annotate summa/latin/sth2073.html @ 53:d777cc3962f2

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date Mon, 28 Dec 2009 13:00:58 +0000
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1 <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
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2 <!DOCTYPE html
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3 PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "file:///c:/cygwin/usr/local/share/lib/xml/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
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4 <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="LA" lang="LA">
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5 <head>
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6 <meta content="HTML Tidy for Windows (vers 1st February 2005), see www.w3.org" name="generator"/>
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7 <meta content="text/html; charset=us-ascii" http-equiv="Content-Type"/>
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8 <meta content="text/css" http-equiv="Content-Style-Type"/>
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9 <meta content="text/javascript" http-equiv="Content-Script-Type"/>
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10 <meta content="Thomas de Aquino, Summa Theologiae, Corpus Thomisticum" name="keywords"/>
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11 <meta content="Latin" name="language"/>
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12 <meta content="public" name="security"/>
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13 <meta content="ealarcon@unav.es" name="owner"/>
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14 <meta content="Enrique Alarcón" name="author"/>
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15 <meta content="" name="abstract"/>
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16 <link type="text/css" href="vscreen.css" media="screen" rel="stylesheet"/>
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17 <link type="text/css" href="vprint.css" media="print" rel="stylesheet"/>
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18 <title>Thomas de Aquino, Summa Theologiae, Iª-IIae q.
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19 73</title>
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20 </head>
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21 <body><a href="http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/"/><div class="tres">CORPUS THOMISTICUM</div><div class="uno">Sancti Thomae de Aquino</div><div class="uno">Summa Theologiae</div><div class="dos">prima pars secundae partis quaestio LXXIII</div><div class="centro">
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22 <table summary="Imago" align="center">
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23 <tr>
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24 <th><img align="middle" alt="Thomas de Aquino a Filippino Lippi depictus (Cappella Carafa, S. Maria sopra Minerva, Roma)" border="0" height="190" width="275" src="icons/fugit190.jpg"/></th>
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25 </tr>
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26 </table>
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27 <br/>
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28 <span class="tres">Textum Leoninum Romae 1892 editum<br/>
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29 ac automato translatum a Roberto Busa SJ in taenias
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30 magneticas<br/>
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31 denuo recognovit Enrique Alarcón atque instruxit<br/>
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32 <br/></span><br/>
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33 <hr/>
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34 <br/>
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35 <p><a href="sth2072.html"><img alt="age retro" border="0" align="middle" height="19" width="19" src="icons/ageretro.gif"/></a>  
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36 <a href="sth2074.html"><img alt="age ultra" border="0" align="middle" height="19" width="19" src="icons/ageultra.gif"/></a></p>
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37 <script type="text/javascript" language="JavaScript">
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38 //
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39 &lt;!--
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40 // original code by Bill Trefzger 12/12/96; revised by Enrique Alarcon 12/9/2000
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41 function go(){if(document.selecter.select1.options[document.selecter.select1.selectedIndex].value !="none"){location=document.selecter.select1.options[document.selecter.select1.selectedIndex].value}}
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42 document.write('&lt;FORM NAME="selecter"&gt;&lt;SELECT NAME="select1"&gt;');
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43 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="none"&gt;INDEX');
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44 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="none"&gt;------------------------------------------------');
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45 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="index.html"&gt;Corpus Thomisticum');
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46 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="iopera.html"&gt;Opera omnia');
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47 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="zbiblia.html"&gt;Bibliographia Thomistica');
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48 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="none"&gt;------------------------------------------------');
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62 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36624"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 73 a. 2 co.');
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63 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36625"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 73 a. 2 ad 1');
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64 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36626"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 73 a. 2 ad 2');
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69 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36631"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 73 a. 3 s. c.');
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70 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36632"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 73 a. 3 co.');
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77 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36639"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 73 a. 4 s. c.');
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79 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36641"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 73 a. 4 ad 1');
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81 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36643"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 73 a. 4 ad 3');
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82 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36644"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 73 a. 5 arg. 1');
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93 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36655"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 73 a. 6 s. c.');
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94 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36656"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 73 a. 6 co.');
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95 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36657"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 73 a. 6 ad 1');
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96 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36658"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 73 a. 6 ad 2');
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97 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36659"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 73 a. 6 ad 3');
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98 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36660"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 73 a. 7 arg. 1');
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99 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36661"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 73 a. 7 arg. 2');
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100 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36662"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 73 a. 7 arg. 3');
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101 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36663"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 73 a. 7 s. c.');
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102 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36664"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 73 a. 7 co.');
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103 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36665"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 73 a. 7 ad 1');
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104 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36666"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 73 a. 7 ad 2');
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105 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36667"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 73 a. 7 ad 3');
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106 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#36668"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 73 a. 8 arg. 1');
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134 // --&gt;
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135 //
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136 </script><br/>
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137 <hr/>
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138 <br/></div><div class="q" id="q73"><h2>Quaestio 73</h2><div class="p"><h3>Prooemium</h3><p title="I-II q. 73 pr."><a name="36611"><span class="ref">[36611]
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139 Iª-IIae q. 73 pr.</span></a> Deinde considerandum est de
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140 comparatione peccatorum ad invicem. Et circa hoc quaeruntur decem.
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141 Primo, utrum omnia peccata et vitia sint connexa. Secundo, utrum
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142 omnia sint paria. Tertio, utrum gravitas peccatorum attendatur
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143 secundum obiecta. Quarto, utrum secundum dignitatem virtutum quibus
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144 peccata opponuntur. Quinto, utrum peccata carnalia sint graviora
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145 quam spiritualia. Sexto, utrum secundum causas peccatorum
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146 attendatur gravitas peccatorum. Septimo, utrum secundum
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147 circumstantias. Octavo, utrum secundum quantitatem nocumenti. Nono,
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148 utrum secundum conditionem personae in quam peccatur. Decimo, utrum
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149 propter magnitudinem personae peccantis aggravetur peccatum.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 1</h3><p title="I-II q. 73 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="36612"><span class="ref">[36612] Iª-IIae q. 73 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad primum
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150 sic proceditur. Videtur quod omnia peccata sint connexa. Dicitur
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151 enim Iac. II, <i>quicumque totam legem servaverit, offendat autem
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152 in uno, factus est omnium reus</i>. Sed idem est esse reum omnium
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153 mandatorum legis, quod habere omnia peccata, quia, sicut Ambrosius
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154 dicit, <i>peccatum est transgressio legis divinae, et caelestium
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155 inobedientia mandatorum</i>. Ergo quicumque peccat uno peccato,
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156 subiicitur omnibus peccatis.</p><p title="I-II q. 73 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="36613"><span class="ref">[36613] Iª-IIae q. 73 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
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157 quodlibet peccatum excludit virtutem sibi oppositam. Sed qui caret
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158 una virtute, caret omnibus, ut patet ex supradictis. Ergo qui
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159 peccat uno peccato, privatur omnibus virtutibus. Sed qui caret
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160 virtute, habet vitium sibi oppositum. Ergo qui habet unum peccatum,
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161 habet omnia peccata.</p><p title="I-II q. 73 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="36614"><span class="ref">[36614] Iª-IIae q. 73 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
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162 virtutes omnes sunt connexae quae conveniunt in uno principio, ut
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163 supra habitum est. Sed sicut virtutes conveniunt in uno principio,
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164 ita et peccata, quia sicut amor Dei, qui facit civitatem Dei, est
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165 principium et radix omnium virtutum, ita amor sui, qui facit
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166 civitatem Babylonis, est radix omnium peccatorum; ut patet per
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167 Augustinum, XIV de Civ. Dei. Ergo etiam omnia vitia et peccata sunt
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168 connexa, ita ut qui unum habet, habeat omnia.</p><p title="I-II q. 73 a. 1 s. c."><a name="36615"><span class="ref">[36615] Iª-IIae q. 73 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra,
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169 quaedam vitia sunt sibi invicem contraria, ut patet per
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170 philosophum, in II Ethic. Sed impossibile est contraria simul
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171 inesse eidem. Ergo impossibile est omnia peccata et vitia esse sibi
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172 invicem connexa.</p><p title="I-II q. 73 a. 1 co."><a name="36616"><span class="ref">[36616] Iª-IIae q. 73 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo
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173 dicendum quod aliter se habet intentio agentis secundum virtutem ad
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174 sequendum rationem, et aliter intentio peccantis ad divertendum a
