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date Mon, 28 Dec 2009 13:00:58 +0000
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1 <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
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2 <!DOCTYPE html
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3 PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "file:///c:/cygwin/usr/local/share/lib/xml/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
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4 <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="LA" lang="LA">
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5 <head>
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9 <meta content="text/javascript" http-equiv="Content-Script-Type"/>
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10 <meta content="Thomas de Aquino, Summa Theologiae, Corpus Thomisticum" name="keywords"/>
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11 <meta content="Latin" name="language"/>
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12 <meta content="public" name="security"/>
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13 <meta content="ealarcon@unav.es" name="owner"/>
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14 <meta content="Enrique Alarcón" name="author"/>
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15 <meta content="" name="abstract"/>
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17 <link type="text/css" href="vprint.css" media="print" rel="stylesheet"/>
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18 <title>Thomas de Aquino, Summa Theologiae, Iª q.
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19 103-119</title>
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20 </head>
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21 <body><a href="http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/"/><div class="tres">CORPUS THOMISTICUM</div><div class="uno">Sancti Thomae de Aquino</div><div class="uno">Summa Theologiae</div><div class="dos">prima pars a quaestione CIII ad quaestionem
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22 CXIX</div><div class="centro">
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23 <table summary="Imago" align="center">
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24 <tr>
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25 <th><img align="middle" alt="Thomas de Aquino a Justo Ghent depictus" border="0" height="190" width="120" src="icons/ghent190.jpg"/></th>
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26 </tr>
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27 </table>
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28 <br/>
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29 <span class="tres">Textum Leoninum Romae 1889 editum<br/>
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30 ac automato translatum a Roberto Busa SJ in taenias
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31 magneticas<br/>
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32 denuo recognovit Enrique Alarcón atque instruxit<br/>
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33 <br/></span><br/>
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34 <hr/>
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35 <br/>
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36 <p><a href="sth1090.html"><img alt="age retro" border="0" align="middle" height="19" width="19" src="icons/ageretro.gif"/></a>  
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37 <a href="sth2000.html"><img alt="age ultra" border="0" align="middle" height="19" width="19" src="icons/ageultra.gif"/></a></p>
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38 <script type="text/javascript" language="JavaScript">
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39 //
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40 &lt;!--
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41 // original code by Bill Trefzger 12/12/96; revised by Enrique Alarcon 12/9/2000
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139 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32781"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 104 a. 3 ad 2');
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140 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32782"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 104 a. 3 ad 3');
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141 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32783"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 104 a. 4 arg. 1');
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142 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32784"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 104 a. 4 arg. 2');
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143 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32785"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 104 a. 4 arg. 3');
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144 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32786"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 104 a. 4 s. c.');
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145 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32787"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 104 a. 4 co.');
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146 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32788"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 104 a. 4 ad 1');
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147 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32789"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 104 a. 4 ad 2');
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148 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32790"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 104 a. 4 ad 3');
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149 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32791"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 105 pr.');
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150 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32792"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 105 a. 1 arg. 1');
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151 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32793"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 105 a. 1 arg. 2');
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152 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32794"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 105 a. 1 arg. 3');
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153 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32795"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 105 a. 1 s. c.');
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154 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32796"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 105 a. 1 co.');
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155 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32797"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 105 a. 1 ad 1');
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156 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32798"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 105 a. 1 ad 2');
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157 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32799"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 105 a. 1 ad 3');
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158 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32800"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 105 a. 2 arg. 1');
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159 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32801"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 105 a. 2 arg. 2');
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160 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32802"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 105 a. 2 arg. 3');
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161 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32803"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 105 a. 2 s. c.');
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162 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32804"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 105 a. 2 co.');
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163 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32805"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 105 a. 2 ad 1');
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164 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32806"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 105 a. 2 ad 2');
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165 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32807"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 105 a. 2 ad 3');
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166 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32808"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 105 a. 3 arg. 1');
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167 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32809"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 105 a. 3 arg. 2');
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168 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32810"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 105 a. 3 arg. 3');
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169 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32811"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 105 a. 3 s. c.');
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170 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32812"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 105 a. 3 co.');
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parents: 28
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171 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32813"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 105 a. 3 ad 1');
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172 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32814"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 105 a. 3 ad 2');
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173 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32815"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 105 a. 3 ad 3');
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parents: 28
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174 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32816"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 105 a. 4 arg. 1');
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175 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32817"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 105 a. 4 arg. 2');
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176 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32818"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 105 a. 4 arg. 3');
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177 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32819"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 105 a. 4 s. c.');
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178 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32820"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 105 a. 4 co.');
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179 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32821"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 105 a. 4 ad 1');
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180 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32822"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 105 a. 4 ad 2');
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181 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32823"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 105 a. 4 ad 3');
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parents: 28
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182 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32824"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 105 a. 5 arg. 1');
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183 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32825"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 105 a. 5 arg. 2');
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184 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32826"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 105 a. 5 arg. 3');
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185 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32827"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 105 a. 5 s. c.');
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186 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32828"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 105 a. 5 co.');
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187 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32829"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 105 a. 5 ad 1');
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188 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32830"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 105 a. 5 ad 2');
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189 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32831"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 105 a. 5 ad 3');
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190 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32832"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 105 a. 6 arg. 1');
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191 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32833"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 105 a. 6 arg. 2');
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192 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32834"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 105 a. 6 arg. 3');
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193 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32835"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 105 a. 6 s. c.');
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194 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32836"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 105 a. 6 co.');
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195 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32837"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 105 a. 6 ad 1');
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196 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32838"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 105 a. 6 ad 2');
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parents: 28
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197 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32839"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 105 a. 6 ad 3');
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198 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32840"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 105 a. 7 arg. 1');
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diff changeset
199 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32841"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 105 a. 7 arg. 2');
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200 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32842"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 105 a. 7 arg. 3');
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diff changeset
201 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32843"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 105 a. 7 s. c.');
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202 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32844"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 105 a. 7 co.');
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parents: 28
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203 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32845"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 105 a. 7 ad 1');
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parents: 28
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204 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32846"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 105 a. 7 ad 2');
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205 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32847"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 105 a. 7 ad 3');
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parents: 28
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206 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32848"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 105 a. 8 arg. 1');
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207 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32849"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 105 a. 8 arg. 2');
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208 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32850"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 105 a. 8 s. c.');
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209 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32851"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 105 a. 8 co.');
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210 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32852"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 105 a. 8 ad');
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parents: 28
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211 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32853"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 106 pr.');
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parents: 28
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212 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32854"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 106 a. 1 arg. 1');
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213 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32855"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 106 a. 1 arg. 2');
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214 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32856"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 106 a. 1 arg. 3');
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215 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32857"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 106 a. 1 s. c.');
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216 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32858"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 106 a. 1 co.');
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parents: 28
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217 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32859"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 106 a. 1 ad 1');
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218 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32860"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 106 a. 1 ad 2');
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219 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32861"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 106 a. 1 ad 3');
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220 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32862"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 106 a. 2 arg. 1');
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221 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32863"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 106 a. 2 arg. 2');
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222 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32864"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 106 a. 2 arg. 3');
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223 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32865"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 106 a. 2 s. c.');
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224 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32866"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 106 a. 2 co.');
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225 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32867"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 106 a. 2 ad 1');
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226 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32868"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 106 a. 2 ad 2');
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227 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32869"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 106 a. 2 ad 3');
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228 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32870"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 106 a. 3 arg. 1');
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229 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32871"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 106 a. 3 arg. 2');
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230 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32872"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 106 a. 3 arg. 3');
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231 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32873"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 106 a. 3 s. c.');
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232 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32874"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 106 a. 3 co.');
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233 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32875"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 106 a. 3 ad 1');
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234 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32876"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 106 a. 3 ad 2');
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235 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32877"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 106 a. 3 ad 3');
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236 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32878"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 106 a. 4 arg. 1');
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237 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32879"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 106 a. 4 arg. 2');
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parents: 28
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238 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32880"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 106 a. 4 arg. 3');
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239 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32881"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 106 a. 4 s. c.');
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240 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32882"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 106 a. 4 co.');
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parents: 28
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241 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32883"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 106 a. 4 ad 1');
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parents: 28
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242 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32884"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 106 a. 4 ad 2');
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parents: 28
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243 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32885"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 106 a. 4 ad 3');
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244 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32886"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 107 pr.');
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parents: 28
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245 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32887"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 107 a. 1 arg. 1');
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246 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32888"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 107 a. 1 arg. 2');
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parents: 28
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247 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32889"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 107 a. 1 arg. 3');
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248 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32890"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 107 a. 1 s. c.');
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249 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32891"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 107 a. 1 co.');
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250 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32892"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 107 a. 1 ad 1');
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parents: 28
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251 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32893"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 107 a. 1 ad 2');
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252 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32894"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 107 a. 1 ad 3');
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parents: 28
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253 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32895"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 107 a. 2 arg. 1');
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254 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32896"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 107 a. 2 arg. 2');
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parents: 28
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255 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32897"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 107 a. 2 arg. 3');
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256 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32898"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 107 a. 2 s. c.');
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257 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32899"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 107 a. 2 co.');
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258 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32900"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 107 a. 2 ad 1');
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parents: 28
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259 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32901"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 107 a. 2 ad 3');
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260 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32902"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 107 a. 3 arg. 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
261 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32903"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 107 a. 3 arg. 2');
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262 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32904"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 107 a. 3 s. c.');
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263 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32905"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 107 a. 3 co.');
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264 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32906"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 107 a. 3 ad 1');
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265 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32907"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 107 a. 3 ad 2');
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parents: 28
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266 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32908"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 107 a. 4 arg. 1');
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267 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32909"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 107 a. 4 arg. 2');
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268 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32910"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 107 a. 4 s. c.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
269 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32911"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 107 a. 4 co.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
270 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32912"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 107 a. 4 ad 1');
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parents: 28
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271 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32913"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 107 a. 4 ad 2');
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parents: 28
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272 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32914"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 107 a. 5 arg. 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
273 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32915"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 107 a. 5 arg. 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
274 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32916"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 107 a. 5 arg. 3');
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parents: 28
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275 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32917"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 107 a. 5 s. c.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
276 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32918"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 107 a. 5 co.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
277 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32919"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 107 a. 5 ad 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
278 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32920"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 107 a. 5 ad 3');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
279 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32921"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 108 pr.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
280 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32922"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 108 a. 1 arg. 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
281 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32923"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 108 a. 1 arg. 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
282 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32924"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 108 a. 1 arg. 3');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
283 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32925"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 108 a. 1 s. c.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
284 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32926"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 108 a. 1 co.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
285 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32927"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 108 a. 1 ad 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
286 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32928"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 108 a. 1 ad 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
287 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32929"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 108 a. 1 ad 3');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
288 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32930"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 108 a. 2 arg. 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
289 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32931"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 108 a. 2 arg. 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
290 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32932"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 108 a. 2 arg. 3');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
291 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32933"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 108 a. 2 s. c.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
292 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32934"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 108 a. 2 co.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
293 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32935"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 108 a. 2 ad 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
294 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32936"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 108 a. 2 ad 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
295 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32937"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 108 a. 2 ad 3');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
296 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32938"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 108 a. 3 arg. 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
297 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32939"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 108 a. 3 arg. 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
298 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32940"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 108 a. 3 arg. 3');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
299 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32941"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 108 a. 3 s. c.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
300 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32942"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 108 a. 3 co.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
301 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32943"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 108 a. 3 ad 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
302 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32944"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 108 a. 3 ad 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
303 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32945"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 108 a. 3 ad 3');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
304 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32946"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 108 a. 4 arg. 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
305 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32947"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 108 a. 4 arg. 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
306 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32948"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 108 a. 4 arg. 3');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
307 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32949"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 108 a. 4 s. c.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
308 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32950"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 108 a. 4 co.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
309 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32951"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 108 a. 4 ad');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
310 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32952"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 108 a. 5 arg. 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
311 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32953"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 108 a. 5 arg. 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
312 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32954"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 108 a. 5 arg. 3');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
313 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32955"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 108 a. 5 arg. 4');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
314 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32956"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 108 a. 5 arg. 5');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
315 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32957"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 108 a. 5 arg. 6');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
316 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32958"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 108 a. 5 s. c.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
317 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32959"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 108 a. 5 co.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
318 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32960"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 108 a. 5 ad 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
319 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32961"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 108 a. 5 ad 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
320 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32962"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 108 a. 5 ad 3');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
321 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32963"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 108 a. 5 ad 4');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
322 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32964"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 108 a. 5 ad 5');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
323 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32965"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 108 a. 5 ad 6');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
324 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32966"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 108 a. 6 arg. 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
325 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32967"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 108 a. 6 arg. 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
326 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32968"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 108 a. 6 arg. 3');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
327 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32969"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 108 a. 6 arg. 4');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
328 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32970"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 108 a. 6 s. c.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
329 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32971"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 108 a. 6 co.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
330 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32972"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 108 a. 6 ad 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
331 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32973"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 108 a. 6 ad 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
332 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32974"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 108 a. 6 ad 3');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
333 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32975"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 108 a. 6 ad 4');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
334 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32976"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 108 a. 7 arg. 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
335 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32977"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 108 a. 7 arg. 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
336 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32978"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 108 a. 7 arg. 3');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
337 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32979"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 108 a. 7 s. c.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
338 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32980"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 108 a. 7 co.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
339 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32981"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 108 a. 7 ad 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
340 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32982"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 108 a. 7 ad 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
341 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32983"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 108 a. 7 ad 3');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
342 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32984"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 108 a. 8 arg. 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
343 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32985"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 108 a. 8 arg. 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
344 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32986"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 108 a. 8 arg. 3');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
345 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32987"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 108 a. 8 s. c.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
346 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32988"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 108 a. 8 co.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
347 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32989"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 108 a. 8 ad 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
348 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32990"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 108 a. 8 ad 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
349 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32991"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 108 a. 8 ad 3');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
350 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32992"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 109 pr.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
351 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32993"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 109 a. 1 arg. 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
352 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32994"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 109 a. 1 arg. 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
353 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32995"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 109 a. 1 arg. 3');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
354 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32996"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 109 a. 1 s. c.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
355 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32997"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 109 a. 1 co.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
356 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32998"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 109 a. 1 ad 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
357 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32999"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 109 a. 1 ad 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
358 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33000"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 109 a. 1 ad 3');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
359 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33001"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 109 a. 2 arg. 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
360 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33002"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 109 a. 2 arg. 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
361 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33003"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 109 a. 2 arg. 3');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
362 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33004"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 109 a. 2 s. c.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
363 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33005"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 109 a. 2 co.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
364 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33006"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 109 a. 2 ad 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
365 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33007"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 109 a. 2 ad 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
366 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33008"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 109 a. 2 ad 3');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
367 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33009"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 109 a. 3 arg. 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
368 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33010"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 109 a. 3 arg. 2');
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parents: 28
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369 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33011"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 109 a. 3 s. c.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
370 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33012"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 109 a. 3 co.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
371 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33013"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 109 a. 3 ad 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
372 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33014"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 109 a. 3 ad 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
373 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33015"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 109 a. 4 arg. 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
374 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33016"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 109 a. 4 arg. 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
375 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33017"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 109 a. 4 arg. 3');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
376 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33018"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 109 a. 4 s. c.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
377 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33019"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 109 a. 4 co.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
378 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33020"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 109 a. 4 ad 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
379 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33021"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 109 a. 4 ad 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
380 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33022"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 109 a. 4 ad 3');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
381 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33023"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 110 pr.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
382 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33024"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 110 a. 1 arg. 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
383 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33025"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 110 a. 1 arg. 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
384 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33026"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 110 a. 1 arg. 3');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
385 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33027"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 110 a. 1 s. c.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
386 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33028"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 110 a. 1 co.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
387 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33029"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 110 a. 1 ad 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
388 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33030"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 110 a. 1 ad 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
389 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33031"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 110 a. 1 ad 3');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
390 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33032"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 110 a. 2 arg. 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
391 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33033"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 110 a. 2 arg. 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
392 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33034"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 110 a. 2 arg. 3');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
393 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33035"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 110 a. 2 s. c.');
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parents: 28
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394 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33036"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 110 a. 2 co.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
395 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33037"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 110 a. 2 ad 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
396 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33038"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 110 a. 2 ad 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
397 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33039"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 110 a. 2 ad 3');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
398 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33040"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 110 a. 3 arg. 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
399 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33041"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 110 a. 3 arg. 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
400 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33042"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 110 a. 3 arg. 3');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
401 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33043"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 110 a. 3 s. c.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
402 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33044"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 110 a. 3 co.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
403 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33045"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 110 a. 3 ad 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
404 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33046"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 110 a. 3 ad 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
405 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33047"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 110 a. 3 ad 3');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
406 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33048"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 110 a. 4 arg. 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
407 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33049"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 110 a. 4 arg. 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
408 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33050"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 110 a. 4 arg. 3');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
409 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33051"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 110 a. 4 arg. 4');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
410 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33052"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 110 a. 4 s. c.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
411 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33053"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 110 a. 4 co.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
412 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33054"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 110 a. 4 ad 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
413 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33055"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 110 a. 4 ad 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
414 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33056"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 110 a. 4 ad 3');
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diff changeset
415 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33057"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 110 a. 4 ad 4');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
416 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33058"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 111 pr.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
417 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33059"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 111 a. 1 arg. 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
418 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33060"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 111 a. 1 arg. 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
419 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33061"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 111 a. 1 arg. 3');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
420 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33062"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 111 a. 1 s. c.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
421 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33063"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 111 a. 1 co.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
422 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33064"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 111 a. 1 ad 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
423 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33065"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 111 a. 1 ad 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
424 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33066"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 111 a. 1 ad 3');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
425 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33067"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 111 a. 2 arg. 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
426 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33068"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 111 a. 2 arg. 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
427 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33069"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 111 a. 2 arg. 3');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
428 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33070"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 111 a. 2 s. c.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
429 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33071"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 111 a. 2 co.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
430 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33072"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 111 a. 2 ad 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
431 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33073"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 111 a. 2 ad 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
432 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33074"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 111 a. 2 ad 3');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
433 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33075"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 111 a. 3 arg. 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
434 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33076"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 111 a. 3 arg. 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
435 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33077"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 111 a. 3 arg. 3');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
436 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33078"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 111 a. 3 arg. 4');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
437 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33079"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 111 a. 3 s. c.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
438 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33080"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 111 a. 3 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
439 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33081"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 111 a. 3 ad 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
440 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33082"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 111 a. 3 ad 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
441 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33083"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 111 a. 3 ad 3');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
442 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33084"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 111 a. 3 ad 4');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
443 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33085"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 111 a. 4 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
444 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33086"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 111 a. 4 arg. 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
445 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33087"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 111 a. 4 arg. 3');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
446 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33088"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 111 a. 4 s. c.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
447 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33089"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 111 a. 4 co.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
448 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33090"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 111 a. 4 ad 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
449 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33091"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 111 a. 4 ad 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
450 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33092"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 111 a. 4 ad 3');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
451 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33093"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 112 pr.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
452 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33094"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 112 a. 1 arg. 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
453 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33095"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 112 a. 1 arg. 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
454 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33096"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 112 a. 1 arg. 3');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
455 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33097"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 112 a. 1 arg. 4');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
456 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33098"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 112 a. 1 s. c.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
457 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33099"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 112 a. 1 co.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
458 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33100"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 112 a. 1 ad 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
459 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33101"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 112 a. 1 ad 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
460 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33102"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 112 a. 1 ad 3');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
461 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33103"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 112 a. 1 ad 4');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
462 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33104"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 112 a. 2 arg. 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
463 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33105"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 112 a. 2 arg. 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
464 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33106"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 112 a. 2 arg. 3');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
465 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33107"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 112 a. 2 arg. 4');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
466 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33108"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 112 a. 2 s. c.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
467 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33109"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 112 a. 2 co.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
468 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33110"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 112 a. 2 ad 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
469 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33111"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 112 a. 2 ad 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
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parents: 28
diff changeset
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parents: 28
diff changeset
472 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33114"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 112 a. 3 arg. 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
473 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33115"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 112 a. 3 arg. 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
474 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33116"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 112 a. 3 arg. 3');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
475 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33117"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 112 a. 3 arg. 4');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
476 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33118"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 112 a. 3 s. c.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
477 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33119"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 112 a. 3 co.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
478 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33120"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 112 a. 3 ad 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
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parents: 28
diff changeset
480 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33122"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 112 a. 3 ad 4');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
481 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33123"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 112 a. 4 arg. 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
482 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33124"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 112 a. 4 arg. 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
483 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33125"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 112 a. 4 s. c.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
484 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33126"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 112 a. 4 co.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
485 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33127"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 112 a. 4 ad 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
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parents: 28
diff changeset
487 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33129"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 113 pr.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
488 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33130"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 113 a. 1 arg. 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
489 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33131"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 113 a. 1 arg. 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
490 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33132"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 113 a. 1 arg. 3');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
491 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33133"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 113 a. 1 s. c.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
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parents: 28
diff changeset
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parents: 28
diff changeset
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parents: 28
diff changeset
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parents: 28
diff changeset
496 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33138"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 113 a. 2 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
497 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33139"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 113 a. 2 arg. 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
498 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33140"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 113 a. 2 arg. 3');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
499 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33141"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 113 a. 2 s. c.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
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d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
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parents: 28
diff changeset
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parents: 28
diff changeset
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parents: 28
diff changeset
504 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33146"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 113 a. 3 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
505 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33147"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 113 a. 3 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
506 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33148"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 113 a. 3 arg. 3');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
507 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33149"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 113 a. 3 s. c.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
508 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33150"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 113 a. 3 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
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parents: 28
diff changeset
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parents: 28
diff changeset
511 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33153"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 113 a. 3 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
512 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33154"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 113 a. 4 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
513 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33155"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 113 a. 4 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
514 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33156"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 113 a. 4 arg. 3');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
515 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33157"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 113 a. 4 s. c.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
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parents: 28
diff changeset
517 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33159"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 113 a. 4 ad 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
518 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33160"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 113 a. 4 ad 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
519 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33161"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 113 a. 4 ad 3');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
520 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33162"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 113 a. 5 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
521 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33163"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 113 a. 5 arg. 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
522 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33164"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 113 a. 5 arg. 3');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
523 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33165"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 113 a. 5 s. c.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
524 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33166"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 113 a. 5 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
