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annotate summa/latin/sth3092.html @ 28:544e12f679ad

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convert to xml
author ht
date Tue, 24 Nov 2009 19:27:32 +0000
parents 4006eb4882de
children d777cc3962f2
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28
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1 <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
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2 "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
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3 <html lang="LA" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="LA">
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4 <head>
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5 <meta name="generator" content=
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6 "HTML Tidy for Windows (vers 1st February 2005), see www.w3.org" />
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7 <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content=
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8 "text/html; charset=us-ascii" />
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9 <meta http-equiv="Content-Style-Type" content="text/css" />
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10 <meta http-equiv="Content-Script-Type" content="text/javascript" />
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11 <meta name="keywords" content=
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12 "Thomas de Aquino, Summa Theologiae, Corpus Thomisticum" />
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13 <meta name="language" content="Latin" />
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14 <meta name="security" content="public" />
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15 <meta name="owner" content="ealarcon@unav.es" />
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16 <meta name="author" content="Enrique Alarc&oacute;n" />
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17 <meta name="abstract" content="" />
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18 <link rel="stylesheet" media="screen" href="vscreen.css" type=
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19 "text/css" />
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20 <link rel="stylesheet" media="print" href="vprint.css" type=
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21 "text/css" />
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22 <title>Thomas de Aquino, Summa Theologiae, II&ordf;-IIae q.
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23 92-100</title>
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24 </head>
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25 <body>
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26 <a href="http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/"></a>
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27 <div class="tres">CORPUS THOMISTICUM</div>
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28 <div class="uno">Sancti Thomae de Aquino</div>
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29 <div class="uno">Summa Theologiae</div>
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30 <div class="dos">secunda pars secundae partis a quaestione XCII ad
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31 quaestionem C</div>
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32 <br />
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33 <div class="centro">
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34 <table align="center" summary="Imago">
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35 <tr>
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36 <th><img src="icons/fugit190.jpg" width="275" height="190" border=
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37 "0" alt=
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38 "Thomas de Aquino a Filippino Lippi depictus (Cappella Carafa, S. Maria sopra Minerva, Roma)"
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39 align="middle" /></th>
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40 </tr>
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41 </table>
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42 <br />
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43 <span class="tres">Textum Leoninum Romae 1897 editum<br />
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44 ac automato translatum a Roberto Busa SJ in taenias
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45 magneticas<br />
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46 denuo recognovit Enrique Alarc&oacute;n atque instruxit<br />
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47 <br /></span><br />
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48 <hr />
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49 <br />
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50 <p><a href="sth3082.html"><img src="icons/ageretro.gif" width="19"
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51 height="19" align="middle" border="0" alt="age retro" /></a> &nbsp;
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52 <a href="sth3101.html"><img src="icons/ageultra.gif" width="19"
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53 height="19" align="middle" border="0" alt="age ultra" /></a></p>
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54 <script language="JavaScript" type="text/javascript">
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55 //<![CDATA[
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56 <!--
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57 // original code by Bill Trefzger 12/12/96; revised by Enrique Alarcon 12/9/2000
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63 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="iopera.html">Opera omnia');
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138 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#43045">II&ordf;-IIae q. 95 pr.');
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153 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#43060">II&ordf;-IIae q. 95 a. 2 ad 2');
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162 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#43069">II&ordf;-IIae q. 95 a. 3 ad 3');
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163 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#43070">II&ordf;-IIae q. 95 a. 4 arg. 1');
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ht
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ht
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185 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#43092">II&ordf;-IIae q. 95 a. 7 arg. 1');
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ht
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ht
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ht
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193 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#43100">II&ordf;-IIae q. 95 a. 8 arg. 1');
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200 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#43107">II&ordf;-IIae q. 96 pr.');
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201 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#43108">II&ordf;-IIae q. 96 a. 1 arg. 1');
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202 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#43109">II&ordf;-IIae q. 96 a. 1 arg. 2');
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ht
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ht
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ht
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ht
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ht
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361 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#43268">II&ordf;-IIae q. 100 a. 2 ad 1');
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362 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#43269">II&ordf;-IIae q. 100 a. 2 ad 2');
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363 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#43270">II&ordf;-IIae q. 100 a. 2 ad 3');
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364 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#43271">II&ordf;-IIae q. 100 a. 2 ad 4');
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366 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#43273">II&ordf;-IIae q. 100 a. 2 ad 6');
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367 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#43274">II&ordf;-IIae q. 100 a. 3 arg. 1');
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371 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#43278">II&ordf;-IIae q. 100 a. 3 s. c.');
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377 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#43284">II&ordf;-IIae q. 100 a. 4 arg. 1');
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381 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#43288">II&ordf;-IIae q. 100 a. 4 co.');
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382 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#43289">II&ordf;-IIae q. 100 a. 4 ad 1');
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383 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#43290">II&ordf;-IIae q. 100 a. 4 ad 2');
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384 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#43291">II&ordf;-IIae q. 100 a. 4 ad 3');
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385 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#43292">II&ordf;-IIae q. 100 a. 5 arg. 1');
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387 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#43294">II&ordf;-IIae q. 100 a. 5 arg. 3');
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389 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#43296">II&ordf;-IIae q. 100 a. 5 s. c.');
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391 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#43298">II&ordf;-IIae q. 100 a. 5 ad 1');
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392 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#43299">II&ordf;-IIae q. 100 a. 5 ad 2');
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393 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#43300">II&ordf;-IIae q. 100 a. 5 ad 3');
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394 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#43301">II&ordf;-IIae q. 100 a. 5 ad 4');
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395 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#43302">II&ordf;-IIae q. 100 a. 6 arg. 1');
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396 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#43303">II&ordf;-IIae q. 100 a. 6 arg. 2');
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397 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#43304">II&ordf;-IIae q. 100 a. 6 arg. 3');
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398 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#43305">II&ordf;-IIae q. 100 a. 6 arg. 4');
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399 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#43306">II&ordf;-IIae q. 100 a. 6 arg. 5');
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400 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#43307">II&ordf;-IIae q. 100 a. 6 arg. 6');
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401 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#43308">II&ordf;-IIae q. 100 a. 6 arg. 7');
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402 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#43309">II&ordf;-IIae q. 100 a. 6 s. c.');
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405 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#43312">II&ordf;-IIae q. 100 a. 6 ad 2');
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407 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#43314">II&ordf;-IIae q. 100 a. 6 ad 4');
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408 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#43315">II&ordf;-IIae q. 100 a. 6 ad 5');
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409 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#43316">II&ordf;-IIae q. 100 a. 6 ad 6');
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410 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#43317">II&ordf;-IIae q. 100 a. 6 ad 7');
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411 document.write('<\/SELECT>');
26
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412 document.write('<BR><BR>');
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413 document.write('<INPUT TYPE="button" VALUE="Agedum" ONCLICK="go()">');
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414 document.write('<\/FORM>');
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415 // -->
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416 //]]>
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417 </script><br />
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418 <hr />
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419 <br /></div>
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420 <div class="D">Quaestio 92</div>
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421 <div class="G">Prooemium</div>
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422 <p title="II-II q. 92 pr."><a name="42973"><span class=
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423 "ref">[42973] II&ordf;-IIae q. 92 pr.</span></a> Deinde
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424 considerandum est de vitiis religioni oppositis. Et primo, de illis
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425 quae cum religione conveniunt in hoc quod exhibent cultum divinum;
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426 secundo, de vitiis manifestam contrarietatem ad religionem
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427 habentibus, per contemptum eorum quae ad cultum divinum pertinent.
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428 Primum autem horum pertinet ad superstitionem; secundum ad
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429 irreligiositatem. Unde primo considerandum est de ipsa
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430 superstitione, et de partibus eius; deinde de irreligiositate et
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431 partibus eius. Circa primum quaeruntur duo. Primo, utrum
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432 superstitio sit vitium religioni contrarium. Secundo, utrum habeat
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433 plures partes seu species.</p>
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434 <br />
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diff changeset
435 <div class="E">Articulus 1</div>
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436 <p title="II-II q. 92 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="42974"><span class=
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437 "ref">[42974] II&ordf;-IIae q. 92 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad primum
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438 sic proceditur. Videtur quod superstitio non sit vitium religioni
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439 contrarium. Unum enim contrariorum non ponitur in definitione
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440 alterius. Sed religio ponitur in definitione superstitionis,
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441 dicitur enim superstitio esse religio supra modum servata, ut patet
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442 in Glossa ad Coloss. II, super illud, <i>quae sunt rationem
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443 habentia sapientiae in superstitione</i>. Ergo superstitio non est
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444 vitium religioni oppositum.</p>
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445 <p title="II-II q. 92 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="42975"><span class=
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446 "ref">[42975] II&ordf;-IIae q. 92 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
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447 Isidorus dicit, in libro Etymol., <i>superstitiosos ait Cicero
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448 appellatos qui totos dies precabantur et immolabant ut sui sibi
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449 liberi superstites fierent</i>. Sed hoc etiam fieri potest secundum
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450 verae religionis cultum. Ergo superstitio non est vitium religioni
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451 oppositum.</p>
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452 <p title="II-II q. 92 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="42976"><span class=
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453 "ref">[42976] II&ordf;-IIae q. 92 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
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454 superstitio quendam excessum importare videtur. Sed religio non
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455 potest habere excessum, quia sicut supra dictum est, secundum eam
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456 non contingit aequale Deo reddere eius quod debemus. Ergo
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457 superstitio non est vitium religioni oppositum.</p>
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458 <p title="II-II q. 92 a. 1 s. c."><a name="42977"><span class=
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459 "ref">[42977] II&ordf;-IIae q. 92 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
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460 est quod Augustinus dicit, in libro de decem chordis, <i>tangis
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461 primam chordam, qua colitur unus Deus, et cecidit bestia
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462 superstitionis</i>. Sed cultus unius Dei pertinet ad religionem.
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463 Ergo superstitio religioni opponitur.</p>
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diff changeset
464 <p title="II-II q. 92 a. 1 co."><a name="42978"><span class=
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465 "ref">[42978] II&ordf;-IIae q. 92 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo
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466 dicendum quod, sicut supra dictum est, religio est virtus moralis.
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467 Omnis autem virtus moralis in medio consistit, ut supra habitum
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468 est. Et ideo duplex vitium virtuti morali opponitur, unum quidem
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469 secundum excessum; aliud autem secundum defectum. Contingit autem
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470 excedere medium virtutis non solum secundum circumstantiam quae
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471 dicitur quantum, sed etiam secundum alias circumstantias. Unde in
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472 aliquibus virtutibus, sicut in magnanimitate et magnificentia,
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473 vitium excedit virtutis medium non quia ad maius aliquid tendat
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474 quam virtus, sed forte ad minus, transcendit tamen virtutis medium,
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475 inquantum facit aliquid cui non debet, vel quando non debet, et
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476 similiter secundum alia huiusmodi; ut patet per philosophum, in IV
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477 Ethic. Sic igitur superstitio est vitium religioni oppositum
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478 secundum excessum, non quia plus exhibeat in cultum divinum quam
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479 vera religio, sed quia exhibet cultum divinum vel cui non debet,
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480 vel eo modo quo non debet.</p>
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481 <p title="II-II q. 92 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="42979"><span class=
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482 "ref">[42979] II&ordf;-IIae q. 92 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
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483 ergo dicendum quod sicut bonum metaphorice dicitur in malis, prout
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484 dicimus bonum latronem, ita etiam nomina virtutum quandoque
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485 transumptive accipiuntur in malis, sicut prudentia quandoque
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486 ponitur pro astutia, secundum illud Luc. XVI, <i>filii huius
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487 saeculi prudentiores filiis lucis sunt</i>. Et per hunc modum
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488 superstitio dicitur esse religio.</p>
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489 <p title="II-II q. 92 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="42980"><span class=
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490 "ref">[42980] II&ordf;-IIae q. 92 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
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491 dicendum quod aliud est etymologia nominis, et aliud est
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492 significatio nominis. Etymologia attenditur secundum id a quo
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493 imponitur nomen ad significandum, nominis vero significatio
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494 attenditur secundum id ad quod significandum nomen imponitur. Quae
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495 quandoque diversa sunt, nomen enim lapidis imponitur a laesione
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496 pedis, non tamen hoc significat; alioquin ferrum, cum pedem laedat,
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497 lapis esset. Similiter etiam nomen superstitionis non oportet quod
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498 significet illud a quo nomen est impositum.</p>
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499 <p title="II-II q. 92 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="42981"><span class=
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500 "ref">[42981] II&ordf;-IIae q. 92 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
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501 dicendum quod religio non potest habere excessum secundum
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502 quantitatem absolutam. Potest tamen habere excessum secundum
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503 quantitatem proportionis, prout scilicet in cultu divino fit
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504 aliquid quod fieri non debet.</p>
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505 <br />
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506 <div class="E">Articulus 2</div>
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507 <p title="II-II q. 92 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="42982"><span class=
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508 "ref">[42982] II&ordf;-IIae q. 92 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
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diff changeset
509 secundum sic proceditur. Videtur quod non sint diversae
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diff changeset
510 superstitionis species. Quia secundum philosophum, in I Topic.,
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diff changeset
511 <i>si unum oppositorum dicitur multipliciter, et reliquum</i>. Sed
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diff changeset
512 religio, cui superstitio opponitur, non habet diversas species, sed
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diff changeset
513 omnes eius actus ad unam speciem referuntur. Ergo nec superstitio
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diff changeset
514 habet diversas species.</p>
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diff changeset
515 <p title="II-II q. 92 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="42983"><span class=
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diff changeset
516 "ref">[42983] II&ordf;-IIae q. 92 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
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diff changeset
517 opposita sunt circa idem. Sed religio, cui opponitur superstitio,
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518 est circa ea quibus ordinamur in Deum, ut supra habitum est. Non
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519 ergo species superstitionis, quae opponitur religioni, potest
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diff changeset
520 attendi secundum aliquas divinationes humanorum eventuum, vel
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diff changeset
521 secundum aliquas observationes humanorum actuum.</p>
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diff changeset
522 <p title="II-II q. 92 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="42984"><span class=
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diff changeset
523 "ref">[42984] II&ordf;-IIae q. 92 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
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diff changeset
524 Coloss. II, super illud, <i>quae sunt rationem habentia sapientiae
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diff changeset
525 in superstitione</i>, dicit Glossa, idest, in simulata religione.
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diff changeset
526 Ergo etiam simulatio debet poni species superstitionis.</p>
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diff changeset
527 <p title="II-II q. 92 a. 2 s. c."><a name="42985"><span class=
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diff changeset
528 "ref">[42985] II&ordf;-IIae q. 92 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
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diff changeset
529 est quod Augustinus, in II de Doct. Christ., diversas species
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diff changeset
530 superstitionis assignat.</p>
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diff changeset
531 <p title="II-II q. 92 a. 2 co."><a name="42986"><span class=
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diff changeset
532 "ref">[42986] II&ordf;-IIae q. 92 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo
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diff changeset
533 dicendum quod, sicut supra dictum est, vitium religionis consistit
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diff changeset
534 in hoc quod transcenditur virtutis medium secundum aliquas
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diff changeset
535 circumstantias. Ut autem supra dictum est, non quaelibet
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diff changeset
536 circumstantiarum corruptarum diversitas variat peccati speciem, sed
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diff changeset
537 solum quando referuntur ad diversa obiecta vel diversos fines,
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diff changeset
538 secundum hoc enim morales actus speciem sortiuntur, ut supra
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diff changeset
539 habitum est. Diversificatur ergo superstitionis species, primo
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diff changeset
540 quidem, ex parte obiecti. Potest enim divinus cultus exhiberi vel
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diff changeset
541 cui exhibendus est, scilicet Deo vero, modo tamen indebito, et haec
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542 est prima superstitionis species. Vel ei cui non debet exhiberi,
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543 scilicet cuicumque creaturae. Et hoc est aliud superstitionis
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diff changeset
544 genus, quod in multas species dividitur, secundum diversos fines
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diff changeset
545 divini cultus ordinatur enim, primo, divinus cultus ad reverentiam
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diff changeset
546 Deo exhibendam. Et secundum hoc, prima species huius generis est
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diff changeset
547 idololatria, quae divinam reverentiam indebite exhibet creaturae.
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548 Secundo, ordinatur ad hoc quod homo instruatur a Deo, quem colit.
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549 Et ad hoc pertinet superstitio divinativa, quae Daemones consulit
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diff changeset
550 per aliqua pacta cum eis inita, tacita vel expressa. Tertio,
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diff changeset
551 ordinatur divinus cultus ad quandam directionem humanorum actuum
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diff changeset
552 secundum instituta Dei, qui colitur. Et ad hoc pertinet superstitio
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diff changeset
553 quarundam observationum. Et haec tria tangit Augustinus, in II de
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diff changeset
554 Doct. Christ., dicens <i>superstitiosum esse quidquid institutum ab
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555 hominibus est ad facienda et colenda idola pertinens</i>, et hoc
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556 pertinet ad primum. Et postea subdit, <i>vel ad consultationes et
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diff changeset
557 pacta quaedam significationum cum Daemonibus placita atque
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diff changeset
558 foederata</i>, quod pertinet ad secundum. Et post pauca subdit, ad
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diff changeset
559 hoc genus pertinent omnes ligaturae, etc., quod pertinet ad
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diff changeset
560 tertium.</p>
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diff changeset
561 <p title="II-II q. 92 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="42987"><span class=
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diff changeset
562 "ref">[42987] II&ordf;-IIae q. 92 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
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diff changeset
563 ergo dicendum quod, sicut Dionysius dicit, IV cap. de Div. Nom.,
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564 <i>bonum contingit ex una et integra causa, malum autem ex
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565 singularibus defectibus</i>. Et ideo uni virtuti plura vitia
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diff changeset
566 opponuntur, ut supra habitum est. Verbum autem philosophi veritatem
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567 habet in oppositis in quibus est eadem ratio multiplicationis.</p>
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diff changeset
568 <p title="II-II q. 92 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="42988"><span class=
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diff changeset
569 "ref">[42988] II&ordf;-IIae q. 92 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
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diff changeset
570 dicendum quod divinationes et observationes aliquae pertinent ad
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diff changeset
571 superstitionem inquantum dependent ex aliquibus operationibus
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572 Daemonum. Et sic pertinent ad quaedam pacta cum ipsis inita.</p>
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diff changeset
573 <p title="II-II q. 92 a. 2 ad 3"><a name="42989"><span class=
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diff changeset
574 "ref">[42989] II&ordf;-IIae q. 92 a. 2 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
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diff changeset
575 dicendum quod simulata religio ibi dicitur <i>quando traditioni
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576 humanae nomen religionis applicatur</i>, prout in Glossa sequitur.
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577 Unde ista simulata religio nihil est aliud quam cultus Deo vero
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578 exhibitus modo indebito, sicut si aliquis tempore gratiae vellet
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diff changeset
579 colere Deum secundum veteris legis ritum. Et de hoc ad litteram
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580 loquitur Glossa.</p>
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diff changeset
581 <br />
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diff changeset
582 <div class="D">Quaestio 93</div>
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diff changeset
583 <div class="G">Prooemium</div>
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diff changeset
584 <p title="II-II q. 93 pr."><a name="42990"><span class=
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diff changeset
585 "ref">[42990] II&ordf;-IIae q. 93 pr.</span></a> Deinde
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diff changeset
586 considerandum est de speciebus superstitionis. Et primo, de
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diff changeset
587 superstitione indebiti cultus veri Dei; secundo, de superstitione
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588 idololatriae; tertio, de superstitione divinationum; quarto, de
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diff changeset
589 superstitione observationum. Circa primum quaeruntur duo. Primo,
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diff changeset
590 utrum in cultu Dei veri possit esse aliquid perniciosum. Secundo,
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591 utrum possit ibi esse aliquid superfluum.</p>
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diff changeset
592 <br />
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diff changeset
593 <div class="E">Articulus 1</div>
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diff changeset
594 <p title="II-II q. 93 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="42991"><span class=
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diff changeset
595 "ref">[42991] II&ordf;-IIae q. 93 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad primum
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diff changeset
596 sic proceditur. Videtur quod in cultu veri Dei non possit esse
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diff changeset
597 aliquid perniciosum. Dicitur enim Ioel II, <i>omnis quicumque
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diff changeset
598 invocaverit nomen domini, salvus erit</i>. Sed quicumque colit Deum
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599 quocumque modo, invocat nomen eius. Ergo omnis cultus Dei confert
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diff changeset
600 salutem. Nullus ergo est perniciosus.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
601 <p title="II-II q. 93 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="42992"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
602 "ref">[42992] II&ordf;-IIae q. 93 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
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diff changeset
603 idem Deus est qui colitur a iustis quacumque mundi aetate. Sed ante
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604 legem datam, iusti, absque peccato mortali, colebant Deum
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diff changeset
605 qualitercumque eis placebat, unde et Iacob proprio voto se
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diff changeset
606 obligavit ad specialem cultum, ut habetur Gen. XXVIII. Ergo etiam
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diff changeset
607 modo nullus Dei cultus est perniciosus.</p>
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diff changeset
608 <p title="II-II q. 93 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="42993"><span class=
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diff changeset
609 "ref">[42993] II&ordf;-IIae q. 93 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
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diff changeset
610 nihil perniciosum in Ecclesia sustinetur. Sustinet autem Ecclesia
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611 diversos ritus colendi Deum, unde Gregorius scribit Augustino
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diff changeset
612 episcopo Anglorum, proponenti quod sunt diversae Ecclesiarum
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diff changeset
613 consuetudines in Missarum celebratione, mihi, inquit, placet ut,
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diff changeset
614 sive in Romanis <i>sive in Galliarum sive in qualibet Ecclesia
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615 aliquid invenisti quod plus omnipotenti Deo possit placere,
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616 sollicite eligas</i>. Ergo nullus modus colendi Deum est
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617 perniciosus.</p>
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diff changeset
618 <p title="II-II q. 93 a. 1 s. c."><a name="42994"><span class=
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diff changeset
619 "ref">[42994] II&ordf;-IIae q. 93 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
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diff changeset
620 est quod Augustinus dicit, in epistola ad Hieron., et habetur in
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diff changeset
621 Glossa, Galat. II, quod legalia observata post veritatem Evangelii
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diff changeset
622 divulgatam, sunt mortifera. Et tamen legalia ad cultum Dei
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diff changeset
623 pertinent. Ergo in cultu Dei potest esse aliquid mortiferum.</p>
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diff changeset
624 <p title="II-II q. 93 a. 1 co."><a name="42995"><span class=
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diff changeset
625 "ref">[42995] II&ordf;-IIae q. 93 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo
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diff changeset
626 dicendum quod, sicut Augustinus dicit, in libro contra mendacium,
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diff changeset
627 mendacium maxime perniciosum est quod fit in his quae ad
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628 Christianam religionem pertinent. Est autem mendacium cum aliquis
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diff changeset
629 exterius significat contrarium veritati. Sicut autem significatur
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diff changeset
630 aliquid verbo, ita etiam significatur aliquid facto, et in tali
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diff changeset
631 significatione facti consistit exterior religionis cultus, ut ex
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diff changeset
632 supradictis patet. Et ideo si per cultum exteriorem aliquid falsum
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diff changeset
633 significetur, erit cultus perniciosus. Hoc autem contingit
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diff changeset
634 dupliciter. Uno quidem modo, ex parte rei significatae, a qua
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diff changeset
635 discordat significatio cultus. Et hoc modo, tempore novae legis,
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diff changeset
636 peractis iam Christi mysteriis, perniciosum est uti caeremoniis
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diff changeset
637 veteris legis, quibus Christi mysteria significabantur futura,
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diff changeset
638 sicut etiam perniciosum esset si quis verbo confiteretur Christum
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639 esse passurum. Alio modo potest contingere falsitas in exteriori
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640 cultu ex parte colentis, et hoc praecipue in cultu communi, qui per
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diff changeset
641 ministros exhibetur in persona totius Ecclesiae. Sicut enim
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642 falsarius esset qui aliqua proponeret ex parte alicuius quae non
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643 essent ei commissa, ita vitium falsitatis incurrit qui ex parte
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644 Ecclesiae cultum exhibet Deo contra modum divina auctoritate ab
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diff changeset
645 Ecclesia constitutum et in Ecclesia consuetum. Unde Ambrosius
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diff changeset
646 dicit, <i>indignus est qui aliter celebrat mysterium quam Christus
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diff changeset
647 tradidit</i>. Et propter hoc etiam Glossa dicit, Coloss. II, quod
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diff changeset
648 <i>superstitio est quando traditioni humanae nomen religionis
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649 applicatur</i>.</p>
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diff changeset
650 <p title="II-II q. 93 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="42996"><span class=
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diff changeset
651 "ref">[42996] II&ordf;-IIae q. 93 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
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diff changeset
652 ergo dicendum quod, cum Deus sit veritas, illi invocant Deum qui in
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diff changeset
653 spiritu et veritate eum colunt, ut dicitur Ioan. IV. Et ideo cultus
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diff changeset
654 continens falsitatem non pertinet proprie ad Dei invocationem quae
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655 salvat.</p>
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diff changeset
656 <p title="II-II q. 93 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="42997"><span class=
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diff changeset
657 "ref">[42997] II&ordf;-IIae q. 93 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
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diff changeset
658 dicendum quod ante tempus legis, iusti per interiorem instinctum
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diff changeset
659 instruebantur de modo colendi Deum, quos alii sequebantur.
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660 Postmodum vero exterioribus praeceptis circa hoc homines sunt
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661 instructi, quae praeterire pestiferum est.</p>
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diff changeset
662 <p title="II-II q. 93 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="42998"><span class=
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diff changeset
663 "ref">[42998] II&ordf;-IIae q. 93 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
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parents: 26
diff changeset
664 dicendum quod diversae consuetudines Ecclesiae in cultu divino in
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diff changeset
665 nullo veritati repugnant. Et ideo sunt servandae; et eas praeterire
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666 illicitum est.</p>
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667 <br />
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diff changeset
668 <div class="E">Articulus 2</div>
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diff changeset
669 <p title="II-II q. 93 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="42999"><span class=
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diff changeset
670 "ref">[42999] II&ordf;-IIae q. 93 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
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diff changeset
671 secundum sic proceditur. Videtur quod in cultu Dei non possit esse
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diff changeset
672 aliquid superfluum. Dicitur enim Eccli. XLIII, <i>glorificantes
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diff changeset
673 Deum quantumcumque potueritis, supervalebit adhuc</i>. Sed cultus
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diff changeset
674 divinus ordinatur ad Deum glorificandum. Ergo nihil superfluum in
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675 eo esse potest.</p>
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diff changeset
676 <p title="II-II q. 93 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="43000"><span class=
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diff changeset
677 "ref">[43000] II&ordf;-IIae q. 93 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
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diff changeset
678 exterior cultus est professio quaedam cultus interioris quo Deus
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diff changeset
679 colitur fide, spe et caritate; ut Augustinus dicit, in Enchirid.
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diff changeset
680 Sed in fide, spe et caritate non potest esse aliquid superfluum.
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diff changeset
681 Ergo etiam neque in divino cultu.</p>
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diff changeset
682 <p title="II-II q. 93 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="43001"><span class=
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diff changeset
683 "ref">[43001] II&ordf;-IIae q. 93 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
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diff changeset
684 ad divinum cultum pertinet ut ea Deo exhibeamus quae a Deo
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diff changeset
685 accepimus. Sed omnia bona nostra a Deo accepimus. Ergo si totum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
686 quidquid possumus facimus ad Dei reverentiam, nihil erit superfluum
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diff changeset
687 in divino cultu.</p>
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diff changeset
688 <p title="II-II q. 93 a. 2 s. c."><a name="43002"><span class=
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diff changeset
689 "ref">[43002] II&ordf;-IIae q. 93 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
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diff changeset
690 est quod Augustinus dicit, in II de Doct. Christ., quod <i>bonus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
691 verusque Christianus etiam in litteris sacris superstitiosa
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parents: 26
diff changeset
692 figmenta repudiat</i>. Sed per sacras litteras Deus colendus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
693 ostenditur. Ergo etiam in cultu divino potest esse superstitio ex
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diff changeset
694 aliqua superfluitate.</p>
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diff changeset
695 <p title="II-II q. 93 a. 2 co."><a name="43003"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
696 "ref">[43003] II&ordf;-IIae q. 93 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
697 dicendum quod aliquid dicitur superfluum dupliciter. Uno modo,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
698 secundum quantitatem absolutam. Et secundum hoc non potest esse
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parents: 26
diff changeset
699 superfluum in divino cultu, quia nihil potest homo facere quod non
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parents: 26
diff changeset
700 sit minus eo quod Deo debet. Alio modo potest esse aliquid
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parents: 26
diff changeset
701 superfluum secundum quantitatem proportionis, quia scilicet non est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
702 fini proportionatum. Finis autem divini cultus est ut homo Deo det
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parents: 26
diff changeset
703 gloriam, et ei se subiiciat mente et corpore. Et ideo quidquid homo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
704 faciat quod pertinet ad Dei gloriam, et ad hoc quod mens hominis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
705 Deo subiiciatur, et etiam corpus per moderatam refrenationem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
706 concupiscentiarum, secundum Dei et Ecclesiae ordinationem, et
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diff changeset
707 consuetudinem eorum quibus homo convivit, non est superfluum in
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parents: 26
diff changeset
708 divino cultu. Si autem aliquid sit quod quantum est de se non
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parents: 26
diff changeset
709 pertinet ad Dei gloriam, neque ad hoc quod mens hominis feratur in
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parents: 26
diff changeset
710 Deum, aut quod carnis concupiscentiae moderate refrenantur; aut
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diff changeset
711 etiam si sit praeter Dei et Ecclesiae institutionem, vel contra
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parents: 26
diff changeset
712 consuetudinem communem (quae secundum Augustinum, pro lege habenda
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diff changeset
713 est). Totum hoc reputandum est superfluum et superstitiosum, quia,
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diff changeset
714 in exterioribus solum consistens, ad interiorem Dei cultum non
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diff changeset
715 pertinet. Unde Augustinus, in libro de vera Relig., inducit quod
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diff changeset
716 dicitur Luc. XVII, <i>regnum Dei intra vos est</i>, contra
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diff changeset
717 superstitiosos, qui scilicet exterioribus principalem curam
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718 impendunt.</p>
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diff changeset
719 <p title="II-II q. 93 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="43004"><span class=
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diff changeset
720 "ref">[43004] II&ordf;-IIae q. 93 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
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diff changeset
721 ergo dicendum quod in ipsa Dei glorificatione implicatur quod id
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722 quod fit pertineat ad Dei gloriam. Per quod excluditur
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diff changeset
723 superstitionis superfluitas.</p>
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diff changeset
724 <p title="II-II q. 93 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="43005"><span class=
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diff changeset
725 "ref">[43005] II&ordf;-IIae q. 93 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
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diff changeset
726 dicendum quod per fidem, spem et caritatem anima subiicitur Deo.
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727 Unde in eis non potest esse aliquid superfluum. Aliud autem est de
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728 exterioribus actibus, qui quandoque ad haec non pertinent.</p>
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diff changeset
729 <p title="II-II q. 93 a. 2 ad 3"><a name="43006"><span class=
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diff changeset
730 "ref">[43006] II&ordf;-IIae q. 93 a. 2 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
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diff changeset
731 dicendum quod ratio illa procedit de superfluo quantum ad
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diff changeset
732 quantitatem absolutam.</p>
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diff changeset
733 <br />
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diff changeset
734 <div class="D">Quaestio 94</div>
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diff changeset
735 <div class="G">Prooemium</div>
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diff changeset
736 <p title="II-II q. 94 pr."><a name="43007"><span class=
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diff changeset
737 "ref">[43007] II&ordf;-IIae q. 94 pr.</span></a> Deinde
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diff changeset
738 considerandum est de idololatria. Et circa hoc quaeruntur quatuor.
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diff changeset
739 Primo, utrum idololatria sit species superstitionis. Secundo, utrum
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740 sit peccatum. Tertio, utrum sit gravissimum peccatorum. Quarto, de
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diff changeset
741 causa huius peccati. Utrum autem cum idololatris sit communicandum,
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diff changeset
742 dictum est supra, cum de infidelitate ageretur.</p>
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diff changeset
743 <br />
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744 <div class="E">Articulus 1</div>
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745 <p title="II-II q. 94 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="43008"><span class=
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diff changeset
746 "ref">[43008] II&ordf;-IIae q. 94 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad primum
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diff changeset
747 sic proceditur. Videtur quod idololatria non recte ponatur species
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diff changeset
748 superstitionis. Sicut enim haeretici sunt infideles, ita et
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diff changeset
749 idololatrae. Sed haeresis est species infidelitatis, ut supra
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750 habitum est. Ergo et idololatria, non autem superstitionis.</p>
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751 <p title="II-II q. 94 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="43009"><span class=
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diff changeset
752 "ref">[43009] II&ordf;-IIae q. 94 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
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diff changeset
753 latria pertinet ad virtutem religionis, cui opponitur superstitio.
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diff changeset
754 Sed idololatria videtur univoce dici latria cum ea quae ad veram
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diff changeset
755 religionem pertinet, sicut enim appetitus falsae beatitudinis
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diff changeset
756 univoce dicitur cum appetitu verae beatitudinis, ita cultus
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diff changeset
757 falsorum deorum, qui dicitur idololatria, univoce videtur dici cum
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758 cultu veri Dei, qui est latria verae religionis. Ergo idololatria
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759 non est species superstitionis.</p>
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diff changeset
760 <p title="II-II q. 94 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="43010"><span class=
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diff changeset
761 "ref">[43010] II&ordf;-IIae q. 94 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
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diff changeset
762 id quod nihil est non potest esse alicuius generis species. Sed
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diff changeset
763 idololatria nihil esse videtur. Dicit enim apostolus, I ad Cor.
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diff changeset
764 VIII, scimus quia nihil est idolum in mundo, et infra, X, quid
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765 ergo? Dico <i>quod idolis immolatum sit aliquid? Aut quod idolum
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766 sit aliquid?</i> Quasi dicat, non. Immolare autem idolis proprie ad
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767 idololatriam pertinet. Ergo idololatria, quasi nihil existens, non
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768 potest esse superstitionis species.</p>
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diff changeset
769 <p title="II-II q. 94 a. 1 arg. 4"><a name="43011"><span class=
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diff changeset
770 "ref">[43011] II&ordf;-IIae q. 94 a. 1 arg. 4</span></a> Praeterea,
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diff changeset
771 ad superstitionem pertinet exhibere cultum divinum cui non debetur.
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diff changeset
772 Sed cultus divinus, sicut non debetur idolis, ita nec aliis
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diff changeset
773 creaturis, unde Rom. I quidam vituperantur de hoc quod <i>coluerunt
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774 et servierunt potius creaturis quam creatori</i>. Ergo
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diff changeset
775 inconvenienter huiusmodi superstitionis species idololatria
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diff changeset
776 nominatur, sed deberet potius nominari latria creaturae.</p>
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diff changeset
777 <p title="II-II q. 94 a. 1 s. c."><a name="43012"><span class=
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diff changeset
778 "ref">[43012] II&ordf;-IIae q. 94 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
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diff changeset
779 est quod Act. XVII dicitur quod <i>Paulus cum Athenis expectaret,
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diff changeset
780 incitabatur spiritus eius in ipso, videns idololatriae deditam
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diff changeset
781 civitatem</i>, et postea dixit, viri Athenienses, per omnia quasi
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diff changeset
782 superstitiosos vos iudico. Ergo idololatria ad superstitionem
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diff changeset
783 pertinet.</p>
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diff changeset
784 <p title="II-II q. 94 a. 1 co."><a name="43013"><span class=
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diff changeset
785 "ref">[43013] II&ordf;-IIae q. 94 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo
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diff changeset
786 dicendum quod, sicut supra dictum est, ad superstitionem pertinet
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diff changeset
787 excedere debitum modum divini cultus. Quod quidem praecipue fit
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diff changeset
788 quando divinus cultus exhibetur cui non debet exhiberi. Debet autem
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diff changeset
789 exhiberi soli summo Deo increato, ut supra habitum est, cum de
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diff changeset
790 religione ageretur. Et ideo, cuicumque creaturae divinus cultus
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diff changeset
791 exhibeatur, superstitiosum est. Huiusmodi autem cultus divinus,
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diff changeset
792 sicut creaturis sensibilibus exhibebatur per aliqua sensibilia
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diff changeset
793 signa, puta sacrificia, ludos et alia huiusmodi; ita etiam
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diff changeset
794 exhibebatur creaturae repraesentatae per aliquam sensibilem formam
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diff changeset
795 seu figuram, quae idolum dicitur. Diversimode tamen cultus divinus
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diff changeset
796 idolis exhibebatur. Quidam enim per quandam nefariam artem imagines
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parents: 26
diff changeset
797 quasdam construebant quae virtute Daemonum aliquos certos effectus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
798 habebant, unde putabant in ipsis imaginibus esse aliquid
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parents: 26
diff changeset
799 divinitatis; et quod per consequens divinus cultus eis deberetur.