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175 ratione. Cuiuslibet enim agentis secundum virtutem intentio est ut
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176 rationis regulam sequatur, et ideo omnium virtutum intentio in idem
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177 tendit. Et propter hoc omnes virtutes habent connexionem ad invicem
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178 in ratione recta agibilium, quae est prudentia, sicut supra dictum
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179 est. Sed intentio peccantis non est ad hoc quod recedat ab eo quod
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180 est secundum rationem, sed potius ut tendat in aliquod bonum
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181 appetibile, a quo speciem sortitur. Huiusmodi autem bona in quae
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182 tendit intentio peccantis a ratione recedens, sunt diversa, nullam
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183 connexionem habentia ad invicem, immo etiam interdum sunt
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184 contraria. Cum igitur vitia et peccata speciem habeant secundum
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185 illud ad quod convertuntur, manifestum est quod, secundum illud
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186 quod perficit speciem peccatorum, nullam connexionem habent peccata
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187 ad invicem. Non enim peccatum committitur in accedendo a
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188 multitudine ad unitatem, sicut accidit in virtutibus quae sunt
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189 connexae, sed potius in recedendo ab unitate ad multitudinem.</p><p title="I-II q. 73 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="36617"><span class="ref">[36617] Iª-IIae q. 73 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
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190 ergo dicendum quod Iacobus loquitur de peccato non ex parte
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191 conversionis, secundum quod peccata distinguuntur, sicut dictum
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192 est, sed loquitur de eis ex parte aversionis, inquantum scilicet
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193 homo peccando recedit a legis mandato. Omnia autem legis mandata
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194 sunt ab uno et eodem, ut ipse ibidem dicit, et ideo idem Deus
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195 contemnitur in omni peccato. Et ex hac parte dicit quod qui
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196 offendit in uno, factus est omnium reus, quia scilicet uno peccato
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197 peccando, incurrit poenae reatum ex hoc quod contemnit Deum, ex
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198 cuius contemptu provenit omnium peccatorum reatus.</p><p title="I-II q. 73 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="36618"><span class="ref">[36618] Iª-IIae q. 73 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
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199 dicendum quod, sicut supra dictum est, non per quemlibet actum
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200 peccati tollitur virtus opposita, nam peccatum veniale virtutem non
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201 tollit; peccatum autem mortale tollit virtutem infusam, inquantum
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202 avertit a Deo; sed unus actus peccati etiam mortalis, non tollit
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203 habitum virtutis acquisitae. Sed si multiplicentur actus intantum
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204 quod generetur contrarius habitus, excluditur habitus virtutis
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205 acquisitae. Qua exclusa, excluditur prudentia, quia cum homo agit
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206 contra quamcumque virtutem, agit contra prudentiam. Sine prudentia
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207 autem nulla virtus moralis esse potest, ut supra habitum est. Et
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208 ideo per consequens excluduntur omnes virtutes morales, quantum ad
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209 perfectum et formale esse virtutis, quod habent secundum quod
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210 participant prudentiam, remanent tamen inclinationes ad actus
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211 virtutum, non habentes rationem virtutis. Sed non sequitur quod
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212 propter hoc homo incurrat omnia vitia vel peccata. Primo quidem,
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213 quia uni virtuti plura vitia opponuntur, ita quod virtus potest
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214 privari per unum eorum, etsi alterum non adsit. Secundo, quia
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215 peccatum directe opponitur virtuti quantum ad inclinationem
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216 virtutis ad actum, ut supra dictum est, unde, remanentibus
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217 aliquibus inclinationibus virtuosis, non potest dici quod homo
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218 habeat vitia vel peccata opposita.</p><p title="I-II q. 73 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="36619"><span class="ref">[36619] Iª-IIae q. 73 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
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219 dicendum quod amor Dei est congregativus, inquantum affectum
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220 hominis a multis ducit in unum, et ideo virtutes, quae ex amore Dei
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221 causantur, connexionem habent. Sed amor sui disgregat affectum
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222 hominis in diversa, prout scilicet homo se amat appetendo sibi bona
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223 temporalia, quae sunt varia et diversa, et ideo vitia et peccata,
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224 quae causantur ex amore sui, non sunt connexa.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 2</h3><p title="I-II q. 73 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="36620"><span class="ref">[36620] Iª-IIae q. 73 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad secundum
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225 sic proceditur. Videtur quod omnia peccata sint paria. Hoc enim est
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226 peccare, facere quod non licet. Sed facere quod non licet, uno et
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227 eodem modo in omnibus reprehenditur. Ergo peccare uno et eodem modo
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228 reprehenditur. Non ergo unum peccatum est alio gravius.</p><p title="I-II q. 73 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="36621"><span class="ref">[36621] Iª-IIae q. 73 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
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229 omne peccatum consistit in hoc quod homo transgreditur regulam
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230 rationis, quae ita se habet ad actus humanos, sicut regula linearis
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231 in corporalibus rebus. Ergo peccare simile est ei quod est lineas
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232 transilire. Sed lineas transilire est aequaliter et uno modo, etiam
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233 si aliquis longius recedat vel propinquius stet, quia privationes
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234 non recipiunt magis et minus. Ergo omnia peccata sunt aequalia.</p><p title="I-II q. 73 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="36622"><span class="ref">[36622] Iª-IIae q. 73 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
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235 peccata virtutibus opponuntur. Sed omnes virtutes aequales sunt, ut
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236 Tullius dicit, in paradoxis. Ergo omnia peccata sunt paria.</p><p title="I-II q. 73 a. 2 s. c."><a name="36623"><span class="ref">[36623] Iª-IIae q. 73 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
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237 est quod dominus dicit ad Pilatum, Ioan. XIX, <i>qui tradidit me
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238 tibi, maius peccatum habet</i>. Et tamen constat quod Pilatus
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239 aliquod peccatum habuit. Ergo unum peccatum est maius alio.</p><p title="I-II q. 73 a. 2 co."><a name="36624"><span class="ref">[36624] Iª-IIae q. 73 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo
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240 dicendum quod opinio Stoicorum fuit, quam Tullius prosequitur in
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241 paradoxis, quod omnia peccata sunt paria. Et ex hoc etiam derivatus
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242 est quorundam haereticorum error, qui, ponentes omnia peccata esse
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243 paria, dicunt etiam omnes poenas Inferni esse pares. Et quantum ex
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244 verbis Tullii perspici potest, Stoici movebantur ex hoc quod
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245 considerabant peccatum ex parte privationis tantum, prout scilicet
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246 est recessus a ratione, unde simpliciter aestimantes quod nulla
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247 privatio susciperet magis et minus, posuerunt omnia peccata esse
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248 paria. Sed si quis diligenter consideret, inveniet duplex
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249 privationum genus. Est enim quaedam simplex et pura privatio, quae
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250 consistit quasi in corruptum esse, sicut mors est privatio vitae,
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251 et tenebra est privatio luminis. Et tales privationes non recipiunt
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252 magis et minus, quia nihil residuum est de habitu opposito. Unde
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253 non minus est mortuus aliquis primo die mortis, et tertio vel
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254 quarto, quam post annum, quando iam cadaver fuerit resolutum. Et
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255 similiter non est magis tenebrosa domus, si lucerna sit operta
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256 pluribus velaminibus, quam si sit operta uno solo velamine totum
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257 lumen intercludente. Est autem alia privatio non simplex, sed
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258 aliquid retinens de habitu opposito; quae quidem privatio magis
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259 consistit in corrumpi, quam in corruptum esse, sicut aegritudo,
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260 quae privat debitam commensurationem humorum, ita tamen quod
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261 aliquid eius remanet, alioquin non remaneret animal vivum; et
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262 simile est de turpitudine, et aliis huiusmodi. Huiusmodi autem
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263 privationes recipiunt magis et minus ex parte eius quod remanet de
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264 habitu contrario, multum enim refert ad aegritudinem vel
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265 turpitudinem, utrum plus vel minus a debita commensuratione humorum
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266 vel membrorum recedatur. Et similiter dicendum est de vitiis et
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267 peccatis, sic enim in eis privatur debita commensuratio rationis,
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268 ut non totaliter ordo rationis tollatur; alioquin malum, si sit
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269 integrum, destruit seipsum, ut dicitur in IV Ethic.; non enim
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270 posset remanere substantia actus, vel affectio agentis, nisi
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271 aliquid remaneret de ordine rationis. Et ideo multum interest ad
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272 gravitatem peccati, utrum plus vel minus recedatur a rectitudine
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273 rationis. Et secundum hoc dicendum est quod non omnia peccata sunt
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274 paria.</p><p title="I-II q. 73 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="36625"><span class="ref">[36625] Iª-IIae q. 73 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
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275 ergo dicendum quod peccata committere non licet, propter aliquam
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276 deordinationem quam habent. Unde illa quae maiorem deordinationem
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277 continent, sunt magis illicita; et per consequens graviora
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278 peccata.</p><p title="I-II q. 73 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="36626"><span class="ref">[36626] Iª-IIae q. 73 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
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279 dicendum quod ratio illa procedit de peccato, ac si esset privatio
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280 pura.</p><p title="I-II q. 73 a. 2 ad 3"><a name="36627"><span class="ref">[36627] Iª-IIae q. 73 a. 2 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
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281 dicendum quod virtutes sunt aequales proportionaliter in uno et
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282 eodem, tamen una virtus praecedit aliam dignitate secundum suam
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283 speciem; et unus etiam homo est alio virtuosior in eadem specie
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284 virtutis, ut supra habitum est. Et tamen si virtutes essent pares,
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285 non sequeretur vitia esse paria, quia virtutes habent connexionem,
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286 non autem vitia seu peccata.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 3</h3><p title="I-II q. 73 a. 3 arg. 1"><a name="36628"><span class="ref">[36628] Iª-IIae q. 73 a. 3 arg. 1</span></a> Ad tertium
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287 sic proceditur. Videtur quod peccatorum gravitas non varietur
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288 secundum obiecta. Gravitas enim peccati pertinet ad modum vel
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289 qualitatem ipsius peccati. Sed obiectum est materia ipsius peccati.