525 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33167"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 113 a. 5 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
526 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33168"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 113 a. 5 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
527 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33169"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 113 a. 5 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
528 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33170"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 113 a. 6 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
529 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33171"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 113 a. 6 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
530 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33172"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 113 a. 6 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
531 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33173"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 113 a. 6 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
532 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33174"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 113 a. 6 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
533 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33175"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 113 a. 6 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
534 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33176"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 113 a. 6 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
535 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33177"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 113 a. 7 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
536 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33178"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 113 a. 7 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
537 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33179"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 113 a. 7 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
538 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33180"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 113 a. 7 arg. 4');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
539 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33181"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 113 a. 7 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
540 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33182"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 113 a. 7 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
541 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33183"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 113 a. 7 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
542 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33184"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 113 a. 7 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
543 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33185"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 113 a. 7 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
544 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33186"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 113 a. 7 ad 4');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
545 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33187"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 113 a. 8 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
546 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33188"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 113 a. 8 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
547 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33189"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 113 a. 8 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
548 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33190"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 113 a. 8 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
549 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33191"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 113 a. 8 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
550 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33192"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 113 a. 8 ad');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
551 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33193"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 114 pr.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
552 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33194"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 114 a. 1 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
553 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33195"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 114 a. 1 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
554 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33196"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 114 a. 1 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
555 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33197"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 114 a. 1 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
556 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33198"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 114 a. 1 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
557 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33199"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 114 a. 1 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
558 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33200"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 114 a. 1 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
559 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33201"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 114 a. 1 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
560 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33202"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 114 a. 2 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
561 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33203"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 114 a. 2 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
562 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33204"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 114 a. 2 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
563 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33205"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 114 a. 2 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
564 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33206"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 114 a. 2 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
565 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33207"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 114 a. 2 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
566 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33208"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 114 a. 2 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
567 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33209"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 114 a. 2 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
568 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33210"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 114 a. 3 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
569 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33211"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 114 a. 3 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
570 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33212"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 114 a. 3 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
571 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33213"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 114 a. 3 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
572 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33214"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 114 a. 3 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
573 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33215"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 114 a. 3 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
574 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33216"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 114 a. 3 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
575 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33217"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 114 a. 3 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
576 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33218"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 114 a. 4 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
577 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33219"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 114 a. 4 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
578 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33220"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 114 a. 4 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
579 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33221"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 114 a. 4 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
580 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33222"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 114 a. 4 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
581 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33223"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 114 a. 4 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
582 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33224"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 114 a. 4 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
583 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33225"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 114 a. 4 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
584 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33226"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 114 a. 5 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
585 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33227"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 114 a. 5 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
586 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33228"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 114 a. 5 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
587 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33229"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 114 a. 5 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
588 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33230"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 114 a. 5 ad');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
589 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33231"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 115 pr.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
590 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33232"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 115 a. 1 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
591 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33233"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 115 a. 1 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
592 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33234"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 115 a. 1 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
593 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33235"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 115 a. 1 arg. 4');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
594 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33236"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 115 a. 1 arg. 5');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
595 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33237"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 115 a. 1 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
596 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33238"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 115 a. 1 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
597 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33239"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 115 a. 1 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
598 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33240"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 115 a. 1 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
599 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33241"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 115 a. 1 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
600 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33242"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 115 a. 1 ad 4');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
601 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33243"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 115 a. 1 ad 5');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
602 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33244"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 115 a. 2 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
603 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33245"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 115 a. 2 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
604 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33246"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 115 a. 2 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
605 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33247"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 115 a. 2 arg. 4');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
606 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33248"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 115 a. 2 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
607 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33249"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 115 a. 2 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
608 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33250"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 115 a. 2 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
609 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33251"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 115 a. 2 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
610 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33252"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 115 a. 2 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
611 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33253"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 115 a. 2 ad 4');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
612 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33254"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 115 a. 3 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
613 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33255"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 115 a. 3 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
614 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33256"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 115 a. 3 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
615 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33257"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 115 a. 3 arg. 4');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
616 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33258"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 115 a. 3 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
617 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33259"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 115 a. 3 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
618 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33260"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 115 a. 3 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
619 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33261"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 115 a. 3 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
620 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33262"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 115 a. 3 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
621 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33263"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 115 a. 3 ad 4');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
622 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33264"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 115 a. 4 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
623 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33265"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 115 a. 4 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
624 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33266"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 115 a. 4 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
625 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33267"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 115 a. 4 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
626 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33268"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 115 a. 4 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
627 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33269"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 115 a. 4 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
628 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33270"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 115 a. 4 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
629 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33271"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 115 a. 4 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
630 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33272"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 115 a. 5 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
631 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33273"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 115 a. 5 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
632 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33274"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 115 a. 5 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
633 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33275"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 115 a. 5 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
634 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33276"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 115 a. 5 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
635 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33277"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 115 a. 5 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
636 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33278"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 115 a. 5 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
637 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33279"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 115 a. 5 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
638 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33280"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 115 a. 6 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
639 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33281"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 115 a. 6 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
640 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33282"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 115 a. 6 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
641 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33283"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 115 a. 6 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
642 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33284"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 115 a. 6 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
643 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33285"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 115 a. 6 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
644 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33286"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 115 a. 6 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
645 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33287"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 115 a. 6 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
646 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33288"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 116 pr.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
647 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33289"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 116 a. 1 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
648 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33290"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 116 a. 1 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
649 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33291"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 116 a. 1 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
650 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33292"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 116 a. 1 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
651 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33293"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 116 a. 1 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
652 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33294"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 116 a. 1 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
653 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33295"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 116 a. 2 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
654 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33296"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 116 a. 2 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
655 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33297"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 116 a. 2 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
656 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33298"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 116 a. 2 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
657 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33299"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 116 a. 2 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
658 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33300"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 116 a. 2 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
659 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33301"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 116 a. 2 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
660 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33302"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 116 a. 2 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
661 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33303"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 116 a. 3 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
662 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33304"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 116 a. 3 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
663 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33305"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 116 a. 3 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
664 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33306"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 116 a. 3 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
665 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33307"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 116 a. 3 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
666 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33308"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 116 a. 3 ad');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
667 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33309"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 116 a. 4 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
668 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33310"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 116 a. 4 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
669 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33311"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 116 a. 4 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
670 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33312"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 116 a. 4 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
671 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33313"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 116 a. 4 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
672 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33314"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 116 a. 4 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
673 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33315"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 116 a. 4 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
674 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33316"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 116 a. 4 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
675 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33317"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 117 pr.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
676 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33318"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 117 a. 1 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
677 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33319"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 117 a. 1 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
678 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33320"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 117 a. 1 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
679 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33321"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 117 a. 1 arg. 4');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
680 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33322"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 117 a. 1 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
681 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33323"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 117 a. 1 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
682 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33324"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 117 a. 1 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
683 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33325"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 117 a. 1 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
684 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33326"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 117 a. 1 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
685 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33327"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 117 a. 1 ad 4');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
686 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33328"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 117 a. 2 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
687 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33329"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 117 a. 2 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
688 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33330"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 117 a. 2 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
689 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33331"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 117 a. 2 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
690 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33332"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 117 a. 2 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
691 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33333"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 117 a. 2 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
692 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33334"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 117 a. 2 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
693 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33335"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 117 a. 2 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
694 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33336"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 117 a. 3 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
695 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33337"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 117 a. 3 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
696 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33338"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 117 a. 3 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
697 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33339"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 117 a. 3 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
698 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33340"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 117 a. 3 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
699 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33341"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 117 a. 3 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
700 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33342"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 117 a. 3 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
701 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33343"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 117 a. 3 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
702 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33344"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 117 a. 4 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
703 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33345"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 117 a. 4 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
704 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33346"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 117 a. 4 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
705 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33347"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 117 a. 4 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
706 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33348"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 117 a. 4 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
707 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33349"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 117 a. 4 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
708 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33350"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 118 pr.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
709 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33351"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 118 a. 1 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
710 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33352"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 118 a. 1 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
711 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33353"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 118 a. 1 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
712 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33354"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 118 a. 1 arg. 4');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
713 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33355"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 118 a. 1 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
714 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33356"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 118 a. 1 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
715 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33357"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 118 a. 1 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
716 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33358"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 118 a. 1 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
717 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33359"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 118 a. 1 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
718 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33360"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 118 a. 1 ad 4');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
719 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33361"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 118 a. 2 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
720 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33362"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 118 a. 2 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
721 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33363"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 118 a. 2 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
722 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33364"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 118 a. 2 arg. 4');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
723 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33365"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 118 a. 2 arg. 5');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
724 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33366"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 118 a. 2 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
725 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33367"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 118 a. 2 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
726 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33368"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 118 a. 2 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
727 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33369"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 118 a. 2 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
728 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33370"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 118 a. 2 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
729 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33371"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 118 a. 2 ad 4');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
730 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33372"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 118 a. 2 ad 5');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
731 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33373"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 118 a. 3 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
732 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33374"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 118 a. 3 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
733 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33375"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 118 a. 3 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
734 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33376"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 118 a. 3 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
735 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33377"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 118 a. 3 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
736 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33378"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 118 a. 3 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
737 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33379"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 118 a. 3 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
738 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33380"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 118 a. 3 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
739 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33381"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 119 pr.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
740 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33382"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 119 a. 1 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
741 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33383"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 119 a. 1 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
742 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33384"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 119 a. 1 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
743 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33385"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 119 a. 1 arg. 4');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
744 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33386"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 119 a. 1 arg. 5');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
745 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33387"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 119 a. 1 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
746 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33388"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 119 a. 1 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
747 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33389"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 119 a. 1 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
748 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33390"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 119 a. 1 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
749 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33391"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 119 a. 1 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
750 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33392"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 119 a. 1 ad 4');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
751 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33393"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 119 a. 1 ad 5');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
752 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33394"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 119 a. 2 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
753 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33395"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 119 a. 2 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
754 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33396"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 119 a. 2 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
755 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33397"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 119 a. 2 arg. 4');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
756 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33398"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 119 a. 2 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
757 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33399"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 119 a. 2 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
758 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33400"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 119 a. 2 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
759 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33401"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 119 a. 2 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
760 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33402"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 119 a. 2 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
761 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33403"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 119 a. 2 ad 4');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
762 document.write('&lt;\/SELECT&gt;');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
763 document.write('&lt;BR&gt;&lt;BR&gt;');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
764 document.write('&lt;INPUT TYPE="button" VALUE="Agedum" ONCLICK="go()"&gt;');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
765 document.write('&lt;\/FORM&gt;');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
766 // --&gt;
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
767 //
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
768 </script><br/>
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
769 <hr/>
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parents: 28
diff changeset
770 <br/></div><div class="q" id="q103"><h2>Quaestio 103</h2><div class="p"><h3>Prooemium</h3><p title="I q. 103 pr."><a name="32692"><span class="ref">[32692]
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parents: 28
diff changeset
771 Iª q. 103 pr.</span></a> Postquam praemissum est de creatione
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
772 rerum et distinctione earum, restat nunc tertio considerandum de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
773 rerum gubernatione. Et primo, in communi; secundo, in speciali de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
774 effectibus gubernationis. Circa primum quaeruntur octo. Primo,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
775 utrum mundus ab aliquo gubernetur. Secundo, quis sit finis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
776 gubernationis ipsius. Tertio, utrum gubernetur ab uno. Quarto, de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
777 effectibus gubernationis. Quinto, utrum omnia divinae gubernationi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
778 subsint. Sexto, utrum omnia immediate gubernentur a Deo. Septimo,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
779 utrum divina gubernatio cassetur in aliquo. Octavo, utrum aliquid
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
780 divinae providentiae contranitatur.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 1</h3><p title="I q. 103 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="32693"><span class="ref">[32693] Iª q. 103 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad primum sic
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
781 proceditur. Videtur quod mundus non gubernetur ab aliquo. Illorum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
782 enim est gubernari, quae moventur vel operantur propter finem. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
783 res naturales, quae sunt magna pars mundi, non moventur aut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
784 operantur propter finem, quia non cognoscunt finem. Ergo mundus non
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
785 gubernatur.</p><p title="I q. 103 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="32694"><span class="ref">[32694] Iª q. 103 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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786 eorum est proprie gubernari, quae ad aliquid moventur. Sed mundus
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diff changeset
787 non videtur ad aliquid moveri, sed in se stabilitatem habet. Ergo
53
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788 non gubernatur.</p><p title="I q. 103 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="32695"><span class="ref">[32695] Iª q. 103 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea, id
28
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diff changeset
789 quod in se habet necessitatem qua determinatur ad unum, non indiget
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diff changeset
790 exteriori gubernante. Sed principaliores mundi partes quadam
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diff changeset
791 necessitate determinantur ad unum in suis actibus et motibus. Ergo
53
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diff changeset
792 mundus gubernatione non indiget.</p><p title="I q. 103 a. 1 s. c."><a name="32696"><span class="ref">[32696] Iª q. 103 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
28
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diff changeset
793 quod dicitur Sap. XIV, <i>tu autem, pater, gubernas omnia
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diff changeset
794 providentia</i>. Et Boetius dicit, in libro de Consol., <i>o qui
53
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diff changeset
795 perpetua mundum ratione gubernas</i>.</p><p title="I q. 103 a. 1 co."><a name="32697"><span class="ref">[32697] Iª q. 103 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
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796 quod quidam antiqui philosophi gubernationem mundo subtraxerunt,
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diff changeset
797 dicentes omnia fortuito agi. Sed haec positio ostenditur esse
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diff changeset
798 impossibilis ex duobus. Primo quidem, ex eo quod apparet in ipsis
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diff changeset
799 rebus. Videmus enim in rebus naturalibus provenire quod melius est,
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diff changeset
800 aut semper aut in pluribus, quod non contingeret, nisi per aliquam
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diff changeset
801 providentiam res naturales dirigerentur ad finem boni, quod est
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diff changeset
802 gubernare. Unde ipse ordo certus rerum manifeste demonstrat
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diff changeset
803 gubernationem mundi, sicut si quis intraret domum bene ordinatam,
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diff changeset
804 ex ipsa domus ordinatione ordinatoris rationem perpenderet; ut, ab
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diff changeset
805 Aristotele dictum, Tullius introducit in libro de natura deorum.
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diff changeset
806 Secundo autem apparet idem ex consideratione divinae bonitatis, per
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diff changeset
807 quam res in esse productae sunt, ut ex supra dictis patet. Cum enim
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diff changeset
808 optimi sit optima producere, non convenit summae Dei bonitati quod
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diff changeset
809 res productas ad perfectum non perducat. Ultima autem perfectio
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diff changeset
810 uniuscuiusque est in consecutione finis. Unde ad divinam bonitatem
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diff changeset
811 pertinet ut, sicut produxit res in esse, ita etiam eas ad finem
53
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812 perducat. Quod est gubernare.</p><p title="I q. 103 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="32698"><span class="ref">[32698] Iª q. 103 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
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diff changeset
813 dicendum quod aliquid movetur vel operatur propter finem
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diff changeset
814 dupliciter. Uno modo, sicut agens seipsum in finem, ut homo et
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diff changeset
815 aliae creaturae rationales, et talium est cognoscere rationem
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diff changeset
816 finis, et eorum quae sunt ad finem. Aliquid autem dicitur moveri
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diff changeset
817 vel operari propter finem, quasi ab alio actum vel directum in
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diff changeset
818 finem, sicut sagitta movetur ad signum directa a sagittante, qui
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diff changeset
819 cognoscit finem, non autem sagitta. Unde sicut motus sagittae ad
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diff changeset
820 determinatum finem demonstrat aperte quod sagitta dirigitur ab
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diff changeset
821 aliquo cognoscente; ita certus cursus naturalium rerum cognitione
53
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822 carentium, manifeste declarat mundum ratione aliqua gubernari.</p><p title="I q. 103 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="32699"><span class="ref">[32699] Iª q. 103 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
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823 dicendum quod in omnibus rebus creatis est aliquid stabile, ad
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diff changeset
824 minus prima materia; et aliquid ad motum pertinens, ut sub motu
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diff changeset
825 etiam operationem comprehendamus. Et quantum ad utrumque, res
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diff changeset
826 indiget gubernatione, quia hoc ipsum quod in rebus est stabile, in
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diff changeset
827 nihilum decideret (quia ex nihilo est), nisi manu gubernatoris
53
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diff changeset
828 servaretur, ut infra patebit.</p><p title="I q. 103 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="32700"><span class="ref">[32700] Iª q. 103 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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diff changeset
829 dicendum quod necessitas naturalis inhaerens rebus quae
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diff changeset
830 determinantur ad unum, est impressio quaedam Dei dirigentis ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
831 finem, sicut necessitas qua sagitta agitur ut ad certum signum
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diff changeset
832 tendat, est impressio sagittantis, et non sagittae. Sed in hoc
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diff changeset
833 differt, quia id quod creaturae a Deo recipiunt, est earum natura;
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diff changeset
834 quod autem ab homine rebus naturalibus imprimitur praeter earum
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diff changeset
835 naturam, ad violentiam pertinet. Unde sicut necessitas violentiae
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diff changeset
836 in motu sagittae demonstrat sagittantis directionem; ita necessitas
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diff changeset
837 naturalis creaturarum demonstrat divinae providentiae
53
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838 gubernationem.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 2</h3><p title="I q. 103 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="32701"><span class="ref">[32701] Iª q. 103 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad secundum sic
28
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diff changeset
839 proceditur. Videtur quod finis gubernationis mundi non sit aliquid
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diff changeset
840 extra mundum existens. Illud enim est finis gubernationis rei, ad
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diff changeset
841 quod res gubernata perducitur. Sed illud ad quod res aliqua
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diff changeset
842 perducitur, est aliquod bonum in ipsa re, sicut infirmus perducitur
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843 ad sanitatem, quae est aliquod bonum in ipso. Ergo finis
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844 gubernationis rerum non est aliquod bonum extrinsecum, sed aliquod
53
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diff changeset
845 bonum in ipsis rebus existens.</p><p title="I q. 103 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="32702"><span class="ref">[32702] Iª q. 103 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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diff changeset
846 philosophus dicit, I Ethic., quod <i>finium quidam sunt
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diff changeset
847 operationes, quidam opera</i>, idest operata. Sed nihil extrinsecum
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diff changeset
848 a toto universo potest esse operatum, operatio autem est in ipsis
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849 operantibus. Ergo nihil extrinsecum potest esse finis gubernationis
53
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850 rerum.</p><p title="I q. 103 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="32703"><span class="ref">[32703] Iª q. 103 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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diff changeset
851 bonum multitudinis videtur esse ordo et pax, quae est tranquillitas
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852 ordinis. Ut Augustinus dicit XIX de Civ. Dei. Sed mundus in quadam
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853 rerum multitudine consistit. Ergo finis gubernationis mundi est
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854 pacificus ordo, qui est in ipsis rebus. Non ergo finis
53
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855 gubernationis rerum est quoddam bonum extrinsecum.</p><p title="I q. 103 a. 2 s. c."><a name="32704"><span class="ref">[32704] Iª q. 103 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
28
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856 quod dicitur Prov. XVI, <i>universa propter se operatus est
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857 dominus</i>. Ipse autem est extra totum ordinem universi. Ergo
53
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858 finis rerum est quoddam bonum extrinsecum.</p><p title="I q. 103 a. 2 co."><a name="32705"><span class="ref">[32705] Iª q. 103 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
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859 quod, cum finis respondeat principio, non potest fieri ut,
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860 principio cognito, quid sit rerum finis ignoretur. Cum igitur
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861 principium rerum sit aliquid extrinsecum a toto universo, scilicet
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862 Deus, ut ex supra dictis patet; necesse est quod etiam finis rerum
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863 sit quoddam bonum extrinsecum. Et hoc ratione apparet. Manifestum
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diff changeset
864 est enim quod bonum habet rationem finis. Unde finis particularis
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diff changeset
865 alicuius rei est quoddam bonum particulare, finis autem universalis
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diff changeset
866 rerum omnium est quoddam bonum universale. Bonum autem universale
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867 est quod est per se et per suam essentiam bonum, quod est ipsa
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868 essentia bonitatis, bonum autem particulare est quod est
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diff changeset
869 participative bonum. Manifestum est autem quod in tota universitate
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diff changeset
870 creaturarum nullum est bonum quod non sit participative bonum. Unde
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871 illud bonum quod est finis totius universi, oportet quod sit
53
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diff changeset
872 extrinsecum a toto universo.</p><p title="I q. 103 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="32706"><span class="ref">[32706] Iª q. 103 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
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diff changeset
873 dicendum quod bonum aliquod consequimur multipliciter, uno modo,
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diff changeset
874 sicut formam in nobis existentem, ut sanitatem aut scientiam; alio
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diff changeset
875 modo, ut aliquid per nos operatum, sicut aedificator consequitur
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diff changeset
876 finem faciendo domum; alio modo, sicut aliquod bonum habitum vel
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diff changeset
877 possessum, ut ille qui emit, consequitur finem possidendo agrum.
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diff changeset
878 Unde nihil prohibet illud ad quod perducitur universum, esse
53
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diff changeset
879 quoddam bonum extrinsecum.</p><p title="I q. 103 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="32707"><span class="ref">[32707] Iª q. 103 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
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diff changeset
880 dicendum quod philosophus loquitur de finibus artium, quarum
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diff changeset
881 quaedam habent pro finibus operationes ipsas, sicut citharistae
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diff changeset
882 finis est citharizare; quaedam vero habent pro fine quoddam
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diff changeset
883 operatum, sicut aedificatoris finis non est aedificare, sed domus.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
884 Contingit autem aliquid extrinsecum esse finem non solum sicut
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diff changeset
885 operatum, sed etiam sicut possessum seu habitum, vel etiam sicut
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parents: 26
diff changeset
886 repraesentatum, sicut si dicamus quod Hercules est finis imaginis,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
887 quae fit ad eum repraesentandum. Sic igitur potest dici quod bonum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
888 extrinsecum a toto universo est finis gubernationis rerum sicut
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diff changeset
889 habitum et repraesentatum, quia ad hoc unaquaeque res tendit, ut
53
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diff changeset
890 participet ipsum, et assimiletur ei, quantum potest.</p><p title="I q. 103 a. 2 ad 3"><a name="32708"><span class="ref">[32708] Iª q. 103 a. 2 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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diff changeset
891 dicendum quod finis quidem universi est aliquod bonum in ipso
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parents: 26
diff changeset
892 existens, scilicet ordo ipsius universi, hoc autem bonum non est
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diff changeset
893 ultimus finis, sed ordinatur ad bonum extrinsecum ut ad ultimum
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diff changeset
894 finem; sicut etiam ordo exercitus ordinatur ad ducem, ut dicitur in
53
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diff changeset
895 XII Metaphys.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 3</h3><p title="I q. 103 a. 3 arg. 1"><a name="32709"><span class="ref">[32709] Iª q. 103 a. 3 arg. 1</span></a> Ad tertium sic
28
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diff changeset
896 proceditur. Videtur quod mundus non gubernetur ab uno. De causa
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parents: 26
diff changeset
897 enim per effectus iudicamus. Sed in gubernatione rerum apparet quod
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parents: 26
diff changeset
898 res non uniformiter moventur et operantur, quaedam enim
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parents: 26
diff changeset
899 contingenter, quaedam vero ex necessitate, et secundum alias
53
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diff changeset
900 diversitates. Ergo mundus non gubernatur ab uno.</p><p title="I q. 103 a. 3 arg. 2"><a name="32710"><span class="ref">[32710] Iª q. 103 a. 3 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea, ea
28
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diff changeset
901 quae gubernantur ab uno, a se invicem non dissentiunt nisi propter
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diff changeset
902 imperitiam aut impotentiam gubernantis, quae a Deo sunt procul. Sed
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903 res creatae a se invicem dissentiunt, et contra se invicem pugnant;
53
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diff changeset
904 ut in contrariis apparet. Non ergo mundus gubernatur ab uno.</p><p title="I q. 103 a. 3 arg. 3"><a name="32711"><span class="ref">[32711] Iª q. 103 a. 3 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea, in
28
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diff changeset
905 natura semper invenitur quod melius est. Sed melius est simul esse
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diff changeset
906 duos quam unum, ut dicitur Eccle. IV. Ergo mundus non gubernatur ab
53
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diff changeset
907 uno, sed a pluribus.</p><p title="I q. 103 a. 3 s. c."><a name="32712"><span class="ref">[32712] Iª q. 103 a. 3 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
28
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diff changeset
908 quod unum Deum et unum dominum confitemur; secundum illud apostoli
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diff changeset
909 I ad Cor. VIII, <i>nobis est unus Deus, pater, et dominus unus</i>.
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diff changeset
910 Quorum utrumque ad gubernationem pertinet, nam ad dominum pertinet
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diff changeset
911 gubernatio subditorum; et Dei nomen ex providentia sumitur, ut
53
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diff changeset
912 supra dictum est. Ergo mundus gubernatur ab uno.</p><p title="I q. 103 a. 3 co."><a name="32713"><span class="ref">[32713] Iª q. 103 a. 3 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
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diff changeset
913 quod necesse est dicere quod mundus ab uno gubernetur. Cum enim
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diff changeset
914 finis gubernationis mundi sit quod est essentialiter bonum, quod
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diff changeset
915 est optimum, necesse est quod mundi gubernatio sit optima. Optima
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diff changeset
916 autem gubernatio est quae fit per unum. Cuius ratio est, quia
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diff changeset
917 gubernatio nihil aliud est quam directio gubernatorum ad finem, qui
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diff changeset
918 est aliquod bonum. Unitas autem pertinet ad rationem bonitatis; ut
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diff changeset
919 Boetius probat, in III de Consol., per hoc quod. Sicut omnia
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diff changeset
920 desiderant bonum, ita desiderant unitatem, sine qua esse non
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921 possunt. Nam unumquodque intantum est, inquantum unum est, unde
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diff changeset
922 videmus quod res repugnant suae divisioni quantum possunt, et quod
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923 dissolutio uniuscuiusque rei provenit ex defectu illius rei. Et
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diff changeset
924 ideo id ad quod tendit intentio multitudinem gubernantis, est
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diff changeset
925 unitas sive pax. Unitatis autem causa per se est unum. Manifestum
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diff changeset
926 est enim quod plures multa unire et concordare non possunt, nisi
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diff changeset
927 ipsi aliquo modo uniantur. Illud autem quod est per se unum, potest
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diff changeset
928 convenientius et melius esse causa unitatis, quam multi uniti. Unde
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diff changeset
929 multitudo melius gubernatur per unum quam per plures. Relinquitur
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diff changeset
930 ergo quod gubernatio mundi, quae est optima, sit ab uno gubernante.
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diff changeset
931 Et hoc est quod philosophus dicit in XII Metaphys., <i>entia nolunt
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diff changeset
932 disponi male, nec bonum pluralitas principatuum, unus ergo
53
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diff changeset
933 princeps</i>.</p><p title="I q. 103 a. 3 ad 1"><a name="32714"><span class="ref">[32714] Iª q. 103 a. 3 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
934 dicendum quod motus est actus mobilis a movente. Difformitas ergo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
935 motuum est ex diversitate mobilium, quam requirit perfectio
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
936 universi, ut supra dictum est; non ex diversitate gubernantium.</p><p title="I q. 103 a. 3 ad 2"><a name="32715"><span class="ref">[32715] Iª q. 103 a. 3 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
937 dicendum quod contraria, etsi dissentiant quantum ad fines
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
938 proximos, conveniunt tamen quantum ad finem ultimum, prout
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
939 concluduntur sub uno ordine universi.</p><p title="I q. 103 a. 3 ad 3"><a name="32716"><span class="ref">[32716] Iª q. 103 a. 3 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
940 dicendum quod in particularibus bonis duo sunt meliora quam unum,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
941 sed ei quod est essentialiter bonum, non potest fieri aliqua
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
942 additio bonitatis.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 4</h3><p title="I q. 103 a. 4 arg. 1"><a name="32717"><span class="ref">[32717] Iª q. 103 a. 4 arg. 1</span></a> Ad quartum sic
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
943 proceditur. Videtur quod effectus gubernationis mundi sit unus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
944 tantum, et non plures. Effectus enim gubernationis esse videtur id
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
945 quod per gubernationem in rebus gubernatis causatur. Hoc autem est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
946 unum, scilicet bonum ordinis; ut in exercitu patet. Ergo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
947 gubernationis mundi est unus effectus.</p><p title="I q. 103 a. 4 arg. 2"><a name="32718"><span class="ref">[32718] Iª q. 103 a. 4 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea, ab
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
948 uno natum est unum tantum procedere. Sed mundus gubernatur ab uno,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
949 ut ostensum est. Ergo et gubernationis effectus est unus
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
950 tantum.</p><p title="I q. 103 a. 4 arg. 3"><a name="32719"><span class="ref">[32719] Iª q. 103 a. 4 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea, si
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
951 effectus gubernationis non est unus tantum propter unitatem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
952 gubernantis, oportet quod multiplicetur secundum multitudinem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
953 gubernatorum. Haec autem sunt nobis innumerabilia. Ergo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
954 gubernationis effectus non possunt comprehendi sub aliquo certo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
955 numero.</p><p title="I q. 103 a. 4 s. c."><a name="32720"><span class="ref">[32720] Iª q. 103 a. 4 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
956 quod Dionysius dicit, quod <i>deitas providentia et bonitate
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
957 perfecta omnia continet, et seipsa implet</i>. Gubernatio autem ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
958 providentiam pertinet. Ergo gubernationis divinae sunt aliqui
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
959 determinati effectus.</p><p title="I q. 103 a. 4 co."><a name="32721"><span class="ref">[32721] Iª q. 103 a. 4 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
960 quod effectus cuiuslibet actionis ex fine eius pensari potest, nam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
961 per operationem efficitur ut pertingatur ad finem. Finis autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
962 gubernationis mundi est bonum essentiale, ad cuius participationem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
963 et assimilationem omnia tendunt. Effectus igitur gubernationis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
964 potest accipi tripliciter. Uno modo, ex parte ipsius finis, et sic
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
965 est unus effectus gubernationis, scilicet assimilari summo bono.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
966 Alio modo potest considerari effectus gubernationis secundum ea
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
967 quibus ad Dei assimilationem creatura perducitur. Et sic in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
968 generali sunt duo effectus gubernationis. Creatura enim assimilatur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
969 Deo quantum ad duo, scilicet quantum ad id quod Deus bonus est,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
970 inquantum creatura est bona; et quantum ad hoc quod Deus est aliis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
971 causa bonitatis, inquantum una creatura movet aliam ad bonitatem.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
972 Unde duo sunt effectus gubernationis, scilicet conservatio rerum in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
973 bono, et motio earum ad bonum. Tertio modo potest considerari
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
974 effectus gubernationis in particulari, et sic sunt nobis
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
975 innumerabiles.</p><p title="I q. 103 a. 4 ad 1"><a name="32722"><span class="ref">[32722] Iª q. 103 a. 4 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
976 dicendum quod ordo universi includit in se et conservationem rerum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
977 diversarum a Deo institutarum, et motionem earum, quia secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
978 haec duo invenitur ordo in rebus, secundum scilicet quod una est
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
979 melior alia, et secundum quod una ab alia movetur.</p><p title="I q. 103 a. 4 ad 2"><a name="32723"><span class="ref">[32723] Iª q. 103 a. 4 ad 2</span></a> Ad alia duo patet
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
980 responsio per ea quae dicta sunt.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 5</h3><p title="I q. 103 a. 5 arg. 1"><a name="32724"><span class="ref">[32724] Iª q. 103 a. 5 arg. 1</span></a> Ad quintum sic
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
981 proceditur. Videtur quod non omnia divinae gubernationi subdantur.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
982 Dicitur enim Eccle. IX, <i>vidi sub sole nec velocium esse cursum,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
983 nec fortium bellum, nec sapientium panem, nec doctorum divitias,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
984 nec artificum gratiam, sed tempus casumque in omnibus</i>. Quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
985 autem gubernationi alicuius subsunt, non sunt casualia. Ergo ea
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
986 quae sunt sub sole, non subduntur divinae gubernationi.</p><p title="I q. 103 a. 5 arg. 2"><a name="32725"><span class="ref">[32725] Iª q. 103 a. 5 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
987 apostolus, I ad Cor. IX, dicit quod <i>non est Deo cura de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
988 bobus</i>. Sed unicuique est cura eorum quae gubernantur ab ipso.
