 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
28
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diff changeset
1676 secundum sic proceditur. Videtur quod observationes ordinatae ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1677 corporum immutationem, puta ad sanitatem vel ad aliquid huiusmodi,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1678 sint licitae. Licitum enim est uti naturalibus virtutibus corporum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1679 ad proprios effectus inducendos. Res autem naturales habent quasdam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1680 virtutes occultas, quarum ratio ab homine assignari non potest,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1681 sicut quod adamas trahit ferrum, et multa alia quae Augustinus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1682 enumerat, XXI de Civ. Dei. Ergo videtur quod uti huiusmodi rebus ad
53
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diff changeset
1683 corpora immutanda non sit illicitum.</p><p title="II-II q. 96 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="43117"><span class="ref">[43117] IIª-IIae q. 96 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1684 sicut corpora naturalia subduntur corporibus caelestibus, ita etiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1685 corpora artificialia. Sed corpora naturalia sortiuntur quasdam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1686 virtutes occultas, speciem consequentes, ex impressione caelestium
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1687 corporum. Ergo etiam corpora artificialia, puta imagines,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1688 sortiuntur aliquam virtutem occultam a corporibus caelestibus ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1689 aliquos effectus causandos. Ergo uti eis, et aliis huiusmodi, non
53
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diff changeset
1690 est illicitum.</p><p title="II-II q. 96 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="43118"><span class="ref">[43118] IIª-IIae q. 96 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1691 Daemones etiam multipliciter possunt corpora transmutare, ut dicit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1692 Augustinus, III de Trin. Sed eorum virtus a Deo est. Ergo licet uti
53
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diff changeset
1693 eorum virtute ad aliquas huiusmodi immutationes faciendas.</p><p title="II-II q. 96 a. 2 s. c."><a name="43119"><span class="ref">[43119] IIª-IIae q. 96 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
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diff changeset
1694 est quod Augustinus dicit, in II de Doct. Christ., quod <i>ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1695 superstitionem pertinent molimina magicarum artium, et ligaturae,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1696 et remedia quae medicorum quoque medicina condemnat, sive in
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1697 praecantationibus, sive in quibusdam notis, quas characteres
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1698 vocant, sive in quibuscumque rebus suspendendis atque
53
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diff changeset
1699 insignandis</i>.</p><p title="II-II q. 96 a. 2 co."><a name="43120"><span class="ref">[43120] IIª-IIae q. 96 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1700 dicendum quod in his quae fiunt ad aliquos effectus corporales
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1701 inducendos, considerandum est utrum naturaliter videantur posse
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1702 tales effectus causare. Sic enim non erit illicitum, licet enim
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1703 causas naturales adhibere ad proprios effectus. Si autem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1704 naturaliter non videantur posse tales effectus causare, consequens
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1705 est quod non adhibeantur ad hos effectus causandos tanquam causae,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1706 sed solum quasi signa. Et sic pertinent ad pacta significationum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1707 cum Daemonibus inita. Unde Augustinus dicit, XXI de Civ. Dei,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1708 <i>illiciuntur Daemones per creaturas, quas non ipsi, sed Deus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1709 condidit, delectabilibus pro sua diversitate diversis, non ut
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1710 animalia cibis, sed ut spiritus signis, quae cuiusque delectationi
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1711 congruunt, per varia genera lapidum, herbarum, lignorum, animalium,
53
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diff changeset
1712 carminum, rituum</i>.</p><p title="II-II q. 96 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="43121"><span class="ref">[43121] IIª-IIae q. 96 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
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diff changeset
1713 ergo dicendum quod si simpliciter adhibeantur res naturales ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1714 aliquos effectus producendos ad quos putantur naturalem habere
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1715 virtutem, non est superstitiosum neque illicitum. Si vero
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1716 adiungantur vel characteres aliqui, vel aliqua nomina, vel aliae
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1717 quaecumque variae observationes, quae manifestum est naturaliter
53
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diff changeset
1718 efficaciam non habere, erit superstitiosum et illicitum.</p><p title="II-II q. 96 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="43122"><span class="ref">[43122] IIª-IIae q. 96 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
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diff changeset
1719 dicendum quod virtutes naturales corporum naturalium consequuntur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1720 eorum formas substantiales, quas sortiuntur ex impressione
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1721 caelestium corporum, et ideo ex eorundem impressione sortiuntur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1722 quasdam virtutes activas. Sed corporum artificialium formae
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1723 procedunt ex conceptione artificis, et cum nihil aliud sint quam
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1724 compositio, ordo et figura, ut dicitur in I Physic., non possunt
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1725 habere naturalem virtutem ad agendum. Et inde est quod ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1726 impressione caelestium corporum nullam virtutem sortiuntur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1727 inquantum sunt artificialia, sed solum secundum materiam naturalem.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1728 Falsum est ergo quod Porphyrio videbatur, ut Augustinus dicit, X de
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1729 Civ. Dei, <i>herbis et lapidibus et animantibus, et sonis certis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1730 quibusdam ac vocibus, et figurationibus atque figmentis quibusdam
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1731 etiam observatis in caeli conversione motibus siderum, fabricari in
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1732 terra ab hominibus potestates idoneas siderum variis effectibus
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1733 exequendis</i>, quasi effectus magicarum artium ex virtute
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1734 caelestium corporum provenirent. Sed sic ut Augustinus ibidem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1735 subdit, <i>totum hoc ad Daemones pertinet, ludificatores animarum
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diff changeset
1736 sibi subditarum</i>. Unde etiam imagines quas astronomicas vocant,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1737 ex operatione Daemonum habent effectum. Cuius signum est quod
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1738 necesse est eis inscribi quosdam characteres, qui naturaliter ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1739 nihil operantur, non enim est figura actionis naturalis principium.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1740 Sed in hoc distant astronomicae imagines a nigromanticis, quod in
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1741 nigromanticis fiunt expressae invocationes et praestigia quaedam,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1742 unde pertinent ad expressa pacta cum Daemonibus inita, sed in aliis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1743 imaginibus sunt quaedam tacita pacta per quaedam figurarum seu
53
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diff changeset
1744 characterum signa.</p><p title="II-II q. 96 a. 2 ad 3"><a name="43123"><span class="ref">[43123] IIª-IIae q. 96 a. 2 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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diff changeset
1745 dicendum quod ad dominium pertinet divinae maiestatis, cui Daemones
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diff changeset
1746 subsunt, ut eis utatur Deus ad quodcumque voluerit. Sed homini non
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1747 est potestas super Daemones commissa, ut eis licite uti possit ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1748 quodcumque voluerit, sed est ei contra Daemones bellum indictum.
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diff changeset
1749 Unde nullo modo licet homini Daemonum auxilio uti per pacta tacita
53
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diff changeset
1750 vel expressa.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 3</h3><p title="II-II q. 96 a. 3 arg. 1"><a name="43124"><span class="ref">[43124] IIª-IIae q. 96 a. 3 arg. 1</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1751 sic proceditur. Videtur quod observationes quae ordinantur ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1752 praecognoscenda aliqua fortunia vel infortunia, non sunt illicita.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1753 Inter alia enim infortunia hominum sunt etiam infirmitates. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1754 infirmitates in hominibus quaedam signa praecedunt, quae etiam a
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1755 medicis observantur. Ergo observare huiusmodi significationes non
53
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diff changeset
1756 videtur esse illicitum.</p><p title="II-II q. 96 a. 3 arg. 2"><a name="43125"><span class="ref">[43125] IIª-IIae q. 96 a. 3 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1757 irrationabile est negare illud quod quasi communiter omnes
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1758 experiuntur. Sed quasi omnes experiuntur quod aliqua tempora vel
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1759 loca, vel verba audita, vel occursus hominum seu animalium, aut
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1760 distorti aut inordinati actus, aliquod praesagium habent boni vel
53
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diff changeset
1761 mali futuri. Ergo observare ista non videtur esse illicitum.</p><p title="II-II q. 96 a. 3 arg. 3"><a name="43126"><span class="ref">[43126] IIª-IIae q. 96 a. 3 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1762 actus hominum et eventus ex divina providentia disponuntur secundum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1763 ordinem quendam, ad quem pertinere videtur quod praecedentia sint
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1764 subsequentium signa. Unde ea quae antiquis patribus contigerunt
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1765 signa sunt eorum quae in nobis complentur, ut patet per apostolum,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1766 I ad Cor. X. Observare autem ordinem ex divina providentia
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1767 procedentem non est illicitum. Ergo observare huiusmodi praesagia
53
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diff changeset
1768 non videtur esse illicitum.</p><p title="II-II q. 96 a. 3 s. c."><a name="43127"><span class="ref">[43127] IIª-IIae q. 96 a. 3 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1769 est quod Augustinus dicit, in II de Doct. Christ., quod <i>ad pacta
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1770 cum Daemonibus inita pertinent millia inanium observationum, puta
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1771 si membrum aliquod salierit; si iunctim ambulantibus amicis lapis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1772 aut canis aut puer medius intervenerit; limen calcare cum ante
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1773 domum suam aliquis transit; redire ad lectum si quis, dum se
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1774 calceat, sternutaverit; redire domum si procedens offenderit; cum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1775 vestis a soricibus roditur, plus timere superstitionem mali futuri
53
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diff changeset
1776 quam praesens damnum dolere</i>.</p><p title="II-II q. 96 a. 3 co."><a name="43128"><span class="ref">[43128] IIª-IIae q. 96 a. 3 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
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diff changeset
1777 dicendum quod homines omnes huiusmodi observationes attendunt non
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1778 ut quasdam causas, sed ut quaedam signa futurorum eventuum bonorum
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1779 vel malorum. Non autem observantur sicut signa a Deo tradita, cum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1780 non sint introducta ex auctoritate divina, sed magis ex vanitate
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1781 humana, cooperante Daemonum malitia, qui nituntur animos hominum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1782 huiusmodi vanitatibus implicare. Et ideo manifestum est omnes
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1783 huiusmodi observantias esse superstitiosas et illicitas. Et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1784 videntur esse quaedam reliquiae idololatriae, secundum quam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1785 observabantur auguria, et quidam dies Fausti vel infausti (quod
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1786 quodammodo pertinet ad divinationem quae fit per astra, secundum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1787 quae diversificantur dies), nisi quod huiusmodi observationes sunt
53
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diff changeset
1788 sine ratione et arte; unde sunt magis vanae et superstitiosae.</p><p title="II-II q. 96 a. 3 ad 1"><a name="43129"><span class="ref">[43129] IIª-IIae q. 96 a. 3 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
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diff changeset
1789 ergo dicendum quod infirmitatum causae praecedunt in nobis, ex
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1790 quibus aliqua signa procedunt futurorum morborum, quae licite a
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1791 medicis observantur. Unde et si quis praesagium futurorum eventuum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1792 consideret ex sua causa, non erit illicitum, sicut si servus timeat
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1793 flagella videns domini iram. Et simile etiam esse posset si quis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1794 timeret nocumentum alicui puero ex oculo fascinante, de quo dictum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1795 est in primo libro. Sic autem non est in huiusmodi
53
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diff changeset
1796 observationibus.</p><p title="II-II q. 96 a. 3 ad 2"><a name="43130"><span class="ref">[43130] IIª-IIae q. 96 a. 3 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1797 dicendum quod hoc quod a principio in istis observationibus aliquid
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1798 veri homines experti sunt, casu accidit. Sed postmodum, cum homines
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1799 incipiunt huiusmodi observantiis suum animum implicare, multa
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1800 secundum huiusmodi observationes eveniunt per deceptionem Daemonum,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1801 <i>ut his observationibus homines implicati curiosiores fiant, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1802 sese magis inserant multiplicibus laqueis perniciosi erroris</i>,
53
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diff changeset
1803 ut Augustinus dicit, II de Doct. Christ.</p><p title="II-II q. 96 a. 3 ad 3"><a name="43131"><span class="ref">[43131] IIª-IIae q. 96 a. 3 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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diff changeset
1804 dicendum quod in populo Iudaeorum, ex quo Christus erat nasciturus,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1805 non solum dicta, sed etiam facta fuerunt prophetica, ut Augustinus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1806 dicit, contra Faustum. Et ideo licitum est illa facta assumere ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1807 nostram instructionem, sicut signis divinitus datis. Non autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1808 omnia quae aguntur per divinam providentiam sic ordinantur ut sint
53
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diff changeset
1809 futurorum signa. Unde ratio non sequitur.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 4</h3><p title="II-II q. 96 a. 4 arg. 1"><a name="43132"><span class="ref">[43132] IIª-IIae q. 96 a. 4 arg. 1</span></a> Ad quartum
28
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diff changeset
1810 sic proceditur. Videtur quod suspendere divina verba ad collum non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
1811 sit illicitum. Non enim divina verba minoris sunt efficaciae cum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1812 scribuntur quam cum proferuntur. Sed licet aliqua sacra verba
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1813 dicere ad aliquos effectus, puta ad sanandum infirmos, sicut, pater
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1814 noster, ave Maria, vel qualitercumque nomen domini invocetur,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1815 secundum illud Marci ult., <i>in nomine meo Daemonia eiicient,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1816 linguis loquentur novis, serpentes tollent</i>. Ergo videtur quod
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diff changeset
1817 licitum sit aliqua sacra scripta collo suspendere in remedium
53
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diff changeset
1818 infirmitatis vel cuiuscumque nocumenti.</p><p title="II-II q. 96 a. 4 arg. 2"><a name="43133"><span class="ref">[43133] IIª-IIae q. 96 a. 4 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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diff changeset
1819 verba sacra non minus operantur in corporibus hominum quam in
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1820 corporibus serpentum et aliorum animalium. Sed incantationes
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1821 quaedam efficaciam habent ad reprimendum serpentes, vel ad sanandum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1822 quaedam alia animalia, unde dicitur in Psalm., <i>sicut aspidis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1823 surdae et obturantis aures suas, quae non exaudiet vocem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1824 incantantium, et venefici incantantis sapienter</i>. Ergo licet
53
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diff changeset
1825 suspendere sacra verba ad remedium hominum.</p><p title="II-II q. 96 a. 4 arg. 3"><a name="43134"><span class="ref">[43134] IIª-IIae q. 96 a. 4 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1826 verbum Dei non est minoris sanctitatis quam sanctorum reliquiae,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1827 unde Augustinus dicit quod <i>non minus est verbum Dei quam corpus
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1828 Christi</i>. Sed reliquias sanctorum licet homini collo suspendere,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1829 vel qualitercumque portare, ad suam protectionem. Ergo, pari
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1830 ratione, licet homini verbo vel scripto verba sacrae Scripturae ad
53
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diff changeset
1831 suam tutelam assumere.</p><p title="II-II q. 96 a. 4 s. c."><a name="43135"><span class="ref">[43135] IIª-IIae q. 96 a. 4 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1832 est quod Chrysostomus dicit, super Matth., <i>quidam aliquam partem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1833 Evangelii scriptam circa collum portant. Sed nonne quotidie
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1834 Evangelium in Ecclesia legitur, et auditur ab omnibus? Cui ergo in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1835 auribus posita Evangelia nihil prosunt, quomodo eum possunt circa
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1836 collum suspensa salvare? Deinde, ubi est virtus Evangelii? In
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1837 figuris litterarum, an in intellectu sensuum? Si in figuris, bene
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1838 circa collum suspendis. Si in intellectu, ergo melius in corde
53
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diff changeset
1839 posita prosunt quam circa collum suspensa</i>.</p><p title="II-II q. 96 a. 4 co."><a name="43136"><span class="ref">[43136] IIª-IIae q. 96 a. 4 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1840 dicendum quod in omnibus incantationibus vel Scripturis suspensis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1841 duo cavenda videntur. Primo quidem, quid sit quod profertur vel
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1842 scribitur. Quia si est aliquid ad invocationes Daemonum pertinens,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1843 manifeste est superstitiosum et illicitum. Similiter etiam videtur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1844 esse cavendum, si contineat ignota nomina, ne sub illis aliquid
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1845 illicitum lateat. Unde Chrysostomus dicit, super Matth., quod,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1846 <i>Pharisaeorum magnificantium fimbrias suas exemplo, nunc multi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1847 aliqua nomina Hebraica Angelorum confingunt et scribunt et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1848 alligant, quae non intelligentibus metuenda videntur</i>. Est etiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1849 cavendum ne aliquid falsitatis contineat. Quia sic eius effectus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1850 non posset expectari a Deo, qui non est testis falsitatis deinde,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1851 secundo, cavendum est ne cum verbis sacris contineantur ibi aliqua
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1852 vana, puta aliqui characteres inscripti, praeter signum crucis. Aut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1853 si spes habeatur in modo scribendi aut ligandi, aut in quacumque
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1854 huiusmodi vanitate quae ad divinam reverentiam non pertineat. Quia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1855 hoc iudicaretur superstitiosum. Alias autem est licitum. Unde in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1856 decretis dicitur, XXVI, qu. V, cap. non liceat Christianis etc.,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1857 <i>nec in collectionibus herbarum quae medicinales sunt aliquas
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1858 observationes aut incantationes liceat attendere, nisi tantum cum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1859 symbolo divino aut oratione dominica, ut tantum creator omnium et
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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diff changeset
1860 Deus honoretur</i>.</p><p title="II-II q. 96 a. 4 ad 1"><a name="43137"><span class="ref">[43137] IIª-IIae q. 96 a. 4 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1861 ergo dicendum quod etiam proferre divina verba, aut invocare
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1862 divinum nomen, si respectus habeatur ad solam Dei reverentiam, a
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1863 qua expectatur effectus, licitum erit, si vero habeatur respectus
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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diff changeset
1864 ad aliquid aliud vane observatum, erit illicitum.</p><p title="II-II q. 96 a. 4 ad 2"><a name="43138"><span class="ref">[43138] IIª-IIae q. 96 a. 4 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1865 dicendum quod etiam in incantationibus serpentum vel quorumcumque
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1866 animalium, si respectus habeatur solum ad verba sacra et ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1867 virtutem divinam, non erit illicitum. Sed plerumque tales
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1868 praecantationes habent illicitas observantias, et per Daemones
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1869 sortiuntur effectum, et praecipue in serpentibus, quia serpens fuit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1870 primum Daemonis instrumentum ad hominem decipiendum. Unde dicit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1871 Glossa, ibidem, <i>notandum quia non laudatur a Scriptura
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1872 undecumque datur in Scriptura similitudo, ut patet de iniquo iudice
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1873 qui rogantem viduam vix audivit</i>.</p><p title="II-II q. 96 a. 4 ad 3"><a name="43139"><span class="ref">[43139] IIª-IIae q. 96 a. 4 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1874 dicendum quod eadem etiam ratio est de portatione reliquiarum. Quia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1875 si portentur ex fiducia Dei et sanctorum quorum sunt reliquiae, non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1876 erit illicitum, si autem circa hoc attenderetur aliquid aliud
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1877 vanum, puta quod vas esset triangulare, aut aliquid aliud huiusmodi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1878 quod non pertineret ad reverentiam Dei et sanctorum, esset
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1879 superstitiosum et illicitum.</p><p title="II-II q. 96 a. 4 ad 4"><a name="43140"><span class="ref">[43140] IIª-IIae q. 96 a. 4 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1880 dicendum quod Chrysostomus loquitur quando respectus habetur magis
53
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diff changeset
1881 ad figuras scriptas quam ad intellectum verborum.</p></div></div><div class="q" id="q97"><h2>Quaestio 97</h2><div class="p"><h3>Prooemium</h3><p title="II-II q. 97 pr."><a name="43141"><span class="ref">[43141] IIª-IIae q. 97 pr.</span></a> Deinde
28
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1882 considerandum est de vitiis religioni oppositis per religionis
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1883 defectum, quae manifestam contrarietatem ad religionem habent, unde
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1884 sub irreligiositate continentur. Huiusmodi autem sunt ea quae
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1885 pertinent ad contemptum sive irreverentiam Dei et rerum sacrarum.