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290 Ergo secundum diversa obiecta, peccatorum gravitas non
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291 variatur.</p><p title="I-II q. 73 a. 3 arg. 2"><a name="36629"><span class="ref">[36629] Iª-IIae q. 73 a. 3 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
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292 gravitas peccati est intensio malitiae ipsius. Peccatum autem non
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293 habet rationem malitiae ex parte conversionis ad proprium obiectum,
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294 quod est quoddam bonum appetibile; sed magis ex parte aversionis.
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295 Ergo gravitas peccatorum non variatur secundum diversa obiecta.</p><p title="I-II q. 73 a. 3 arg. 3"><a name="36630"><span class="ref">[36630] Iª-IIae q. 73 a. 3 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
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296 peccata quae habent diversa obiecta, sunt diversorum generum. Sed
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297 ea quae sunt diversorum generum, non sunt comparabilia, ut probatur
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298 in VII Physic. Ergo unum peccatum non est gravius altero secundum
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299 diversitatem obiectorum.</p><p title="I-II q. 73 a. 3 s. c."><a name="36631"><span class="ref">[36631] Iª-IIae q. 73 a. 3 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra,
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300 peccata recipiunt speciem ex obiectis, ut ex supradictis patet. Sed
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301 aliquorum peccatorum unum est gravius altero secundum suam speciem,
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302 sicut homicidium furto. Ergo gravitas peccatorum differt secundum
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303 obiecta.</p><p title="I-II q. 73 a. 3 co."><a name="36632"><span class="ref">[36632] Iª-IIae q. 73 a. 3 co.</span></a> Respondeo
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304 dicendum quod, sicut ex supradictis patet, gravitas peccatorum
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305 differt eo modo quo una aegritudo est alia gravior, sicut enim
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306 bonum sanitatis consistit in quadam commensuratione humorum per
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307 convenientiam ad naturam animalis, ita bonum virtutis consistit in
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308 quadam commensuratione humani actus secundum convenientiam ad
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309 regulam rationis. Manifestum est autem quod tanto est gravior
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310 aegritudo, quanto tollitur debita humorum commensuratio per
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311 commensurationem prioris principii, sicut aegritudo quae provenit
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312 in corpore humano ex corde, quod est principium vitae, vel ex
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313 aliquo quod appropinquat cordi, periculosior est. Unde oportet
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314 etiam quod peccatum sit tanto gravius, quanto deordinatio contingit
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315 circa aliquod principium quod est prius in ordine rationis. Ratio
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316 autem ordinat omnia in agibilibus ex fine. Et ideo quanto peccatum
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317 contingit in actibus humanis ex altiori fine, tanto peccatum est
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318 gravius. Obiecta autem actuum sunt fines eorum, ut ex supradictis
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319 patet. Et ideo secundum diversitatem obiectorum attenditur
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320 diversitas gravitatis in peccatis. Sicut patet quod res exteriores
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321 ordinantur ad hominem sicut ad finem; homo autem ordinatur ulterius
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322 in Deum sicut in finem. Unde peccatum quod est circa ipsam
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323 substantiam hominis, sicut homicidium est gravius peccato quod est
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324 circa res exteriores, sicut furtum; et adhuc est gravius peccatum
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325 quod immediate contra Deum committitur, sicut infidelitas,
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326 blasphemia et huiusmodi. Et in ordine quorumlibet horum peccatorum
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327 unum peccatum est gravius altero, secundum quod est circa aliquid
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328 principalius vel minus principale. Et quia peccata habent speciem
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329 ex obiectis, differentia gravitatis quae attenditur penes obiecta,
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330 est prima et principalis, quasi consequens speciem.</p><p title="I-II q. 73 a. 3 ad 1"><a name="36633"><span class="ref">[36633] Iª-IIae q. 73 a. 3 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
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331 ergo dicendum quod obiectum, etsi sit materia circa quam terminatur
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332 actus, habet tamen rationem finis, secundum quod intentio agentis
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333 fertur in ipsum, ut supra dictum est. Forma autem actus moralis
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334 dependet ex fine, ut ex superioribus patet.</p><p title="I-II q. 73 a. 3 ad 2"><a name="36634"><span class="ref">[36634] Iª-IIae q. 73 a. 3 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
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335 dicendum quod ex ipsa indebita conversione ad aliquod bonum
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336 commutabile, sequitur aversio ab incommutabili bono, in qua
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337 perficitur ratio mali. Et ideo oportet quod secundum diversitatem
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338 eorum quae pertinent ad conversionem, sequatur diversa gravitas
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339 malitiae in peccatis.</p><p title="I-II q. 73 a. 3 ad 3"><a name="36635"><span class="ref">[36635] Iª-IIae q. 73 a. 3 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
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340 dicendum quod omnia obiecta humanorum actuum habent ordinem ad
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341 invicem, et ideo omnes actus humani quodammodo conveniunt in uno
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342 genere, secundum quod ordinantur ad ultimum finem. Et ideo nihil
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343 prohibet omnia peccata esse comparabilia.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 4</h3><p title="I-II q. 73 a. 4 arg. 1"><a name="36636"><span class="ref">[36636] Iª-IIae q. 73 a. 4 arg. 1</span></a> Ad quartum
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344 sic proceditur. Videtur quod gravitas peccatorum non differat
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345 secundum dignitatem virtutum quibus peccata opponuntur, ut scilicet
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346 maiori virtuti gravius peccatum opponatur. Quia ut dicitur Prov.
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347 XV, <i>in abundanti iustitia virtus maxima est</i>. Sed sicut dicit
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348 dominus, Matth. V, abundans iustitia cohibet iram; quae est minus
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349 peccatum quam homicidium, quod cohibet minor iustitia. Ergo maximae
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350 virtuti opponitur minimum peccatum.</p><p title="I-II q. 73 a. 4 arg. 2"><a name="36637"><span class="ref">[36637] Iª-IIae q. 73 a. 4 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
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351 in II Ethic. dicitur quod virtus est circa difficile et bonum, ex
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352 quo videtur quod maior virtus sit circa magis difficile. Sed minus
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353 est peccatum si homo deficiat in magis difficili, quam si deficiat
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354 in minus difficili. Ergo maiori virtuti minus peccatum
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355 opponitur.</p><p title="I-II q. 73 a. 4 arg. 3"><a name="36638"><span class="ref">[36638] Iª-IIae q. 73 a. 4 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
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356 caritas est maior virtus quam fides et spes, ut dicitur I ad Cor.