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
989 Non ergo omnia subduntur divinae gubernationi.</p><p title="I q. 103 a. 5 arg. 3"><a name="32726"><span class="ref">[32726] Iª q. 103 a. 5 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
990 illud quod seipsum gubernare potest, non videtur alterius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
991 gubernatione indigere. Sed creatura rationalis seipsam gubernare
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
992 potest, cum habeat dominium sui actus, et per se agat; et non solum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
993 agatur ab alio, quod videtur esse eorum quae gubernantur. Ergo non
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
994 omnia subsunt divinae gubernationi.</p><p title="I q. 103 a. 5 s. c."><a name="32727"><span class="ref">[32727] Iª q. 103 a. 5 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
995 quod Augustinus dicit, V de Civ. Dei, quod <i>Deus non solum caelum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
996 et terram, nec solum hominem et Angelum, sed nec exigui et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
997 contemptibilis animantis viscera, nec avis pennulam, nec herbae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
998 flosculum, nec arboris folium, sine suarum partium convenientia
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
999 dereliquit</i>. Omnia ergo eius gubernationi subduntur.</p><p title="I q. 103 a. 5 co."><a name="32728"><span class="ref">[32728] Iª q. 103 a. 5 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1000 quod secundum eandem rationem competit Deo esse gubernatorem rerum,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1001 et causam earum, quia eiusdem est rem producere, et ei perfectionem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1002 dare, quod ad gubernantem pertinet. Deus autem est causa non quidem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1003 particularis unius generis rerum, sed universalis totius entis, ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1004 supra ostensum est. Unde sicut nihil potest esse quod non sit a Deo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1005 creatum, ita nihil potest esse quod eius gubernationi non subdatur.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1006 Patet etiam hoc idem ex ratione finis. Intantum enim alicuius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1007 gubernatio se extendit, inquantum se extendere potest finis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1008 gubernationis. Finis autem divinae gubernationis est ipsa sua
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1009 bonitas, ut supra ostensum est. Unde cum nihil esse possit quod non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1010 ordinetur in divinam bonitatem sicut in finem, ut ex supra dictis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1011 patet; impossibile est quod aliquod entium subtrahatur gubernationi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1012 divinae. Stulta igitur fuit opinio dicentium quod haec inferiora
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1013 corruptibilia, vel etiam singularia, aut etiam res humanae non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1014 gubernantur a Deo. Ex quorum persona dicitur Ezech. IX,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1015 <i>dereliquit dominus terram</i>.</p><p title="I q. 103 a. 5 ad 1"><a name="32729"><span class="ref">[32729] Iª q. 103 a. 5 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1016 dicendum quod sub sole dicuntur esse ea quae secundum motum solis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1017 generantur et corrumpuntur. In quibus omnibus casus invenitur; non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1018 ita quod omnia quae in eis fiunt, sint casualia; sed quia in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1019 quolibet eorum aliquid casuale inveniri potest. Et hoc ipsum quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1020 aliquid casuale invenitur in huiusmodi rebus, demonstrat ea
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1021 alicuius gubernationi esse subiecta. Nisi enim huiusmodi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1022 corruptibilia ab aliquo superiori gubernarentur, nihil intenderent,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1023 maxime quae non cognoscunt, et sic non eveniret in eis aliquid
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1024 praeter intentionem, quod facit rationem casus. Unde ad ostendendum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1025 quod casualia secundum ordinem alicuius superioris causae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1026 proveniunt, non dicit simpliciter quod vidit casum esse in omnibus,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1027 sed dicit tempus et casum; quia scilicet secundum aliquem ordinem
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1028 temporis, casuales defectus inveniuntur in his rebus.</p><p title="I q. 103 a. 5 ad 2"><a name="32730"><span class="ref">[32730] Iª q. 103 a. 5 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1029 dicendum quod gubernatio est quaedam mutatio gubernatorum a
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1030 gubernante. Omnis autem motus est actus mobilis a movente, ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1031 dicitur in III Physic. Omnis autem actus proportionatur ei cuius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1032 est actus. Et sic oportet quod diversa mobilia diversimode
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1033 moveantur, etiam secundum motionem unius motoris. Sic igitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1034 secundum unam artem Dei gubernantis, res diversimode gubernantur,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1035 secundum earum diversitatem. Quaedam enim secundum suam naturam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1036 sunt per se agentia, tanquam habentia dominium sui actus, et ista
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1037 gubernantur a Deo non solum per hoc quod moventur ab ipso Deo in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1038 eis interius operante, sed etiam per hoc quod ab eo inducuntur ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1039 bonum et retrahuntur a malo per praecepta et prohibitiones, praemia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1040 et poenas. Hoc autem modo non gubernantur a Deo creaturae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1041 irrationales, quae tantum aguntur, et non agunt. Cum ergo apostolus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1042 dicit quod Deo non est cura de bobus, non totaliter subtrahit boves
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1043 a cura gubernationis divinae; sed solum quantum ad modum qui
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1044 proprie competit rationali creaturae.</p><p title="I q. 103 a. 5 ad 3"><a name="32731"><span class="ref">[32731] Iª q. 103 a. 5 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1045 dicendum quod creatura rationalis gubernat seipsam per intellectum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1046 et voluntatem, quorum utrumque indiget regi et perfici ab
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1047 intellectu et voluntate Dei. Et ideo supra gubernationem qua
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1048 creatura rationalis gubernat seipsam tanquam domina sui actus,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1049 indiget gubernari a Deo.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 6</h3><p title="I q. 103 a. 6 arg. 1"><a name="32732"><span class="ref">[32732] Iª q. 103 a. 6 arg. 1</span></a> Ad sextum sic
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1050 proceditur. Videtur quod omnia immediate gubernentur a Deo.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1051 Gregorius enim Nyssenus reprehendit opinionem Platonis, qui divisit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1052 providentiam in tria, primam quidem primi Dei, qui providet rebus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1053 caelestibus, et universalibus omnibus; secundam vero providentiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1054 esse dixit secundorum deorum, qui caelum circumeunt, scilicet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1055 respectu eorum quae sunt in generatione et corruptione; tertiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1056 vero providentiam dixit quorundam Daemonum, qui sunt custodes circa
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1057 terram humanarum actionum. Ergo videtur quod omnia immediate a Deo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1058 gubernentur.</p><p title="I q. 103 a. 6 arg. 2"><a name="32733"><span class="ref">[32733] Iª q. 103 a. 6 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1059 melius est aliquid fieri per unum quam per multa, si sit possibile,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1060 ut dicitur in VIII Physic. Sed Deus potest per seipsum absque
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1061 mediis causis omnia gubernare. Ergo videtur quod omnia immediate
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1062 gubernet.</p><p title="I q. 103 a. 6 arg. 3"><a name="32734"><span class="ref">[32734] Iª q. 103 a. 6 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1063 nihil in Deo est deficiens et imperfectum. Sed ad defectum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1064 gubernatoris pertinere videtur quod mediantibus aliquibus gubernet,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1065 sicut rex terrenus, quia non sufficit ad omnia agenda, nec ubique
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1066 est praesens in suo regno, propter hoc oportet quod habeat suae
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1067 gubernationis ministros. Ergo Deus immediate omnia gubernat.</p><p title="I q. 103 a. 6 s. c."><a name="32735"><span class="ref">[32735] Iª q. 103 a. 6 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1068 quod Augustinus dicit, in III de Trin., <i>quemadmodum corpora
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1069 crassiora et inferiora per subtiliora et potentiora quodam ordine
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1070 reguntur; ita omnia corpora per spiritum vitae rationalem, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1071 spiritus vitae rationalis desertor atque peccator per spiritum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1072 vitae rationalem pium et iustum, et ille per ipsum Deum</i>.</p><p title="I q. 103 a. 6 co."><a name="32736"><span class="ref">[32736] Iª q. 103 a. 6 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1073 quod in gubernatione duo sunt consideranda, scilicet ratio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1074 gubernationis, quae est ipsa providentia; et executio. Quantum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1075 igitur ad rationem gubernationis pertinet, Deus immediate omnia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1076 gubernat, quantum autem pertinet ad executionem gubernationis, Deus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1077 gubernat quaedam mediantibus aliis. Cuius ratio est quia, cum Deus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1078 sit ipsa essentia bonitatis, unumquodque attribuendum est Deo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1079 secundum sui optimum. Optimum autem in omni genere vel ratione vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1080 cognitione practica, qualis est ratio gubernationis, in hoc
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1081 consistit, quod particularia cognoscantur, in quibus est actus,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1082 sicut optimus medicus est, non qui considerat sola universalia, sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1083 qui potest etiam considerare minima particularium; et idem patet in
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1084 ceteris. Unde oportet dicere quod Deus omnium etiam minimorum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1085 particularium rationem gubernationis habeat. Sed cum per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1086 gubernationem res quae gubernantur sint ad perfectionem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1087 perducendae; tanto erit melior gubernatio, quanto maior perfectio a
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1088 gubernante rebus gubernatis communicatur. Maior autem perfectio est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1089 quod aliquid in se sit bonum, et etiam sit aliis causa bonitatis,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1090 quam si esset solummodo in se bonum. Et ideo sic Deus gubernat res,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1091 ut quasdam aliarum in gubernando causas instituat, sicut si aliquis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1092 magister discipulos suos non solum scientes faceret, sed etiam
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1093 aliorum doctores.</p><p title="I q. 103 a. 6 ad 1"><a name="32737"><span class="ref">[32737] Iª q. 103 a. 6 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1094 dicendum quod opinio Platonis reprehenditur, quia etiam quantum ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1095 rationem gubernationis, posuit Deum non immediate omnia gubernare.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1096 Quod patet per hoc, quod divisit in tria providentiam, quae est
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1097 ratio gubernationis.</p><p title="I q. 103 a. 6 ad 2"><a name="32738"><span class="ref">[32738] Iª q. 103 a. 6 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1098 dicendum quod, si solus Deus gubernaret, subtraheretur perfectio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1099 causalis a rebus. Unde non totum fieret per unum, quod fit per
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1100 multa.</p><p title="I q. 103 a. 6 ad 3"><a name="32739"><span class="ref">[32739] Iª q. 103 a. 6 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1101 dicendum quod non solum pertinet ad imperfectionem regis terreni
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1102 quod executores habeat suae gubernationis, sed etiam ad regis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1103 dignitatem, quia ex ordine ministrorum potestas regia praeclarior
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1104 redditur.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 7</h3><p title="I q. 103 a. 7 arg. 1"><a name="32740"><span class="ref">[32740] Iª q. 103 a. 7 arg. 1</span></a> Ad septimum sic
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1105 proceditur. Videtur quod aliquid praeter ordinem divinae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1106 gubernationis contingere possit. Dicit enim Boetius, in III de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1107 Consol., quod <i>Deus per bonum cuncta disponit</i>. Si ergo nihil
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1108 in rebus contingit praeter ordinem divinae gubernationis,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1109 sequeretur quod nihil esset malum in rebus.</p><p title="I q. 103 a. 7 arg. 2"><a name="32741"><span class="ref">[32741] Iª q. 103 a. 7 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1110 nihil est casuale quod evenit secundum praeordinationem alicuius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1111 gubernantis. Si igitur nihil accidit in rebus praeter ordinem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1112 gubernationis divinae, sequitur quod nihil in rebus sit fortuitum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1113 et casuale.</p><p title="I q. 103 a. 7 arg. 3"><a name="32742"><span class="ref">[32742] Iª q. 103 a. 7 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea, ordo
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1114 divinae gubernationis est certus et immutabilis, quia est secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1115 rationem aeternam. Si igitur nihil possit contingere in rebus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1116 praeter ordinem divinae gubernationis, sequitur quod omnia ex
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1117 necessitate eveniant, et nihil sit in rebus contingens, quod est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1118 inconveniens. Potest igitur in rebus aliquid contingere praeter
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1119 ordinem gubernationis divinae.</p><p title="I q. 103 a. 7 s. c."><a name="32743"><span class="ref">[32743] Iª q. 103 a. 7 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1120 quod dicitur Esther XIII, <i>domine Deus, rex omnipotens, in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1121 ditione tua cuncta sunt posita, et non est qui possit resistere
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1122 tuae voluntati</i>.</p><p title="I q. 103 a. 7 co."><a name="32744"><span class="ref">[32744] Iª q. 103 a. 7 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1123 quod praeter ordinem alicuius particularis causae, aliquis effectus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1124 evenire potest; non autem praeter ordinem causae universalis. Cuius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1125 ratio est, quia praeter ordinem particularis causae nihil provenit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1126 nisi ex aliqua alia causa impediente, quam quidem causam necesse
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1127 est reducere in primam causam universalem, sicut indigestio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1128 contingit praeter ordinem virtutis nutritivae, ex aliquo
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1129 impedimento, puta ex grossitie cibi, quam necesse est reducere in
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1130 aliquam aliam causam, et sic usque ad causam primam universalem.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1131 Cum igitur Deus sit prima causa universalis non unius generis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1132 tantum, sed universaliter totius entis; impossibile est quod
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1133 aliquid contingat praeter ordinem divinae gubernationis, sed ex hoc
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1134 ipso quod aliquid ex una parte videtur exire ab ordine divinae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1135 providentiae qui consideratur secundum aliquam particularem causam,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1136 necesse est quod in eundem ordinem relabatur secundum aliam
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1137 causam.</p><p title="I q. 103 a. 7 ad 1"><a name="32745"><span class="ref">[32745] Iª q. 103 a. 7 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1138 dicendum quod nihil invenitur in mundo quod sit totaliter malum,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1139 quia malum semper fundatur in bono, ut supra ostensum est. Et ideo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1140 res aliqua dicitur mala, per hoc quod exit ab ordine alicuius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1141 particularis boni. Si autem totaliter exiret ab ordine
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1142 gubernationis divinae, totaliter nihil esset.</p><p title="I q. 103 a. 7 ad 2"><a name="32746"><span class="ref">[32746] Iª q. 103 a. 7 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1143 dicendum quod aliqua dicuntur esse casualia in rebus, per ordinem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1144 ad causas particulares, extra quarum ordinem fiunt. Sed quantum ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1145 divinam providentiam pertinet, nihil fit casu in mundo, ut
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1146 Augustinus dicit in libro octoginta trium quaest.</p><p title="I q. 103 a. 7 ad 3"><a name="32747"><span class="ref">[32747] Iª q. 103 a. 7 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1147 dicendum quod dicuntur aliqui effectus contingentes, per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1148 comparationem ad proximas causas, quae in suis effectibus deficere
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1149 possunt, non propter hoc quod aliquid fieri possit extra totum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1150 ordinem gubernationis divinae. Quia hoc ipsum quod aliquid
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1151 contingit praeter ordinem causae proximae, est ex aliqua causa
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1152 subiecta gubernationi divinae.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 8</h3><p title="I q. 103 a. 8 arg. 1"><a name="32748"><span class="ref">[32748] Iª q. 103 a. 8 arg. 1</span></a> Ad octavum sic
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1153 proceditur. Videtur quod aliquid possit reniti contra ordinem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1154 gubernationis divinae. Dicitur enim Isaiae III, <i>lingua eorum et
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1155 adinventiones eorum contra dominum</i>.</p><p title="I q. 103 a. 8 arg. 2"><a name="32749"><span class="ref">[32749] Iª q. 103 a. 8 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1156 nullus rex iuste punit eos qui eius ordinationi non repugnant. Si
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1157 igitur nihil contraniteretur divinae ordinationi, nullus iuste
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1158 puniretur a Deo.</p><p title="I q. 103 a. 8 arg. 3"><a name="32750"><span class="ref">[32750] Iª q. 103 a. 8 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1159 quaelibet res est subiecta ordini divinae gubernationis. Sed una
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1160 res ab alia impugnatur. Ergo aliqua sunt quae contranituntur
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1161 divinae gubernationi.</p><p title="I q. 103 a. 8 s. c."><a name="32751"><span class="ref">[32751] Iª q. 103 a. 8 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1162 quod dicit Boetius, in III de Consol., <i>non est aliquid quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1163 summo huic bono vel velit vel possit obsistere. Est igitur summum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1164 bonum quod regit cuncta fortiter, suaviterque disponit</i>; ut
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1165 dicitur Sap. VIII, de divina sapientia.</p><p title="I q. 103 a. 8 co."><a name="32752"><span class="ref">[32752] Iª q. 103 a. 8 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1166 quod ordo divinae providentiae dupliciter potest considerari, uno
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1167 modo in generali, secundum scilicet quod progreditur a causa
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1168 gubernativa totius; alio modo in speciali, secundum scilicet quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1169 progreditur ex aliqua causa particulari, quae est executiva divinae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1170 gubernationis. Primo igitur modo, nihil contranititur ordini
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1171 divinae gubernationis. Quod ex duobus patet. Primo quidem, ex hoc
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1172 quod ordo divinae gubernationis totaliter in bonum tendit, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1173 unaquaeque res in sua operatione et conatu non tendit nisi ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1174 bonum, nullus enim respiciens ad malum operatur, ut Dionysius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1175 dicit. Alio modo apparet idem ex hoc quod, sicut supra dictum est,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1176 omnis inclinatio alicuius rei vel naturalis vel voluntaria, nihil
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1177 est aliud quam quaedam impressio a primo movente, sicut inclinatio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1178 sagittae ad signum determinatum, nihil aliud est quam quaedam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1179 impressio a sagittante. Unde omnia quae agunt vel naturaliter vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1180 voluntarie, quasi propria sponte perveniunt in id ad quod divinitus
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1181 ordinantur. Et ideo dicitur Deus omnia disponere suaviter.</p><p title="I q. 103 a. 8 ad 1"><a name="32753"><span class="ref">[32753] Iª q. 103 a. 8 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1182 dicendum quod dicuntur aliqui vel cogitare vel loqui vel agere
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1183 contra Deum, non quia totaliter renitantur ordini divinae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1184 gubernationis, quia etiam peccantes intendunt aliquod bonum, sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1185 quia contranituntur cuidam determinato bono, quod est eis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1186 conveniens secundum suam naturam aut statum. Et ideo puniuntur
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1187 iuste a Deo.</p><p title="I q. 103 a. 8 ad 2"><a name="32754"><span class="ref">[32754] Iª q. 103 a. 8 ad 2</span></a> Et per hoc patet
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1188 solutio ad secundum.</p><p title="I q. 103 a. 8 ad 3"><a name="32755"><span class="ref">[32755] Iª q. 103 a. 8 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1189 dicendum quod ex hoc quod una res alteri contrapugnat, ostenditur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1190 quod aliquid reniti potest ordini qui est ex aliqua causa
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1191 particulari, non autem ordini qui dependet a causa universali
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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diff changeset
1192 totius.</p></div></div><div class="q" id="q104"><h2>Quaestio 104</h2><div class="p"><h3>Prooemium</h3><p title="I q. 104 pr."><a name="32756"><span class="ref">[32756]
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1193 Iª q. 104 pr.</span></a> Deinde considerandum est de
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1194 effectibus divinae gubernationis in speciali. Et circa hoc
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1195 quaeruntur quatuor. Primo, utrum creaturae indigeant ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1196 conserventur in esse a Deo. Secundo, utrum conserventur a Deo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1197 immediate. Tertio, utrum Deus possit aliquid redigere in nihilum.
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1198 Quarto, utrum aliquid in nihilum redigatur.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 1</h3><p title="I q. 104 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="32757"><span class="ref">[32757] Iª q. 104 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad primum sic
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1199 proceditur. Videtur quod creaturae non indigeant ut a Deo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1200 conserventur in esse. Quod enim non potest non esse, non indiget ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1201 conservetur in esse, sicut quod non potest abscedere, non indiget
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1202 ut conservetur ne abscedat. Sed quaedam creaturae sunt quae
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1203 secundum sui naturam non possunt non esse. Ergo non omnes creaturae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1204 indigent ut a Deo conserventur in esse. Probatio mediae. Quod per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1205 se inest alicui, necesse est ei inesse, et oppositum eius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1206 impossibile est ei inesse, sicut necessarium est binarium esse
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1207 parem, et impossibile est eum esse imparem. Esse autem per se
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1208 consequitur ad formam, quia unumquodque secundum hoc est ens actu,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1209 quod habet formam. Quaedam autem creaturae sunt, quae sunt formae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1210 quaedam subsistentes, sicut de Angelis dictum est; et sic per se
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1211 inest eis esse. Et eadem ratio est de illis quorum materia non est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1212 in potentia nisi ad unam formam, sicut supra dictum est de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1213 corporibus caelestibus. Huiusmodi ergo creaturae secundum suam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1214 naturam ex necessitate sunt, et non possunt non esse, potentia enim
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1215 ad non esse non potest fundari neque in forma, quam per se sequitur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1216 esse; neque in materia existente sub forma quam non potest
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1217 amittere, cum non sit in potentia ad aliam formam.</p><p title="I q. 104 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="32758"><span class="ref">[32758] Iª q. 104 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea, Deus
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1218 est potentior quolibet creato agente. Sed aliquod creatum agens
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1219 potest communicare suo effectui ut conservetur in esse, etiam eius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1220 operatione cessante, sicut cessante actione aedificatoris, remanet
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1221 domus; et cessante actione ignis, remanet aqua calefacta per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1222 aliquod tempus. Ergo multo magis Deus potest suae creaturae
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1223 conferre quod conservetur in esse, sua operatione cessante.</p><p title="I q. 104 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="32759"><span class="ref">[32759] Iª q. 104 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1224 nullum violentum potest contingere absque aliqua causa agente. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1225 tendere ad non esse est innaturale et violentum cuilibet creaturae,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1226 quia quaelibet creatura naturaliter appetit esse. Ergo nulla
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diff changeset
1227 creatura potest tendere in non esse, nisi aliquo agente ad
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diff changeset
1228 corruptionem. Sed quaedam sunt ad quorum corruptionem nihil agere
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diff changeset
1229 potest; sicut spirituales substantiae, et corpora caelestia. Ergo
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diff changeset
1230 huiusmodi creaturae non possunt tendere in non esse, etiam Dei
53
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diff changeset
1231 operatione cessante.</p><p title="I q. 104 a. 1 arg. 4"><a name="32760"><span class="ref">[32760] Iª q. 104 a. 1 arg. 4</span></a> Praeterea, si
28
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diff changeset
1232 Deus conservat res in esse, hoc erit per aliquam actionem. Per
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diff changeset
1233 quamlibet autem actionem agentis, si sit efficax, aliquid fit in
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diff changeset
1234 effectu. Oportet igitur quod per actionem Dei conservantis aliquid
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diff changeset
1235 fiat in creatura. Sed hoc non videtur. Non enim per huiusmodi
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diff changeset
1236 actionem fit ipsum esse creaturae, quia quod iam est, non fit.
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diff changeset
1237 Neque iterum aliquid aliud superadditum, quia vel non continue Deus
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diff changeset
1238 conservaret creaturam in esse, vel continue aliquid adderetur
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diff changeset
1239 creaturae, quod est inconveniens. Non igitur creaturae conservantur
53
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diff changeset
1240 in esse a Deo.</p><p title="I q. 104 a. 1 s. c."><a name="32761"><span class="ref">[32761] Iª q. 104 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
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diff changeset
1241 quod dicitur Heb. I, <i>portans omnia verbo virtutis suae</i>.</p><p title="I q. 104 a. 1 co."><a name="32762"><span class="ref">[32762] Iª q. 104 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
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diff changeset
1242 quod necesse est dicere, et secundum fidem et secundum rationem,
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diff changeset
1243 quod creaturae conservantur in esse a Deo. Ad cuius evidentiam,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1244 considerandum est quod aliquid conservatur ab altero dupliciter.
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diff changeset
1245 Uno modo, indirecte et per accidens, sicut ille dicitur rem
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diff changeset
1246 conservare, qui removet corrumpens; puta si aliquis puerum
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diff changeset
1247 custodiat ne cadat in ignem, dicitur eum conservare. Et sic etiam
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diff changeset
1248 Deus dicitur aliqua conservare, sed non omnia, quia quaedam sunt
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diff changeset
1249 quae non habent corrumpentia, quae necesse sit removere ad rei
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diff changeset
1250 conservationem. Alio modo dicitur aliquid rem aliquam conservare
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diff changeset
1251 per se et directe, inquantum scilicet illud quod conservatur,
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diff changeset
1252 dependet a conservante, ut sine eo esse non possit. Et hoc modo
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diff changeset
1253 omnes creaturae indigent divina conservatione. Dependet enim esse
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diff changeset
1254 cuiuslibet creaturae a Deo, ita quod nec ad momentum subsistere
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diff changeset
1255 possent, sed in nihilum redigerentur, nisi operatione divinae
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diff changeset
1256 virtutis conservarentur in esse, sicut Gregorius dicit. Et hoc sic
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diff changeset
1257 perspici potest. Omnis enim effectus dependet a sua causa, secundum
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diff changeset
1258 quod est causa eius. Sed considerandum est quod aliquod agens est
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diff changeset
1259 causa sui effectus secundum fieri tantum, et non directe secundum
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diff changeset
1260 esse eius. Quod quidem contingit et in artificialibus, et in rebus
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diff changeset
1261 naturalibus. Aedificator enim est causa domus quantum ad eius
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diff changeset
1262 fieri, non autem directe quantum ad esse eius. Manifestum est enim
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diff changeset
1263 quod esse domus consequitur formam eius, forma autem domus est
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diff changeset
1264 compositio et ordo, quae quidem forma consequitur naturalem
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diff changeset
1265 virtutem quarundam rerum. Sicut enim coquus coquit cibum adhibendo
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diff changeset
1266 aliquam virtutem naturalem activam, scilicet ignis; ita aedificator
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diff changeset
1267 facit domum adhibendo caementum, lapides et ligna, quae sunt
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diff changeset
1268 susceptiva et conservativa talis compositionis et ordinis. Unde
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diff changeset
1269 esse domus dependet ex naturis harum rerum, sicut fieri domus
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diff changeset
1270 dependet ex actione aedificatoris. Et simili ratione est
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diff changeset
1271 considerandum in rebus naturalibus. Quia si aliquod agens non est
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diff changeset
1272 causa formae inquantum huiusmodi, non erit per se causa esse quod
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diff changeset
1273 consequitur ad talem formam, sed erit causa effectus secundum fieri
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diff changeset
1274 tantum. Manifestum est autem quod, si aliqua duo sunt eiusdem
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diff changeset
1275 speciei, unum non potest esse per se causa formae alterius,
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diff changeset
1276 inquantum est talis forma, quia sic esset causa formae propriae,
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diff changeset
1277 cum sit eadem ratio utriusque. Sed potest esse causa huiusmodi
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diff changeset
1278 formae secundum quod est in materia, idest quod haec materia
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diff changeset
1279 acquirat hanc formam. Et hoc est esse causa secundum fieri; sicut
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diff changeset
1280 cum homo generat hominem, et ignis ignem. Et ideo quandocumque
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diff changeset
1281 naturalis effectus est natus impressionem agentis recipere secundum
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diff changeset
1282 eandem rationem secundum quam est in agente, tunc fieri effectus
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diff changeset
1283 dependet ab agente, non autem esse ipsius. Sed aliquando effectus
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diff changeset
1284 non est natus recipere impressionem agentis secundum eandem
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diff changeset
1285 rationem secundum quam est in agente, sicut patet in omnibus
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diff changeset
1286 agentibus quae non agunt simile secundum speciem; sicut caelestia
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diff changeset
1287 corpora sunt causa generationis inferiorum corporum dissimilium
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diff changeset
1288 secundum speciem. Et tale agens potest esse causa formae secundum
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diff changeset
1289 rationem talis formae, et non solum secundum quod acquiritur in hac
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diff changeset
1290 materia, et ideo est causa non solum fiendi, sed essendi. Sicut
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diff changeset
1291 igitur fieri rei non potest remanere, cessante actione agentis quod
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diff changeset
1292 est causa effectus secundum fieri; ita nec esse rei potest
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diff changeset
1293 remanere, cessante actione agentis quod est causa effectus non
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diff changeset
1294 solum secundum fieri, sed etiam secundum esse. Et haec est ratio
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diff changeset
1295 quare aqua calefacta retinet calorem, cessante actione ignis; non
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diff changeset
1296 autem remanet aer illuminatus, nec ad momentum, cessante actione
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diff changeset
1297 solis. Quia scilicet materia aquae susceptiva est caloris ignis
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diff changeset
1298 secundum eandem rationem qua est in igne, unde si perfecte
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diff changeset
1299 perducatur ad formam ignis, retinebit calorem semper; si autem
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diff changeset
1300 imperfecte participet aliquid de forma ignis secundum quandam
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diff changeset
1301 inchoationem, calor non semper remanebit, sed ad tempus, propter
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diff changeset
1302 debilem participationem principii caloris. Aer autem nullo modo
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diff changeset
1303 natus est recipere lumen secundum eandem rationem secundum quam est
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diff changeset
1304 in sole, ut scilicet recipiat formam solis, quae est principium
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diff changeset
1305 luminis, et ideo, quia non habet radicem in aere, statim cessat
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diff changeset
1306 lumen, cessante actione solis. Sic autem se habet omnis creatura ad
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diff changeset
1307 Deum, sicut aer ad solem illuminantem. Sicut enim sol est lucens
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diff changeset
1308 per suam naturam, aer autem fit luminosus participando lumen a
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diff changeset
1309 sole, non tamen participando naturam solis; ita solus Deus est ens
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diff changeset
1310 per essentiam suam, quia eius essentia est suum esse; omnis autem
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diff changeset
1311 creatura est ens participative, non quod sua essentia sit eius
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diff changeset
1312 esse. Et ideo, ut Augustinus dicit IV super Gen. ad Litt.,
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diff changeset
1313 <i>virtus Dei ab eis quae creata sunt regendis si cessaret
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diff changeset
1314 aliquando, simul et illorum cessaret species, omnisque natura
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diff changeset
1315 concideret</i>. Et in VIII eiusdem libri dicit quod, <i>sicut aer
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diff changeset
1316 praesente lumine fit lucidus, sic homo, Deo sibi praesente,
53
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diff changeset
1317 illuminatur, absente autem, continuo tenebratur</i>.</p><p title="I q. 104 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="32763"><span class="ref">[32763] Iª q. 104 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
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diff changeset
1318 dicendum quod esse per se consequitur formam creaturae, supposito
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diff changeset
1319 tamen influxu Dei, sicut lumen sequitur diaphanum aeris, supposito
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diff changeset
1320 influxu solis. Unde potentia ad non esse in spiritualibus creaturis
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diff changeset
1321 et corporibus caelestibus, magis est in Deo, qui potest subtrahere
53
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diff changeset
1322 suum influxum, quam in forma vel in materia talium creaturarum.</p><p title="I q. 104 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="32764"><span class="ref">[32764] Iª q. 104 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
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diff changeset
1323 dicendum quod Deus non potest communicare alicui creaturae ut
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diff changeset
1324 conservetur in esse, sua operatione cessante; sicut non potest ei
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diff changeset
1325 communicare quod non sit causa esse illius. Intantum enim indiget
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diff changeset
1326 creatura conservari a Deo, inquantum esse effectus dependet a causa
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diff changeset
1327 essendi. Unde non est simile de agente quod non est causa essendi,
53
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diff changeset
1328 sed fieri tantum.</p><p title="I q. 104 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="32765"><span class="ref">[32765] Iª q. 104 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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diff changeset
1329 dicendum quod ratio illa procedit de conservatione quae est per
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diff changeset
1330 remotionem corrumpentis; qua non indigent omnes creaturae, ut
53
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diff changeset
1331 dictum est.</p><p title="I q. 104 a. 1 ad 4"><a name="32766"><span class="ref">[32766] Iª q. 104 a. 1 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
28
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diff changeset
1332 dicendum quod conservatio rerum a Deo non est per aliquam novam
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diff changeset
1333 actionem; sed per continuationem actionis qua dat esse, quae quidem
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diff changeset
1334 actio est sine motu et tempore. Sicut etiam conservatio luminis in
53
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diff changeset
1335 aere est per continuatum influxum a sole.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 2</h3><p title="I q. 104 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="32767"><span class="ref">[32767] Iª q. 104 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad secundum sic
28
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diff changeset
1336 proceditur. Videtur quod Deus immediate omnem creaturam conservet.