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diff changeset
800 Et haec fuit opinio Hermetis Trimegisti; ut Augustinus dicit, in
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diff changeset
801 VIII de Civ. Dei. Alii vero non exhibebant cultum divinitatis ipsis
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diff changeset
802 imaginibus, sed creaturis quarum erant imagines. Et utrumque horum
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diff changeset
803 tangit apostolus, ad Rom. I. Nam quantum ad primum, dicit,
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diff changeset
804 <i>mutaverunt gloriam incorruptibilis Dei in similitudinem imaginis
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diff changeset
805 corruptibilis hominis, et volucrum et quadrupedum et serpentum</i>.
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diff changeset
806 Quantum autem ad secundum, subdit, <i>coluerunt et servierunt
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diff changeset
807 potius creaturae quam creatori</i>. Horum tamen fuit triplex
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diff changeset
808 opinio. Quidam enim aestimabant quosdam homines deos fuisse, quos
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diff changeset
809 per eorum imagines colebant, sicut Iovem, Mercurium, et alios
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diff changeset
810 huiusmodi. Quidam vero aestimabant totum mundum esse unum Deum, non
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diff changeset
811 propter corporalem substantiam, sed propter animam, quam Deum esse
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diff changeset
812 credebant, dicentes Deum nihil aliud esse quam animam motu et
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diff changeset
813 ratione mundum gubernantem; sicut et homo dicitur sapiens propter
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diff changeset
814 animam, non propter corpus. Unde putabant toti mundo, et omnibus
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diff changeset
815 partibus eius, esse cultum divinitatis exhibendum, caelo, aeri,
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diff changeset
816 aquae, et omnibus huiusmodi. Et ad haec referebant nomina et
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diff changeset
817 imagines suorum deorum, sicut Varro dicebat, et narrat Augustinus,
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diff changeset
818 VII de Civ. Dei. Alii vero, scilicet Platonici, posuerunt unum esse
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diff changeset
819 summum Deum, causam omnium; post quem ponebant esse substantias
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diff changeset
820 quasdam spirituales a summo Deo creatas, quas deos nominabant,
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diff changeset
821 participatione scilicet divinitatis, nos autem eos Angelos dicimus;
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diff changeset
822 post quos ponebant animas caelestium corporum; et sub his Daemones,
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diff changeset
823 quos dicebant esse aerea quaedam animalia; et sub his ponebant
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parents: 26
diff changeset
824 animas hominum, quas per virtutis meritum ad deorum vel Daemonum
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diff changeset
825 societatem assumi credebant. Et omnibus his cultum divinitatis
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diff changeset
826 exhibebant, ut Augustinus narrat, in XVIII de Civ. Dei. Has autem
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diff changeset
827 duas ultimas opiniones dicebant pertinere ad physicam theologiam,
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diff changeset
828 quam philosophi considerabant in mundo, et docebant in scholis.
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diff changeset
829 Aliam vero, de cultu hominum, dicebant pertinere ad theologiam
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diff changeset
830 fabularem, quae secundum figmenta poetarum repraesentabatur in
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diff changeset
831 theatris. Aliam vero opinionem, de imaginibus, dicebant pertinere
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diff changeset
832 ad civilem theologiam, quae per pontifices celebrabatur in templis.
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diff changeset
833 Omnia autem haec ad superstitionem idololatriae pertinebant. Unde
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diff changeset
834 Augustinus dicit, in II de Doct. Christ., <i>superstitiosum est
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diff changeset
835 quidquid institutum ab hominibus est ad facienda et colenda idola
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diff changeset
836 pertinens, vel ad colendam sicut Deum creaturam partemve ullam
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diff changeset
837 creaturae</i>.</p>
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diff changeset
838 <p title="II-II q. 94 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="43014"><span class=
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diff changeset
839 "ref">[43014] II&ordf;-IIae q. 94 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
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diff changeset
840 ergo dicendum quod sicut religio non est fides, sed fidei
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diff changeset
841 protestatio per aliqua exteriora signa, ita superstitio est quaedam
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842 infidelitatis protestatio per exteriorem cultum. Quam quidem
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843 protestationem nomen idololatriae significat, non autem nomen
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diff changeset
844 haeresis, sed solum falsam opinionem. Et ideo haeresis est species
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diff changeset
845 infidelitatis, sed idololatria est species superstitionis.</p>
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diff changeset
846 <p title="II-II q. 94 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="43015"><span class=
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diff changeset
847 "ref">[43015] II&ordf;-IIae q. 94 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
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diff changeset
848 dicendum quod nomen latriae dupliciter accipi potest. Uno modo
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diff changeset
849 potest significare humanum actum ad cultum Dei pertinentem. Et
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diff changeset
850 secundum hoc, non variatur significatio huius nominis latria,
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diff changeset
851 cuicumque exhibeatur, quia illud cui exhibetur non cadet, secundum
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diff changeset
852 hoc, in eius definitione. Et secundum hoc latria univoce dicetur
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diff changeset
853 secundum quod pertinet ad veram religionem, et secundum quod
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diff changeset
854 pertinet ad idololatriam, sicut solutio tributi univoce dicitur
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diff changeset
855 sive exhibeatur vero regi, sive falso. Alio modo accipitur latria
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diff changeset
856 prout est idem religioni. Et sic, cum sit virtus, de ratione eius
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diff changeset
857 est quod cultus divinus exhibeatur ei cui debet exhiberi. Et
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diff changeset
858 secundum hoc latria aequivoce dicetur de latria verae religionis,
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diff changeset
859 et de idololatria, sicut prudentia aequivoce dicitur de prudentia
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diff changeset
860 quae est virtus, et de prudentia quae est carnis.</p>
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diff changeset
861 <p title="II-II q. 94 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="43016"><span class=
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diff changeset
862 "ref">[43016] II&ordf;-IIae q. 94 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
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diff changeset
863 dicendum quod apostolus intelligit nihil esse in mundo quia
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diff changeset
864 imagines illae quae idola dicebantur, non erant animatae aut
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diff changeset
865 aliquam virtutem divinitatis habentes, sicut Hermes ponebat, quasi
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diff changeset
866 esset aliquid compositum ex spiritu et corpore. Et similiter
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diff changeset
867 intelligendum est quod idolis immolatum non est aliquid, quia per
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diff changeset
868 huiusmodi immolationem carnes immolatitiae neque aliquam
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diff changeset
869 sanctificationem consequebantur, ut gentiles putabant; neque
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diff changeset
870 aliquam immunditiam, ut putabant Iudaei.</p>
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diff changeset
871 <p title="II-II q. 94 a. 1 ad 4"><a name="43017"><span class=
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diff changeset
872 "ref">[43017] II&ordf;-IIae q. 94 a. 1 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
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diff changeset
873 dicendum quod ex communi consuetudine qua creaturas quascumque
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diff changeset
874 colebant gentiles sub quibusdam imaginibus, impositum est hoc nomen
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parents: 26
diff changeset
875 idololatria ad significandum quemcumque cultum creaturae, et etiam
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diff changeset
876 si sine imaginibus fieret.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
877 <br />
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parents: 26
diff changeset
878 <div class="E">Articulus 2</div>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
879 <p title="II-II q. 94 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="43018"><span class=
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diff changeset
880 "ref">[43018] II&ordf;-IIae q. 94 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
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diff changeset
881 secundum sic proceditur. Videtur quod idololatria non sit peccatum.
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diff changeset
882 Nihil enim est peccatum quod vera fides in cultum Dei assumit. Sed
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diff changeset
883 vera fides imagines quasdam assumit ad divinum cultum, nam et in
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parents: 26
diff changeset
884 tabernaculo erant imagines Cherubin, ut legitur Exod. XXV; et in
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diff changeset
885 Ecclesia quaedam imagines ponuntur quas fideles adorant. Ergo
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diff changeset
886 idololatria, secundum quam idola adorantur, non est peccatum.</p>
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diff changeset
887 <p title="II-II q. 94 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="43019"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
888 "ref">[43019] II&ordf;-IIae q. 94 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
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diff changeset
889 cuilibet superiori est reverentia exhibenda. Sed Angeli et animae
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diff changeset
890 sanctorum sunt nobis superiores. Ergo, si eis exhibeatur reverentia
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parents: 26
diff changeset
891 per aliquem cultum vel sacrificiorum vel aliquorum huiusmodi, non
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diff changeset
892 erit peccatum.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
893 <p title="II-II q. 94 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="43020"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
894 "ref">[43020] II&ordf;-IIae q. 94 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
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diff changeset
895 summus Deus interiori cultu mentis est colendus, secundum illud
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diff changeset
896 Ioan. IV, Deum oportet adorare in spiritu et veritate. Et
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diff changeset
897 Augustinus dicit, in Enchirid., quod Deus colitur fide, spe et
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diff changeset
898 caritate. Potest autem contingere quod aliquis exterius idola
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parents: 26
diff changeset
899 colat, interius tamen a vera fide non discedat. Ergo videtur quod
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parents: 26
diff changeset
900 sine praeiudicio divini cultus possit aliquis exterius idola
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parents: 26
diff changeset
901 colere.</p>
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diff changeset
902 <p title="II-II q. 94 a. 2 s. c."><a name="43021"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
903 "ref">[43021] II&ordf;-IIae q. 94 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
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diff changeset
904 est quod Exod. XX dicitur, non adorabis ea, scilicet exterius,
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diff changeset
905 neque coles, scilicet interius, ut Glossa exponit et loquitur de
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parents: 26
diff changeset
906 sculptilibus et imaginibus. Ergo peccatum est idolis exteriorem vel
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diff changeset
907 interiorem cultum exhibere.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
908 <p title="II-II q. 94 a. 2 co."><a name="43022"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
909 "ref">[43022] II&ordf;-IIae q. 94 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo
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diff changeset
910 dicendum quod circa hoc aliqui dupliciter erraverunt. Quidam enim
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diff changeset
911 putaverunt quod offerre sacrificium et alia ad latriam pertinentia
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diff changeset
912 non solum summo Deo, sed etiam aliis supra dictis, est debitum et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
913 per se bonum, eo quod superiori cuilibet naturae divinam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
914 reverentiam exhibendam putant, quasi Deo propinquiori. Sed hoc
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diff changeset
915 irrationabiliter dicitur. Nam etsi omnes superiores revereri
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diff changeset
916 debeamus, non tamen eadem reverentia omnibus debetur, sed aliquid
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parents: 26
diff changeset
917 speciale debetur summo Deo, qui singulari ratione omnes excellit,
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diff changeset
918 et hic est latriae cultus. Nec potest dici, sicut quidam
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diff changeset
919 putaverunt, <i>haec visibilia sacrificia diis aliis congruere, illi
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diff changeset
920 vero summo Deo, tanquam meliori, meliora, scilicet purae mentis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
921 officia</i>, quia, ut Augustinus dicit, in X de Civ. Dei,
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diff changeset
922 <i>exteriora sacrificia ita sunt signa interiorum sicut verba
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diff changeset
923 sonantia signa sunt rerum. Quocirca, sicut orantes atque laudantes
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parents: 26
diff changeset
924 ad eum dirigimus significantes voces cui res ipsas in corde quas
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diff changeset
925 significamus offerimus, ita, sacrificantes, non alteri visibile
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parents: 26
diff changeset
926 sacrificium offerendum esse noverimus quam ei cuius in cordibus
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diff changeset
927 nostris invisibile sacrificium nos ipsi esse debemus</i>. Alii vero
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diff changeset
928 aestimaverunt latriae cultum exteriorem non esse idolis exhibendum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
929 tanquam per se bonum aut opportunum, sed tanquam vulgari
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diff changeset
930 consuetudini consonum, ut Augustinus, in VI de Civ. Dei, introducit
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diff changeset
931 Senecam dicentem, <i>sic, inquit, adorabimus ut meminerimus
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diff changeset
932 huiusmodi cultum magis ad morem quam ad rem pertinere</i>. Et in
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diff changeset
933 libro de vera Relig. Augustinus dicit <i>non esse religionem a
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diff changeset
934 philosophis quaerendam, qui eadem sacra recipiebant cum populis, et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
935 de suorum deorum natura ac summo bono diversas contrariasque
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diff changeset
936 sententias in scholis personabant</i>. Et hunc etiam errorem secuti
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diff changeset
937 sunt quidam haeretici asserentes non esse perniciosum si quis,
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diff changeset
938 persecutionis tempore deprehensus, exterius idola colat, dum tamen
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parents: 26
diff changeset
939 fidem servat in mente. Sed hoc apparet manifeste falsum. Nam cum
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diff changeset
940 exterior cultus sit signum interioris cultus, sicut est perniciosum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
941 mendacium si quis verbis asserat contrarium eius quod per veram
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diff changeset
942 fidem tenet in corde, ita etiam est perniciosa falsitas si quis
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diff changeset
943 exteriorem cultum exhibeat alicui contra id quod sentit in mente.
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diff changeset
944 Unde Augustinus dicit contra Senecam, in VI de Civ. Dei, quod eo
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diff changeset
945 damnabilius colebat idola, quo illa quae mendaciter <i>agebat sic
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diff changeset
946 ageret ut cum populo veraciter agere existimaretur</i>.</p>
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diff changeset
947 <p title="II-II q. 94 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="43023"><span class=
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diff changeset
948 "ref">[43023] II&ordf;-IIae q. 94 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
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diff changeset
949 ergo dicendum quod neque in veteris legis tabernaculo seu templo,
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diff changeset
950 neque etiam nunc in Ecclesia imagines instituuntur ut eis cultus
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diff changeset
951 latriae exhibeatur, sed ad quandam significationem, ut per
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diff changeset
952 huiusmodi imagines mentibus hominum imprimatur et confirmetur fides
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diff changeset
953 de excellentia Angelorum et sanctorum. Secus autem est de imagine
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diff changeset
954 Christi, cui, ratione deitatis, latria debetur, ut dicetur in
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diff changeset
955 tertio.</p>
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diff changeset
956 <p title="II-II q. 94 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="43024"><span class=
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diff changeset
957 "ref">[43024] II&ordf;-IIae q. 94 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
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diff changeset
958 et tertium patet responsio per ea quae dicta sunt.</p>
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diff changeset
959 <br />
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diff changeset
960 <div class="E">Articulus 3</div>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
961 <p title="II-II q. 94 a. 3 arg. 1"><a name="43025"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
962 "ref">[43025] II&ordf;-IIae q. 94 a. 3 arg. 1</span></a> Ad tertium
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diff changeset
963 sic proceditur. Videtur quod idololatria non sit gravissimum
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diff changeset
964 peccatorum. Pessimum enim optimo opponitur, ut dicitur in VIII
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diff changeset
965 Ethic. Sed cultus interior, qui consistit in fide, spe et caritate,
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diff changeset
966 est melior quam cultus exterior. Ergo infidelitas, desperatio et
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diff changeset
967 odium Dei, quae opponuntur cultui interiori, sunt graviora peccata
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diff changeset
968 quam idololatria, quae opponitur cultui exteriori.</p>
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diff changeset
969 <p title="II-II q. 94 a. 3 arg. 2"><a name="43026"><span class=
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diff changeset
970 "ref">[43026] II&ordf;-IIae q. 94 a. 3 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
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diff changeset
971 tanto aliquod peccatum est gravius quanto magis est contra Deum.
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diff changeset
972 Sed directius videtur aliquis contra Deum agere blasphemando, vel
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diff changeset
973 fidem impugnando, quam cultum Dei alii exhibendo, quod pertinet ad
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diff changeset
974 idololatriam. Ergo blasphemia vel impugnatio fidei est gravius
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diff changeset
975 peccatum quam idololatria.</p>
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diff changeset
976 <p title="II-II q. 94 a. 3 arg. 3"><a name="43027"><span class=
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diff changeset
977 "ref">[43027] II&ordf;-IIae q. 94 a. 3 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
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diff changeset
978 minora mala maioribus malis puniri videntur. Sed peccatum
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diff changeset
979 idololatriae punitum est peccato contra naturam, ut dicitur Rom. I.
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diff changeset
980 Ergo peccatum contra naturam est gravius peccato idololatriae.</p>
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diff changeset
981 <p title="II-II q. 94 a. 3 arg. 4"><a name="43028"><span class=
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diff changeset
982 "ref">[43028] II&ordf;-IIae q. 94 a. 3 arg. 4</span></a> Praeterea,
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diff changeset
983 Augustinus dicit, XX contra Faust., <i>neque vos, scilicet
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diff changeset
984 Manichaeos, Paganos dicimus, aut schisma Paganorum, sed habere cum
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diff changeset
985 eis quandam similitudinem, eo quod multos colatis deos. Verum vos
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diff changeset
986 esse eis longe deteriores, quod illi ea colunt quae sunt, sed pro
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diff changeset
987 diis colenda non sunt; vos autem ea colitis quae omnino non
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diff changeset
988 sunt</i>. Ergo vitium haereticae pravitatis est gravius quam
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diff changeset
989 idololatria.</p>
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diff changeset
990 <p title="II-II q. 94 a. 3 arg. 5"><a name="43029"><span class=
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diff changeset
991 "ref">[43029] II&ordf;-IIae q. 94 a. 3 arg. 5</span></a> Praeterea,
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diff changeset
992 super illud Gal. IV, <i>quomodo convertimini iterum ad infirma et
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diff changeset
993 egena elementa?</i> Dicit Glossa Hieronymi, <i>legis observantia,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
994 cui dediti tunc erant, erat peccatum paene par servituti idolorum,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
995 cui ante conversionem vacaverant</i>. Non ergo peccatum
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diff changeset
996 idololatriae est gravissimum.</p>
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diff changeset
997 <p title="II-II q. 94 a. 3 s. c."><a name="43030"><span class=
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diff changeset
998 "ref">[43030] II&ordf;-IIae q. 94 a. 3 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
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diff changeset
999 est quod Levit. XV, super illud quod dicitur de immunditia mulieris
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1000 patientis fluxum sanguinis, dicit Glossa, <i>omne peccatum est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1001 immunditia animae, sed idololatria maxime</i>.</p>
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diff changeset
1002 <p title="II-II q. 94 a. 3 co."><a name="43031"><span class=
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diff changeset
1003 "ref">[43031] II&ordf;-IIae q. 94 a. 3 co.</span></a> Respondeo
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diff changeset
1004 dicendum quod gravitas alicuius peccati potest attendi dupliciter.
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diff changeset
1005 Uno modo, ex parte ipsius peccati. Et sic peccatum idololatriae est
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diff changeset
1006 gravissimum. Sicut enim in terrena republica gravissimum esse
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diff changeset
1007 videtur quod aliquis honorem regium alteri impendat quam vero regi,
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diff changeset
1008 quia quantum in se est, totum reipublicae perturbat ordinem; ita in
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diff changeset
1009 peccatis quae contra Deum committuntur, quae tamen sunt maxima,
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diff changeset
1010 gravissimum esse videtur quod aliquis honorem divinum creaturae
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diff changeset
1011 impendat, quia quantum est in se, facit alium Deum in mundo,
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diff changeset
1012 minuens principatum divinum. Alio modo potest attendi gravitas
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diff changeset
1013 peccati ex parte peccantis, sicut dicitur esse gravius peccatum
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diff changeset
1014 eius qui peccat scienter quam eius qui peccat ignoranter. Et
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diff changeset
1015 secundum hoc nihil prohibet gravius peccare haereticos, qui
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diff changeset
1016 scienter corrumpunt fidem quam acceperunt, quam idololatras
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1017 ignoranter peccantes. Et similiter etiam aliqua alia peccata
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1018 possunt esse maiora propter maiorem contemptum peccantis.</p>
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diff changeset
1019 <p title="II-II q. 94 a. 3 ad 1"><a name="43032"><span class=
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diff changeset
1020 "ref">[43032] II&ordf;-IIae q. 94 a. 3 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
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diff changeset
1021 ergo dicendum quod idololatria praesupponit interiorem
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diff changeset
1022 infidelitatem, et adiicit exterius indebitum cultum. Si vero sit
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diff changeset
1023 exterior tantum idololatria absque interiori infidelitate, additur
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diff changeset
1024 culpa falsitatis, ut prius dictum est.</p>
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diff changeset
1025 <p title="II-II q. 94 a. 3 ad 2"><a name="43033"><span class=
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diff changeset
1026 "ref">[43033] II&ordf;-IIae q. 94 a. 3 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
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diff changeset
1027 dicendum quod idololatria includit magnam blasphemiam, inquantum
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diff changeset
1028 Deo subtrahitur dominii singularitas. Et fidem opere impugnat
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diff changeset
1029 idololatria.</p>
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diff changeset
1030 <p title="II-II q. 94 a. 3 ad 3"><a name="43034"><span class=
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diff changeset
1031 "ref">[43034] II&ordf;-IIae q. 94 a. 3 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
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diff changeset
1032 dicendum quod quia de ratione poenae est quod sit contra
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diff changeset
1033 voluntatem, peccatum per quod aliud punitur oportet esse magis
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diff changeset
1034 manifestum, ut ex hoc homo sibi ipsi et aliis detestabilis
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diff changeset
1035 reddatur, non autem oportet quod sit gravius. Et secundum hoc,
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diff changeset
1036 peccatum contra naturam minus est quam peccatum idololatriae, sed
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diff changeset
1037 quia est manifestius, ponitur quasi conveniens poena peccati
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diff changeset
1038 idololatriae, ut scilicet, sicut homo per idololatriam pervertit
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diff changeset
1039 ordinem divini honoris, ita per peccatum contra naturam propriae
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diff changeset
1040 naturae confusibilem perversitatem patiatur.</p>
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diff changeset
1041 <p title="II-II q. 94 a. 3 ad 4"><a name="43035"><span class=
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diff changeset
1042 "ref">[43035] II&ordf;-IIae q. 94 a. 3 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
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diff changeset
1043 dicendum quod haeresis Manichaeorum, etiam quantum ad genus
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diff changeset
1044 peccati, gravior est quam peccatum aliorum idololatrarum, quia
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diff changeset
1045 magis derogant divino honori, ponentes duos deos contrarios, et
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diff changeset
1046 multa vana fabulosa de Deo fingentes. Secus autem est de aliis
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diff changeset
1047 haereticis, qui unum Deum confitentur et eum solum colunt.</p>
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diff changeset
1048 <p title="II-II q. 94 a. 3 ad 5"><a name="43036"><span class=
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diff changeset
1049 "ref">[43036] II&ordf;-IIae q. 94 a. 3 ad 5</span></a> Ad quintum
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diff changeset
1050 dicendum quod observatio legis tempore gratiae non est omnino
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diff changeset
1051 aequalis idololatriae secundum genus peccati, sed paene aequalis,
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diff changeset
1052 quia utrumque est species pestiferae superstitionis.</p>
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diff changeset
1053 <br />
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diff changeset
1054 <div class="E">Articulus 4</div>
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diff changeset
1055 <p title="II-II q. 94 a. 4 arg. 1"><a name="43037"><span class=
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diff changeset
1056 "ref">[43037] II&ordf;-IIae q. 94 a. 4 arg. 1</span></a> Ad quartum
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diff changeset
1057 sic proceditur. Videtur quod causa idololatriae non fuerit ex parte
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1058 hominis. In homine enim nihil est nisi vel natura, vel virtus, vel
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1059 culpa. Sed causa idololatriae non potuit esse ex parte naturae
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1060 hominis, quin potius naturalis ratio hominis dictat quod sit unus
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1061 Deus, et quod non sit mortuis cultus divinus exhibendus, neque
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diff changeset
1062 rebus inanimatis. Similiter etiam nec idololatria habet causam in
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diff changeset
1063 homine ex parte virtutis, quia <i>non potest arbor bona fructus
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diff changeset
1064 malos facere</i>, ut dicitur Matth. VII. Neque etiam ex parte
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1065 culpae, quia, ut dicitur Sap. XIV, <i>infandorum idolorum cultura
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1066 omnis mali causa est, et initium et finis</i>. Ergo idololatria non
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1067 habet causam ex parte hominis.</p>
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diff changeset
1068 <p title="II-II q. 94 a. 4 arg. 2"><a name="43038"><span class=
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diff changeset
1069 "ref">[43038] II&ordf;-IIae q. 94 a. 4 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
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diff changeset
1070 ea quae ex parte hominis causantur, omni tempore in hominibus
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1071 inveniuntur. Non autem semper fuit idololatria, sed in secunda
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diff changeset
1072 aetate legitur esse adinventa, vel a Nemrod, qui, ut dicitur,
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diff changeset
1073 cogebat homines ignem adorare; vel a Nino, qui imaginem patris sui
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1074 Beli adorari fecit. Apud Graecos autem, ut Isidorus refert,
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diff changeset
1075 <i>Prometheus primus simulacra hominum de luto finxit. Iudaei vero
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diff changeset
1076 dicunt quod Ismael primus simulacra de luto fecit</i>. Cessavit
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diff changeset
1077 etiam in sexta aetate idololatria ex magna parte. Ergo idololatria
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1078 non habuit causam ex parte hominis.</p>
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diff changeset
1079 <p title="II-II q. 94 a. 4 arg. 3"><a name="43039"><span class=
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diff changeset
1080 "ref">[43039] II&ordf;-IIae q. 94 a. 4 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
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diff changeset
1081 Augustinus dicit, XXI de Civ. Dei, neque potuit primum, nisi illis,
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diff changeset
1082 scilicet Daemonibus, <i>docentibus, disci quid quisque illorum
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diff changeset
1083 appetat, quid exhorreat, quo invitetur nomine, quo cogatur, unde
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diff changeset
1084 magicae artes, earumque artifices extiterunt</i>. Eadem autem ratio
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diff changeset
1085 videtur esse de idololatria. Ergo idololatriae causa non est ex
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diff changeset
1086 parte hominum.</p>
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diff changeset
1087 <p title="II-II q. 94 a. 4 s. c."><a name="43040"><span class=
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diff changeset
1088 "ref">[43040] II&ordf;-IIae q. 94 a. 4 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
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diff changeset
1089 est quod dicitur Sap. XIV, <i>supervacuitas hominum haec</i>,
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diff changeset
1090 scilicet idola, <i>adinvenit in orbe terrarum</i>.</p>
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diff changeset
1091 <p title="II-II q. 94 a. 4 co."><a name="43041"><span class=
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diff changeset
1092 "ref">[43041] II&ordf;-IIae q. 94 a. 4 co.</span></a> Respondeo
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diff changeset
1093 dicendum quod idololatriae est duplex causa. Una quidem
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1094 dispositiva. Et haec fuit ex parte hominum. Et hoc tripliciter.
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diff changeset
1095 Primo quidem, ex inordinatione affectus, prout scilicet homines
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diff changeset
1096 aliquem hominem vel nimis amantes vel nimis venerantes, honorem
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diff changeset
1097 divinum ei impenderunt. Et haec causa assignatur Sap. XIV,
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diff changeset
1098 <i>acerbo luctu dolens pater cito sibi rapti filii fecit imaginem;
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diff changeset
1099 et illum qui tunc, quasi homo, mortuus fuerat, tanquam Deum colere
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diff changeset
1100 coepit</i>. Et ibidem etiam subditur quod <i>homines, aut affectui
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diff changeset
1101 aut regibus deservientes, incommunicabile nomen</i>, scilicet
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diff changeset
1102 divinitatis, lignis et lapidibus imposuerunt. Secundo, propter hoc
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1103 quod homo naturaliter de repraesentatione delectatur, ut
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diff changeset
1104 philosophus dicit, in poetria sua. Et ideo homines rudes a
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diff changeset
1105 principio videntes per diligentiam artificum imagines hominum
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diff changeset
1106 expressive factas, divinitatis cultum eis impenderunt. Unde dicitur
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diff changeset
1107 Sap. XIII, <i>si quis artifex faber de silva lignum rectum
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diff changeset
1108 secuerit; et per scientiam suae artis figuret illud et assimilet
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diff changeset
1109 imagini hominis, de substantia sua, et filiis et nuptiis, votum
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diff changeset
1110 faciens, inquirit</i>. Tertio, propter ignorantiam veri Dei, cuius
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diff changeset
1111 excellentiam homines non considerantes, quibusdam creaturis,
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1112 propter pulchritudinem seu virtutem, divinitatis cultum
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1113 exhibuerunt. Unde dicitur Sap. XIII, <i>neque, operibus
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diff changeset
1114 attendentes, agnoverunt quis esset artifex. Sed aut ignem, aut
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diff changeset
1115 spiritum, aut citatum aerem, aut gyrum stellarum, aut nimiam aquam,
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diff changeset
1116 aut solem, aut lunam, rectores orbis terrarum, deos putaverunt</i>.
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1117 Alia autem causa idololatriae fuit consummativa, ex parte Daemonum,
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diff changeset
1118 qui se colendos hominibus errantibus exhibuerunt in idolis, dando
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1119 responsa et aliqua quae videbantur hominibus mirabilia faciendo.
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diff changeset
1120 Unde et in Psalm. dicitur, <i>omnes dii gentium Daemonia</i>.</p>
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diff changeset
1121 <p title="II-II q. 94 a. 4 ad 1"><a name="43042"><span class=
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diff changeset
1122 "ref">[43042] II&ordf;-IIae q. 94 a. 4 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
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diff changeset
1123 ergo dicendum quod causa dispositiva idololatriae fuit, ex parte
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1124 hominis, naturae defectus vel per ignorantiam intellectus vel per
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diff changeset
1125 deordinationem affectus, ut dictum est. Et hoc etiam ad culpam
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1126 pertinet. Dicitur autem idololatria esse causa, initium et finis
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1127 omnis peccati, quia non est aliquod genus peccati quod interdum
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diff changeset
1128 idololatria non producat, vel expresse inducendo, per modum causae;
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diff changeset
1129 vel occasionem praebendo, per modum initii; vel per modum finis,
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diff changeset
1130 inquantum peccata aliqua assumebantur in cultum idolorum, sicut
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diff changeset
1131 occisiones hominum et mutilationes membrorum, et alia huiusmodi. Et
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diff changeset
1132 tamen aliqua peccata possunt idololatriam praecedere, quae ad ipsam
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diff changeset
1133 hominem disponunt.</p>
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diff changeset
1134 <p title="II-II q. 94 a. 4 ad 2"><a name="43043"><span class=
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diff changeset
1135 "ref">[43043] II&ordf;-IIae q. 94 a. 4 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
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diff changeset
1136 dicendum quod in prima aetate non fuit idololatria propter recentem
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diff changeset
1137 memoriam creationis mundi, ex qua adhuc vigebat cognitio unius Dei
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diff changeset
1138 in mente hominum. In sexta autem aetate idololatria est exclusa per
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diff changeset
1139 doctrinam et virtutem Christi, qui de Diabolo triumphavit.</p>
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diff changeset
1140 <p title="II-II q. 94 a. 4 ad 3"><a name="43044"><span class=
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diff changeset
1141 "ref">[43044] II&ordf;-IIae q. 94 a. 4 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
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diff changeset
1142 dicendum quod ratio illa procedit de causa consummativa
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diff changeset
1143 idololatriae.</p>
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diff changeset
1144 <br />
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diff changeset
1145 <div class="D">Quaestio 95</div>
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diff changeset
1146 <div class="G">Prooemium</div>
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diff changeset
1147 <p title="II-II q. 95 pr."><a name="43045"><span class=
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diff changeset
1148 "ref">[43045] II&ordf;-IIae q. 95 pr.</span></a> Deinde
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diff changeset
1149 considerandum est de superstitione divinativa. Et circa hoc
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diff changeset
1150 quaeruntur octo. Primo, utrum divinatio sit peccatum. Secundo,
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diff changeset
1151 utrum sit species superstitionis. Tertio, de speciebus
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diff changeset
1152 divinationis. Quarto, de divinatione quae fit per Daemones. Quinto,
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diff changeset
1153 de divinatione quae fit per astra. Sexto, de divinatione quae fit
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diff changeset
1154 per somnia. Septimo, de divinatione quae fit per auguria et alias
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diff changeset
1155 huiusmodi observationes. Octavo, de divinatione quae fit per
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diff changeset
1156 sortes.</p>
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diff changeset
1157 <br />
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diff changeset
1158 <div class="E">Articulus 1</div>
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diff changeset
1159 <p title="II-II q. 95 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="43046"><span class=
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diff changeset
1160 "ref">[43046] II&ordf;-IIae q. 95 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad primum
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diff changeset
1161 sic proceditur. Videtur quod divinatio non sit peccatum. Divinatio
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diff changeset
1162 enim ab aliquo divino nominatur. Sed ea quae sunt divina magis ad
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diff changeset
1163 sanctitatem pertinent quam ad peccatum. Ergo videtur quod divinatio
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diff changeset
1164 non est peccatum.</p>
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diff changeset
1165 <p title="II-II q. 95 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="43047"><span class=
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diff changeset
1166 "ref">[43047] II&ordf;-IIae q. 95 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
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diff changeset
1167 Augustinus dicit, in libro de Lib. Arbit., <i>quis audeat dicere
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diff changeset
1168 disciplinam esse malum?</i> Et iterum, <i>nullo modo dixerim
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diff changeset
1169 aliquam intelligentiam malam esse posse</i>. Sed aliquae artes sunt
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diff changeset
1170 divinativae, ut patet per philosophum, in libro de memoria. Videtur
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diff changeset
1171 etiam ipsa divinatio ad aliquam intelligentiam veritatis pertinere.
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diff changeset
1172 Ergo videtur quod divinatio non sit peccatum.</p>
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diff changeset
1173 <p title="II-II q. 95 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="43048"><span class=
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diff changeset
1174 "ref">[43048] II&ordf;-IIae q. 95 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
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diff changeset
1175 naturalis inclinatio non est ad aliquod malum, quia natura non
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diff changeset
1176 inclinat nisi ad simile sibi. Sed ex naturali inclinatione homines
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diff changeset
1177 sollicitantur praenoscere futuros eventus, quod pertinet ad
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diff changeset
1178 divinationem. Ergo divinatio non est peccatum.</p>
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diff changeset
1179 <p title="II-II q. 95 a. 1 s. c."><a name="43049"><span class=
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diff changeset
1180 "ref">[43049] II&ordf;-IIae q. 95 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
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diff changeset
1181 est quod dicitur Deut. XVIII, <i>non sit qui Pythones consulat,
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1182 neque divinos</i>. Et in decretis, XXVI, qu. V, dicitur, <i>qui
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diff changeset
1183 divinationes expetunt, sub regulis quinquennii iaceant, secundum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1184 gradus poenitentiae definitos</i>.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1185 <p title="II-II q. 95 a. 1 co."><a name="43050"><span class=
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diff changeset
1186 "ref">[43050] II&ordf;-IIae q. 95 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1187 dicendum quod in nomine divinationis intelligitur quaedam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1188 praenuntiatio futurorum. Futura autem dupliciter praenosci possunt,
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diff changeset
1189 uno quidem modo, in suis causis; alio modo, in seipsis. Causae
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diff changeset
1190 autem futurorum tripliciter se habent. Quaedam enim producunt ex
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diff changeset
1191 necessitate et semper suos effectus. Et huiusmodi effectus futuri
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1192 per certitudinem praenosci possunt et praenuntiari ex
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1193 consideratione suarum causarum, sicut astrologi praenuntiant
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1194 eclipses futuras. Quaedam vero causae producunt suos effectus non
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1195 ex necessitate et semper, sed ut in pluribus, raro tamen deficiunt.