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357 XIII. Odium autem, quod opponitur caritati, est minus peccatum quam
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358 infidelitas vel desperatio, quae opponuntur fidei et spei. Ergo
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359 maiori virtuti opponitur minus peccatum.</p><p title="I-II q. 73 a. 4 s. c."><a name="36639"><span class="ref">[36639] Iª-IIae q. 73 a. 4 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
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360 est quod philosophus dicit, in VIII Ethic., quod <i>pessimum optimo
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361 contrarium est</i>. Optimum autem in moralibus est maxima virtus;
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362 pessimum autem, gravissimum peccatum. Ergo maximae virtuti
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363 opponitur gravissimum peccatum.</p><p title="I-II q. 73 a. 4 co."><a name="36640"><span class="ref">[36640] Iª-IIae q. 73 a. 4 co.</span></a> Respondeo
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364 dicendum quod virtuti opponitur aliquod peccatum, uno quidem modo
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365 principaliter et directe, quod scilicet est circa idem obiectum,
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366 nam contraria circa idem sunt. Et hoc modo oportet quod maiori
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367 virtuti opponatur gravius peccatum. Sicut enim ex parte obiecti
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368 attenditur maior gravitas peccati, ita etiam maior dignitas
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369 virtutis, utrumque enim ex obiecto speciem sortitur, ut ex
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370 supradictis patet. Unde oportet quod maximae virtuti directe
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371 contrarietur maximum peccatum, quasi maxime ab eo distans in eodem
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372 genere. Alio modo potest considerari oppositio virtutis ad
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373 peccatum, secundum quandam extensionem virtutis cohibentis
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374 peccatum, quanto enim fuerit virtus maior, tanto magis elongat
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375 hominem a peccato sibi contrario, ita quod non solum ipsum
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376 peccatum, sed etiam inducentia ad peccatum cohibet. Et sic
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377 manifestum est quod quanto aliqua virtus fuerit maior, tanto etiam
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378 minora peccata cohibet, sicut etiam sanitas, quanto fuerit maior,
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379 tanto etiam minores distemperantias excludit. Et per hunc modum
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380 maiori virtuti minus peccatum opponitur ex parte effectus.</p><p title="I-II q. 73 a. 4 ad 1"><a name="36641"><span class="ref">[36641] Iª-IIae q. 73 a. 4 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
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381 ergo dicendum quod ratio illa procedit de oppositione quae
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382 attenditur secundum cohibitionem peccati, sic enim abundans
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383 iustitia etiam minora peccata cohibet.</p><p title="I-II q. 73 a. 4 ad 2"><a name="36642"><span class="ref">[36642] Iª-IIae q. 73 a. 4 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
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384 dicendum quod maiori virtuti, quae est circa bonum magis difficile,
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385 contrariatur directe peccatum quod est circa malum magis difficile.
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386 Utrobique enim invenitur quaedam eminentia, ex hoc quod ostenditur
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387 voluntas proclivior in bonum vel in malum, ex hoc quod difficultate
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388 non vincitur.</p><p title="I-II q. 73 a. 4 ad 3"><a name="36643"><span class="ref">[36643] Iª-IIae q. 73 a. 4 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
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389 dicendum quod caritas non est quicumque amor, sed amor Dei. Unde
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390 non opponitur ei quodcumque odium directe, sed odium Dei, quod est
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391 gravissimum peccatorum.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 5</h3><p title="I-II q. 73 a. 5 arg. 1"><a name="36644"><span class="ref">[36644] Iª-IIae q. 73 a. 5 arg. 1</span></a> Ad quintum
28
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392 sic proceditur. Videtur quod peccata carnalia non sint minoris
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393 culpae quam peccata spiritualia. Adulterium enim gravius peccatum
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394 est quam furtum, dicitur enim Prov. VI, <i>non grandis est culpae
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395 cum quis furatus fuerit. Qui autem adulter est, propter cordis
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396 inopiam perdet animam suam</i>. Sed furtum pertinet ad avaritiam,
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397 quae est peccatum spirituale; adulterium autem ad luxuriam, quae
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398 est peccatum carnale. Ergo peccata carnalia sunt maioris
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399 culpae.</p><p title="I-II q. 73 a. 5 arg. 2"><a name="36645"><span class="ref">[36645] Iª-IIae q. 73 a. 5 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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400 Augustinus dicit, super Levit., quod Diabolus maxime gaudet de
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401 peccato luxuriae et idololatriae. Sed de maiori culpa magis gaudet.
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402 Ergo, cum luxuria sit peccatum carnale, videtur quod peccata
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403 carnalia sint maximae culpae.</p><p title="I-II q. 73 a. 5 arg. 3"><a name="36646"><span class="ref">[36646] Iª-IIae q. 73 a. 5 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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404 philosophus probat, in VII Ethic., quod <i>incontinens
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405 concupiscentiae est turpior quam incontinens irae</i>. Sed ira est
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406 peccatum spirituale, secundum Gregorium, XXXI Moral.;
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407 concupiscentia autem pertinet ad peccata carnalia. Ergo peccatum
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408 carnale est gravius quam peccatum spirituale.</p><p title="I-II q. 73 a. 5 s. c."><a name="36647"><span class="ref">[36647] Iª-IIae q. 73 a. 5 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
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409 est quod Gregorius dicit, quod peccata carnalia sunt minoris
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410 culpae, et maioris infamiae.</p><p title="I-II q. 73 a. 5 co."><a name="36648"><span class="ref">[36648] Iª-IIae q. 73 a. 5 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
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411 dicendum quod peccata spiritualia sunt maioris culpae quam peccata
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412 carnalia. Quod non est sic intelligendum quasi quodlibet peccatum
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413 spirituale sit maioris culpae quolibet peccato carnali, sed quia,
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414 considerata hac sola differentia spiritualitatis et carnalitatis,
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415 graviora sunt quam cetera peccata, ceteris paribus. Cuius ratio
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416 triplex potest assignari. Prima quidem ex parte subiecti. Nam
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417 peccata spiritualia pertinent ad spiritum, cuius est converti ad
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418 Deum et ab eo averti, peccata vero carnalia consummantur in
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419 delectatione carnalis appetitus, ad quem principaliter pertinet ad
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420 bonum corporale converti. Et ideo peccatum carnale, inquantum
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421 huiusmodi, plus habet de conversione, propter quod etiam est
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422 maioris adhaesionis, sed peccatum spirituale habet plus de
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423 aversione, ex qua procedit ratio culpae. Et ideo peccatum
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424 spirituale, inquantum huiusmodi, est maioris culpae. Secunda ratio
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425 potest sumi ex parte eius in quem peccatur. Nam peccatum carnale,
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426 inquantum huiusmodi, est in corpus proprium; quod est minus
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427 diligendum, secundum ordinem caritatis, quam Deus et proximus, in
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428 quos peccatur per peccata spiritualia. Et ideo peccata spiritualia,
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429 inquantum huiusmodi, sunt maioris culpae. Tertia ratio potest sumi
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430 ex parte motivi. Quia quanto est gravius impulsivum ad peccandum,
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431 tanto homo minus peccat, ut infra dicetur. Peccata autem carnalia
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432 habent vehementius impulsivum, idest ipsam concupiscentiam carnis
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433 nobis innatam. Et ideo peccata spiritualia, inquantum huiusmodi,
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434 sunt maioris culpae.</p><p title="I-II q. 73 a. 5 ad 1"><a name="36649"><span class="ref">[36649] Iª-IIae q. 73 a. 5 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
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435 ergo dicendum quod adulterium non solum pertinet ad peccatum
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436 luxuriae, sed etiam pertinet ad peccatum iniustitiae. Et quantum ad
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437 hoc, potest ad avaritiam reduci; ut Glossa dicit, ad Ephes., super
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438 illud, <i>omnis fornicator, aut immundus, aut avarus</i>. Et tunc
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439 gravius est adulterium quam furtum, quanto homini carior est uxor
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440 quam res possessa.</p><p title="I-II q. 73 a. 5 ad 2"><a name="36650"><span class="ref">[36650] Iª-IIae q. 73 a. 5 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
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441 dicendum quod Diabolus dicitur maxime gaudere de peccato luxuriae,
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442 quia est maximae adhaerentiae, et difficile ab eo homo potest
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443 eripi, insatiabilis est enim delectabilis appetitus ut philosophus
53
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444 dicit, in III Ethic.</p><p title="I-II q. 73 a. 5 ad 3"><a name="36651"><span class="ref">[36651] Iª-IIae q. 73 a. 5 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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445 dicendum quod philosophus dicit, turpiorem esse incontinentem
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446 concupiscentiae quam incontinentem irae, quia minus participat de