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diff changeset
1337 Eadem enim actione Deus est conservator rerum, qua et creator, ut
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diff changeset
1338 dictum est. Sed Deus immediate est creator omnium. Ergo immediate
53
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diff changeset
1339 est etiam conservator.</p><p title="I q. 104 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="32768"><span class="ref">[32768] Iª q. 104 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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diff changeset
1340 unaquaeque res magis est proxima sibi, quam rei alteri. Sed non
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diff changeset
1341 potest communicari alicui creaturae quod conservet seipsam. Ergo
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diff changeset
1342 multo minus potest ei communicari quod conservet aliam. Ergo Deus
53
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diff changeset
1343 omnia conservat absque aliqua media causa conservante.</p><p title="I q. 104 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="32769"><span class="ref">[32769] Iª q. 104 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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diff changeset
1344 effectus conservatur in esse ab eo quod est causa eius non solum
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diff changeset
1345 secundum fieri, sed etiam secundum esse. Sed omnes causae creatae,
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diff changeset
1346 ut videtur, non sunt causae suorum effectuum nisi secundum fieri,
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diff changeset
1347 non sunt enim causae nisi movendo, ut supra habitum est. Ergo non
53
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diff changeset
1348 sunt causae conservantes suos effectus in esse.</p><p title="I q. 104 a. 2 s. c."><a name="32770"><span class="ref">[32770] Iª q. 104 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
28
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diff changeset
1349 quod per idem conservatur res, per quod habet esse. Sed Deus dat
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diff changeset
1350 esse rebus mediantibus aliquibus causis mediis. Ergo etiam res in
53
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diff changeset
1351 esse conservat mediantibus aliquibus causis.</p><p title="I q. 104 a. 2 co."><a name="32771"><span class="ref">[32771] Iª q. 104 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
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diff changeset
1352 quod, sicut dictum est, dupliciter aliquid rem aliquam in esse
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diff changeset
1353 conservat, uno modo, indirecte et per accidens, per hoc quod
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diff changeset
1354 removet vel impedit actionem corrumpentis; alio modo, directe et
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diff changeset
1355 per se, quia ab eo dependet esse alterius, sicut a causa dependet
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diff changeset
1356 esse effectus. Utroque autem modo aliqua res creata invenitur esse
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diff changeset
1357 alterius conservativa. Manifestum est enim quod etiam in rebus
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diff changeset
1358 corporalibus multa sunt quae impediunt actiones corrumpentium, et
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diff changeset
1359 per hoc dicuntur rerum conservativa; sicut sal impedit carnes a
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diff changeset
1360 putrefactione, et simile est in multis aliis. Invenitur etiam quod
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diff changeset
1361 ab aliqua creatura dependet aliquis effectus secundum suum esse.
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diff changeset
1362 Cum enim sunt multae causae ordinatae, necesse est quod effectus
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diff changeset
1363 dependeat primo quidem et principaliter a causa prima; secundario
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diff changeset
1364 vero ab omnibus causis mediis. Et ideo principaliter quidem prima
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diff changeset
1365 causa est effectus conservativa; secundario vero omnes mediae
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diff changeset
1366 causae, et tanto magis quanto causa fuerit altior et primae causae
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diff changeset
1367 proximior. Unde superioribus causis, etiam in corporalibus rebus,
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diff changeset
1368 attribuitur conservatio et permanentia rerum, sicut philosophus
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diff changeset
1369 dicit, in XII Metaphys., quod primus motus, scilicet diurnus, est
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diff changeset
1370 causa continuitatis generationis; secundus autem motus, qui est per
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diff changeset
1371 zodiacum, est causa diversitatis quae est secundum generationem et
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diff changeset
1372 corruptionem. Et similiter astrologi, attribuunt Saturno, qui est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1373 supremus planetarum; res fixas et permanentes. Sic igitur dicendum
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diff changeset
1374 est quod Deus conservat res quasdam in esse, mediantibus aliquibus
53
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diff changeset
1375 causis.</p><p title="I q. 104 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="32772"><span class="ref">[32772] Iª q. 104 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
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diff changeset
1376 dicendum quod Deus immediate omnia creavit, sed in ipsa rerum
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diff changeset
1377 creatione ordinem in rebus instituit, ut quaedam ab aliis
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diff changeset
1378 dependerent, per quas secundario conservarentur in esse;
53
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diff changeset
1379 praesupposita tamen principali conservatione, quae est ab ipso.</p><p title="I q. 104 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="32773"><span class="ref">[32773] Iª q. 104 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
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diff changeset
1380 dicendum quod, cum propria causa sit conservativa effectus ab ea
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diff changeset
1381 dependentis; sicut nulli effectui praestari potest quod sit causa
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diff changeset
1382 sui ipsius, potest tamen ei praestari quod sit causa alterius; ita
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1383 etiam nulli effectui praestari potest quod sit sui ipsius
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1384 conservativus, potest tamen ei praestari quod sit conservativus
53
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diff changeset
1385 alterius.</p><p title="I q. 104 a. 2 ad 3"><a name="32774"><span class="ref">[32774] Iª q. 104 a. 2 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1386 dicendum quod nulla creatura potest esse causa alterius, quantum ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1387 hoc quod acquirat novam formam vel dispositionem, nisi per modum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1388 alicuius mutationis, quia semper agit praesupposito aliquo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1389 subiecto. Sed postquam formam vel dispositionem induxit in effectu,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1390 absque alia immutatione effectus, huiusmodi formam vel
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1391 dispositionem conservat. Sicut in aere, prout illuminatur de novo,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1392 intelligitur quaedam mutatio; sed conservatio luminis est absque
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1393 aeris immutatione, ex sola praesentia illuminantis.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 3</h3><p title="I q. 104 a. 3 arg. 1"><a name="32775"><span class="ref">[32775] Iª q. 104 a. 3 arg. 1</span></a> Ad tertium sic
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1394 proceditur. Videtur quod Deus non possit aliquid in nihilum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1395 redigere. Dicit enim Augustinus, in libro octoginta trium quaest.,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1396 quod <i>Deus non est causa tendendi in non esse</i>. Hoc autem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1397 contingeret, si aliquam creaturam redigeret in nihilum. Ergo Deus
53
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diff changeset
1398 non potest aliquid in nihilum redigere.</p><p title="I q. 104 a. 3 arg. 2"><a name="32776"><span class="ref">[32776] Iª q. 104 a. 3 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea, Deus
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1399 est causa rerum ut sint, per suam bonitatem, quia, ut Augustinus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1400 dicit in libro de Doct. Christ., <i>inquantum Deus bonus est,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1401 sumus</i>. Sed Deus non potest non esse bonus. Ergo non potest
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1402 facere ut res non sint. Quod faceret, si eas in nihilum
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1403 redigeret.</p><p title="I q. 104 a. 3 arg. 3"><a name="32777"><span class="ref">[32777] Iª q. 104 a. 3 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea, si
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1404 Deus in nihilum aliqua redigeret, oporteret quod hoc fieret per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1405 aliquam actionem. Sed hoc non potest esse, quia omnis actio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1406 terminatur ad aliquod ens; unde etiam actio corrumpentis terminatur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1407 ad aliquid generatum, quia generatio unius est corruptio alterius.
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1408 Ergo Deus non potest aliquid in nihilum redigere.</p><p title="I q. 104 a. 3 s. c."><a name="32778"><span class="ref">[32778] Iª q. 104 a. 3 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1409 quod dicitur Ierem. X, <i>corripe me, domine, verumtamen in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1410 iudicio, et non in furore tuo, ne forte ad nihilum redigas
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1411 me</i>.</p><p title="I q. 104 a. 3 co."><a name="32779"><span class="ref">[32779] Iª q. 104 a. 3 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1412 quod quidam posuerunt quod Deus res in esse produxit agendo de
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1413 necessitate naturae. Quod si esset verum, Deus non posset rem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1414 aliquam in nihilum redigere; sicut non potest a sua natura mutari.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1415 Sed, sicut supra est habitum, haec positio est falsa, et a fide
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1416 Catholica penitus aliena, quae confitetur Deum res libera voluntate
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1417 produxisse in esse, secundum illud Psalmi, <i>omnia quaecumque
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1418 voluit dominus, fecit</i>. Hoc igitur quod Deus creaturae esse
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1419 communicat, ex Dei voluntate dependet. Nec aliter res in esse
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1420 conservat, nisi inquantum eis continue influit esse. Ut dictum est.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1421 Sicut ergo antequam res essent, potuit eis non communicare esse, et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1422 sic eas non facere; ita postquam iam factae sunt, potest eis non
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1423 influere esse, et sic esse desisterent. Quod est eas in nihilum
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1424 redigere.</p><p title="I q. 104 a. 3 ad 1"><a name="32780"><span class="ref">[32780] Iª q. 104 a. 3 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1425 dicendum quod non esse non habet causam per se, quia nihil potest
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1426 esse causa nisi inquantum est ens; ens autem, per se loquendo, est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1427 causa essendi. Sic igitur Deus non potest esse causa tendendi in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1428 non esse; sed hoc habet creatura ex seipsa, inquantum est de
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1429 nihilo. Sed per accidens Deus potest esse causa quod res in nihilum
53
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diff changeset
1430 redigantur, subtrahendo scilicet suam actionem a rebus.</p><p title="I q. 104 a. 3 ad 2"><a name="32781"><span class="ref">[32781] Iª q. 104 a. 3 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1431 dicendum quod bonitas Dei est causa rerum, non quasi ex necessitate
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1432 naturae, quia divina bonitas non dependet ex rebus creatis; sed per
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1433 liberam voluntatem. Unde sicut potuit sine praeiudicio bonitatis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1434 suae, res non producere in esse; ita absque detrimento suae
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1435 bonitatis, potest res in esse non conservare.</p><p title="I q. 104 a. 3 ad 3"><a name="32782"><span class="ref">[32782] Iª q. 104 a. 3 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1436 dicendum quod, si Deus rem aliquam redigeret in nihilum, hoc non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1437 esset per aliquam actionem; sed per hoc quod ab agendo
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1438 cessaret.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 4</h3><p title="I q. 104 a. 4 arg. 1"><a name="32783"><span class="ref">[32783] Iª q. 104 a. 4 arg. 1</span></a> Ad quartum sic
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1439 proceditur. Videtur quod aliquid in nihilum redigatur. Finis enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1440 respondet principio. Sed a principio nihil erat nisi Deus. Ergo ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1441 hunc finem res perducentur, ut nihil sit nisi Deus. Et ita
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1442 creaturae in nihilum redigentur.</p><p title="I q. 104 a. 4 arg. 2"><a name="32784"><span class="ref">[32784] Iª q. 104 a. 4 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1443 omnis creatura habet potentiam finitam. Sed nulla potentia finita
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1444 se extendit ad infinitum, unde in VIII Physic. probatur quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1445 potentia finita non potest movere tempore infinito. Ergo nulla
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1446 creatura potest durare in infinitum. Et ita quandoque in nihilum
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1447 redigetur.</p><p title="I q. 104 a. 4 arg. 3"><a name="32785"><span class="ref">[32785] Iª q. 104 a. 4 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1448 forma et accidentia non habent materiam partem sui. Sed quandoque
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1449 desinunt esse. Ergo in nihilum rediguntur.</p><p title="I q. 104 a. 4 s. c."><a name="32786"><span class="ref">[32786] Iª q. 104 a. 4 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1450 quod dicitur Eccle. III. <i>Didici quod omnia opera quae fecit
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1451 Deus, perseverant in aeternum</i>.</p><p title="I q. 104 a. 4 co."><a name="32787"><span class="ref">[32787] Iª q. 104 a. 4 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1452 quod eorum quae a Deo fiunt circa creaturam, quaedam proveniunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1453 secundum naturalem cursum rerum; quaedam vero miraculose operatur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1454 praeter ordinem naturalem creaturis inditum, ut infra dicetur. Quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1455 autem facturus est Deus secundum ordinem naturalem rebus inditum,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1456 considerari possunt ex ipsis rerum naturis, quae vero miraculose
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1457 fiunt, ordinantur ad gratiae manifestationem, secundum illud
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1458 apostoli I ad Cor. XII, <i>unicuique datur manifestatio spiritus ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1459 utilitatem</i>; et postmodum, inter cetera, subdit de miraculorum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1460 operatione. Creaturarum autem naturae hoc demonstrant, ut nulla
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1461 earum in nihilum redigatur, quia vel sunt immateriales, et sic in
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1462 eis non est potentia ad non esse; vel sunt materiales, et sic
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1463 saltem remanent semper secundum materiam, quae incorruptibilis est,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1464 utpote subiectum existens generationis et corruptionis. Redigere
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1465 etiam aliquid in nihilum, non pertinet ad gratiae manifestationem,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1466 cum magis per hoc divina potentia et bonitas ostendatur, quod res
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1467 in esse conservat. Unde simpliciter dicendum est quod nihil omnino
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1468 in nihilum redigetur.</p><p title="I q. 104 a. 4 ad 1"><a name="32788"><span class="ref">[32788] Iª q. 104 a. 4 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1469 dicendum quod hoc quod res in esse productae sunt, postquam non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1470 fuerunt, declarat potentiam producentis. Sed quod in nihilum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1471 redigerentur, huiusmodi manifestationem impediret, cum Dei potentia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1472 in hoc maxime ostendatur, quod res in esse conservat, secundum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1473 illud apostoli Heb. I, <i>portans omnia verbo virtutis
53
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diff changeset
1474 suae</i>.</p><p title="I q. 104 a. 4 ad 2"><a name="32789"><span class="ref">[32789] Iª q. 104 a. 4 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1475 dicendum quod potentia creaturae ad essendum est receptiva tantum;
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1476 sed potentia activa est ipsius Dei, a quo est influxus essendi.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1477 Unde quod res in infinitum durent, sequitur infinitatem divinae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1478 virtutis. Determinatur tamen quibusdam rebus virtus ad manendum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1479 tempore determinato, inquantum impediri possunt ne percipiant
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1480 influxum essendi qui est ab eo, ex aliquo contrario agente, cui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1481 finita virtus non potest resistere tempore infinito, sed solum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1482 tempore determinato. Et ideo ea quae non habent contrarium, quamvis
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1483 habeant finitam virtutem, perseverant in aeternum.</p><p title="I q. 104 a. 4 ad 3"><a name="32790"><span class="ref">[32790] Iª q. 104 a. 4 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1484 dicendum quod formae et accidentia non sunt entia completa, cum non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1485 subsistant, sed quodlibet eorum est aliquid entis, sic enim ens
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1486 dicitur, quia eo aliquid est. Et tamen eo modo quo sunt, non omnino
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1487 in nihilum rediguntur; non quia aliqua pars eorum remaneat, sed
53
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diff changeset
1488 remanent in potentia materiae vel subiecti.</p></div></div><div class="q" id="q105"><h2>Quaestio 105</h2><div class="p"><h3>Prooemium</h3><p title="I q. 105 pr."><a name="32791"><span class="ref">[32791]
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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diff changeset
1489 Iª q. 105 pr.</span></a> Deinde considerandum est de secundo
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1490 effectu gubernationis divinae qui est mutatio creaturarum. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1491 primo, de mutatione creaturarum a Deo; secundo, de mutatione unius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1492 creaturae ab alia. Circa primum quaeruntur octo. Primo, utrum Deus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1493 immediate possit movere materiam ad formam. Secundo, utrum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1494 immediate possit movere aliquod corpus. Tertio, utrum possit movere
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1495 intellectum. Quarto, utrum possit movere voluntatem. Quinto, utrum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1496 Deus operetur in omni operante. Sexto, utrum possit aliquid facere
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1497 praeter ordinem rebus inditum. Septimo, utrum omnia quae sic Deus
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1498 facit, sint miracula. Octavo, de diversitate miraculorum.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 1</h3><p title="I q. 105 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="32792"><span class="ref">[32792] Iª q. 105 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad primum sic
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1499 proceditur. Videtur quod Deus non possit immediate movere materiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1500 ad formam. Sicut enim probat philosophus in VII Metaphys., formam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1501 in hac materia nihil facere potest nisi forma quae est in materia,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1502 quia simile facit sibi simile. Sed Deus non est forma in materia.
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
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diff changeset
1503 Ergo non potest causare formam in materia.</p><p title="I q. 105 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="32793"><span class="ref">[32793] Iª q. 105 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea, si
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1504 aliquod agens se habeat ad multa, nullum eorum producet, nisi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1505 determinetur ad ipsum per aliquid aliud, ut enim in III de anima
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1506 dicitur, universalis opinio non movet nisi mediante aliqua
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1507 particulari apprehensione. Sed virtus divina est universalis causa
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1508 omnium. Ergo non potest producere aliquam particularem formam, nisi
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1509 mediante aliquo particulari agente.</p><p title="I q. 105 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="32794"><span class="ref">[32794] Iª q. 105 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1510 sicut esse commune dependet a prima causa universali, ita esse
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1511 determinatum dependet a determinatis causis particularibus, ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1512 supra habitum est. Sed determinatum esse alicuius rei est per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1513 propriam eius formam. Ergo propriae rerum formae non producuntur a
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1514 Deo, nisi mediantibus causis particularibus.</p><p title="I q. 105 a. 1 s. c."><a name="32795"><span class="ref">[32795] Iª q. 105 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1515 quod dicitur Gen. II, <i>formavit Deus hominem de limo
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1516 terrae</i>.</p><p title="I q. 105 a. 1 co."><a name="32796"><span class="ref">[32796] Iª q. 105 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1517 quod Deus immediate potest movere materiam ad formam. Quia ens in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1518 potentia passiva reduci potest in actum, a potentia activa quae eam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1519 sub sua potestate continet. Cum igitur materia contineatur sub
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1520 potestate divina, utpote a Deo producta, potest reduci in actum per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1521 divinam potentiam. Et hoc est moveri materiam ad formam, quia forma
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1522 nihil aliud est quam actus materiae.</p><p title="I q. 105 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="32797"><span class="ref">[32797] Iª q. 105 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1523 dicendum quod effectus aliquis invenitur assimilari causae agenti
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1524 dupliciter. Uno modo, secundum eandem speciem; ut homo generatur ab
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1525 homine, et ignis ab igne. Alio modo, secundum virtualem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1526 continentiam, prout scilicet forma effectus virtualiter continetur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1527 in causa, et sic animalia ex putrefactione generata, et plantae et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1528 corpora mineralia assimilantur soli et stellis, quorum virtute
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1529 generantur. Sic igitur effectus causae agenti similatur secundum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1530 totum illud ad quod se extendit virtus agentis. Virtus autem Dei se
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1531 extendit ad formam et materiam, ut supra habitum est. Unde
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1532 compositum quod generatur, similatur Deo secundum virtualem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1533 continentiam, sicut similatur composito generanti per similitudinem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1534 speciei. Unde sicut compositum generans potest movere materiam ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1535 formam generando compositum sibi simile, ita et Deus. Non autem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1536 aliqua alia forma non in materia existens, quia materia non
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1537 continetur in virtute alterius substantiae separatae. Et ideo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1538 Daemones et Angeli operantur circa haec visibilia, non quidem
53
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diff changeset
1539 imprimendo formas, sed adhibendo corporalia semina.</p><p title="I q. 105 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="32798"><span class="ref">[32798] Iª q. 105 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1540 dicendum quod ratio illa procederet, si Deus ageret, ex necessitate
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1541 naturae. Sed quia agit per voluntatem et intellectum, qui cognoscit
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1542 rationes proprias omnium formarum, et non solum universales; inde
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1543 est quod potest determinate hanc vel illam formam materiae
53
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diff changeset
1544 imprimere.</p><p title="I q. 105 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="32799"><span class="ref">[32799] Iª q. 105 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1545 dicendum quod hoc ipsum quod causae secundae ordinantur ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1546 determinatos effectus est illis a Deo. Unde Deus, quia alias causas
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1547 ordinat ad determinatos effectus, potest etiam determinatos
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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diff changeset
1548 effectus producere per seipsum.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 2</h3><p title="I q. 105 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="32800"><span class="ref">[32800] Iª q. 105 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad secundum sic
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1549 proceditur. Videtur quod Deus non possit immediate movere aliquod
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1550 corpus. Cum enim movens et motum oporteat esse simul, ut probatur
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1551 in VII Physic., oportet esse contactum quendam moventis et moti.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1552 Sed non potest esse contactus Dei, et corporis alicuius, dicit enim
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1553 Dionysius, in I cap. de Div. Nom., quod <i>Dei non est aliquis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1554 tactus</i>. Ergo Deus non potest immediate movere aliquod
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1555 corpus.</p><p title="I q. 105 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="32801"><span class="ref">[32801] Iª q. 105 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea, Deus
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1556 est movens non motum. Tale autem est appetibile apprehensum. Movet
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1557 igitur Deus sicut desideratum et apprehensum. Sed non apprehenditur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1558 nisi ab intellectu, qui non est corpus, nec virtus corporis. Ergo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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diff changeset
1559 Deus non potest movere aliquod corpus immediate.</p><p title="I q. 105 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="32802"><span class="ref">[32802] Iª q. 105 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1560 philosophus probat in VIII Physic., quod potentia infinita movet in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1561 instanti. Sed impossibile est aliquod corpus in instanti moveri,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1562 quia, cum omnis motus sit inter opposita, sequeretur quod duo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1563 opposita simul inessent eidem; quod est impossibile. Ergo corpus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1564 non potest immediate moveri a potentia infinita. Potentia autem Dei
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1565 est infinita, ut supra habitum est. Ergo Deus non potest immediate
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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diff changeset
1566 movere aliquod corpus.</p><p title="I q. 105 a. 2 s. c."><a name="32803"><span class="ref">[32803] Iª q. 105 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1567 opera sex dierum Deus fecit immediate; in quibus continetur motus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1568 corporum, ut patet per hoc quod dicitur Gen. I, <i>congregentur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1569 aquae in locum unum</i>. Ergo Deus immediate potest movere
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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diff changeset
1570 corpus.</p><p title="I q. 105 a. 2 co."><a name="32804"><span class="ref">[32804] Iª q. 105 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1571 quod erroneum est dicere Deum non posse facere per seipsum omnes
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1572 determinatos effectus qui fiunt per quamcumque causam creatam. Unde
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1573 cum corpora moveantur immediate a causis creatis, nulli debet
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1574 venire in dubium quin Deus possit movere immediate quodcumque
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1575 corpus. Et hoc quidem consequens est ad ea quae supra dicta sunt.