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1886 Primo ergo considerandum est de vitiis quae pertinent directe ad
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1887 irreverentiam Dei; secundo, de his quae pertinent ad irreverentiam
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1888 rerum sacrarum. Circa primum, considerandum occurrit et de
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1889 tentatione qua Deus tentatur; et de periurio, quo nomen Dei
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1890 irreverenter assumitur. Circa primum quaeruntur quatuor. Primo, in
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1891 quo consistit Dei tentatio. Secundo, utrum sit peccatum. Tertio,
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1892 cui virtuti opponatur. Quarto, de comparatione eius ad alia
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1893 peccata.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 1</h3><p title="II-II q. 97 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="43142"><span class="ref">[43142] IIª-IIae q. 97 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad primum
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1894 sic proceditur. Videtur quod tentatio Dei non consistat in
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1895 aliquibus factis in quibus solius divinae potestatis expectatur
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1896 effectus. Sicut enim tentatur Deus ab homine, ita etiam homo
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1897 tentatur et a Deo, et ab homine, et a Daemone. Sed non quandocumque
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1898 homo tentatur, expectatur aliquis effectus potestatis ipsius. Ergo
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1899 neque etiam per hoc Deus tentatur quod expectatur solus effectus
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1900 potestatis ipsius.</p><p title="II-II q. 97 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="43143"><span class="ref">[43143] IIª-IIae q. 97 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
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1901 omnes illi qui per invocationem divini nominis miracula operantur,
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1902 expectant aliquem effectum solius potestatis divinae. Si igitur in
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1903 factis huiusmodi consisteret divina tentatio quicumque miracula
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1904 faciunt Deum tentarent.</p><p title="II-II q. 97 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="43144"><span class="ref">[43144] IIª-IIae q. 97 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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1905 ad perfectionem hominis pertinere videtur ut, praetermissis humanis
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1906 subsidiis, in solo Deo spem ponat. Unde Ambrosius, super illud Luc.
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1907 IX, nihil tuleritis in via etc., <i>qualis debeat esse qui
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1908 evangelizat regnum Dei, praeceptis evangelicis designatur, hoc est,
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1909 ut subsidii saecularis adminicula non requirat, fideique totus
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1910 inhaerens putet, quo minus ista requiret, magis posse
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1911 suppetere</i>. Et beata Agatha dixit, <i>medicinam carnalem corpori
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1912 meo nunquam exhibui, sed habeo dominum Iesum Christum, qui solo
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1913 sermone restaurat universa</i>. Sed Dei tentatio non consistit in
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1914 eo quod ad perfectionem pertinet. Ergo tentatio non consistit in
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1915 huiusmodi factis in quibus expectatur solum Dei auxilium.</p><p title="II-II q. 97 a. 1 s. c."><a name="43145"><span class="ref">[43145] IIª-IIae q. 97 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
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1916 est quod Augustinus dicit, XXII contra Faustum, quod <i>Christus,
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1917 qui palam docendo et arguendo et tamen inimicorum rabiem valere in
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1918 se aliquid non sinendo, Dei demonstrabat potestatem; idem tamen,
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1919 fugiendo et latendo, hominis instruebat infirmitatem, ne Deum
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1920 tentare audeat quando habet quod faciat ut quod cavere oportet
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1921 evadat</i>. Ex quo videtur in hoc tentationem Dei consistere,
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1922 quando praetermittit homo facere quod potest ad pericula evadenda,
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1923 respiciens solum ad auxilium divinum.</p><p title="II-II q. 97 a. 1 co."><a name="43146"><span class="ref">[43146] IIª-IIae q. 97 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo
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1924 dicendum quod tentare proprie est experimentum sumere de eo qui
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1925 tentatur. Sumimus autem experimentum de aliquo et verbis et factis.
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1926 Verbis quidem, ut experiamur an sciat quod quaerimus, vel possit
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1927 aut velit illud implere. Factis autem, cum per ea quae facimus
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1928 exploramus alterius prudentiam, vel voluntatem, vel potestatem.
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1929 Utrumque autem horum contingit dupliciter. Uno quidem modo, aperte,
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1930 sicut cum quis tentatorem se profitetur; sicut Samson, Iudic. XIV,
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1931 proposuit Philisthaeis problema ad eos tentandum. Alio vero modo,
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1932 insidiose et occulte, sicut Pharisaei tentaverunt Christum, ut
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1933 legitur Matth. XXII. Rursus, quandoque quidem expresse, puta cum
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1934 quis dicto vel facto intendit experimentum sumere de aliquo.
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1935 Quandoque vero interpretative, quando scilicet, etsi hoc non
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1936 intendat ut experimentum sumat, id tamen agit vel dicit quod ad
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1937 nihil aliud videtur ordinabile nisi ad experimentum sumendum. Sic
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1938 igitur homo Deum tentat quandoque verbis, quandoque factis. Verbis
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1939 quidem Deo colloquimur orando. Unde in sua petitione aliquis
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1940 expresse Deum tentat quando ea intentione aliquid a Deo postulat ut
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1941 exploret Dei scientiam, potestatem vel voluntatem. Factis autem
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1942 expresse aliquis Deum tentat quando per ea quae facit intendit
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1943 experimentum sumere divinae potestatis, seu pietatis aut
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1944 sapientiae. Sed quasi interpretative Deum tentat qui, etsi non
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1945 intendat experimentum de Deo sumere, aliquid tamen vel petit vel
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1946 facit ad nihil aliud utile nisi ad probandum Dei potestatem vel
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1947 bonitatem, seu cognitionem. Sicut, cum aliquis equum currere facit
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1948 ut evadat hostes, hoc non est experimentum de equo sumere, sed si
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1949 equum currere faciat absque aliqua utilitate, hoc nihil aliud esse
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1950 videtur quam experimentum sumere de equi velocitate, et idem est in
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1951 omnibus aliis rebus. Quando ergo propter aliquam necessitatem seu
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1952 utilitatem committit se aliquis divino auxilio in suis petitionibus
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1953 vel factis, hoc non est Deum tentare, dicitur enim II Paralip. XX,
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1954 <i>cum ignoramus quid agere debeamus, hoc solum habemus residui, ut
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1955 oculos nostros dirigamus ad te</i>. Quando vero hoc agitur absque
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1956 necessitate et utilitate, hoc est interpretative tentare Deum. Unde
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1957 super illud Deut. VI, non tentabis dominum Deum tuum, dicit Glossa,
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1958 <i>Deum tentat qui, habens quid faciat, sine ratione se committit
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1959 periculo, experiens utrum possit liberari a Deo</i>.</p><p title="II-II q. 97 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="43147"><span class="ref">[43147] IIª-IIae q. 97 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
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1960 ergo dicendum quod homo etiam quandoque factis tentatur utrum
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1961 possit vel sciat vel velit huiusmodi factis auxilium vel
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1962 impedimentum praestare.</p><p title="II-II q. 97 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="43148"><span class="ref">[43148] IIª-IIae q. 97 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
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1963 dicendum quod sancti suis precibus miracula facientes, ex aliqua
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1964 necessitate vel utilitate moventur ad petendum divinae potestatis
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1965 effectum.</p><p title="II-II q. 97 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="43149"><span class="ref">[43149] IIª-IIae q. 97 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
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1966 dicendum quod praedicatores regni Dei ex magna utilitate et
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1967 necessitate subsidia temporalia praetermittunt, ut verbo Dei
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1968 expeditius vacent. Et ideo si soli Deo innitantur, non ex hoc
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1969 tentant Deum. Sed si absque utilitate vel necessitate humana
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1970 subsidia desererent, tentarent Deum. Unde et Augustinus dicit, XXII
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1971 contra Faustum, quod <i>Paulus non fugit quasi non credendo in
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1972 Deum, sed ne Deum tentaret si fugere noluisset, cum sic fugere
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1973 potuisset</i>. Beata vero Agatha experta erat erga se divinam
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1974 benevolentiam, ut vel infirmitates non pateretur, pro quibus
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1975 corporali medicina indigeret, vel statim sentiret divinae
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1976 sanationis effectum.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 2</h3><p title="II-II q. 97 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="43150"><span class="ref">[43150] IIª-IIae q. 97 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
28
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1977 secundum sic proceditur. Videtur quod tentare Deum non sit
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1978 peccatum. Deus enim non praecipit aliquod peccatum. Praecipit autem
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1979 ut homines eum probent, quod est eum tentare, dicitur enim Malach.
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1980 III, <i>inferte omnem decimam in horreum meum, ut sit cibus in domo
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1981 mea, et probate me super hoc, dicit dominus, si non aperuero vobis
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1982 cataractas caeli</i>. Ergo videtur quod tentare Deum non sit
53
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1983 peccatum.</p><p title="II-II q. 97 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="43151"><span class="ref">[43151] IIª-IIae q. 97 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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1984 sicut aliquis tentatur ad hoc quod experientia sumatur de scientia
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1985 vel potentia eius, ita etiam et de bonitate vel voluntate ipsius.
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1986 Sed licitum est quod aliquis experimentum sumat divinae bonitatis,
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1987 seu etiam voluntatis, dicitur enim in Psalm., <i>gustate, et videte
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1988 quoniam suavis est dominus</i>; et Rom. XII, <i>ut probetis quae
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1989 sit voluntas Dei bona et beneplacens et perfecta</i>. Ergo tentare
53
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1990 Deum non est peccatum.</p><p title="II-II q. 97 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="43152"><span class="ref">[43152] IIª-IIae q. 97 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
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1991 nullus vituperatur in Scriptura ex eo quod a peccato cessat, sed
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1992 magis si peccatum committat. Vituperatur autem Achaz quia domino
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1993 dicenti, pete tibi signum a domino Deo tuo, respondit, non petam,
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1994 et non tentabo dominum, dictum est enim ei, numquid parum <i>vobis
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1995 est molestos esse hominibus, quia molesti estis et Deo meo?</i> Ut
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1996 dicitur Isaiae VII. De Abraham autem legitur Gen. XV, quod dixit ad
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1997 dominum, unde scire possum quod possessurus sim eam, scilicet
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1998 terram repromissam a Deo? Similiter etiam Gedeon signum a domino
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1999 petiit de victoria repromissa, ut legitur Iudic. VI. Qui tamen ex
53
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2000 hoc non reprehenduntur. Ergo tentare Deum non est peccatum.</p><p title="II-II q. 97 a. 2 s. c."><a name="43153"><span class="ref">[43153] IIª-IIae q. 97 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
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2001 est quod prohibetur lege Dei. Dicitur enim Deut. VI, <i>non
53
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2002 tentabis dominum Deum tuum</i>.</p><p title="II-II q. 97 a. 2 co."><a name="43154"><span class="ref">[43154] IIª-IIae q. 97 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo
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2003 dicendum quod, sicut dictum est, tentare est experimentum sumere.
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2004 Nullus autem experimentum sumit de eo de quo est certus. Et ideo
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2005 omnis tentatio ex aliqua ignorantia vel dubitatione procedit, vel
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2006 eius qui tentat, sicut cum quis experimentum de re aliqua sumit ut
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2007 eius qualitatem cognoscat; sive aliorum, sicut cum quis
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2008 experimentum de aliquo sumit ut aliis ostendat, per quem modum Deus
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2009 dicitur nos tentare. Ignorare autem vel dubitare de his quae
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2010 pertinent ad Dei perfectionem est peccatum. Unde manifestum est
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2011 quod tentare Deum ad hoc quod ipse tentans cognoscat Dei virtutem,
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2012 est peccatum. Si quis autem ad hoc experimentum sumat eorum quae ad
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2013 divinam perfectionem pertinent, non ut ipse cognoscat, sed ut aliis
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2014 demonstret, hoc non est tentare Deum, cum subsit iusta necessitas
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2015 seu pia utilitas, et alia quae ad hoc concurrere debent. Sic enim
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2016 apostoli petiverunt a domino ut in nomine Iesu Christi fierent
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2017 signa, ut dicitur Act. IV, ad hoc scilicet quod virtus Christi
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2018 infidelibus manifestaretur.</p><p title="II-II q. 97 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="43155"><span class="ref">[43155] IIª-IIae q. 97 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
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2019 ergo dicendum quod solutio decimarum praecepta erat in lege, ut
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2020 supra habitum est. Unde habebat necessitatem ex obligatione
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2021 praecepti; et utilitatem quae ibi dicitur, ut sit cibus in domo
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2022 Dei. Unde solvendo decimas non tentabant Deum. Quod autem ibi
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2023 subditur, et probate me, non est intelligendum causaliter, quasi ad
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2024 hoc solvere deberent decimas ut probarent si Deus non aperiret eis
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2025 cataractas caeli, sed consecutive, quia scilicet, si decimas
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2026 solverent, experimento probaturi erant beneficia quae eis Deus
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2027 conferret.</p><p title="II-II q. 97 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="43156"><span class="ref">[43156] IIª-IIae q. 97 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
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2028 dicendum quod duplex est cognitio divinae bonitatis vel voluntatis.
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2029 Una quidem speculativa. Et quantum ad hanc, non licet dubitare nec
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2030 probare utrum Dei voluntas sit bona, vel utrum Deus sit suavis.