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diff changeset
1196 Et per huiusmodi causas possunt praenosci futuri effectus, non
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diff changeset
1197 quidem per certitudinem, sed per quandam coniecturam, sicut
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1198 astrologi per considerationem stellarum quaedam praenoscere et
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diff changeset
1199 praenuntiare possunt de pluviis et siccitatibus, et medici de
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1200 sanitate vel morte. Quaedam vero causae sunt quae, si secundum se
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1201 considerentur, se habent ad utrumlibet, quod praecipue videtur de
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1202 potentiis rationalibus, quae se habent ad opposita, secundum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1203 philosophum. Et tales effectus, vel etiam si qui effectus ut in
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1204 paucioribus casu accidunt ex naturalibus causis, per
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1205 considerationem causarum praenosci non possunt, quia eorum causae
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1206 non habent inclinationem determinatam ad huiusmodi effectus. Et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1207 ideo effectus huiusmodi praenosci non possunt nisi in seipsis
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diff changeset
1208 considerentur. Homines autem in seipsis huiusmodi effectus
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diff changeset
1209 considerare possunt solum dum sunt praesentes, sicut cum homo videt
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1210 Socratem currere vel ambulare. Sed considerare huiusmodi in seipsis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1211 antequam fiant, est Dei proprium, qui solus in sua aeternitate
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diff changeset
1212 videt ea quae futura sunt quasi praesentia, ut in primo habitum
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diff changeset
1213 est, unde dicitur Isaiae XLI, <i>annuntiate quae futura sunt in
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diff changeset
1214 futurum, et sciemus quoniam dii estis vos</i>. Si quis ergo
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diff changeset
1215 huiusmodi futura praenoscere aut praenuntiare quocumque modo
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diff changeset
1216 praesumpserit, nisi Deo revelante, manifeste usurpat sibi quod Dei
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diff changeset
1217 est. Et ex hoc aliqui divini dicuntur, unde dicit Isidorus, in
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diff changeset
1218 libro Etymol., <i>divini dicti quasi Deo pleni, divinitate enim se
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diff changeset
1219 plenos simulant, et astutia quadam fraudulentiae hominibus futura
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diff changeset
1220 coniectant</i>. Divinatio ergo non dicitur si quis praenuntiet ea
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diff changeset
1221 quae ex necessario eveniunt vel ut in pluribus, quae humana ratione
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diff changeset
1222 praenosci possunt. Neque etiam si quis futura alia contingentia,
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diff changeset
1223 Deo revelante, cognoscat, tunc enim non ipse divinat, idest, quod
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diff changeset
1224 divinum est facit, sed magis quod divinum est suscipit. Tunc autem
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diff changeset
1225 solum dicitur divinare quando sibi indebito modo usurpat
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1226 praenuntiationem futurorum eventuum. Hoc autem constat esse
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diff changeset
1227 peccatum. Unde divinatio semper est peccatum. Et propter hoc
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diff changeset
1228 Hieronymus dicit, super Michaeam, quod <i>divinatio semper in malam
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diff changeset
1229 partem accipitur</i>.</p>
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diff changeset
1230 <p title="II-II q. 95 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="43051"><span class=
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diff changeset
1231 "ref">[43051] II&ordf;-IIae q. 95 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
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diff changeset
1232 ergo dicendum quod divinatio non dicitur ab ordinata participatione
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diff changeset
1233 alicuius divini, sed ab indebita usurpatione, ut dictum est.</p>
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diff changeset
1234 <p title="II-II q. 95 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="43052"><span class=
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diff changeset
1235 "ref">[43052] II&ordf;-IIae q. 95 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
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diff changeset
1236 dicendum quod artes quaedam sunt ad praecognoscendum futuros
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1237 eventus qui ex necessitate vel frequenter proveniunt, quod ad
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diff changeset
1238 divinationem non pertinet. Sed ad alios futuros eventus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1239 cognoscendos non sunt aliquae verae artes seu disciplinae, sed
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diff changeset
1240 fallaces et vanae, ex deceptione Daemonum introductae; ut dicit
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diff changeset
1241 Augustinus, in XXI de Civ. Dei.</p>
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diff changeset
1242 <p title="II-II q. 95 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="43053"><span class=
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diff changeset
1243 "ref">[43053] II&ordf;-IIae q. 95 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
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diff changeset
1244 dicendum quod homo habet naturalem inclinationem ad cognoscendum
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diff changeset
1245 futura secundum modum humanum, non autem secundum indebitum
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diff changeset
1246 divinationis modum.</p>
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diff changeset
1247 <br />
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diff changeset
1248 <div class="E">Articulus 2</div>
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diff changeset
1249 <p title="II-II q. 95 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="43054"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1250 "ref">[43054] II&ordf;-IIae q. 95 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
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diff changeset
1251 secundum sic proceditur. Videtur quod divinatio non sit species
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1252 superstitionis. Idem enim non potest esse species diversorum
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diff changeset
1253 generum. Sed divinatio videtur esse species curiositatis; ut
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diff changeset
1254 Augustinus dicit, in libro de vera Relig. Ergo videtur quod non sit
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1255 species superstitionis.</p>
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diff changeset
1256 <p title="II-II q. 95 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="43055"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1257 "ref">[43055] II&ordf;-IIae q. 95 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
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diff changeset
1258 sicut religio est cultus debitus, ita superstitio est cultus
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diff changeset
1259 indebitus. Sed divinatio non videtur ad aliquem cultum indebitum
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diff changeset
1260 pertinere. Ergo divinatio non pertinet ad superstitionem.</p>
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diff changeset
1261 <p title="II-II q. 95 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="43056"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1262 "ref">[43056] II&ordf;-IIae q. 95 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1263 superstitio religioni opponitur. Sed in vera religione non
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1264 invenitur aliquid divinationi per contrarium respondens. Ergo
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diff changeset
1265 divinatio non est species superstitionis.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1266 <p title="II-II q. 95 a. 2 s. c."><a name="43057"><span class=
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diff changeset
1267 "ref">[43057] II&ordf;-IIae q. 95 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
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diff changeset
1268 est quod Origenes dicit, in periarchon, <i>est quaedam operatio
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diff changeset
1269 Daemonum in ministerio praescientiae, quae artibus quibusdam ab his
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diff changeset
1270 qui se Daemonibus mancipaverunt, nunc per sortes, nunc per auguria,
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diff changeset
1271 nunc ex contemplatione umbrarum comprehendi videtur. Haec autem
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diff changeset
1272 omnia operatione Daemonum fieri non dubito</i>. Sed sicut
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diff changeset
1273 Augustinus dicit, in II de Doct. Christ., quidquid procedit ex
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1274 societate Daemonum et hominum superstitiosum est. Ergo divinatio
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diff changeset
1275 est species superstitionis.</p>
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diff changeset
1276 <p title="II-II q. 95 a. 2 co."><a name="43058"><span class=
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diff changeset
1277 "ref">[43058] II&ordf;-IIae q. 95 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo
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diff changeset
1278 dicendum quod, sicut supra dictum est, superstitio importat
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diff changeset
1279 indebitum cultum divinitatis. Ad cultum autem Dei pertinet aliquid
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diff changeset
1280 dupliciter. Uno modo, cum aliquid Deo offertur, vel sacrificium,
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diff changeset
1281 vel oblatio, vel aliquid huiusmodi. Alio modo, cum aliquid divinum
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diff changeset
1282 assumitur, sicut dictum est supra de iuramento. Et ideo ad
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diff changeset
1283 superstitionem pertinet non solum cum sacrificium Daemonibus
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diff changeset
1284 offertur per idololatriam, sed etiam cum aliquis assumit auxilium
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1285 Daemonum ad aliquid faciendum vel cognoscendum. Omnis autem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1286 divinatio ex operatione Daemonum provenit, vel quia expresse
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1287 Daemones invocantur ad futura manifestanda; vel quia Daemones se
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diff changeset
1288 ingerunt vanis inquisitionibus futurorum, ut mentes hominum
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diff changeset
1289 implicent vanitate; de qua vanitate in Psalm. dicitur, <i>non
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1290 respexit in vanitates et insanias falsas</i>. Vana autem inquisitio
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1291 futurorum est quando aliquis futurum praenoscere tentat unde
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1292 praenosci non potest. Unde manifestum est quod divinatio species
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1293 superstitionis est.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1294 <p title="II-II q. 95 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="43059"><span class=
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diff changeset
1295 "ref">[43059] II&ordf;-IIae q. 95 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1296 ergo dicendum quod divinatio pertinet ad curiositatem quantum ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1297 finem intentum, qui est praecognitio futurorum. Sed pertinet ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1298 superstitionem quantum ad modum operationis.</p>
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diff changeset
1299 <p title="II-II q. 95 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="43060"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1300 "ref">[43060] II&ordf;-IIae q. 95 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1301 dicendum quod huiusmodi divinatio pertinet ad cultum Daemonum,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1302 inquantum aliquis utitur quodam pacto tacito vel expresso cum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1303 Daemonibus.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1304 <p title="II-II q. 95 a. 2 ad 3"><a name="43061"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1305 "ref">[43061] II&ordf;-IIae q. 95 a. 2 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1306 dicendum quod in nova lege mens hominis arcetur a temporalium
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1307 sollicitudine, et ideo non est in nova lege aliquid institutum ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1308 praecognitionem eventuum futurorum de temporalibus rebus. In veteri
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1309 autem lege, quae promittebat terrena, erant consultationes de
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1310 futuris ad religionem pertinentes, unde dicitur Isaiae VIII, <i>et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1311 cum dixerint ad vos, quaerite a Pythonibus et a divinis, qui
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1312 strident incantationibus suis</i>, subdit, quasi responsionem,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1313 <i>numquid non populus a Deo suo requiret visionem pro vivis et
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diff changeset
1314 mortuis?</i> Fuerunt tamen in novo testamento etiam aliqui
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1315 prophetiae spiritum habentes, qui multa de futuris eventibus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1316 praedixerunt.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1317 <br />
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1318 <div class="E">Articulus 3</div>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1319 <p title="II-II q. 95 a. 3 arg. 1"><a name="43062"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1320 "ref">[43062] II&ordf;-IIae q. 95 a. 3 arg. 1</span></a> Ad tertium
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1321 sic proceditur. Videtur quod non sit determinare plures
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1322 divinationis species. Ubi enim est una ratio peccandi, non videntur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1323 esse plures peccati species. Sed in omni divinatione est una ratio
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1324 peccandi, quia scilicet utitur aliquis pacto Daemonum ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1325 cognoscendum futura. Ergo divinationis non sunt diversae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1326 species.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1327 <p title="II-II q. 95 a. 3 arg. 2"><a name="43063"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1328 "ref">[43063] II&ordf;-IIae q. 95 a. 3 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1329 actus humanus speciem sortitur ex fine, ut supra habitum est. Sed
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1330 omnis divinatio ordinatur ad unum finem, scilicet ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1331 praenuntiationem futurorum. Ergo omnis divinatio est unius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1332 speciei.</p>
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diff changeset
1333 <p title="II-II q. 95 a. 3 arg. 3"><a name="43064"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1334 "ref">[43064] II&ordf;-IIae q. 95 a. 3 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1335 signa non diversificant speciem peccati, sive enim aliquis detrahat
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1336 verbis, vel scripto vel nutu, est eadem peccati species. Sed
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1337 divinationes non videntur differre nisi secundum diversa signa ex
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1338 quibus accipitur praecognitio futurorum. Ergo non sunt diversae
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1339 divinationis species.</p>
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diff changeset
1340 <p title="II-II q. 95 a. 3 s. c."><a name="43065"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1341 "ref">[43065] II&ordf;-IIae q. 95 a. 3 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1342 est quod Isidorus, in libro Etymol., enumerat diversas species
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diff changeset
1343 divinationis.</p>
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diff changeset
1344 <p title="II-II q. 95 a. 3 co."><a name="43066"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1345 "ref">[43066] II&ordf;-IIae q. 95 a. 3 co.</span></a> Respondeo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1346 dicendum quod, sicut dictum est, omnis divinatio utitur ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1347 praecognitionem futuri eventus aliquo Daemonum consilio et auxilio.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1348 Quod quidem vel expresse imploratur, vel praeter petitionem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1349 hominis, se occulte Daemon ingerit ad praenuntiandum quaedam futura
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1350 quae hominibus sunt ignota, eis autem cognita per modos de quibus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1351 in primo dictum est. Daemones autem expresse invocati solent futura
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1352 praenuntiare multipliciter. Quandoque quidem praestigiosis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1353 quibusdam apparitionibus se aspectui et auditui hominum ingerentes
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diff changeset
1354 ad praenuntiandum futura. Et haec species vocatur praestigium, ex
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diff changeset
1355 eo quod oculi hominum praestringuntur. Quandoque autem per somnia.
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diff changeset
1356 Et haec vocatur divinatio somniorum. Quandoque vero per mortuorum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1357 aliquorum apparitionem vel locutionem. Et haec species vocatur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1358 nigromantia, quia, ut Isidorus dicit, in libro Etymol., <i>nigrum
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diff changeset
1359 Graece mortuus, mantia divinatio nuncupatur, quia quibusdam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1360 praecantationibus, adhibito sanguine, videntur resuscitati mortui
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1361 divinare et ad interrogata respondere</i>. Quandoque vero futura
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1362 praenuntiant per homines vivos, sicut in arreptitiis patet. Et haec
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1363 est divinatio per Pythones, et ut Isidorus dicit, <i>Pythones a
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diff changeset
1364 Python Apolline sunt dicti, qui dicebatur esse auctor
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1365 divinandi</i>. Quandoque vero futura praenuntiant per aliquas
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1366 figuras vel signa quae in rebus inanimatis apparent. Quae quidem si
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1367 appareant in aliquo corpore terrestri, puta in ligno vel ferro aut
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1368 lapide polito, vocatur geomantia; si autem in aqua, hydromantia; si
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1369 autem in aere, aeromantia; si autem in igne, pyromantia; si autem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1370 in visceribus animalium immolatorum in aris Daemonum, vocatur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1371 aruspicium. Divinatio autem quae fit absque expressa Daemonum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1372 invocatione, in duo genera dividitur. Quorum primum est cum ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1373 praenoscendum futura aliquid consideramus in dispositionibus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1374 aliquarum rerum. Et si quidem aliquis conetur futura praenoscere ex
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1375 consideratione situs et motus siderum, hoc pertinet ad astrologos;
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1376 qui et geneatici dicuntur, propter natalium considerationes dierum.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1377 Si vero per motus vel voces avium, seu quorumcumque animalium; sive
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1378 per sternutationes hominum, vel membrorum saltus; hoc pertinet
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1379 generaliter ad augurium, quod dicitur a garritu avium, sicut
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1380 auspicium ab inspectione avium, quorum primum pertinet ad aures,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1381 secundum ad oculos; in avibus enim huiusmodi praecipue considerari
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1382 solent. Si vero huiusmodi consideratio fiat circa verba hominum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1383 alia intentione dicta, quae quis retorquet ad futurum quod vult
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1384 praenoscere, hoc vocatur omen. Et sic ut maximus Valerius dicit,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1385 <i>ominum observatio aliquo contractu religioni innexa est. Quoniam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1386 non fortuito motu, sed divina providentia constare creditur quae
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1387 fecit, ut, Romanis deliberantibus utrum ad alium locum migrarent,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1388 forte eo tempore centurio quidam exclamavit, signifer, statue
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1389 signum, hic optime manebimus; quam vocem auditam pro omine
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1390 acceperunt, transeundi consilium omittentes</i>. Si autem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1391 considerentur aliquae dispositiones figurarum in aliquibus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1392 corporibus visui occurrentes, erit alia divinationis species. Nam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1393 ex lineamentis manus consideratis divinatio sumpta chiromantia
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diff changeset
1394 vocatur, quasi divinatio manus, chiros enim Graece dicitur manus.
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diff changeset
1395 Divinatio vero ex quibusdam figuris in spatula alicuius animalis
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diff changeset
1396 apparentibus, spatulimantia vocatur. Ad secundum autem divinationis
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diff changeset
1397 genus quae est sine expressa Daemonum invocatione, pertinet
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1398 divinatio quae fit ex consideratione eorum quae eveniunt ex
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1399 quibusdam quae ab hominibus serio fiunt ad aliquid occultum
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diff changeset
1400 inquirendum, sive per protractionem punctorum (quod pertinet ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1401 artem geomantiae); sive per considerationem figurarum quae
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1402 proveniunt ex plumbo liquefacto in aquam proiecto; sive ex
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diff changeset
1403 quibusdam cedulis, scriptis vel non scriptis, in occulto repositis,
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diff changeset
1404 dum consideratur quis quam accipiat; vel etiam ex festucis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1405 inaequalibus propositis, quis maiorem vel minorem accipiat; vel
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diff changeset
1406 etiam ex taxillorum proiectione, quis plura puncta proiiciat; vel
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diff changeset
1407 etiam dum consideratur quid aperienti librum occurrat. Quae omnia
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diff changeset
1408 sortium nomen habent. Sic igitur patet triplex esse divinationis
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diff changeset
1409 genus. Quorum primum est per manifestam Daemonum invocationem, quod
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diff changeset
1410 pertinet ad nigromanticos. Secundum autem est per solam
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diff changeset
1411 considerationem dispositionis vel motus alterius rei, quod pertinet
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diff changeset
1412 ad augures. Tertium est dum facimus aliquid ut nobis manifestetur
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diff changeset
1413 aliquid occultum, quod pertinet ad sortes. Sub quolibet autem horum
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diff changeset
1414 multa continentur, ut patet ex dictis.</p>
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diff changeset
1415 <p title="II-II q. 95 a. 3 ad 1"><a name="43067"><span class=
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diff changeset
1416 "ref">[43067] II&ordf;-IIae q. 95 a. 3 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
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diff changeset
1417 ergo dicendum quod in omnibus praedictis est eadem ratio generalis
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diff changeset
1418 peccandi, sed non eadem specialis. Multo enim gravius est Daemones
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diff changeset
1419 invocare quam aliqua facere quibus dignum sit ut se Daemones
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diff changeset
1420 ingerant.</p>
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diff changeset
1421 <p title="II-II q. 95 a. 3 ad 2"><a name="43068"><span class=
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diff changeset
1422 "ref">[43068] II&ordf;-IIae q. 95 a. 3 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
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diff changeset
1423 dicendum quod cognitio futurorum vel occultorum est ultimus finis,
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diff changeset
1424 ex quo sumitur generalis ratio divinationis. Distinguuntur autem
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diff changeset
1425 diversae species secundum propria obiecta sive materias, prout
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diff changeset
1426 scilicet in diversis rebus occultorum cognitio consideratur.</p>
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diff changeset
1427 <p title="II-II q. 95 a. 3 ad 3"><a name="43069"><span class=
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diff changeset
1428 "ref">[43069] II&ordf;-IIae q. 95 a. 3 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
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diff changeset
1429 dicendum quod res quas divinantes attendunt considerantur ab eis
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diff changeset
1430 non sicut signa quibus exprimant quod iam sciunt, sicut accidit in
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diff changeset
1431 detractione, sed sicut principia cognoscendi. Manifestum est autem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1432 quod diversitas principiorum diversificat speciem, etiam in
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diff changeset
1433 scientiis demonstrativis.</p>
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diff changeset
1434 <br />
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diff changeset
1435 <div class="E">Articulus 4</div>
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diff changeset
1436 <p title="II-II q. 95 a. 4 arg. 1"><a name="43070"><span class=
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diff changeset
1437 "ref">[43070] II&ordf;-IIae q. 95 a. 4 arg. 1</span></a> Ad quartum
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diff changeset
1438 sic proceditur. Videtur quod divinatio quae fit per invocationes
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diff changeset
1439 Daemonum non sit illicita. Christus enim nihil illicitum commisit,
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diff changeset
1440 secundum illud I Pet. II, qui peccatum non fecit. Sed dominus a
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diff changeset
1441 Daemone interrogavit, quod tibi nomen est? Qui respondit, legio,
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diff changeset
1442 multi enim sumus, ut habetur Marc. V. Ergo videtur quod liceat a
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1443 Daemonibus aliquid occultum interrogare.</p>
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diff changeset
1444 <p title="II-II q. 95 a. 4 arg. 2"><a name="43071"><span class=
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diff changeset
1445 "ref">[43071] II&ordf;-IIae q. 95 a. 4 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
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diff changeset
1446 sanctorum animae non favent illicite interrogantibus. Sed Sauli
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1447 interroganti de eventu futuri belli a muliere habente spiritum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1448 Pythonis, apparuit Samuel, et ei futurum eventum praedixit, ut
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1449 legitur I Reg. XXVIII. Ergo divinatio quae fit per interrogationem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1450 a Daemonibus non est illicita.</p>
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diff changeset
1451 <p title="II-II q. 95 a. 4 arg. 3"><a name="43072"><span class=
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diff changeset
1452 "ref">[43072] II&ordf;-IIae q. 95 a. 4 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
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diff changeset
1453 licitum esse videtur veritatem ab aliquo sciente inquirere, quam
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diff changeset
1454 utile est scire. Sed quandoque utile est scire aliqua occulta quae
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1455 per Daemones sciri possunt, sicut apparet in inventione furtorum.
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diff changeset
1456 Ergo divinatio quae fit per invocationem Daemonum non est
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diff changeset
1457 illicita.</p>
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diff changeset
1458 <p title="II-II q. 95 a. 4 s. c."><a name="43073"><span class=
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diff changeset
1459 "ref">[43073] II&ordf;-IIae q. 95 a. 4 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
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diff changeset
1460 est quod dicitur Deut. XVIII, <i>non inveniatur in te qui ariolos
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1461 sciscitetur, neque Pythones consulat</i>.</p>
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diff changeset
1462 <p title="II-II q. 95 a. 4 co."><a name="43074"><span class=
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diff changeset
1463 "ref">[43074] II&ordf;-IIae q. 95 a. 4 co.</span></a> Respondeo
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diff changeset
1464 dicendum quod omnis divinatio quae fit per invocationes Daemonum
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diff changeset
1465 est illicita, duplici ratione. Quarum prima sumitur ex parte
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1466 principii divinationis, quod scilicet est pactum expresse cum
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diff changeset
1467 Daemone initum per ipsam Daemonis invocationem. Et hoc est omnino
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diff changeset
1468 illicitum. Unde contra quosdam dicitur Isaiae XXVIII, <i>dixistis,
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diff changeset
1469 percussimus foedus cum morte, et cum Inferno fecimus pactum</i>. Et
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diff changeset
1470 adhuc gravius esset si sacrificium vel reverentia Daemoni invocato
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diff changeset
1471 exhiberetur. Secunda ratio sumitur ex parte futuri eventus. Daemon
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diff changeset
1472 enim, qui intendit perditionem hominum, ex huiusmodi suis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1473 responsis, etiam si aliquando vera dicat, intendit homines
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1474 assuefacere ad hoc quod ei credatur, et sic intendit perducere in
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1475 aliquid quod sit saluti humanae nocivum. Unde Athanasius, exponens
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1476 id quod habetur Luc. IV, increpavit illum, dicens, obmutesce,
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diff changeset
1477 dicit, <i>quamvis vera fateretur Daemon, compescebat tamen Christus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1478 eius sermonem, ne simul cum veritate etiam suam iniquitatem
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diff changeset
1479 promulget. Ut nos etiam assuefaciat ne curemus de talibus, etsi
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diff changeset
1480 vera loqui videantur, nefas enim est ut, cum adsit nobis Scriptura
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1481 divina, a Diabolo instruamur</i>.</p>
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diff changeset
1482 <p title="II-II q. 95 a. 4 ad 1"><a name="43075"><span class=
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diff changeset
1483 "ref">[43075] II&ordf;-IIae q. 95 a. 4 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
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diff changeset
1484 ergo dicendum quod, sicut Beda dicit, Luc. VIII, <i>non velut
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1485 inscius dominus inquirit, sed ut, confessa peste quam tolerabat,
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diff changeset
1486 virtus curantis gratior emicaret</i>. Aliud autem est quaerere
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diff changeset
1487 aliquid a Daemone sponte occurrente, quod quandoque licet propter
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diff changeset
1488 utilitatem aliorum, maxime quando virtute divina potest compelli ad
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diff changeset
1489 vera dicendum, et aliud est Daemonem invocare ad cognitionem
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diff changeset
1490 occultorum acquirendum ab ipso.</p>
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diff changeset
1491 <p title="II-II q. 95 a. 4 ad 2"><a name="43076"><span class=
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diff changeset
1492 "ref">[43076] II&ordf;-IIae q. 95 a. 4 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
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diff changeset
1493 dicendum quod, sicut Augustinus dicit, ad Simplicianum, <i>non est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1494 absurdum credere aliqua dispensatione permissum fuisse ut, non
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1495 dominante arte magica vel potentia, sed dispensatione occulta, quae
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diff changeset
1496 pythonissam et Saulem latebat, se ostenderet spiritus iusti
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1497 aspectibus regis, divina eum sententia percussurus. Vel, non vere
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1498 spiritus Samuelis a requie sua excitatus est, sed aliquod phantasma
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diff changeset
1499 et illusio imaginaria, Diaboli machinationibus facta, quam
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diff changeset
1500 Scriptura Samuelem appellat, sicut solent imagines rerum suarum
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diff changeset
1501 nominibus appellari</i>.</p>
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diff changeset
1502 <p title="II-II q. 95 a. 4 ad 3"><a name="43077"><span class=
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diff changeset
1503 "ref">[43077] II&ordf;-IIae q. 95 a. 4 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
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diff changeset
1504 dicendum quod nulla utilitas temporalis potest comparari detrimento
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1505 spiritualis salutis, quod imminet ex inquisitione occultorum per
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1506 Daemonum invocationem.</p>
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diff changeset
1507 <br />
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diff changeset
1508 <div class="E">Articulus 5</div>
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diff changeset
1509 <p title="II-II q. 95 a. 5 arg. 1"><a name="43078"><span class=
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diff changeset
1510 "ref">[43078] II&ordf;-IIae q. 95 a. 5 arg. 1</span></a> Ad quintum
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diff changeset
1511 sic proceditur. Videtur quod divinatio quae fit per astra non sit
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diff changeset
1512 illicita. Licitum enim est ex consideratione causarum praenuntiare
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diff changeset
1513 effectus, sicut medici ex dispositione aegritudinis praenuntiant
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diff changeset
1514 mortem. Sed corpora caelestia sunt causa eorum quae fiunt in hoc
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diff changeset
1515 mundo, ut etiam Dionysius dicit, IV cap. de Div. Nom. Ergo
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diff changeset
1516 divinatio quae fit per astra non est illicita.</p>
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diff changeset
1517 <p title="II-II q. 95 a. 5 arg. 2"><a name="43079"><span class=
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diff changeset
1518 "ref">[43079] II&ordf;-IIae q. 95 a. 5 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
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diff changeset
1519 scientia humana ex experimentis originem sumit, ut patet per
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diff changeset
1520 philosophum, in principio Metaphys. Sed per multa experimenta
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diff changeset
1521 aliqui compererunt ex consideratione siderum aliqua futura posse
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diff changeset
1522 praenosci. Ergo non videtur esse illicitum tali divinatione
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diff changeset
1523 uti.</p>
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diff changeset
1524 <p title="II-II q. 95 a. 5 arg. 3"><a name="43080"><span class=
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diff changeset
1525 "ref">[43080] II&ordf;-IIae q. 95 a. 5 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
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diff changeset
1526 divinatio dicitur esse illicita inquantum innititur pacto cum
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diff changeset
1527 Daemonibus inito. Sed hoc non fit in divinatione quae fit per
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diff changeset
1528 astra, sed solum consideratur dispositio creaturarum Dei. Ergo
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diff changeset
1529 videtur quod huiusmodi divinatio non sit illicita.</p>
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diff changeset
1530 <p title="II-II q. 95 a. 5 s. c."><a name="43081"><span class=
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diff changeset
1531 "ref">[43081] II&ordf;-IIae q. 95 a. 5 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
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diff changeset
1532 est quod Augustinus dicit, in IV Confess., <i>illos planetarios
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diff changeset
1533 quos mathematicos vocant, consulere non desistebam, quod quasi
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diff changeset
1534 nullum esset eis sacrificium, et nullae preces ad aliquem spiritum
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diff changeset
1535 ob divinationem dirigerentur. Quod tamen Christiana et vera pietas
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diff changeset
1536 expellit et damnat</i>.</p>
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diff changeset
1537 <p title="II-II q. 95 a. 5 co."><a name="43082"><span class=
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diff changeset
1538 "ref">[43082] II&ordf;-IIae q. 95 a. 5 co.</span></a> Respondeo
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diff changeset
1539 dicendum quod, sicut dictum est, divinationi quae ex opinione falsa
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diff changeset
1540 vel vana procedit, ingerit se operatio Daemonis, ut hominum animos
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diff changeset
1541 implicet vanitati aut falsitati. Vana autem aut falsa opinione
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diff changeset
1542 utitur si quis ex consideratione stellarum futura velit
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diff changeset
1543 praecognoscere quae per ea praecognosci non possunt. Est igitur
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diff changeset
1544 considerandum quid per caelestium corporum inspectionem de futuris
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diff changeset
1545 possit praenosci. Et de his quidem quae ex necessitate eveniunt,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1546 manifestum est quod per considerationem stellarum possunt
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diff changeset
1547 praenosci, sicut astrologi praenuntiant eclipses futuras. Circa
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diff changeset
1548 praecognitionem vero futurorum eventuum ex consideratione
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diff changeset
1549 stellarum, diversi diversa dixerunt. Fuerunt enim qui dicerent quod
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1550 stellae significant potius quam faciant ea quae ex earum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1551 consideratione praenuntiantur. Sed hoc irrationabiliter dicitur.
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diff changeset
1552 Omne enim corporale signum vel est effectus eius cuius est signum,
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diff changeset
1553 sicut fumus significat ignem, a quo causatur, vel procedit ab eadem
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diff changeset
1554 causa, et sic, dum significat causam, per consequens significat
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diff changeset
1555 effectum, sicut iris quandoque significat serenitatem, inquantum
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diff changeset
1556 causa eius est causa serenitatis. Non autem potest dici quod
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diff changeset
1557 dispositiones caelestium corporum et motus sint effectus futurorum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1558 eventuum. Nec iterum possunt reduci in aliquam superiorem causam
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diff changeset
1559 communem quae sit corporalis. Possunt autem reduci in unam causam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1560 communem quae est providentia divina, sed alia ratione disponuntur
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diff changeset
1561 a divina providentia motus et situs caelestium corporum, et alia
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1562 ratione eventus contingentium futurorum; quia illa disponuntur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1563 secundum rationem necessitatis, ut semper eodem modo proveniant;
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diff changeset
1564 haec autem secundum rationem contingentiae, ut variabiliter
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1565 contingant. Unde non potest esse quod ex inspectione siderum
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diff changeset
1566 accipiatur praecognitio futurorum nisi sicut ex causis
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diff changeset
1567 praecognoscuntur effectus. Duplices autem effectus subtrahuntur
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diff changeset
1568 causalitati caelestium corporum. Primo quidem, omnes effectus per
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diff changeset
1569 accidens contingentes, sive in rebus humanis sive in rebus
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diff changeset
1570 naturalibus. Quia, ut probatur in VI Metaphys., ens per accidens
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diff changeset
1571 non habet causam, et praecipue naturalem, cuiusmodi est virtus
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diff changeset
1572 caelestium corporum. Quia quod per accidens fit neque est ens
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diff changeset
1573 proprie neque unum, sicut quod, lapide cadente, fiat terraemotus,
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diff changeset
1574 vel quod, homine fodiente sepulcrum, inveniatur thesaurus; haec
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diff changeset
1575 enim, et huiusmodi, non sunt unum, sed simpliciter multa. Operatio
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diff changeset
1576 autem naturae semper terminatur ad aliquid unum, sicut et procedit
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diff changeset
1577 ab uno principio, quod est forma rei naturalis. Secundo autem,
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diff changeset
1578 subtrahuntur causalitati caelestium corporum actus liberi arbitrii,
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diff changeset
1579 quod est facultas voluntatis et rationis. Intellectus enim, sive
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diff changeset
1580 ratio, non est corpus nec actus organi corporei; et per consequens
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diff changeset
1581 nec voluntas, quae est in ratione, ut patet per philosophum, in III
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diff changeset
1582 de anima. Nullum autem corpus potest imprimere in rem incorpoream.
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diff changeset
1583 Unde impossibile est quod corpora caelestia directe imprimant in
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1584 intellectum et voluntatem, hoc enim esset ponere intellectum non
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diff changeset
1585 differre a sensu; quod Aristoteles, in libro de anima, imponit his
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diff changeset
1586 qui dicebant quod talis voluntas <i>est in hominibus qualem in die
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diff changeset
1587 inducit pater virorum deorumque</i>, scilicet sol vel caelum. Unde
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diff changeset
1588 corpora caelestia non possunt esse per se causa operum liberi
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diff changeset
1589 arbitrii. Possunt tamen ad hoc dispositive inclinare, inquantum
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diff changeset
1590 imprimunt in corpus humanum, et per consequens in vires sensitivas,
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diff changeset
1591 quae sunt actus corporalium organorum, quae inclinant ad humanos
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diff changeset
1592 actus. Quia tamen vires sensitivae obediunt rationi, ut patet per
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diff changeset
1593 philosophum, in III de anima et in I Ethic., nulla necessitas ex
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diff changeset
1594 hoc libero arbitrio imponitur, sed contra inclinationem caelestium
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1595 corporum homo potest per rationem operari. Si quis ergo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1596 consideratione astrorum utatur ad praecognoscendos futuros casuales
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diff changeset
1597 vel fortuitos eventus, aut etiam ad cognoscendum per certitudinem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1598 futura opera hominum, procedet hoc ex falsa et vana opinione. Et
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diff changeset
1599 sic operatio Daemonis se immiscet. Unde erit divinatio
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diff changeset
1600 superstitiosa et illicita. Si vero aliquis utatur consideratione
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diff changeset
1601 astrorum ad praecognoscendum futura quae ex caelestibus causantur
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diff changeset
1602 corporibus, puta siccitates et pluvias et alia huiusmodi, non erit
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diff changeset
1603 illicita divinatio nec superstitiosa.</p>
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diff changeset
1604 <p title="II-II q. 95 a. 5 ad 1"><a name="43083"><span class=
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diff changeset
1605 "ref">[43083] II&ordf;-IIae q. 95 a. 5 ad 1</span></a> Et secundum
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diff changeset
1606 hoc patet responsio ad primum.</p>
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diff changeset
1607 <p title="II-II q. 95 a. 5 ad 2"><a name="43084"><span class=
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diff changeset
1608 "ref">[43084] II&ordf;-IIae q. 95 a. 5 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
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diff changeset
1609 dicendum quod hoc quod astrologi ex consideratione astrorum
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diff changeset
1610 frequenter vera praenuntiant, contingit dupliciter. Uno quidem
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diff changeset
1611 modo, quia plures hominum passiones corporales sequuntur, et ideo
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diff changeset
1612 actus eorum disponuntur, ut in pluribus, secundum inclinationem
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diff changeset
1613 caelestium corporum, pauci autem sunt, idest soli sapientes, qui
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diff changeset
1614 ratione huiusmodi inclinationes moderentur. Et ideo astrologi in
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diff changeset
1615 multis vera praenuntiant, et praecipue in communibus eventibus, qui
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diff changeset
1616 dependent ex multitudine. Alio modo, propter Daemones se
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diff changeset
1617 immiscentes. Unde Augustinus dicit, in II super Gen. ad Litt.,
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diff changeset
1618 <i>fatendum est, quando a mathematicis vera dicuntur, instinctu
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diff changeset
1619 quodam occultissimo dici, quem nescientes humanae mentes patiuntur.