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1576 Nam omnis motus corporis cuiuscumque vel consequitur ad aliquam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1577 formam, sicut motus localis gravium et levium consequitur formam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1578 quae datur a generante, ratione cuius generans dicitur movens, vel
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1579 est via ad formam aliquam, sicut calefactio est via ad formam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1580 ignis. Eiusdem autem est imprimere formam, et disponere ad formam,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1581 et dare motum consequentem formam, ignis enim non solum generat
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1582 alium ignem, sed etiam calefacit, et sursum movet. Cum igitur Deus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1583 possit immediate formam materiae imprimere, consequens est ut
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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diff changeset
1584 possit, secundum quemcumque motum, corpus quodcumque movere.</p><p title="I q. 105 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="32805"><span class="ref">[32805] Iª q. 105 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1585 dicendum quod duplex est tactus, scilicet corporalis, sicut duo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1586 corpora se tangunt; et virtualis, sicut dicitur quod contristans
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1587 tangit contristatum. Secundum igitur primum contactum, Deus, cum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1588 sit incorporeus, nec tangit nec tangitur. Secundum autem virtualem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1589 contactum, tangit quidem movendo creaturas, sed non tangitur, quia
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1590 nullius creaturae virtus naturalis potest ad ipsum pertingere. Et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1591 sic intellexit Dionysius quod non est tactus Dei, ut scilicet
53
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diff changeset
1592 tangatur.</p><p title="I q. 105 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="32806"><span class="ref">[32806] Iª q. 105 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1593 dicendum quod movet Deus sicut desideratum et intellectum. Sed non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1594 oportet quod semper moveat sicut desideratum et intellectum ab eo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1595 quod movetur; sed sicut desideratum et notum a seipso; quia omnia
53
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diff changeset
1596 operatur propter suam bonitatem.</p><p title="I q. 105 a. 2 ad 3"><a name="32807"><span class="ref">[32807] Iª q. 105 a. 2 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1597 dicendum quod philosophus in VIII Physic. intendit probare quod
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1598 virtus primi motoris non sit virtus in magnitudine, tali ratione,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1599 virtus primi motoris est infinita (quod probat per hoc quod potest
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1600 movere tempore infinito); virtus autem infinita, si esset in aliqua
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1601 magnitudine, moveret in non tempore, quod est impossibile; ergo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1602 oportet quod infinita virtus primi motoris sit non in magnitudine.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1603 Ex quo patet quod corpus moveri in non tempore, non consequitur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1604 nisi virtutem infinitam in magnitudine. Cuius ratio est, quia omnis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1605 virtus quae est in magnitudine, movet secundum se totam, cum moveat
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1606 per necessitatem naturae. Potentia autem infinita
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1607 improportionabiliter excedit quamlibet potentiam finitam. Quanto
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1608 autem maior est potentia moventis, tanto est maior velocitas motus.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1609 Cum igitur potentia finita moveat tempore determinato, sequitur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1610 quod potentia infinita non moveat in aliquo tempore, quia
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1611 cuiuscumque temporis ad aliud tempus est aliqua proportio. Sed
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1612 virtus quae non est in magnitudine, est virtus alicuius
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1613 intelligentis, qui operatur in effectibus secundum quod eis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1614 convenit. Et ideo, cum corpori non possit esse conveniens moveri in
53
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diff changeset
1615 non tempore, non sequitur quod moveat in non tempore.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 3</h3><p title="I q. 105 a. 3 arg. 1"><a name="32808"><span class="ref">[32808] Iª q. 105 a. 3 arg. 1</span></a> Ad tertium sic
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1616 proceditur. Videtur quod Deus non moveat immediate intellectum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1617 creatum. Actio enim intellectus est ab eo in quo est, non enim
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1618 transit in exteriorem materiam, ut dicitur in IX Metaphys. Actio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1619 autem eius quod movetur ab alio, non est ab eo in quo est, sed a
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1620 movente. Non ergo intellectus movetur ab alio. Et ita videtur quod
53
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diff changeset
1621 Deus non possit movere intellectum.</p><p title="I q. 105 a. 3 arg. 2"><a name="32809"><span class="ref">[32809] Iª q. 105 a. 3 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea, id
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1622 quod habet in se principium sufficiens sui motus, non movetur ab
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1623 alio. Sed motus intellectus est ipsum intelligere eius, sicut
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1624 dicitur quod intelligere vel sentire est motus quidam, secundum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1625 philosophum, in III de anima. Sufficiens autem principium
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1626 intelligendi est lumen intelligibile inditum intellectui. Ergo non
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1627 movetur ab alio.</p><p title="I q. 105 a. 3 arg. 3"><a name="32810"><span class="ref">[32810] Iª q. 105 a. 3 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1628 sicut sensus movetur a sensibili, ita intellectus ab intelligibili.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1629 Sed Deus non est intelligibilis nobis, sed nostrum intellectum
53
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diff changeset
1630 excedit. Ergo Deus non potest movere nostrum intellectum.</p><p title="I q. 105 a. 3 s. c."><a name="32811"><span class="ref">[32811] Iª q. 105 a. 3 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra,
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1631 docens movet intellectum addiscentis. Sed Deus docet hominem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1632 scientiam, sicut dicitur in Psalmo. Ergo Deus movet intellectum
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1633 hominis.</p><p title="I q. 105 a. 3 co."><a name="32812"><span class="ref">[32812] Iª q. 105 a. 3 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1634 quod, sicut in motibus corporalibus movens dicitur quod dat formam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1635 quae est principium motus; ita dicitur movere intellectum, quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1636 causat formam quae est principium intellectualis operationis, quae
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1637 dicitur motus intellectus. Operationis autem intellectus est duplex
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1638 principium in intelligente, unum scilicet quod est ipsa virtus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1639 intellectualis, quod quidem principium est etiam in intelligente in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1640 potentia; aliud autem est principium intelligendi in actu, scilicet
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1641 similitudo rei intellectae in intelligente. Dicitur ergo aliquid
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1642 movere intellectum, sive det intelligenti virtutem ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1643 intelligendum, sive imprimat ei similitudinem rei intellectae.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1644 Utroque autem modo Deus movet intellectum creatum. Ipse enim est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1645 primum ens immateriale. Et quia intellectualitas consequitur
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1646 immaterialitatem, sequitur quod ipse sit primum intelligens. Unde
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1647 cum primum in quolibet ordine sit causa eorum quae consequuntur,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1648 sequitur quod ab ipso sit omnis virtus intelligendi. Similiter cum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1649 ipse sit primum ens, et omnia entia praeexistant in ipso sicut in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1650 prima causa, oportet quod sint in eo intelligibiliter secundum
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1651 modum eius. Sicut enim omnes rationes rerum intelligibiles primo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1652 existunt in Deo, et ab derivantur in alios intellectus, ut actu
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1653 intelligant; sic etiam derivantur in creaturas ut subsistant. Sic
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1654 igitur Deus movet intellectum creatum, inquantum dat ei virtutem ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1655 intelligendum, vel naturalem vel superadditam; et inquantum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1656 imprimit ei species intelligibiles; et utrumque tenet et conservat
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1657 in esse.</p><p title="I q. 105 a. 3 ad 1"><a name="32813"><span class="ref">[32813] Iª q. 105 a. 3 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1658 dicendum quod operatio intellectualis est quidem ab intellectu in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1659 quo est, sicut a causa secunda, sed a Deo sicut a causa prima. Ab
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1660 ipso enim datur intelligenti quod intelligere possit.</p><p title="I q. 105 a. 3 ad 2"><a name="32814"><span class="ref">[32814] Iª q. 105 a. 3 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1661 dicendum quod lumen intellectuale, simul cum similitudine rei
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1662 intellectae, est sufficiens principium intelligendi; secundarium
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1663 tamen, et a primo principio dependens.</p><p title="I q. 105 a. 3 ad 3"><a name="32815"><span class="ref">[32815] Iª q. 105 a. 3 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1664 dicendum quod intelligibile movet intellectum nostrum, inquantum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1665 quodammodo imprimit ei suam similitudinem, per quam intelligi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1666 potest. Sed similitudines quas Deus imprimit intellectui creato,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1667 non sufficiunt ad ipsum Deum intelligendum per essentiam, ut supra
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1668 habitum est. Unde movet intellectum creatum, cum tamen non sit ei
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1669 intelligibilis, ut dictum est.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 4</h3><p title="I q. 105 a. 4 arg. 1"><a name="32816"><span class="ref">[32816] Iª q. 105 a. 4 arg. 1</span></a> Ad quartum sic
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1670 proceditur. Videtur quod Deus non possit movere voluntatem creatam.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1671 Omne enim quod movetur ab extrinseco, cogitur. Sed voluntas non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1672 potest cogi. Ergo non movetur ab aliquo extrinseco. Et ita non
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1673 potest moveri a Deo.</p><p title="I q. 105 a. 4 arg. 2"><a name="32817"><span class="ref">[32817] Iª q. 105 a. 4 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea, Deus
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1674 non potest facere quod contradictoria sint simul vera. Hoc autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1675 sequeretur, si voluntatem moveret, nam voluntarie moveri est ex se
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1676 moveri, et non ab alio. Ergo Deus non potest voluntatem movere.</p><p title="I q. 105 a. 4 arg. 3"><a name="32818"><span class="ref">[32818] Iª q. 105 a. 4 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1677 motus magis attribuitur moventi quam mobili, unde homicidium non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1678 attribuitur lapidi, sed proiicienti. Si igitur Deus moveat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1679 voluntatem, sequitur quod opera voluntaria non imputentur homini ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1680 meritum vel demeritum. Hoc autem est falsum. Non igitur Deus movet
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1681 voluntatem.</p><p title="I q. 105 a. 4 s. c."><a name="32819"><span class="ref">[32819] Iª q. 105 a. 4 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1682 quod dicitur ad Philipp. II, <i>Deus est qui operatur in nobis
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1683 velle et perficere</i>.</p><p title="I q. 105 a. 4 co."><a name="32820"><span class="ref">[32820] Iª q. 105 a. 4 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1684 quod, sicut intellectus, ut dictum est, movetur ab obiecto, et ab
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1685 eo qui dedit virtutem intelligendi; ita voluntas movetur ab
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1686 obiecto, quod est bonum, et ab eo qui creat virtutem volendi.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1687 Potest autem voluntas moveri sicut ab obiecto, a quocumque bono;
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1688 non tamen sufficienter et efficaciter nisi a Deo. Non enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1689 sufficienter aliquid potest movere aliquod mobile, nisi virtus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1690 activa moventis excedat, vel saltem adaequet virtutem passivam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1691 mobilis. Virtus autem passiva voluntatis se extendit ad bonum in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1692 universali, est enim eius obiectum bonum universale, sicut et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1693 intellectus obiectum est ens universale. Quodlibet autem bonum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1694 creatum est quoddam particulare bonum, solus autem Deus est bonum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1695 universale. Unde ipse solus implet voluntatem, et sufficienter eam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1696 movet ut obiectum. Similiter autem et virtus volendi a solo Deo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1697 causatur. Velle enim nihil aliud est quam inclinatio quaedam in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1698 obiectum voluntatis, quod est bonum universale. Inclinare autem in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1699 bonum universale est primi moventis cui proportionatur ultimus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1700 finis, sicut in rebus humanis dirigere ad bonum commune est eius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1701 qui praeest multitudini. Unde utroque modo proprium est Dei movere
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1702 voluntatem, sed maxime secundo modo, interius eam inclinando.</p><p title="I q. 105 a. 4 ad 1"><a name="32821"><span class="ref">[32821] Iª q. 105 a. 4 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1703 dicendum quod illud quod movetur ab altero dicitur cogi, si
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1704 moveatur contra inclinationem propriam, sed si moveatur ab alio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1705 quod sibi dat propriam inclinationem, non dicitur cogi; sicut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1706 grave, cum movetur deorsum a generante, non cogitur. Sic igitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1707 Deus, movendo voluntatem, non cogit ipsam, quia dat ei eius
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1708 propriam inclinationem.</p><p title="I q. 105 a. 4 ad 2"><a name="32822"><span class="ref">[32822] Iª q. 105 a. 4 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1709 dicendum quod moveri voluntarie est moveri ex se, idest a principio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1710 intrinseco, sed illud principium intrinsecum potest esse ab alio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1711 principio extrinseco. Et sic moveri ex se non repugnat ei quod
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1712 movetur ab alio.</p><p title="I q. 105 a. 4 ad 3"><a name="32823"><span class="ref">[32823] Iª q. 105 a. 4 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1713 dicendum quod, si voluntas ita moveretur ab alio quod ex se
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1714 nullatenus moveretur, opera voluntatis non imputarentur ad meritum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1715 vel demeritum. Sed quia per hoc quod movetur ab alio, non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1716 excluditur quin moveatur ex se, ut dictum est; ideo per consequens
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1717 non tollitur ratio meriti vel demeriti.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 5</h3><p title="I q. 105 a. 5 arg. 1"><a name="32824"><span class="ref">[32824] Iª q. 105 a. 5 arg. 1</span></a> Ad quintum sic
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1718 proceditur. Videtur quod Deus non operetur in omni operante. Nulla
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1719 enim insufficientia est Deo attribuenda. Si igitur Deus operatur in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1720 omni operante, sufficienter in quolibet operatur. Superfluum igitur
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1721 esset quod agens creatum aliquid operaretur.</p><p title="I q. 105 a. 5 arg. 2"><a name="32825"><span class="ref">[32825] Iª q. 105 a. 5 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea, una
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1722 operatio non est simul a duobus operantibus, sicut nec unus numero
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1723 motus potest esse duorum mobilium. Si igitur operatio creaturae est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1724 a Deo in creatura operante, non potest esse simul a creatura. Et
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1725 ita nulla creatura aliquid operatur.</p><p title="I q. 105 a. 5 arg. 3"><a name="32826"><span class="ref">[32826] Iª q. 105 a. 5 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1726 faciens dicitur esse causa operationis facti, inquantum dat ei
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1727 formam qua operatur. Si igitur Deus est causa operationis rerum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1728 factarum ab ipso, hoc erit inquantum dat eis virtutem operandi. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1729 hoc est a principio, quando rem facit. Ergo videtur quod ulterius
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1730 non operetur in creatura operante.</p><p title="I q. 105 a. 5 s. c."><a name="32827"><span class="ref">[32827] Iª q. 105 a. 5 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1731 quod dicitur Isaiae XXVI, <i>omnia opera nostra operatus es in
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1732 nobis, domine</i>.</p><p title="I q. 105 a. 5 co."><a name="32828"><span class="ref">[32828] Iª q. 105 a. 5 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1733 quod Deum operari in quolibet operante aliqui sic intellexerunt,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1734 quod nulla virtus creata aliquid operaretur in rebus, sed solus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1735 Deus immediate omnia operaretur; puta quod ignis non calefaceret,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1736 sed Deus in igne, et similiter de omnibus aliis. Hoc autem est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1737 impossibile. Primo quidem, quia sic subtraheretur ordo causae et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1738 causati a rebus creatis. Quod pertinet ad impotentiam creantis, ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1739 virtute enim agentis est, quod suo effectui det virtutem agendi.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1740 Secundo, quia virtutes operativae quae in rebus inveniuntur,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1741 frustra essent rebus attributae, si per eas nihil operarentur.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1742 Quinimmo omnes res creatae viderentur quodammodo esse frustra, si
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1743 propria operatione destituerentur, cum omnis res sit propter suam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1744 operationem. Semper enim imperfectum est propter perfectius, sicut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1745 igitur materia est propter formam, ita forma, quae est actus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1746 primus, est propter suam operationem, quae est actus secundus; et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1747 sic operatio est finis rei creatae. Sic igitur intelligendum est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1748 Deum operari in rebus, quod tamen ipsae res propriam habeant
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1749 operationem. Ad cuius evidentiam, considerandum est quod, cum sint
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1750 causarum quatuor genera, materia quidem non est principium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1751 actionis, sed se habet ut subiectum recipiens actionis effectum.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1752 Finis vero et agens et forma se habent ut actionis principium, sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1753 ordine quodam. Nam primo quidem, principium actionis est finis, qui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1754 movet agentem; secundo vero, agens; tertio autem, forma eius quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1755 ab agente applicatur ad agendum (quamvis et ipsum agens per formam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1756 suam agat); ut patet in artificialibus. Artifex enim movetur ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1757 agendum a fine, qui est ipsum operatum, puta arca vel lectus; et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1758 applicat ad actionem securim quae incidit per suum acumen. Sic
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1759 igitur secundum haec tria Deus in quolibet operante operatur. Primo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1760 quidem, secundum rationem finis. Cum enim omnis operatio sit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1761 propter aliquod bonum verum vel apparens; nihil autem est vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1762 apparet bonum, nisi secundum quod participat aliquam similitudinem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1763 summi boni, quod est Deus; sequitur quod ipse Deus sit cuiuslibet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1764 operationis causa ut finis. Similiter etiam considerandum est quod,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1765 si sint multa agentia ordinata, semper secundum agens agit in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1766 virtute primi, nam primum agens movet secundum ad agendum. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1767 secundum hoc, omnia agunt in virtute ipsius Dei; et ita ipse est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1768 causa actionum omnium agentium. Tertio, considerandum est quod Deus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1769 movet non solum res ad operandum, quasi applicando formas et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1770 virtutes rerum ad operationem, sicut etiam artifex applicat securim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1771 ad scindendum, qui tamen interdum formam securi non tribuit; sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1772 etiam dat formam creaturis agentibus, et eas tenet in esse. Unde
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1773 non solum est causa actionum inquantum dat formam quae est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1774 principium actionis, sicut generans dicitur esse causa motus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1775 gravium et levium; sed etiam sicut conservans formas et virtutes
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1776 rerum; prout sol dicitur esse causa manifestationis colorum,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1777 inquantum dat et conservat lumen, quo manifestantur colores. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1778 quia forma rei est intra rem, et tanto magis quanto consideratur ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1779 prior et universalior; et ipse Deus est proprie causa ipsius esse
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1780 universalis in rebus omnibus, quod inter omnia est magis intimum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1781 rebus; sequitur quod Deus in omnibus intime operetur. Et propter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1782 hoc in sacra Scriptura operationes naturae Deo attribuuntur quasi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1783 operanti in natura; secundum illud Iob X, <i>pelle et carnibus
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1784 vestisti me, ossibus et nervis compegisti me</i>.</p><p title="I q. 105 a. 5 ad 1"><a name="32829"><span class="ref">[32829] Iª q. 105 a. 5 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1785 dicendum quod Deus sufficienter operatur in rebus ad modum primi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1786 agentis, nec propter hoc superfluit operatio secundorum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1787 agentium.</p><p title="I q. 105 a. 5 ad 2"><a name="32830"><span class="ref">[32830] Iª q. 105 a. 5 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1788 dicendum quod una actio non procedit a duobus agentibus unius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1789 ordinis, sed nihil prohibet quin una et eadem actio procedat a
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1790 primo et secundo agente.</p><p title="I q. 105 a. 5 ad 3"><a name="32831"><span class="ref">[32831] Iª q. 105 a. 5 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1791 dicendum quod Deus non solum dat formas rebus, sed etiam conservat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1792 eas in esse, et applicat eas ad agendum, et est finis omnium
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1793 actionum, ut dictum est.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 6</h3><p title="I q. 105 a. 6 arg. 1"><a name="32832"><span class="ref">[32832] Iª q. 105 a. 6 arg. 1</span></a> Ad sextum sic
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1794 proceditur. Videtur quod Deus non possit facere aliquid praeter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1795 ordinem rebus inditum. Dicit enim Augustinus, XXVI contra Faustum,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1796 <i>Deus, conditor et creator omnium naturarum, nihil contra naturam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1797 facit</i>. Sed hoc videtur esse contra naturam, quod est praeter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1798 ordinem naturaliter rebus inditum. Ergo Deus non potest facere
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1799 aliquid praeter ordinem rebus inditum.</p><p title="I q. 105 a. 6 arg. 2"><a name="32833"><span class="ref">[32833] Iª q. 105 a. 6 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1800 sicut ordo iustitiae est a Deo, ita et ordo naturae. Sed Deus non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1801 potest facere aliquid praeter ordinem iustitiae, faceret enim tunc
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1802 aliquid iniustum. Ergo non potest facere aliquid praeter ordinem
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1803 naturae.</p><p title="I q. 105 a. 6 arg. 3"><a name="32834"><span class="ref">[32834] Iª q. 105 a. 6 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1804 ordinem naturae Deus instituit. Si igitur praeter ordinem naturae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1805 Deus aliquid faciat, videtur quod ipse sit mutabilis. Quod est
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1806 inconveniens.</p><p title="I q. 105 a. 6 s. c."><a name="32835"><span class="ref">[32835] Iª q. 105 a. 6 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1807 quod Augustinus dicit, XXVI contra Faustum, quod <i>Deus aliquando
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1808 aliquid facit contra solitum cursum naturae</i>.</p><p title="I q. 105 a. 6 co."><a name="32836"><span class="ref">[32836] Iª q. 105 a. 6 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1809 quod a qualibet causa derivatur aliquis ordo in suos effectus, cum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1810 quaelibet causa habeat rationem principii. Et ideo secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1811 multiplicationem causarum, multiplicantur et ordines, quorum unus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1812 continetur sub altero, sicut et causa continetur sub causa. Unde
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1813 causa superior non continetur sub ordine causae inferioris, sed e
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1814 converso. Cuius exemplum apparet in rebus humanis, nam ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1815 patrefamilias dependet ordo domus, qui continetur sub ordine
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1816 civitatis, qui procedit a civitatis rectore, cum et hic contineatur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1817 sub ordine regis, a quo totum regnum ordinatur. Si ergo ordo rerum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1818 consideretur prout dependet a prima causa, sic contra rerum ordinem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1819 Deus facere non potest, sic enim si faceret, faceret contra suam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1820 praescientiam aut voluntatem aut bonitatem. Si vero consideretur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1821 rerum ordo prout dependet a qualibet secundarum causarum, sic Deus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1822 potest facere praeter ordinem rerum. Quia ordini secundarum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1823 causarum ipse non est subiectus, sed talis ordo ei subiicitur,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1824 quasi ab eo procedens non per necessitatem naturae, sed per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1825 arbitrium voluntatis, potuisset enim et alium ordinem rerum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1826 instituere. Unde et potest praeter hunc ordinem institutum agere,
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diff changeset
1827 cum voluerit; puta agendo effectus secundarum causarum sine ipsis,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1828 vel producendo aliquos effectus ad quos causae secundae non se
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1829 extendunt. Unde et Augustinus dicit, XXVI contra Faustum, quod
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diff changeset
1830 <i>Deus contra solitum cursum naturae facit; sed contra summam
53
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1831 legem tam nullo modo facit, quam contra seipsum non facit</i>.</p><p title="I q. 105 a. 6 ad 1"><a name="32837"><span class="ref">[32837] Iª q. 105 a. 6 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
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diff changeset
1832 dicendum quod, cum aliquid contingit in rebus naturalibus praeter
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1833 naturam inditam, hoc potest dupliciter contingere. Uno modo, per
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1834 actionem agentis qui inclinationem naturalem non dedit, sicut cum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1835 homo movet corpus grave sursum, quod non habet ab eo ut moveatur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1836 deorsum, et hoc est contra naturam. Alio modo, per actionem illius
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1837 agentis a quo dependet actio naturalis. Et hoc non est contra
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1838 naturam, ut patet in fluxu et refluxu maris, qui non est contra
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1839 naturam, quamvis sit praeter motum naturalem aquae, quae movetur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1840 deorsum; est enim ex impressione caelestis corporis, a quo dependet
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1841 naturalis inclinatio inferiorum corporum. Cum igitur naturae ordo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1842 sit a Deo rebus inditus, si quid praeter hunc ordinem faciat, non
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1843 est contra naturam. Unde Augustinus dicit, XXVI contra Faustum,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1844 quod <i>id est cuique rei naturale, quod ille fecerit a quo est
53
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diff changeset
1845 omnis modus, numerus et ordo naturae</i>.</p><p title="I q. 105 a. 6 ad 2"><a name="32838"><span class="ref">[32838] Iª q. 105 a. 6 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
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diff changeset
1846 dicendum quod ordo iustitiae est secundum relationem ad causam
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diff changeset
1847 primam, quae est regula omnis iustitiae. Et ideo praeter hunc
53
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diff changeset
1848 ordinem, Deus nihil facere potest.</p><p title="I q. 105 a. 6 ad 3"><a name="32839"><span class="ref">[32839] Iª q. 105 a. 6 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1849 dicendum quod Deus sic rebus certum ordinem indidit, ut tamen sibi
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diff changeset
1850 reservaret quid ipse aliquando aliter ex causa esset facturus. Unde
53
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1851 cum praeter hunc ordinem agit, non mutatur.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 7</h3><p title="I q. 105 a. 7 arg. 1"><a name="32840"><span class="ref">[32840] Iª q. 105 a. 7 arg. 1</span></a> Ad septimum sic
28
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diff changeset
1852 proceditur. Videtur quod non omnia quae Deus facit praeter ordinem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1853 naturalem rerum, sint miracula. Creatio enim mundi, et etiam
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diff changeset
1854 animarum, et iustificatio impii fiunt a Deo praeter ordinem
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diff changeset
1855 naturalem, non enim fiunt per actionem alicuius causae naturalis.