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2031 Alia autem est cognitio divinae bonitatis seu voluntatis affectiva
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2032 seu experimentalis, dum quis experitur in seipso gustum divinae
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2033 dulcedinis et complacentiam divinae voluntatis, sicut de Hierotheo
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2034 dicit Dionysius, II cap. de Div. Nom., quod didicit divina ex
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2035 compassione ad ipsa. Et hoc modo monemur ut probemus Dei voluntatem
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2036 et gustemus eius suavitatem.</p><p title="II-II q. 97 a. 2 ad 3"><a name="43157"><span class="ref">[43157] IIª-IIae q. 97 a. 2 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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diff changeset
2037 dicendum quod Deus volebat signum dare regi Achaz non pro ipso
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2038 solum, sed pro totius populi instructione. Et ideo reprehenditur,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2039 quasi impeditor communis salutis, quod signum petere nolebat. Nec
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2040 petendo tentasset Deum. Tum quia ex mandato Dei petiisset. Tum quia
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2041 hoc pertinebat ad utilitatem communem. Abraham vero signum petiit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2042 ex instinctu divino. Et ideo non peccavit. Gedeon vero signum ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2043 debilitate fidei petiisse videtur, et ideo a peccato non excusatur,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2044 sicut Glossa ibidem dicit. Sicut et Zacharias peccavit dicens, Luc.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2045 I, ad Angelum, unde hoc sciam? Unde et propter incredulitatem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2046 punitus fuit. Sciendum tamen quod dupliciter aliquis signum petit a
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2047 Deo. Uno modo, ad explorandum divinam potestatem, aut veritatem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2048 dicti eius. Et hoc de se pertinet ad Dei tentationem. Alio modo, ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2049 hoc quod instruatur quid sit circa aliquod factum placitum Deo. Et
53
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diff changeset
2050 hoc nullo modo pertinet ad Dei tentationem.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 3</h3><p title="II-II q. 97 a. 3 arg. 1"><a name="43158"><span class="ref">[43158] IIª-IIae q. 97 a. 3 arg. 1</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2051 sic proceditur. Videtur quod tentatio Dei non opponatur virtuti
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2052 religionis. Tentatio enim Dei habet rationem peccati ex hoc quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2053 homo de Deo dubitat, sicut dictum est sed dubitare de Deo pertinet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2054 ad peccatum infidelitatis, quod opponitur fidei. Ergo tentatio Dei
53
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diff changeset
2055 magis opponitur fidei quam religioni.</p><p title="II-II q. 97 a. 3 arg. 2"><a name="43159"><span class="ref">[43159] IIª-IIae q. 97 a. 3 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2056 Eccli. XVIII dicitur, <i>ante orationem praepara animam tuam, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2057 noli esse quasi homo qui tentat Deum</i>, ubi dicit interlinearis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2058 qui, scilicet tentans Deum, <i>orat quod docuit, sed non facit quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2059 iussit</i>. Sed hoc pertinet ad praesumptionem, quae opponitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2060 spei. Ergo videtur quod tentatio Dei sit peccatum oppositum
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2061 spei.</p><p title="II-II q. 97 a. 3 arg. 3"><a name="43160"><span class="ref">[43160] IIª-IIae q. 97 a. 3 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2062 super illud Psalm., et tentaverunt Deum in cordibus suis, dicit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2063 Glossa quod <i>tentare Deum est dolose postulare, ut in verbis sit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2064 simplicitas, cum sit in corde malitia</i>. Sed dolus opponitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2065 virtuti veritatis. Ergo tentatio Dei non opponitur religioni, sed
53
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diff changeset
2066 veritati.</p><p title="II-II q. 97 a. 3 s. c."><a name="43161"><span class="ref">[43161] IIª-IIae q. 97 a. 3 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2067 est quod, sicut ex praedicta Glossa habetur, tentare Deum est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2068 inordinate postulare. Sed debito modo postulare est actus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2069 religionis, ut supra habitum est. Ergo tentare Deum est peccatum
53
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diff changeset
2070 religioni oppositum.</p><p title="II-II q. 97 a. 3 co."><a name="43162"><span class="ref">[43162] IIª-IIae q. 97 a. 3 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2071 dicendum quod, sicut ex supra dictis patet, finis religionis est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2072 Deo reverentiam exhibere. Unde omnia illa quae directe pertinent ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2073 irreverentiam Dei, religioni opponuntur. Manifestum est autem quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2074 tentare aliquem ad irreverentiam eius pertinet, nullus enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2075 praesumit tentare eum de cuius excellentia certus est. Unde
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2076 manifestum est quod tentare Deum est peccatum religioni
53
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diff changeset
2077 oppositum.</p><p title="II-II q. 97 a. 3 ad 1"><a name="43163"><span class="ref">[43163] IIª-IIae q. 97 a. 3 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2078 ergo dicendum quod, sicut supra dictum est, ad religionem pertinet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2079 protestari fidem per aliqua signa ad divinam reverentiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2080 pertinentia. Et ideo ad irreligiositatem pertinet quod ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2081 incertitudine fidei homo aliqua faciat quae ad divinam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2082 irreverentiam pertinent, cuiusmodi est tentare Deum. Et ideo est
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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diff changeset
2083 irreligiositatis species.</p><p title="II-II q. 97 a. 3 ad 2"><a name="43164"><span class="ref">[43164] IIª-IIae q. 97 a. 3 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2084 dicendum quod ille qui ante orationem suam animam non praeparat,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2085 dimittendo si quid adversum aliquem habet, vel alias se ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2086 devotionem non disponendo, non facit quod in se est ut exaudiatur a
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2087 Deo. Et ideo quasi interpretative tentat Deum. Et quamvis huiusmodi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2088 interpretativa tentatio videatur ex praesumptione seu indiscretione
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2089 provenire, tamen hoc ipsum ad irreverentiam Dei pertinet ut homo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2090 praesumptuose et sine debita diligentia se habeat in his quae ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2091 Deum pertinent, dicitur enim I Pet. V, <i>humiliamini sub potenti
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2092 manu Dei</i>; et II ad Tim. II, <i>sollicite cura teipsum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2093 probabilem exhibere Deo</i>. Unde etiam huiusmodi tentatio
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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diff changeset
2094 irreligiositatis species est.</p><p title="II-II q. 97 a. 3 ad 3"><a name="43165"><span class="ref">[43165] IIª-IIae q. 97 a. 3 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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diff changeset
2095 dicendum quod in comparatione ad Deum, qui novit cordis abscondita,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2096 non dicitur aliquis dolose postulare, sed per respectum ad homines.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2097 Unde dolus per accidens se habet ad tentationem Dei. Et propter hoc
53
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diff changeset
2098 non oportet quod tentatio Dei directe opponatur veritati.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 4</h3><p title="II-II q. 97 a. 4 arg. 1"><a name="43166"><span class="ref">[43166] IIª-IIae q. 97 a. 4 arg. 1</span></a> Ad quartum
28
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diff changeset
2099 sic proceditur. Videtur quod tentatio Dei sit gravius peccatum quam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2100 superstitio. Maior enim poena pro maiori peccato infertur. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2101 gravius est punitum in Iudaeis peccatum tentationis Dei quam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2102 peccatum idololatriae, quod tamen est praecipuum inter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2103 superstitiones, quia pro peccato idololatriae interfecti sunt ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2104 eis tria millia hominum, ut legitur Exodi XXXII; pro peccato autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2105 tentationis universaliter omnes in deserto perierunt, terram
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2106 promissionis non intrantes, secundum illud Psalm., <i>tentaverunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2107 me patres vestri</i>; et postea sequitur, <i>quibus iuravi in ira
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2108 mea si introibunt in requiem meam</i>. Ergo tentare Deum est
53
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diff changeset
2109 gravius peccatum quam superstitio.</p><p title="II-II q. 97 a. 4 arg. 2"><a name="43167"><span class="ref">[43167] IIª-IIae q. 97 a. 4 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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diff changeset
2110 tanto aliquod peccatum videtur esse gravius quanto magis virtuti
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2111 opponitur. Sed irreligiositas, cuius species est tentatio Dei,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2112 magis opponitur virtuti religionis quam superstitio, quae habet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2113 aliquam similitudinem cum ipsa. Ergo tentatio Dei est gravius
53
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diff changeset
2114 peccatum quam superstitio.</p><p title="II-II q. 97 a. 4 arg. 3"><a name="43168"><span class="ref">[43168] IIª-IIae q. 97 a. 4 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2115 maius peccatum esse videtur irreverenter se habere ad parentes quam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2116 reverentiam parentibus debitam aliis exhibere. Sed Deus est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2117 honorandus a nobis sicut omnium pater, sicut dicitur Malach. I.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
2118 Ergo maius peccatum esse videtur tentatio Dei, per quam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
2119 irreverenter nos habemus ad Deum, quam idololatria, per quam
53
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diff changeset
2120 reverentia Deo debita exhibetur creaturae.</p><p title="II-II q. 97 a. 4 s. c."><a name="43169"><span class="ref">[43169] IIª-IIae q. 97 a. 4 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
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diff changeset
2121 est quod super illud Deut. XVII, cum reperti fuerint apud te etc.,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
2122 dicit Glossa, <i>lex errorem et idololatriam maxime detestatur,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2123 maximum enim scelus est honorem creatoris impendere
53
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diff changeset
2124 creaturae</i>.</p><p title="II-II q. 97 a. 4 co."><a name="43170"><span class="ref">[43170] IIª-IIae q. 97 a. 4 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2125 dicendum quod in peccatis quae religioni adversantur tanto aliquid
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diff changeset
2126 gravius est quanto magis divinae reverentiae adversatur. Cui quidem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2127 minus adversatur quod aliquis de divina excellentia dubitet quam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2128 quod contrarium per certitudinem sentiat. Sicut enim magis est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2129 infidelis qui in errore confirmatus est quam qui de veritate fidei
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2130 dubitat, ita etiam magis contra Dei reverentiam agit qui suo facto
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2131 protestatur errorem contra divinam excellentiam quam qui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2132 protestatur dubitationem. Superstitiosus autem protestatur errorem,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2133 ut ex dictis patet. Ille autem qui tentat Deum verbis vel factis,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2134 protestatur dubitationem de divina excellentia, ut dictum est. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
2135 ideo gravius est peccatum superstitionis quam peccatum tentationis
53
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diff changeset
2136 Dei.</p><p title="II-II q. 97 a. 4 ad 1"><a name="43171"><span class="ref">[43171] IIª-IIae q. 97 a. 4 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
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diff changeset
2137 ergo dicendum quod peccatum idololatriae non fuit punitum illa
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diff changeset
2138 poena quasi sufficienti, sed in posterum pro illo peccato gravior
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
2139 poena reservabatur, dicitur enim Exod. XXXII, <i>ego autem in die
53
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diff changeset
2140 ultionis visitabo hoc peccatum eorum</i>.</p><p title="II-II q. 97 a. 4 ad 2"><a name="43172"><span class="ref">[43172] IIª-IIae q. 97 a. 4 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
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diff changeset
2141 dicendum quod superstitio habet similitudinem cum religione quantum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2142 ad materialem actum, quem exhibet sicut religio. Sed quantum ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
2143 finem, plus contrariatur ei quam tentatio Dei, quia plus pertinet
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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diff changeset
2144 ad divinam irreverentiam, ut dictum est.</p><p title="II-II q. 97 a. 4 ad 3"><a name="43173"><span class="ref">[43173] IIª-IIae q. 97 a. 4 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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diff changeset
2145 dicendum quod de ratione divinae excellentiae est quod sit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2146 singularis et incommunicabilis, et ideo idem est contra divinam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2147 reverentiam aliquid agere, et divinam reverentiam alteri
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
2148 communicare. Non est autem similis ratio de honore parentum qui
53
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diff changeset
2149 potest sine culpa aliis communicari.</p></div></div><div class="q" id="q98"><h2>Quaestio 98</h2><div class="p"><h3>Prooemium</h3><p title="II-II q. 98 pr."><a name="43174"><span class="ref">[43174] IIª-IIae q. 98 pr.</span></a> Deinde
28
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diff changeset
2150 considerandum est de periurio. Et circa hoc quaeruntur quatuor.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
2151 Primo, utrum falsitas requiratur ad periurium. Secundo, utrum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2152 periurium semper sit peccatum. Tertio, utrum semper sit peccatum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
2153 mortale. Quarto, utrum peccet ille qui iniungit iuramentum
53
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diff changeset
2154 periuro.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 1</h3><p title="II-II q. 98 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="43175"><span class="ref">[43175] IIª-IIae q. 98 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
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diff changeset
2155 sic proceditur. Videtur quod falsitas eius quod iuramento
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2156 confirmatur non requiratur ad periurium. Ut enim supra dictum est,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2157 sicut veritas debet concomitari iuramentum, ita etiam iudicium et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2158 iustitia. Sicut ergo incurritur periurium per defectum veritatis,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2159 ita etiam per defectum iudicii, puta cum aliquis indiscrete iurat;
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
2160 et per defectum iustitiae, puta cum aliquis iurat aliquid
53
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diff changeset
2161 illicitum.</p><p title="II-II q. 98 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="43176"><span class="ref">[43176] IIª-IIae q. 98 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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diff changeset
2162 illud per quod aliquid confirmatur potius esse videtur eo quod
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2163 confirmatur per illud, sicut in syllogismo principia sunt potiora
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diff changeset
2164 conclusione. Sed in iuramento confirmatur dictum hominis per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2165 assumptionem divini nominis. Ergo magis videtur esse periurium si
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
2166 aliquis iuret per falsos deos, quam si veritas desit dicto hominis
53
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diff changeset
2167 quod iuramento confirmatur.</p><p title="II-II q. 98 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="43177"><span class="ref">[43177] IIª-IIae q. 98 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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diff changeset
2168 Augustinus dicit, in sermone de verbis Apost. Iacobi, <i>homines
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2169 falsum iurant vel cum fallunt, vel cum falluntur</i>. Et ponit tria
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2170 exempla. Quorum primum est, fac illum iurare qui verum putat esse
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diff changeset
2171 pro quo iurat. Secundum est, da alium, scit falsum esse, et iurat.
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diff changeset
2172 Tertium est, fac alium, putat esse falsum, et iurat tanquam sit
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diff changeset
2173 verum, quod forte verum est, de quo postea subdit quod periurus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
2174 est. Ergo aliquis veritatem iurans potest esse periurus. Non ergo
53
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diff changeset
2175 falsitas ad periurium requiritur.</p><p title="II-II q. 98 a. 1 s. c."><a name="43178"><span class="ref">[43178] IIª-IIae q. 98 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2176 est quod periurium definitur esse mendacium iuramento firmatum.</p><p title="II-II q. 98 a. 1 co."><a name="43179"><span class="ref">[43179] IIª-IIae q. 98 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
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2177 dicendum quod, sicut supra dictum est, morales actus ex fine
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diff changeset
2178 speciem sortiuntur. Finis autem iuramenti est confirmatio dicti
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2179 humani. Cui quidem confirmationi falsitas opponitur, per hoc enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2180 confirmatur aliquod dictum, quod ostenditur firmiter esse verum;
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2181 quod quidem non potest contingere de eo quod est falsum. Unde
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2182 falsitas directe evacuat finem iuramenti. Et propter hoc a
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2183 falsitate praecipue specificatur perversitas iuramenti, quae
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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diff changeset
2184 periurium dicitur. Et ideo falsitas est de ratione periurii.</p><p title="II-II q. 98 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="43180"><span class="ref">[43180] IIª-IIae q. 98 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2185 ergo dicendum quod, sicut Hieronymus dicit, Ierem. IV,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2186 <i>quodcumque illorum trium defuerit, periurium est</i>. Non tamen
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2187 eodem ordine. Sed primo quidem et principaliter periurium est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2188 quando deest veritas, ratione iam dicta. Secundario autem, quando
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2189 deest iustitia, quicumque enim iurat illicitum, ex hoc ipso
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2190 falsitatem incurrit, quia obligatus est ad hoc quod contrarium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2191 faciat. Tertio vero, quando deest iudicium, quia cum indiscrete
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2192 iurat, ex hoc ipso periculo se committit falsitatem incurrendi.</p><p title="II-II q. 98 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="43181"><span class="ref">[43181] IIª-IIae q. 98 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2193 dicendum quod principia in syllogismis sunt potiora tanquam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2194 habentia rationem activi principii, ut dicitur in II Physic. Sed in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2195 moralibus actibus principalior est finis quam principium activum.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2196 Et ideo, licet sit perversum iuramentum quando aliquis verum iurat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2197 per falsos deos, tamen ab illa perversitate iuramenti periurium
53
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diff changeset
2198 nominatur quae tollit iuramenti finem, falsum iurando.</p><p title="II-II q. 98 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="43182"><span class="ref">[43182] IIª-IIae q. 98 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2199 dicendum quod actus morales procedunt a voluntate, cuius obiectum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2200 est bonum apprehensum. Et ideo si falsum apprehendatur ut verum,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2201 erit quidem, relatum ad voluntatem, materialiter falsum, formaliter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2202 autem verum. Si autem id quod est falsum accipiatur ut falsum, erit
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2203 falsum et materialiter et formaliter. Si autem id quod est verum
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2204 apprehendatur ut falsum, erit verum materialiter, falsum
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2205 formaliter. Et ideo in quolibet istorum casuum salvatur aliquo modo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2206 ratio periurii, propter aliquem falsitatis modum. Sed quia in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2207 unoquoque potius est id quod est formale quam id quod est
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2208 materiale, non ita est periurus ille qui falsum iurat quod putat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2209 esse verum, sicut ille qui verum iurat quod putat esse falsum.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2210 Dicit enim ibi Augustinus, <i>interest quemadmodum verbum procedat
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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diff changeset
2211 ex animo, quia ream linguam non facit nisi rea mens</i>.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 2</h3><p title="II-II q. 98 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="43183"><span class="ref">[43183] IIª-IIae q. 98 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2212 secundum sic proceditur. Videtur quod non omne periurium sit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2213 peccatum. Quicumque enim non implet quod iuramento firmavit,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2214 periurus esse videtur. Sed quandoque aliquis iurat se facturum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2215 aliquid illicitum, puta adulterium vel homicidium, quod si faciat,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2216 peccat. Si ergo etiam non faciendo peccaret peccato periurii,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2217 sequeretur quod esset perplexus.</p><p title="II-II q. 98 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="43184"><span class="ref">[43184] IIª-IIae q. 98 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2218 nullus peccat faciendo quod melius est. Sed quandoque aliquis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2219 periurando facit quod melius est, sicut cum aliquis iuravit se non
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2220 intraturum religionem, vel quaecumque opera virtuosa non facturum.