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diff changeset
1620 Quod cum ad decipiendos homines fit, spirituum immundorum et
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diff changeset
1621 seductorum operatio est, quibus quaedam vera de temporalibus rebus
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diff changeset
1622 nosse permittitur</i>. Unde concludit, <i>quapropter bono
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diff changeset
1623 Christiano sive mathematici, sive quilibet impie divinantium, et
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diff changeset
1624 maxime dicentes vera, cavendi sunt, ne consortio Daemoniorum animam
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diff changeset
1625 deceptam pacto quodam societatis irretiant</i>.</p>
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diff changeset
1626 <p title="II-II q. 95 a. 5 ad 3"><a name="43085"><span class=
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diff changeset
1627 "ref">[43085] II&ordf;-IIae q. 95 a. 5 ad 3</span></a> Et per hoc
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diff changeset
1628 patet responsio ad tertium.</p>
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diff changeset
1629 <br />
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diff changeset
1630 <div class="E">Articulus 6</div>
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diff changeset
1631 <p title="II-II q. 95 a. 6 arg. 1"><a name="43086"><span class=
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diff changeset
1632 "ref">[43086] II&ordf;-IIae q. 95 a. 6 arg. 1</span></a> Ad sextum
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diff changeset
1633 sic proceditur. Videtur quod divinatio quae fit per somnia non sit
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diff changeset
1634 illicita. Uti enim instructione divina non est illicitum. Sed in
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diff changeset
1635 somniis homines instruuntur a Deo, dicitur enim Iob XXXIII, <i>per
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diff changeset
1636 somnium in visione nocturna, quando irruit sopor super homines et
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diff changeset
1637 dormiunt in lectulo, tunc aperit</i>, scilicet Deus, aures virorum,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1638 et erudiens eos instruit disciplina. Ergo uti divinatione quae est
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diff changeset
1639 per somnia non est illicitum.</p>
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diff changeset
1640 <p title="II-II q. 95 a. 6 arg. 2"><a name="43087"><span class=
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diff changeset
1641 "ref">[43087] II&ordf;-IIae q. 95 a. 6 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1642 illi qui interpretantur somnia, proprie utuntur divinatione
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diff changeset
1643 somniorum. Sed sancti viri leguntur somnia interpretari, sicut
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1644 Ioseph interpretatur somnia pincernae Pharaonis et magistri
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diff changeset
1645 pistorum, ut legitur Gen. XL, et somnium Pharaonis, ut legitur Gen.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1646 XLI; et Daniel interpretatus est somnium regis Babylonis, ut
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diff changeset
1647 habetur Dan. II et IV. Ergo divinatio somniorum non est
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diff changeset
1648 illicita.</p>
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diff changeset
1649 <p title="II-II q. 95 a. 6 arg. 3"><a name="43088"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1650 "ref">[43088] II&ordf;-IIae q. 95 a. 6 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
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diff changeset
1651 illud quod communiter homines experiuntur, irrationabile est
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diff changeset
1652 negare. Sed omnes experiuntur somnia habere aliquam significationem
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diff changeset
1653 futurorum. Ergo vanum est negare somnia habere vim divinationis.
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diff changeset
1654 Ergo licitum est eis intendere.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1655 <p title="II-II q. 95 a. 6 s. c."><a name="43089"><span class=
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diff changeset
1656 "ref">[43089] II&ordf;-IIae q. 95 a. 6 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
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diff changeset
1657 est quod dicitur Deut. XVIII, <i>non inveniatur in te qui observet
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diff changeset
1658 somnia</i>.</p>
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diff changeset
1659 <p title="II-II q. 95 a. 6 co."><a name="43090"><span class=
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diff changeset
1660 "ref">[43090] II&ordf;-IIae q. 95 a. 6 co.</span></a> Respondeo
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diff changeset
1661 dicendum quod, sicut dictum est, divinatio quae innititur falsae
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1662 opinioni est superstitiosa et illicita. Ideo considerare oportet
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1663 quid sit verum circa praecognitionem futurorum de somniis sunt
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diff changeset
1664 autem somnia futurorum eventuum quandoque quidem causa, puta cum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1665 mens alicuius, sollicita ex his quae videt in somniis, inducitur ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1666 aliquid faciendum vel vitandum. Quandoque vero somnia sunt signa
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1667 aliquorum futurorum eventuum, inquantum reducuntur in aliquam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1668 causam communem somniis et futuris eventibus. Secundum hoc plurimum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1669 praecognitiones futurorum ex somniis fiunt. Est ergo considerandum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1670 quae sit causa somniorum; et an possit esse causa futurorum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1671 eventuum; vel ea possit cognoscere. Sciendum est ergo quod
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1672 somniorum causa quandoque quidem est interius, quandoque autem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1673 exterius. Interior autem somniorum causa est duplex. Una quidem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1674 animalis, inquantum scilicet ea occurrunt hominis phantasiae in
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1675 dormiendo circa quae eius cogitatio et affectio fuit immorata in
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1676 vigilando. Et talis causa somniorum non est causa futurorum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1677 eventuum. Unde huiusmodi somnia per accidens se habent ad futuros
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1678 eventus, et si quandoque simul concurrant, erit casuale. Quandoque
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1679 vero causa intrinseca somniorum est corporalis. Nam ex interiori
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1680 dispositione corporis formatur aliquis motus in phantasia
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1681 conveniens tali dispositioni, sicut homini in quo abundant frigidi
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1682 humores, occurrit in somniis quod sit in aqua vel nive. Et propter
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1683 haec medici dicunt esse intendendum somniis ad cognoscendum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1684 interiores dispositiones. Causa autem somniorum exterior similiter
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1685 est duplex, scilicet corporalis, et spiritualis. Corporalis quidem,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1686 inquantum imaginatio dormientis immutatur vel ab aere continenti
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1687 vel ex impressione caelestis corporis, ut sic dormienti aliquae
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1688 phantasiae appareant conformes caelestium dispositioni. Spiritualis
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diff changeset
1689 autem causa est quandoque quidem a Deo, qui ministerio Angelorum
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diff changeset
1690 aliqua hominibus revelat in somniis, secundum illud Num. XII, <i>si
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1691 quis fuerit inter vos propheta domini, in visione apparebo ei, vel
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1692 per somnium loquar ad illum</i>. Quandoque vero operatione Daemonum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1693 aliquae phantasiae dormientibus apparent, ex quibus quandoque
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1694 aliqua futura revelant his qui cum eis habent pacta illicita. Sic
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1695 ergo dicendum quod si quis utatur somniis ad praecognoscenda futura
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1696 secundum quod somnia procedunt ex revelatione divina; vel ex causa
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1697 naturali, intrinseca sive extrinseca, quantum se potest virtus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1698 talis causae extendere, non erit illicita divinatio. Si autem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1699 huiusmodi divinatio causetur ex revelatione Daemonum cum quibus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1700 pacta habentur expressa, quia ad hoc invocantur; vel tacita, quia
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1701 huiusmodi divinatio extenditur ad quod se non potest extendere,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1702 erit divinatio illicita et superstitiosa.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1703 <p title="II-II q. 95 a. 6 ad arg."><a name="43091"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1704 "ref">[43091] II&ordf;-IIae q. 95 a. 6 ad arg.</span></a> Et per
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1705 hoc patet responsio ad obiecta.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1706 <br />
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1707 <div class="E">Articulus 7</div>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1708 <p title="II-II q. 95 a. 7 arg. 1"><a name="43092"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1709 "ref">[43092] II&ordf;-IIae q. 95 a. 7 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1710 septimum sic proceditur. Videtur quod divinatio quae est per
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1711 auguria et omina et alias huiusmodi observationes exteriorum rerum,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1712 non sit illicita. Si enim esset illicita, sancti viri ea non
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1713 uterentur. Sed de Ioseph legitur quod auguriis intendebat, legitur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1714 enim Gen. XLIV quod dispensator Ioseph dixit, <i>scyphus quem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1715 furati estis ipse est in quo bibit dominus meus, et in quo augurari
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1716 solet</i>; et ipse postea dixit fratribus suis, <i>an ignoratis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1717 quod non sit similis mei in augurandi scientia?</i> Ergo uti tali
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1718 divinatione non est illicitum.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1719 <p title="II-II q. 95 a. 7 arg. 2"><a name="43093"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1720 "ref">[43093] II&ordf;-IIae q. 95 a. 7 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1721 aves aliqua circa futuros temporum eventus naturaliter cognoscunt,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1722 secundum illud Ierem. VIII, <i>milvus in caelo cognovit tempus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1723 suum, turtur et hirundo et ciconia custodierunt tempus adventus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1724 sui</i>. Sed naturalis cognitio est infallibilis, et a Deo. Ergo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1725 uti cognitione avium ad praenoscendum futura, quod est augurari,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1726 non videtur esse illicitum.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1727 <p title="II-II q. 95 a. 7 arg. 3"><a name="43094"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1728 "ref">[43094] II&ordf;-IIae q. 95 a. 7 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1729 Gedeon in numero sanctorum ponitur, ut patet Heb. XI. Sed Gedeon
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1730 usus fuit omine ex hoc quod audivit recitationem et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1731 interpretationem cuiusdam somnii, ut legitur Iudic. VII. Et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1732 similiter Eliezer, servus Abrahae, ut legitur Gen. XXIV. Ergo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1733 videtur quod talis divinatio non sit illicita.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1734 <p title="II-II q. 95 a. 7 s. c."><a name="43095"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1735 "ref">[43095] II&ordf;-IIae q. 95 a. 7 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1736 est quod dicitur Deut. XVIII, <i>non inveniatur in te qui observet
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1737 auguria</i>.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1738 <p title="II-II q. 95 a. 7 co."><a name="43096"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1739 "ref">[43096] II&ordf;-IIae q. 95 a. 7 co.</span></a> Respondeo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1740 dicendum quod motus vel garritus avium, vel quaecumque
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1741 dispositiones huiusmodi in rebus consideratae, manifestum est quod
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1742 non sunt causa futurorum eventuum, unde ex eis futura cognosci non
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1743 possunt sicut ex causis. Relinquitur ergo quod si ex eis aliqua
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1744 futura cognoscantur, hoc erit inquantum sunt effectus aliquarum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1745 causarum quae etiam sunt causantes vel praecognoscentes futuros
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1746 eventus. Causa autem operationum brutorum animalium est instinctus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1747 quidam quo moventur in modum naturae, non enim habent dominium sui
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1748 actus. Hic autem instinctus ex duplici causa potest procedere. Uno
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1749 quidem modo, ex causa corporali. Cum enim bruta animalia non
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1750 habeant nisi animam sensitivam, cuius omnes potentiae sunt actus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1751 corporalium organorum, subiacet eorum anima dispositioni
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1752 continentium corporum, et primordialiter caelestium. Et ideo nihil
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1753 prohibet aliquas eorum operationes esse futurorum signa, inquantum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1754 conformantur dispositionibus corporum caelestium et aeris
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1755 continentis, ex qua proveniunt aliqui futuri eventus. In hoc tamen
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1756 duo considerari oportet. Primum quidem, ut huiusmodi operationes
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1757 non extendantur nisi ad praecognoscenda futura quae causantur per
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1758 motus caelestium corporum, ut supra dictum est. Secundo, ut non
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1759 extendantur nisi ad ea quae aliqualiter possunt ad huiusmodi
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1760 animalia pertinere. Consequuntur enim per caelestia corpora
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1761 cognitionem quandam naturalem et instinctum ad ea quae eorum vitae
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1762 sunt necessaria, sicut sunt immutationes quae fiunt per pluvias et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1763 ventos, et alia huiusmodi. Alio modo instinctus huiusmodi causantur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1764 ex causa spirituali. Scilicet vel ex Deo, ut patet in columba super
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1765 Christum descendente, et in corvo qui pavit Eliam, et in cete qui
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1766 absorbuit et eiecit Ionam. Vel etiam ex Daemonibus, qui utuntur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1767 huiusmodi operationibus brutorum animalium ad implicandas animas
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1768 vanis opinionibus. Et eadem ratio videtur esse de omnibus aliis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1769 accipiuntur pro omine, non subduntur dispositioni stellarum.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1770 Huiusmodi, praeterquam de ominibus. Quia verba humana, quae
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1771 disponuntur tamen secundum divinam providentiam; et quandoque
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1772 secundum Daemonum operationem. Sic igitur dicendum quod omnis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1773 huiusmodi divinatio, si extendatur ultra id ad quod potest
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1774 pertingere secundum ordinem naturae vel divinae providentiae, est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1775 superstitiosa et illicita.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1776 <p title="II-II q. 95 a. 7 ad 1"><a name="43097"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1777 "ref">[43097] II&ordf;-IIae q. 95 a. 7 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1778 ergo dicendum quod hoc quod Ioseph dixit, non esse aliquem sibi
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1779 similem in scientia augurandi, secundum Augustinum, ioco dixit, non
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1780 serio, referens forte hoc ad id quod vulgus de eo opinabatur. Et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1781 sic etiam dispensator eius locutus est.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1782 <p title="II-II q. 95 a. 7 ad 2"><a name="43098"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1783 "ref">[43098] II&ordf;-IIae q. 95 a. 7 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1784 dicendum quod illa auctoritas loquitur de cognitione avium respectu
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1785 eorum quae ad eas pertinent. Et ad haec praecognoscenda considerare
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1786 earum voces et motus non est illicitum, puta si quis ex hoc quod
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1787 cornicula frequenter crocitat, praedicat pluviam cito esse
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1788 futuram.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1789 <p title="II-II q. 95 a. 7 ad 3"><a name="43099"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1790 "ref">[43099] II&ordf;-IIae q. 95 a. 7 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1791 dicendum quod Gedeon observavit recitationem et expositionem somnii
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1792 accipiens ea pro omine, quasi ordinata ad sui instructionem a
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1793 divina providentia. Et similiter Eliezer attendit verba puellae,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1794 oratione praemissa ad Deum.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1795 <br />
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1796 <div class="E">Articulus 8</div>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1797 <p title="II-II q. 95 a. 8 arg. 1"><a name="43100"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1798 "ref">[43100] II&ordf;-IIae q. 95 a. 8 arg. 1</span></a> Ad octavum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1799 sic proceditur. Videtur quod divinatio sortium non sit illicita.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1800 Quia super illud Psalm., <i>in manibus tuis sortes meae</i>, dicit
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1801 Glossa Augustini, <i>sors non est aliquid mali, sed res, in humana
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1802 dubitatione, divinam indicans voluntatem</i>.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1803 <p title="II-II q. 95 a. 8 arg. 2"><a name="43101"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1804 "ref">[43101] II&ordf;-IIae q. 95 a. 8 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1805 ea quae a sanctis in Scripturis observata leguntur non videntur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1806 esse illicita. Sed sancti viri, tam in veteri quam in novo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1807 testamento, inveniuntur sortibus usi esse. Legitur enim Iosue VII,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1808 quod Iosue, ex praecepto domini, iudicio sortium punivit Achar, qui
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1809 de anathemate surripuerat. Saul etiam sorte deprehendit filium suum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1810 Ionatham mel comedisse, ut habetur I Reg. XIV. Ionas etiam, a facie
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1811 domini fugiens, sorte deprehensus, est in mare deiectus, ut legitur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1812 Ionae I. Zacharias etiam sorte exiit ut incensum poneret, ut
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diff changeset
1813 legitur Luc. I. Matthias etiam est sorte ab apostolis in
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1814 apostolatum electus, ut legitur Act. I. Ergo videtur quod divinatio
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1815 sortium non sit illicita.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1816 <p title="II-II q. 95 a. 8 arg. 3"><a name="43102"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1817 "ref">[43102] II&ordf;-IIae q. 95 a. 8 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1818 pugna pugilum quae monomachia dicitur, idest singularis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1819 concertatio, et iudicia ignis et aquae, quae dicuntur vulgaria,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1820 videntur ad sortes pertinere, cum per huiusmodi aliqua exquirantur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1821 occulta. Sed huiusmodi non videntur esse illicita, quia et David
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1822 legitur cum Philisthaeo singulare iniisse certamen, ut legitur I
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1823 Reg. XVII. Ergo videtur quod divinatio sortium non sit
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1824 illicita.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1825 <p title="II-II q. 95 a. 8 s. c."><a name="43103"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1826 "ref">[43103] II&ordf;-IIae q. 95 a. 8 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1827 est quod in decretis, XXVI, qu. V, dicitur, <i>sortes quibus cuncta
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1828 vos vestris discriminatis provinciis, quas patres damnaverunt,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1829 nihil aliud quam divinationes et maleficia decernimus. Quamobrem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1830 volumus omnino illas damnari, et ultra inter Christianos nolumus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1831 nominari, et ne exerceantur, anathematis interdicto
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1832 prohibemus</i>.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1833 <p title="II-II q. 95 a. 8 co."><a name="43104"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1834 "ref">[43104] II&ordf;-IIae q. 95 a. 8 co.</span></a> Respondeo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1835 dicendum quod, sicut supra dictum est, sortes proprie dicuntur cum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1836 aliquid fit ut, eius eventu considerato, aliquid occultum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1837 innotescat. Et si quidem quaeratur iudicio sortium quid cui sit
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1838 exhibendum, sive illud sit res possessa, sive sit honor seu
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1839 dignitas, seu poena, aut actio aliqua, vocatur sors divisoria. Si
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1840 autem inquiratur quid agere oporteat, vocatur sors consultoria. Si
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1841 vero quaeratur quid sit futurum, vocatur sors divinatoria. Actus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1842 autem hominum, qui requiruntur ad sortes, non subduntur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1843 dispositioni stellarum, nec etiam eventus ipsorum. Unde si quis ea
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1844 intentione sortibus utatur quasi huiusmodi actus humani, qui
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1845 requiruntur ad sortes, secundum dispositionem stellarum sortiantur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1846 effectum, vana et falsa est opinio, et per consequens non carens
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1847 Daemonum ingestione. Ex quo talis divinatio erit superstitiosa et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1848 illicita. Hac autem causa remota, necesse est quod sortialium
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1849 actuum expectetur eventus vel ex fortuna, vel ex aliqua spirituali
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1850 causa dirigente. Et si quidem ex fortuna, quod locum habere potest
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1851 solum in divisoria sorte, non videtur habere nisi forte vitium
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1852 vanitatis sicut si aliqui non valentes aliquid concorditer
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1853 dividere, velint sortibus ad divisionem uti, quasi fortunae
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1854 exponentes quis quam partem accipiat. Si vero ex spirituali causa
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1855 expectetur sortium iudicium, quandoque quidem expectatur ex
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1856 Daemonibus, sicut legitur Ezech. XXI, quod <i>rex Babylonis stetit
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1857 in bivio, in capite duarum viarum, commiscens sagittas,
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diff changeset
1858 interrogavit idola, exta consuluit</i>. Et tales sortes sunt
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1859 illicitae, et secundum canones prohibentur. Quandoque vero
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1860 expectatur a Deo, secundum illud Prov. XVI. <i>Sortes mittuntur in
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1861 sinum, sed a domino temperantur</i>. Et talis sors secundum se non
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1862 est malum, ut Augustinus dicit. Potest tamen in hoc quadrupliciter
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1863 peccatum incidere. Primo quidem, si absque ulla necessitate ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1864 sortes recurratur, hoc enim videtur ad Dei tentationem pertinere.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1865 Unde Ambrosius dicit, super Lucam, <i>qui sorte eligitur, humano
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diff changeset
1866 iudicio non comprehenditur</i>. Secundo, si quis, etiam in
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1867 necessitate, absque reverentia sortibus utatur. Unde, super actus
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diff changeset
1868 Apost., dicit Beda, <i>si qui, necessitate aliqua compulsi, Deum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1869 putant sortibus, exemplo apostolorum, esse consulendum, videant hoc
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1870 ipsos apostolos non nisi collecto fratrum coetu, et precibus ad
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diff changeset
1871 Deum fusis, egisse</i>. Tertio, si divina oracula ad terrena
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diff changeset
1872 negotia convertantur. Unde Augustinus dicit, ad inquisitiones
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1873 Ianuarii, <i>his qui de paginis evangelicis sortes legunt, etsi
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diff changeset
1874 optandum sit ut id potius faciant quam ad Daemonia consulenda
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1875 concurrant, tamen ista mihi displicet consuetudo, ad negotia
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1876 saecularia et ad vitae huius vanitatem divina oracula velle
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1877 convertere</i>. Quarto, si in electionibus ecclesiasticis, quae ex
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diff changeset
1878 spiritus sancti inspiratione fieri debent, aliqui sortibus utantur.
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diff changeset
1879 Unde, sicut Beda dicit, super actus Apost., Matthias, ante
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diff changeset
1880 Pentecosten ordinatus, sorte quaeritur, quia scilicet nondum erat
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diff changeset
1881 plenitudo spiritus sancti in Ecclesia effusa, <i>septem autem
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diff changeset
1882 diaconi postea non sorte, sed electione discipulorum sunt
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1883 ordinati</i>. Secus autem est in temporalibus dignitatibus, quae ad
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diff changeset
1884 terrena disponenda ordinantur; in quarum electione plerumque
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1885 homines sortibus utuntur, sicut et in temporalium rerum divisione.
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diff changeset
1886 Si vero necessitas immineat, licitum est, cum debita reverentia,
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diff changeset
1887 sortibus divinum iudicium implorare. Unde Augustinus dicit, in
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diff changeset
1888 epistola ad Honoratum, <i>si inter Dei ministros sit disceptatio
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diff changeset
1889 qui eorum persecutionis tempore maneant, ne fuga omnium, et qui
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diff changeset
1890 eorum fugiant, ne morte omnium deseratur Ecclesia, si haec
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diff changeset
1891 disceptatio aliter non potuerit terminari, quantum mihi videtur,
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diff changeset
1892 qui maneant et qui fugiant sorte legendi sunt</i>. Et in I de Doct.
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diff changeset
1893 Christ. dicit, <i>si tibi abundaret aliquid, quod oporteret dari ei
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diff changeset
1894 qui non haberet, nec duobus dari potuisset; si tibi occurrerent
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diff changeset
1895 duo, quorum neuter alium vel indigentia vel erga te aliqua
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diff changeset
1896 necessitate superaret; nihil iustius faceres quam ut sorte legeres
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diff changeset
1897 cui dandum esset quod dari utrique non posset</i>.</p>
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diff changeset
1898 <p title="II-II q. 95 a. 8 ad 1"><a name="43105"><span class=
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diff changeset
1899 "ref">[43105] II&ordf;-IIae q. 95 a. 8 ad 1</span></a> Et per hoc
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diff changeset
1900 patet responsio ad primum et secundum.</p>
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diff changeset
1901 <p title="II-II q. 95 a. 8 ad 3"><a name="43106"><span class=
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diff changeset
1902 "ref">[43106] II&ordf;-IIae q. 95 a. 8 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
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diff changeset
1903 dicendum quod iudicium ferri candentis vel aquae ferventis
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diff changeset
1904 ordinatur quidem ad alicuius peccati occulti inquisitionem per
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diff changeset
1905 aliquid quod ab homine fit, et in hoc convenit cum sortibus,
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diff changeset
1906 inquantum tamen expectatur aliquis miraculosus effectus a Deo,
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diff changeset
1907 excedit communem sortium rationem. Unde huiusmodi iudicium
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diff changeset
1908 illicitum redditur, tum quia ordinatur ad iudicandum occulta, quae
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diff changeset
1909 divino iudicio reservantur; tum etiam quia huiusmodi iudicium non
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diff changeset
1910 est auctoritate divina sancitum. Unde II, qu. V, in decreto
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diff changeset
1911 Stephani Papae, dicitur, <i>ferri candentis vel aquae ferventis
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diff changeset
1912 examinatione confessionem extorqueri a quolibet, sacri non censent
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diff changeset
1913 canones, et quod sanctorum patrum documento sancitum non est,
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diff changeset
1914 superstitiosa adinventione non est praesumendum. Spontanea enim
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diff changeset
1915 confessione vel testium approbatione publicata delicta, habito prae
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diff changeset
1916 oculis Dei timore, concessa sunt nostro regimini iudicare. Occulta
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1917 vero et incognita illi sunt relinquenda qui solus novit corda
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1918 filiorum hominum</i>. Et eadem ratio videtur esse de lege
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1919 duellorum, nisi quod plus accedit ad communem rationem sortium,
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1920 inquantum non expectatur ibi miraculosus effectus; nisi forte
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1921 quando pugiles sunt valde impares virtute vel arte.</p>
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1922 <br />
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1923 <div class="D">Quaestio 96</div>
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1924 <div class="G">Prooemium</div>
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diff changeset
1925 <p title="II-II q. 96 pr."><a name="43107"><span class=
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diff changeset
1926 "ref">[43107] II&ordf;-IIae q. 96 pr.</span></a> Deinde
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diff changeset
1927 considerandum est de superstitionibus observantiarum. Et circa hoc
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diff changeset
1928 quaeruntur quatuor. Primo, de observantiis ad scientiam
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1929 acquirendam, quae traduntur in arte notoria. Secundo, de
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diff changeset
1930 observantiis quae ordinantur ad aliqua corpora immutanda. Tertio,
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diff changeset
1931 de observantiis quae ordinantur ad coniecturas sumendas fortuniorum
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1932 vel infortuniorum. Quarto, de suspensionibus sacrorum verborum ad
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1933 collum.</p>
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1934 <br />
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1935 <div class="E">Articulus 1</div>
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1936 <p title="II-II q. 96 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="43108"><span class=
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diff changeset
1937 "ref">[43108] II&ordf;-IIae q. 96 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad primum
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1938 sic proceditur. Videtur quod uti observantiis artis notoriae non
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1939 sit illicitum. Dupliciter enim est aliquid illicitum, uno modo,
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1940 secundum genus operis, sicut homicidium vel furtum; alio modo, ex
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1941 eo quod ordinatur ad malum finem, sicut cum quis dat eleemosynam
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diff changeset
1942 propter inanem gloriam. Sed ea quae observantur in arte notoria
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1943 secundum genus operis non sunt illicita, sunt enim quaedam ieiunia
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1944 et orationes ad Deum. Ordinantur etiam ad bonum finem, scilicet ad
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diff changeset
1945 scientiam acquirendam. Ergo uti huiusmodi observationibus non est
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1946 illicitum.</p>
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1947 <p title="II-II q. 96 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="43109"><span class=
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1948 "ref">[43109] II&ordf;-IIae q. 96 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
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diff changeset
1949 Dan. I legitur quod pueris abstinentibus <i>dedit Deus scientiam et
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1950 disciplinam in omni libro et sapientia</i>. Sed observantiae artis
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1951 notoriae sunt secundum aliqua ieiunia et abstinentias quasdam. Ergo
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1952 videtur quod divinitus sortiatur ars illa effectum. Non ergo
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1953 illicitum est ea uti.</p>
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1954 <p title="II-II q. 96 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="43110"><span class=
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1955 "ref">[43110] II&ordf;-IIae q. 96 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
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1956 ideo videtur esse inordinatum a Daemonibus inquirere de futuris
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1957 quia ea non cognoscunt, sed hoc est proprium Dei, ut dictum est.
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1958 Sed veritates scientiarum Daemones sciunt, quia scientiae sunt de
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1959 his quae sunt ex necessitate et semper, quae subiacent humanae
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1960 cognitioni, et multo magis Daemonum, qui sunt perspicaciores, ut
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1961 Augustinus dicit. Ergo non videtur esse peccatum uti arte notoria,
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1962 etiam si per Daemones sortiatur effectum.</p>
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1963 <p title="II-II q. 96 a. 1 s. c."><a name="43111"><span class=
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1964 "ref">[43111] II&ordf;-IIae q. 96 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
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1965 est quod dicitur Deut. XVIII, <i>non inveniatur in te qui quaerat a
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1966 mortuis veritatem</i>, quae quidem inquisitio innititur auxilio
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1967 Daemonum. Sed per observantias artis notoriae inquiritur cognitio
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1968 veritatis per quaedam pacta significationum cum Daemonibus inita.
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1969 Ergo uti arte notoria non est licitum.</p>
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1970 <p title="II-II q. 96 a. 1 co."><a name="43112"><span class=
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1971 "ref">[43112] II&ordf;-IIae q. 96 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo
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1972 dicendum quod ars notoria et illicita est, et inefficax. Illicita
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1973 quidem est, quia utitur quibusdam ad scientiam acquirendam quae non
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1974 habent secundum se virtutem causandi scientiam, sicut inspectione
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1975 quarundam figurarum, et prolatione quorundam ignotorum verborum, et
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1976 aliis huiusmodi. Et ideo huiusmodi ars non utitur his ut causis,
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1977 sed ut signis. Non autem ut signis divinitus institutis, sicut sunt
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1978 sacramentalia signa. Unde relinquitur quod sint supervacua signa,
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1979 et per consequens pertinentia ad pacta quaedam significationum cum
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diff changeset
1980 Daemonibus placita atque foederata. Et ideo ars notoria penitus est
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1981 repudianda et fugienda Christiano, sicut et aliae artes nugatoriae
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1982 vel noxiae superstitionis, ut Augustinus dicit, in II de Doct.
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1983 Christ. Est etiam huiusmodi ars inefficax ad scientiam acquirendam.
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1984 Cum enim per huiusmodi artem non intendatur acquisitio scientiae
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diff changeset
1985 per modum homini connaturalem, scilicet adinveniendo vel
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1986 addiscendo, consequens est quod iste effectus vel expectetur a Deo,