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diff changeset
1856 Et tamen haec miracula non dicuntur. Ergo non omnia quae facit Deus
53
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diff changeset
1857 praeter ordinem naturalem rerum, sunt miracula.</p><p title="I q. 105 a. 7 arg. 2"><a name="32841"><span class="ref">[32841] Iª q. 105 a. 7 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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diff changeset
1858 miraculum dicitur aliquid arduum et insolitum supra facultatem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1859 naturae et spem admirantis proveniens. Sed quaedam fiunt praeter
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1860 naturae ordinem, quae tamen non sunt ardua, sunt enim in minimis
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diff changeset
1861 rebus, sicut in restauratione gemmarum, vel sanatione aegrorum. Nec
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diff changeset
1862 etiam sunt insolita, cum frequenter eveniant, sicut cum infirmi in
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1863 plateis ponebantur ut ad umbram Petri sanarentur. Nec etiam sunt
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1864 supra facultatem naturae, ut cum aliqui sanantur a febribus. Nec
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diff changeset
1865 etiam supra spem, sicut resurrectionem mortuorum omnes speramus,
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diff changeset
1866 quae tamen fiet praeter ordinem naturae. Ergo non omnia quae fiunt
53
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1867 praeter naturae ordinem, sunt miracula.</p><p title="I q. 105 a. 7 arg. 3"><a name="32842"><span class="ref">[32842] Iª q. 105 a. 7 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1868 miraculi nomen ab admiratione sumitur. Sed admiratio est de rebus
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diff changeset
1869 sensui manifestis. Sed quandoque aliqua accidunt praeter ordinem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1870 naturalem in rebus sensui non manifestis, sicut cum apostoli facti
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diff changeset
1871 sunt scientes, neque invenientes neque discentes. Ergo non omnia
53
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diff changeset
1872 quae fiunt praeter ordinem naturae, sunt miracula.</p><p title="I q. 105 a. 7 s. c."><a name="32843"><span class="ref">[32843] Iª q. 105 a. 7 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
28
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diff changeset
1873 quod Augustinus dicit, XXVI contra Faustum, quod <i>cum Deus
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diff changeset
1874 aliquid facit contra cognitum nobis cursum solitumque naturae,
53
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diff changeset
1875 magnalia, vel mirabilia nominantur</i>.</p><p title="I q. 105 a. 7 co."><a name="32844"><span class="ref">[32844] Iª q. 105 a. 7 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
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diff changeset
1876 quod nomen miraculi ab admiratione sumitur. Admiratio autem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1877 consurgit, cum effectus sunt manifesti et causa occulta; sicut
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diff changeset
1878 aliquis admiratur cum videt eclipsim solis et ignorat causam, ut
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diff changeset
1879 dicitur in principio Metaphys. Potest autem causa effectus alicuius
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diff changeset
1880 apparentis alicui esse nota, quae tamen est aliis incognita. Unde
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diff changeset
1881 aliquid est mirum uni, quod non est mirum aliis; sicut eclipsim
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diff changeset
1882 solis miratur rusticus, non autem astrologus. Miraculum autem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1883 dicitur quasi admiratione plenum, quod scilicet habet causam
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diff changeset
1884 simpliciter et omnibus occultam. Haec autem est Deus. Unde illa
53
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1885 quae a Deo fiunt praeter causas nobis notas, miracula dicuntur.</p><p title="I q. 105 a. 7 ad 1"><a name="32845"><span class="ref">[32845] Iª q. 105 a. 7 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
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diff changeset
1886 dicendum quod creatio, et iustificatio impii, etsi a solo Deo
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diff changeset
1887 fiant, non tamen, proprie loquendo, miracula dicuntur. Quia non
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diff changeset
1888 sunt nata fieri per alias causas, et ita non contingunt praeter
53
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1889 ordinem naturae, cum haec ad ordinem naturae non pertineant.</p><p title="I q. 105 a. 7 ad 2"><a name="32846"><span class="ref">[32846] Iª q. 105 a. 7 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
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diff changeset
1890 dicendum quod arduum dicitur miraculum, non propter dignitatem rei
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diff changeset
1891 in qua fit; sed quia excedit facultatem naturae. Similiter etiam
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diff changeset
1892 insolitum dicitur, non quia frequenter non eveniat sed quia est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1893 praeter naturalem consuetudinem. Supra facultatem autem naturae
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diff changeset
1894 dicitur aliquid, non solum propter substantiam facti sed etiam
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diff changeset
1895 propter modum et ordinem faciendi. Supra spem etiam naturae
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diff changeset
1896 miraculum esse dicitur; non supra spem gratiae, quae est ex fide,
53
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1897 per quam credimus resurrectionem futuram.</p><p title="I q. 105 a. 7 ad 3"><a name="32847"><span class="ref">[32847] Iª q. 105 a. 7 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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diff changeset
1898 dicendum quod scientia apostolorum, quamvis secundum se non fuerit
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diff changeset
1899 manifesta, manifestabatur tamen in effectibus, ex quibus mirabilis
53
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1900 apparebat.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 8</h3><p title="I q. 105 a. 8 arg. 1"><a name="32848"><span class="ref">[32848] Iª q. 105 a. 8 arg. 1</span></a> Ad octavum sic
28
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diff changeset
1901 proceditur. Videtur quod unum miraculum non sit maius alio. Dicit
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diff changeset
1902 enim Augustinus, in epistola ad Volusianum, <i>in rebus mirabiliter
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diff changeset
1903 factis tota ratio facti est potentia facientis</i>. Sed eadem
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diff changeset
1904 potentia, scilicet Dei, fiunt omnia miracula. Ergo unum non est
53
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1905 maius alio.</p><p title="I q. 105 a. 8 arg. 2"><a name="32849"><span class="ref">[32849] Iª q. 105 a. 8 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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1906 potentia Dei est infinita. Sed infinitum improportionabiliter
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1907 excedit omne finitum. Ergo non magis est mirandum quod faciat hunc
53
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1908 effectum, quam illum. Ergo unum miraculum non est maius altero.</p><p title="I q. 105 a. 8 s. c."><a name="32850"><span class="ref">[32850] Iª q. 105 a. 8 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
28
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diff changeset
1909 quod dominus dicit, Ioan. XIV, de operibus miraculosis loquens,
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1910 <i>opera quae ego facio, et ipse faciet, et maiora horum
53
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1911 faciet</i>.</p><p title="I q. 105 a. 8 co."><a name="32851"><span class="ref">[32851] Iª q. 105 a. 8 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
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1912 quod nihil potest dici miraculum ex comparatione potentiae divinae,
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diff changeset
1913 quia quodcumque factum, divinae potentiae comparatum, est minimum;
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1914 secundum illud Isaiae XL, <i>ecce gentes quasi stilla situlae, et
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diff changeset
1915 quasi momentum staterae reputatae sunt</i>. Sed dicitur aliquid
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diff changeset
1916 miraculum per comparationem ad facultatem naturae, quam excedit. Et
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diff changeset
1917 ideo secundum quod magis excedit facultatem naturae, secundum hoc
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diff changeset
1918 maius miraculum dicitur. Excedit autem aliquid facultatem naturae
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diff changeset
1919 tripliciter. Uno modo, quantum ad substantiam facti, sicut quod duo
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diff changeset
1920 corpora sint simul, vel quod sol retrocedat, aut quod corpus
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diff changeset
1921 humanum glorificetur; quod nullo modo natura facere potest. Et ista
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diff changeset
1922 tenent summum gradum in miraculis. Secundo aliquid excedit
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diff changeset
1923 facultatem naturae, non quantum ad id quod fit, sed quantum ad id
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diff changeset
1924 in quo fit, sicut resuscitatio mortuorum, et illuminatio caecorum,
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diff changeset
1925 et similia. Potest enim natura causare vitam, sed non in mortuo, et
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diff changeset
1926 potest praestare visum, sed non caeco. Et haec tenent secundum
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diff changeset
1927 locum in miraculis. Tertio modo excedit aliquid facultatem naturae,
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diff changeset
1928 quantum ad modum et ordinem faciendi, sicut cum aliquis subito per
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diff changeset
1929 virtutem divinam a febre curatur absque curatione et consueto
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diff changeset
1930 processu naturae in talibus, et cum statim aer divina virtute in
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diff changeset
1931 pluvias densatur absque naturalibus causis, sicut factum est ad
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diff changeset
1932 preces Samuelis et Eliae. Et huiusmodi tenent infimum locum in
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1933 miraculis. Quaelibet tamen horum habent diversos gradus, secundum
53
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1934 quod diversimode excedunt facultatem naturae.</p><p title="I q. 105 a. 8 ad arg."><a name="32852"><span class="ref">[32852] Iª q. 105 a. 8 ad arg.</span></a> Et per hoc
28
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1935 patet solutio ad obiecta, quae procedunt ex parte divinae
53
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1936 potentiae.</p></div></div><div class="q" id="q106"><h2>Quaestio 106</h2><div class="p"><h3>Prooemium</h3><p title="I q. 106 pr."><a name="32853"><span class="ref">[32853]
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1937 Iª q. 106 pr.</span></a> Deinde considerandum est quomodo una
28
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1938 creatura moveat aliam. Erit autem haec consideratio tripartita, ut
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diff changeset
1939 primo consideremus quomodo Angeli moveant, qui sunt creaturae pure
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diff changeset
1940 spirituales; secundo, quomodo corpora moveant; tertio, quomodo
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diff changeset
1941 homines, qui sunt ex spirituali et corporali natura compositi.
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diff changeset
1942 Circa primum tria consideranda occurrunt, primo, quomodo Angelus
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diff changeset
1943 agat in Angelum; secundo, quomodo in creaturam corporalem; tertio,
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diff changeset
1944 quomodo in homines. Circa primum, considerare oportet de
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diff changeset
1945 illuminatione, et locutione Angelorum, et ordinatione eorum ad
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diff changeset
1946 invicem, tam bonorum, quam malorum. Circa illuminationem quaeruntur
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diff changeset
1947 quatuor. Primo, utrum unus Angelus moveat intellectum alterius
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1948 illuminando. Secundo, utrum unus moveat voluntatem alterius.
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diff changeset
1949 Tertio, utrum inferior Angelus possit illuminare superiorem.
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diff changeset
1950 Quarto, utrum superior Angelus illuminet inferiorem de omnibus quae
53
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1951 cognoscit.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 1</h3><p title="I q. 106 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="32854"><span class="ref">[32854] Iª q. 106 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad primum sic
28
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1952 proceditur. Videtur quod unus Angelus non illuminet alium. Angeli
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diff changeset
1953 enim eandem beatitudinem possident nunc, quam nos in futuro
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diff changeset
1954 expectamus. Sed tunc unus homo non illuminabit alium; secundum
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diff changeset
1955 illud Ierem. XXXI, <i>non docebit ultra vir proximum suum, et vir
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diff changeset
1956 fratrem suum</i>. Ergo etiam neque nunc unus Angelus illuminat
53
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1957 alium.</p><p title="I q. 106 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="32855"><span class="ref">[32855] Iª q. 106 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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diff changeset
1958 triplex est lumen in Angelis, naturae, gratiae et gloriae. Sed
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diff changeset
1959 Angelus illuminatur lumine naturae, a creante; lumine gratiae, a
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1960 iustificante; lumine gloriae, a beatificante; quod totum Dei est.
53
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1961 Ergo unus Angelus non illuminat alium.</p><p title="I q. 106 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="32856"><span class="ref">[32856] Iª q. 106 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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diff changeset
1962 lumen est forma quaedam mentis. Sed mens rationalis a solo Deo
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diff changeset
1963 formatur, nulla interposita creatura, ut Augustinus dicit in libro
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diff changeset
1964 octoginta trium quaest. Ergo unus Angelus non illuminat mentem
53
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1965 alterius.</p><p title="I q. 106 a. 1 s. c."><a name="32857"><span class="ref">[32857] Iª q. 106 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
28
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diff changeset
1966 quod dicit Dionysius, VIII cap. Cael. Hier., quod <i>Angeli
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diff changeset
1967 secundae hierarchiae purgantur et illuminantur et perficiuntur per
53
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diff changeset
1968 Angelos primae hierarchiae</i>.</p><p title="I q. 106 a. 1 co."><a name="32858"><span class="ref">[32858] Iª q. 106 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
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diff changeset
1969 quod unus Angelus illuminat alium. Ad cuius evidentiam,
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diff changeset
1970 considerandum est quod lumen, secundum quod ad intellectum
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diff changeset
1971 pertinet, nihil est aliud quam quaedam manifestatio veritatis;
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diff changeset
1972 secundum illud ad Ephes. V, <i>omne quod manifestatur, lumen
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diff changeset
1973 est</i>. Unde illuminare nihil aliud est quam manifestationem
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diff changeset
1974 cognitae veritatis alteri tradere; secundum quem modum apostolus
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diff changeset
1975 dicit, ad Ephes. III, <i>mihi, omnium sanctorum minimo, data est
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diff changeset
1976 gratia haec, illuminare omnes quae sit dispensatio sacramenti
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diff changeset
1977 absconditi a saeculis in Deo</i>. Sic igitur unus Angelus dicitur
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diff changeset
1978 illuminare alium, inquantum ei manifestat veritatem quam ipse
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diff changeset
1979 cognoscit. Unde Dionysius dicit, VII cap. Cael. Hier., quod
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diff changeset
1980 <i>theologi plane monstrant caelestium substantiarum ornatus a
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diff changeset
1981 supremis mentibus doceri deificas scientias</i>. Cum autem ad
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diff changeset
1982 intelligendum duo concurrant, ut supra diximus, scilicet virtus
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diff changeset
1983 intellectiva, et similitudo rei intellectae; secundum haec duo unus
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diff changeset
1984 Angelus alteri veritatem notam notificare potest. Primo quidem,
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diff changeset
1985 fortificando virtutem intellectivam eius. Sicut enim virtus
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diff changeset
1986 imperfectioris corporis confortatur ex situali propinquitate
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diff changeset
1987 perfectioris corporis, ut minus calidum crescit in calore ex
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diff changeset
1988 praesentia magis calidi; ita virtus intellectiva inferioris Angeli
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1989 confortatur ex conversione superioris Angeli ad ipsum. Hoc enim
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1990 facit in spiritualibus ordo conversionis, quod facit in
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1991 corporalibus ordo localis propinquitatis. Secundo autem unus
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diff changeset
1992 Angelus alteri manifestat veritatem, ex parte similitudinis
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diff changeset
1993 intellectae. Superior enim Angelus notitiam veritatis accipit in
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diff changeset
1994 universali quadam conceptione, ad quam capiendam inferioris Angeli
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diff changeset
1995 intellectus non esset sufficiens, sed est ei connaturale ut magis
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diff changeset
1996 particulariter veritatem accipiat. Superior ergo Angelus veritatem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1997 quam universaliter concipit, quodammodo distinguit, ut ab inferiori
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diff changeset
1998 capi possit; et sic eam cognoscendam illi proponit. Sicut etiam
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diff changeset
1999 apud nos, doctores, quod in summa capiunt, multipliciter
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2000 distinguunt, providentes capacitati aliorum. Et hoc est quod
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diff changeset
2001 Dionysius dicit, XV cap. Cael. Hier., <i>unaquaeque substantia
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diff changeset
2002 intellectualis datam sibi a diviniore uniformem intelligentiam,
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diff changeset
2003 provida virtute dividit et multiplicat, ad inferioris sursum
53
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diff changeset
2004 ductricem analogiam</i>.</p><p title="I q. 106 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="32859"><span class="ref">[32859] Iª q. 106 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
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diff changeset
2005 dicendum quod omnes Angeli, tam superiores quam inferiores,
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diff changeset
2006 immediate vident Dei essentiam; et quantum ad hoc, unus non docet
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diff changeset
2007 alium. De hac enim doctrina propheta loquitur, unde dicit <i>non
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diff changeset
2008 docebit vir fratrem suum, dicens, cognosce dominum. Omnes enim
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diff changeset
2009 cognoscent me, a minimo eorum usque ad maximum</i>. Sed rationes
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diff changeset
2010 divinorum operum, quae in Deo cognoscuntur sicut in causa, omnes
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diff changeset
2011 quidem Deus in seipso cognoscit, quia seipsum comprehendit, aliorum
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diff changeset
2012 vero Deum videntium tanto unusquisque in Deo plures rationes
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diff changeset
2013 cognoscit, quanto eum perfectius videt. Unde superior Angelus plura
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diff changeset
2014 in Deo de rationibus divinorum operum cognoscit quam inferior; et
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diff changeset
2015 de his eum illuminat. Et hoc est quod dicit Dionysius, IV cap. de
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diff changeset
2016 Div. Nom., quod <i>Angeli existentium illuminantur
53
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2017 rationibus</i>.</p><p title="I q. 106 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="32860"><span class="ref">[32860] Iª q. 106 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
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diff changeset
2018 dicendum quod unus Angelus non illuminat alium tradendo ei lumen
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diff changeset
2019 naturae vel gratiae vel gloriae; sed confortando lumen naturale
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diff changeset
2020 ipsius, et manifestando ei veritatem de his quae pertinent ad
53
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2021 statum naturae, gratiae et gloriae, ut dictum est.</p><p title="I q. 106 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="32861"><span class="ref">[32861] Iª q. 106 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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diff changeset
2022 dicendum quod rationalis mens formatur immediate a Deo, vel sicut
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diff changeset
2023 imago ab exemplari, quia non est facta ad alterius imaginem quam
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diff changeset
2024 Dei, vel sicut subiectum ab ultima forma completiva, quia semper
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diff changeset
2025 mens creata reputatur informis, nisi ipsi primae veritati
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diff changeset
2026 inhaereat. Aliae vero illuminationes, quae sunt ab homine vel
53
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diff changeset
2027 Angelo, sunt quasi dispositiones ad ultimam formam.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 2</h3><p title="I q. 106 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="32862"><span class="ref">[32862] Iª q. 106 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad secundum sic
28
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diff changeset
2028 proceditur. Videtur quod unus Angelus possit movere voluntatem
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diff changeset
2029 alterius. Quia secundum Dionysium, sicut unus Angelus illuminat
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diff changeset
2030 alium, ita purgat et perficit; ut patet ex auctoritate supra
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2031 inducta. Sed purgatio et perfectio videntur pertinere ad
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diff changeset
2032 voluntatem, nam purgatio videtur esse a sordibus culpae, quae
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2033 pertinet ad voluntatem; perfectio autem videtur esse per
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diff changeset
2034 consecutionem finis, qui est obiectum voluntatis. Ergo unus Angelus
53
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2035 potest movere voluntatem alterius.</p><p title="I q. 106 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="32863"><span class="ref">[32863] Iª q. 106 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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diff changeset
2036 sicut Dionysius dicit VII cap. Cael. Hier., <i>nomina Angelorum
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diff changeset
2037 designant eorum proprietates</i>. Seraphim autem incendentes
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diff changeset
2038 dicuntur, aut calefacientes, quod est per amorem, qui ad voluntatem
53
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2039 pertinet. Unus ergo Angelus movet voluntatem alterius.</p><p title="I q. 106 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="32864"><span class="ref">[32864] Iª q. 106 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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diff changeset
2040 philosophus dicit, in III de anima, quod appetitus superior movet
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diff changeset
2041 appetitum inferiorem. Sed sicut intellectus Angeli superioris
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diff changeset
2042 superior est, ita etiam appetitus. Ergo videtur quod superior
53
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2043 Angelus possit immutare voluntatem alterius.</p><p title="I q. 106 a. 2 s. c."><a name="32865"><span class="ref">[32865] Iª q. 106 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra, eius
28
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2044 est immutare voluntatem, cuius est iustificare, cum iustitia sit
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2045 rectitudo voluntatis. Sed solus Deus est qui iustificat. Ergo unus
53
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2046 Angelus non potest mutare voluntatem alterius.</p><p title="I q. 106 a. 2 co."><a name="32866"><span class="ref">[32866] Iª q. 106 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
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2047 quod, sicut supra dictum est, voluntas immutatur dupliciter, uno
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diff changeset
2048 modo, ex parte obiecti; alio modo ex parte ipsius potentiae. Ex
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diff changeset
2049 parte quidem obiecti, movet voluntatem et ipsum bonum quod est
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diff changeset
2050 voluntatis obiectum, sicut appetibile movet appetitum; et ille qui
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diff changeset
2051 demonstrat obiectum, puta qui demonstrat aliquid esse bonum. Sed
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diff changeset
2052 sicut supra dictum est, alia quidem bona aliqualiter inclinant
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diff changeset
2053 voluntatem; sed nihil sufficienter movet voluntatem, nisi bonum
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diff changeset
2054 universale, quod est Deus. Et hoc bonum solus ipse ostendit, ut per
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2055 essentiam videatur a beatis, qui dicenti Moysi, <i>ostende mihi
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diff changeset
2056 gloriam tuam</i>, respondit, <i>ego ostendam tibi omne bonum</i>,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2057 ut habetur Exod. XXXIII. Angelus ergo non sufficienter movet
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diff changeset
2058 voluntatem, neque ut obiectum, neque ut ostendens obiectum. Sed
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diff changeset
2059 inclinat eam, ut amabile quoddam, et ut manifestans aliqua bona
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2060 creata ordinata in Dei bonitatem. Et per hoc inclinare potest ad
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diff changeset
2061 amorem creaturae vel Dei, per modum suadentis. Ex parte vero ipsius
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diff changeset
2062 potentiae, voluntas nullo modo potest moveri nisi a Deo. Operatio
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diff changeset
2063 enim voluntatis est inclinatio quaedam volentis in volitum. Hanc
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diff changeset
2064 autem inclinationem solus ille immutare potest, qui virtutem
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diff changeset
2065 volendi creaturae contulit, sicut et naturalem inclinationem solum
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diff changeset
2066 illud agens potest mutare, quod potest dare virtutem quam
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diff changeset
2067 consequitur inclinatio naturalis. Solus autem Deus est qui
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diff changeset
2068 potentiam volendi tribuit creaturae, quia ipse solus est auctor
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diff changeset
2069 intellectualis naturae. Unde unus Angelus voluntatem alterius
53
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diff changeset
2070 movere non potest.</p><p title="I q. 106 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="32867"><span class="ref">[32867] Iª q. 106 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
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2071 dicendum quod secundum modum illuminationis, est accipienda et
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diff changeset
2072 purgatio et perfectio. Et quia Deus illuminat immutando intellectum
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diff changeset
2073 et voluntatem, purgat a defectibus intellectus et voluntatis, et
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diff changeset
2074 perficit in finem intellectus et voluntatis. Angeli autem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2075 illuminatio refertur ad intellectum, ut dictum est. Et ideo etiam
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diff changeset
2076 purgatio Angeli intelligitur a defectu intellectus, qui est
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diff changeset
2077 nescientia; perfectio autem est consummatio in finem intellectus,
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diff changeset
2078 qui est veritas cognita. Et hoc est quod dicit Dionysius, VI cap.
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diff changeset
2079 Eccl. Hier., quod <i>in caelesti hierarchia purgatio est in
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diff changeset
2080 subiectis essentiis tanquam ignotorum illuminatio in perfectiorem
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diff changeset
2081 eas scientiam ducens</i>. Sicut si dicamus visum corporalem
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diff changeset
2082 purgari, inquantum removentur tenebrae; illuminari vero, inquantum
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diff changeset
2083 perfunditur lumine; perfici vero, secundum quod perducitur ad
53
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2084 cognitionem colorati.</p><p title="I q. 106 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="32868"><span class="ref">[32868] Iª q. 106 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
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diff changeset
2085 dicendum quod unus Angelus potest inducere alium ad amorem Dei per
53
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2086 modum persuadentis, ut supra dictum est.</p><p title="I q. 106 a. 2 ad 3"><a name="32869"><span class="ref">[32869] Iª q. 106 a. 2 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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2087 dicendum quod philosophus loquitur de appetitu inferiori sensitivo,
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diff changeset
2088 qui potest moveri a superiori intellectivo, quia pertinet ad eandem
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diff changeset
2089 naturam animae, et quia inferior appetitus est virtus in organo
53
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2090 corporali. Quod in Angelis locum non habet.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 3</h3><p title="I q. 106 a. 3 arg. 1"><a name="32870"><span class="ref">[32870] Iª q. 106 a. 3 arg. 1</span></a> Ad tertium sic
28
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diff changeset
2091 proceditur. Videtur quod Angelus inferior superiorem illuminare
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diff changeset
2092 possit. Ecclesiastica enim hierarchia derivata est a caelesti, et
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diff changeset
2093 eam repraesentat, unde et superna Ierusalem dicitur mater nostra,
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diff changeset
2094 Gal. IV. Sed in Ecclesia etiam superiores illuminantur ab
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diff changeset
2095 inferioribus et docentur; secundum illud apostoli, I ad Cor. XIV,
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diff changeset
2096 <i>potestis omnes per singulos prophetare, ut omnes discant, et
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diff changeset
2097 omnes exhortentur</i>. Ergo et in caelesti hierarchia superiores ab
53
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2098 inferioribus possunt illuminari.</p><p title="I q. 106 a. 3 arg. 2"><a name="32871"><span class="ref">[32871] Iª q. 106 a. 3 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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diff changeset
2099 sicut ordo corporalium substantiarum dependet ex Dei voluntate, ita
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diff changeset
2100 et ordo substantiarum spiritualium. Sed sicut dictum est, Deus
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diff changeset
2101 quandoque praeter ordinem substantiarum corporalium operatur. Ergo
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diff changeset
2102 quandoque etiam operatur praeter ordinem spiritualium
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diff changeset
2103 substantiarum, illuminando inferiores non per medios superiores.
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diff changeset
2104 Sic ergo inferiores illuminati a Deo, possunt superiores
53
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2105 illuminare.</p><p title="I q. 106 a. 3 arg. 3"><a name="32872"><span class="ref">[32872] Iª q. 106 a. 3 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea, unus
28
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diff changeset
2106 Angelus alium illuminat, ad quem se convertit, ut supra dictum est.
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diff changeset
2107 Sed cum ista conversio sit voluntaria, potest supremus Angelus ad
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diff changeset
2108 infimum se convertere, mediis praetermissis. Ergo potest eum
53
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2109 immediate illuminare, et ita potest illuminare superiores.</p><p title="I q. 106 a. 3 s. c."><a name="32873"><span class="ref">[32873] Iª q. 106 a. 3 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
28
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2110 quod Dionysius dicit <i>hanc legem esse divinitatis immobiliter
53
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2111 firmatam, ut inferiora reducantur in Deum per superiora</i>.</p><p title="I q. 106 a. 3 co."><a name="32874"><span class="ref">[32874] Iª q. 106 a. 3 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
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diff changeset
2112 quod inferiores Angeli nunquam illuminant superiores, sed semper ab
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diff changeset
2113 eis illuminantur. Cuius ratio est quia, sicut supra dictum est,
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diff changeset
2114 ordo continetur sub ordine, sicut causa continetur sub causa. Unde
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diff changeset
2115 sicut ordinatur causa ad causam, ita ordo ad ordinem. Et ideo non
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diff changeset
2116 est inconveniens, si aliquando aliquid fiat praeter ordinem
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diff changeset
2117 inferioris causae, ad ordinandum in superiorem causam, sicut in
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diff changeset
2118 rebus humanis praetermittitur mandatum praesidis, ut obediatur
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diff changeset
2119 principi. Et ita contingit ut praeter ordinem naturae corporalis,
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diff changeset
2120 aliquid Deus miraculose operetur, ad ordinandum homines in eius
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diff changeset
2121 cognitionem. Sed praetermissio ordinis qui debetur spiritualibus
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diff changeset
2122 substantiis, in nullo pertinet ad ordinationem hominum in Deum, cum
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diff changeset
2123 operationes Angelorum non sint nobis manifestae, sicut operationes
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2124 visibilium corporum. Et ideo ordo qui convenit spiritualibus
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2125 substantiis, nunquam a Deo praetermittitur, quin semper inferiora
53
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2126 moveantur per superiora, et non e converso.</p><p title="I q. 106 a. 3 ad 1"><a name="32875"><span class="ref">[32875] Iª q. 106 a. 3 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
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2127 dicendum quod ecclesiastica hierarchia imitatur caelestem
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diff changeset
2128 aliqualiter, sed non perfecte consequitur eius similitudinem. In
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2129 caelesti enim hierarchia tota ratio ordinis est ex propinquitate ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2130 Deum. Et ideo illi qui sunt Deo propinquiores, sunt et gradu
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2131 sublimiores, et scientia clariores, et propter hoc superiores
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2132 nunquam ab inferioribus illuminantur. Sed in ecclesiastica
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2133 hierarchia, interdum qui sunt Deo per sanctitatem propinquiores,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2134 sunt gradu infimi, et scientia non eminentes, et quidam in uno
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diff changeset
2135 etiam secundum scientiam eminent, et in alio deficiunt. Et propter
53
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diff changeset
2136 hoc superiores ab inferioribus doceri possunt.</p><p title="I q. 106 a. 3 ad 2"><a name="32876"><span class="ref">[32876] Iª q. 106 a. 3 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
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diff changeset
2137 dicendum quod non est similis ratio de hoc quod Deus agat praeter
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diff changeset
2138 ordinem naturae corporalis, et naturae spiritualis, ut dictum est.