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447 ratione. Et secundum hoc etiam dicit, in III Ethic., quod peccata
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448 intemperantiae sunt maxime exprobrabilia, quia sunt circa illas
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449 delectationes quae sunt communes nobis et brutis, unde quodammodo
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450 per ista peccata homo brutalis redditur. Et inde est quod, sicut
53
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451 Gregorius dicit, sunt maioris infamiae.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 6</h3><p title="I-II q. 73 a. 6 arg. 1"><a name="36652"><span class="ref">[36652] Iª-IIae q. 73 a. 6 arg. 1</span></a> Ad sextum
28
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452 sic proceditur. Videtur quod gravitas peccatorum non attendatur
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453 secundum causam peccati. Quanto enim peccati causa fuerit maior,
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454 tanto vehementius movet ad peccandum, et ita difficilius potest ei
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455 resisti. Sed peccatum diminuitur ex hoc quod ei difficilius
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456 resistitur, hoc enim pertinet ad infirmitatem peccantis, ut non
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457 facile resistat peccato; peccatum autem quod est ex infirmitate,
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458 levius iudicatur. Non ergo peccatum habet gravitatem ex parte suae
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459 causae.</p><p title="I-II q. 73 a. 6 arg. 2"><a name="36653"><span class="ref">[36653] Iª-IIae q. 73 a. 6 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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460 concupiscentia est generalis quaedam causa peccati, unde dicit
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461 Glossa, super illud Rom. VII, <i>nam concupiscentiam nesciebam
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462 etc., bona est lex, quae, dum concupiscentiam prohibet, omne malum
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463 prohibet</i>. Sed quanto homo fuerit victus maiori concupiscentia,
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464 tanto est minus peccatum. Gravitas ergo peccati diminuitur ex
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465 magnitudine causae.</p><p title="I-II q. 73 a. 6 arg. 3"><a name="36654"><span class="ref">[36654] Iª-IIae q. 73 a. 6 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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466 sicut rectitudo rationis est causa virtuosi actus, ita defectus
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467 rationis videtur esse causa peccati. Sed defectus rationis, quanto
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468 fuerit maior, tanto est minus peccatum, intantum quod qui carent
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469 usu rationis, omnino excusentur a peccato; et qui ex ignorantia
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470 peccat, levius peccat. Ergo gravitas peccati non augetur ex
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471 magnitudine causae.</p><p title="I-II q. 73 a. 6 s. c."><a name="36655"><span class="ref">[36655] Iª-IIae q. 73 a. 6 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra,
28
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472 multiplicata causa, multiplicatur effectus. Ergo, si causa peccati
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473 maior fuerit, peccatum erit gravius.</p><p title="I-II q. 73 a. 6 co."><a name="36656"><span class="ref">[36656] Iª-IIae q. 73 a. 6 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
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474 dicendum quod in genere peccati, sicut et in quolibet alio genere,
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475 potest accipi duplex causa. Una quae est propria et per se causa
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476 peccati, quae est ipsa voluntas peccandi, comparatur enim ad actum
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477 peccati sicut arbor ad fructum, ut dicitur in Glossa, super illud
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478 Matth. VII, <i>non potest arbor bona fructus malos facere</i>. Et
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479 huiusmodi causa quanto fuerit maior, tanto peccatum erit gravius,
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480 quanto enim voluntas fuerit maior ad peccandum, tanto homo gravius
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481 peccat. Aliae vero causae peccati accipiuntur quasi extrinsecae et
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482 remotae, ex quibus scilicet voluntas inclinatur ad peccandum. Et in
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483 his causis est distinguendum. Quaedam enim harum inducunt
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484 voluntatem ad peccandum, secundum ipsam naturam voluntatis, sicut
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485 finis, quod est proprium obiectum voluntatis. Et ex tali causa
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486 augetur peccatum, gravius enim peccat cuius voluntas ex intentione
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487 peioris finis inclinatur ad peccandum. Aliae vero causae sunt quae
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488 inclinant voluntatem ad peccandum, praeter naturam et ordinem
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489 ipsius voluntatis, quae nata est moveri libere ex seipsa secundum
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490 iudicium rationis. Unde causae quae diminuunt iudicium rationis,
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491 sicut ignorantia; vel quae diminuunt liberum motum voluntatis,
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492 sicut infirmitas vel violentia aut metus, aut aliquid huiusmodi,
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493 diminuunt peccatum, sicut et diminuunt voluntarium, intantum quod
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494 si actus sit omnino involuntarius, non habet rationem peccati.</p><p title="I-II q. 73 a. 6 ad 1"><a name="36657"><span class="ref">[36657] Iª-IIae q. 73 a. 6 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
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495 ergo dicendum quod obiectio illa procedit de causa movente
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496 extrinseca, quae diminuit voluntarium, cuius quidem causae
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497 augmentum diminuit peccatum, ut dictum est.</p><p title="I-II q. 73 a. 6 ad 2"><a name="36658"><span class="ref">[36658] Iª-IIae q. 73 a. 6 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
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498 dicendum quod si sub concupiscentia includatur etiam ipse motus
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499 voluntatis, sic ubi est maior concupiscentia, est maius peccatum.
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500 Si vero concupiscentia dicatur passio quaedam, quae est motus vis
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501 concupiscibilis, sic maior concupiscentia praecedens iudicium
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502 rationis et motum voluntatis, diminuit peccatum, quia qui maiori
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503 concupiscentia stimulatus peccat, cadit ex graviori tentatione;
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504 unde minus ei imputatur. Si vero concupiscentia sic sumpta sequatur
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505 iudicium rationis et motum voluntatis, sic ubi est maior
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506 concupiscentia, est maius peccatum, insurgit enim interdum maior
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507 concupiscentiae motus ex hoc quod voluntas ineffrenate tendit in
53
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508 suum obiectum.</p><p title="I-II q. 73 a. 6 ad 3"><a name="36659"><span class="ref">[36659] Iª-IIae q. 73 a. 6 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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509 dicendum quod ratio illa procedit de causa quae causat
53
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510 involuntarium, et haec diminuit peccatum, ut dictum est.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 7</h3><p title="I-II q. 73 a. 7 arg. 1"><a name="36660"><span class="ref">[36660] Iª-IIae q. 73 a. 7 arg. 1</span></a> Ad septimum
28
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511 sic proceditur. Videtur quod circumstantia non aggravet peccatum.
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512 Peccatum enim habet gravitatem ex sua specie. Circumstantia autem
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513 non dat speciem peccato, cum sit quoddam accidens eius. Ergo
53
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514 gravitas peccati non consideratur ex circumstantia.</p><p title="I-II q. 73 a. 7 arg. 2"><a name="36661"><span class="ref">[36661] Iª-IIae q. 73 a. 7 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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515 aut circumstantia est mala, aut non. Si circumstantia mala est,
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516 ipsa per se causat quandam speciem mali, si vero non sit mala, non
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517 habet unde augeat malum. Ergo circumstantia nullo modo auget
53
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518 peccatum.</p><p title="I-II q. 73 a. 7 arg. 3"><a name="36662"><span class="ref">[36662] Iª-IIae q. 73 a. 7 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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519 malitia peccati est ex parte aversionis. Sed circumstantiae
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520 consequuntur peccatum ex parte conversionis. Ergo non augent
53
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521 malitiam peccati.</p><p title="I-II q. 73 a. 7 s. c."><a name="36663"><span class="ref">[36663] Iª-IIae q. 73 a. 7 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
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522 est quod ignorantia circumstantiae diminuit peccatum, qui enim
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523 peccat ex ignorantia circumstantiae, meretur veniam, ut dicitur in
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diff changeset
524 III Ethic. Hoc autem non esset, nisi circumstantia aggravaret
53
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525 peccatum. Ergo circumstantia peccatum aggravat.</p><p title="I-II q. 73 a. 7 co."><a name="36664"><span class="ref">[36664] Iª-IIae q. 73 a. 7 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
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526 dicendum quod unumquodque ex eodem natum est augeri, ex quo
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diff changeset
527 causatur; sicut philosophus dicit de habitu virtutis, in II Ethic.
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diff changeset
528 Manifestum est autem quod peccatum causatur ex defectu alicuius
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diff changeset
529 circumstantiae, ex hoc enim receditur ab ordine rationis, quod
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diff changeset
530 aliquis in operando non observat debitas circumstantias. Unde
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diff changeset
531 manifestum est quod peccatum natum est aggravari per
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diff changeset
532 circumstantiam. Sed hoc quidem contingit tripliciter. Uno quidem
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diff changeset
533 modo, inquantum circumstantia transfert in aliud genus peccati.