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diff changeset
1987 vel a Daemonibus. Certum est autem aliquos a Deo sapientiam et
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diff changeset
1988 scientiam per infusionem habuisse, sicut de Salomone legitur, III
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diff changeset
1989 Reg. III, et II Paral. I. Dominus etiam discipulis suis dicit, Luc.
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1990 XXI, <i>ego dabo vobis os et sapientiam, cui non poterunt resistere
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1991 et contradicere omnes adversarii vestri</i>. Sed hoc donum non
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1992 datur quibuscumque, aut cum certa observatione, sed secundum
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diff changeset
1993 arbitrium spiritus sancti, secundum illud I ad Cor. XII, <i>alii
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diff changeset
1994 quidem datur per spiritum sermo sapientiae, alii sermo scientiae
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1995 secundum eundem spiritum</i>; et postea subditur, <i>haec omnia
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1996 operatur unus atque idem spiritus, dividens singulis prout
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1997 vult</i>. Ad Daemones autem non pertinet illuminare intellectum, ut
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1998 habitum est in prima huius operis parte. Acquisitio autem scientiae
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1999 et sapientiae fit per illuminationem intellectus. Et ideo nullus
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diff changeset
2000 unquam per Daemones scientiam acquisivit. Unde Augustinus dicit, in
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diff changeset
2001 X de Civ. Dei, <i>Porphyrium fateri quod theurgicis teletis, in
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diff changeset
2002 operationibus Daemonum, intellectuali animae nihil purgationis
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2003 accidit quod eam facit idoneam ad videndum Deum suum, et
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diff changeset
2004 perspicienda ea quae vera sunt</i>, qualia sunt omnia scientiarum
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diff changeset
2005 theoremata. Possent tamen Daemones, verbis hominibus colloquentes,
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diff changeset
2006 exprimere aliqua scientiarum documenta, sed hoc non quaeritur per
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diff changeset
2007 artem notoriam.</p>
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diff changeset
2008 <p title="II-II q. 96 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="43113"><span class=
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diff changeset
2009 "ref">[43113] II&ordf;-IIae q. 96 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
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diff changeset
2010 ergo dicendum quod acquirere scientiam bonum est, sed acquirere eam
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2011 modo indebito non est bonum. Et hunc finem intendit ars
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2012 notoria.</p>
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2013 <p title="II-II q. 96 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="43114"><span class=
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diff changeset
2014 "ref">[43114] II&ordf;-IIae q. 96 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
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diff changeset
2015 dicendum quod pueri illi non abstinebant secundum vanam
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2016 observantiam artis notoriae, sed secundum auctoritatem legis
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2017 divinae, nolentes inquinari cibis gentilium. Et ideo merito
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2018 obedientiae consecuti sunt a Deo scientiam, secundum illud Psalm.,
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2019 <i>super senes intellexi, quia mandata tua quaesivi</i>.</p>
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2020 <p title="II-II q. 96 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="43115"><span class=
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diff changeset
2021 "ref">[43115] II&ordf;-IIae q. 96 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
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2022 dicendum quod exquirere cognitionem futurorum a Daemonibus non
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2023 solum est peccatum propter hoc quod ipsi futura non cognoscunt, sed
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2024 propter societatem cum eis initam, quae etiam in proposito locum
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2025 habet.</p>
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diff changeset
2026 <br />
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2027 <div class="E">Articulus 2</div>
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diff changeset
2028 <p title="II-II q. 96 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="43116"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2029 "ref">[43116] II&ordf;-IIae q. 96 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2030 secundum sic proceditur. Videtur quod observationes ordinatae ad
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2031 corporum immutationem, puta ad sanitatem vel ad aliquid huiusmodi,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2032 sint licitae. Licitum enim est uti naturalibus virtutibus corporum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2033 ad proprios effectus inducendos. Res autem naturales habent quasdam
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2034 virtutes occultas, quarum ratio ab homine assignari non potest,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2035 sicut quod adamas trahit ferrum, et multa alia quae Augustinus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2036 enumerat, XXI de Civ. Dei. Ergo videtur quod uti huiusmodi rebus ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2037 corpora immutanda non sit illicitum.</p>
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2038 <p title="II-II q. 96 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="43117"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2039 "ref">[43117] II&ordf;-IIae q. 96 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2040 sicut corpora naturalia subduntur corporibus caelestibus, ita etiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2041 corpora artificialia. Sed corpora naturalia sortiuntur quasdam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2042 virtutes occultas, speciem consequentes, ex impressione caelestium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2043 corporum. Ergo etiam corpora artificialia, puta imagines,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2044 sortiuntur aliquam virtutem occultam a corporibus caelestibus ad
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2045 aliquos effectus causandos. Ergo uti eis, et aliis huiusmodi, non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2046 est illicitum.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2047 <p title="II-II q. 96 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="43118"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2048 "ref">[43118] II&ordf;-IIae q. 96 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2049 Daemones etiam multipliciter possunt corpora transmutare, ut dicit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2050 Augustinus, III de Trin. Sed eorum virtus a Deo est. Ergo licet uti
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2051 eorum virtute ad aliquas huiusmodi immutationes faciendas.</p>
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2052 <p title="II-II q. 96 a. 2 s. c."><a name="43119"><span class=
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2053 "ref">[43119] II&ordf;-IIae q. 96 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2054 est quod Augustinus dicit, in II de Doct. Christ., quod <i>ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2055 superstitionem pertinent molimina magicarum artium, et ligaturae,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2056 et remedia quae medicorum quoque medicina condemnat, sive in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2057 praecantationibus, sive in quibusdam notis, quas characteres
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2058 vocant, sive in quibuscumque rebus suspendendis atque
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2059 insignandis</i>.</p>
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2060 <p title="II-II q. 96 a. 2 co."><a name="43120"><span class=
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2061 "ref">[43120] II&ordf;-IIae q. 96 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2062 dicendum quod in his quae fiunt ad aliquos effectus corporales
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2063 inducendos, considerandum est utrum naturaliter videantur posse
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2064 tales effectus causare. Sic enim non erit illicitum, licet enim
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2065 causas naturales adhibere ad proprios effectus. Si autem
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2066 naturaliter non videantur posse tales effectus causare, consequens
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2067 est quod non adhibeantur ad hos effectus causandos tanquam causae,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2068 sed solum quasi signa. Et sic pertinent ad pacta significationum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2069 cum Daemonibus inita. Unde Augustinus dicit, XXI de Civ. Dei,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2070 <i>illiciuntur Daemones per creaturas, quas non ipsi, sed Deus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2071 condidit, delectabilibus pro sua diversitate diversis, non ut
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2072 animalia cibis, sed ut spiritus signis, quae cuiusque delectationi
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2073 congruunt, per varia genera lapidum, herbarum, lignorum, animalium,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2074 carminum, rituum</i>.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2075 <p title="II-II q. 96 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="43121"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2076 "ref">[43121] II&ordf;-IIae q. 96 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2077 ergo dicendum quod si simpliciter adhibeantur res naturales ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2078 aliquos effectus producendos ad quos putantur naturalem habere
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2079 virtutem, non est superstitiosum neque illicitum. Si vero
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2080 adiungantur vel characteres aliqui, vel aliqua nomina, vel aliae
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2081 quaecumque variae observationes, quae manifestum est naturaliter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2082 efficaciam non habere, erit superstitiosum et illicitum.</p>
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2083 <p title="II-II q. 96 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="43122"><span class=
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2084 "ref">[43122] II&ordf;-IIae q. 96 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2085 dicendum quod virtutes naturales corporum naturalium consequuntur
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2086 eorum formas substantiales, quas sortiuntur ex impressione
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2087 caelestium corporum, et ideo ex eorundem impressione sortiuntur
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2088 quasdam virtutes activas. Sed corporum artificialium formae
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2089 procedunt ex conceptione artificis, et cum nihil aliud sint quam
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2090 compositio, ordo et figura, ut dicitur in I Physic., non possunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2091 habere naturalem virtutem ad agendum. Et inde est quod ex
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2092 impressione caelestium corporum nullam virtutem sortiuntur
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2093 inquantum sunt artificialia, sed solum secundum materiam naturalem.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2094 Falsum est ergo quod Porphyrio videbatur, ut Augustinus dicit, X de
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2095 Civ. Dei, <i>herbis et lapidibus et animantibus, et sonis certis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2096 quibusdam ac vocibus, et figurationibus atque figmentis quibusdam
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2097 etiam observatis in caeli conversione motibus siderum, fabricari in
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2098 terra ab hominibus potestates idoneas siderum variis effectibus
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2099 exequendis</i>, quasi effectus magicarum artium ex virtute
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2100 caelestium corporum provenirent. Sed sic ut Augustinus ibidem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2101 subdit, <i>totum hoc ad Daemones pertinet, ludificatores animarum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2102 sibi subditarum</i>. Unde etiam imagines quas astronomicas vocant,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2103 ex operatione Daemonum habent effectum. Cuius signum est quod
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2104 necesse est eis inscribi quosdam characteres, qui naturaliter ad
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2105 nihil operantur, non enim est figura actionis naturalis principium.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2106 Sed in hoc distant astronomicae imagines a nigromanticis, quod in
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2107 nigromanticis fiunt expressae invocationes et praestigia quaedam,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2108 unde pertinent ad expressa pacta cum Daemonibus inita, sed in aliis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2109 imaginibus sunt quaedam tacita pacta per quaedam figurarum seu
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2110 characterum signa.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2111 <p title="II-II q. 96 a. 2 ad 3"><a name="43123"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2112 "ref">[43123] II&ordf;-IIae q. 96 a. 2 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2113 dicendum quod ad dominium pertinet divinae maiestatis, cui Daemones
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2114 subsunt, ut eis utatur Deus ad quodcumque voluerit. Sed homini non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2115 est potestas super Daemones commissa, ut eis licite uti possit ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2116 quodcumque voluerit, sed est ei contra Daemones bellum indictum.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2117 Unde nullo modo licet homini Daemonum auxilio uti per pacta tacita
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2118 vel expressa.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2119 <br />
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2120 <div class="E">Articulus 3</div>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2121 <p title="II-II q. 96 a. 3 arg. 1"><a name="43124"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2122 "ref">[43124] II&ordf;-IIae q. 96 a. 3 arg. 1</span></a> Ad tertium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2123 sic proceditur. Videtur quod observationes quae ordinantur ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2124 praecognoscenda aliqua fortunia vel infortunia, non sunt illicita.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2125 Inter alia enim infortunia hominum sunt etiam infirmitates. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2126 infirmitates in hominibus quaedam signa praecedunt, quae etiam a
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2127 medicis observantur. Ergo observare huiusmodi significationes non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2128 videtur esse illicitum.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2129 <p title="II-II q. 96 a. 3 arg. 2"><a name="43125"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2130 "ref">[43125] II&ordf;-IIae q. 96 a. 3 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2131 irrationabile est negare illud quod quasi communiter omnes
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2132 experiuntur. Sed quasi omnes experiuntur quod aliqua tempora vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2133 loca, vel verba audita, vel occursus hominum seu animalium, aut
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2134 distorti aut inordinati actus, aliquod praesagium habent boni vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2135 mali futuri. Ergo observare ista non videtur esse illicitum.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2136 <p title="II-II q. 96 a. 3 arg. 3"><a name="43126"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2137 "ref">[43126] II&ordf;-IIae q. 96 a. 3 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2138 actus hominum et eventus ex divina providentia disponuntur secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2139 ordinem quendam, ad quem pertinere videtur quod praecedentia sint
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2140 subsequentium signa. Unde ea quae antiquis patribus contigerunt
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2141 signa sunt eorum quae in nobis complentur, ut patet per apostolum,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2142 I ad Cor. X. Observare autem ordinem ex divina providentia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2143 procedentem non est illicitum. Ergo observare huiusmodi praesagia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2144 non videtur esse illicitum.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2145 <p title="II-II q. 96 a. 3 s. c."><a name="43127"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2146 "ref">[43127] II&ordf;-IIae q. 96 a. 3 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2147 est quod Augustinus dicit, in II de Doct. Christ., quod <i>ad pacta
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2148 cum Daemonibus inita pertinent millia inanium observationum, puta
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2149 si membrum aliquod salierit; si iunctim ambulantibus amicis lapis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2150 aut canis aut puer medius intervenerit; limen calcare cum ante
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2151 domum suam aliquis transit; redire ad lectum si quis, dum se
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2152 calceat, sternutaverit; redire domum si procedens offenderit; cum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2153 vestis a soricibus roditur, plus timere superstitionem mali futuri
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2154 quam praesens damnum dolere</i>.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2155 <p title="II-II q. 96 a. 3 co."><a name="43128"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2156 "ref">[43128] II&ordf;-IIae q. 96 a. 3 co.</span></a> Respondeo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2157 dicendum quod homines omnes huiusmodi observationes attendunt non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2158 ut quasdam causas, sed ut quaedam signa futurorum eventuum bonorum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2159 vel malorum. Non autem observantur sicut signa a Deo tradita, cum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2160 non sint introducta ex auctoritate divina, sed magis ex vanitate
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2161 humana, cooperante Daemonum malitia, qui nituntur animos hominum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2162 huiusmodi vanitatibus implicare. Et ideo manifestum est omnes
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2163 huiusmodi observantias esse superstitiosas et illicitas. Et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2164 videntur esse quaedam reliquiae idololatriae, secundum quam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2165 observabantur auguria, et quidam dies Fausti vel infausti (quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2166 quodammodo pertinet ad divinationem quae fit per astra, secundum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2167 quae diversificantur dies), nisi quod huiusmodi observationes sunt
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2168 sine ratione et arte; unde sunt magis vanae et superstitiosae.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2169 <p title="II-II q. 96 a. 3 ad 1"><a name="43129"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2170 "ref">[43129] II&ordf;-IIae q. 96 a. 3 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2171 ergo dicendum quod infirmitatum causae praecedunt in nobis, ex
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2172 quibus aliqua signa procedunt futurorum morborum, quae licite a
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2173 medicis observantur. Unde et si quis praesagium futurorum eventuum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2174 consideret ex sua causa, non erit illicitum, sicut si servus timeat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2175 flagella videns domini iram. Et simile etiam esse posset si quis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2176 timeret nocumentum alicui puero ex oculo fascinante, de quo dictum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2177 est in primo libro. Sic autem non est in huiusmodi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2178 observationibus.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2179 <p title="II-II q. 96 a. 3 ad 2"><a name="43130"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2180 "ref">[43130] II&ordf;-IIae q. 96 a. 3 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2181 dicendum quod hoc quod a principio in istis observationibus aliquid
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2182 veri homines experti sunt, casu accidit. Sed postmodum, cum homines
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2183 incipiunt huiusmodi observantiis suum animum implicare, multa
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2184 secundum huiusmodi observationes eveniunt per deceptionem Daemonum,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2185 <i>ut his observationibus homines implicati curiosiores fiant, et
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2186 sese magis inserant multiplicibus laqueis perniciosi erroris</i>,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2187 ut Augustinus dicit, II de Doct. Christ.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2188 <p title="II-II q. 96 a. 3 ad 3"><a name="43131"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2189 "ref">[43131] II&ordf;-IIae q. 96 a. 3 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2190 dicendum quod in populo Iudaeorum, ex quo Christus erat nasciturus,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2191 non solum dicta, sed etiam facta fuerunt prophetica, ut Augustinus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2192 dicit, contra Faustum. Et ideo licitum est illa facta assumere ad
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2193 nostram instructionem, sicut signis divinitus datis. Non autem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2194 omnia quae aguntur per divinam providentiam sic ordinantur ut sint
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2195 futurorum signa. Unde ratio non sequitur.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2196 <br />
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diff changeset
2197 <div class="E">Articulus 4</div>
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diff changeset
2198 <p title="II-II q. 96 a. 4 arg. 1"><a name="43132"><span class=
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diff changeset
2199 "ref">[43132] II&ordf;-IIae q. 96 a. 4 arg. 1</span></a> Ad quartum
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diff changeset
2200 sic proceditur. Videtur quod suspendere divina verba ad collum non
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diff changeset
2201 sit illicitum. Non enim divina verba minoris sunt efficaciae cum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2202 scribuntur quam cum proferuntur. Sed licet aliqua sacra verba
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diff changeset
2203 dicere ad aliquos effectus, puta ad sanandum infirmos, sicut, pater
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diff changeset
2204 noster, ave Maria, vel qualitercumque nomen domini invocetur,
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diff changeset
2205 secundum illud Marci ult., <i>in nomine meo Daemonia eiicient,
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diff changeset
2206 linguis loquentur novis, serpentes tollent</i>. Ergo videtur quod
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diff changeset
2207 licitum sit aliqua sacra scripta collo suspendere in remedium
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diff changeset
2208 infirmitatis vel cuiuscumque nocumenti.</p>
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diff changeset
2209 <p title="II-II q. 96 a. 4 arg. 2"><a name="43133"><span class=
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diff changeset
2210 "ref">[43133] II&ordf;-IIae q. 96 a. 4 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
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diff changeset
2211 verba sacra non minus operantur in corporibus hominum quam in
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diff changeset
2212 corporibus serpentum et aliorum animalium. Sed incantationes
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diff changeset
2213 quaedam efficaciam habent ad reprimendum serpentes, vel ad sanandum
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diff changeset
2214 quaedam alia animalia, unde dicitur in Psalm., <i>sicut aspidis
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diff changeset
2215 surdae et obturantis aures suas, quae non exaudiet vocem
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diff changeset
2216 incantantium, et venefici incantantis sapienter</i>. Ergo licet
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diff changeset
2217 suspendere sacra verba ad remedium hominum.</p>
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diff changeset
2218 <p title="II-II q. 96 a. 4 arg. 3"><a name="43134"><span class=
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diff changeset
2219 "ref">[43134] II&ordf;-IIae q. 96 a. 4 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
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diff changeset
2220 verbum Dei non est minoris sanctitatis quam sanctorum reliquiae,
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diff changeset
2221 unde Augustinus dicit quod <i>non minus est verbum Dei quam corpus
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diff changeset
2222 Christi</i>. Sed reliquias sanctorum licet homini collo suspendere,
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diff changeset
2223 vel qualitercumque portare, ad suam protectionem. Ergo, pari
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diff changeset
2224 ratione, licet homini verbo vel scripto verba sacrae Scripturae ad
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diff changeset
2225 suam tutelam assumere.</p>
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diff changeset
2226 <p title="II-II q. 96 a. 4 s. c."><a name="43135"><span class=
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diff changeset
2227 "ref">[43135] II&ordf;-IIae q. 96 a. 4 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
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diff changeset
2228 est quod Chrysostomus dicit, super Matth., <i>quidam aliquam partem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2229 Evangelii scriptam circa collum portant. Sed nonne quotidie
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diff changeset
2230 Evangelium in Ecclesia legitur, et auditur ab omnibus? Cui ergo in
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diff changeset
2231 auribus posita Evangelia nihil prosunt, quomodo eum possunt circa
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diff changeset
2232 collum suspensa salvare? Deinde, ubi est virtus Evangelii? In
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diff changeset
2233 figuris litterarum, an in intellectu sensuum? Si in figuris, bene
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diff changeset
2234 circa collum suspendis. Si in intellectu, ergo melius in corde
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diff changeset
2235 posita prosunt quam circa collum suspensa</i>.</p>
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diff changeset
2236 <p title="II-II q. 96 a. 4 co."><a name="43136"><span class=
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diff changeset
2237 "ref">[43136] II&ordf;-IIae q. 96 a. 4 co.</span></a> Respondeo
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diff changeset
2238 dicendum quod in omnibus incantationibus vel Scripturis suspensis
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diff changeset
2239 duo cavenda videntur. Primo quidem, quid sit quod profertur vel
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diff changeset
2240 scribitur. Quia si est aliquid ad invocationes Daemonum pertinens,
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diff changeset
2241 manifeste est superstitiosum et illicitum. Similiter etiam videtur
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diff changeset
2242 esse cavendum, si contineat ignota nomina, ne sub illis aliquid
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diff changeset
2243 illicitum lateat. Unde Chrysostomus dicit, super Matth., quod,
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diff changeset
2244 <i>Pharisaeorum magnificantium fimbrias suas exemplo, nunc multi
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diff changeset
2245 aliqua nomina Hebraica Angelorum confingunt et scribunt et
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diff changeset
2246 alligant, quae non intelligentibus metuenda videntur</i>. Est etiam
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diff changeset
2247 cavendum ne aliquid falsitatis contineat. Quia sic eius effectus
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diff changeset
2248 non posset expectari a Deo, qui non est testis falsitatis deinde,
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diff changeset
2249 secundo, cavendum est ne cum verbis sacris contineantur ibi aliqua
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diff changeset
2250 vana, puta aliqui characteres inscripti, praeter signum crucis. Aut
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diff changeset
2251 si spes habeatur in modo scribendi aut ligandi, aut in quacumque
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diff changeset
2252 huiusmodi vanitate quae ad divinam reverentiam non pertineat. Quia
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diff changeset
2253 hoc iudicaretur superstitiosum. Alias autem est licitum. Unde in
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diff changeset
2254 decretis dicitur, XXVI, qu. V, cap. non liceat Christianis etc.,
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diff changeset
2255 <i>nec in collectionibus herbarum quae medicinales sunt aliquas
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diff changeset
2256 observationes aut incantationes liceat attendere, nisi tantum cum
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diff changeset
2257 symbolo divino aut oratione dominica, ut tantum creator omnium et
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diff changeset
2258 Deus honoretur</i>.</p>
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diff changeset
2259 <p title="II-II q. 96 a. 4 ad 1"><a name="43137"><span class=
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diff changeset
2260 "ref">[43137] II&ordf;-IIae q. 96 a. 4 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
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diff changeset
2261 ergo dicendum quod etiam proferre divina verba, aut invocare
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diff changeset
2262 divinum nomen, si respectus habeatur ad solam Dei reverentiam, a
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diff changeset
2263 qua expectatur effectus, licitum erit, si vero habeatur respectus
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diff changeset
2264 ad aliquid aliud vane observatum, erit illicitum.</p>
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diff changeset
2265 <p title="II-II q. 96 a. 4 ad 2"><a name="43138"><span class=
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diff changeset
2266 "ref">[43138] II&ordf;-IIae q. 96 a. 4 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
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diff changeset
2267 dicendum quod etiam in incantationibus serpentum vel quorumcumque
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diff changeset
2268 animalium, si respectus habeatur solum ad verba sacra et ad
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diff changeset
2269 virtutem divinam, non erit illicitum. Sed plerumque tales
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diff changeset
2270 praecantationes habent illicitas observantias, et per Daemones
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diff changeset
2271 sortiuntur effectum, et praecipue in serpentibus, quia serpens fuit
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diff changeset
2272 primum Daemonis instrumentum ad hominem decipiendum. Unde dicit
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diff changeset
2273 Glossa, ibidem, <i>notandum quia non laudatur a Scriptura
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diff changeset
2274 undecumque datur in Scriptura similitudo, ut patet de iniquo iudice
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diff changeset
2275 qui rogantem viduam vix audivit</i>.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2276 <p title="II-II q. 96 a. 4 ad 3"><a name="43139"><span class=
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diff changeset
2277 "ref">[43139] II&ordf;-IIae q. 96 a. 4 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
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diff changeset
2278 dicendum quod eadem etiam ratio est de portatione reliquiarum. Quia
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diff changeset
2279 si portentur ex fiducia Dei et sanctorum quorum sunt reliquiae, non
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diff changeset
2280 erit illicitum, si autem circa hoc attenderetur aliquid aliud
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diff changeset
2281 vanum, puta quod vas esset triangulare, aut aliquid aliud huiusmodi
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diff changeset
2282 quod non pertineret ad reverentiam Dei et sanctorum, esset
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diff changeset
2283 superstitiosum et illicitum.</p>
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diff changeset
2284 <p title="II-II q. 96 a. 4 ad 4"><a name="43140"><span class=
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diff changeset
2285 "ref">[43140] II&ordf;-IIae q. 96 a. 4 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
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diff changeset
2286 dicendum quod Chrysostomus loquitur quando respectus habetur magis
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diff changeset
2287 ad figuras scriptas quam ad intellectum verborum.</p>
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diff changeset
2288 <br />
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diff changeset
2289 <div class="D">Quaestio 97</div>
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diff changeset
2290 <div class="G">Prooemium</div>
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diff changeset
2291 <p title="II-II q. 97 pr."><a name="43141"><span class=
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diff changeset
2292 "ref">[43141] II&ordf;-IIae q. 97 pr.</span></a> Deinde
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diff changeset
2293 considerandum est de vitiis religioni oppositis per religionis
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diff changeset
2294 defectum, quae manifestam contrarietatem ad religionem habent, unde
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diff changeset
2295 sub irreligiositate continentur. Huiusmodi autem sunt ea quae
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diff changeset
2296 pertinent ad contemptum sive irreverentiam Dei et rerum sacrarum.
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diff changeset
2297 Primo ergo considerandum est de vitiis quae pertinent directe ad
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diff changeset
2298 irreverentiam Dei; secundo, de his quae pertinent ad irreverentiam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2299 rerum sacrarum. Circa primum, considerandum occurrit et de
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diff changeset
2300 tentatione qua Deus tentatur; et de periurio, quo nomen Dei
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diff changeset
2301 irreverenter assumitur. Circa primum quaeruntur quatuor. Primo, in
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diff changeset
2302 quo consistit Dei tentatio. Secundo, utrum sit peccatum. Tertio,
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diff changeset
2303 cui virtuti opponatur. Quarto, de comparatione eius ad alia
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diff changeset
2304 peccata.</p>
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diff changeset
2305 <br />
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diff changeset
2306 <div class="E">Articulus 1</div>
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diff changeset
2307 <p title="II-II q. 97 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="43142"><span class=
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diff changeset
2308 "ref">[43142] II&ordf;-IIae q. 97 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad primum
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diff changeset
2309 sic proceditur. Videtur quod tentatio Dei non consistat in
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diff changeset
2310 aliquibus factis in quibus solius divinae potestatis expectatur
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diff changeset
2311 effectus. Sicut enim tentatur Deus ab homine, ita etiam homo
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diff changeset
2312 tentatur et a Deo, et ab homine, et a Daemone. Sed non quandocumque
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2313 homo tentatur, expectatur aliquis effectus potestatis ipsius. Ergo
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diff changeset
2314 neque etiam per hoc Deus tentatur quod expectatur solus effectus
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diff changeset
2315 potestatis ipsius.</p>
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diff changeset
2316 <p title="II-II q. 97 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="43143"><span class=
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diff changeset
2317 "ref">[43143] II&ordf;-IIae q. 97 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2318 omnes illi qui per invocationem divini nominis miracula operantur,
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diff changeset
2319 expectant aliquem effectum solius potestatis divinae. Si igitur in
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2320 factis huiusmodi consisteret divina tentatio quicumque miracula
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diff changeset
2321 faciunt Deum tentarent.</p>
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diff changeset
2322 <p title="II-II q. 97 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="43144"><span class=
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diff changeset
2323 "ref">[43144] II&ordf;-IIae q. 97 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
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diff changeset
2324 ad perfectionem hominis pertinere videtur ut, praetermissis humanis
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diff changeset
2325 subsidiis, in solo Deo spem ponat. Unde Ambrosius, super illud Luc.
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diff changeset
2326 IX, nihil tuleritis in via etc., <i>qualis debeat esse qui
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diff changeset
2327 evangelizat regnum Dei, praeceptis evangelicis designatur, hoc est,
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diff changeset
2328 ut subsidii saecularis adminicula non requirat, fideique totus
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diff changeset
2329 inhaerens putet, quo minus ista requiret, magis posse
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diff changeset
2330 suppetere</i>. Et beata Agatha dixit, <i>medicinam carnalem corpori
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diff changeset
2331 meo nunquam exhibui, sed habeo dominum Iesum Christum, qui solo
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diff changeset
2332 sermone restaurat universa</i>. Sed Dei tentatio non consistit in
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diff changeset
2333 eo quod ad perfectionem pertinet. Ergo tentatio non consistit in
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diff changeset
2334 huiusmodi factis in quibus expectatur solum Dei auxilium.</p>
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diff changeset
2335 <p title="II-II q. 97 a. 1 s. c."><a name="43145"><span class=
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diff changeset
2336 "ref">[43145] II&ordf;-IIae q. 97 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
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diff changeset
2337 est quod Augustinus dicit, XXII contra Faustum, quod <i>Christus,
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diff changeset
2338 qui palam docendo et arguendo et tamen inimicorum rabiem valere in
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diff changeset
2339 se aliquid non sinendo, Dei demonstrabat potestatem; idem tamen,
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diff changeset
2340 fugiendo et latendo, hominis instruebat infirmitatem, ne Deum
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diff changeset
2341 tentare audeat quando habet quod faciat ut quod cavere oportet
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diff changeset
2342 evadat</i>. Ex quo videtur in hoc tentationem Dei consistere,
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diff changeset
2343 quando praetermittit homo facere quod potest ad pericula evadenda,
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diff changeset
2344 respiciens solum ad auxilium divinum.</p>
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diff changeset
2345 <p title="II-II q. 97 a. 1 co."><a name="43146"><span class=
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diff changeset
2346 "ref">[43146] II&ordf;-IIae q. 97 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo
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diff changeset
2347 dicendum quod tentare proprie est experimentum sumere de eo qui
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diff changeset
2348 tentatur. Sumimus autem experimentum de aliquo et verbis et factis.
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diff changeset
2349 Verbis quidem, ut experiamur an sciat quod quaerimus, vel possit
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diff changeset
2350 aut velit illud implere. Factis autem, cum per ea quae facimus
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diff changeset
2351 exploramus alterius prudentiam, vel voluntatem, vel potestatem.
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diff changeset
2352 Utrumque autem horum contingit dupliciter. Uno quidem modo, aperte,
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diff changeset
2353 sicut cum quis tentatorem se profitetur; sicut Samson, Iudic. XIV,
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diff changeset
2354 proposuit Philisthaeis problema ad eos tentandum. Alio vero modo,
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diff changeset
2355 insidiose et occulte, sicut Pharisaei tentaverunt Christum, ut
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diff changeset
2356 legitur Matth. XXII. Rursus, quandoque quidem expresse, puta cum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2357 quis dicto vel facto intendit experimentum sumere de aliquo.
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diff changeset
2358 Quandoque vero interpretative, quando scilicet, etsi hoc non
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diff changeset
2359 intendat ut experimentum sumat, id tamen agit vel dicit quod ad
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diff changeset
2360 nihil aliud videtur ordinabile nisi ad experimentum sumendum. Sic
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diff changeset
2361 igitur homo Deum tentat quandoque verbis, quandoque factis. Verbis
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diff changeset
2362 quidem Deo colloquimur orando. Unde in sua petitione aliquis
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diff changeset
2363 expresse Deum tentat quando ea intentione aliquid a Deo postulat ut
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2364 exploret Dei scientiam, potestatem vel voluntatem. Factis autem
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2365 expresse aliquis Deum tentat quando per ea quae facit intendit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2366 experimentum sumere divinae potestatis, seu pietatis aut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2367 sapientiae. Sed quasi interpretative Deum tentat qui, etsi non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2368 intendat experimentum de Deo sumere, aliquid tamen vel petit vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2369 facit ad nihil aliud utile nisi ad probandum Dei potestatem vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2370 bonitatem, seu cognitionem. Sicut, cum aliquis equum currere facit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2371 ut evadat hostes, hoc non est experimentum de equo sumere, sed si
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2372 equum currere faciat absque aliqua utilitate, hoc nihil aliud esse
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2373 videtur quam experimentum sumere de equi velocitate, et idem est in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2374 omnibus aliis rebus. Quando ergo propter aliquam necessitatem seu
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2375 utilitatem committit se aliquis divino auxilio in suis petitionibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2376 vel factis, hoc non est Deum tentare, dicitur enim II Paralip. XX,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2377 <i>cum ignoramus quid agere debeamus, hoc solum habemus residui, ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2378 oculos nostros dirigamus ad te</i>. Quando vero hoc agitur absque
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2379 necessitate et utilitate, hoc est interpretative tentare Deum. Unde
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2380 super illud Deut. VI, non tentabis dominum Deum tuum, dicit Glossa,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2381 <i>Deum tentat qui, habens quid faciat, sine ratione se committit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2382 periculo, experiens utrum possit liberari a Deo</i>.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2383 <p title="II-II q. 97 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="43147"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2384 "ref">[43147] II&ordf;-IIae q. 97 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2385 ergo dicendum quod homo etiam quandoque factis tentatur utrum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2386 possit vel sciat vel velit huiusmodi factis auxilium vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2387 impedimentum praestare.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2388 <p title="II-II q. 97 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="43148"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2389 "ref">[43148] II&ordf;-IIae q. 97 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2390 dicendum quod sancti suis precibus miracula facientes, ex aliqua
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2391 necessitate vel utilitate moventur ad petendum divinae potestatis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2392 effectum.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2393 <p title="II-II q. 97 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="43149"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2394 "ref">[43149] II&ordf;-IIae q. 97 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2395 dicendum quod praedicatores regni Dei ex magna utilitate et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2396 necessitate subsidia temporalia praetermittunt, ut verbo Dei
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2397 expeditius vacent. Et ideo si soli Deo innitantur, non ex hoc
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2398 tentant Deum. Sed si absque utilitate vel necessitate humana
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2399 subsidia desererent, tentarent Deum. Unde et Augustinus dicit, XXII
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2400 contra Faustum, quod <i>Paulus non fugit quasi non credendo in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2401 Deum, sed ne Deum tentaret si fugere noluisset, cum sic fugere
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2402 potuisset</i>. Beata vero Agatha experta erat erga se divinam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2403 benevolentiam, ut vel infirmitates non pateretur, pro quibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2404 corporali medicina indigeret, vel statim sentiret divinae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2405 sanationis effectum.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2406 <br />
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2407 <div class="E">Articulus 2</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2408 <p title="II-II q. 97 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="43150"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2409 "ref">[43150] II&ordf;-IIae q. 97 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2410 secundum sic proceditur. Videtur quod tentare Deum non sit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2411 peccatum. Deus enim non praecipit aliquod peccatum. Praecipit autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2412 ut homines eum probent, quod est eum tentare, dicitur enim Malach.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2413 III, <i>inferte omnem decimam in horreum meum, ut sit cibus in domo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2414 mea, et probate me super hoc, dicit dominus, si non aperuero vobis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2415 cataractas caeli</i>. Ergo videtur quod tentare Deum non sit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2416 peccatum.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2417 <p title="II-II q. 97 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="43151"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2418 "ref">[43151] II&ordf;-IIae q. 97 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2419 sicut aliquis tentatur ad hoc quod experientia sumatur de scientia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2420 vel potentia eius, ita etiam et de bonitate vel voluntate ipsius.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2421 Sed licitum est quod aliquis experimentum sumat divinae bonitatis,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2422 seu etiam voluntatis, dicitur enim in Psalm., <i>gustate, et videte
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2423 quoniam suavis est dominus</i>; et Rom. XII, <i>ut probetis quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2424 sit voluntas Dei bona et beneplacens et perfecta</i>. Ergo tentare
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2425 Deum non est peccatum.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2426 <p title="II-II q. 97 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="43152"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2427 "ref">[43152] II&ordf;-IIae q. 97 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2428 nullus vituperatur in Scriptura ex eo quod a peccato cessat, sed
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2429 magis si peccatum committat. Vituperatur autem Achaz quia domino
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2430 dicenti, pete tibi signum a domino Deo tuo, respondit, non petam,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2431 et non tentabo dominum, dictum est enim ei, numquid parum <i>vobis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2432 est molestos esse hominibus, quia molesti estis et Deo meo?</i> Ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2433 dicitur Isaiae VII. De Abraham autem legitur Gen. XV, quod dixit ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2434 dominum, unde scire possum quod possessurus sim eam, scilicet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2435 terram repromissam a Deo? Similiter etiam Gedeon signum a domino
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2436 petiit de victoria repromissa, ut legitur Iudic. VI. Qui tamen ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2437 hoc non reprehenduntur. Ergo tentare Deum non est peccatum.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2438 <p title="II-II q. 97 a. 2 s. c."><a name="43153"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2439 "ref">[43153] II&ordf;-IIae q. 97 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2440 est quod prohibetur lege Dei. Dicitur enim Deut. VI, <i>non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2441 tentabis dominum Deum tuum</i>.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2442 <p title="II-II q. 97 a. 2 co."><a name="43154"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2443 "ref">[43154] II&ordf;-IIae q. 97 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2444 dicendum quod, sicut dictum est, tentare est experimentum sumere.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2445 Nullus autem experimentum sumit de eo de quo est certus. Et ideo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2446 omnis tentatio ex aliqua ignorantia vel dubitatione procedit, vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2447 eius qui tentat, sicut cum quis experimentum de re aliqua sumit ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2448 eius qualitatem cognoscat; sive aliorum, sicut cum quis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2449 experimentum de aliquo sumit ut aliis ostendat, per quem modum Deus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2450 dicitur nos tentare. Ignorare autem vel dubitare de his quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2451 pertinent ad Dei perfectionem est peccatum. Unde manifestum est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2452 quod tentare Deum ad hoc quod ipse tentans cognoscat Dei virtutem,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2453 est peccatum. Si quis autem ad hoc experimentum sumat eorum quae ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2454 divinam perfectionem pertinent, non ut ipse cognoscat, sed ut aliis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2455 demonstret, hoc non est tentare Deum, cum subsit iusta necessitas
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2456 seu pia utilitas, et alia quae ad hoc concurrere debent. Sic enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2457 apostoli petiverunt a domino ut in nomine Iesu Christi fierent
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2458 signa, ut dicitur Act. IV, ad hoc scilicet quod virtus Christi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2459 infidelibus manifestaretur.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2460 <p title="II-II q. 97 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="43155"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2461 "ref">[43155] II&ordf;-IIae q. 97 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2462 ergo dicendum quod solutio decimarum praecepta erat in lege, ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2463 supra habitum est. Unde habebat necessitatem ex obligatione
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2464 praecepti; et utilitatem quae ibi dicitur, ut sit cibus in domo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2465 Dei. Unde solvendo decimas non tentabant Deum. Quod autem ibi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2466 subditur, et probate me, non est intelligendum causaliter, quasi ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2467 hoc solvere deberent decimas ut probarent si Deus non aperiret eis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2468 cataractas caeli, sed consecutive, quia scilicet, si decimas
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2469 solverent, experimento probaturi erant beneficia quae eis Deus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2470 conferret.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2471 <p title="II-II q. 97 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="43156"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2472 "ref">[43156] II&ordf;-IIae q. 97 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2473 dicendum quod duplex est cognitio divinae bonitatis vel voluntatis.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2474 Una quidem speculativa. Et quantum ad hanc, non licet dubitare nec
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2475 probare utrum Dei voluntas sit bona, vel utrum Deus sit suavis.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2476 Alia autem est cognitio divinae bonitatis seu voluntatis affectiva
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2477 seu experimentalis, dum quis experitur in seipso gustum divinae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2478 dulcedinis et complacentiam divinae voluntatis, sicut de Hierotheo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2479 dicit Dionysius, II cap. de Div. Nom., quod didicit divina ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2480 compassione ad ipsa. Et hoc modo monemur ut probemus Dei voluntatem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2481 et gustemus eius suavitatem.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2482 <p title="II-II q. 97 a. 2 ad 3"><a name="43157"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2483 "ref">[43157] II&ordf;-IIae q. 97 a. 2 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2484 dicendum quod Deus volebat signum dare regi Achaz non pro ipso
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2485 solum, sed pro totius populi instructione. Et ideo reprehenditur,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2486 quasi impeditor communis salutis, quod signum petere nolebat. Nec
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2487 petendo tentasset Deum. Tum quia ex mandato Dei petiisset. Tum quia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2488 hoc pertinebat ad utilitatem communem. Abraham vero signum petiit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2489 ex instinctu divino. Et ideo non peccavit. Gedeon vero signum ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2490 debilitate fidei petiisse videtur, et ideo a peccato non excusatur,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2491 sicut Glossa ibidem dicit. Sicut et Zacharias peccavit dicens, Luc.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2492 I, ad Angelum, unde hoc sciam? Unde et propter incredulitatem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2493 punitus fuit. Sciendum tamen quod dupliciter aliquis signum petit a
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2494 Deo. Uno modo, ad explorandum divinam potestatem, aut veritatem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2495 dicti eius. Et hoc de se pertinet ad Dei tentationem. Alio modo, ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2496 hoc quod instruatur quid sit circa aliquod factum placitum Deo. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2497 hoc nullo modo pertinet ad Dei tentationem.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2498 <br />