53
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diff changeset
2139 Unde ratio non sequitur.</p><p title="I q. 106 a. 3 ad 3"><a name="32877"><span class="ref">[32877] Iª q. 106 a. 3 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2140 dicendum quod Angelus voluntate convertitur ad alium Angelum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2141 illuminandum; sed voluntas Angeli semper regulatur lege divina,
53
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diff changeset
2142 quae ordinem in Angelis instituit.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 4</h3><p title="I q. 106 a. 4 arg. 1"><a name="32878"><span class="ref">[32878] Iª q. 106 a. 4 arg. 1</span></a> Ad quartum sic
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2143 proceditur. Videtur quod Angelus superior non illuminet inferiorem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2144 de omnibus quae ipse novit. Dicit enim Dionysius, XII cap. Cael.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2145 Hier., quod Angeli superiores habent scientiam magis universalem,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2146 inferiores vero magis particularem et subiectam. Sed plura
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2147 continentur sub scientia universali quam sub particulari. Ergo non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2148 omnia quae sciunt superiores Angeli, cognoscunt inferiores per
53
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diff changeset
2149 superiorum illuminationem.</p><p title="I q. 106 a. 4 arg. 2"><a name="32879"><span class="ref">[32879] Iª q. 106 a. 4 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2150 Magister dicit, in XI distinctione II Sent., quod superiores Angeli
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2151 cognoverunt a saeculis mysterium incarnationis, inferioribus vero
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2152 ignotum fuit usquequo completum est. Quod videtur per hoc quod,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2153 quibusdam Angelis quaerentibus, quis est iste rex gloriae? Quasi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2154 ignorantibus, alii respondent, quasi scientes, dominus virtutum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2155 ipse est rex gloriae, ut Dionysius exponit VII cap. Cael. Hier. Hoc
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2156 autem non esset, si superiores Angeli illuminarent inferiores de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2157 omnibus quae ipsi cognoscunt. Non ergo eos illuminant de omnibus
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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diff changeset
2158 sibi notis.</p><p title="I q. 106 a. 4 arg. 3"><a name="32880"><span class="ref">[32880] Iª q. 106 a. 4 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea, si
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2159 omnia superiores Angeli inferioribus annuntiant quae cognoscunt,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2160 nihil inferioribus ignotum remanet, quod superiores cognoscant. Non
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2161 ergo de cetero superiores poterunt illuminare inferiores. Quod
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2162 videtur inconveniens. Non ergo superiores de omnibus inferiores
53
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diff changeset
2163 illuminant.</p><p title="I q. 106 a. 4 s. c."><a name="32881"><span class="ref">[32881] Iª q. 106 a. 4 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2164 quod Gregorius dicit, quod <i>in illa caelesti patria, licet
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2165 quaedam data sint excellenter, nihil tamen possidetur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2166 singulariter</i>. Et Dionysius dicit, XV cap. Cael. Hier., quod
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2167 <i>unaquaeque caelestis essentia intelligentiam sibi a superiori
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diff changeset
2168 datam, inferiori communicat</i>; ut patet ex auctoritate supra
53
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diff changeset
2169 inducta.</p><p title="I q. 106 a. 4 co."><a name="32882"><span class="ref">[32882] Iª q. 106 a. 4 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2170 quod omnes creaturae ex divina bonitate participant ut bonum quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2171 habent, in alia diffundant, nam de ratione boni est quod se aliis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2172 communicet. Et inde est etiam quod agentia corporalia similitudinem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2173 suam aliis tradunt, quantum possibile est. Quanto igitur aliqua
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2174 agentia magis in participatione divinae bonitatis constituuntur,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2175 tanto magis perfectiones suas nituntur in alios transfundere,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2176 quantum possibile est. Unde beatus Petrus monet eos qui divinam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2177 bonitatem per gratiam participant, dicens, I Petr. IV,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2178 <i>unusquisque, sicut accepit gratiam, in alterutrum illam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2179 administrantes, sicut boni dispensatores multiformis gratiae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2180 Dei</i>. Multo igitur magis sancti Angeli, qui sunt in plenissima
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2181 participatione divinae bonitatis, quidquid a Deo percipiunt,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2182 subiectis impartiuntur. Non tamen recipitur ab inferioribus ita
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2183 excellenter sicut est in superioribus. Et ideo superiores semper
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2184 remanent in altiori ordine, et perfectiorem scientiam habentes.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2185 Sicut unam et eandem rem plenius intelligit magister, quam
53
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diff changeset
2186 discipulus qui ab eo addiscit.</p><p title="I q. 106 a. 4 ad 1"><a name="32883"><span class="ref">[32883] Iª q. 106 a. 4 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
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diff changeset
2187 dicendum quod superiorum Angelorum scientia dicitur esse
53
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diff changeset
2188 universalior, quantum ad eminentiorem modum intelligendi.</p><p title="I q. 106 a. 4 ad 2"><a name="32884"><span class="ref">[32884] Iª q. 106 a. 4 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2189 dicendum quod verbum Magistri non sic est intelligendum, quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2190 inferiores Angeli penitus ignoraverint mysterium incarnationis; sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2191 quia non ita plene cognoverunt sicut superiores, et in eius
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2192 cognitione postmodum profecerunt, dum illud mysterium
53
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ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2193 impleretur.</p><p title="I q. 106 a. 4 ad 3"><a name="32885"><span class="ref">[32885] Iª q. 106 a. 4 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2194 dicendum quod, usque ad diem iudicii, semper nova aliqua supremis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2195 Angelis revelantur divinitus de his quae pertinent ad dispositionem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2196 mundi, et praecipue ad salutem electorum. Unde semper remanet unde
53
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diff changeset
2197 superiores Angeli inferiores illuminent.</p></div></div><div class="q" id="q107"><h2>Quaestio 107</h2><div class="p"><h3>Prooemium</h3><p title="I q. 107 pr."><a name="32886"><span class="ref">[32886]
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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diff changeset
2198 Iª q. 107 pr.</span></a> Deinde considerandum est de
28
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diff changeset
2199 locutionibus Angelorum. Et circa hoc quaeruntur quinque. Primo,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2200 utrum unus Angelus loquatur alii. Secundo, utrum inferior
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2201 superiori. Tertio, utrum Angelus Deo. Quarto, utrum in locutione
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2202 Angeli aliquid distantia localis operetur. Quinto, utrum locutionem
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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diff changeset
2203 unius Angeli ad alterum omnes cognoscant.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 1</h3><p title="I q. 107 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="32887"><span class="ref">[32887] Iª q. 107 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad primum sic
28
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diff changeset
2204 proceditur. Videtur quod unus Angelus alteri non loquatur. Dicit
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2205 enim Gregorius, XVIII Moral., quod <i>in statu resurrectionis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2206 uniuscuiusque mentem ab alterius oculis membrorum corpulentia non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2207 abscondit</i>. Multo igitur minus mens unius Angeli absconditur ab
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2208 altero. Sed locutio est ad manifestandum alteri quod latet in
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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diff changeset
2209 mente. Non igitur oportet quod unus Angelus alteri loquatur.</p><p title="I q. 107 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="32888"><span class="ref">[32888] Iª q. 107 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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diff changeset
2210 duplex est locutio, interior, per quam aliquis sibi ipsi loquitur;
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
2211 et exterior, per quam aliquis loquitur alteri. Exterior autem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2212 locutio fit per aliquod sensibile signum, puta voce vel nutu vel
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2213 aliquo corporis membro, puta lingua vel digito, quae Angelis
53
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diff changeset
2214 competere non possunt. Ergo unus Angelus alteri non loquitur.</p><p title="I q. 107 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="32889"><span class="ref">[32889] Iª q. 107 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2215 loquens excitat audientem ut attendat suae locutioni. Sed non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
2216 videtur per quid unus Angelus excitet alium ad attendendum, hoc
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2217 enim fit apud nos aliquo sensibili signo. Ergo unus Angelus non
53
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diff changeset
2218 loquitur alteri.</p><p title="I q. 107 a. 1 s. c."><a name="32890"><span class="ref">[32890] Iª q. 107 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2219 quod dicitur I Cor. XIII, <i>si linguis hominum loquar et
53
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diff changeset
2220 Angelorum</i>.</p><p title="I q. 107 a. 1 co."><a name="32891"><span class="ref">[32891] Iª q. 107 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2221 quod in Angelis est aliqua locutio, sed, sicut dicit Gregorius II
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2222 Moral., <i>dignum est ut mens nostra, qualitatem corporeae
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2223 locutionis excedens, ad sublimes atque incognitos modos locutionis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2224 intimae suspendatur</i>. Ad intelligendum igitur qualiter unus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2225 Angelus alii loquatur, considerandum est quod, sicut supra diximus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2226 cum de actibus et potentiis animae ageretur, voluntas movet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2227 intellectum ad suam operationem. Intelligibile autem est in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2228 intellectu tripliciter, primo quidem, habitualiter, vel secundum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2229 memoriam, ut Augustinus dicit; secundo autem, ut in actu
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2230 consideratum vel conceptum; tertio, ut ad aliud relatum. Manifestum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2231 est autem quod de primo gradu in secundum transfertur intelligibile
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2232 per imperium voluntatis, unde in definitione habitus dicitur, quo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2233 quis utitur cum voluerit. Similiter autem et de secundo gradu
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2234 transfertur in tertium per voluntatem, nam per voluntatem conceptus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2235 mentis ordinatur ad alterum, puta vel ad agendum aliquid, vel ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2236 manifestandum alteri. Quando autem mens convertit se ad actu
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2237 considerandum quod habet in habitu, loquitur aliquis sibi ipsi, nam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2238 ipse conceptus mentis interius verbum vocatur. Ex hoc vero quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2239 conceptus mentis angelicae ordinatur ad manifestandum alteri, per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2240 voluntatem ipsius Angeli, conceptus mentis unius Angeli innotescit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2241 alteri, et sic loquitur unus Angelus alteri. Nihil est enim aliud
53
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diff changeset
2242 loqui ad alterum, quam conceptum mentis alteri manifestare.</p><p title="I q. 107 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="32892"><span class="ref">[32892] Iª q. 107 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2243 dicendum quod in nobis interior mentis conceptus quasi duplici
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2244 obstaculo clauditur. Primo quidem, ipsa voluntate, quae conceptum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2245 intellectus potest retinere interius, vel ad extra ordinare. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2246 quantum ad hoc, mentem unius nullus alius potest videre nisi solus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2247 Deus; secundum illud I Cor. II, <i>quae sunt hominis, nemo novit
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2248 nisi spiritus hominis, qui in ipso est</i>. Secundo autem clauditur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2249 mens hominis ab alio homine per grossitiem corporis. Unde cum etiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2250 voluntas ordinat conceptum mentis ad manifestandum alteri, non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2251 statim cognoscitur ab alio, sed oportet aliquod signum sensibile
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2252 adhibere. Et hoc est quod Gregorius dicit, II Moral., <i>alienis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2253 oculis intra secretum mentis, quasi post parietem corporis stamus,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2254 sed cum manifestare nosmetipsos cupimus, quasi per linguae ianuam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2255 egredimur, ut quales sumus intrinsecus, ostendamus</i>. Hoc autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2256 obstaculum non habet Angelus. Et ideo quam cito vult manifestare
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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diff changeset
2257 suum conceptum, statim alius cognoscit.</p><p title="I q. 107 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="32893"><span class="ref">[32893] Iª q. 107 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2258 dicendum quod locutio exterior quae fit per vocem, est nobis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2259 necessaria propter obstaculum corporis. Unde non convenit Angelo,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2260 sed sola locutio interior; ad quam pertinet non solum quod loquatur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2261 sibi interius concipiendo, sed etiam quod ordinet per voluntatem ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2262 alterius manifestationem. Et sic lingua Angelorum metaphorice
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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diff changeset
2263 dicitur ipsa virtus Angeli, qua conceptum suum manifestat.</p><p title="I q. 107 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="32894"><span class="ref">[32894] Iª q. 107 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2264 dicendum quod, quantum ad Angelos bonos, qui semper se invicem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2265 vident in verbo, non esset necessarium ponere aliquid excitativum,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2266 quia sicut unus semper videt alium, ita semper videt quidquid in eo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2267 est ad se ordinatum. Sed quia etiam in statu naturae conditae sibi
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2268 invicem loqui poterant, et mali Angeli etiam nunc sibi invicem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2269 loquuntur; dicendum est quod, sicut sensus movetur a sensibili, ita
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2270 intellectus movetur ab intelligibili. Sicut ergo per signum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2271 sensibile excitatur sensus, ita per aliquam virtutem intelligibilem
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2272 potest excitari mens Angeli ad attendendum.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 2</h3><p title="I q. 107 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="32895"><span class="ref">[32895] Iª q. 107 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad secundum sic
28
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diff changeset
2273 proceditur. Videtur quod inferior Angelus superiori non loquatur.
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2274 Quia super illud I Cor. XIII, <i>si linguis hominum loquar et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2275 Angelorum</i>, dicit Glossa quod locutiones Angelorum sunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2276 illuminationes, quibus superiores illuminant inferiores. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
2277 inferiores nunquam illuminant superiores, ut supra dictum est. Ergo
53
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diff changeset
2278 nec inferiores superioribus loquuntur.</p><p title="I q. 107 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="32896"><span class="ref">[32896] Iª q. 107 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2279 supra dictum est quod illuminare nihil est aliud quam illud quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2280 est alicui manifestum, alteri manifestare. Sed hoc idem est loqui.
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2281 Ergo idem est loqui, et illuminare, et sic idem quod prius.</p><p title="I q. 107 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="32897"><span class="ref">[32897] Iª q. 107 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2282 Gregorius dicit, II Moral., quod <i>Deus ad Angelos loquitur, eo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2283 ipso quod eorum cordibus occulta sua invisibilia ostendit</i>. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2284 hoc ipsum est illuminare. Ergo omnis Dei locutio est illuminatio.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2285 Pari ergo ratione, omnis Angeli locutio est illuminatio. Nullo ergo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2286 modo Angelus inferior superiori loqui potest.</p><p title="I q. 107 a. 2 s. c."><a name="32898"><span class="ref">[32898] Iª q. 107 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2287 quod, sicut Dionysius exponit VII Cael. Hier., inferiores Angeli
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2288 superioribus dixerunt, quis est iste rex gloriae?</p><p title="I q. 107 a. 2 co."><a name="32899"><span class="ref">[32899] Iª q. 107 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2289 quod Angeli inferiores superioribus loqui possunt. Ad cuius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2290 evidentiam, considerandum est quod omnis illuminatio est locutio in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2291 Angelis, sed non omnis locutio est illuminatio. Quia sicut dictum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2292 est, Angelum loqui Angelo nihil aliud est quam conceptum suum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2293 ordinare ad hoc ut ei innotescat, per propriam voluntatem. Ea vero
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2294 quae mente concipiuntur, ad duplex principium referri possunt,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2295 scilicet ad ipsum Deum, qui est prima veritas; et ad voluntatem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2296 intelligentis, per quam aliquid actu consideramus. Quia vero
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2297 veritas est lumen intellectus, et regula omnis veritatis est ipse
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2298 Deus; manifestatio eius quod mente concipitur, secundum quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2299 dependet a prima veritate, et locutio est et illuminatio; puta si
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2300 unus homo dicat alii, caelum est a Deo creatum, vel, homo est
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2301 animal. Sed manifestatio eorum quae dependent ex voluntate
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2302 intelligentis, non potest dici illuminatio, sed locutio tantum;
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2303 puta si aliquis alteri dicat, volo hoc addiscere, volo hoc vel
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2304 illud facere. Cuius ratio est, quia voluntas creata non est lux,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2305 nec regula veritatis, sed participans lucem, unde communicare ea
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2306 quae sunt a voluntate creata, inquantum huiusmodi, non est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2307 illuminare. Non enim pertinet ad perfectionem intellectus mei, quid
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2308 tu velis, vel quid tu intelligas, cognoscere, sed solum quid rei
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2309 veritas habeat. Manifestum est autem quod Angeli dicuntur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2310 superiores vel inferiores per comparationem ad hoc principium quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2311 est Deus. Et ideo illuminatio, quae dependet a principio quod est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2312 Deus, solum per superiores Angelos ad inferiores deducitur. Sed in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2313 ordine ad principium quod est voluntas, ipse volens est primus et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2314 supremus. Et ideo manifestatio eorum quae ad voluntatem pertinent,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2315 per ipsum volentem deducitur ad alios quoscumque. Et quantum ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2316 hoc, et superiores inferioribus, et inferiores superioribus
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2317 loquuntur.</p><p title="I q. 107 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="32900"><span class="ref">[32900] Iª q. 107 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Et per hoc patet
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2318 solutio ad primum, et ad secundum.</p><p title="I q. 107 a. 2 ad 3"><a name="32901"><span class="ref">[32901] Iª q. 107 a. 2 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2319 dicendum quod omnis Dei locutio ad Angelos est illuminatio, quia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2320 cum voluntas Dei sit regula veritatis, etiam scire quid Deus velit,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2321 pertinet ad perfectionem et illuminationem mentis creatae. Sed non
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2322 est eadem ratio de voluntate Angeli, ut dictum est.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 3</h3><p title="I q. 107 a. 3 arg. 1"><a name="32902"><span class="ref">[32902] Iª q. 107 a. 3 arg. 1</span></a> Ad tertium sic
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2323 proceditur. Videtur quod Angelus Deo non loquatur. Locutio enim est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2324 ad manifestandum aliquid alteri. Sed Angelus nihil potest
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2325 manifestare Deo, qui omnia novit. Ergo Angelus non loquitur
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2326 Deo.</p><p title="I q. 107 a. 3 arg. 2"><a name="32903"><span class="ref">[32903] Iª q. 107 a. 3 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2327 loqui est ordinare conceptum intellectus ad alterum, ut dictum est.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2328 Sed Angelus semper conceptum suae mentis ordinat in Deum. Si ergo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2329 aliquando Deo loquitur, semper Deo loquitur, quod potest videri
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2330 alicui inconveniens, cum aliquando Angelus Angelo loquatur. Videtur
53
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ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2331 ergo quod Angelus nunquam loquatur Deo.</p><p title="I q. 107 a. 3 s. c."><a name="32904"><span class="ref">[32904] Iª q. 107 a. 3 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2332 quod dicitur Zachar. I, <i>respondit Angelus domini, et dixit,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2333 domine exercituum, usquequo non misereberis Ierusalem?</i> Loquitur
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2334 ergo Angelus Deo.</p><p title="I q. 107 a. 3 co."><a name="32905"><span class="ref">[32905] Iª q. 107 a. 3 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2335 quod, sicut dictum est, locutio Angeli est per hoc, quod conceptus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2336 mentis ordinatur ad alterum. Sed aliquid ordinatur ad alterum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2337 dupliciter. Uno modo, ad hoc quod communicet alteri; sicut in rebus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2338 naturalibus agens ordinatur ad patiens et in locutione humana
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2339 doctor ordinatur ad discipulum. Et quantum ad hoc, nullo modo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2340 Angelus loquitur Deo, neque de his quae ad rerum veritatem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2341 pertinent, neque de his quae dependent a voluntate creata, quia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2342 Deus est omnis veritatis et omnis voluntatis principium et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2343 conditor. Alio modo ordinatur aliquid ad alterum, ut ab eo aliquid
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2344 accipiat; sicut in rebus naturalibus passivum ad agens, et in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2345 locutione humana discipulus ad magistrum. Et hoc modo Angelus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2346 loquitur Deo, vel consultando divinam voluntatem de agendis; vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2347 eius excellentiam, quam nunquam comprehendit, admirando; sicut
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2348 Gregorius dicit, II Moral., quod <i>Angeli loquuntur Deo, cum per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2349 hoc quod super semetipsos respiciunt, in motum admirationis
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2350 surgunt</i>.</p><p title="I q. 107 a. 3 ad 1"><a name="32906"><span class="ref">[32906] Iª q. 107 a. 3 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2351 dicendum quod locutio non semper est ad manifestandum alteri; sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2352 quandoque ad hoc ordinatur finaliter, ut loquenti aliquid
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2353 manifestetur; sicut cum discipulus quaerit aliquid a magistro.</p><p title="I q. 107 a. 3 ad 2"><a name="32907"><span class="ref">[32907] Iª q. 107 a. 3 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2354 dicendum quod locutione qua Angeli loquuntur Deo laudantes ipsum et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2355 admirantes, semper Angeli Deo loquuntur. Sed locutione qua eius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2356 sapientiam consulunt super agendis, tunc ei loquuntur, quando
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2357 aliquod novum per eos agendum occurrit, super quo desiderant
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2358 illuminari.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 4</h3><p title="I q. 107 a. 4 arg. 1"><a name="32908"><span class="ref">[32908] Iª q. 107 a. 4 arg. 1</span></a> Ad quartum sic
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2359 proceditur. Videtur quod localis distantia operetur aliquid in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2360 locutione angelica. Sicut enim dicit Damascenus, <i>Angelus ubi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2361 est, ibi operatur</i>. Locutio autem est quaedam operatio Angeli.
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2362 Cum ergo Angelus sit in determinato loco, videtur quod usque ad
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2363 determinatam loci distantiam Angelus loqui possit.</p><p title="I q. 107 a. 4 arg. 2"><a name="32909"><span class="ref">[32909] Iª q. 107 a. 4 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2364 clamor loquentis fit propter distantiam audientis. Sed Isaiae VI
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2365 dicitur de Seraphim, quod clamabat alter ad alterum. Ergo videtur
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2366 quod in locutione Angelorum aliquid operetur localis distantia.</p><p title="I q. 107 a. 4 s. c."><a name="32910"><span class="ref">[32910] Iª q. 107 a. 4 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
28
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2367 quod, sicut dicitur Luc. XVI, dives in Inferno positus loquebatur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2368 Abrahae, non impediente locali distantia. Multo igitur minus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2369 localis distantia potest impedire locutionem unius Angeli ad
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2370 alterum.</p><p title="I q. 107 a. 4 co."><a name="32911"><span class="ref">[32911] Iª q. 107 a. 4 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2371 quod locutio Angeli in intellectuali operatione consistit, ut ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2372 dictis patet. Intellectualis autem operatio Angeli omnino abstracta
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2373 est a loco et tempore, nam etiam nostra intellectualis operatio est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2374 per abstractionem ab hic et nunc, nisi per accidens ex parte
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2375 phantasmatum, quae in Angelis nulla sunt. In eo autem quod est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2376 omnino abstractum a loco et tempore, nihil operatur neque temporis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2377 diversitas, neque loci distantia. Unde in locutione Angeli nullum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2378 impedimentum facit distantia loci.</p><p title="I q. 107 a. 4 ad 1"><a name="32912"><span class="ref">[32912] Iª q. 107 a. 4 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2379 dicendum quod locutio Angeli, sicut dictum est, est locutio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2380 interior, quae tamen ab alio percipitur, et ideo est in Angelo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2381 loquente, et per consequens ubi est Angelus loquens. Sed sicut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2382 distantia localis non impedit quin unus Angelus alium videre
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2383 possit; ita etiam non impedit quin percipiat quod in eo ad se
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2384 ordinatur, quod est eius locutionem percipere.</p><p title="I q. 107 a. 4 ad 2"><a name="32913"><span class="ref">[32913] Iª q. 107 a. 4 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2385 dicendum quod clamor ille non est vocis corporeae, qui fit propter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2386 distantiam loci; sed significat magnitudinem rei quae dicebatur,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2387 vel magnitudinem affectus, secundum quod dicit Gregorius, II
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2388 Moral., <i>tanto quisque minus clamat, quanto minus
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2389 desiderat</i>.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 5</h3><p title="I q. 107 a. 5 arg. 1"><a name="32914"><span class="ref">[32914] Iª q. 107 a. 5 arg. 1</span></a> Ad quintum sic
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2390 proceditur. Videtur quod locutionem unius Angeli ad alterum omnes
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2391 cognoscant. Quod enim unius hominis locutionem non omnes audiant,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2392 facit inaequalis loci distantia. Sed in locutione Angeli nihil
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2393 operatur localis distantia, ut dictum est. Ergo uno Angelo loquente
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2394 ad alterum, omnes percipiunt.</p><p title="I q. 107 a. 5 arg. 2"><a name="32915"><span class="ref">[32915] Iª q. 107 a. 5 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2395 omnes Angeli communicant in virtute intelligendi. Si ergo conceptus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2396 mentis unius ordinatus ad alterum cognoscitur ab uno, pari ratione
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2397 cognoscitur ab aliis.</p><p title="I q. 107 a. 5 arg. 3"><a name="32916"><span class="ref">[32916] Iª q. 107 a. 5 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2398 illuminatio est quaedam species locutionis. Sed illuminatio unius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2399 Angeli ab altero, pervenit ad omnes Angelos, quia, ut Dionysius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2400 dicit XV cap. Cael. Hier., <i>unaquaeque caelestis essentia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2401 intelligentiam sibi traditam aliis communicat</i>. Ergo et locutio
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2402 unius Angeli ad alterum, ad omnes perducitur.</p><p title="I q. 107 a. 5 s. c."><a name="32917"><span class="ref">[32917] Iª q. 107 a. 5 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2403 quod unus homo potest alteri soli loqui. Multo igitur magis hoc in
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2404 Angelis esse potest.</p><p title="I q. 107 a. 5 co."><a name="32918"><span class="ref">[32918] Iª q. 107 a. 5 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2405 quod, sicut supra dictum est, conceptus mentis unius Angeli percipi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2406 potest ab altero, per hoc quod ille cuius est conceptus, sua
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2407 voluntate ordinat ipsum ad alterum. Potest autem ex aliqua causa
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2408 ordinari aliquid ad unum, et non ad alterum. Et ideo potest
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2409 conceptus unius ab aliquo uno cognosci, et non ab aliis. Et sic
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2410 locutionem unius Angeli ad alterum potest percipere unus absque
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2411 aliis, non quidem impediente distantia locali, sed hoc faciente
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2412 voluntaria ordinatione, ut dictum est.</p><p title="I q. 107 a. 5 ad 1"><a name="32919"><span class="ref">[32919] Iª q. 107 a. 5 ad 1</span></a> Unde patet
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2413 responsio ad primum et secundum.</p><p title="I q. 107 a. 5 ad 3"><a name="32920"><span class="ref">[32920] Iª q. 107 a. 5 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2414 dicendum quod illuminatio est de his quae emanant a prima regula
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2415 veritatis, quae est principium commune omnium Angelorum, et ideo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2416 illuminationes sunt omnibus communes. Sed locutio potest esse de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2417 his quae ordinantur ad principium voluntatis creatae, quod est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2418 proprium unicuique Angelo, et ideo non oportet quod huiusmodi
53
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diff changeset
2419 locutiones sint omnibus communes.</p></div></div><div class="q" id="q108"><h2>Quaestio 108</h2><div class="p"><h3>Prooemium</h3><p title="I q. 108 pr."><a name="32921"><span class="ref">[32921]
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2420 Iª q. 108 pr.</span></a> Deinde considerandum est de
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2421 ordinatione Angelorum secundum hierarchias et ordines, dictum est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2422 enim quod superiores inferiores illuminant, et non e converso. Et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2423 circa hoc quaeruntur octo. Primo, utrum omnes Angeli sint unius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2424 hierarchiae. Secundo, utrum in una hierarchia sit unus tantum ordo.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2425 Tertio, utrum in uno ordine sint plures Angeli. Quarto, utrum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2426 distinctio hierarchiarum et ordinum sit a natura. Quinto, de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2427 nominibus et proprietatibus singulorum ordinum. Sexto, de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2428 comparatione ordinum ad invicem. Septimo, utrum ordines durent post
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2429 diem iudicii. Octavo, utrum homines assumantur ad ordines
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2430 Angelorum.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 1</h3><p title="I q. 108 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="32922"><span class="ref">[32922] Iª q. 108 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad primum sic
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2431 proceditur. Videtur quod omnes Angeli sint unius hierarchiae. Cum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2432 enim Angeli sint supremi inter creaturas, oportet dicere quod sint
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2433 optime dispositi. Sed optima dispositio est multitudinis secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2434 quod continetur sub uno principatu; ut patet per philosophum, XII
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2435 Metaphys., et in III Politic. Cum ergo hierarchia nihil sit aliud
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2436 quam sacer principatus, videtur quod omnes Angeli sint unius
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2437 hierarchiae.</p><p title="I q. 108 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="32923"><span class="ref">[32923] Iª q. 108 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2438 Dionysius dicit, in III cap. Cael. Hier., quod <i>hierarchia est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2439 ordo, scientia et actio</i>. Sed omnes Angeli conveniunt in uno
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2440 ordine ad Deum, quem cognoscunt, et a quo in suis actionibus
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2441 regulantur. Ergo omnes Angeli sunt unius hierarchiae.</p><p title="I q. 108 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="32924"><span class="ref">[32924] Iª q. 108 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2442 sacer principatus, qui dicitur hierarchia, invenitur in hominibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2443 et Angelis. Sed omnes homines sunt unius hierarchiae. Ergo etiam
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2444 omnes Angeli sunt unius hierarchiae.</p><p title="I q. 108 a. 1 s. c."><a name="32925"><span class="ref">[32925] Iª q. 108 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2445 quod Dionysius, VI cap. Cael. Hier., distinguit tres hierarchias
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2446 Angelorum.</p><p title="I q. 108 a. 1 co."><a name="32926"><span class="ref">[32926] Iª q. 108 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2447 quod hierarchia est sacer principatus, ut dictum est. In nomine
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2448 autem principatus duo intelliguntur, scilicet ipse princeps, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2449 multitudo ordinata sub principe. Quia igitur unus est Deus princeps
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2450 non solum omnium Angelorum, sed etiam hominum, et totius creaturae;
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2451 ideo non solum omnium Angelorum, sed etiam totius rationalis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2452 creaturae, quae sacrorum particeps esse potest, una est hierarchia,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2453 secundum quod Augustinus dicit, in XII de Civ. Dei <i>duas esse
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2454 civitates, hoc est societates, unam in bonis Angelis et hominibus,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2455 alteram in malis</i>. Sed si consideretur principatus ex parte
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2456 multitudinis ordinatae sub principe, sic unus principatus dicitur
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2457 secundum quod multitudo uno et eodem modo potest gubernationem
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2458 principis recipere. Quae vero non possunt secundum eundem modum
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2459 gubernari a principe, ad diversos principatus pertinent, sicut sub
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2460 uno rege sunt diversae civitates, quae diversis reguntur legibus et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2461 ministris. Manifestum est autem quod homines alio modo divinas
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2462 illuminationes percipiunt quam Angeli, nam Angeli percipiunt eas in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2463 intelligibili puritate, homines vero percipiunt eas sub sensibilium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2464 similitudinibus, ut Dionysius dicit I cap. Cael. Hier. Et ideo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2465 oportuit distingui humanam hierarchiam ab angelica. Et per eundem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2466 modum in Angelis tres hierarchiae distinguuntur. Dictum est enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2467 supra, dum de cognitione Angelorum ageretur, quod superiores Angeli
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2468 habent universaliorem cognitionem veritatis quam inferiores.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2469 Huiusmodi autem universalis acceptio cognitionis secundum tres
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2470 gradus in Angelis distingui potest. Possunt enim rationes rerum de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2471 quibus Angeli illuminantur, considerari tripliciter. Primo quidem,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2472 secundum quod procedunt a primo principio universali, quod est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2473 Deus, et iste modus convenit primae hierarchiae, quae immediate ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2474 Deum extenditur, et quasi in vestibulis Dei collocatur, ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2475 Dionysius dicit VII cap. Cael. Hier. Secundo vero, prout huiusmodi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2476 rationes dependent ab universalibus causis creatis, quae iam aliquo
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2477 modo multiplicantur, et hic modus convenit secundae hierarchiae.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2478 Tertio autem modo, secundum quod huiusmodi rationes applicantur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2479 singulis rebus, et prout dependent a propriis causis, et hic modus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2480 convenit infimae hierarchiae. Quod plenius patebit, cum de singulis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2481 ordinibus agetur. Sic igitur distinguuntur hierarchiae ex parte
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2482 multitudinis subiectae. Unde manifestum est eos errare, et contra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2483 intentionem Dionysii loqui, qui ponunt in divinis personis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2484 hierarchiam quam vocant supercaelestem. In divinis enim personis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2485 est quidam ordo naturae, sed non hierarchiae. Nam, ut Dionysius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2486 dicit III cap. Cael. Hier., <i>ordo hierarchiae est alios quidem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2487 purgari et illuminari et perfici, alios autem purgare et illuminare
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2488 et perficere</i>. Quod absit ut in divinis personis ponamus.</p><p title="I q. 108 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="32927"><span class="ref">[32927] Iª q. 108 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2489 dicendum quod ratio illa procedit de principatu ex parte principis,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2490 quia optimum est quod multitudo regatur ab uno principe, ut
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2491 philosophus in praedictis locis intendit.</p><p title="I q. 108 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="32928"><span class="ref">[32928] Iª q. 108 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2492 dicendum quod, quantum ad cognitionem ipsius Dei, quem omnes uno
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2493 modo, scilicet per essentiam, vident, non distinguuntur in Angelis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2494 hierarchiae, sed quantum ad rationes rerum creatarum, ut dictum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2495 est.</p><p title="I q. 108 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="32929"><span class="ref">[32929] Iª q. 108 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2496 dicendum quod omnes homines sunt unius speciei, et unus modus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2497 intelligendi est eis connaturalis, non sic autem est in Angelis.