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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diff changeset
2221 Ergo non omne periurium est peccatum.</p><p title="II-II q. 98 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="43185"><span class="ref">[43185] IIª-IIae q. 98 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2222 ille qui iurat facere alterius voluntatem, nisi eam faciat, videtur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2223 incurrere periurium. Sed quandoque potest contingere quod non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2224 peccat si eius non impleat voluntatem, puta cum praecipit ei
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2225 aliquid nimis durum et importabile. Ergo videtur quod non omne
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2226 periurium sit peccatum.</p><p title="II-II q. 98 a. 2 arg. 4"><a name="43186"><span class="ref">[43186] IIª-IIae q. 98 a. 2 arg. 4</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2227 iuramentum promissorium se extendit ad futura, sicut assertorium ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2228 praeterita et praesentia. Sed potest contingere quod tollatur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2229 obligatio iuramenti per aliquid quod in futurum emergat, sicut cum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2230 aliqua civitas iurat se aliquid servaturam, et postea superveniunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2231 novi cives qui illud non iuraverunt; vel cum aliquis canonicus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2232 iurat statuta alicuius Ecclesiae se servaturum, et postmodum aliqua
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2233 fiunt de novo. Ergo videtur quod ille qui transgreditur iuramentum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2234 non peccet.</p><p title="II-II q. 98 a. 2 s. c."><a name="43187"><span class="ref">[43187] IIª-IIae q. 98 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2235 est quod Augustinus dicit, in sermone de verbis Apost. Iacobi, de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2236 periurio loquens, videtis <i>quam ista detestanda sit belua, et de
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2237 rebus humanis exterminanda</i>.</p><p title="II-II q. 98 a. 2 co."><a name="43188"><span class="ref">[43188] IIª-IIae q. 98 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2238 dicendum quod, sicut supra dictum est, iurare est Deum testem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2239 invocare. Pertinet autem ad Dei irreverentiam quod aliquis eum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2240 testem invocet falsitatis, quia per hoc dat intelligere vel quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2241 Deus veritatem non cognoscat, vel quod falsitatem testificari
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2242 velit. Et ideo periurium manifeste est peccatum religioni
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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diff changeset
2243 contrarium, cuius est Deo reverentiam exhibere.</p><p title="II-II q. 98 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="43189"><span class="ref">[43189] IIª-IIae q. 98 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2244 ergo dicendum quod ille qui iurat se facturum aliquod illicitum,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2245 iurando incurrit periurium propter defectum iustitiae. Sed si non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2246 impleat quod iuravit, in hoc periurium non incurrit, quia hoc non
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2247 erat tale quid quod sub iuramento cadere posset.</p><p title="II-II q. 98 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="43190"><span class="ref">[43190] IIª-IIae q. 98 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2248 dicendum quod ille qui iurat se non intraturum religionem, vel non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2249 daturum eleemosynam, vel aliquid huiusmodi, iurando periurium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2250 incurrit propter defectum iudicii. Et ideo quando facit id quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2251 melius est, non est periurium, sed periurio contrarium, contrarium
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2252 enim eius quod facit sub iuramento cadere non poterat.</p><p title="II-II q. 98 a. 2 ad 3"><a name="43191"><span class="ref">[43191] IIª-IIae q. 98 a. 2 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2253 dicendum quod cum aliquis iurat vel promittit se facturum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2254 voluntatem alterius, intelligenda est debita conditio, si scilicet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2255 id quod ei mandatur sit licitum et honestum, et portabile sive
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2256 moderatum.</p><p title="II-II q. 98 a. 2 ad 4"><a name="43192"><span class="ref">[43192] IIª-IIae q. 98 a. 2 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2257 dicendum quod quia iuramentum est actio personalis, ille qui de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2258 novo fit civis alicuius civitatis, non obligatur quasi iuramento ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2259 servanda illa quae civitas se servaturam iuravit. Tenetur tamen ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2260 quadam fidelitate, ex qua obligatur ut sicut fit socius bonorum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2261 civitatis, ita etiam fiat particeps onerum. Canonicus vero qui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2262 iurat se servaturum statuta edita in aliquo collegio, non tenetur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2263 ex iuramento ad servandum futura, nisi intenderit se obligare ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2264 omnia statuta praeterita et futura tenetur tamen ea servare ex ipsa
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2265 vi statutorum, quae habent coactivam virtutem, ut ex supradictis
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2266 patet.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 3</h3><p title="II-II q. 98 a. 3 arg. 1"><a name="43193"><span class="ref">[43193] IIª-IIae q. 98 a. 3 arg. 1</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2267 sic proceditur. Videtur quod non omne periurium sit peccatum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2268 mortale. Dicitur enim extra, de iureiurando, <i>in ea quaestione
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2269 quae ponitur, an a sacramenti vinculo absolvantur qui illud inviti
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2270 pro vita et rebus servandis fecerunt, nihil aliud arbitramur quam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2271 quod antecessores nostri Romani pontifices arbitrati fuisse
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2272 noscuntur, qui tales a iuramenti nexibus absolverunt. Ceterum ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2273 agatur consultius, et auferatur materia deierandi, non eis ita
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2274 expresse dicatur ut iuramenta non servent, sed si non ea
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2275 attenderint, non ob hoc sunt tanquam pro mortali crimine
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2276 puniendi</i>. Non ergo omne periurium est peccatum mortale.</p><p title="II-II q. 98 a. 3 arg. 2"><a name="43194"><span class="ref">[43194] IIª-IIae q. 98 a. 3 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2277 sicut Chrysostomus dicit, <i>maius est iurare per Deum quam per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2278 Evangelium</i>. Sed non semper mortaliter peccat ille qui per Deum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2279 iurat aliquod falsum, puta si ex ioco, vel ex lapsu linguae,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2280 aliquis tali iuramento in communi sermone utatur. Ergo nec etiam si
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2281 aliquis frangat iuramentum quod solemniter per Evangelium iurat,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2282 semper erit peccatum mortale.</p><p title="II-II q. 98 a. 3 arg. 3"><a name="43195"><span class="ref">[43195] IIª-IIae q. 98 a. 3 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2283 secundum iura propter periurium aliquis incurrit infamiam, ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2284 habetur VI, qu. I, cap. infames. Non autem videtur quod propter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2285 quodlibet periurium aliquis infamiam incurrat, sicut dicitur de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2286 assertorio iuramento violato per periurium. Ergo videtur quod non
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2287 omne periurium sit peccatum mortale.</p><p title="II-II q. 98 a. 3 s. c."><a name="43196"><span class="ref">[43196] IIª-IIae q. 98 a. 3 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2288 omne peccatum quod contrariatur praecepto divino est peccatum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2289 mortale. Sed periurium contrariatur praecepto divino, dicitur enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2290 Levit. XIX, <i>non periurabis in nomine meo</i>. Ergo est peccatum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2291 mortale.</p><p title="II-II q. 98 a. 3 co."><a name="43197"><span class="ref">[43197] IIª-IIae q. 98 a. 3 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2292 dicendum quod, secundum doctrinam philosophi, <i>propter quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2293 unumquodque, illud magis</i>. Videmus autem quod ea quae, si de se
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2294 sint peccata venialia, vel etiam bona ex genere, si in contemptum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2295 Dei fiant, sunt peccata mortalia. Unde multo magis quidquid est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2296 quod de sui ratione pertinet ad contemptum Dei, est peccatum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2297 mortale. Periurium autem de sui ratione importat contemptum Dei, ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2298 hoc enim habet rationem culpae, ut dictum est, quia ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2299 irreverentiam Dei pertinet. Unde manifestum est quod periurium ex
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2300 suo genere est peccatum mortale.</p><p title="II-II q. 98 a. 3 ad 1"><a name="43198"><span class="ref">[43198] IIª-IIae q. 98 a. 3 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2301 ergo dicendum quod, sicut supra dictum est, coactio non aufert
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2302 iuramento promissorio vim obligandi respectu eius quod licite fieri
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2303 potest. Et ideo si aliquis non impleat quod coactus iuravit,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2304 nihilominus periurium incurrit et mortaliter peccat. Potest tamen
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2305 per auctoritatem summi pontificis ab obligatione iuramenti absolvi,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2306 praesertim si coactus fuerit tali metu qui cadere posset in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2307 constantem virum. Quod autem dicitur quod non sunt tales puniendi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2308 tanquam pro mortali crimine, non hoc ideo dicitur quia non peccent
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2309 mortaliter, sed quia poena eis minor infligitur.</p><p title="II-II q. 98 a. 3 ad 2"><a name="43199"><span class="ref">[43199] IIª-IIae q. 98 a. 3 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2310 dicendum quod ille qui iocose periurat, non evitat divinam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2311 irreverentiam, sed quantum ad aliquid magis auget. Et ideo non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2312 excusatur a peccato mortali. Ille autem qui ex lapsu linguae falsum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2313 iurat, si quidem advertat se iurare et falsum esse quod iurat, non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2314 excusatur a peccato mortali, sicut nec a Dei contemptu. Si autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2315 hoc non advertat, non videtur habere intentionem iurandi, et ideo a
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2316 crimine periurii excusatur. Est autem gravius peccatum si quis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2317 solemniter iuret per Evangelium quam si per Deum in communi sermone
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2318 iuret, tum propter scandalum; tum propter maiorem deliberationem.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2319 Quibus aequaliter hinc inde positis, gravius est si quis per Deum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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diff changeset
2320 iurans periuret quam si periuret iurans per Evangelium.</p><p title="II-II q. 98 a. 3 ad 3"><a name="43200"><span class="ref">[43200] IIª-IIae q. 98 a. 3 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2321 dicendum quod non propter quodlibet peccatum mortale aliquis
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2322 infamis efficitur ipso iure. Unde non sequitur, si ille qui iurat
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2323 falsum iuramento assertorio non est infamis ipso iure, sed solum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2324 per sententiam definitivam latam contra eum in causa accusationis,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2325 quod propter hoc non peccet mortaliter. Ideo autem magis reputatur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2326 infamis ipso iure qui frangit iuramentum promissorium solemniter
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2327 factum, quia in eius potestate remanet, postquam iuravit, ut det
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2328 suo iuramento veritatem, quod non contingit in iuramento
53
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diff changeset
2329 assertorio.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 4</h3><p title="II-II q. 98 a. 4 arg. 1"><a name="43201"><span class="ref">[43201] IIª-IIae q. 98 a. 4 arg. 1</span></a> Ad quartum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2330 sic proceditur. Videtur quod peccet ille qui iniungit iuramentum ei
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2331 qui periurat. Aut enim scit eum verum iurare, aut falsum. Si scit
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2332 eum verum iurare, pro nihilo ei iuramentum iniungit si autem credit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2333 eum falsum iurare, quantum est de se, inducit eum ad peccandum.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2334 Ergo videtur quod nullo modo debeat aliquis alicui iniungere
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2335 iuramentum.</p><p title="II-II q. 98 a. 4 arg. 2"><a name="43202"><span class="ref">[43202] IIª-IIae q. 98 a. 4 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2336 iuramentum minus est accipere ab aliquo quam iuramentum iniungere
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2337 alicui. Sed recipere iuramentum ab aliquo non videtur esse licitum,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2338 et praecipue si periuret, quia in hoc videtur consentire peccato.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2339 Ergo videtur quod multo minus liceat exigere iuramentum ab eo qui
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2340 periurat.</p><p title="II-II q. 98 a. 4 arg. 3"><a name="43203"><span class="ref">[43203] IIª-IIae q. 98 a. 4 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2341 dicitur Levit. V, <i>si peccaverit anima, et audierit vocem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2342 iurantis falsum, testisque fuerit quod aut ipse vidit aut conscius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2343 est, nisi indicaverit, portabit iniquitatem suam</i>, ex quo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2344 videtur quod aliquis sciens aliquem iurare falsum, teneatur eum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2345 accusare. Non igitur licet ab eo exigere iuramentum.</p><p title="II-II q. 98 a. 4 s. c."><a name="43204"><span class="ref">[43204] IIª-IIae q. 98 a. 4 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2346 sicut peccat ille qui falsum iurat, ita ille qui per falsos deos
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2347 iurat. Sed licet uti iuramento eius qui per falsos deos iurat, ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2348 Augustinus dicit, ad Publicolam. Ergo licet iuramentum exigere ab
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2349 eo qui falsum iurat.</p><p title="II-II q. 98 a. 4 co."><a name="43205"><span class="ref">[43205] IIª-IIae q. 98 a. 4 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2350 dicendum quod circa eum qui exigit ab alio iuramentum,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2351 distinguendum videtur. Aut enim exigit iuramentum pro seipso
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2352 propria sponte, aut exigit iuramentum pro alio ex necessitate
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2353 officii sibi commissi. Et si quidem aliquis pro seipso exigit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2354 iuramentum tanquam persona privata, distinguendum videtur, ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2355 Augustinus dicit, in sermone de periuriis. <i>Si enim nescit eum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2356 iuraturum falsum, et ideo dicit, iura mihi, ut fides ei sit, non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2357 est peccatum, tamen est humana tentatio</i>, quia scilicet procedit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2358 ex quadam infirmitate, qua homo dubitat alium esse verum dicturum.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2359 Et hoc est illud malum de quo dominus dicit, Matth. V, <i>quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2360 amplius est, a malo est. Si autem scit eum fecisse</i>, scilicet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2361 contrarium eius quod iurat, <i>et cogit eum iurare, homicida est.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2362 Ille enim de suo periurio se interimit, sed iste manum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2363 interficientis impressit</i>. Si autem aliquis exigat iuramentum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2364 tanquam persona publica, secundum quod exigit ordo iuris, ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2365 petitionem alterius, non videtur esse in culpa si ipse iuramentum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2366 exigat, sive sciat eum falsum iurare sive verum, quia non videtur
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2367 ille exigere, sed ille ad cuius instantiam exigit.</p><p title="II-II q. 98 a. 4 ad 1"><a name="43206"><span class="ref">[43206] IIª-IIae q. 98 a. 4 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2368 ergo dicendum quod obiectio illa procedit quando pro aliquis exigit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2369 iuramentum. Et tamen non semper scit eum iurare verum, vel falsum,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2370 sed quandoque dubitat de facto, et credit eum verum iuraturum, et
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2371 tunc ad maiorem certitudinem exigit iuramentum.</p><p title="II-II q. 98 a. 4 ad 2"><a name="43207"><span class="ref">[43207] IIª-IIae q. 98 a. 4 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2372 dicendum quod, sicut Augustinus dicit, ad Publicolam, <i>quamvis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2373 dictum sit ne iuremus, nunquam me in Scripturis sanctis legisse
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2374 memini ne ab aliquo iurationem accipiamus</i>. Unde ille qui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2375 iurationem recipit non peccat, nisi forte quando propria sponte ad
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2376 iurandum cogit eum quem scit falsum iuraturum.</p><p title="II-II q. 98 a. 4 ad 3"><a name="43208"><span class="ref">[43208] IIª-IIae q. 98 a. 4 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2377 dicendum quod, sicut Augustinus dicit, Moyses non expressit in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2378 praedicta auctoritate cui sit indicandum periurium alterius. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2379 ideo intelligitur quod debeat indicari <i>talibus qui magis possunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2380 prodesse quam obesse periuro</i>. Similiter etiam non expressit quo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2381 ordine debeat manifestare. Et ideo videtur servandus ordo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2382 evangelicus, si sit peccatum periurii occultum, et praecipue quando
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2383 non vergit in detrimentum alterius, quia in tali casu non haberet
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2384 locum ordo evangelicus, ut supra dictum est.</p><p title="II-II q. 98 a. 4 ad 4"><a name="43209"><span class="ref">[43209] IIª-IIae q. 98 a. 4 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2385 dicendum quod licet uti malo propter bonum, sicut et Deus utitur,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2386 non tamen licet aliquem ad malum inducere. Unde licet eius qui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2387 paratus est per falsos deos iurare, iuramentum recipere, non tamen
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2388 licet eum inducere ad hoc quod per falsos deos iuret. Alia tamen
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2389 ratio esse videtur in eo qui per verum Deum falsum iurat. Quia in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2390 tali iuramento deest bonum fidei, qua utitur aliquis in iuramento
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2391 illius qui verum per falsos deos iurat, ut Augustinus dicit, ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2392 Publicolam. Unde in iuramento eius qui falsum per verum Deum iurat,
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2393 non videtur esse aliquod bonum quo uti liceat.</p></div></div><div class="q" id="q99"><h2>Quaestio 99</h2><div class="p"><h3>Prooemium</h3><p title="II-II q. 99 pr."><a name="43210"><span class="ref">[43210] IIª-IIae q. 99 pr.</span></a> Deinde
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2394 considerandum est de vitiis ad irreligiositatem pertinentibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2395 quibus rebus sacris irreverentia exhibetur. Et primo, de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2396 sacrilegio; secundo, de simonia. Circa primum quaeruntur quatuor.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2397 Primo, quid sit sacrilegium. Secundo, utrum sit speciale peccatum.
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2398 Tertio, de speciebus sacrilegii. Quarto, de poena sacrilegii.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 1</h3><p title="II-II q. 99 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="43211"><span class="ref">[43211] IIª-IIae q. 99 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2399 sic proceditur. Videtur quod sacrilegium non sit sacrae rei
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2400 violatio. Dicitur enim XVII, qu. IV, <i>committunt sacrilegium qui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2401 de principis iudicio disputant, dubitantes an is dignus sit honore
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2402 quem princeps elegerit</i>. Sed hoc ad nullam rem sacram pertinere
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2403 videtur. Ergo sacrilegium non importat sacrae rei violationem.</p><p title="II-II q. 99 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="43212"><span class="ref">[43212] IIª-IIae q. 99 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2404 ibidem subditur quod si quis permiserit Iudaeos officia publica
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2405 exercere, velut in sacrilegum excommunicatio proferatur. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2406 officia publica non videntur ad aliquod sacrum pertinere. Ergo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2407 videtur quod sacrilegium non importet violationem alicuius
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2408 sacri.</p><p title="II-II q. 99 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="43213"><span class="ref">[43213] IIª-IIae q. 99 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2409 maior est virtus Dei quam virtus hominis. Sed res sacrae a Deo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2410 sanctitatem obtinent. Non ergo possunt per hominem violari. Et ita
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2411 sacrilegium non videtur esse sacrae rei violatio.</p><p title="II-II q. 99 a. 1 s. c."><a name="43214"><span class="ref">[43214] IIª-IIae q. 99 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2412 est quod Isidorus dicit, in libro Etymol., quod <i>sacrilegus
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2413 dicitur ab eo quod sacra legit, idest furatur</i>.</p><p title="II-II q. 99 a. 1 co."><a name="43215"><span class="ref">[43215] IIª-IIae q. 99 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2414 dicendum quod, sicut ex praedictis patet, sacrum dicitur aliquid ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2415 eo quod ad divinum cultum ordinatur. Sicut autem ex eo quod aliquid
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2416 ordinatur in finem bonum, sortitur rationem boni; ita etiam ex hoc
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2417 quod aliquid deputatur ad cultum Dei, efficitur quoddam divinum, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2418 sic ei quaedam reverentia debetur quae refertur in Deum. Et ideo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2419 omne illud quod ad irreverentiam rerum sacrarum pertinet, ad
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2420 iniuriam Dei pertinet, et habet sacrilegii rationem.</p><p title="II-II q. 99 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="43216"><span class="ref">[43216] IIª-IIae q. 99 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2421 ergo dicendum quod, secundum philosophum, in I Ethic., bonum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2422 commune gentis est quoddam divinum. Et ideo antiquitus rectores
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2423 reipublicae divini vocabantur, quasi divinae providentiae ministri,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2424 secundum illud Sap. VI, <i>cum essetis ministri regni illius, non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2425 recte iudicastis</i>. Et sic, per quandam nominis extensionem,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2426 illud quod pertinet ad reverentiam principis, scilicet disputare de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2427 eius iudicio, an oporteat ipsum sequi, secundum quandam
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2428 similitudinem sacrilegium dicitur.</p><p title="II-II q. 99 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="43217"><span class="ref">[43217] IIª-IIae q. 99 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2429 dicendum quod populus Christianus per fidem et sacramenta Christi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2430 sanctificatus est, secundum illud I ad Cor. VI, <i>sed abluti
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2431 estis, sed sanctificati estis</i>. Et ideo I Pet. II dicitur,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2432 <i>vos estis genus electum, regale sacerdotium, gens sancta,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2433 populus acquisitionis</i>. Et ita id quod fit in iniuriam populi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2434 Christiani, scilicet quod infideles ei praeficiantur, pertinet ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2435 irreverentiam sacrae rei. Unde rationabiliter sacrilegium
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2436 dicitur.</p><p title="II-II q. 99 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="43218"><span class="ref">[43218] IIª-IIae q. 99 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2437 dicendum quod violatio hic large dicitur quaecumque irreverentia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2438 vel exhonoratio. Sicut autem <i>honor est in honorante, non autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2439 in eo qui honoratur</i>, ut dicitur in I Ethic.; ita etiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2440 irreverentia est in eo qui irreverenter se habet, quamvis etiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2441 nihil noceat ei cui irreverentiam exhibet. Quantum ergo est in
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2442 ipso, rem sacram violat, licet illa non violetur.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 2</h3><p title="II-II q. 99 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="43219"><span class="ref">[43219] IIª-IIae q. 99 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2443 secundum sic proceditur. Videtur quod sacrilegium non sit speciale
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2444 peccatum. Dicitur enim XVII, qu. IV, <i>committunt sacrilegium qui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2445 in divinae legis sanctitatem aut nesciendo committunt, aut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2446 negligendo violant et offendunt</i>. Sed hoc fit per omne peccatum,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2447 nam <i>peccatum est dictum vel factum vel concupitum contra legem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2448 Dei</i>, ut Augustinus dicit, XXII contra Faustum. Ergo sacrilegium
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2449 est generale peccatum.</p><p title="II-II q. 99 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="43220"><span class="ref">[43220] IIª-IIae q. 99 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2450 nullum speciale peccatum continetur sub diversis generibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2451 peccatorum. Sed sacrilegium sub diversis generibus peccatorum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2452 continetur, puta sub homicidio, si quis sacerdotem occidat; sub
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2453 luxuria, si quis virginem sacratam violet, vel quamcumque mulierem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2454 in loco sacro; sub furto, si quis rem sacram furatus fuerit. Ergo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2455 sacrilegium non est speciale peccatum.</p><p title="II-II q. 99 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="43221"><span class="ref">[43221] IIª-IIae q. 99 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2456 omne speciale peccatum invenitur distinctum ab aliis peccatis, ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2457 de iniustitia speciali philosophus dicit, in V Ethic. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2458 sacrilegium non videtur inveniri absque aliis peccatis, sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2459 quandoque coniungitur furto, quandoque homicidio, ut dictum est.