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2499 <div class="E">Articulus 3</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2500 <p title="II-II q. 97 a. 3 arg. 1"><a name="43158"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2501 "ref">[43158] II&ordf;-IIae q. 97 a. 3 arg. 1</span></a> Ad tertium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2502 sic proceditur. Videtur quod tentatio Dei non opponatur virtuti
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2503 religionis. Tentatio enim Dei habet rationem peccati ex hoc quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2504 homo de Deo dubitat, sicut dictum est sed dubitare de Deo pertinet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2505 ad peccatum infidelitatis, quod opponitur fidei. Ergo tentatio Dei
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2506 magis opponitur fidei quam religioni.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2507 <p title="II-II q. 97 a. 3 arg. 2"><a name="43159"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2508 "ref">[43159] II&ordf;-IIae q. 97 a. 3 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2509 Eccli. XVIII dicitur, <i>ante orationem praepara animam tuam, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2510 noli esse quasi homo qui tentat Deum</i>, ubi dicit interlinearis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2511 qui, scilicet tentans Deum, <i>orat quod docuit, sed non facit quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2512 iussit</i>. Sed hoc pertinet ad praesumptionem, quae opponitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2513 spei. Ergo videtur quod tentatio Dei sit peccatum oppositum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2514 spei.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2515 <p title="II-II q. 97 a. 3 arg. 3"><a name="43160"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2516 "ref">[43160] II&ordf;-IIae q. 97 a. 3 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2517 super illud Psalm., et tentaverunt Deum in cordibus suis, dicit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2518 Glossa quod <i>tentare Deum est dolose postulare, ut in verbis sit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2519 simplicitas, cum sit in corde malitia</i>. Sed dolus opponitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2520 virtuti veritatis. Ergo tentatio Dei non opponitur religioni, sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2521 veritati.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2522 <p title="II-II q. 97 a. 3 s. c."><a name="43161"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2523 "ref">[43161] II&ordf;-IIae q. 97 a. 3 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2524 est quod, sicut ex praedicta Glossa habetur, tentare Deum est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2525 inordinate postulare. Sed debito modo postulare est actus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2526 religionis, ut supra habitum est. Ergo tentare Deum est peccatum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2527 religioni oppositum.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2528 <p title="II-II q. 97 a. 3 co."><a name="43162"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2529 "ref">[43162] II&ordf;-IIae q. 97 a. 3 co.</span></a> Respondeo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2530 dicendum quod, sicut ex supra dictis patet, finis religionis est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2531 Deo reverentiam exhibere. Unde omnia illa quae directe pertinent ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2532 irreverentiam Dei, religioni opponuntur. Manifestum est autem quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2533 tentare aliquem ad irreverentiam eius pertinet, nullus enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2534 praesumit tentare eum de cuius excellentia certus est. Unde
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2535 manifestum est quod tentare Deum est peccatum religioni
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2536 oppositum.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2537 <p title="II-II q. 97 a. 3 ad 1"><a name="43163"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2538 "ref">[43163] II&ordf;-IIae q. 97 a. 3 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2539 ergo dicendum quod, sicut supra dictum est, ad religionem pertinet
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2540 protestari fidem per aliqua signa ad divinam reverentiam
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2541 pertinentia. Et ideo ad irreligiositatem pertinet quod ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2542 incertitudine fidei homo aliqua faciat quae ad divinam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2543 irreverentiam pertinent, cuiusmodi est tentare Deum. Et ideo est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2544 irreligiositatis species.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2545 <p title="II-II q. 97 a. 3 ad 2"><a name="43164"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2546 "ref">[43164] II&ordf;-IIae q. 97 a. 3 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2547 dicendum quod ille qui ante orationem suam animam non praeparat,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2548 dimittendo si quid adversum aliquem habet, vel alias se ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2549 devotionem non disponendo, non facit quod in se est ut exaudiatur a
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2550 Deo. Et ideo quasi interpretative tentat Deum. Et quamvis huiusmodi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2551 interpretativa tentatio videatur ex praesumptione seu indiscretione
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2552 provenire, tamen hoc ipsum ad irreverentiam Dei pertinet ut homo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2553 praesumptuose et sine debita diligentia se habeat in his quae ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2554 Deum pertinent, dicitur enim I Pet. V, <i>humiliamini sub potenti
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2555 manu Dei</i>; et II ad Tim. II, <i>sollicite cura teipsum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2556 probabilem exhibere Deo</i>. Unde etiam huiusmodi tentatio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2557 irreligiositatis species est.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2558 <p title="II-II q. 97 a. 3 ad 3"><a name="43165"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2559 "ref">[43165] II&ordf;-IIae q. 97 a. 3 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2560 dicendum quod in comparatione ad Deum, qui novit cordis abscondita,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2561 non dicitur aliquis dolose postulare, sed per respectum ad homines.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2562 Unde dolus per accidens se habet ad tentationem Dei. Et propter hoc
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2563 non oportet quod tentatio Dei directe opponatur veritati.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2564 <br />
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2565 <div class="E">Articulus 4</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2566 <p title="II-II q. 97 a. 4 arg. 1"><a name="43166"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2567 "ref">[43166] II&ordf;-IIae q. 97 a. 4 arg. 1</span></a> Ad quartum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2568 sic proceditur. Videtur quod tentatio Dei sit gravius peccatum quam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2569 superstitio. Maior enim poena pro maiori peccato infertur. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2570 gravius est punitum in Iudaeis peccatum tentationis Dei quam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2571 peccatum idololatriae, quod tamen est praecipuum inter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2572 superstitiones, quia pro peccato idololatriae interfecti sunt ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2573 eis tria millia hominum, ut legitur Exodi XXXII; pro peccato autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2574 tentationis universaliter omnes in deserto perierunt, terram
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2575 promissionis non intrantes, secundum illud Psalm., <i>tentaverunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2576 me patres vestri</i>; et postea sequitur, <i>quibus iuravi in ira
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2577 mea si introibunt in requiem meam</i>. Ergo tentare Deum est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2578 gravius peccatum quam superstitio.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2579 <p title="II-II q. 97 a. 4 arg. 2"><a name="43167"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2580 "ref">[43167] II&ordf;-IIae q. 97 a. 4 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2581 tanto aliquod peccatum videtur esse gravius quanto magis virtuti
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2582 opponitur. Sed irreligiositas, cuius species est tentatio Dei,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2583 magis opponitur virtuti religionis quam superstitio, quae habet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2584 aliquam similitudinem cum ipsa. Ergo tentatio Dei est gravius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2585 peccatum quam superstitio.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2586 <p title="II-II q. 97 a. 4 arg. 3"><a name="43168"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2587 "ref">[43168] II&ordf;-IIae q. 97 a. 4 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2588 maius peccatum esse videtur irreverenter se habere ad parentes quam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2589 reverentiam parentibus debitam aliis exhibere. Sed Deus est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2590 honorandus a nobis sicut omnium pater, sicut dicitur Malach. I.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2591 Ergo maius peccatum esse videtur tentatio Dei, per quam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2592 irreverenter nos habemus ad Deum, quam idololatria, per quam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2593 reverentia Deo debita exhibetur creaturae.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2594 <p title="II-II q. 97 a. 4 s. c."><a name="43169"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2595 "ref">[43169] II&ordf;-IIae q. 97 a. 4 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2596 est quod super illud Deut. XVII, cum reperti fuerint apud te etc.,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2597 dicit Glossa, <i>lex errorem et idololatriam maxime detestatur,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2598 maximum enim scelus est honorem creatoris impendere
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2599 creaturae</i>.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2600 <p title="II-II q. 97 a. 4 co."><a name="43170"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2601 "ref">[43170] II&ordf;-IIae q. 97 a. 4 co.</span></a> Respondeo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2602 dicendum quod in peccatis quae religioni adversantur tanto aliquid
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2603 gravius est quanto magis divinae reverentiae adversatur. Cui quidem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2604 minus adversatur quod aliquis de divina excellentia dubitet quam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2605 quod contrarium per certitudinem sentiat. Sicut enim magis est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2606 infidelis qui in errore confirmatus est quam qui de veritate fidei
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2607 dubitat, ita etiam magis contra Dei reverentiam agit qui suo facto
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2608 protestatur errorem contra divinam excellentiam quam qui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2609 protestatur dubitationem. Superstitiosus autem protestatur errorem,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2610 ut ex dictis patet. Ille autem qui tentat Deum verbis vel factis,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2611 protestatur dubitationem de divina excellentia, ut dictum est. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2612 ideo gravius est peccatum superstitionis quam peccatum tentationis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2613 Dei.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2614 <p title="II-II q. 97 a. 4 ad 1"><a name="43171"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2615 "ref">[43171] II&ordf;-IIae q. 97 a. 4 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2616 ergo dicendum quod peccatum idololatriae non fuit punitum illa
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2617 poena quasi sufficienti, sed in posterum pro illo peccato gravior
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2618 poena reservabatur, dicitur enim Exod. XXXII, <i>ego autem in die
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2619 ultionis visitabo hoc peccatum eorum</i>.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2620 <p title="II-II q. 97 a. 4 ad 2"><a name="43172"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2621 "ref">[43172] II&ordf;-IIae q. 97 a. 4 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2622 dicendum quod superstitio habet similitudinem cum religione quantum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2623 ad materialem actum, quem exhibet sicut religio. Sed quantum ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2624 finem, plus contrariatur ei quam tentatio Dei, quia plus pertinet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2625 ad divinam irreverentiam, ut dictum est.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2626 <p title="II-II q. 97 a. 4 ad 3"><a name="43173"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2627 "ref">[43173] II&ordf;-IIae q. 97 a. 4 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2628 dicendum quod de ratione divinae excellentiae est quod sit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2629 singularis et incommunicabilis, et ideo idem est contra divinam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2630 reverentiam aliquid agere, et divinam reverentiam alteri
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2631 communicare. Non est autem similis ratio de honore parentum qui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2632 potest sine culpa aliis communicari.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2633 <br />
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2634 <div class="D">Quaestio 98</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2635 <div class="G">Prooemium</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2636 <p title="II-II q. 98 pr."><a name="43174"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2637 "ref">[43174] II&ordf;-IIae q. 98 pr.</span></a> Deinde
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2638 considerandum est de periurio. Et circa hoc quaeruntur quatuor.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2639 Primo, utrum falsitas requiratur ad periurium. Secundo, utrum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2640 periurium semper sit peccatum. Tertio, utrum semper sit peccatum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2641 mortale. Quarto, utrum peccet ille qui iniungit iuramentum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2642 periuro.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2643 <br />
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2644 <div class="E">Articulus 1</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2645 <p title="II-II q. 98 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="43175"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2646 "ref">[43175] II&ordf;-IIae q. 98 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad primum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2647 sic proceditur. Videtur quod falsitas eius quod iuramento
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2648 confirmatur non requiratur ad periurium. Ut enim supra dictum est,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2649 sicut veritas debet concomitari iuramentum, ita etiam iudicium et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2650 iustitia. Sicut ergo incurritur periurium per defectum veritatis,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2651 ita etiam per defectum iudicii, puta cum aliquis indiscrete iurat;
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2652 et per defectum iustitiae, puta cum aliquis iurat aliquid
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2653 illicitum.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2654 <p title="II-II q. 98 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="43176"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2655 "ref">[43176] II&ordf;-IIae q. 98 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2656 illud per quod aliquid confirmatur potius esse videtur eo quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2657 confirmatur per illud, sicut in syllogismo principia sunt potiora
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2658 conclusione. Sed in iuramento confirmatur dictum hominis per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2659 assumptionem divini nominis. Ergo magis videtur esse periurium si
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2660 aliquis iuret per falsos deos, quam si veritas desit dicto hominis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2661 quod iuramento confirmatur.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2662 <p title="II-II q. 98 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="43177"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2663 "ref">[43177] II&ordf;-IIae q. 98 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2664 Augustinus dicit, in sermone de verbis Apost. Iacobi, <i>homines
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2665 falsum iurant vel cum fallunt, vel cum falluntur</i>. Et ponit tria
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2666 exempla. Quorum primum est, fac illum iurare qui verum putat esse
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2667 pro quo iurat. Secundum est, da alium, scit falsum esse, et iurat.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2668 Tertium est, fac alium, putat esse falsum, et iurat tanquam sit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2669 verum, quod forte verum est, de quo postea subdit quod periurus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2670 est. Ergo aliquis veritatem iurans potest esse periurus. Non ergo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2671 falsitas ad periurium requiritur.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2672 <p title="II-II q. 98 a. 1 s. c."><a name="43178"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2673 "ref">[43178] II&ordf;-IIae q. 98 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2674 est quod periurium definitur esse mendacium iuramento firmatum.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2675 <p title="II-II q. 98 a. 1 co."><a name="43179"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2676 "ref">[43179] II&ordf;-IIae q. 98 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2677 dicendum quod, sicut supra dictum est, morales actus ex fine
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2678 speciem sortiuntur. Finis autem iuramenti est confirmatio dicti
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2679 humani. Cui quidem confirmationi falsitas opponitur, per hoc enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2680 confirmatur aliquod dictum, quod ostenditur firmiter esse verum;
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2681 quod quidem non potest contingere de eo quod est falsum. Unde
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2682 falsitas directe evacuat finem iuramenti. Et propter hoc a
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2683 falsitate praecipue specificatur perversitas iuramenti, quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2684 periurium dicitur. Et ideo falsitas est de ratione periurii.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2685 <p title="II-II q. 98 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="43180"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2686 "ref">[43180] II&ordf;-IIae q. 98 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2687 ergo dicendum quod, sicut Hieronymus dicit, Ierem. IV,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2688 <i>quodcumque illorum trium defuerit, periurium est</i>. Non tamen
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2689 eodem ordine. Sed primo quidem et principaliter periurium est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2690 quando deest veritas, ratione iam dicta. Secundario autem, quando
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2691 deest iustitia, quicumque enim iurat illicitum, ex hoc ipso
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2692 falsitatem incurrit, quia obligatus est ad hoc quod contrarium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2693 faciat. Tertio vero, quando deest iudicium, quia cum indiscrete
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2694 iurat, ex hoc ipso periculo se committit falsitatem incurrendi.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2695 <p title="II-II q. 98 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="43181"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2696 "ref">[43181] II&ordf;-IIae q. 98 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2697 dicendum quod principia in syllogismis sunt potiora tanquam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2698 habentia rationem activi principii, ut dicitur in II Physic. Sed in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2699 moralibus actibus principalior est finis quam principium activum.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2700 Et ideo, licet sit perversum iuramentum quando aliquis verum iurat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2701 per falsos deos, tamen ab illa perversitate iuramenti periurium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2702 nominatur quae tollit iuramenti finem, falsum iurando.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2703 <p title="II-II q. 98 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="43182"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2704 "ref">[43182] II&ordf;-IIae q. 98 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2705 dicendum quod actus morales procedunt a voluntate, cuius obiectum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2706 est bonum apprehensum. Et ideo si falsum apprehendatur ut verum,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2707 erit quidem, relatum ad voluntatem, materialiter falsum, formaliter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2708 autem verum. Si autem id quod est falsum accipiatur ut falsum, erit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2709 falsum et materialiter et formaliter. Si autem id quod est verum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2710 apprehendatur ut falsum, erit verum materialiter, falsum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2711 formaliter. Et ideo in quolibet istorum casuum salvatur aliquo modo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2712 ratio periurii, propter aliquem falsitatis modum. Sed quia in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2713 unoquoque potius est id quod est formale quam id quod est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2714 materiale, non ita est periurus ille qui falsum iurat quod putat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2715 esse verum, sicut ille qui verum iurat quod putat esse falsum.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2716 Dicit enim ibi Augustinus, <i>interest quemadmodum verbum procedat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2717 ex animo, quia ream linguam non facit nisi rea mens</i>.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2718 <br />
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2719 <div class="E">Articulus 2</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2720 <p title="II-II q. 98 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="43183"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2721 "ref">[43183] II&ordf;-IIae q. 98 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2722 secundum sic proceditur. Videtur quod non omne periurium sit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2723 peccatum. Quicumque enim non implet quod iuramento firmavit,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2724 periurus esse videtur. Sed quandoque aliquis iurat se facturum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2725 aliquid illicitum, puta adulterium vel homicidium, quod si faciat,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2726 peccat. Si ergo etiam non faciendo peccaret peccato periurii,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2727 sequeretur quod esset perplexus.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2728 <p title="II-II q. 98 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="43184"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2729 "ref">[43184] II&ordf;-IIae q. 98 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2730 nullus peccat faciendo quod melius est. Sed quandoque aliquis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2731 periurando facit quod melius est, sicut cum aliquis iuravit se non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2732 intraturum religionem, vel quaecumque opera virtuosa non facturum.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2733 Ergo non omne periurium est peccatum.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2734 <p title="II-II q. 98 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="43185"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2735 "ref">[43185] II&ordf;-IIae q. 98 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2736 ille qui iurat facere alterius voluntatem, nisi eam faciat, videtur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2737 incurrere periurium. Sed quandoque potest contingere quod non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2738 peccat si eius non impleat voluntatem, puta cum praecipit ei
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2739 aliquid nimis durum et importabile. Ergo videtur quod non omne
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2740 periurium sit peccatum.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2741 <p title="II-II q. 98 a. 2 arg. 4"><a name="43186"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2742 "ref">[43186] II&ordf;-IIae q. 98 a. 2 arg. 4</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2743 iuramentum promissorium se extendit ad futura, sicut assertorium ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2744 praeterita et praesentia. Sed potest contingere quod tollatur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2745 obligatio iuramenti per aliquid quod in futurum emergat, sicut cum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2746 aliqua civitas iurat se aliquid servaturam, et postea superveniunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2747 novi cives qui illud non iuraverunt; vel cum aliquis canonicus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2748 iurat statuta alicuius Ecclesiae se servaturum, et postmodum aliqua
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2749 fiunt de novo. Ergo videtur quod ille qui transgreditur iuramentum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2750 non peccet.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2751 <p title="II-II q. 98 a. 2 s. c."><a name="43187"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2752 "ref">[43187] II&ordf;-IIae q. 98 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2753 est quod Augustinus dicit, in sermone de verbis Apost. Iacobi, de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2754 periurio loquens, videtis <i>quam ista detestanda sit belua, et de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2755 rebus humanis exterminanda</i>.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2756 <p title="II-II q. 98 a. 2 co."><a name="43188"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2757 "ref">[43188] II&ordf;-IIae q. 98 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2758 dicendum quod, sicut supra dictum est, iurare est Deum testem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2759 invocare. Pertinet autem ad Dei irreverentiam quod aliquis eum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2760 testem invocet falsitatis, quia per hoc dat intelligere vel quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2761 Deus veritatem non cognoscat, vel quod falsitatem testificari
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2762 velit. Et ideo periurium manifeste est peccatum religioni
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2763 contrarium, cuius est Deo reverentiam exhibere.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2764 <p title="II-II q. 98 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="43189"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2765 "ref">[43189] II&ordf;-IIae q. 98 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2766 ergo dicendum quod ille qui iurat se facturum aliquod illicitum,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2767 iurando incurrit periurium propter defectum iustitiae. Sed si non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2768 impleat quod iuravit, in hoc periurium non incurrit, quia hoc non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2769 erat tale quid quod sub iuramento cadere posset.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2770 <p title="II-II q. 98 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="43190"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2771 "ref">[43190] II&ordf;-IIae q. 98 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2772 dicendum quod ille qui iurat se non intraturum religionem, vel non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2773 daturum eleemosynam, vel aliquid huiusmodi, iurando periurium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2774 incurrit propter defectum iudicii. Et ideo quando facit id quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2775 melius est, non est periurium, sed periurio contrarium, contrarium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2776 enim eius quod facit sub iuramento cadere non poterat.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2777 <p title="II-II q. 98 a. 2 ad 3"><a name="43191"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2778 "ref">[43191] II&ordf;-IIae q. 98 a. 2 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2779 dicendum quod cum aliquis iurat vel promittit se facturum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2780 voluntatem alterius, intelligenda est debita conditio, si scilicet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2781 id quod ei mandatur sit licitum et honestum, et portabile sive
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2782 moderatum.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2783 <p title="II-II q. 98 a. 2 ad 4"><a name="43192"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2784 "ref">[43192] II&ordf;-IIae q. 98 a. 2 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2785 dicendum quod quia iuramentum est actio personalis, ille qui de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2786 novo fit civis alicuius civitatis, non obligatur quasi iuramento ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2787 servanda illa quae civitas se servaturam iuravit. Tenetur tamen ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2788 quadam fidelitate, ex qua obligatur ut sicut fit socius bonorum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2789 civitatis, ita etiam fiat particeps onerum. Canonicus vero qui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2790 iurat se servaturum statuta edita in aliquo collegio, non tenetur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2791 ex iuramento ad servandum futura, nisi intenderit se obligare ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2792 omnia statuta praeterita et futura tenetur tamen ea servare ex ipsa
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2793 vi statutorum, quae habent coactivam virtutem, ut ex supradictis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2794 patet.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2795 <br />
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2796 <div class="E">Articulus 3</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2797 <p title="II-II q. 98 a. 3 arg. 1"><a name="43193"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2798 "ref">[43193] II&ordf;-IIae q. 98 a. 3 arg. 1</span></a> Ad tertium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2799 sic proceditur. Videtur quod non omne periurium sit peccatum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2800 mortale. Dicitur enim extra, de iureiurando, <i>in ea quaestione
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2801 quae ponitur, an a sacramenti vinculo absolvantur qui illud inviti
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2802 pro vita et rebus servandis fecerunt, nihil aliud arbitramur quam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2803 quod antecessores nostri Romani pontifices arbitrati fuisse
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2804 noscuntur, qui tales a iuramenti nexibus absolverunt. Ceterum ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2805 agatur consultius, et auferatur materia deierandi, non eis ita
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2806 expresse dicatur ut iuramenta non servent, sed si non ea
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2807 attenderint, non ob hoc sunt tanquam pro mortali crimine
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2808 puniendi</i>. Non ergo omne periurium est peccatum mortale.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2809 <p title="II-II q. 98 a. 3 arg. 2"><a name="43194"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2810 "ref">[43194] II&ordf;-IIae q. 98 a. 3 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2811 sicut Chrysostomus dicit, <i>maius est iurare per Deum quam per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2812 Evangelium</i>. Sed non semper mortaliter peccat ille qui per Deum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2813 iurat aliquod falsum, puta si ex ioco, vel ex lapsu linguae,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2814 aliquis tali iuramento in communi sermone utatur. Ergo nec etiam si
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2815 aliquis frangat iuramentum quod solemniter per Evangelium iurat,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2816 semper erit peccatum mortale.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2817 <p title="II-II q. 98 a. 3 arg. 3"><a name="43195"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2818 "ref">[43195] II&ordf;-IIae q. 98 a. 3 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2819 secundum iura propter periurium aliquis incurrit infamiam, ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2820 habetur VI, qu. I, cap. infames. Non autem videtur quod propter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2821 quodlibet periurium aliquis infamiam incurrat, sicut dicitur de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2822 assertorio iuramento violato per periurium. Ergo videtur quod non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2823 omne periurium sit peccatum mortale.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2824 <p title="II-II q. 98 a. 3 s. c."><a name="43196"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2825 "ref">[43196] II&ordf;-IIae q. 98 a. 3 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2826 omne peccatum quod contrariatur praecepto divino est peccatum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2827 mortale. Sed periurium contrariatur praecepto divino, dicitur enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2828 Levit. XIX, <i>non periurabis in nomine meo</i>. Ergo est peccatum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2829 mortale.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2830 <p title="II-II q. 98 a. 3 co."><a name="43197"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2831 "ref">[43197] II&ordf;-IIae q. 98 a. 3 co.</span></a> Respondeo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2832 dicendum quod, secundum doctrinam philosophi, <i>propter quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2833 unumquodque, illud magis</i>. Videmus autem quod ea quae, si de se
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2834 sint peccata venialia, vel etiam bona ex genere, si in contemptum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2835 Dei fiant, sunt peccata mortalia. Unde multo magis quidquid est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2836 quod de sui ratione pertinet ad contemptum Dei, est peccatum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2837 mortale. Periurium autem de sui ratione importat contemptum Dei, ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2838 hoc enim habet rationem culpae, ut dictum est, quia ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2839 irreverentiam Dei pertinet. Unde manifestum est quod periurium ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2840 suo genere est peccatum mortale.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2841 <p title="II-II q. 98 a. 3 ad 1"><a name="43198"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2842 "ref">[43198] II&ordf;-IIae q. 98 a. 3 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2843 ergo dicendum quod, sicut supra dictum est, coactio non aufert
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2844 iuramento promissorio vim obligandi respectu eius quod licite fieri
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2845 potest. Et ideo si aliquis non impleat quod coactus iuravit,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2846 nihilominus periurium incurrit et mortaliter peccat. Potest tamen
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2847 per auctoritatem summi pontificis ab obligatione iuramenti absolvi,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2848 praesertim si coactus fuerit tali metu qui cadere posset in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2849 constantem virum. Quod autem dicitur quod non sunt tales puniendi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2850 tanquam pro mortali crimine, non hoc ideo dicitur quia non peccent
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2851 mortaliter, sed quia poena eis minor infligitur.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2852 <p title="II-II q. 98 a. 3 ad 2"><a name="43199"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2853 "ref">[43199] II&ordf;-IIae q. 98 a. 3 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2854 dicendum quod ille qui iocose periurat, non evitat divinam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2855 irreverentiam, sed quantum ad aliquid magis auget. Et ideo non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2856 excusatur a peccato mortali. Ille autem qui ex lapsu linguae falsum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2857 iurat, si quidem advertat se iurare et falsum esse quod iurat, non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2858 excusatur a peccato mortali, sicut nec a Dei contemptu. Si autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2859 hoc non advertat, non videtur habere intentionem iurandi, et ideo a
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2860 crimine periurii excusatur. Est autem gravius peccatum si quis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2861 solemniter iuret per Evangelium quam si per Deum in communi sermone
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2862 iuret, tum propter scandalum; tum propter maiorem deliberationem.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2863 Quibus aequaliter hinc inde positis, gravius est si quis per Deum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2864 iurans periuret quam si periuret iurans per Evangelium.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2865 <p title="II-II q. 98 a. 3 ad 3"><a name="43200"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2866 "ref">[43200] II&ordf;-IIae q. 98 a. 3 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2867 dicendum quod non propter quodlibet peccatum mortale aliquis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2868 infamis efficitur ipso iure. Unde non sequitur, si ille qui iurat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2869 falsum iuramento assertorio non est infamis ipso iure, sed solum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2870 per sententiam definitivam latam contra eum in causa accusationis,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2871 quod propter hoc non peccet mortaliter. Ideo autem magis reputatur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2872 infamis ipso iure qui frangit iuramentum promissorium solemniter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2873 factum, quia in eius potestate remanet, postquam iuravit, ut det
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2874 suo iuramento veritatem, quod non contingit in iuramento
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2875 assertorio.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2876 <br />
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2877 <div class="E">Articulus 4</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2878 <p title="II-II q. 98 a. 4 arg. 1"><a name="43201"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2879 "ref">[43201] II&ordf;-IIae q. 98 a. 4 arg. 1</span></a> Ad quartum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2880 sic proceditur. Videtur quod peccet ille qui iniungit iuramentum ei
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2881 qui periurat. Aut enim scit eum verum iurare, aut falsum. Si scit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2882 eum verum iurare, pro nihilo ei iuramentum iniungit si autem credit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2883 eum falsum iurare, quantum est de se, inducit eum ad peccandum.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2884 Ergo videtur quod nullo modo debeat aliquis alicui iniungere
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2885 iuramentum.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2886 <p title="II-II q. 98 a. 4 arg. 2"><a name="43202"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2887 "ref">[43202] II&ordf;-IIae q. 98 a. 4 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2888 iuramentum minus est accipere ab aliquo quam iuramentum iniungere
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2889 alicui. Sed recipere iuramentum ab aliquo non videtur esse licitum,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2890 et praecipue si periuret, quia in hoc videtur consentire peccato.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2891 Ergo videtur quod multo minus liceat exigere iuramentum ab eo qui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2892 periurat.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2893 <p title="II-II q. 98 a. 4 arg. 3"><a name="43203"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2894 "ref">[43203] II&ordf;-IIae q. 98 a. 4 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2895 dicitur Levit. V, <i>si peccaverit anima, et audierit vocem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2896 iurantis falsum, testisque fuerit quod aut ipse vidit aut conscius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2897 est, nisi indicaverit, portabit iniquitatem suam</i>, ex quo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2898 videtur quod aliquis sciens aliquem iurare falsum, teneatur eum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2899 accusare. Non igitur licet ab eo exigere iuramentum.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2900 <p title="II-II q. 98 a. 4 s. c."><a name="43204"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2901 "ref">[43204] II&ordf;-IIae q. 98 a. 4 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2902 sicut peccat ille qui falsum iurat, ita ille qui per falsos deos
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2903 iurat. Sed licet uti iuramento eius qui per falsos deos iurat, ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2904 Augustinus dicit, ad Publicolam. Ergo licet iuramentum exigere ab
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2905 eo qui falsum iurat.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2906 <p title="II-II q. 98 a. 4 co."><a name="43205"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2907 "ref">[43205] II&ordf;-IIae q. 98 a. 4 co.</span></a> Respondeo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2908 dicendum quod circa eum qui exigit ab alio iuramentum,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2909 distinguendum videtur. Aut enim exigit iuramentum pro seipso
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2910 propria sponte, aut exigit iuramentum pro alio ex necessitate
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2911 officii sibi commissi. Et si quidem aliquis pro seipso exigit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2912 iuramentum tanquam persona privata, distinguendum videtur, ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2913 Augustinus dicit, in sermone de periuriis. <i>Si enim nescit eum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2914 iuraturum falsum, et ideo dicit, iura mihi, ut fides ei sit, non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2915 est peccatum, tamen est humana tentatio</i>, quia scilicet procedit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2916 ex quadam infirmitate, qua homo dubitat alium esse verum dicturum.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2917 Et hoc est illud malum de quo dominus dicit, Matth. V, <i>quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2918 amplius est, a malo est. Si autem scit eum fecisse</i>, scilicet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2919 contrarium eius quod iurat, <i>et cogit eum iurare, homicida est.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2920 Ille enim de suo periurio se interimit, sed iste manum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2921 interficientis impressit</i>. Si autem aliquis exigat iuramentum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2922 tanquam persona publica, secundum quod exigit ordo iuris, ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2923 petitionem alterius, non videtur esse in culpa si ipse iuramentum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2924 exigat, sive sciat eum falsum iurare sive verum, quia non videtur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2925 ille exigere, sed ille ad cuius instantiam exigit.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2926 <p title="II-II q. 98 a. 4 ad 1"><a name="43206"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2927 "ref">[43206] II&ordf;-IIae q. 98 a. 4 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2928 ergo dicendum quod obiectio illa procedit quando pro aliquis exigit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2929 iuramentum. Et tamen non semper scit eum iurare verum, vel falsum,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2930 sed quandoque dubitat de facto, et credit eum verum iuraturum, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2931 tunc ad maiorem certitudinem exigit iuramentum.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2932 <p title="II-II q. 98 a. 4 ad 2"><a name="43207"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2933 "ref">[43207] II&ordf;-IIae q. 98 a. 4 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2934 dicendum quod, sicut Augustinus dicit, ad Publicolam, <i>quamvis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2935 dictum sit ne iuremus, nunquam me in Scripturis sanctis legisse
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2936 memini ne ab aliquo iurationem accipiamus</i>. Unde ille qui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2937 iurationem recipit non peccat, nisi forte quando propria sponte ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2938 iurandum cogit eum quem scit falsum iuraturum.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2939 <p title="II-II q. 98 a. 4 ad 3"><a name="43208"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2940 "ref">[43208] II&ordf;-IIae q. 98 a. 4 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2941 dicendum quod, sicut Augustinus dicit, Moyses non expressit in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2942 praedicta auctoritate cui sit indicandum periurium alterius. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2943 ideo intelligitur quod debeat indicari <i>talibus qui magis possunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2944 prodesse quam obesse periuro</i>. Similiter etiam non expressit quo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2945 ordine debeat manifestare. Et ideo videtur servandus ordo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2946 evangelicus, si sit peccatum periurii occultum, et praecipue quando
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2947 non vergit in detrimentum alterius, quia in tali casu non haberet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2948 locum ordo evangelicus, ut supra dictum est.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2949 <p title="II-II q. 98 a. 4 ad 4"><a name="43209"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2950 "ref">[43209] II&ordf;-IIae q. 98 a. 4 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2951 dicendum quod licet uti malo propter bonum, sicut et Deus utitur,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2952 non tamen licet aliquem ad malum inducere. Unde licet eius qui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2953 paratus est per falsos deos iurare, iuramentum recipere, non tamen
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2954 licet eum inducere ad hoc quod per falsos deos iuret. Alia tamen
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2955 ratio esse videtur in eo qui per verum Deum falsum iurat. Quia in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2956 tali iuramento deest bonum fidei, qua utitur aliquis in iuramento
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2957 illius qui verum per falsos deos iurat, ut Augustinus dicit, ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2958 Publicolam. Unde in iuramento eius qui falsum per verum Deum iurat,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2959 non videtur esse aliquod bonum quo uti liceat.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2960 <br />
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2961 <div class="D">Quaestio 99</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2962 <div class="G">Prooemium</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2963 <p title="II-II q. 99 pr."><a name="43210"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2964 "ref">[43210] II&ordf;-IIae q. 99 pr.</span></a> Deinde
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2965 considerandum est de vitiis ad irreligiositatem pertinentibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2966 quibus rebus sacris irreverentia exhibetur. Et primo, de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2967 sacrilegio; secundo, de simonia. Circa primum quaeruntur quatuor.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2968 Primo, quid sit sacrilegium. Secundo, utrum sit speciale peccatum.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2969 Tertio, de speciebus sacrilegii. Quarto, de poena sacrilegii.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2970 <br />
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2971 <div class="E">Articulus 1</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2972 <p title="II-II q. 99 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="43211"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2973 "ref">[43211] II&ordf;-IIae q. 99 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad primum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2974 sic proceditur. Videtur quod sacrilegium non sit sacrae rei
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2975 violatio. Dicitur enim XVII, qu. IV, <i>committunt sacrilegium qui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2976 de principis iudicio disputant, dubitantes an is dignus sit honore
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2977 quem princeps elegerit</i>. Sed hoc ad nullam rem sacram pertinere
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2978 videtur. Ergo sacrilegium non importat sacrae rei violationem.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2979 <p title="II-II q. 99 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="43212"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2980 "ref">[43212] II&ordf;-IIae q. 99 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2981 ibidem subditur quod si quis permiserit Iudaeos officia publica
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2982 exercere, velut in sacrilegum excommunicatio proferatur. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2983 officia publica non videntur ad aliquod sacrum pertinere. Ergo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2984 videtur quod sacrilegium non importet violationem alicuius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2985 sacri.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2986 <p title="II-II q. 99 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="43213"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2987 "ref">[43213] II&ordf;-IIae q. 99 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2988 maior est virtus Dei quam virtus hominis. Sed res sacrae a Deo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2989 sanctitatem obtinent. Non ergo possunt per hominem violari. Et ita
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2990 sacrilegium non videtur esse sacrae rei violatio.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2991 <p title="II-II q. 99 a. 1 s. c."><a name="43214"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2992 "ref">[43214] II&ordf;-IIae q. 99 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2993 est quod Isidorus dicit, in libro Etymol., quod <i>sacrilegus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2994 dicitur ab eo quod sacra legit, idest furatur</i>.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2995 <p title="II-II q. 99 a. 1 co."><a name="43215"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2996 "ref">[43215] II&ordf;-IIae q. 99 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2997 dicendum quod, sicut ex praedictis patet, sacrum dicitur aliquid ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2998 eo quod ad divinum cultum ordinatur. Sicut autem ex eo quod aliquid
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2999 ordinatur in finem bonum, sortitur rationem boni; ita etiam ex hoc
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3000 quod aliquid deputatur ad cultum Dei, efficitur quoddam divinum, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3001 sic ei quaedam reverentia debetur quae refertur in Deum. Et ideo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3002 omne illud quod ad irreverentiam rerum sacrarum pertinet, ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3003 iniuriam Dei pertinet, et habet sacrilegii rationem.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3004 <p title="II-II q. 99 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="43216"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3005 "ref">[43216] II&ordf;-IIae q. 99 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3006 ergo dicendum quod, secundum philosophum, in I Ethic., bonum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3007 commune gentis est quoddam divinum. Et ideo antiquitus rectores
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3008 reipublicae divini vocabantur, quasi divinae providentiae ministri,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3009 secundum illud Sap. VI, <i>cum essetis ministri regni illius, non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3010 recte iudicastis</i>. Et sic, per quandam nominis extensionem,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3011 illud quod pertinet ad reverentiam principis, scilicet disputare de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3012 eius iudicio, an oporteat ipsum sequi, secundum quandam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3013 similitudinem sacrilegium dicitur.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3014 <p title="II-II q. 99 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="43217"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3015 "ref">[43217] II&ordf;-IIae q. 99 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3016 dicendum quod populus Christianus per fidem et sacramenta Christi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3017 sanctificatus est, secundum illud I ad Cor. VI, <i>sed abluti
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3018 estis, sed sanctificati estis</i>. Et ideo I Pet. II dicitur,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3019 <i>vos estis genus electum, regale sacerdotium, gens sancta,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3020 populus acquisitionis</i>. Et ita id quod fit in iniuriam populi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3021 Christiani, scilicet quod infideles ei praeficiantur, pertinet ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3022 irreverentiam sacrae rei. Unde rationabiliter sacrilegium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3023 dicitur.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3024 <p title="II-II q. 99 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="43218"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3025 "ref">[43218] II&ordf;-IIae q. 99 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3026 dicendum quod violatio hic large dicitur quaecumque irreverentia
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3027 vel exhonoratio. Sicut autem <i>honor est in honorante, non autem
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3028 in eo qui honoratur</i>, ut dicitur in I Ethic.; ita etiam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3029 irreverentia est in eo qui irreverenter se habet, quamvis etiam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3030 nihil noceat ei cui irreverentiam exhibet. Quantum ergo est in
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3031 ipso, rem sacram violat, licet illa non violetur.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3032 <br />
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3033 <div class="E">Articulus 2</div>
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3034 <p title="II-II q. 99 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="43219"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3035 "ref">[43219] II&ordf;-IIae q. 99 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3036 secundum sic proceditur. Videtur quod sacrilegium non sit speciale
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3037 peccatum. Dicitur enim XVII, qu. IV, <i>committunt sacrilegium qui
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3038 in divinae legis sanctitatem aut nesciendo committunt, aut
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3039 negligendo violant et offendunt</i>. Sed hoc fit per omne peccatum,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3040 nam <i>peccatum est dictum vel factum vel concupitum contra legem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3041 Dei</i>, ut Augustinus dicit, XXII contra Faustum. Ergo sacrilegium
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3042 est generale peccatum.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3043 <p title="II-II q. 99 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="43220"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3044 "ref">[43220] II&ordf;-IIae q. 99 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3045 nullum speciale peccatum continetur sub diversis generibus
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3046 peccatorum. Sed sacrilegium sub diversis generibus peccatorum
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3047 continetur, puta sub homicidio, si quis sacerdotem occidat; sub
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3048 luxuria, si quis virginem sacratam violet, vel quamcumque mulierem
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3049 in loco sacro; sub furto, si quis rem sacram furatus fuerit. Ergo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3050 sacrilegium non est speciale peccatum.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3051 <p title="II-II q. 99 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="43221"><span class=
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3052 "ref">[43221] II&ordf;-IIae q. 99 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3053 omne speciale peccatum invenitur distinctum ab aliis peccatis, ut
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3054 de iniustitia speciali philosophus dicit, in V Ethic. Sed
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3055 sacrilegium non videtur inveniri absque aliis peccatis, sed
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3056 quandoque coniungitur furto, quandoque homicidio, ut dictum est.