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diff changeset
534 Sicut peccatum fornicationis consistit in hoc quod homo accedit ad
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diff changeset
535 non suam, si autem addatur haec circumstantia, ut illa ad quam
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diff changeset
536 accedit sit alterius uxor, transfertur iam in aliud genus peccati,
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diff changeset
537 scilicet in iniustitiam, inquantum homo usurpat rem alterius. Et
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diff changeset
538 secundum hoc, adulterium est gravius peccatum quam fornicatio.
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diff changeset
539 Aliquando vero circumstantia non aggravat peccatum quasi trahens in
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diff changeset
540 aliud genus peccati, sed solum quia multiplicat rationem peccati.
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diff changeset
541 Sicut si prodigus det quando non debet, et cui non debet,
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542 multiplicius peccat eodem genere peccati, quam si solum det cui non
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diff changeset
543 debet. Et ex hoc ipso peccatum fit gravius, sicut etiam aegritudo
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diff changeset
544 est gravior quae plures partes corporis inficit. Unde et Tullius
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diff changeset
545 dicit, in paradoxis, quod <i>in patris vita violanda, multa
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diff changeset
546 peccantur, violatur enim is qui procreavit, qui aluit, qui
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diff changeset
547 erudivit, qui in sede ac domo, atque in republica collocavit</i>.
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diff changeset
548 Tertio modo circumstantia aggravat peccatum ex eo quod auget
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diff changeset
549 deformitatem provenientem ex alia circumstantia. Sicut accipere
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diff changeset
550 alienum constituit peccatum furti, si autem addatur haec
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diff changeset
551 circumstantia, ut multum accipiat de alieno, est peccatum gravius;
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diff changeset
552 quamvis accipere multum vel parum, de se non dicat rationem boni
53
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553 vel mali.</p><p title="I-II q. 73 a. 7 ad 1"><a name="36665"><span class="ref">[36665] Iª-IIae q. 73 a. 7 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
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diff changeset
554 ergo dicendum quod aliqua circumstantia dat speciem actui morali,
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diff changeset
555 ut supra habitum est. Et tamen circumstantia quae non dat speciem,
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diff changeset
556 potest aggravare peccatum. Quia sicut bonitas rei non solum
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diff changeset
557 pensatur ex sua specie, sed etiam ex aliquo accidente; ita malitia
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diff changeset
558 actus non solum pensatur ex specie actus, sed etiam ex
53
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diff changeset
559 circumstantia.</p><p title="I-II q. 73 a. 7 ad 2"><a name="36666"><span class="ref">[36666] Iª-IIae q. 73 a. 7 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
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diff changeset
560 dicendum quod utroque modo circumstantia potest aggravare peccatum.
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diff changeset
561 Si enim sit mala, non tamen propter hoc oportet quod semper
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diff changeset
562 constituat speciem peccati, potest enim addere rationem malitiae in
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diff changeset
563 eadem specie, ut dictum est. Si autem non sit mala, potest
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diff changeset
564 aggravare peccatum in ordine ad malitiam alterius
53
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diff changeset
565 circumstantiae.</p><p title="I-II q. 73 a. 7 ad 3"><a name="36667"><span class="ref">[36667] Iª-IIae q. 73 a. 7 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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diff changeset
566 dicendum quod ratio debet ordinare actum non solum quantum ad
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diff changeset
567 obiectum, sed etiam quantum ad omnes circumstantias. Et ideo
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diff changeset
568 aversio quaedam a regula rationis attenditur secundum corruptionem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
569 cuiuslibet circumstantiae, puta si aliquis operetur quando non
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parents: 26
diff changeset
570 debet, vel ubi non debet. Et huiusmodi aversio sufficit ad rationem
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diff changeset
571 mali. Hanc autem aversionem a regula rationis, sequitur aversio a
53
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572 Deo, cui debet homo per rectam rationem coniungi.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 8</h3><p title="I-II q. 73 a. 8 arg. 1"><a name="36668"><span class="ref">[36668] Iª-IIae q. 73 a. 8 arg. 1</span></a> Ad octavum
28
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diff changeset
573 sic proceditur. Videtur quod gravitas peccati non augeatur secundum
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diff changeset
574 maius nocumentum. Nocumentum enim est quidam eventus consequens
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parents: 26
diff changeset
575 actum peccati. Sed eventus sequens non addit ad bonitatem vel
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diff changeset
576 malitiam actus, ut supra dictum est. Ergo peccatum non aggravatur
53
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diff changeset
577 propter maius nocumentum.</p><p title="I-II q. 73 a. 8 arg. 2"><a name="36669"><span class="ref">[36669] Iª-IIae q. 73 a. 8 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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diff changeset
578 nocumentum maxime invenitur in peccatis quae sunt contra proximum,
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diff changeset
579 quia sibi ipsi nemo vult nocere; Deo autem nemo potest nocere,
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diff changeset
580 secundum illud Iob XXXV, <i>si multiplicatae fuerint iniquitates
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diff changeset
581 tuae, quid facies contra illum? Homini, qui similis tibi est,
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582 nocebit impietas tua</i>. Si ergo peccatum aggravaretur propter
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diff changeset
583 maius nocumentum, sequeretur quod peccatum quo quis peccat in
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diff changeset
584 proximum, esset gravius peccato quo quis peccat in Deum vel in
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585 seipsum.</p><p title="I-II q. 73 a. 8 arg. 3"><a name="36670"><span class="ref">[36670] Iª-IIae q. 73 a. 8 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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586 maius nocumentum infertur alicui cum privatur vita gratiae, quam
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587 cum privatur vita naturae, quia vita gratiae est melior quam vita
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diff changeset
588 naturae, intantum quod homo debet vitam naturae contemnere ne
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589 amittat vitam gratiae. Sed ille qui inducit aliquam mulierem ad
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590 fornicandum, quantum est de se, privat eam vita gratiae, inducens
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591 eam ad peccatum mortale. Si ergo peccatum esset gravius propter
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592 maius nocumentum, sequeretur quod simplex fornicator gravius
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593 peccaret quam homicida, quod est manifeste falsum. Non ergo
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594 peccatum est gravius propter maius nocumentum.</p><p title="I-II q. 73 a. 8 s. c."><a name="36671"><span class="ref">[36671] Iª-IIae q. 73 a. 8 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
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595 est quod Augustinus dicit, in III de Lib. Arb., <i>quia vitium
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596 naturae adversatur, tantum additur malitiae vitiorum, quantum
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597 integritati naturarum minuitur</i>. Sed diminutio integritatis
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598 naturae est nocumentum. Ergo tanto gravius est peccatum, quanto
53
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599 maius est nocumentum.</p><p title="I-II q. 73 a. 8 co."><a name="36672"><span class="ref">[36672] Iª-IIae q. 73 a. 8 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
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600 dicendum quod nocumentum tripliciter se habere potest ad peccatum.
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601 Quandoque enim nocumentum quod provenit ex peccato, est praevisum
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602 et intentum, sicut cum aliquis aliquid operatur animo nocendi
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603 alteri, ut homicida vel fur. Et tunc directe quantitas nocumenti
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604 adauget gravitatem peccati, quia tunc nocumentum est per se
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605 obiectum peccati. Quandoque autem nocumentum est praevisum, sed non
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diff changeset
606 intentum, sicut cum aliquis transiens per agrum ut compendiosius
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607 vadat ad fornicandum, infert nocumentum his quae sunt seminata in
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608 agro, scienter, licet non animo nocendi. Et sic etiam quantitas
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609 nocumenti aggravat peccatum, sed indirecte, inquantum scilicet ex
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610 voluntate multum inclinata ad peccandum, procedit quod aliquis non
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611 praetermittat facere damnum sibi vel alii, quod simpliciter non
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612 vellet. Quandoque autem nocumentum nec est praevisum nec intentum.
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613 Et tunc si per accidens se habeat ad peccatum, non aggravat
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614 peccatum directe, sed propter negligentiam considerandi nocumenta
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615 quae consequi possent, imputantur homini ad poenam mala quae
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616 eveniunt praeter eius intentionem, si dabat operam rei illicitae.