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2460 Non ergo est speciale peccatum.</p><p title="II-II q. 99 a. 2 s. c."><a name="43222"><span class="ref">[43222] IIª-IIae q. 99 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2461 est quod opponitur speciali virtuti, scilicet religioni, ad quam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2462 pertinet revereri Deum et divina. Ergo sacrilegium est speciale
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2463 peccatum.</p><p title="II-II q. 99 a. 2 co."><a name="43223"><span class="ref">[43223] IIª-IIae q. 99 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2464 dicendum quod ubicumque invenitur specialis ratio deformitatis, ibi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2465 necesse est quod sit speciale peccatum, quia species cuiuslibet rei
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2466 praecipue attenditur secundum formalem rationem ipsius, non autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2467 secundum materiam vel subiectum. In sacrilegio autem invenitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2468 specialis ratio deformitatis, quia scilicet violatur res sacra per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2469 aliquam irreverentiam. Et ideo est speciale peccatum. Et opponitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2470 religioni. Sicut enim Damascenus dicit, in IV Lib., <i>purpura,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2471 regale indumentum facta, honoratur et glorificatur, et si quis hanc
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2472 perforaverit, morte damnatur</i>, quasi contra regem agens. Ita
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2473 etiam si quis rem sacram violat, ex hoc ipso contra Dei reverentiam
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2474 agit, et sic per irreligiositatem peccat.</p><p title="II-II q. 99 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="43224"><span class="ref">[43224] IIª-IIae q. 99 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2475 ergo dicendum quod illi dicuntur in divinae legis sanctitatem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2476 committere qui legem Dei impugnant, sicut haeretici et blasphemi.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2477 Qui ex hoc quod Deo non credunt, incurrunt infidelitatis peccatum,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2478 ex hoc vero quod divinae legis verba pervertunt, sacrilegium
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2479 incurrunt.</p><p title="II-II q. 99 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="43225"><span class="ref">[43225] IIª-IIae q. 99 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2480 dicendum quod nihil prohibet unam specialem rationem peccati in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2481 pluribus peccatorum generibus inveniri, secundum quod diversa
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2482 peccata ad finem unius peccati ordinantur, prout etiam in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2483 virtutibus apparet quibus imperatur ab una virtute. Et hoc modo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2484 quocumque genere peccati aliquis faciat contra reverentiam debitam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2485 sacris rebus, sacrilegium formaliter committit, licet materialiter
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2486 sint ibi diversa genera peccatorum.</p><p title="II-II q. 99 a. 2 ad 3"><a name="43226"><span class="ref">[43226] IIª-IIae q. 99 a. 2 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2487 dicendum quod sacrilegium interdum invenitur separatum ab aliis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2488 peccatis, eo quod actus non habet aliam deformitatem nisi quia res
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2489 sacra violatur, puta si aliquis iudex rapiat aliquem de loco sacro,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2490 quem in aliis locis licite capere posset.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 3</h3><p title="II-II q. 99 a. 3 arg. 1"><a name="43227"><span class="ref">[43227] IIª-IIae q. 99 a. 3 arg. 1</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2491 sic proceditur. Videtur quod species sacrilegii non distinguantur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2492 secundum res sacras. Materialis enim diversitas non diversificat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2493 speciem, si sit eadem ratio formalis. Sed in violatione
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2494 quarumcumque rerum sacrarum videtur esse eadem ratio formalis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2495 peccati, et quod non sit diversitas nisi materialis. Ergo per hoc
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2496 non diversificantur sacrilegii species.</p><p title="II-II q. 99 a. 3 arg. 2"><a name="43228"><span class="ref">[43228] IIª-IIae q. 99 a. 3 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2497 non videtur esse possibile quod aliqua sint eiusdem speciei, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2498 tamen specie differant. Sed homicidium et furtum et illicitus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2499 concubitus sunt diversae species peccatorum. Ergo non possunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2500 convenire in una specie sacrilegii. Et ita videtur quod sacrilegii
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2501 species distinguantur secundum diversas species aliorum peccatorum,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2502 et non secundum diversitatem rerum sacrarum.</p><p title="II-II q. 99 a. 3 arg. 3"><a name="43229"><span class="ref">[43229] IIª-IIae q. 99 a. 3 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2503 inter res sacras connumerantur etiam personae sacrae. Si ergo una
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2504 species sacrilegii esset qua violatur persona sacra, sequeretur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2505 quod omne peccatum quod persona sacra committit esset sacrilegium,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2506 quia per quodlibet peccatum violatur persona peccantis. Non ergo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2507 species sacrilegii accipiuntur secundum res sacras.</p><p title="II-II q. 99 a. 3 s. c."><a name="43230"><span class="ref">[43230] IIª-IIae q. 99 a. 3 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2508 est quod actus et habitus distinguuntur secundum obiecta. Sed res
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2509 sacra est obiectum sacrilegii. Ut dictum est. Ergo species
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2510 sacrilegii distinguuntur secundum differentiam rerum sacrarum.</p><p title="II-II q. 99 a. 3 co."><a name="43231"><span class="ref">[43231] IIª-IIae q. 99 a. 3 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2511 dicendum quod, sicut dictum est, peccatum sacrilegii in hoc
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2512 consistit quod aliquis irreverenter se habet ad rem sacram. Debetur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2513 autem reverentia rei sacrae ratione sanctitatis. Et ideo secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2514 diversam rationem sanctitatis rerum sacrarum quibus irreverentia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2515 exhibetur, necesse est quod sacrilegii species distinguantur, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2516 tanto sacrilegium est gravius quanto res sacra in quam peccatur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2517 maiorem obtinet sanctitatem. Attribuitur autem sanctitas et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2518 personis sacris, idest divino cultui dedicatis, et locis sacris, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2519 rebus quibusdam aliis sacris. Sanctitas autem loci ordinatur ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2520 sanctitatem hominis, qui in loco sacro cultum exhibet Deo, dicitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2521 enim II Machab. V, <i>non propter locum gentem, sed propter gentem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2522 dominus locum elegit</i>. Et ideo gravius peccatum est sacrilegium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2523 quo peccatur contra personam sacram quam quo peccatur contra locum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2524 sacrum. Sunt tamen in utraque sacrilegii specie diversi gradus,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2525 secundum differentiam personarum et locorum sacrorum. Similiter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2526 etiam et tertia species sacrilegii, quae circa alias res sacras
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2527 committitur, diversos habet gradus, secundum differentiam sacrarum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2528 rerum. Inter quas summum locum obtinent ipsa sacramenta, quibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2529 homo sanctificatur, quorum praecipuum est Eucharistiae sacramentum,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2530 quod continet ipsum Christum. Et ideo sacrilegium quod contra hoc
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2531 sacramentum committitur gravissimum est inter omnia. Post
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2532 sacramenta autem, secundum locum tenent vasa consecrata ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2533 sacramentorum susceptionem; et ipsae imagines sacrae, et sanctorum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2534 reliquiae, in quibus quodammodo ipsae personae sanctorum venerantur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2535 vel dehonorantur. Deinde ea quae pertinent ad ornatum Ecclesiae et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2536 ministrorum. Deinde ea quae sunt deputata ad sustentationem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2537 ministrorum, sive sint mobilia sive immobilia. Quicumque autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2538 contra quodcumque praedictorum peccat, crimen sacrilegii
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2539 incurrit.</p><p title="II-II q. 99 a. 3 ad 1"><a name="43232"><span class="ref">[43232] IIª-IIae q. 99 a. 3 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2540 ergo dicendum quod non est in omnibus praedictis eadem ratio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2541 sanctitatis. Et ideo differentia sacrarum rerum non solum est
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2542 differentia materialis, sed formalis.</p><p title="II-II q. 99 a. 3 ad 2"><a name="43233"><span class="ref">[43233] IIª-IIae q. 99 a. 3 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2543 dicendum quod nihil prohibet aliqua duo secundum aliquid esse unius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2544 speciei, et secundum aliud diversarum, sicut Socrates et Plato
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2545 conveniunt in specie animalis, differunt autem in specie colorati,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2546 si unus sit albus et alius niger. Et similiter etiam possibile est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2547 aliqua duo peccata differre specie secundum materiales actus,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2548 convenire autem in specie secundum unam rationem formalem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2549 sacrilegii, puta si quis sanctimonialem violaverit verberando, vel
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2550 concumbendo.</p><p title="II-II q. 99 a. 3 ad 3"><a name="43234"><span class="ref">[43234] IIª-IIae q. 99 a. 3 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2551 dicendum quod omne peccatum quod sacra persona committit,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2552 materialiter quidem et quasi per accidens est sacrilegium, unde
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2553 Hieronymus dicit quod <i>nugae in ore sacerdotis sacrilegium sunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2554 vel blasphemia</i>. Formaliter autem et proprie illud solum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2555 peccatum sacrae personae sacrilegium est quod agitur directe contra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2556 eius sanctitatem, puta si virgo Deo dicata fornicetur; et eadem
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2557 ratio est in aliis.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 4</h3><p title="II-II q. 99 a. 4 arg. 1"><a name="43235"><span class="ref">[43235] IIª-IIae q. 99 a. 4 arg. 1</span></a> Ad quartum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2558 sic proceditur. Videtur quod poena sacrilegii non debeat esse
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2559 pecuniaria. Poena enim pecuniaria non solet imponi pro culpa
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2560 criminali. Sed sacrilegium est culpa criminalis, unde capitali
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2561 sententia punitur secundum leges civiles. Ergo sacrilegium non
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2562 debet puniri poena pecuniaria.</p><p title="II-II q. 99 a. 4 arg. 2"><a name="43236"><span class="ref">[43236] IIª-IIae q. 99 a. 4 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2563 idem peccatum non debet duplici poena puniri, secundum illud Nahum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2564 I, non consurget duplex tribulatio. Sed poena sacrilegii est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2565 excommunicatio, maior quidem si violentia inferatur in personam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2566 sacram, vel si aliquis incendat vel frangat Ecclesiam; minor autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2567 in aliis sacrilegiis. Ergo non debet sacrilegium puniri poena
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2568 pecuniaria.</p><p title="II-II q. 99 a. 4 arg. 3"><a name="43237"><span class="ref">[43237] IIª-IIae q. 99 a. 4 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2569 apostolus dicit, I ad Thess. II, <i>non fuimus aliquando in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2570 occasione avaritiae</i>. Sed hoc videtur ad occasionem avaritiae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2571 pertinere quod poena pecuniaria exigatur pro violatione rei sacrae.
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2572 Ergo non videtur talis poena esse conveniens sacrilegii.</p><p title="II-II q. 99 a. 4 s. c."><a name="43238"><span class="ref">[43238] IIª-IIae q. 99 a. 4 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2573 est quod dicitur XVII, qu. IV, <i>si quis contumax vel superbus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2574 fugitivum servum de atrio Ecclesiae per vim abstraxerit, nongentos
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2575 solidos componat</i>. Et ibidem postea dicitur, <i>quisquis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2576 inventus fuerit reus sacrilegii, triginta libras argenti examinati
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2577 purissimi componat</i>.</p><p title="II-II q. 99 a. 4 co."><a name="43239"><span class="ref">[43239] IIª-IIae q. 99 a. 4 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2578 dicendum quod in poenis infligendis duo sunt consideranda. Primo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2579 quidem, aequalitas, ad hoc quod poena sit iusta, ut scilicet in quo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2580 quis peccat, per hoc torqueatur, ut dicitur Sap. XI. Et hoc modo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2581 conveniens poena sacrilegi, qui sacris iniuriam infert est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2582 excommunicatio, per quam a sacris arcetur. Secundo autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2583 consideratur utilitas, nam poenae quasi medicinae quaedam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2584 infliguntur, ut his territi homines a peccando desistant.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2585 Sacrilegus autem, qui sacra non reveretur, non sufficienter videtur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2586 a peccando arceri per hoc quod ei sacra interdicuntur, de quibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2587 non curat. Et ideo secundum leges humanas adhibetur capitis poena;
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2588 secundum vero Ecclesiae sententiam, quae mortem corporalem non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2589 infligit, adhibetur pecuniaria poena, ut saltem poenis temporalibus
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2590 homines a sacrilegiis revocentur.</p><p title="II-II q. 99 a. 4 ad 1"><a name="43240"><span class="ref">[43240] IIª-IIae q. 99 a. 4 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2591 ergo dicendum quod Ecclesia corporalem mortem non infligit, sed
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2592 loco eius infligit excommunicationem.</p><p title="II-II q. 99 a. 4 ad 2"><a name="43241"><span class="ref">[43241] IIª-IIae q. 99 a. 4 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2593 dicendum quod necesse est duas poenas adhiberi quando per unam non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2594 sufficienter revocatur aliquis a peccando. Et ideo oportuit, supra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2595 poenam excommunicationis, adhibere aliquam temporalem poenam, ad
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2596 coercendum homines qui spiritualia contemnunt.</p><p title="II-II q. 99 a. 4 ad 3"><a name="43242"><span class="ref">[43242] IIª-IIae q. 99 a. 4 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2597 dicendum quod si pecunia exigeretur sine rationabili causa, hoc
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2598 videretur ad occasionem avaritiae pertinere. Sed quando exigitur ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2599 hominum correctionem, habet manifestam utilitatem. Et ideo non
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2600 pertinet ad occasionem avaritiae.</p></div></div><div class="q" id="q100"><h2>Quaestio 100</h2><div class="p"><h3>Prooemium</h3><p title="II-II q. 100 pr."><a name="43243"><span class="ref">[43243] IIª-IIae q. 100 pr.</span></a> Deinde
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2601 considerandum est de simonia. Et circa hoc quaeruntur sex. Primo,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2602 quid sit simonia. Secundo, utrum liceat pro sacramentis pecuniam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2603 accipere. Tertio, utrum liceat accipere pecuniam pro spiritualibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2604 actibus. Quarto, utrum liceat vendere ea quae sunt spiritualibus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2605 annexa. Quinto, utrum solum munus a manu faciat simoniacum, an
53
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diff changeset
2606 etiam munus a lingua et ab obsequio. Sexto, de poena simoniaci.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 1</h3><p title="II-II q. 100 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="43244"><span class="ref">[43244] IIª-IIae q. 100 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2607 sic proceditur. Videtur quod simonia non sit studiosa voluntas
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2608 emendi et vendendi aliquid spirituale vel spirituali annexum.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2609 Simonia enim est haeresis quaedam, dicitur enim I, qu. I,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2610 <i>tolerabilior est Macedonii, et eorum qui circa ipsum sunt sancti
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2611 spiritus impugnatorum, impia haeresis quam simoniacorum. Illi enim
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2612 creaturam, et servum Dei patris et filii, spiritum sanctum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2613 delirando fatentur, isti vero eundem spiritum sanctum efficiunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2614 servum suum. Omnis enim dominus quod habet, si vult, vendit, sive
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2615 servum, sive quid aliud eorum quae possidet</i>. Sed infidelitas
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2616 non consistit in voluntate, sed magis in intellectu, sicut et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2617 fides, ut ex supra dictis patet. Ergo simonia non debet per
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2618 voluntatem definiri.</p><p title="II-II q. 100 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="43245"><span class="ref">[43245] IIª-IIae q. 100 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a>
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2619 Praeterea, studiose peccare est ex malitia peccare, quod est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2620 peccare in spiritum sanctum. Si ergo simonia est studiosa voluntas
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2621 peccandi, sequitur quod semper sit peccatum in spiritum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2622 sanctum.</p><p title="II-II q. 100 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="43246"><span class="ref">[43246] IIª-IIae q. 100 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a>
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2623 Praeterea, nihil magis est spirituale quam regnum caelorum. Sed
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2624 licet emere regnum caelorum, dicit enim Gregorius, in quadam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2625 homilia, <i>regnum caelorum tantum valet quantum habes</i>. Ergo
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2626 non est simonia velle emere aliquid spirituale.</p><p title="II-II q. 100 a. 1 arg. 4"><a name="43247"><span class="ref">[43247] IIª-IIae q. 100 a. 1 arg. 4</span></a>
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2627 Praeterea, nomen simoniae a Simone mago acceptum est, de quo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2628 legitur Act. VIII, quod obtulit apostolis pecuniam ad spiritualem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2629 potestatem emendam, ut, scilicet, <i>quibuscumque manus imponeret,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2630 reciperent spiritum sanctum</i>. Non autem legitur quod aliquid
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2631 voluit vendere. Ergo simonia non est voluntas vendendi aliquid
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2632 spirituale.</p><p title="II-II q. 100 a. 1 arg. 5"><a name="43248"><span class="ref">[43248] IIª-IIae q. 100 a. 1 arg. 5</span></a>
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2633 Praeterea, multae aliae sunt voluntariae commutationes praeter
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2634 emptionem et venditionem, sicut permutatio, transactio. Ergo
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2635 videtur quod insufficienter definiatur simonia.</p><p title="II-II q. 100 a. 1 arg. 6"><a name="43249"><span class="ref">[43249] IIª-IIae q. 100 a. 1 arg. 6</span></a>
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2636 Praeterea, omne quod est spirituali annexum est spirituale.