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3057 Non ergo est speciale peccatum.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3058 <p title="II-II q. 99 a. 2 s. c."><a name="43222"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3059 "ref">[43222] II&ordf;-IIae q. 99 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3060 est quod opponitur speciali virtuti, scilicet religioni, ad quam
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3061 pertinet revereri Deum et divina. Ergo sacrilegium est speciale
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3062 peccatum.</p>
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3063 <p title="II-II q. 99 a. 2 co."><a name="43223"><span class=
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3064 "ref">[43223] II&ordf;-IIae q. 99 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3065 dicendum quod ubicumque invenitur specialis ratio deformitatis, ibi
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3066 necesse est quod sit speciale peccatum, quia species cuiuslibet rei
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3067 praecipue attenditur secundum formalem rationem ipsius, non autem
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3068 secundum materiam vel subiectum. In sacrilegio autem invenitur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3069 specialis ratio deformitatis, quia scilicet violatur res sacra per
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3070 aliquam irreverentiam. Et ideo est speciale peccatum. Et opponitur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3071 religioni. Sicut enim Damascenus dicit, in IV Lib., <i>purpura,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3072 regale indumentum facta, honoratur et glorificatur, et si quis hanc
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3073 perforaverit, morte damnatur</i>, quasi contra regem agens. Ita
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3074 etiam si quis rem sacram violat, ex hoc ipso contra Dei reverentiam
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3075 agit, et sic per irreligiositatem peccat.</p>
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3076 <p title="II-II q. 99 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="43224"><span class=
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3077 "ref">[43224] II&ordf;-IIae q. 99 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3078 ergo dicendum quod illi dicuntur in divinae legis sanctitatem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3079 committere qui legem Dei impugnant, sicut haeretici et blasphemi.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3080 Qui ex hoc quod Deo non credunt, incurrunt infidelitatis peccatum,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3081 ex hoc vero quod divinae legis verba pervertunt, sacrilegium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3082 incurrunt.</p>
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3083 <p title="II-II q. 99 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="43225"><span class=
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3084 "ref">[43225] II&ordf;-IIae q. 99 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3085 dicendum quod nihil prohibet unam specialem rationem peccati in
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3086 pluribus peccatorum generibus inveniri, secundum quod diversa
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3087 peccata ad finem unius peccati ordinantur, prout etiam in
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3088 virtutibus apparet quibus imperatur ab una virtute. Et hoc modo
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3089 quocumque genere peccati aliquis faciat contra reverentiam debitam
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3090 sacris rebus, sacrilegium formaliter committit, licet materialiter
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3091 sint ibi diversa genera peccatorum.</p>
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3092 <p title="II-II q. 99 a. 2 ad 3"><a name="43226"><span class=
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3093 "ref">[43226] II&ordf;-IIae q. 99 a. 2 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3094 dicendum quod sacrilegium interdum invenitur separatum ab aliis
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3095 peccatis, eo quod actus non habet aliam deformitatem nisi quia res
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3096 sacra violatur, puta si aliquis iudex rapiat aliquem de loco sacro,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3097 quem in aliis locis licite capere posset.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3098 <br />
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3099 <div class="E">Articulus 3</div>
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3100 <p title="II-II q. 99 a. 3 arg. 1"><a name="43227"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3101 "ref">[43227] II&ordf;-IIae q. 99 a. 3 arg. 1</span></a> Ad tertium
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3102 sic proceditur. Videtur quod species sacrilegii non distinguantur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3103 secundum res sacras. Materialis enim diversitas non diversificat
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3104 speciem, si sit eadem ratio formalis. Sed in violatione
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3105 quarumcumque rerum sacrarum videtur esse eadem ratio formalis
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3106 peccati, et quod non sit diversitas nisi materialis. Ergo per hoc
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3107 non diversificantur sacrilegii species.</p>
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3108 <p title="II-II q. 99 a. 3 arg. 2"><a name="43228"><span class=
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3109 "ref">[43228] II&ordf;-IIae q. 99 a. 3 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3110 non videtur esse possibile quod aliqua sint eiusdem speciei, et
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3111 tamen specie differant. Sed homicidium et furtum et illicitus
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3112 concubitus sunt diversae species peccatorum. Ergo non possunt
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3113 convenire in una specie sacrilegii. Et ita videtur quod sacrilegii
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3114 species distinguantur secundum diversas species aliorum peccatorum,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3115 et non secundum diversitatem rerum sacrarum.</p>
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3116 <p title="II-II q. 99 a. 3 arg. 3"><a name="43229"><span class=
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3117 "ref">[43229] II&ordf;-IIae q. 99 a. 3 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3118 inter res sacras connumerantur etiam personae sacrae. Si ergo una
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3119 species sacrilegii esset qua violatur persona sacra, sequeretur
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3120 quod omne peccatum quod persona sacra committit esset sacrilegium,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3121 quia per quodlibet peccatum violatur persona peccantis. Non ergo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3122 species sacrilegii accipiuntur secundum res sacras.</p>
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3123 <p title="II-II q. 99 a. 3 s. c."><a name="43230"><span class=
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3124 "ref">[43230] II&ordf;-IIae q. 99 a. 3 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3125 est quod actus et habitus distinguuntur secundum obiecta. Sed res
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3126 sacra est obiectum sacrilegii. Ut dictum est. Ergo species
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3127 sacrilegii distinguuntur secundum differentiam rerum sacrarum.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3128 <p title="II-II q. 99 a. 3 co."><a name="43231"><span class=
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3129 "ref">[43231] II&ordf;-IIae q. 99 a. 3 co.</span></a> Respondeo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3130 dicendum quod, sicut dictum est, peccatum sacrilegii in hoc
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3131 consistit quod aliquis irreverenter se habet ad rem sacram. Debetur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3132 autem reverentia rei sacrae ratione sanctitatis. Et ideo secundum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3133 diversam rationem sanctitatis rerum sacrarum quibus irreverentia
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3134 exhibetur, necesse est quod sacrilegii species distinguantur, et
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3135 tanto sacrilegium est gravius quanto res sacra in quam peccatur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3136 maiorem obtinet sanctitatem. Attribuitur autem sanctitas et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3137 personis sacris, idest divino cultui dedicatis, et locis sacris, et
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3138 rebus quibusdam aliis sacris. Sanctitas autem loci ordinatur ad
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3139 sanctitatem hominis, qui in loco sacro cultum exhibet Deo, dicitur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3140 enim II Machab. V, <i>non propter locum gentem, sed propter gentem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3141 dominus locum elegit</i>. Et ideo gravius peccatum est sacrilegium
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3142 quo peccatur contra personam sacram quam quo peccatur contra locum
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3143 sacrum. Sunt tamen in utraque sacrilegii specie diversi gradus,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3144 secundum differentiam personarum et locorum sacrorum. Similiter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3145 etiam et tertia species sacrilegii, quae circa alias res sacras
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3146 committitur, diversos habet gradus, secundum differentiam sacrarum
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3147 rerum. Inter quas summum locum obtinent ipsa sacramenta, quibus
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3148 homo sanctificatur, quorum praecipuum est Eucharistiae sacramentum,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3149 quod continet ipsum Christum. Et ideo sacrilegium quod contra hoc
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3150 sacramentum committitur gravissimum est inter omnia. Post
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3151 sacramenta autem, secundum locum tenent vasa consecrata ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3152 sacramentorum susceptionem; et ipsae imagines sacrae, et sanctorum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3153 reliquiae, in quibus quodammodo ipsae personae sanctorum venerantur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3154 vel dehonorantur. Deinde ea quae pertinent ad ornatum Ecclesiae et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3155 ministrorum. Deinde ea quae sunt deputata ad sustentationem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3156 ministrorum, sive sint mobilia sive immobilia. Quicumque autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3157 contra quodcumque praedictorum peccat, crimen sacrilegii
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3158 incurrit.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3159 <p title="II-II q. 99 a. 3 ad 1"><a name="43232"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3160 "ref">[43232] II&ordf;-IIae q. 99 a. 3 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3161 ergo dicendum quod non est in omnibus praedictis eadem ratio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3162 sanctitatis. Et ideo differentia sacrarum rerum non solum est
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3163 differentia materialis, sed formalis.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3164 <p title="II-II q. 99 a. 3 ad 2"><a name="43233"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3165 "ref">[43233] II&ordf;-IIae q. 99 a. 3 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3166 dicendum quod nihil prohibet aliqua duo secundum aliquid esse unius
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3167 speciei, et secundum aliud diversarum, sicut Socrates et Plato
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3168 conveniunt in specie animalis, differunt autem in specie colorati,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3169 si unus sit albus et alius niger. Et similiter etiam possibile est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3170 aliqua duo peccata differre specie secundum materiales actus,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3171 convenire autem in specie secundum unam rationem formalem
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3172 sacrilegii, puta si quis sanctimonialem violaverit verberando, vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3173 concumbendo.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3174 <p title="II-II q. 99 a. 3 ad 3"><a name="43234"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3175 "ref">[43234] II&ordf;-IIae q. 99 a. 3 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3176 dicendum quod omne peccatum quod sacra persona committit,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3177 materialiter quidem et quasi per accidens est sacrilegium, unde
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3178 Hieronymus dicit quod <i>nugae in ore sacerdotis sacrilegium sunt
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3179 vel blasphemia</i>. Formaliter autem et proprie illud solum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3180 peccatum sacrae personae sacrilegium est quod agitur directe contra
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3181 eius sanctitatem, puta si virgo Deo dicata fornicetur; et eadem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3182 ratio est in aliis.</p>
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3183 <br />
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3184 <div class="E">Articulus 4</div>
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3185 <p title="II-II q. 99 a. 4 arg. 1"><a name="43235"><span class=
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3186 "ref">[43235] II&ordf;-IIae q. 99 a. 4 arg. 1</span></a> Ad quartum
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3187 sic proceditur. Videtur quod poena sacrilegii non debeat esse
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3188 pecuniaria. Poena enim pecuniaria non solet imponi pro culpa
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3189 criminali. Sed sacrilegium est culpa criminalis, unde capitali
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3190 sententia punitur secundum leges civiles. Ergo sacrilegium non
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3191 debet puniri poena pecuniaria.</p>
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3192 <p title="II-II q. 99 a. 4 arg. 2"><a name="43236"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3193 "ref">[43236] II&ordf;-IIae q. 99 a. 4 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3194 idem peccatum non debet duplici poena puniri, secundum illud Nahum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3195 I, non consurget duplex tribulatio. Sed poena sacrilegii est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3196 excommunicatio, maior quidem si violentia inferatur in personam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3197 sacram, vel si aliquis incendat vel frangat Ecclesiam; minor autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3198 in aliis sacrilegiis. Ergo non debet sacrilegium puniri poena
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3199 pecuniaria.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3200 <p title="II-II q. 99 a. 4 arg. 3"><a name="43237"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3201 "ref">[43237] II&ordf;-IIae q. 99 a. 4 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3202 apostolus dicit, I ad Thess. II, <i>non fuimus aliquando in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3203 occasione avaritiae</i>. Sed hoc videtur ad occasionem avaritiae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3204 pertinere quod poena pecuniaria exigatur pro violatione rei sacrae.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3205 Ergo non videtur talis poena esse conveniens sacrilegii.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3206 <p title="II-II q. 99 a. 4 s. c."><a name="43238"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3207 "ref">[43238] II&ordf;-IIae q. 99 a. 4 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3208 est quod dicitur XVII, qu. IV, <i>si quis contumax vel superbus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3209 fugitivum servum de atrio Ecclesiae per vim abstraxerit, nongentos
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3210 solidos componat</i>. Et ibidem postea dicitur, <i>quisquis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3211 inventus fuerit reus sacrilegii, triginta libras argenti examinati
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3212 purissimi componat</i>.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3213 <p title="II-II q. 99 a. 4 co."><a name="43239"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3214 "ref">[43239] II&ordf;-IIae q. 99 a. 4 co.</span></a> Respondeo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3215 dicendum quod in poenis infligendis duo sunt consideranda. Primo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3216 quidem, aequalitas, ad hoc quod poena sit iusta, ut scilicet in quo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3217 quis peccat, per hoc torqueatur, ut dicitur Sap. XI. Et hoc modo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3218 conveniens poena sacrilegi, qui sacris iniuriam infert est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3219 excommunicatio, per quam a sacris arcetur. Secundo autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3220 consideratur utilitas, nam poenae quasi medicinae quaedam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3221 infliguntur, ut his territi homines a peccando desistant.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3222 Sacrilegus autem, qui sacra non reveretur, non sufficienter videtur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3223 a peccando arceri per hoc quod ei sacra interdicuntur, de quibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3224 non curat. Et ideo secundum leges humanas adhibetur capitis poena;
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3225 secundum vero Ecclesiae sententiam, quae mortem corporalem non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3226 infligit, adhibetur pecuniaria poena, ut saltem poenis temporalibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3227 homines a sacrilegiis revocentur.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3228 <p title="II-II q. 99 a. 4 ad 1"><a name="43240"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3229 "ref">[43240] II&ordf;-IIae q. 99 a. 4 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3230 ergo dicendum quod Ecclesia corporalem mortem non infligit, sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3231 loco eius infligit excommunicationem.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3232 <p title="II-II q. 99 a. 4 ad 2"><a name="43241"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3233 "ref">[43241] II&ordf;-IIae q. 99 a. 4 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3234 dicendum quod necesse est duas poenas adhiberi quando per unam non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3235 sufficienter revocatur aliquis a peccando. Et ideo oportuit, supra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3236 poenam excommunicationis, adhibere aliquam temporalem poenam, ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3237 coercendum homines qui spiritualia contemnunt.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3238 <p title="II-II q. 99 a. 4 ad 3"><a name="43242"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3239 "ref">[43242] II&ordf;-IIae q. 99 a. 4 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3240 dicendum quod si pecunia exigeretur sine rationabili causa, hoc
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3241 videretur ad occasionem avaritiae pertinere. Sed quando exigitur ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3242 hominum correctionem, habet manifestam utilitatem. Et ideo non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3243 pertinet ad occasionem avaritiae.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3244 <br />
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3245 <div class="D">Quaestio 100</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3246 <div class="G">Prooemium</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3247 <p title="II-II q. 100 pr."><a name="43243"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3248 "ref">[43243] II&ordf;-IIae q. 100 pr.</span></a> Deinde
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3249 considerandum est de simonia. Et circa hoc quaeruntur sex. Primo,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3250 quid sit simonia. Secundo, utrum liceat pro sacramentis pecuniam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3251 accipere. Tertio, utrum liceat accipere pecuniam pro spiritualibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3252 actibus. Quarto, utrum liceat vendere ea quae sunt spiritualibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3253 annexa. Quinto, utrum solum munus a manu faciat simoniacum, an
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3254 etiam munus a lingua et ab obsequio. Sexto, de poena simoniaci.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3255 <br />
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3256 <div class="E">Articulus 1</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3257 <p title="II-II q. 100 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="43244"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3258 "ref">[43244] II&ordf;-IIae q. 100 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad primum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3259 sic proceditur. Videtur quod simonia non sit studiosa voluntas
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3260 emendi et vendendi aliquid spirituale vel spirituali annexum.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3261 Simonia enim est haeresis quaedam, dicitur enim I, qu. I,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3262 <i>tolerabilior est Macedonii, et eorum qui circa ipsum sunt sancti
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3263 spiritus impugnatorum, impia haeresis quam simoniacorum. Illi enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3264 creaturam, et servum Dei patris et filii, spiritum sanctum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3265 delirando fatentur, isti vero eundem spiritum sanctum efficiunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3266 servum suum. Omnis enim dominus quod habet, si vult, vendit, sive
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3267 servum, sive quid aliud eorum quae possidet</i>. Sed infidelitas
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3268 non consistit in voluntate, sed magis in intellectu, sicut et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3269 fides, ut ex supra dictis patet. Ergo simonia non debet per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3270 voluntatem definiri.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3271 <p title="II-II q. 100 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="43245"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3272 "ref">[43245] II&ordf;-IIae q. 100 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3273 Praeterea, studiose peccare est ex malitia peccare, quod est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3274 peccare in spiritum sanctum. Si ergo simonia est studiosa voluntas
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3275 peccandi, sequitur quod semper sit peccatum in spiritum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3276 sanctum.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3277 <p title="II-II q. 100 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="43246"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3278 "ref">[43246] II&ordf;-IIae q. 100 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3279 Praeterea, nihil magis est spirituale quam regnum caelorum. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3280 licet emere regnum caelorum, dicit enim Gregorius, in quadam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3281 homilia, <i>regnum caelorum tantum valet quantum habes</i>. Ergo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3282 non est simonia velle emere aliquid spirituale.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3283 <p title="II-II q. 100 a. 1 arg. 4"><a name="43247"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3284 "ref">[43247] II&ordf;-IIae q. 100 a. 1 arg. 4</span></a>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3285 Praeterea, nomen simoniae a Simone mago acceptum est, de quo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3286 legitur Act. VIII, quod obtulit apostolis pecuniam ad spiritualem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3287 potestatem emendam, ut, scilicet, <i>quibuscumque manus imponeret,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3288 reciperent spiritum sanctum</i>. Non autem legitur quod aliquid
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3289 voluit vendere. Ergo simonia non est voluntas vendendi aliquid
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3290 spirituale.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3291 <p title="II-II q. 100 a. 1 arg. 5"><a name="43248"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3292 "ref">[43248] II&ordf;-IIae q. 100 a. 1 arg. 5</span></a>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3293 Praeterea, multae aliae sunt voluntariae commutationes praeter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3294 emptionem et venditionem, sicut permutatio, transactio. Ergo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3295 videtur quod insufficienter definiatur simonia.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3296 <p title="II-II q. 100 a. 1 arg. 6"><a name="43249"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3297 "ref">[43249] II&ordf;-IIae q. 100 a. 1 arg. 6</span></a>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3298 Praeterea, omne quod est spirituali annexum est spirituale.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3299 Superflue igitur additur, vel spirituali annexum.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3300 <p title="II-II q. 100 a. 1 arg. 7"><a name="43250"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3301 "ref">[43250] II&ordf;-IIae q. 100 a. 1 arg. 7</span></a>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3302 Praeterea, Papa, secundum quosdam, non potest committere simoniam.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3303 Potest autem emere vel vendere aliquid spirituale. Ergo simonia non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3304 est voluntas emendi vel vendendi aliquid spirituale vel spirituali
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3305 annexum.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3306 <p title="II-II q. 100 a. 1 s. c."><a name="43251"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3307 "ref">[43251] II&ordf;-IIae q. 100 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3308 est quod Gregorius dicit, in registro, <i>altare et decimas et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3309 spiritum sanctum emere vel vendere simoniacam haeresim esse nullus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3310 fidelium ignorat</i>.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3311 <p title="II-II q. 100 a. 1 co."><a name="43252"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3312 "ref">[43252] II&ordf;-IIae q. 100 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3313 dicendum quod, sicut supra dictum est, actus aliquis est malus ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3314 genere ex eo quod cadit super materiam indebitam. Emptionis autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3315 et venditionis est materia indebita res spiritualis, triplici
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3316 ratione. Primo quidem, quia res spiritualis non potest aliquo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3317 terreno pretio compensari, sicut de sapientia dicitur Prov. III,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3318 <i>pretiosior est cunctis opibus, et omnia quae desiderantur huic
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3319 non valent comparari</i>. Et ideo Petrus, in ipsa sui radice
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3320 Simonis pravitatem condemnans, dixit, <i>pecunia tua tecum sit in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3321 perditionem, quoniam donum Dei existimasti pecunia possidere</i>.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3322 Secundo, quia illud potest esse debita venditionis materia cuius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3323 venditor est dominus, ut patet in auctoritate supra inducta.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3324 Praelatus autem Ecclesiae non est dominus spiritualium rerum, sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3325 dispensator, secundum illud I ad Cor. IV. <i>Sic nos existimet homo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3326 ut ministros Christi, et dispensatores ministeriorum Dei</i>.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3327 Tertio, quia venditio repugnat spiritualium origini, quae ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3328 gratuita Dei voluntate proveniunt. Unde et dominus dicit, Matth. X,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3329 <i>gratis accepistis, gratis date</i>. Et ideo aliquis, vendendo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3330 vel emendo rem spiritualem, irreverentiam exhibet Deo et rebus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3331 divinis. Propter quod, peccat peccato irreligiositatis.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3332 <p title="II-II q. 100 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="43253"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3333 "ref">[43253] II&ordf;-IIae q. 100 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3334 ergo dicendum quod sicut religio consistit in quadam fidei
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3335 protestatione, quam tamen interdum aliquis non habet in corde; ita
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3336 etiam vitia opposita religioni habent quandam protestationem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3337 infidelitatis, licet quandoque non sit infidelitas in mente.
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3338 Secundum hoc ergo, simonia haeresis dicitur secundum exteriorem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3339 protestationem, quia in hoc quod aliquis vendit donum spiritus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3340 sancti, quodammodo se protestatur esse dominum spiritualis doni;
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3341 quod est haereticum. Sciendum tamen quod Simon magus, praeter hoc
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3342 quod ab apostolis spiritus sancti gratiam pecunia emere voluit,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3343 dixit quod mundus non erat a Deo creatus, sed a quadam superna
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3344 virtute, ut dicit Isidorus, in libro Etymol. Et secundum hoc, inter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3345 alios haereticos simoniaci computantur, ut patet in libro Augustini
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3346 de haeresibus.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3347 <p title="II-II q. 100 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="43254"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3348 "ref">[43254] II&ordf;-IIae q. 100 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3349 dicendum quod, sicut supra dictum est, iustitia et omnes partes
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3350 eius, et per consequens omnia vitia opposita, sunt in voluntate
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3351 sicut in subiecto. Et ideo convenienter simonia per voluntatem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3352 definitur. Additur autem studiosa, ad designandum electionem, quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3353 principaliter pertinet ad virtutem et vitium. Non autem omnis qui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3354 peccat electione peccat peccato in spiritum sanctum, sed solum qui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3355 peccatum eligit per contemptum eorum quae homines solent retrahere
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3356 a peccando, ut supra dictum est.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3357 <p title="II-II q. 100 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="43255"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3358 "ref">[43255] II&ordf;-IIae q. 100 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3359 dicendum quod regnum caelorum dicitur emi, dum quis dat quod habet
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3360 propter Deum, large sumpto nomine emptionis, secundum quod
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3361 accipitur pro merito. Quod tamen non pertingit ad perfectam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3362 rationem emptionis. Tum quia non sunt condignae passiones huius
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3363 temporis, nec aliqua nostra dona vel opera, ad futuram gloriam quae
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3364 revelabitur in nobis, ut dicitur Rom. VIII. Tum quia meritum non
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3365 consistit principaliter in exteriori dono vel actu vel passione,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3366 sed in interiori affectu.</p>
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3367 <p title="II-II q. 100 a. 1 ad 4"><a name="43256"><span class=
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3368 "ref">[43256] II&ordf;-IIae q. 100 a. 1 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3369 dicendum quod Simon magus ad hoc emere voluit spiritualem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3370 potestatem ut eam postea venderet, dicitur enim I, qu. III, quod
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3371 <i>Simon magus donum spiritus sancti emere voluit ut ex venditione
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3372 signorum quae per eum fierent, multiplicatam pecuniam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3373 lucraretur</i>. Et sic illi qui spiritualia vendunt, conformantur
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3374 Simoni mago in intentione, in actu vero, illi qui emere volunt.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3375 Illi autem qui vendunt, in actu imitantur Giezi, discipulum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3376 Elisaei, de quo legitur IV Reg. V, quod accepit pecuniam a leproso
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3377 mundato. Unde venditores spiritualium possunt dici non solum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3378 simoniaci, sed etiam Giezitae.</p>
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3379 <p title="II-II q. 100 a. 1 ad 5"><a name="43257"><span class=
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3380 "ref">[43257] II&ordf;-IIae q. 100 a. 1 ad 5</span></a> Ad quintum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3381 dicendum quod nomine emptionis et venditionis intelligitur omnis
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3382 contractus non gratuitus. Unde nec permutatio praebendarum vel
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3383 ecclesiasticorum beneficiorum fieri potest, auctoritate partium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3384 absque periculo simoniae, sicut nec transactio, ut iura
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3385 determinant. Potest tamen praelatus, ex officio suo. Permutationes
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3386 huiusmodi facere pro causa utili vel necessaria.</p>
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3387 <p title="II-II q. 100 a. 1 ad 6"><a name="43258"><span class=
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3388 "ref">[43258] II&ordf;-IIae q. 100 a. 1 ad 6</span></a> Ad sextum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3389 dicendum quod sicut anima vivit secundum seipsam, corpus vero vivit
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3390 ex unione animae; ita etiam quaedam sunt spiritualia secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3391 seipsa, sicut sacramenta et alia huiusmodi; quaedam autem dicuntur
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3392 spiritualia ex hoc quod talibus adhaerent. Unde I, qu. III,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3393 dicitur, cap. si quis obiecerit, quod <i>spiritualia sine
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3394 corporalibus rebus non proficiunt, sicut nec anima sine corpore
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3395 corporaliter vivit</i>.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3396 <p title="II-II q. 100 a. 1 ad 7"><a name="43259"><span class=
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3397 "ref">[43259] II&ordf;-IIae q. 100 a. 1 ad 7</span></a> Ad septimum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3398 dicendum quod Papa potest incurrere vitium simoniae, sicut et
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3399 quilibet alius homo, peccatum enim tanto in aliqua persona est
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3400 gravius quanto maiorem obtinet locum. Quamvis enim res Ecclesiae
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3401 sint eius ut principalis dispensatoris, non tamen sunt eius ut
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3402 domini et possessoris. Et ideo si reciperet pro aliqua re
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3403 spirituali pecuniam de redditibus alicuius Ecclesiae, non careret
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3404 vitio simoniae. Et similiter etiam posset simoniam committere
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3405 recipiendo pecuniam ab aliquo laico non de bonis Ecclesiae.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3406 <br />
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3407 <div class="E">Articulus 2</div>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3408 <p title="II-II q. 100 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="43260"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3409 "ref">[43260] II&ordf;-IIae q. 100 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3410 secundum sic proceditur. Videtur quod non semper sit illicitum pro
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3411 sacramentis pecuniam dare. Baptismus enim est ianua sacramentorum,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3412 ut in III parte dicetur. Sed licet, ut videtur, in aliquo casu dare
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3413 pecuniam pro Baptismo, puta quando sacerdos puerum morientem sine
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3414 pretio baptizare non vellet. Ergo non semper est illicitum emere
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3415 vel vendere sacramenta.</p>
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3416 <p title="II-II q. 100 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="43261"><span class=
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3417 "ref">[43261] II&ordf;-IIae q. 100 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3418 Praeterea, maximum sacramentorum est Eucharistia, quae in Missa
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3419 consecratur. Sed pro Missis cantandis aliqui sacerdotes praebendam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3420 vel pecuniam accipiunt. Ergo licet multo magis alia sacramenta
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3421 emere vel vendere.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3422 <p title="II-II q. 100 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="43262"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3423 "ref">[43262] II&ordf;-IIae q. 100 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3424 Praeterea, sacramentum poenitentiae est sacramentum necessitatis,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3425 quod praecipue in absolutione consistit. Sed quidam absolventes ab
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3426 excommunicatione pecuniam exigunt. Ergo non semper est illicitum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3427 sacramenta emere vel vendere.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3428 <p title="II-II q. 100 a. 2 arg. 4"><a name="43263"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3429 "ref">[43263] II&ordf;-IIae q. 100 a. 2 arg. 4</span></a>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3430 Praeterea, consuetudo facit ut non sit peccatum illud quod alias
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3431 peccatum esset, sicut Augustinus dicit quod <i>habere plures
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3432 uxores, quando mos erat, crimen non erat</i>. Sed apud quosdam est
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3433 consuetudo quod in consecrationibus episcoporum, benedictionibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3434 abbatum, et ordinibus clericorum, pro chrismate vel oleo sancto et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3435 aliis huiusmodi aliquid detur. Ergo videtur quod hoc non sit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3436 illicitum.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3437 <p title="II-II q. 100 a. 2 arg. 5"><a name="43264"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3438 "ref">[43264] II&ordf;-IIae q. 100 a. 2 arg. 5</span></a>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3439 Praeterea, contingit quandoque quod aliquis malitiose impedit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3440 aliquem vel ab episcopatu obtinendo, vel ab aliqua alia dignitate.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3441 Sed licet unicuique redimere suam vexationem. Ergo licitum videtur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3442 in tali casu pecuniam dare pro episcopatu, vel aliqua alia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3443 ecclesiastica dignitate.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3444 <p title="II-II q. 100 a. 2 arg. 6"><a name="43265"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3445 "ref">[43265] II&ordf;-IIae q. 100 a. 2 arg. 6</span></a>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3446 Praeterea, matrimonium est quoddam sacramentum. Sed quandoque datur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3447 pecunia pro matrimonio. Ergo licitum est sacramenta pecunia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3448 vendere.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3449 <p title="II-II q. 100 a. 2 s. c."><a name="43266"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3450 "ref">[43266] II&ordf;-IIae q. 100 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3451 est quod dicitur I, qu. I, <i>qui per pecuniam quemquam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3452 consecraverit, alienus sit a sacerdotio</i>.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3453 <p title="II-II q. 100 a. 2 co."><a name="43267"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3454 "ref">[43267] II&ordf;-IIae q. 100 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3455 dicendum quod sacramenta novae legis sunt maxime spiritualia,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3456 inquantum sunt spiritualis gratiae causa, quae pretio aestimari non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3457 potest, et eius rationi repugnat quod non gratuito detur.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3458 Dispensantur autem sacramenta per Ecclesiae ministros, quos oportet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3459 a populo sustentari, secundum illud apostoli, I ad Cor. IX,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3460 <i>nescitis quoniam qui in sacrario operantur, quae de sacrario
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3461 sunt edunt, et qui altari deserviunt, cum altario
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3462 participantur?</i> Sic igitur dicendum est quod accipere pecuniam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3463 pro spirituali sacramentorum gratia est crimen simoniae, quod nulla
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3464 consuetudine potest excusari, quia consuetudo non praeiudicat iuri
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3465 naturali vel divino. Per pecuniam autem intelligitur omne illud
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3466 cuius pretium potest pecunia aestimari, ut philosophus dicit, in IV
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3467 Ethic. Accipere autem aliqua ad sustentationem eorum qui sacramenta
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3468 ministrant, secundum ordinationem Ecclesiae et consuetudines
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3469 approbatas, non est simonia, neque peccatum, non enim accipitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3470 tanquam pretium mercedis, sed tanquam stipendium necessitatis. Unde
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3471 super illud I ad Tim. V, qui bene praesunt presbyteri etc., dicit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3472 Glossa Augustini, <i>accipiant sustentationem necessitatis a
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3473 populo, mercedem dispensationis a domino</i>.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3474 <p title="II-II q. 100 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="43268"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3475 "ref">[43268] II&ordf;-IIae q. 100 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3476 ergo dicendum quod in casu necessitatis potest quilibet baptizare.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3477 Et quia nullo modo est peccandum, pro eodem est habendum si
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3478 sacerdos absque pretio baptizare non velit, ac si non esset qui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3479 baptizaret. Unde ille qui gerit curam pueri in tali casu licite
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3480 posset eum baptizare, vel a quocumque alio facere baptizari. Posset
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3481 tamen licite aquam a sacerdote emere, quae est pure elementum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3482 corporale. Si autem esset adultus qui Baptismum desideraret, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3483 immineret mortis periculum, nec sacerdos eum vellet sine pretio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3484 baptizare, deberet, si posset, per alium baptizari. Quod si non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3485 posset ad alium habere recursum, nullo modo deberet pretium pro
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3486 Baptismo dare, sed potius absque Baptismo decedere, suppletur enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3487 ei ex Baptismo flaminis quod ex sacramento deest.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3488 <p title="II-II q. 100 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="43269"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3489 "ref">[43269] II&ordf;-IIae q. 100 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3490 dicendum quod sacerdos non accipit pecuniam quasi pretium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3491 consecrationis Eucharistiae aut Missae cantandae, hoc enim esset
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3492 simoniacum, sed quasi stipendium suae sustentationis, ut dictum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3493 est.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3494 <p title="II-II q. 100 a. 2 ad 3"><a name="43270"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3495 "ref">[43270] II&ordf;-IIae q. 100 a. 2 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3496 dicendum quod pecunia non exigitur ab eo qui absolvitur quasi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3497 pretium absolutionis, hoc enim esset simoniacum, sed quasi poena
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3498 culpae praecedentis, pro qua fuit excommunicatus.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3499 <p title="II-II q. 100 a. 2 ad 4"><a name="43271"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3500 "ref">[43271] II&ordf;-IIae q. 100 a. 2 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3501 dicendum quod, sicut dictum est, consuetudo non praeiudicat iuri
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3502 naturali vel divino, quo simonia prohibetur. Et ideo si aliqua ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3503 consuetudine exigantur quasi pretium rei spiritualis, cum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3504 intentione emendi vel vendendi, est manifeste simonia, et praecipue
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3505 si ab invito exigantur. Si vero accipiantur quasi quaedam stipendia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3506 per consuetudinem approbatam, non est simonia, si tamen desit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3507 intentio emendi vel vendendi, sed intentio referatur ad solam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3508 consuetudinis observantiam; et praecipue quando aliquis voluntarie
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3509 solvit. In his tamen omnibus sollicite cavendum est quod habet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3510 speciem simoniae vel cupiditatis, secundum illud apostoli, I ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3511 Thess. ult., <i>ab omni specie mala abstinete vos</i>.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3512 <p title="II-II q. 100 a. 2 ad 5"><a name="43272"><span class=
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3513 "ref">[43272] II&ordf;-IIae q. 100 a. 2 ad 5</span></a> Ad quintum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3514 dicendum quod antequam alicui acquiratur ius in episcopatu, vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3515 quacumque dignitate seu praebenda, per electionem vel provisionem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3516 seu collationem, simoniacum esset adversantium obstacula pecunia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3517 redimere, sic enim per pecuniam pararet sibi viam ad rem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3518 spiritualem obtinendam. Sed postquam iam ius alicui acquisitum est,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3519 licet per pecuniam iniusta impedimenta removere.</p>
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3520 <p title="II-II q. 100 a. 2 ad 6"><a name="43273"><span class=
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3521 "ref">[43273] II&ordf;-IIae q. 100 a. 2 ad 6</span></a> Ad sextum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3522 dicendum quod quidam dicunt quod pro matrimonio licet pecuniam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3523 dare, quia in eo non confertur gratia. Sed hoc non est usquequaque
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3524 verum, ut in III parte huius operis dicetur. Et ideo aliter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3525 dicendum est, quod matrimonium non solum est Ecclesiae sacramentum,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3526 sed etiam naturae officium. Et ideo dare pecuniam pro matrimonio
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3527 inquantum est naturae officium, licitum est, inquantum vero est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3528 Ecclesiae sacramentum, est illicitum. Et ideo secundum iura
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3529 prohibetur ne pro benedictione nuptiarum aliquid exigatur.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3530 <br />
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3531 <div class="E">Articulus 3</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3532 <p title="II-II q. 100 a. 3 arg. 1"><a name="43274"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3533 "ref">[43274] II&ordf;-IIae q. 100 a. 3 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3534 tertium sic proceditur. Videtur quod licitum sit dare et accipere
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3535 pecuniam pro spiritualibus actibus. Usus enim prophetiae est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3536 spiritualis actus. Sed pro usu prophetiae olim aliquid dabatur, ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3537 patet I Reg. IX, et III Reg. XIV. Ergo videtur quod liceat dare et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3538 accipere pecuniam pro actu spirituali.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3539 <p title="II-II q. 100 a. 3 arg. 2"><a name="43275"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3540 "ref">[43275] II&ordf;-IIae q. 100 a. 3 arg. 2</span></a>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3541 Praeterea, oratio, praedicatio, laus divina sunt actus maxime
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3542 spirituales. Sed ad impetrandum orationum suffragia pecunia datur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3543 sanctis viris, secundum illud Luc. XVI, <i>facite vobis amicos de