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617 Si vero nocumentum per se sequatur ex actu peccati, licet non sit
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618 intentum nec praevisum, directe peccatum aggravat, quia quaecumque
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619 per se consequuntur ad peccatum, pertinent quodammodo ad ipsam
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620 peccati speciem. Puta si aliquis publice fornicetur, sequitur
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621 scandalum plurimorum, quod quamvis ipse non intendat, nec forte
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622 praevideat, directe per hoc aggravatur peccatum. Aliter tamen
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623 videtur se habere circa nocumentum poenale, quod incurrit ipse qui
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624 peccat. Huiusmodi enim nocumentum, si per accidens se habeat ad
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625 actum peccati, et non sit praevisum nec intentum, non aggravat
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626 peccatum, neque sequitur maiorem gravitatem peccati, sicut si
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627 aliquis currens ad occidendum, impingat et laedat sibi pedem. Si
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628 vero tale nocumentum per se consequatur ad actum peccati, licet
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629 forte nec sit praevisum nec intentum, tunc maius nocumentum non
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630 facit gravius peccatum; sed e converso gravius peccatum inducit
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631 gravius nocumentum. Sicut aliquis infidelis, qui nihil audivit de
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632 poenis Inferni, graviorem poenam in Inferno patietur pro peccato
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633 homicidii quam pro peccato furti, quia enim hoc nec intendit nec
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634 praevidet, non aggravatur ex hoc peccatum (sicut contingit circa
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635 fidelem, qui ex hoc ipso videtur peccare gravius, quod maiores
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636 poenas contemnit ut impleat voluntatem peccati), sed gravitas
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637 huiusmodi nocumenti solum causatur ex gravitate peccati.</p><p title="I-II q. 73 a. 8 ad 1"><a name="36673"><span class="ref">[36673] Iª-IIae q. 73 a. 8 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
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638 ergo dicendum quod, sicut etiam supra dictum est, cum de bonitate
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639 et malitia exteriorum actuum ageretur, eventus sequens, si sit
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640 praevisus et intentus, addit ad bonitatem vel malitiam actus.</p><p title="I-II q. 73 a. 8 ad 2"><a name="36674"><span class="ref">[36674] Iª-IIae q. 73 a. 8 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
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641 dicendum quod, quamvis nocumentum aggravet peccatum, non tamen
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642 sequitur quod ex solo nocumento peccatum aggravetur, quinimmo
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643 peccatum per se est gravius propter inordinationem, ut supra dictum
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644 est. Unde et ipsum nocumentum aggravat peccatum, inquantum facit
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645 actum esse magis inordinatum. Unde non sequitur quod, si nocumentum
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646 maxime habeat locum in peccatis quae sunt contra proximum, quod
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647 illa peccata sunt gravissima, quia multo maior inordinatio
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648 invenitur in peccatis quae sunt contra Deum, et in quibusdam eorum
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649 quae sunt contra seipsum. Et tamen potest dici quod, etsi Deo
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650 nullus possit nocere quantum ad eius substantiam, potest tamen
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651 nocumentum attentare in his quae Dei sunt, sicut extirpando fidem,
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652 violando sacra, quae sunt peccata gravissima. Sibi etiam aliquis
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653 quandoque scienter et volenter infert nocumentum, sicut patet in
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654 his qui se interimunt, licet finaliter hoc referant ad aliquod
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655 bonum apparens, puta ad hoc quod liberentur ab aliqua angustia.</p><p title="I-II q. 73 a. 8 ad 3"><a name="36675"><span class="ref">[36675] Iª-IIae q. 73 a. 8 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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656 dicendum quod illa ratio non sequitur, propter duo. Primo quidem,
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657 quia homicida intendit directe nocumentum proximi, fornicator autem
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658 qui provocat mulierem, non intendit nocumentum, sed delectationem.
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659 Secundo, quia homicida est per se et sufficiens causa corporalis
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660 mortis, spiritualis autem mortis nullus potest esse alteri causa
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661 per se et sufficiens; quia nullus spiritualiter moritur nisi
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662 propria voluntate peccando.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 9</h3><p title="I-II q. 73 a. 9 arg. 1"><a name="36676"><span class="ref">[36676] Iª-IIae q. 73 a. 9 arg. 1</span></a> Ad nonum
28
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663 sic proceditur. Videtur quod propter conditionem personae in quam
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664 peccatur, peccatum non aggravetur. Si enim hoc esset, maxime
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665 aggravaretur ex hoc quod aliquis peccat contra aliquem virum iustum
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666 et sanctum. Sed ex hoc non aggravatur peccatum, minus enim laeditur
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667 ex iniuria illata virtuosus, qui aequanimiter tolerat, quam alii,
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668 qui etiam interius scandalizati laeduntur. Ergo conditio personae
53
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669 in quam peccatur, non aggravat peccatum.</p><p title="I-II q. 73 a. 9 arg. 2"><a name="36677"><span class="ref">[36677] Iª-IIae q. 73 a. 9 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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670 si conditio personae aggravaret peccatum, maxime aggravaretur ex
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671 propinquitate, quia sicut Tullius dicit in paradoxis, <i>in servo
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672 necando semel peccatur, in patris vita violanda multa
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diff changeset
673 peccantur</i>. Sed propinquitas personae in quam peccatur, non
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674 videtur aggravare peccatum, quia unusquisque sibi ipsi maxime est
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675 propinquus; et tamen minus peccat qui aliquod damnum sibi infert,
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diff changeset
676 quam si inferret alteri, puta si occideret equum suum, quam si
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677 occideret equum alterius, ut patet per philosophum, in V Ethic.
53
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678 Ergo propinquitas personae non aggravat peccatum.</p><p title="I-II q. 73 a. 9 arg. 3"><a name="36678"><span class="ref">[36678] Iª-IIae q. 73 a. 9 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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679 conditio personae peccantis praecipue aggravat peccatum ratione
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diff changeset
680 dignitatis vel scientiae, secundum illud Sap. VI, <i>potentes
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diff changeset
681 potenter tormenta patientur</i>; et Luc. XII, <i>servus sciens
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diff changeset
682 voluntatem domini, et non faciens, plagis vapulabit multis</i>.
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683 Ergo, pari ratione, ex parte personae in quam peccatur, magis
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684 aggravaret peccatum dignitas aut scientia personae in quam
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diff changeset
685 peccatur. Sed non videtur gravius peccare qui facit iniuriam
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diff changeset
686 personae ditiori vel potentiori, quam alicui pauperi, quia non est
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687 personarum acceptio apud Deum, secundum cuius iudicium gravitas
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688 peccati pensatur. Ergo conditio personae in quam peccatur, non
53
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689 aggravat peccatum.</p><p title="I-II q. 73 a. 9 s. c."><a name="36679"><span class="ref">[36679] Iª-IIae q. 73 a. 9 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
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diff changeset
690 est quod in sacra Scriptura specialiter vituperatur peccatum quod
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diff changeset
691 contra servos Dei committitur, sicut III Reg. XIX, <i>altaria tua
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diff changeset
692 destruxerunt, et prophetas tuos occiderunt gladio</i>. Vituperatur
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693 etiam specialiter peccatum commissum contra personas propinquas,
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diff changeset
694 secundum illud Mich. VII, <i>filius contumeliam facit patri, filia
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diff changeset
695 consurgit adversus matrem suam</i>. Vituperatur etiam specialiter
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diff changeset
696 peccatum quod committitur contra personas in dignitate constitutas,
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diff changeset
697 ut patet Iob XXXIV, <i>qui dicit regi, apostata; qui vocat duces
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698 impios</i>. Ergo conditio personae in quam peccatur, aggravat
53
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diff changeset
699 peccatum.</p><p title="I-II q. 73 a. 9 co."><a name="36680"><span class="ref">[36680] Iª-IIae q. 73 a. 9 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
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diff changeset
700 dicendum quod persona in quam peccatur, est quodammodo obiectum
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diff changeset
701 peccati. Dictum est autem supra quod prima gravitas peccati
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702 attenditur ex parte obiecti. Ex quo quidem tanto attenditur maior
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703 gravitas in peccato, quanto obiectum eius est principalior finis.
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704 Fines autem principales humanorum actuum sunt Deus, ipse homo, et
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705 proximus, quidquid enim facimus, propter aliquod horum facimus;
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706 quamvis etiam horum trium unum sub altero ordinetur. Potest igitur
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707 ex parte horum trium considerari maior vel minor gravitas in
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diff changeset
708 peccato secundum conditionem personae in quam peccatur. Primo
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diff changeset
709 quidem, ex parte Dei, cui tanto magis aliquis homo coniungitur,
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diff changeset
710 quanto est virtuosior vel Deo sacratior. Et ideo iniuria tali
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diff changeset
711 personae illata, magis redundat in Deum, secundum illud Zach. II,
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diff changeset
712 <i>qui vos tetigerit, tangit pupillam oculi mei</i>. Unde peccatum
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diff changeset
713 fit gravius ex hoc quod peccatur in personam magis Deo coniunctam,
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714 vel ratione virtutis vel ratione officii. Ex parte vero sui ipsius,
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diff changeset
715 manifestum est quod tanto aliquis gravius peccat, quanto in magis
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diff changeset
716 coniunctam personam, seu naturali necessitudine, seu beneficiis,
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diff changeset
717 seu quacumque coniunctione, peccaverit, quia videtur in seipsum
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718 magis peccare, et pro tanto gravius peccat, secundum illud Eccli.