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2637 Superflue igitur additur, vel spirituali annexum.</p><p title="II-II q. 100 a. 1 arg. 7"><a name="43250"><span class="ref">[43250] IIª-IIae q. 100 a. 1 arg. 7</span></a>
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2638 Praeterea, Papa, secundum quosdam, non potest committere simoniam.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2639 Potest autem emere vel vendere aliquid spirituale. Ergo simonia non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2640 est voluntas emendi vel vendendi aliquid spirituale vel spirituali
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2641 annexum.</p><p title="II-II q. 100 a. 1 s. c."><a name="43251"><span class="ref">[43251] IIª-IIae q. 100 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2642 est quod Gregorius dicit, in registro, <i>altare et decimas et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2643 spiritum sanctum emere vel vendere simoniacam haeresim esse nullus
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2644 fidelium ignorat</i>.</p><p title="II-II q. 100 a. 1 co."><a name="43252"><span class="ref">[43252] IIª-IIae q. 100 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2645 dicendum quod, sicut supra dictum est, actus aliquis est malus ex
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2646 genere ex eo quod cadit super materiam indebitam. Emptionis autem
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2647 et venditionis est materia indebita res spiritualis, triplici
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2648 ratione. Primo quidem, quia res spiritualis non potest aliquo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2649 terreno pretio compensari, sicut de sapientia dicitur Prov. III,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2650 <i>pretiosior est cunctis opibus, et omnia quae desiderantur huic
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2651 non valent comparari</i>. Et ideo Petrus, in ipsa sui radice
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2652 Simonis pravitatem condemnans, dixit, <i>pecunia tua tecum sit in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2653 perditionem, quoniam donum Dei existimasti pecunia possidere</i>.
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2654 Secundo, quia illud potest esse debita venditionis materia cuius
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2655 venditor est dominus, ut patet in auctoritate supra inducta.
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2656 Praelatus autem Ecclesiae non est dominus spiritualium rerum, sed
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2657 dispensator, secundum illud I ad Cor. IV. <i>Sic nos existimet homo
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2658 ut ministros Christi, et dispensatores ministeriorum Dei</i>.
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2659 Tertio, quia venditio repugnat spiritualium origini, quae ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2660 gratuita Dei voluntate proveniunt. Unde et dominus dicit, Matth. X,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2661 <i>gratis accepistis, gratis date</i>. Et ideo aliquis, vendendo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2662 vel emendo rem spiritualem, irreverentiam exhibet Deo et rebus
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2663 divinis. Propter quod, peccat peccato irreligiositatis.</p><p title="II-II q. 100 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="43253"><span class="ref">[43253] IIª-IIae q. 100 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2664 ergo dicendum quod sicut religio consistit in quadam fidei
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2665 protestatione, quam tamen interdum aliquis non habet in corde; ita
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2666 etiam vitia opposita religioni habent quandam protestationem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2667 infidelitatis, licet quandoque non sit infidelitas in mente.
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2668 Secundum hoc ergo, simonia haeresis dicitur secundum exteriorem
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2669 protestationem, quia in hoc quod aliquis vendit donum spiritus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2670 sancti, quodammodo se protestatur esse dominum spiritualis doni;
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2671 quod est haereticum. Sciendum tamen quod Simon magus, praeter hoc
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2672 quod ab apostolis spiritus sancti gratiam pecunia emere voluit,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2673 dixit quod mundus non erat a Deo creatus, sed a quadam superna
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2674 virtute, ut dicit Isidorus, in libro Etymol. Et secundum hoc, inter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2675 alios haereticos simoniaci computantur, ut patet in libro Augustini
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2676 de haeresibus.</p><p title="II-II q. 100 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="43254"><span class="ref">[43254] IIª-IIae q. 100 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2677 dicendum quod, sicut supra dictum est, iustitia et omnes partes
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2678 eius, et per consequens omnia vitia opposita, sunt in voluntate
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2679 sicut in subiecto. Et ideo convenienter simonia per voluntatem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2680 definitur. Additur autem studiosa, ad designandum electionem, quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2681 principaliter pertinet ad virtutem et vitium. Non autem omnis qui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2682 peccat electione peccat peccato in spiritum sanctum, sed solum qui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2683 peccatum eligit per contemptum eorum quae homines solent retrahere
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2684 a peccando, ut supra dictum est.</p><p title="II-II q. 100 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="43255"><span class="ref">[43255] IIª-IIae q. 100 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2685 dicendum quod regnum caelorum dicitur emi, dum quis dat quod habet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2686 propter Deum, large sumpto nomine emptionis, secundum quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2687 accipitur pro merito. Quod tamen non pertingit ad perfectam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2688 rationem emptionis. Tum quia non sunt condignae passiones huius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2689 temporis, nec aliqua nostra dona vel opera, ad futuram gloriam quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2690 revelabitur in nobis, ut dicitur Rom. VIII. Tum quia meritum non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2691 consistit principaliter in exteriori dono vel actu vel passione,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2692 sed in interiori affectu.</p><p title="II-II q. 100 a. 1 ad 4"><a name="43256"><span class="ref">[43256] IIª-IIae q. 100 a. 1 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2693 dicendum quod Simon magus ad hoc emere voluit spiritualem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2694 potestatem ut eam postea venderet, dicitur enim I, qu. III, quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2695 <i>Simon magus donum spiritus sancti emere voluit ut ex venditione
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2696 signorum quae per eum fierent, multiplicatam pecuniam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2697 lucraretur</i>. Et sic illi qui spiritualia vendunt, conformantur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2698 Simoni mago in intentione, in actu vero, illi qui emere volunt.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2699 Illi autem qui vendunt, in actu imitantur Giezi, discipulum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2700 Elisaei, de quo legitur IV Reg. V, quod accepit pecuniam a leproso
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2701 mundato. Unde venditores spiritualium possunt dici non solum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2702 simoniaci, sed etiam Giezitae.</p><p title="II-II q. 100 a. 1 ad 5"><a name="43257"><span class="ref">[43257] IIª-IIae q. 100 a. 1 ad 5</span></a> Ad quintum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2703 dicendum quod nomine emptionis et venditionis intelligitur omnis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2704 contractus non gratuitus. Unde nec permutatio praebendarum vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2705 ecclesiasticorum beneficiorum fieri potest, auctoritate partium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2706 absque periculo simoniae, sicut nec transactio, ut iura
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2707 determinant. Potest tamen praelatus, ex officio suo. Permutationes
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2708 huiusmodi facere pro causa utili vel necessaria.</p><p title="II-II q. 100 a. 1 ad 6"><a name="43258"><span class="ref">[43258] IIª-IIae q. 100 a. 1 ad 6</span></a> Ad sextum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2709 dicendum quod sicut anima vivit secundum seipsam, corpus vero vivit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2710 ex unione animae; ita etiam quaedam sunt spiritualia secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2711 seipsa, sicut sacramenta et alia huiusmodi; quaedam autem dicuntur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2712 spiritualia ex hoc quod talibus adhaerent. Unde I, qu. III,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2713 dicitur, cap. si quis obiecerit, quod <i>spiritualia sine
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2714 corporalibus rebus non proficiunt, sicut nec anima sine corpore
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2715 corporaliter vivit</i>.</p><p title="II-II q. 100 a. 1 ad 7"><a name="43259"><span class="ref">[43259] IIª-IIae q. 100 a. 1 ad 7</span></a> Ad septimum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2716 dicendum quod Papa potest incurrere vitium simoniae, sicut et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2717 quilibet alius homo, peccatum enim tanto in aliqua persona est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2718 gravius quanto maiorem obtinet locum. Quamvis enim res Ecclesiae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2719 sint eius ut principalis dispensatoris, non tamen sunt eius ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2720 domini et possessoris. Et ideo si reciperet pro aliqua re
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2721 spirituali pecuniam de redditibus alicuius Ecclesiae, non careret
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2722 vitio simoniae. Et similiter etiam posset simoniam committere
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2723 recipiendo pecuniam ab aliquo laico non de bonis Ecclesiae.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 2</h3><p title="II-II q. 100 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="43260"><span class="ref">[43260] IIª-IIae q. 100 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2724 secundum sic proceditur. Videtur quod non semper sit illicitum pro
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2725 sacramentis pecuniam dare. Baptismus enim est ianua sacramentorum,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2726 ut in III parte dicetur. Sed licet, ut videtur, in aliquo casu dare
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2727 pecuniam pro Baptismo, puta quando sacerdos puerum morientem sine
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2728 pretio baptizare non vellet. Ergo non semper est illicitum emere
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2729 vel vendere sacramenta.</p><p title="II-II q. 100 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="43261"><span class="ref">[43261] IIª-IIae q. 100 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a>
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2730 Praeterea, maximum sacramentorum est Eucharistia, quae in Missa
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2731 consecratur. Sed pro Missis cantandis aliqui sacerdotes praebendam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2732 vel pecuniam accipiunt. Ergo licet multo magis alia sacramenta
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2733 emere vel vendere.</p><p title="II-II q. 100 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="43262"><span class="ref">[43262] IIª-IIae q. 100 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a>
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2734 Praeterea, sacramentum poenitentiae est sacramentum necessitatis,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2735 quod praecipue in absolutione consistit. Sed quidam absolventes ab
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2736 excommunicatione pecuniam exigunt. Ergo non semper est illicitum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2737 sacramenta emere vel vendere.</p><p title="II-II q. 100 a. 2 arg. 4"><a name="43263"><span class="ref">[43263] IIª-IIae q. 100 a. 2 arg. 4</span></a>
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2738 Praeterea, consuetudo facit ut non sit peccatum illud quod alias
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2739 peccatum esset, sicut Augustinus dicit quod <i>habere plures
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2740 uxores, quando mos erat, crimen non erat</i>. Sed apud quosdam est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2741 consuetudo quod in consecrationibus episcoporum, benedictionibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2742 abbatum, et ordinibus clericorum, pro chrismate vel oleo sancto et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2743 aliis huiusmodi aliquid detur. Ergo videtur quod hoc non sit
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2744 illicitum.</p><p title="II-II q. 100 a. 2 arg. 5"><a name="43264"><span class="ref">[43264] IIª-IIae q. 100 a. 2 arg. 5</span></a>
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2745 Praeterea, contingit quandoque quod aliquis malitiose impedit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2746 aliquem vel ab episcopatu obtinendo, vel ab aliqua alia dignitate.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2747 Sed licet unicuique redimere suam vexationem. Ergo licitum videtur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2748 in tali casu pecuniam dare pro episcopatu, vel aliqua alia
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2749 ecclesiastica dignitate.</p><p title="II-II q. 100 a. 2 arg. 6"><a name="43265"><span class="ref">[43265] IIª-IIae q. 100 a. 2 arg. 6</span></a>
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2750 Praeterea, matrimonium est quoddam sacramentum. Sed quandoque datur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2751 pecunia pro matrimonio. Ergo licitum est sacramenta pecunia
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2752 vendere.</p><p title="II-II q. 100 a. 2 s. c."><a name="43266"><span class="ref">[43266] IIª-IIae q. 100 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2753 est quod dicitur I, qu. I, <i>qui per pecuniam quemquam
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2754 consecraverit, alienus sit a sacerdotio</i>.</p><p title="II-II q. 100 a. 2 co."><a name="43267"><span class="ref">[43267] IIª-IIae q. 100 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2755 dicendum quod sacramenta novae legis sunt maxime spiritualia,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2756 inquantum sunt spiritualis gratiae causa, quae pretio aestimari non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2757 potest, et eius rationi repugnat quod non gratuito detur.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2758 Dispensantur autem sacramenta per Ecclesiae ministros, quos oportet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2759 a populo sustentari, secundum illud apostoli, I ad Cor. IX,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2760 <i>nescitis quoniam qui in sacrario operantur, quae de sacrario
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2761 sunt edunt, et qui altari deserviunt, cum altario
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2762 participantur?</i> Sic igitur dicendum est quod accipere pecuniam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2763 pro spirituali sacramentorum gratia est crimen simoniae, quod nulla
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2764 consuetudine potest excusari, quia consuetudo non praeiudicat iuri
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2765 naturali vel divino. Per pecuniam autem intelligitur omne illud
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2766 cuius pretium potest pecunia aestimari, ut philosophus dicit, in IV
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2767 Ethic. Accipere autem aliqua ad sustentationem eorum qui sacramenta
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2768 ministrant, secundum ordinationem Ecclesiae et consuetudines
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2769 approbatas, non est simonia, neque peccatum, non enim accipitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2770 tanquam pretium mercedis, sed tanquam stipendium necessitatis. Unde
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2771 super illud I ad Tim. V, qui bene praesunt presbyteri etc., dicit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2772 Glossa Augustini, <i>accipiant sustentationem necessitatis a
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2773 populo, mercedem dispensationis a domino</i>.</p><p title="II-II q. 100 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="43268"><span class="ref">[43268] IIª-IIae q. 100 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2774 ergo dicendum quod in casu necessitatis potest quilibet baptizare.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2775 Et quia nullo modo est peccandum, pro eodem est habendum si
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2776 sacerdos absque pretio baptizare non velit, ac si non esset qui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2777 baptizaret. Unde ille qui gerit curam pueri in tali casu licite
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2778 posset eum baptizare, vel a quocumque alio facere baptizari. Posset
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2779 tamen licite aquam a sacerdote emere, quae est pure elementum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2780 corporale. Si autem esset adultus qui Baptismum desideraret, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2781 immineret mortis periculum, nec sacerdos eum vellet sine pretio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2782 baptizare, deberet, si posset, per alium baptizari. Quod si non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2783 posset ad alium habere recursum, nullo modo deberet pretium pro
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2784 Baptismo dare, sed potius absque Baptismo decedere, suppletur enim
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2785 ei ex Baptismo flaminis quod ex sacramento deest.</p><p title="II-II q. 100 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="43269"><span class="ref">[43269] IIª-IIae q. 100 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2786 dicendum quod sacerdos non accipit pecuniam quasi pretium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2787 consecrationis Eucharistiae aut Missae cantandae, hoc enim esset
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2788 simoniacum, sed quasi stipendium suae sustentationis, ut dictum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2789 est.</p><p title="II-II q. 100 a. 2 ad 3"><a name="43270"><span class="ref">[43270] IIª-IIae q. 100 a. 2 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2790 dicendum quod pecunia non exigitur ab eo qui absolvitur quasi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2791 pretium absolutionis, hoc enim esset simoniacum, sed quasi poena
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2792 culpae praecedentis, pro qua fuit excommunicatus.</p><p title="II-II q. 100 a. 2 ad 4"><a name="43271"><span class="ref">[43271] IIª-IIae q. 100 a. 2 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2793 dicendum quod, sicut dictum est, consuetudo non praeiudicat iuri
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2794 naturali vel divino, quo simonia prohibetur. Et ideo si aliqua ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2795 consuetudine exigantur quasi pretium rei spiritualis, cum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2796 intentione emendi vel vendendi, est manifeste simonia, et praecipue
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2797 si ab invito exigantur. Si vero accipiantur quasi quaedam stipendia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2798 per consuetudinem approbatam, non est simonia, si tamen desit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2799 intentio emendi vel vendendi, sed intentio referatur ad solam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2800 consuetudinis observantiam; et praecipue quando aliquis voluntarie
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2801 solvit. In his tamen omnibus sollicite cavendum est quod habet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2802 speciem simoniae vel cupiditatis, secundum illud apostoli, I ad
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2803 Thess. ult., <i>ab omni specie mala abstinete vos</i>.</p><p title="II-II q. 100 a. 2 ad 5"><a name="43272"><span class="ref">[43272] IIª-IIae q. 100 a. 2 ad 5</span></a> Ad quintum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2804 dicendum quod antequam alicui acquiratur ius in episcopatu, vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2805 quacumque dignitate seu praebenda, per electionem vel provisionem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2806 seu collationem, simoniacum esset adversantium obstacula pecunia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2807 redimere, sic enim per pecuniam pararet sibi viam ad rem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2808 spiritualem obtinendam. Sed postquam iam ius alicui acquisitum est,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2809 licet per pecuniam iniusta impedimenta removere.</p><p title="II-II q. 100 a. 2 ad 6"><a name="43273"><span class="ref">[43273] IIª-IIae q. 100 a. 2 ad 6</span></a> Ad sextum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2810 dicendum quod quidam dicunt quod pro matrimonio licet pecuniam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2811 dare, quia in eo non confertur gratia. Sed hoc non est usquequaque
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2812 verum, ut in III parte huius operis dicetur. Et ideo aliter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2813 dicendum est, quod matrimonium non solum est Ecclesiae sacramentum,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2814 sed etiam naturae officium. Et ideo dare pecuniam pro matrimonio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2815 inquantum est naturae officium, licitum est, inquantum vero est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2816 Ecclesiae sacramentum, est illicitum. Et ideo secundum iura
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2817 prohibetur ne pro benedictione nuptiarum aliquid exigatur.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 3</h3><p title="II-II q. 100 a. 3 arg. 1"><a name="43274"><span class="ref">[43274] IIª-IIae q. 100 a. 3 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2818 tertium sic proceditur. Videtur quod licitum sit dare et accipere
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2819 pecuniam pro spiritualibus actibus. Usus enim prophetiae est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2820 spiritualis actus. Sed pro usu prophetiae olim aliquid dabatur, ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2821 patet I Reg. IX, et III Reg. XIV. Ergo videtur quod liceat dare et
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2822 accipere pecuniam pro actu spirituali.</p><p title="II-II q. 100 a. 3 arg. 2"><a name="43275"><span class="ref">[43275] IIª-IIae q. 100 a. 3 arg. 2</span></a>
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2823 Praeterea, oratio, praedicatio, laus divina sunt actus maxime