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3544 mammona iniquitatis</i>. Praedicatoribus etiam spiritualia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3545 seminantibus temporalia debentur, secundum apostolum, I ad Cor. IX.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3546 Celebrantibus etiam divinas laudes in ecclesiastico officio, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3547 processiones facientibus, aliquid datur, et quandoque annui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3548 redditus ad hoc assignantur. Ergo licitum est pro spiritualibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3549 actibus accipere aliquid.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3550 <p title="II-II q. 100 a. 3 arg. 3"><a name="43276"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3551 "ref">[43276] II&ordf;-IIae q. 100 a. 3 arg. 3</span></a>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3552 Praeterea, scientia non est minus spiritualis quam potestas. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3553 pro usu scientiae licet pecuniam accipere, sicut advocato licet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3554 vendere iustum patrocinium, et medico consilium sanitatis, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3555 magistro officium doctrinae. Ergo, pari ratione, videtur quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3556 liceat praelato accipere aliquid pro usu spiritualis suae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3557 potestatis, puta pro correctione, vel dispensatione, vel aliquo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3558 huiusmodi.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3559 <p title="II-II q. 100 a. 3 arg. 4"><a name="43277"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3560 "ref">[43277] II&ordf;-IIae q. 100 a. 3 arg. 4</span></a>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3561 Praeterea, religio est status spiritualis perfectionis. Sed in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3562 aliquibus monasteriis aliquid ab his qui recipiuntur exigitur. Ergo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3563 licet pro spiritualibus aliquid exigere.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3564 <p title="II-II q. 100 a. 3 s. c."><a name="43278"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3565 "ref">[43278] II&ordf;-IIae q. 100 a. 3 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3566 est quod dicitur I, qu. I, <i>quidquid invisibilis gratiae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3567 consolatione tribuitur, nunquam quaestibus, vel quibuslibet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3568 praemiis, venundari penitus debet</i>. Sed omnia huiusmodi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3569 spiritualia per invisibilem gratiam tribuuntur. Ergo non licet ea
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3570 quaestibus vel praemiis venundari.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3571 <p title="II-II q. 100 a. 3 co."><a name="43279"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3572 "ref">[43279] II&ordf;-IIae q. 100 a. 3 co.</span></a> Respondeo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3573 dicendum quod sicut sacramenta dicuntur spiritualia quia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3574 spiritualem conferunt gratiam, ita etiam quaedam alia dicuntur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3575 spiritualia quia ex spirituali procedunt gratia et ad eam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3576 disponunt. Quae tamen per hominum ministerium exhibentur, quos
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3577 oportet a populo sustentari, cui spiritualia administrant, secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3578 illud I ad Cor. IX, <i>quis militat suis stipendiis unquam? Quis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3579 pascit gregem, et de lacte gregis non manducat?</i> Et ideo vendere
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3580 quod spirituale est in huiusmodi actibus, aut emere, simoniacum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3581 est, sed accipere aut dare aliquid pro sustentatione ministrantium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3582 spiritualia, secundum ordinationem Ecclesiae et consuetudinem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3583 approbatam, licitum est; ita tamen quod desit intentio emptionis et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3584 venditionis; et quod ab invitis non exigatur per subtractionem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3585 spiritualium quae sunt exhibenda, haec enim haberent quandam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3586 venditionis speciem. Gratis tamen spiritualibus prius exhibitis,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3587 licite possunt statutae et consuetae oblationes, et quicumque alii
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3588 proventus, exigi a nolentibus et valentibus solvere, auctoritate
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3589 superioris interveniente.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3590 <p title="II-II q. 100 a. 3 ad 1"><a name="43280"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3591 "ref">[43280] II&ordf;-IIae q. 100 a. 3 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3592 ergo dicendum quod, sicut Hieronymus dicit, super Michaeam, munera
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3593 quaedam sponte exhibebantur bonis prophetis ad sustentationem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3594 ipsorum, non quasi ad emendum prophetiae usum, quem tamen
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3595 pseudoprophetae retorquebant ad quaestum.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3596 <p title="II-II q. 100 a. 3 ad 2"><a name="43281"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3597 "ref">[43281] II&ordf;-IIae q. 100 a. 3 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3598 dicendum quod illi qui dant eleemosynas pauperibus ut orationum ab
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3599 ipsis suffragia impetrent, non eo tenore dant quasi intendentes
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3600 orationes emere, sed per gratuitam beneficentiam pauperum animas
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3601 provocant ad hoc quod pro eis gratis et ex caritate orent.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3602 Praedicantibus etiam temporalia debentur ad sustentationem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3603 praedicantium, non autem ad emendum praedicationis verbum. Unde
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3604 super illud I ad Tim. V, qui bene praesunt presbyteri etc., dicit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3605 Glossa, <i>necessitatis est accipere unde vivitur, caritatis est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3606 praebere, non tamen venale est Evangelium, ut pro his praedicetur.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3607 Si enim sic vendunt, magnam rem vili vendunt pretio</i>. Similiter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3608 etiam aliqua temporalia dantur Deum laudantibus in celebratione
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3609 ecclesiastici officii, sive pro vivis sive pro mortuis, non quasi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3610 pretium, sed quasi sustentationis stipendium. Et eo etiam tenore
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3611 pro processionibus faciendis in aliquo funere aliquae eleemosynae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3612 recipiuntur. Si autem huiusmodi pacto interveniente fiant, aut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3613 etiam cum intentione emptionis vel venditionis, simoniacum esset.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3614 Unde illicita esset ordinatio si in aliqua Ecclesia statueretur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3615 quod non fieret processio in funere alicuius nisi solveret certam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3616 pecuniae quantitatem, quia per tale statutum praecluderetur via
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3617 gratis officium pietatis aliquibus impendendi. Magis autem licita
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3618 esset ordinatio si statueretur quod omnibus certam eleemosynam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3619 dantibus talis honor exhiberetur, quia per hoc non praecluderetur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3620 via aliis exhibendi. Et praeterea prima ordinatio habet speciem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3621 exactionis, secunda vero habet speciem gratuitae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3622 recompensationis.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3623 <p title="II-II q. 100 a. 3 ad 3"><a name="43282"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3624 "ref">[43282] II&ordf;-IIae q. 100 a. 3 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3625 dicendum quod ille cui committitur spiritualis potestas, ex officio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3626 obligatur ad usum potestatis sibi commissae in spiritualium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3627 dispensatione, et etiam pro sua sustentatione statuta stipendia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3628 habet ex redditibus ecclesiasticis. Et ideo si aliquid acciperet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3629 pro usu spiritualis potestatis, non intelligeretur locare operas
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3630 suas, quas ex debito suscepti officii debet impendere, sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3631 intelligeretur vendere ipsum spiritualis gratiae usum. Et propter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3632 hoc, non licet pro quacumque dispensatione aliquid accipere; neque
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3633 etiam pro hoc quod suas vices committant; neque etiam pro hoc quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3634 suos subditos corrigant, vel a corrigendo desistant. Licet tamen
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3635 eis accipere procurationes quando subditos visitant, non quasi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3636 pretium correctionis, sed quasi debitum stipendium. Ille autem qui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3637 habet scientiam, non suscipit tamen hoc officium ex quo obligetur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3638 aliis usum scientiae impendere. Et ideo licite potest pretium suae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3639 doctrinae vel consilii accipere, non quasi veritatem aut scientiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3640 vendens sed quasi operas suas locans. Si autem ex officio ad hoc
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3641 teneretur, intelligeretur ipsam veritatem vendere, unde graviter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3642 peccaret. Sicut patet in illis qui instituuntur in aliquibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3643 Ecclesiis ad docendum clericos Ecclesiae et alios pauperes, pro quo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3644 ab Ecclesia beneficium recipiunt, a quibus non licet eis aliquid
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3645 recipere, nec ad hoc quod doceant, nec ad hoc quod aliqua festa
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3646 faciant vel praetermittant.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3647 <p title="II-II q. 100 a. 3 ad 4"><a name="43283"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3648 "ref">[43283] II&ordf;-IIae q. 100 a. 3 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3649 dicendum quod pro ingressu monasterii non licet aliquid exigere vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3650 accipere quasi pretium. Licet tamen, si monasterium sit tenue, quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3651 non sufficiat ad tot personas nutriendas, gratis quidem ingressum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3652 monasterii exhibere, sed accipere aliquid pro victu personae quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3653 in monasterio fuerit recipienda, si ad hoc monasterii non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3654 sufficiant opes. Similiter etiam licitum est si propter devotionem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3655 quam aliquis ad monasterium ostendit largas eleemosynas faciendo,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3656 facilius in monasterio recipiatur; sicut etiam licitum est e
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3657 converso aliquem provocare ad devotionem monasterii per temporalia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3658 beneficia, ut ex hoc inclinetur ad monasterii ingressum; licet non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3659 sit licitum ex pacto aliquid dare vel recipere pro ingressu
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3660 monasterii, ut habetur I, qu. II, cap. quam pio.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3661 <br />
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3662 <div class="E">Articulus 4</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3663 <p title="II-II q. 100 a. 4 arg. 1"><a name="43284"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3664 "ref">[43284] II&ordf;-IIae q. 100 a. 4 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3665 quartum sic proceditur. Videtur quod licitum sit pecuniam accipere
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3666 pro his quae sunt spiritualibus annexa. Omnia enim temporalia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3667 videntur esse spiritualibus annexa, quia temporalia sunt propter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3668 spiritualia quaerenda. Si ergo non licet vendere ea quae sunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3669 spiritualibus annexa, nihil temporale vendere licebit. Quod patet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3670 esse falsum.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3671 <p title="II-II q. 100 a. 4 arg. 2"><a name="43285"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3672 "ref">[43285] II&ordf;-IIae q. 100 a. 4 arg. 2</span></a>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3673 Praeterea, nihil videtur magis spiritualibus annexum quam vasa
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3674 consecrata. Sed ea licet vendere pro redemptione captivorum, ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3675 Ambrosius dicit. Ergo licitum est vendere ea quae sunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3676 spiritualibus annexa.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3677 <p title="II-II q. 100 a. 4 arg. 3"><a name="43286"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3678 "ref">[43286] II&ordf;-IIae q. 100 a. 4 arg. 3</span></a>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3679 Praeterea, spiritualibus annexa videntur ius sepulturae, ius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3680 patronatus, et ius primogeniturae secundum antiquos (quia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3681 primogeniti, ante legem, sacerdotis officio fungebantur), et etiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3682 ius accipiendi decimas. Sed Abraham emit ab Ephron speluncam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3683 duplicem in sepulturam. Ut habetur Gen. XXIII. Iacob autem emit ab
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3684 Esau ius primogeniturae, ut habetur Gen. XXV. Ius etiam patronatus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3685 cum re vendita transit, in feudum conceditur. Decimae etiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3686 concessae sunt quibusdam militibus, et redimi possunt. Praelati
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3687 interdum retinent sibi ad tempus fructus praebendarum quas
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3688 conferunt, cum tamen praebendae sint spiritualibus annexae. Ergo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3689 licet emere et vendere ea quae sunt spiritualibus annexa.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3690 <p title="II-II q. 100 a. 4 s. c."><a name="43287"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3691 "ref">[43287] II&ordf;-IIae q. 100 a. 4 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3692 est quod dicit paschalis Papa, et habetur I, qu. III, cap. si quis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3693 obiecerit, <i>quisquis eorum vendidit alterum sine quo nec alterum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3694 provenit, neutrum invenditum derelinquit. Nullus ergo emat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3695 Ecclesiam vel praebendam, vel aliquid ecclesiasticum</i>.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3696 <p title="II-II q. 100 a. 4 co."><a name="43288"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3697 "ref">[43288] II&ordf;-IIae q. 100 a. 4 co.</span></a> Respondeo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3698 dicendum quod aliquid potest esse spiritualibus annexum dupliciter.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3699 Uno modo, sicut ex spiritualibus dependens, sicut habere beneficia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3700 ecclesiastica dicitur spiritualibus annexum quia non competit nisi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3701 habenti officium clericale. Unde huiusmodi nullo modo possunt esse
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3702 sine spiritualibus. Et propter hoc, ea nullo modo vendere licet,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3703 quia, eis venditis, intelliguntur etiam spiritualia venditioni
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3704 subiici. Quaedam autem sunt annexa spiritualibus inquantum ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3705 spiritualia ordinantur, sicut ius patronatus, quod ordinatur ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3706 praesentandum clericos ad ecclesiastica beneficia; et vasa sacra,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3707 quae ordinantur ad sacramentorum usum. Unde huiusmodi non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3708 praesupponunt spiritualia, sed magis ea ordine temporis praecedunt.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3709 Et ideo aliquo modo vendi possunt, non autem inquantum sunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3710 spiritualibus annexa.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3711 <p title="II-II q. 100 a. 4 ad 1"><a name="43289"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3712 "ref">[43289] II&ordf;-IIae q. 100 a. 4 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3713 ergo dicendum quod omnia temporalia annectuntur spiritualibus sicut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3714 fini. Et ideo ipsa quidem temporalia vendere licet, sed ordo eorum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3715 ad spiritualia sub venditione cadere non debet.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3716 <p title="II-II q. 100 a. 4 ad 2"><a name="43290"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3717 "ref">[43290] II&ordf;-IIae q. 100 a. 4 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3718 dicendum quod etiam vasa sacra sunt spiritualibus annexa sicut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3719 fini. Et ideo eorum consecratio vendi non potest, tamen, pro
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3720 necessitate Ecclesiae et pauperum, materia eorum vendi potest;
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3721 dummodo, praemissa oratione, prius confringantur; quia post
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3722 confractionem non intelliguntur esse vasa sacra, sed purum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3723 metallum. Unde si ex eadem materia similia vasa iterum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3724 reintegrarentur, indigerent iterum consecrari.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3725 <p title="II-II q. 100 a. 4 ad 3"><a name="43291"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3726 "ref">[43291] II&ordf;-IIae q. 100 a. 4 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3727 dicendum quod spelunca duplex quam Abraham emit in sepulturam, non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3728 habetur quod erat terra consecrata ad sepeliendum. Et ideo licebat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3729 Abrahae terram illam emere ad usum sepulturae, ut ibi institueret
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3730 sepulcrum, sicut etiam nunc liceret emere aliquem agrum communem ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3731 instituendum ibi coemeterium, vel etiam Ecclesiam. Quia tamen etiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3732 apud gentiles loca sepulturae deputata religiosa reputabantur, si
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3733 Ephron pro iure sepulturae pretium intendit accipere, peccavit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3734 vendens, licet Abraham non peccaverit emens, quia non intendebat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3735 emere nisi terram communem. Licet etiam nunc terram ubi quondam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3736 fuit Ecclesia, vendere aut emere in casu necessitatis, sicut et de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3737 materia vasorum sacrorum dictum est. Vel excusatur Abraham quia in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3738 hoc redemit suam vexationem. Quamvis enim Ephron gratis ei
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3739 sepulturam offerret, perpendit tamen Abraham quod gratis recipere
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3740 sine eius offensa non posset. Ius autem primogeniturae debebatur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3741 Iacob ex divina electione, secundum illud Malach. I, Iacob dilexi,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3742 Esau odio habui. Et ideo Esau peccavit primogenita vendens, Iacob
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3743 autem non peccavit emendo, quia intelligitur suam vexationem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3744 redemisse. Ius autem patronatus per se vendi non potest, nec in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3745 feudum dari, sed transit cum villa quae venditur vel conceditur.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3746 Ius autem spirituale accipiendi decimas non conceditur laicis, sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3747 tantummodo res temporales quae nomine decimae dantur, ut supra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3748 dictum est. Circa collationem vero beneficiorum, sciendum est quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3749 si episcopus, antequam alicui beneficium offerat, ob aliquam causam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3750 ordinaverit aliquid subtrahendum de fructibus beneficii conferendi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3751 et in pios usus expendendum, non est illicitum. Si vero ab eo cui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3752 beneficium offert requirat aliquid sibi exhiberi de fructibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3753 illius beneficii, idem est ac si aliud munus ab eo exigeret, et non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3754 caret vitio simoniae.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3755 <br />
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3756 <div class="E">Articulus 5</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3757 <p title="II-II q. 100 a. 5 arg. 1"><a name="43292"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3758 "ref">[43292] II&ordf;-IIae q. 100 a. 5 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3759 quintum sic proceditur. Videtur quod liceat spiritualia dare pro
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3760 munere quod est ab obsequio vel a lingua. Dicit enim Gregorius, in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3761 registro, <i>ecclesiasticis utilitatibus deservientes ecclesiastica
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3762 dignum est remuneratione gaudere</i>. Sed deservire ecclesiasticis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3763 utilitatibus pertinet ad munus ab obsequio. Ergo videtur quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3764 licitum sit pro obsequio accepto ecclesiastica beneficia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3765 largiri.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3766 <p title="II-II q. 100 a. 5 arg. 2"><a name="43293"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3767 "ref">[43293] II&ordf;-IIae q. 100 a. 5 arg. 2</span></a>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3768 Praeterea, sicut carnalis videtur esse intentio si quis alicui det
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3769 beneficium ecclesiasticum pro suscepto servitio, ita etiam si quis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3770 det intuitu consanguinitatis. Sed hoc non videtur esse simoniacum,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3771 quia non est ibi emptio et venditio. Ergo nec primum.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3772 <p title="II-II q. 100 a. 5 arg. 3"><a name="43294"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3773 "ref">[43294] II&ordf;-IIae q. 100 a. 5 arg. 3</span></a>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3774 Praeterea, illud quod solum ad preces alicuius fit, gratis fieri
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3775 videtur, et ita non videtur habere locum simonia, quae in emptione
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3776 et venditione consistit. Sed munus a lingua intelligitur si quis ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3777 preces alicuius ecclesiasticum beneficium conferat. Ergo hoc non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3778 est simoniacum.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3779 <p title="II-II q. 100 a. 5 arg. 4"><a name="43295"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3780 "ref">[43295] II&ordf;-IIae q. 100 a. 5 arg. 4</span></a>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3781 Praeterea, hypocritae spiritualia opera faciunt ut laudem humanam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3782 consequantur, quae videtur ad munus linguae pertinere. Nec tamen
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3783 hypocritae dicuntur simoniaci. Non ergo per munus a lingua simonia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3784 contrahitur.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3785 <p title="II-II q. 100 a. 5 s. c."><a name="43296"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3786 "ref">[43296] II&ordf;-IIae q. 100 a. 5 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3787 est quod Urbanus Papa dicit, <i>quisquis res ecclesiasticas, non ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3788 quod institutae sunt, sed ad propria lucra, munere linguae vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3789 obsequii vel pecuniae largitur vel adipiscitur, simoniacus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3790 est</i>.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3791 <p title="II-II q. 100 a. 5 co."><a name="43297"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3792 "ref">[43297] II&ordf;-IIae q. 100 a. 5 co.</span></a> Respondeo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3793 dicendum quod, sicut supra dictum est, nomine pecuniae intelligitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3794 cuiuscumque pretium pecunia mensurari potest. Manifestum est autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3795 quod obsequium hominis ad aliquam utilitatem ordinatur quae potest
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3796 pretio pecuniae aestimari, unde et pecuniaria mercede ministri
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3797 conducuntur. Et ideo idem est quod aliquis det rem spiritualem pro
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3798 aliquo obsequio temporali exhibito vel exhibendo, ac si daret pro
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3799 pecunia, data vel promissa, qua illud obsequium aestimari posset.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3800 Similiter etiam quod aliquis satisfaciat precibus alicuius ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3801 temporalem gratiam quaerendam, ordinatur ad aliquam utilitatem quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3802 potest pecuniae pretio aestimari. Et ideo sicut contrahitur simonia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3803 accipiendo pecuniam vel quamlibet rem exteriorem, quod pertinet ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3804 munus a manu, ita etiam contrahitur per munus a lingua, vel ab
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3805 obsequio.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3806 <p title="II-II q. 100 a. 5 ad 1"><a name="43298"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3807 "ref">[43298] II&ordf;-IIae q. 100 a. 5 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3808 ergo dicendum quod si aliquis clericus alicui praelato impendat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3809 obsequium honestum et ad spiritualia ordinatum, puta ad Ecclesiae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3810 utilitatem vel ministrorum eius auxilium, ex ipsa devotione
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3811 obsequii redditur dignus ecclesiastico beneficio, sicut et propter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3812 alia bona opera. Unde non intelligitur esse munus ab obsequi. Et in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3813 hoc casu loquitur Gregorius. Si vero sit inhonestum obsequium, vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3814 ad carnalia ordinatum, puta quia servivit praelato ad utilitatem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3815 consanguineorum suorum vel patrimonii sui, vel ad aliquid
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3816 huiusmodi, esset munus ab obsequio, et simoniacum.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3817 <p title="II-II q. 100 a. 5 ad 2"><a name="43299"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3818 "ref">[43299] II&ordf;-IIae q. 100 a. 5 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3819 dicendum quod si aliquis aliquid spirituale alicui conferat gratis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3820 propter consanguinitatem, vel quamcumque carnalem affectionem, est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3821 quidem illicita et carnalis collatio, non tamen simoniaca, quia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3822 nihil ibi accipitur, unde hoc non pertinet ad contractum emptionis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3823 et venditionis, in quo fundatur simonia. Si tamen aliquis det
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3824 beneficium ecclesiasticum alicui hoc pacto, vel intentione, ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3825 exinde suis consanguineis provideat, est manifesta simonia.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3826 <p title="II-II q. 100 a. 5 ad 3"><a name="43300"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3827 "ref">[43300] II&ordf;-IIae q. 100 a. 5 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3828 dicendum quod munus a lingua dicitur vel ipsa laus pertinens ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3829 favorem humanum, qui sub pretio cadit, vel etiam preces ex quibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3830 acquiritur favor humanus, vel contrarium evitatur. Et ideo si
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3831 aliquis principaliter ad hoc intendat, simoniam committit. Videtur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3832 autem ad hoc principaliter intendere qui preces pro indigno
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3833 porrectas exaudit. Unde ipsum factum est simoniacum. Si autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3834 preces pro digno porrigantur, ipsum factum non est simoniacum, quia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3835 subest debita causa ex qua illi pro quo preces porriguntur,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3836 spirituale aliquid conferatur. Potest tamen esse simonia in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3837 intentione, si non attendatur ad dignitatem personae, sed ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3838 favorem humanum. Si vero aliquis pro se rogat ut obtineat curam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3839 animarum, ex ipsa praesumptione redditur indignus, et sic preces
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3840 sunt pro indigno. Licite tamen potest aliquis, si sit indigens, pro
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3841 se beneficium ecclesiasticum petere sine cura animarum.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3842 <p title="II-II q. 100 a. 5 ad 4"><a name="43301"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3843 "ref">[43301] II&ordf;-IIae q. 100 a. 5 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3844 dicendum quod hypocrita non dat aliquid spirituale propter laudem,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3845 sed solum demonstrat, et simulando magis furtive surripit laudem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3846 humanam quam emat. Unde non videtur pertinere ad vitium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3847 simoniae.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3848 <br />
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3849 <div class="E">Articulus 6</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3850 <p title="II-II q. 100 a. 6 arg. 1"><a name="43302"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3851 "ref">[43302] II&ordf;-IIae q. 100 a. 6 arg. 1</span></a> Ad sextum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3852 sic proceditur. Videtur quod non sit conveniens simoniaci poena ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3853 privetur eo quod per simoniam acquisivit. Simonia enim committitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3854 ex eo quod alicuius muneris interventu spiritualia acquiruntur. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3855 quaedam sunt spiritualia quae semel adepta, non possunt amitti,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3856 sicut omnes characteres, qui per aliquam consecrationem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3857 imprimuntur. Ergo non est conveniens poena ut quis privetur eo quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3858 simoniace acquisivit.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3859 <p title="II-II q. 100 a. 6 arg. 2"><a name="43303"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3860 "ref">[43303] II&ordf;-IIae q. 100 a. 6 arg. 2</span></a>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3861 Praeterea, contingit quandoque quod ille qui est episcopatum per
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3862 simoniam adeptus, praecipiat subdito ut ab eo recipiat ordines, et
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3863 videtur quod debeat ei obedire quandiu ab Ecclesia toleratur. Sed
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3864 nullus debet aliquid recipere ab eo qui non habet potestatem
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3865 conferendi. Ergo episcopus non amittit episcopalem potestatem si
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3866 eam simoniace acquisivit.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3867 <p title="II-II q. 100 a. 6 arg. 3"><a name="43304"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3868 "ref">[43304] II&ordf;-IIae q. 100 a. 6 arg. 3</span></a>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3869 Praeterea, nullus debet puniri pro eo quod non est factum eo
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3870 sciente et volente, quia poena debetur peccato, quod est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3871 voluntarium, ut ex supra dictis patet. Contingit autem quandoque
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3872 quod aliquis simoniace consequitur aliquid spirituale procurantibus
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3873 aliis, eo nesciente et nolente. Ergo non debet puniri per
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3874 privationem eius quod ei collatum est.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3875 <p title="II-II q. 100 a. 6 arg. 4"><a name="43305"><span class=
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3876 "ref">[43305] II&ordf;-IIae q. 100 a. 6 arg. 4</span></a>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3877 Praeterea, nullus debet portare commodum de suo peccato. Sed si
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3878 ille qui consecutus est beneficium ecclesiasticum per simoniam,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3879 restitueret quod percepit, quandoque hoc redundaret in utilitatem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3880 eorum qui fuerunt simoniae participes, puta quando praelatus et
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3881 totum collegium in simoniam consensit. Ergo non semper est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3882 restituendum quod per simoniam acquiritur.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3883 <p title="II-II q. 100 a. 6 arg. 5"><a name="43306"><span class=
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3884 "ref">[43306] II&ordf;-IIae q. 100 a. 6 arg. 5</span></a>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3885 Praeterea, quandoque aliquis per simoniam in aliquo monasterio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3886 recipitur, et votum solemne ibi facit profitendo. Sed nullus debet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3887 absolvi ab obligatione voti propter culpam commissam. Ergo non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3888 debet monachatum amittere quem simoniace acquisivit.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3889 <p title="II-II q. 100 a. 6 arg. 6"><a name="43307"><span class=
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3890 "ref">[43307] II&ordf;-IIae q. 100 a. 6 arg. 6</span></a>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3891 Praeterea, exterior poena in hoc mundo non infligitur pro interiori
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3892 motu cordis, de quo solius Dei est iudicare. Sed simonia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3893 committitur ex sola intentione vel voluntate, unde et per
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3894 voluntatem definitur, ut supra dictum est. Ergo non semper debet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3895 aliquis privari eo quod simoniace acquisivit.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3896 <p title="II-II q. 100 a. 6 arg. 7"><a name="43308"><span class=
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3897 "ref">[43308] II&ordf;-IIae q. 100 a. 6 arg. 7</span></a>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3898 Praeterea, multo maius est promoveri ad maiora quam in susceptis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3899 permanere. Sed quandoque simoniaci, ex dispensatione, promoventur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3900 ad maiora. Ergo non semper debent susceptis privari.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3901 <p title="II-II q. 100 a. 6 s. c."><a name="43309"><span class=
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3902 "ref">[43309] II&ordf;-IIae q. 100 a. 6 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3903 est quod dicitur I, qu. I, cap. si quis episcopus, <i>qui ordinatus
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3904 est, nihil ex ordinatione vel promotione quae est per negotiationem
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3905 facta, proficiat, sed sit alienus a dignitate vel sollicitudine
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3906 quam pecuniis acquisivit</i>.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3907 <p title="II-II q. 100 a. 6 co."><a name="43310"><span class=
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3908 "ref">[43310] II&ordf;-IIae q. 100 a. 6 co.</span></a> Respondeo
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3909 dicendum quod nullus potest licite retinere illud quod contra
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3910 voluntatem domini acquisivit, puta si aliquis dispensator de rebus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3911 domini sui daret alicui contra voluntatem et ordinationem domini
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3912 sui, ille qui acciperet licite retinere non posset. Dominus autem,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3913 cuius Ecclesiarum praelati sunt dispensatores et ministri,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3914 ordinavit ut spiritualia gratis darentur, secundum illud Matth. X,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3915 gratis accepistis, gratis date. Et ideo qui muneris interventu
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3916 spiritualia quaecumque assequuntur, ea licite retinere non possunt.
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3917 Insuper autem simoniaci, tam vendentes quam ementes spiritualia,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3918 aut etiam mediatores, aliis poenis puniuntur, scilicet infamia et
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3919 depositione, si sint clerici; et excommunicatione, si sint laici;
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3920 ut habetur I, qu. I, cap. si quis episcopus.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3921 <p title="II-II q. 100 a. 6 ad 1"><a name="43311"><span class=
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3922 "ref">[43311] II&ordf;-IIae q. 100 a. 6 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3923 ergo dicendum quod ille qui simoniace accipit sacrum ordinem,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3924 recipit quidem characterem ordinis, propter efficaciam sacramenti,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3925 non tamen recipit gratiam, neque ordinis executionem, eo quod quasi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3926 furtive suscepit characterem, contra principalis domini voluntatem.
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3927 Et ideo est ipso iure suspensus, et quoad se, ut scilicet de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3928 executione sui ordinis se non intromittat; et quoad alios, ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3929 scilicet nullus ei communicet in ordinis executione; sive sit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3930 peccatum eius publicum, sive occultum. Nec potest repetere pecuniam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3931 quam turpiter dedit, licet alius iniuste detineat. Si vero sit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3932 simoniacus quia contulit ordinem simoniace, vel quia dedit vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3933 recepit beneficium simoniace, vel fuit mediator simoniae, si est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3934 publicum, est ipso iure suspensus et quoad se et quoad alios; si
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3935 autem est occultum, est suspensus ipso iure quoad se tantum, non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3936 autem quoad alios.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3937 <p title="II-II q. 100 a. 6 ad 2"><a name="43312"><span class=
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3938 "ref">[43312] II&ordf;-IIae q. 100 a. 6 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3939 dicendum quod nec propter praeceptum eius, nec etiam propter
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3940 excommunicationem, debet aliquis recipere ordinem ab episcopo quem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3941 scit simoniace promotum. Et si ordinetur, non recipit ordinis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3942 executionem, etiam si ignoret eum esse simoniacum, sed indiget
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3943 dispensatione. Quamvis quidam dicunt quod, si non potest probare
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3944 eum esse simoniacum, debet obedire recipiendo ordinem, sed non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3945 debet exequi sine dispensatione. Sed hoc absque ratione dicitur.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3946 Quia nullus debet obedire alicui ad communicandum sibi in facto
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3947 illicito. Ille autem qui est ipso iure suspensus et quoad se et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3948 quoad alios, illicite confert ordinem. Unde nullus debet sibi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3949 communicare recipiendo ab eo, quacumque ex causa. Si autem ei non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3950 constat, non debet credere peccatum alterius, et ita cum bona
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3951 conscientia debet ab eo ordinem recipere. Si autem episcopus sit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3952 simoniacus aliquo alio modo quam per promotionem suam simoniace
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3953 factam, potest recipere ab eo ordinem, si sit occultum, quia non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3954 est suspensus quoad alios, sed solum quoad seipsum, ut dictum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3955 est.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3956 <p title="II-II q. 100 a. 6 ad 3"><a name="43313"><span class=
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3957 "ref">[43313] II&ordf;-IIae q. 100 a. 6 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3958 dicendum quod hoc quod aliquis privetur eo quod accepit, non solum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3959 est poena peccati, sed etiam quandoque est effectus acquisitionis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3960 iniustae, puta cum aliquis emit rem aliquam ab eo qui vendere non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3961 potest. Et ideo si aliquis scienter et propria sponte simoniace
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3962 accipiat ordinem vel ecclesiasticum beneficium, non solum privatur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3963 eo quod accepit, ut scilicet careat executione ordinis et
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3964 beneficium resignet cum fructibus inde perceptis; sed etiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3965 ulterius punitur, quia notatur infamia; et tenetur ad restituendos
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3966 fructus non solum perceptos, sed etiam eos qui percipi potuerunt a
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3967 possessore diligenti (quod tamen intelligendum est de fructibus qui
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3968 supersunt deductis expensis factis causa fructuum, exceptis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3969 fructibus illis qui alias expensi sunt in utilitatem Ecclesiae). Si
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3970 vero, eo nec volente nec sciente, per alios alicuius promotio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3971 simoniace procuratur, caret quidem ordinis executione, et tenetur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3972 resignare beneficium quod est consecutus, cum fructibus extantibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3973 (non autem tenetur restituere fructus consumptos, quia bona fide
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3974 possedit), nisi forte inimicus eius fraudulenter pecuniam daret pro
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3975 alicuius promotione, vel nisi ipse expresse contradixerit. Tunc
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3976 enim non tenetur ad abrenuntiandum, nisi forte postmodum pacto
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3977 consenserit, solvendo quod fuit promissum.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3978 <p title="II-II q. 100 a. 6 ad 4"><a name="43314"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3979 "ref">[43314] II&ordf;-IIae q. 100 a. 6 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3980 dicendum quod pecunia, vel possessio, vel fructus simoniace
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3981 accepti, debent restitui Ecclesiae in cuius iniuriam data sunt, non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3982 obstante quod praelatus, vel aliquis de collegio illius Ecclesiae,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3983 fuit in culpa, quia eorum peccatum non debet aliis nocere. Ita
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3984 tamen quod, quantum fieri potest, ipsi qui peccaverunt inde
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3985 commodum non consequantur. Si vero praelatus et totum collegium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3986 sunt in culpa, debet cum auctoritate superioris vel pauperibus vel
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3987 alteri Ecclesiae erogari.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3988 <p title="II-II q. 100 a. 6 ad 5"><a name="43315"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3989 "ref">[43315] II&ordf;-IIae q. 100 a. 6 ad 5</span></a> Ad quintum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3990 dicendum quod si aliqui sunt in monasterio simoniace recepti,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3991 debent abrenuntiare. Et si eis scientibus commissa est simonia post
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3992 Concilium generale, sine spe restitutionis de suo monasterio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3993 repelluntur, et ad agendam perpetuam poenitentiam sunt in arctiori
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3994 regula ponendi, vel in aliquo loco eiusdem ordinis, si arctior ordo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3995 non inveniretur. Si vero hoc fuit ante Concilium, debent in aliis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3996 locis eiusdem ordinis collocari. Et si hoc fieri non potest,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3997 dispensative debent in eisdem monasteriis recipi, ne in saeculo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3998 evagentur, mutatis tamen prioribus locis et inferioribus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3999 assignatis. Si vero ipsis ignorantibus, sive ante Concilium sive
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4000 post, sint simoniace recepti, postquam renuntiaverint, possunt de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4001 novo recipi, locis mutatis, ut dictum est.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4002 <p title="II-II q. 100 a. 6 ad 6"><a name="43316"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4003 "ref">[43316] II&ordf;-IIae q. 100 a. 6 ad 6</span></a> Ad sextum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4004 dicendum quod quoad Deum sola voluntas facit simoniacum, sed quoad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4005 poenam ecclesiasticam exteriorem, non punitur ut simoniacus, ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4006 abrenuntiare teneatur, sed debet de mala intentione poenitere.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4007 <p title="II-II q. 100 a. 6 ad 7"><a name="43317"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4008 "ref">[43317] II&ordf;-IIae q. 100 a. 6 ad 7</span></a> Ad septimum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4009 dicendum quod dispensare cum eo qui est scienter beneficiatus,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4010 solus Papa potest. In aliis autem casibus potest etiam episcopus
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4011 dispensare, ita tamen quod prius abrenuntiet quod simoniace
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4012 acquisivit. Et tunc dispensationem consequatur vel parvam, ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4013 habeat laicam communionem; vel magnam, ut, post poenitentiam, in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4014 alia Ecclesia in suo ordine remaneat; vel maiorem, ut remaneat in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4015 eadem, sed in minoribus ordinibus; vel maximam, ut in eadem
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4016 Ecclesia etiam maiores ordines exequatur, non tamen praelationem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4017 accipiat.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4018 <div class="centro"><br />
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diff changeset
4019 <p><a href="sth3082.html"><img src="icons/ageretro.gif" width="19"
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4020 height="19" align="middle" border="0" alt="age retro" /></a> &nbsp;
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diff changeset
4021 <a href="sth3101.html"><img src="icons/ageultra.gif" width="19"
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diff changeset
4022 height="19" align="middle" border="0" alt="age ultra" /></a></p>
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diff changeset
4023 <br />
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diff changeset
4024 <hr />
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diff changeset
4025 <br />
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diff changeset
4026 <address>&copy; 2006 Fundaci&oacute;n Tom&aacute;s de Aquino quoad
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diff changeset
4027 hanc editionem<br />
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4028 Iura omnia asservantur<br />
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diff changeset
4029 OCLC nr. <a href="http://worldcatlibraries.org/wcpa/oclc/49644264"
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4030 style="text-decoration=none">49644264</a></address>
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4031 </div>
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4032 </body>
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4033 </html>