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diff changeset
719 XIV, <i>qui sibi nequam est, cui bonus erit?</i> Ex parte vero
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diff changeset
720 proximi, tanto gravius peccatur, quanto peccatum plures tangit. Et
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diff changeset
721 ideo peccatum quod fit in personam publicam, puta regem vel
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diff changeset
722 principem, qui gerit personam totius multitudinis, est gravius quam
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diff changeset
723 peccatum quod committitur contra unam personam privatam, unde
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diff changeset
724 specialiter dicitur Exod. XXII, <i>principi populi tui non
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diff changeset
725 maledices</i>. Et similiter iniuria quae fit alicui famosae
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diff changeset
726 personae, videtur esse gravior, ex hoc quod in scandalum et in
53
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727 turbationem plurimorum redundat.</p><p title="I-II q. 73 a. 9 ad 1"><a name="36681"><span class="ref">[36681] Iª-IIae q. 73 a. 9 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
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728 ergo dicendum quod ille qui infert iniuriam virtuoso, quantum est
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diff changeset
729 in se, turbat eum et interius et exterius. Sed quod iste interius
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diff changeset
730 non turbetur, contingit ex eius bonitate, quae non diminuit
53
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diff changeset
731 peccatum iniuriantis.</p><p title="I-II q. 73 a. 9 ad 2"><a name="36682"><span class="ref">[36682] Iª-IIae q. 73 a. 9 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
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diff changeset
732 dicendum quod nocumentum quod quis sibi ipsi infert in his quae
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diff changeset
733 subsunt dominio propriae voluntatis, sicut in rebus possessis,
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diff changeset
734 habet minus de peccato quam si alteri inferatur, quia propria
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diff changeset
735 voluntate hoc agit. Sed in his quae non subduntur dominio
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diff changeset
736 voluntatis, sicut sunt naturalia et spiritualia bona, est gravius
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diff changeset
737 peccatum nocumentum sibi ipsi inferre, gravius enim peccat qui
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738 occidit seipsum, quam qui occidit alterum. Sed quia res
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739 propinquorum nostrorum non subduntur voluntatis nostrae dominio,
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740 non procedit ratio quantum ad nocumenta rebus illorum illata, quod
53
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741 circa ea minus peccetur; nisi forte velint, vel ratum habeant.</p><p title="I-II q. 73 a. 9 ad 3"><a name="36683"><span class="ref">[36683] Iª-IIae q. 73 a. 9 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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742 dicendum quod non est acceptio personarum si Deus gravius punit
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743 peccantem contra excellentiores personas, hoc enim fit propter hoc
53
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744 quod hoc redundat in plurium nocumentum.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 10</h3><p title="I-II q. 73 a. 10 arg. 1"><a name="36684"><span class="ref">[36684] Iª-IIae q. 73 a. 10 arg. 1</span></a> Ad decimum
28
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745 sic proceditur. Videtur quod magnitudo personae peccantis non
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746 aggravet peccatum. Homo enim maxime redditur magnus ex hoc quod Deo
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747 adhaeret, secundum illud Eccli. XXV, <i>quam magnus est qui invenit
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748 sapientiam et scientiam. Sed non est super timentem Deum</i>. Sed
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749 quanto aliquis magis Deo adhaeret, tanto minus imputatur ei aliquid
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750 ad peccatum, dicitur enim II Paralip. XXX, <i>dominus bonus
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751 propitiabitur cunctis qui in toto corde requirunt dominum Deum
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752 patrum suorum, et non imputabitur eis quod minus sanctificati
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753 sunt</i>. Ergo peccatum non aggravatur ex magnitudine personae
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754 peccantis.</p><p title="I-II q. 73 a. 10 arg. 2"><a name="36685"><span class="ref">[36685] Iª-IIae q. 73 a. 10 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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755 non est personarum acceptio apud Deum, ut dicitur Rom. II. Ergo non
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756 magis punit pro uno et eodem peccato, unum quam alium. Non ergo
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757 aggravatur ex magnitudine personae peccantis.</p><p title="I-II q. 73 a. 10 arg. 3"><a name="36686"><span class="ref">[36686] Iª-IIae q. 73 a. 10 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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758 nullus debet ex bono incommodum reportare. Reportaret autem, si id
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759 quod agit, magis ei imputaretur ad culpam. Ergo propter
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760 magnitudinem personae peccantis non aggravatur peccatum.</p><p title="I-II q. 73 a. 10 s. c."><a name="36687"><span class="ref">[36687] Iª-IIae q. 73 a. 10 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
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761 est quod Isidorus dicit, in II de summo bono, <i>tanto maius
53
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762 cognoscitur peccatum esse, quanto maior qui peccat habetur</i>.</p><p title="I-II q. 73 a. 10 co."><a name="36688"><span class="ref">[36688] Iª-IIae q. 73 a. 10 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
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763 dicendum quod duplex est peccatum. Quoddam ex subreptione
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764 proveniens, propter infirmitatem humanae naturae. Et tale peccatum
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765 minus imputatur ei qui est maior in virtute, eo quod minus negligit
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766 huiusmodi peccata reprimere, quae tamen omnino subterfugere
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767 infirmitas humana non sinit. Alia vero peccata sunt ex
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768 deliberatione procedentia. Et ista peccata tanto magis alicui
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769 imputantur, quanto maior est. Et hoc potest esse propter quatuor.
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770 Primo quidem, quia facilius possunt resistere peccato maiores, puta
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771 qui excedunt in scientia et virtute. Unde dominus dicit, Luc. XII,
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772 quod <i>servus sciens voluntatem domini sui, et non faciens, plagis
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773 vapulabit multis</i>. Secundo, propter ingratitudinem, quia omne
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774 bonum quo quis magnificatur, est Dei beneficium, cui homo fit
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775 ingratus peccando. Et quantum ad hoc, quaelibet maioritas, etiam in
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776 temporalibus bonis peccatum aggravat, secundum illud Sap. VI,
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777 <i>potentes potenter tormenta patientur</i>. Tertio, propter
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778 specialem repugnantiam actus peccati ad magnitudinem personae,
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779 sicut si princeps iustitiam violet, qui ponitur iustitiae custos;
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780 et si sacerdos fornicetur, qui castitatem vovit. Quarto, propter
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781 exemplum, sive scandalum, quia, ut Gregorius dicit in pastorali,
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782 <i>in exemplum culpa vehementer extenditur, quando pro reverentia
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783 gradus peccator honoratur</i>. Ad plurium etiam notitiam perveniunt
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784 peccata magnorum; et magis homines ea indigne ferunt.</p><p title="I-II q. 73 a. 10 ad 1"><a name="36689"><span class="ref">[36689] Iª-IIae q. 73 a. 10 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
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785 ergo dicendum quod auctoritas illa loquitur de his quae per
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786 subreptionem infirmitatis humanae negligenter aguntur.</p><p title="I-II q. 73 a. 10 ad 2"><a name="36690"><span class="ref">[36690] Iª-IIae q. 73 a. 10 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
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787 dicendum quod Deus non accipit personas, si maiores plus punit,
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788 quia ipsorum maioritas facit ad gravitatem peccati, ut dictum
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789 est.</p><p title="I-II q. 73 a. 10 ad 3"><a name="36691"><span class="ref">[36691] Iª-IIae q. 73 a. 10 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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790 dicendum quod homo magnus non reportat incommodum ex bono quod
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791 habet, sed ex malo usu illius.</p></div></div><div class="centro"><br/>
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792 <p><a href="sth2072.html"><img alt="age retro" border="0" align="middle" height="19" width="19" src="icons/ageretro.gif"/></a>  
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793 <a href="sth2074.html"><img alt="age ultra" border="0" align="middle" height="19" width="19" src="icons/ageultra.gif"/></a></p>
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794 <br/>
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795 <hr/>
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796 <br/>
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797 <address>© 2006 Fundación Tomás de Aquino quoad
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798 hanc editionem<br/>
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799 Iura omnia asservantur<br/>
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800 OCLC nr. <a style="text-decoration=none" href="http://worldcatlibraries.org/wcpa/oclc/49644264">49644264</a></address>
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801 </div></body>
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802 </html>