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2824 spirituales. Sed ad impetrandum orationum suffragia pecunia datur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2825 sanctis viris, secundum illud Luc. XVI, <i>facite vobis amicos de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2826 mammona iniquitatis</i>. Praedicatoribus etiam spiritualia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2827 seminantibus temporalia debentur, secundum apostolum, I ad Cor. IX.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2828 Celebrantibus etiam divinas laudes in ecclesiastico officio, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2829 processiones facientibus, aliquid datur, et quandoque annui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2830 redditus ad hoc assignantur. Ergo licitum est pro spiritualibus
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2831 actibus accipere aliquid.</p><p title="II-II q. 100 a. 3 arg. 3"><a name="43276"><span class="ref">[43276] IIª-IIae q. 100 a. 3 arg. 3</span></a>
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2832 Praeterea, scientia non est minus spiritualis quam potestas. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2833 pro usu scientiae licet pecuniam accipere, sicut advocato licet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2834 vendere iustum patrocinium, et medico consilium sanitatis, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2835 magistro officium doctrinae. Ergo, pari ratione, videtur quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2836 liceat praelato accipere aliquid pro usu spiritualis suae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2837 potestatis, puta pro correctione, vel dispensatione, vel aliquo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2838 huiusmodi.</p><p title="II-II q. 100 a. 3 arg. 4"><a name="43277"><span class="ref">[43277] IIª-IIae q. 100 a. 3 arg. 4</span></a>
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2839 Praeterea, religio est status spiritualis perfectionis. Sed in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2840 aliquibus monasteriis aliquid ab his qui recipiuntur exigitur. Ergo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2841 licet pro spiritualibus aliquid exigere.</p><p title="II-II q. 100 a. 3 s. c."><a name="43278"><span class="ref">[43278] IIª-IIae q. 100 a. 3 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2842 est quod dicitur I, qu. I, <i>quidquid invisibilis gratiae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2843 consolatione tribuitur, nunquam quaestibus, vel quibuslibet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2844 praemiis, venundari penitus debet</i>. Sed omnia huiusmodi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2845 spiritualia per invisibilem gratiam tribuuntur. Ergo non licet ea
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2846 quaestibus vel praemiis venundari.</p><p title="II-II q. 100 a. 3 co."><a name="43279"><span class="ref">[43279] IIª-IIae q. 100 a. 3 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2847 dicendum quod sicut sacramenta dicuntur spiritualia quia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2848 spiritualem conferunt gratiam, ita etiam quaedam alia dicuntur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2849 spiritualia quia ex spirituali procedunt gratia et ad eam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2850 disponunt. Quae tamen per hominum ministerium exhibentur, quos
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2851 oportet a populo sustentari, cui spiritualia administrant, secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2852 illud I ad Cor. IX, <i>quis militat suis stipendiis unquam? Quis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2853 pascit gregem, et de lacte gregis non manducat?</i> Et ideo vendere
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2854 quod spirituale est in huiusmodi actibus, aut emere, simoniacum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2855 est, sed accipere aut dare aliquid pro sustentatione ministrantium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2856 spiritualia, secundum ordinationem Ecclesiae et consuetudinem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2857 approbatam, licitum est; ita tamen quod desit intentio emptionis et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2858 venditionis; et quod ab invitis non exigatur per subtractionem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2859 spiritualium quae sunt exhibenda, haec enim haberent quandam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2860 venditionis speciem. Gratis tamen spiritualibus prius exhibitis,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2861 licite possunt statutae et consuetae oblationes, et quicumque alii
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2862 proventus, exigi a nolentibus et valentibus solvere, auctoritate
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2863 superioris interveniente.</p><p title="II-II q. 100 a. 3 ad 1"><a name="43280"><span class="ref">[43280] IIª-IIae q. 100 a. 3 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2864 ergo dicendum quod, sicut Hieronymus dicit, super Michaeam, munera
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2865 quaedam sponte exhibebantur bonis prophetis ad sustentationem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2866 ipsorum, non quasi ad emendum prophetiae usum, quem tamen
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2867 pseudoprophetae retorquebant ad quaestum.</p><p title="II-II q. 100 a. 3 ad 2"><a name="43281"><span class="ref">[43281] IIª-IIae q. 100 a. 3 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2868 dicendum quod illi qui dant eleemosynas pauperibus ut orationum ab
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2869 ipsis suffragia impetrent, non eo tenore dant quasi intendentes
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2870 orationes emere, sed per gratuitam beneficentiam pauperum animas
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2871 provocant ad hoc quod pro eis gratis et ex caritate orent.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2872 Praedicantibus etiam temporalia debentur ad sustentationem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2873 praedicantium, non autem ad emendum praedicationis verbum. Unde
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2874 super illud I ad Tim. V, qui bene praesunt presbyteri etc., dicit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2875 Glossa, <i>necessitatis est accipere unde vivitur, caritatis est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2876 praebere, non tamen venale est Evangelium, ut pro his praedicetur.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2877 Si enim sic vendunt, magnam rem vili vendunt pretio</i>. Similiter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2878 etiam aliqua temporalia dantur Deum laudantibus in celebratione
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2879 ecclesiastici officii, sive pro vivis sive pro mortuis, non quasi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2880 pretium, sed quasi sustentationis stipendium. Et eo etiam tenore
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2881 pro processionibus faciendis in aliquo funere aliquae eleemosynae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2882 recipiuntur. Si autem huiusmodi pacto interveniente fiant, aut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2883 etiam cum intentione emptionis vel venditionis, simoniacum esset.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2884 Unde illicita esset ordinatio si in aliqua Ecclesia statueretur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2885 quod non fieret processio in funere alicuius nisi solveret certam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2886 pecuniae quantitatem, quia per tale statutum praecluderetur via
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2887 gratis officium pietatis aliquibus impendendi. Magis autem licita
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2888 esset ordinatio si statueretur quod omnibus certam eleemosynam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2889 dantibus talis honor exhiberetur, quia per hoc non praecluderetur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2890 via aliis exhibendi. Et praeterea prima ordinatio habet speciem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2891 exactionis, secunda vero habet speciem gratuitae
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2892 recompensationis.</p><p title="II-II q. 100 a. 3 ad 3"><a name="43282"><span class="ref">[43282] IIª-IIae q. 100 a. 3 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2893 dicendum quod ille cui committitur spiritualis potestas, ex officio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2894 obligatur ad usum potestatis sibi commissae in spiritualium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2895 dispensatione, et etiam pro sua sustentatione statuta stipendia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2896 habet ex redditibus ecclesiasticis. Et ideo si aliquid acciperet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2897 pro usu spiritualis potestatis, non intelligeretur locare operas
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2898 suas, quas ex debito suscepti officii debet impendere, sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2899 intelligeretur vendere ipsum spiritualis gratiae usum. Et propter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2900 hoc, non licet pro quacumque dispensatione aliquid accipere; neque
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2901 etiam pro hoc quod suas vices committant; neque etiam pro hoc quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2902 suos subditos corrigant, vel a corrigendo desistant. Licet tamen
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2903 eis accipere procurationes quando subditos visitant, non quasi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2904 pretium correctionis, sed quasi debitum stipendium. Ille autem qui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2905 habet scientiam, non suscipit tamen hoc officium ex quo obligetur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2906 aliis usum scientiae impendere. Et ideo licite potest pretium suae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2907 doctrinae vel consilii accipere, non quasi veritatem aut scientiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2908 vendens sed quasi operas suas locans. Si autem ex officio ad hoc
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2909 teneretur, intelligeretur ipsam veritatem vendere, unde graviter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2910 peccaret. Sicut patet in illis qui instituuntur in aliquibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2911 Ecclesiis ad docendum clericos Ecclesiae et alios pauperes, pro quo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2912 ab Ecclesia beneficium recipiunt, a quibus non licet eis aliquid
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2913 recipere, nec ad hoc quod doceant, nec ad hoc quod aliqua festa
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2914 faciant vel praetermittant.</p><p title="II-II q. 100 a. 3 ad 4"><a name="43283"><span class="ref">[43283] IIª-IIae q. 100 a. 3 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2915 dicendum quod pro ingressu monasterii non licet aliquid exigere vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2916 accipere quasi pretium. Licet tamen, si monasterium sit tenue, quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2917 non sufficiat ad tot personas nutriendas, gratis quidem ingressum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2918 monasterii exhibere, sed accipere aliquid pro victu personae quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2919 in monasterio fuerit recipienda, si ad hoc monasterii non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2920 sufficiant opes. Similiter etiam licitum est si propter devotionem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2921 quam aliquis ad monasterium ostendit largas eleemosynas faciendo,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2922 facilius in monasterio recipiatur; sicut etiam licitum est e
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2923 converso aliquem provocare ad devotionem monasterii per temporalia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2924 beneficia, ut ex hoc inclinetur ad monasterii ingressum; licet non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2925 sit licitum ex pacto aliquid dare vel recipere pro ingressu
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2926 monasterii, ut habetur I, qu. II, cap. quam pio.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 4</h3><p title="II-II q. 100 a. 4 arg. 1"><a name="43284"><span class="ref">[43284] IIª-IIae q. 100 a. 4 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2927 quartum sic proceditur. Videtur quod licitum sit pecuniam accipere
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2928 pro his quae sunt spiritualibus annexa. Omnia enim temporalia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2929 videntur esse spiritualibus annexa, quia temporalia sunt propter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2930 spiritualia quaerenda. Si ergo non licet vendere ea quae sunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2931 spiritualibus annexa, nihil temporale vendere licebit. Quod patet
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2932 esse falsum.</p><p title="II-II q. 100 a. 4 arg. 2"><a name="43285"><span class="ref">[43285] IIª-IIae q. 100 a. 4 arg. 2</span></a>
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2933 Praeterea, nihil videtur magis spiritualibus annexum quam vasa
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2934 consecrata. Sed ea licet vendere pro redemptione captivorum, ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2935 Ambrosius dicit. Ergo licitum est vendere ea quae sunt
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2936 spiritualibus annexa.</p><p title="II-II q. 100 a. 4 arg. 3"><a name="43286"><span class="ref">[43286] IIª-IIae q. 100 a. 4 arg. 3</span></a>
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2937 Praeterea, spiritualibus annexa videntur ius sepulturae, ius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2938 patronatus, et ius primogeniturae secundum antiquos (quia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2939 primogeniti, ante legem, sacerdotis officio fungebantur), et etiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2940 ius accipiendi decimas. Sed Abraham emit ab Ephron speluncam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2941 duplicem in sepulturam. Ut habetur Gen. XXIII. Iacob autem emit ab
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2942 Esau ius primogeniturae, ut habetur Gen. XXV. Ius etiam patronatus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2943 cum re vendita transit, in feudum conceditur. Decimae etiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2944 concessae sunt quibusdam militibus, et redimi possunt. Praelati
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2945 interdum retinent sibi ad tempus fructus praebendarum quas
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2946 conferunt, cum tamen praebendae sint spiritualibus annexae. Ergo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2947 licet emere et vendere ea quae sunt spiritualibus annexa.</p><p title="II-II q. 100 a. 4 s. c."><a name="43287"><span class="ref">[43287] IIª-IIae q. 100 a. 4 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2948 est quod dicit paschalis Papa, et habetur I, qu. III, cap. si quis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2949 obiecerit, <i>quisquis eorum vendidit alterum sine quo nec alterum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2950 provenit, neutrum invenditum derelinquit. Nullus ergo emat
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2951 Ecclesiam vel praebendam, vel aliquid ecclesiasticum</i>.</p><p title="II-II q. 100 a. 4 co."><a name="43288"><span class="ref">[43288] IIª-IIae q. 100 a. 4 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2952 dicendum quod aliquid potest esse spiritualibus annexum dupliciter.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2953 Uno modo, sicut ex spiritualibus dependens, sicut habere beneficia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2954 ecclesiastica dicitur spiritualibus annexum quia non competit nisi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2955 habenti officium clericale. Unde huiusmodi nullo modo possunt esse
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2956 sine spiritualibus. Et propter hoc, ea nullo modo vendere licet,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2957 quia, eis venditis, intelliguntur etiam spiritualia venditioni
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2958 subiici. Quaedam autem sunt annexa spiritualibus inquantum ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2959 spiritualia ordinantur, sicut ius patronatus, quod ordinatur ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2960 praesentandum clericos ad ecclesiastica beneficia; et vasa sacra,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2961 quae ordinantur ad sacramentorum usum. Unde huiusmodi non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2962 praesupponunt spiritualia, sed magis ea ordine temporis praecedunt.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2963 Et ideo aliquo modo vendi possunt, non autem inquantum sunt
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2964 spiritualibus annexa.</p><p title="II-II q. 100 a. 4 ad 1"><a name="43289"><span class="ref">[43289] IIª-IIae q. 100 a. 4 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2965 ergo dicendum quod omnia temporalia annectuntur spiritualibus sicut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2966 fini. Et ideo ipsa quidem temporalia vendere licet, sed ordo eorum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2967 ad spiritualia sub venditione cadere non debet.</p><p title="II-II q. 100 a. 4 ad 2"><a name="43290"><span class="ref">[43290] IIª-IIae q. 100 a. 4 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2968 dicendum quod etiam vasa sacra sunt spiritualibus annexa sicut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2969 fini. Et ideo eorum consecratio vendi non potest, tamen, pro
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2970 necessitate Ecclesiae et pauperum, materia eorum vendi potest;
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2971 dummodo, praemissa oratione, prius confringantur; quia post
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2972 confractionem non intelliguntur esse vasa sacra, sed purum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2973 metallum. Unde si ex eadem materia similia vasa iterum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2974 reintegrarentur, indigerent iterum consecrari.</p><p title="II-II q. 100 a. 4 ad 3"><a name="43291"><span class="ref">[43291] IIª-IIae q. 100 a. 4 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2975 dicendum quod spelunca duplex quam Abraham emit in sepulturam, non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2976 habetur quod erat terra consecrata ad sepeliendum. Et ideo licebat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2977 Abrahae terram illam emere ad usum sepulturae, ut ibi institueret
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2978 sepulcrum, sicut etiam nunc liceret emere aliquem agrum communem ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2979 instituendum ibi coemeterium, vel etiam Ecclesiam. Quia tamen etiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2980 apud gentiles loca sepulturae deputata religiosa reputabantur, si
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2981 Ephron pro iure sepulturae pretium intendit accipere, peccavit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2982 vendens, licet Abraham non peccaverit emens, quia non intendebat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2983 emere nisi terram communem. Licet etiam nunc terram ubi quondam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2984 fuit Ecclesia, vendere aut emere in casu necessitatis, sicut et de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2985 materia vasorum sacrorum dictum est. Vel excusatur Abraham quia in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2986 hoc redemit suam vexationem. Quamvis enim Ephron gratis ei
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2987 sepulturam offerret, perpendit tamen Abraham quod gratis recipere
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2988 sine eius offensa non posset. Ius autem primogeniturae debebatur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2989 Iacob ex divina electione, secundum illud Malach. I, Iacob dilexi,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2990 Esau odio habui. Et ideo Esau peccavit primogenita vendens, Iacob
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2991 autem non peccavit emendo, quia intelligitur suam vexationem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2992 redemisse. Ius autem patronatus per se vendi non potest, nec in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2993 feudum dari, sed transit cum villa quae venditur vel conceditur.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2994 Ius autem spirituale accipiendi decimas non conceditur laicis, sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2995 tantummodo res temporales quae nomine decimae dantur, ut supra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2996 dictum est. Circa collationem vero beneficiorum, sciendum est quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2997 si episcopus, antequam alicui beneficium offerat, ob aliquam causam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2998 ordinaverit aliquid subtrahendum de fructibus beneficii conferendi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2999 et in pios usus expendendum, non est illicitum. Si vero ab eo cui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3000 beneficium offert requirat aliquid sibi exhiberi de fructibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3001 illius beneficii, idem est ac si aliud munus ab eo exigeret, et non
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3002 caret vitio simoniae.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 5</h3><p title="II-II q. 100 a. 5 arg. 1"><a name="43292"><span class="ref">[43292] IIª-IIae q. 100 a. 5 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3003 quintum sic proceditur. Videtur quod liceat spiritualia dare pro
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3004 munere quod est ab obsequio vel a lingua. Dicit enim Gregorius, in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3005 registro, <i>ecclesiasticis utilitatibus deservientes ecclesiastica
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3006 dignum est remuneratione gaudere</i>. Sed deservire ecclesiasticis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3007 utilitatibus pertinet ad munus ab obsequio. Ergo videtur quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3008 licitum sit pro obsequio accepto ecclesiastica beneficia
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3009 largiri.</p><p title="II-II q. 100 a. 5 arg. 2"><a name="43293"><span class="ref">[43293] IIª-IIae q. 100 a. 5 arg. 2</span></a>
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3010 Praeterea, sicut carnalis videtur esse intentio si quis alicui det
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3011 beneficium ecclesiasticum pro suscepto servitio, ita etiam si quis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3012 det intuitu consanguinitatis. Sed hoc non videtur esse simoniacum,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3013 quia non est ibi emptio et venditio. Ergo nec primum.</p><p title="II-II q. 100 a. 5 arg. 3"><a name="43294"><span class="ref">[43294] IIª-IIae q. 100 a. 5 arg. 3</span></a>
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3014 Praeterea, illud quod solum ad preces alicuius fit, gratis fieri
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3015 videtur, et ita non videtur habere locum simonia, quae in emptione
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3016 et venditione consistit. Sed munus a lingua intelligitur si quis ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3017 preces alicuius ecclesiasticum beneficium conferat. Ergo hoc non
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3018 est simoniacum.</p><p title="II-II q. 100 a. 5 arg. 4"><a name="43295"><span class="ref">[43295] IIª-IIae q. 100 a. 5 arg. 4</span></a>
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3019 Praeterea, hypocritae spiritualia opera faciunt ut laudem humanam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3020 consequantur, quae videtur ad munus linguae pertinere. Nec tamen
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3021 hypocritae dicuntur simoniaci. Non ergo per munus a lingua simonia
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3022 contrahitur.</p><p title="II-II q. 100 a. 5 s. c."><a name="43296"><span class="ref">[43296] IIª-IIae q. 100 a. 5 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3023 est quod Urbanus Papa dicit, <i>quisquis res ecclesiasticas, non ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3024 quod institutae sunt, sed ad propria lucra, munere linguae vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3025 obsequii vel pecuniae largitur vel adipiscitur, simoniacus
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3026 est</i>.</p><p title="II-II q. 100 a. 5 co."><a name="43297"><span class="ref">[43297] IIª-IIae q. 100 a. 5 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3027 dicendum quod, sicut supra dictum est, nomine pecuniae intelligitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3028 cuiuscumque pretium pecunia mensurari potest. Manifestum est autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3029 quod obsequium hominis ad aliquam utilitatem ordinatur quae potest
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3030 pretio pecuniae aestimari, unde et pecuniaria mercede ministri
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3031 conducuntur. Et ideo idem est quod aliquis det rem spiritualem pro
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3032 aliquo obsequio temporali exhibito vel exhibendo, ac si daret pro
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3033 pecunia, data vel promissa, qua illud obsequium aestimari posset.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3034 Similiter etiam quod aliquis satisfaciat precibus alicuius ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3035 temporalem gratiam quaerendam, ordinatur ad aliquam utilitatem quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3036 potest pecuniae pretio aestimari. Et ideo sicut contrahitur simonia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3037 accipiendo pecuniam vel quamlibet rem exteriorem, quod pertinet ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3038 munus a manu, ita etiam contrahitur per munus a lingua, vel ab
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3039 obsequio.</p><p title="II-II q. 100 a. 5 ad 1"><a name="43298"><span class="ref">[43298] IIª-IIae q. 100 a. 5 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3040 ergo dicendum quod si aliquis clericus alicui praelato impendat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3041 obsequium honestum et ad spiritualia ordinatum, puta ad Ecclesiae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3042 utilitatem vel ministrorum eius auxilium, ex ipsa devotione
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3043 obsequii redditur dignus ecclesiastico beneficio, sicut et propter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3044 alia bona opera. Unde non intelligitur esse munus ab obsequi. Et in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3045 hoc casu loquitur Gregorius. Si vero sit inhonestum obsequium, vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3046 ad carnalia ordinatum, puta quia servivit praelato ad utilitatem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3047 consanguineorum suorum vel patrimonii sui, vel ad aliquid
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3048 huiusmodi, esset munus ab obsequio, et simoniacum.</p><p title="II-II q. 100 a. 5 ad 2"><a name="43299"><span class="ref">[43299] IIª-IIae q. 100 a. 5 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3049 dicendum quod si aliquis aliquid spirituale alicui conferat gratis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3050 propter consanguinitatem, vel quamcumque carnalem affectionem, est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3051 quidem illicita et carnalis collatio, non tamen simoniaca, quia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3052 nihil ibi accipitur, unde hoc non pertinet ad contractum emptionis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3053 et venditionis, in quo fundatur simonia. Si tamen aliquis det
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3054 beneficium ecclesiasticum alicui hoc pacto, vel intentione, ut
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
3055 exinde suis consanguineis provideat, est manifesta simonia.</p><p title="II-II q. 100 a. 5 ad 3"><a name="43300"><span class="ref">[43300] IIª-IIae q. 100 a. 5 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3056 dicendum quod munus a lingua dicitur vel ipsa laus pertinens ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3057 favorem humanum, qui sub pretio cadit, vel etiam preces ex quibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3058 acquiritur favor humanus, vel contrarium evitatur. Et ideo si
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3059 aliquis principaliter ad hoc intendat, simoniam committit. Videtur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3060 autem ad hoc principaliter intendere qui preces pro indigno
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3061 porrectas exaudit. Unde ipsum factum est simoniacum. Si autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3062 preces pro digno porrigantur, ipsum factum non est simoniacum, quia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3063 subest debita causa ex qua illi pro quo preces porriguntur,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3064 spirituale aliquid conferatur. Potest tamen esse simonia in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3065 intentione, si non attendatur ad dignitatem personae, sed ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3066 favorem humanum. Si vero aliquis pro se rogat ut obtineat curam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3067 animarum, ex ipsa praesumptione redditur indignus, et sic preces
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3068 sunt pro indigno. Licite tamen potest aliquis, si sit indigens, pro
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
3069 se beneficium ecclesiasticum petere sine cura animarum.</p><p title="II-II q. 100 a. 5 ad 4"><a name="43301"><span class="ref">[43301] IIª-IIae q. 100 a. 5 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3070 dicendum quod hypocrita non dat aliquid spirituale propter laudem,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3071 sed solum demonstrat, et simulando magis furtive surripit laudem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3072 humanam quam emat. Unde non videtur pertinere ad vitium
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
3073 simoniae.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 6</h3><p title="II-II q. 100 a. 6 arg. 1"><a name="43302"><span class="ref">[43302] IIª-IIae q. 100 a. 6 arg. 1</span></a> Ad sextum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3074 sic proceditur. Videtur quod non sit conveniens simoniaci poena ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3075 privetur eo quod per simoniam acquisivit. Simonia enim committitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3076 ex eo quod alicuius muneris interventu spiritualia acquiruntur. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3077 quaedam sunt spiritualia quae semel adepta, non possunt amitti,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3078 sicut omnes characteres, qui per aliquam consecrationem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3079 imprimuntur. Ergo non est conveniens poena ut quis privetur eo quod
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3080 simoniace acquisivit.</p><p title="II-II q. 100 a. 6 arg. 2"><a name="43303"><span class="ref">[43303] IIª-IIae q. 100 a. 6 arg. 2</span></a>
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3081 Praeterea, contingit quandoque quod ille qui est episcopatum per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3082 simoniam adeptus, praecipiat subdito ut ab eo recipiat ordines, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3083 videtur quod debeat ei obedire quandiu ab Ecclesia toleratur. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3084 nullus debet aliquid recipere ab eo qui non habet potestatem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3085 conferendi. Ergo episcopus non amittit episcopalem potestatem si
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3086 eam simoniace acquisivit.</p><p title="II-II q. 100 a. 6 arg. 3"><a name="43304"><span class="ref">[43304] IIª-IIae q. 100 a. 6 arg. 3</span></a>
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3087 Praeterea, nullus debet puniri pro eo quod non est factum eo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3088 sciente et volente, quia poena debetur peccato, quod est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3089 voluntarium, ut ex supra dictis patet. Contingit autem quandoque
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3090 quod aliquis simoniace consequitur aliquid spirituale procurantibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3091 aliis, eo nesciente et nolente. Ergo non debet puniri per
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3092 privationem eius quod ei collatum est.</p><p title="II-II q. 100 a. 6 arg. 4"><a name="43305"><span class="ref">[43305] IIª-IIae q. 100 a. 6 arg. 4</span></a>
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3093 Praeterea, nullus debet portare commodum de suo peccato. Sed si
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3094 ille qui consecutus est beneficium ecclesiasticum per simoniam,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3095 restitueret quod percepit, quandoque hoc redundaret in utilitatem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3096 eorum qui fuerunt simoniae participes, puta quando praelatus et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3097 totum collegium in simoniam consensit. Ergo non semper est
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3098 restituendum quod per simoniam acquiritur.</p><p title="II-II q. 100 a. 6 arg. 5"><a name="43306"><span class="ref">[43306] IIª-IIae q. 100 a. 6 arg. 5</span></a>
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3099 Praeterea, quandoque aliquis per simoniam in aliquo monasterio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3100 recipitur, et votum solemne ibi facit profitendo. Sed nullus debet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3101 absolvi ab obligatione voti propter culpam commissam. Ergo non
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3102 debet monachatum amittere quem simoniace acquisivit.</p><p title="II-II q. 100 a. 6 arg. 6"><a name="43307"><span class="ref">[43307] IIª-IIae q. 100 a. 6 arg. 6</span></a>
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3103 Praeterea, exterior poena in hoc mundo non infligitur pro interiori
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3104 motu cordis, de quo solius Dei est iudicare. Sed simonia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3105 committitur ex sola intentione vel voluntate, unde et per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3106 voluntatem definitur, ut supra dictum est. Ergo non semper debet
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3107 aliquis privari eo quod simoniace acquisivit.</p><p title="II-II q. 100 a. 6 arg. 7"><a name="43308"><span class="ref">[43308] IIª-IIae q. 100 a. 6 arg. 7</span></a>
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3108 Praeterea, multo maius est promoveri ad maiora quam in susceptis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3109 permanere. Sed quandoque simoniaci, ex dispensatione, promoventur
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3110 ad maiora. Ergo non semper debent susceptis privari.</p><p title="II-II q. 100 a. 6 s. c."><a name="43309"><span class="ref">[43309] IIª-IIae q. 100 a. 6 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3111 est quod dicitur I, qu. I, cap. si quis episcopus, <i>qui ordinatus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3112 est, nihil ex ordinatione vel promotione quae est per negotiationem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3113 facta, proficiat, sed sit alienus a dignitate vel sollicitudine
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3114 quam pecuniis acquisivit</i>.</p><p title="II-II q. 100 a. 6 co."><a name="43310"><span class="ref">[43310] IIª-IIae q. 100 a. 6 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3115 dicendum quod nullus potest licite retinere illud quod contra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3116 voluntatem domini acquisivit, puta si aliquis dispensator de rebus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3117 domini sui daret alicui contra voluntatem et ordinationem domini
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3118 sui, ille qui acciperet licite retinere non posset. Dominus autem,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3119 cuius Ecclesiarum praelati sunt dispensatores et ministri,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3120 ordinavit ut spiritualia gratis darentur, secundum illud Matth. X,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3121 gratis accepistis, gratis date. Et ideo qui muneris interventu
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3122 spiritualia quaecumque assequuntur, ea licite retinere non possunt.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3123 Insuper autem simoniaci, tam vendentes quam ementes spiritualia,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3124 aut etiam mediatores, aliis poenis puniuntur, scilicet infamia et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3125 depositione, si sint clerici; et excommunicatione, si sint laici;
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3126 ut habetur I, qu. I, cap. si quis episcopus.</p><p title="II-II q. 100 a. 6 ad 1"><a name="43311"><span class="ref">[43311] IIª-IIae q. 100 a. 6 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3127 ergo dicendum quod ille qui simoniace accipit sacrum ordinem,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3128 recipit quidem characterem ordinis, propter efficaciam sacramenti,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3129 non tamen recipit gratiam, neque ordinis executionem, eo quod quasi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3130 furtive suscepit characterem, contra principalis domini voluntatem.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3131 Et ideo est ipso iure suspensus, et quoad se, ut scilicet de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3132 executione sui ordinis se non intromittat; et quoad alios, ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3133 scilicet nullus ei communicet in ordinis executione; sive sit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3134 peccatum eius publicum, sive occultum. Nec potest repetere pecuniam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3135 quam turpiter dedit, licet alius iniuste detineat. Si vero sit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3136 simoniacus quia contulit ordinem simoniace, vel quia dedit vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3137 recepit beneficium simoniace, vel fuit mediator simoniae, si est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3138 publicum, est ipso iure suspensus et quoad se et quoad alios; si
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3139 autem est occultum, est suspensus ipso iure quoad se tantum, non
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3140 autem quoad alios.</p><p title="II-II q. 100 a. 6 ad 2"><a name="43312"><span class="ref">[43312] IIª-IIae q. 100 a. 6 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3141 dicendum quod nec propter praeceptum eius, nec etiam propter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3142 excommunicationem, debet aliquis recipere ordinem ab episcopo quem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3143 scit simoniace promotum. Et si ordinetur, non recipit ordinis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3144 executionem, etiam si ignoret eum esse simoniacum, sed indiget
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3145 dispensatione. Quamvis quidam dicunt quod, si non potest probare
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3146 eum esse simoniacum, debet obedire recipiendo ordinem, sed non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3147 debet exequi sine dispensatione. Sed hoc absque ratione dicitur.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3148 Quia nullus debet obedire alicui ad communicandum sibi in facto
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3149 illicito. Ille autem qui est ipso iure suspensus et quoad se et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3150 quoad alios, illicite confert ordinem. Unde nullus debet sibi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3151 communicare recipiendo ab eo, quacumque ex causa. Si autem ei non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3152 constat, non debet credere peccatum alterius, et ita cum bona
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3153 conscientia debet ab eo ordinem recipere. Si autem episcopus sit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3154 simoniacus aliquo alio modo quam per promotionem suam simoniace
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3155 factam, potest recipere ab eo ordinem, si sit occultum, quia non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3156 est suspensus quoad alios, sed solum quoad seipsum, ut dictum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3157 est.</p><p title="II-II q. 100 a. 6 ad 3"><a name="43313"><span class="ref">[43313] IIª-IIae q. 100 a. 6 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3158 dicendum quod hoc quod aliquis privetur eo quod accepit, non solum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3159 est poena peccati, sed etiam quandoque est effectus acquisitionis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3160 iniustae, puta cum aliquis emit rem aliquam ab eo qui vendere non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3161 potest. Et ideo si aliquis scienter et propria sponte simoniace
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3162 accipiat ordinem vel ecclesiasticum beneficium, non solum privatur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3163 eo quod accepit, ut scilicet careat executione ordinis et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3164 beneficium resignet cum fructibus inde perceptis; sed etiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3165 ulterius punitur, quia notatur infamia; et tenetur ad restituendos
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3166 fructus non solum perceptos, sed etiam eos qui percipi potuerunt a
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3167 possessore diligenti (quod tamen intelligendum est de fructibus qui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3168 supersunt deductis expensis factis causa fructuum, exceptis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3169 fructibus illis qui alias expensi sunt in utilitatem Ecclesiae). Si
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3170 vero, eo nec volente nec sciente, per alios alicuius promotio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3171 simoniace procuratur, caret quidem ordinis executione, et tenetur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3172 resignare beneficium quod est consecutus, cum fructibus extantibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3173 (non autem tenetur restituere fructus consumptos, quia bona fide
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3174 possedit), nisi forte inimicus eius fraudulenter pecuniam daret pro
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3175 alicuius promotione, vel nisi ipse expresse contradixerit. Tunc
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3176 enim non tenetur ad abrenuntiandum, nisi forte postmodum pacto
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
3177 consenserit, solvendo quod fuit promissum.</p><p title="II-II q. 100 a. 6 ad 4"><a name="43314"><span class="ref">[43314] IIª-IIae q. 100 a. 6 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3178 dicendum quod pecunia, vel possessio, vel fructus simoniace
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3179 accepti, debent restitui Ecclesiae in cuius iniuriam data sunt, non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3180 obstante quod praelatus, vel aliquis de collegio illius Ecclesiae,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3181 fuit in culpa, quia eorum peccatum non debet aliis nocere. Ita
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3182 tamen quod, quantum fieri potest, ipsi qui peccaverunt inde
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3183 commodum non consequantur. Si vero praelatus et totum collegium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3184 sunt in culpa, debet cum auctoritate superioris vel pauperibus vel
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3185 alteri Ecclesiae erogari.</p><p title="II-II q. 100 a. 6 ad 5"><a name="43315"><span class="ref">[43315] IIª-IIae q. 100 a. 6 ad 5</span></a> Ad quintum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3186 dicendum quod si aliqui sunt in monasterio simoniace recepti,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3187 debent abrenuntiare. Et si eis scientibus commissa est simonia post
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3188 Concilium generale, sine spe restitutionis de suo monasterio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3189 repelluntur, et ad agendam perpetuam poenitentiam sunt in arctiori
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3190 regula ponendi, vel in aliquo loco eiusdem ordinis, si arctior ordo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3191 non inveniretur. Si vero hoc fuit ante Concilium, debent in aliis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3192 locis eiusdem ordinis collocari. Et si hoc fieri non potest,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3193 dispensative debent in eisdem monasteriis recipi, ne in saeculo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3194 evagentur, mutatis tamen prioribus locis et inferioribus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3195 assignatis. Si vero ipsis ignorantibus, sive ante Concilium sive
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3196 post, sint simoniace recepti, postquam renuntiaverint, possunt de
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3197 novo recipi, locis mutatis, ut dictum est.</p><p title="II-II q. 100 a. 6 ad 6"><a name="43316"><span class="ref">[43316] IIª-IIae q. 100 a. 6 ad 6</span></a> Ad sextum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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3198 dicendum quod quoad Deum sola voluntas facit simoniacum, sed quoad
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3199 poenam ecclesiasticam exteriorem, non punitur ut simoniacus, ut
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3200 abrenuntiare teneatur, sed debet de mala intentione poenitere.</p><p title="II-II q. 100 a. 6 ad 7"><a name="43317"><span class="ref">[43317] IIª-IIae q. 100 a. 6 ad 7</span></a> Ad septimum
28
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3201 dicendum quod dispensare cum eo qui est scienter beneficiatus,
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3202 solus Papa potest. In aliis autem casibus potest etiam episcopus
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3203 dispensare, ita tamen quod prius abrenuntiet quod simoniace
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3204 acquisivit. Et tunc dispensationem consequatur vel parvam, ut
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3205 habeat laicam communionem; vel magnam, ut, post poenitentiam, in
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3206 alia Ecclesia in suo ordine remaneat; vel maiorem, ut remaneat in
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3207 eadem, sed in minoribus ordinibus; vel maximam, ut in eadem
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3208 Ecclesia etiam maiores ordines exequatur, non tamen praelationem
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3209 accipiat.</p></div></div><div class="centro"><br/>
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3210 <p><a href="sth3082.html"><img alt="age retro" border="0" align="middle" height="19" width="19" src="icons/ageretro.gif"/></a>  
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3211 <a href="sth3101.html"><img alt="age ultra" border="0" align="middle" height="19" width="19" src="icons/ageultra.gif"/></a></p>
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3212 <br/>
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3213 <hr/>
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3214 <br/>
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3215 <address>© 2006 Fundación Tomás de Aquino quoad
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3216 hanc editionem<br/>
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3217 Iura omnia asservantur<br/>
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3218 OCLC nr. <a style="text-decoration=none" href="http://worldcatlibraries.org/wcpa/oclc/49644264">49644264</a></address>
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3219 </div></body>
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3220 </html>