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2498 Unde non est similis ratio.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 2</h3><p title="I q. 108 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="32930"><span class="ref">[32930] Iª q. 108 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad secundum sic
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2499 proceditur. Videtur quod in una hierarchia non sint plures ordines.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2500 Multiplicata enim definitione, multiplicatur et definitum. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2501 hierarchia, ut Dionysius dicit, est ordo. Si ergo sunt multi
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2502 ordines, non erit una hierarchia, sed multae.</p><p title="I q. 108 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="32931"><span class="ref">[32931] Iª q. 108 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2503 diversi ordines sunt diversi gradus. Sed gradus in spiritualibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2504 constituuntur secundum diversa dona spiritualia. Sed in Angelis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2505 omnia dona spiritualia sunt communia, quia nihil ibi singulariter
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2506 possidetur. Ergo non sunt diversi ordines Angelorum.</p><p title="I q. 108 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="32932"><span class="ref">[32932] Iª q. 108 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea, in
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2507 ecclesiastica hierarchia distinguuntur ordines secundum purgare,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2508 illuminare et perficere, nam ordo diaconorum est purgativus,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2509 sacerdotum illuminativus, episcoporum perfectivus, ut Dionysius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2510 dicit V cap. Eccles. Hier. Sed quilibet Angelus purgat, illuminat
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2511 et perficit. Non ergo est distinctio ordinum in Angelis.</p><p title="I q. 108 a. 2 s. c."><a name="32933"><span class="ref">[32933] Iª q. 108 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2512 quod apostolus dicit ad Ephes. I, quod Deus constituit Christum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2513 hominem supra <i>omnem principatum et potestatem et virtutem et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2514 dominationem</i>; qui sunt diversi ordines Angelorum, et quidam
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2515 eorum ad unam hierarchiam pertinent, ut infra patebit.</p><p title="I q. 108 a. 2 co."><a name="32934"><span class="ref">[32934] Iª q. 108 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2516 quod, sicut dictum est, una hierarchia est unus principatus, idest
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2517 una multitudo ordinata uno modo sub principis gubernatione. Non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2518 autem esset multitudo ordinata, sed confusa, si in multitudine
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2519 diversi ordines non essent. Ipsa ergo ratio hierarchiae requirit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2520 ordinum diversitatem. Quae quidem diversitas ordinum secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2521 diversa officia et actus consideratur. Sicut patet quod in una
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2522 civitate sunt diversi ordines secundum diversos actus, nam alius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2523 est ordo iudicantium, alius pugnantium, alius laborantium in agris,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2524 et sic de aliis. Sed quamvis multi sint unius civitatis ordines,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2525 omnes tamen ad tres possunt reduci, secundum quod quaelibet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2526 multitudo perfecta habet principium, medium et finem. Unde et in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2527 civitatibus triplex ordo hominum invenitur, quidam enim sunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2528 supremi, ut optimates; quidam autem sunt infimi, ut vilis populus;
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2529 quidam autem sunt medii, ut populus honorabilis. Sic igitur et in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2530 qualibet hierarchia angelica ordines distinguuntur secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2531 diversos actus et officia; et omnis ista diversitas ad tria
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2532 reducitur, scilicet ad summum, medium et infimum. Et propter hoc in
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2533 qualibet hierarchia Dionysius ponit tres ordines.</p><p title="I q. 108 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="32935"><span class="ref">[32935] Iª q. 108 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2534 dicendum quod ordo dupliciter dicitur. Uno modo, ipsa ordinatio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2535 comprehendens sub se diversos gradus, et hoc modo hierarchia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2536 dicitur ordo. Alio modo dicitur ordo gradus unus, et sic dicuntur
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2537 plures ordines unius hierarchiae.</p><p title="I q. 108 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="32936"><span class="ref">[32936] Iª q. 108 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2538 dicendum quod in societate Angelorum omnia possidentur communiter;
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2539 sed tamen quaedam excellentius habentur a quibusdam quam ab aliis.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2540 Unumquodque autem perfectius habetur ab eo qui potest illud
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2541 communicare, quam ab eo qui non potest, sicut perfectius est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2542 calidum quod potest calefacere, quam quod non potest; et perfectius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2543 scit qui potest docere, quam qui non potest. Et quanto perfectius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2544 donum aliquis communicare potest, tanto in perfectiori gradu est,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2545 sicut in perfectiori gradu magisterii est qui potest docere
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2546 altiorem scientiam. Et secundum hanc similitudinem consideranda est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2547 diversitas graduum vel ordinum in Angelis, secundum diversa officia
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2548 et actus.</p><p title="I q. 108 a. 2 ad 3"><a name="32937"><span class="ref">[32937] Iª q. 108 a. 2 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2549 dicendum quod inferior Angelus est superior supremo homine nostrae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2550 hierarchiae; secundum illud Matth. XI, <i>qui minor est in regno
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2551 caelorum, maior est illo</i>, scilicet Ioanne Baptista, quo nullus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2552 maior inter natos mulierum surrexit. Unde minor Angelus caelestis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2553 hierarchiae potest non solum purgare sed illuminare et perficere,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2554 et altiori modo quam ordines nostrae hierarchiae. Et sic secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2555 distinctionem harum actionum non distinguuntur caelestes ordines;
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2556 sed secundum alias differentias actionum.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 3</h3><p title="I q. 108 a. 3 arg. 1"><a name="32938"><span class="ref">[32938] Iª q. 108 a. 3 arg. 1</span></a> Ad tertium sic
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2557 proceditur. Videtur quod in uno ordine non sint plures Angeli.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2558 Dictum est enim supra omnes Angelos inaequales esse ad invicem. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2559 unius ordinis esse dicuntur quae sunt aequalia. Ergo plures Angeli
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2560 non sunt unius ordinis.</p><p title="I q. 108 a. 3 arg. 2"><a name="32939"><span class="ref">[32939] Iª q. 108 a. 3 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea, quod
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2561 potest sufficienter fieri per unum, superfluum est quod fiat per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2562 multa. Sed illud quod pertinet ad unum officium angelicum,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2563 sufficienter potest fieri per unum Angelum; multo magis quam per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2564 unum solem sufficienter fit quod pertinet ad officium solis, quanto
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2565 perfectior est Angelus caelesti corpore. Si ergo ordines
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2566 distinguuntur secundum officia, ut dictum est, superfluum est quod
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2567 sint plures Angeli unius ordinis.</p><p title="I q. 108 a. 3 arg. 3"><a name="32940"><span class="ref">[32940] Iª q. 108 a. 3 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2568 supra dictum est quod omnes Angeli sunt inaequales. Si ergo plures
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2569 Angeli sint unius ordinis, puta tres vel quatuor, infimus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2570 superioris ordinis magis conveniet cum supremo inferioris quam cum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2571 supremo sui ordinis. Et sic non videtur quod magis sit unius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2572 ordinis cum hoc, quam cum illo. Non igitur sunt plures Angeli unius
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2573 ordinis.</p><p title="I q. 108 a. 3 s. c."><a name="32941"><span class="ref">[32941] Iª q. 108 a. 3 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2574 quod Isaiae VI dicitur, quod Seraphim clamabant alter ad alterum.
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2575 Sunt ergo plures Angeli in uno ordine Seraphim.</p><p title="I q. 108 a. 3 co."><a name="32942"><span class="ref">[32942] Iª q. 108 a. 3 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2576 quod ille qui perfecte cognoscit res aliquas, potest usque ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2577 minima et actus et virtutes et naturas earum distinguere. Qui autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2578 cognoscit eas imperfecte, non potest distinguere nisi in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2579 universali, quae quidem distinctio fit per pauciora. Sicut qui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2580 imperfecte cognoscit res naturales, distinguit earum ordines in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2581 universali, ponens in uno ordine caelestia corpora, in alio corpora
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2582 inferiora inanimata, in alio plantas, in alio animalia, qui autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2583 perfectius cognosceret res naturales, posset distinguere et in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2584 ipsis corporibus caelestibus diversos ordines, et in singulis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2585 aliorum. Nos autem imperfecte Angelos cognoscimus, et eorum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2586 officia, ut Dionysius dicit VI cap. Cael. Hier. Unde non possumus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2587 distinguere officia et ordines Angelorum, nisi in communi; secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2588 quem modum, multi Angeli sub uno ordine continentur. Si autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2589 perfecte cognosceremus officia Angelorum, et eorum distinctiones,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2590 perfecte sciremus quod quilibet Angelus habet suum proprium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2591 officium et suum proprium ordinem in rebus, multo magis quam
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2592 quaelibet stella, etsi nos lateat.</p><p title="I q. 108 a. 3 ad 1"><a name="32943"><span class="ref">[32943] Iª q. 108 a. 3 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2593 dicendum quod omnes Angeli unius ordinis sunt aliquo modo aequales,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2594 quantum ad communem similitudinem secundum quam constituuntur in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2595 uno ordine, sed simpliciter non sunt aequales. Unde Dionysius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2596 dicit, X cap. Cael. Hier., quod in uno et eodem ordine Angelorum,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2597 est accipere primos, medios et ultimos.</p><p title="I q. 108 a. 3 ad 2"><a name="32944"><span class="ref">[32944] Iª q. 108 a. 3 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2598 dicendum quod illa specialis distinctio ordinum et officiorum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2599 secundum quam quilibet Angelus habet proprium officium et ordinem,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2600 est nobis ignota.</p><p title="I q. 108 a. 3 ad 3"><a name="32945"><span class="ref">[32945] Iª q. 108 a. 3 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2601 dicendum quod, sicut in superficie quae partim est alba et partim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2602 nigra, duae partes quae sunt in confinio albi et nigri, magis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2603 conveniunt secundum situm quam aliquae duae partes albae, minus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2604 tamen secundum qualitatem; ita duo Angeli qui sunt in terminis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2605 duorum ordinum, magis secum conveniunt secundum propinquitatem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2606 naturae, quam unus eorum cum aliquibus aliis sui ordinis; minus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2607 autem secundum idoneitatem ad similia officia, quae quidem
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2608 idoneitas usque ad aliquem certum terminum protenditur.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 4</h3><p title="I q. 108 a. 4 arg. 1"><a name="32946"><span class="ref">[32946] Iª q. 108 a. 4 arg. 1</span></a> Ad quartum sic
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2609 proceditur. Videtur quod distinctio hierarchiarum et ordinum non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2610 sit a natura in Angelis. Hierarchia enim dicitur sacer principatus,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2611 et in definitione eius Dionysius ponit quod <i>deiforme, quantum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2612 possibile est, similat</i>. Sed sanctitas et deiformitas est in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2613 Angelis per gratiam, non per naturam. Ergo distinctio hierarchiarum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2614 et ordinum in Angelis est per gratiam, non per naturam.</p><p title="I q. 108 a. 4 arg. 2"><a name="32947"><span class="ref">[32947] Iª q. 108 a. 4 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2615 Seraphim dicuntur ardentes, vel incendentes, ut Dionysius dicit VII
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2616 cap. Cael. Hier. Hoc autem videtur ad caritatem pertinere, quae non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2617 est a natura, sed a gratia, <i>diffunditur enim in cordibus nostris
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2618 per spiritum sanctum, qui datus est nobis</i>, ut dicitur ad Rom.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2619 V. <i>Quod non solum ad sanctos homines pertinet, sed etiam de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2620 sanctis Angelis dici potest</i>, ut Augustinus dicit XII de Civ.
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2621 Dei. Ergo ordines in Angelis non sunt a natura, sed a gratia.</p><p title="I q. 108 a. 4 arg. 3"><a name="32948"><span class="ref">[32948] Iª q. 108 a. 4 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2622 hierarchia ecclesiastica exemplatur a caelesti. Sed ordines in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2623 hominibus non sunt per naturam, sed per donum gratiae, non enim est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2624 a natura quod unus est episcopus, et alius est sacerdos, et alius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2625 diaconus. Ergo neque in Angelis sunt ordines a natura, sed a gratia
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2626 tantum.</p><p title="I q. 108 a. 4 s. c."><a name="32949"><span class="ref">[32949] Iª q. 108 a. 4 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2627 quod Magister dicit, IX dist. II Sent., quod <i>ordo Angelorum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2628 dicitur multitudo caelestium spirituum, qui inter se aliquo munere
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2629 gratiae similantur, sicut et naturalium datorum participatione
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2630 conveniunt</i>. Distinctio ergo ordinum in Angelis est non solum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2631 secundum dona gratuita, sed etiam secundum dona naturalia.</p><p title="I q. 108 a. 4 co."><a name="32950"><span class="ref">[32950] Iª q. 108 a. 4 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2632 quod ordo gubernationis, qui est ordo multitudinis sub principatu
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2633 existentis, attenditur per respectum ad finem. Finis autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2634 Angelorum potest accipi dupliciter. Uno modo, secundum facultatem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2635 suae naturae, ut scilicet cognoscant et ament Deum naturali
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2636 cognitione et amore. Et secundum respectum ad hunc finem,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2637 distinguuntur ordines Angelorum secundum naturalia dona. Alio modo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2638 potest accipi finis angelicae multitudinis supra naturalem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2639 facultatem eorum, qui consistit in visione divinae essentiae, et in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2640 immobili fruitione bonitatis ipsius; ad quem finem pertingere non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2641 possunt nisi per gratiam. Unde secundum respectum ad hunc finem,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2642 ordines distinguuntur in Angelis completive quidem secundum dona
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2643 gratuita, dispositive autem secundum dona naturalia, quia Angelis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2644 data sunt dona gratuita secundum capacitatem naturalium, quod non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2645 est in hominibus, ut supra dictum est. Unde in hominibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2646 distinguuntur ordines secundum dona gratuita tantum, et non
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2647 secundum naturam.</p><p title="I q. 108 a. 4 ad arg."><a name="32951"><span class="ref">[32951] Iª q. 108 a. 4 ad arg.</span></a> Et per hoc
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2648 patet responsio ad obiecta.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 5</h3><p title="I q. 108 a. 5 arg. 1"><a name="32952"><span class="ref">[32952] Iª q. 108 a. 5 arg. 1</span></a> Ad quintum sic
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2649 proceditur. Videtur quod ordines Angelorum non convenienter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2650 nominentur. Omnes enim caelestes spiritus dicuntur et Angeli et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2651 virtutes caelestes. Sed nomina communia inconvenienter aliquibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2652 appropriantur. Ergo inconvenienter nominatur unus ordo Angelorum,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2653 et alius virtutum.</p><p title="I q. 108 a. 5 arg. 2"><a name="32953"><span class="ref">[32953] Iª q. 108 a. 5 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea, esse
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2654 dominum est proprium Dei; secundum illud Psal. XCIX <i>scitote
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2655 quoniam dominus ipse est Deus</i>. Ergo inconvenienter unus ordo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2656 caelestium spirituum dominationes vocatur.</p><p title="I q. 108 a. 5 arg. 3"><a name="32954"><span class="ref">[32954] Iª q. 108 a. 5 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2657 nomen dominationis ad gubernationem pertinere videtur. Similiter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2658 autem et nomen principatuum, et potestatum. Inconvenienter ergo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2659 tribus ordinibus haec tria nomina imponuntur.</p><p title="I q. 108 a. 5 arg. 4"><a name="32955"><span class="ref">[32955] Iª q. 108 a. 5 arg. 4</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2660 Archangeli dicuntur quasi principes Angeli. Non ergo hoc nomen
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2661 debet imponi alii ordini quam ordini principatuum.</p><p title="I q. 108 a. 5 arg. 5"><a name="32956"><span class="ref">[32956] Iª q. 108 a. 5 arg. 5</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2662 nomen Seraphim imponitur ab ardore qui ad caritatem pertinet, nomen
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2663 autem Cherubim imponitur a scientia. Caritas autem et scientia sunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2664 dona communia omnibus Angelis. Non ergo debent esse nomina
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2665 specialium ordinum.</p><p title="I q. 108 a. 5 arg. 6"><a name="32957"><span class="ref">[32957] Iª q. 108 a. 5 arg. 6</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2666 throni dicuntur sedes. Sed ex hoc ipso Deus in creatura rationali
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2667 sedere dicitur, quod ipsum cognoscit et amat. Non ergo debet esse
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2668 alius ordo thronorum ab ordine Cherubim et Seraphim. Sic igitur
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2669 videtur quod inconvenienter ordines Angelorum nominentur.</p><p title="I q. 108 a. 5 s. c."><a name="32958"><span class="ref">[32958] Iª q. 108 a. 5 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2670 auctoritas sacrae Scripturae, quae sic eos nominat. Nomen enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2671 Seraphim ponitur Isaiae VI; nomen Cherubim Ezech. I; nomen
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2672 thronorum, Coloss. I; dominationes autem et virtutes et potestates
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2673 et principatus ponuntur Ephes. I; nomen autem Archangeli ponitur in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2674 canonica Iudae, nomina autem Angelorum in pluribus Scripturae
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2675 locis.</p><p title="I q. 108 a. 5 co."><a name="32959"><span class="ref">[32959] Iª q. 108 a. 5 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2676 quod in nominatione angelicorum ordinum, considerare oportet quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2677 <i>propria nomina singulorum ordinum proprietates eorum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2678 designant</i>, ut Dionysius dicit VII cap. Cael. Hier. Ad videndum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2679 autem quae sit proprietas cuiuslibet ordinis, considerare oportet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2680 quod in rebus ordinatis tripliciter aliquid esse contingit,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2681 scilicet per proprietatem, per excessum, et per participationem.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2682 Per proprietatem autem dicitur esse aliquid in re aliqua, quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2683 adaequatur et proportionatur naturae ipsius. Per excessum autem,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2684 quando illud quod attribuitur alicui, est minus quam res cui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2685 attribuitur, sed tamen convenit illi rei per quendam excessum;
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2686 sicut dictum est de omnibus nominibus quae attribuuntur Deo. Per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2687 participationem autem, quando illud quod attribuitur alicui, non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2688 plenarie invenitur in eo, sed deficienter; sicut sancti homines
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2689 participative dicuntur dii. Si ergo aliquid nominari debeat nomine
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2690 designante proprietatem ipsius, non debet nominari ab eo quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2691 imperfecte participat, neque ab eo quod excedenter habet; sed ab eo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2692 quod est sibi quasi coaequatum. Sicut si quis velit proprie
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2693 nominare hominem, dicet eum substantiam rationalem, non autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2694 substantiam intellectualem, quod est proprium nomen Angeli, quia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2695 simplex intelligentia convenit Angelo per proprietatem, homini vero
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2696 per participationem; neque substantiam sensibilem, quod est nomen
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2697 bruti proprium, quia sensus est minus quam id quod est proprium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2698 homini, et convenit homini excedenter prae aliis animalibus. Sic
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2699 igitur considerandum est in ordinibus Angelorum, quod omnes
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2700 spirituales perfectiones sunt omnibus Angelis communes et quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2701 omnes abundantius existunt in superioribus quam in inferioribus.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2702 Sed cum in ipsis etiam perfectionibus sit quidam gradus, superior
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2703 perfectio attribuitur superiori ordini per proprietatem, inferiori
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2704 vero per participationem, e converso autem inferior attribuitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2705 inferiori per proprietatem, superiori autem per excessum. Et ita
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2706 superior ordo a superiori perfectione nominatur. Sic igitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2707 Dionysius exponit ordinum nomina secundum convenientiam ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2708 spirituales perfectiones eorum. Gregorius vero, in expositione
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2709 horum nominum, magis attendere videtur exteriora ministeria. Dicit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2710 enim, quod <i>Angeli dicuntur qui minima nuntiant; Archangeli, qui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2711 summa; virtutes per quas miracula fiunt; potestates quibus adversae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2712 potestates repelluntur; principatus, qui ipsis bonis spiritibus
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2713 praesunt</i>.</p><p title="I q. 108 a. 5 ad 1"><a name="32960"><span class="ref">[32960] Iª q. 108 a. 5 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2714 dicendum quod Angelus nuntius dicitur. Omnes ergo caelestes
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2715 spiritus, inquantum sunt manifestatores divinorum, Angeli vocantur.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2716 Sed superiores Angeli habent quandam excellentiam in hac
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2717 manifestatione, a qua superiores ordines nominantur. Infimus autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2718 Angelorum ordo nullam excellentiam supra communem manifestationem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2719 addit, et ideo a simplici manifestatione nominatur. Et sic nomen
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2720 commune remanet infimo ordini quasi proprium, ut dicit Dionysius V
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2721 cap. Cael. Hier. Vel potest dici quod infimus ordo specialiter
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2722 dicitur ordo Angelorum, quia immediate nobis annuntiant. Virtus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2723 autem dupliciter accipi potest. Uno modo, communiter, secundum quod
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2724 est media inter essentiam et operationem, et sic omnes caelestes
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2725 spiritus nominantur caelestes virtutes, sicut et caelestes
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2726 essentiae. Alio modo, secundum quod importat quendam excessum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2727 fortitudinis, et sic est proprium nomen ordinis. Unde Dionysius
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2728 dicit, VIII cap. Cael. Hier., quod nomen virtutum significat
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2729 quandam virilem et inconcussam fortitudinem, primo quidem ad omnes
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2730 operationes divinas eis convenientes; secundo, ad suscipiendum
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2731 divina. Et ita significat quod sine aliquo timore aggrediuntur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2732 divina quae ad eos pertinent, quod videtur ad fortitudinem animi
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2733 pertinere.</p><p title="I q. 108 a. 5 ad 2"><a name="32961"><span class="ref">[32961] Iª q. 108 a. 5 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2734 dicendum quod, sicut dicit Dionysius XII cap. de Div. Nom.,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2735 <i>dominatio laudatur in Deo singulariter per quendam excessum, sed
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2736 per participationem, divina eloquia vocant dominos principaliores
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2737 ornatus, per quos inferiores ex donis eius accipiunt</i>. Unde et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2738 Dionysius dicit in VIII cap. Cael. Hier., quod nomen dominationum
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2739 primo quidem significat quandam libertatem, quae est a servili
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2740 conditione et pedestri subiectione, sicut plebs subiicitur, et a
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2741 tyrannica oppressione, quam interdum etiam maiores patiuntur.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2742 Secundo significat quandam rigidam et inflexibilem gubernationem,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2743 quae ad nullum servilem actum inclinatur, neque ad aliquem actum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2744 subiectorum vel oppressorum a tyrannis. Tertio significat appetitum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2745 et participationem veri dominii, quod est in Deo. Et similiter
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2746 nomen cuiuslibet ordinis significat participationem eius quod est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2747 in Deo; sicut nomen virtutum significat participationem divinae
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2748 virtutis; et sic de aliis.</p><p title="I q. 108 a. 5 ad 3"><a name="32962"><span class="ref">[32962] Iª q. 108 a. 5 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2749 dicendum quod nomen dominationis, et potestatis, et principatus,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2750 diversimode ad gubernationem pertinet. Nam domini est solummodo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2751 praecipere de agendis. Et ideo Gregorius dicit quod <i>quaedam
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2752 Angelorum agmina, pro eo quod eis cetera ad obediendum subiecta
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2753 sunt, dominationes vocantur</i>. Nomen vero potestatis ordinationem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2754 quandam designat; secundum illud apostoli ad Rom. XIII, <i>qui
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2755 potestati resistit, Dei ordinationi resistit</i>. Et ideo Dionysius
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2756 dicit quod nomen potestatis significat quandam ordinationem et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2757 circa susceptionem divinorum, et circa actiones divinas quas
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2758 superiores in inferiores agunt, eas sursum ducendo. Ad ordinem ergo
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2759 potestatum pertinet ordinare quae a subditis sint agenda.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2760 Principari vero, ut Gregorius dicit, est inter reliquos priorem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2761 existere, quasi primi sint in executione eorum quae imperantur. Et
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2762 ideo Dionysius dicit, IX cap. Cael. Hier., quod nomen principatuum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2763 significat ductivum cum ordine sacro. Illi enim qui alios ducunt,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2764 primi inter eos existentes, principes proprie vocantur secundum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2765 illud Psalmi LXVII, <i>praevenerunt principes coniuncti
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2766 psallentibus</i>.</p><p title="I q. 108 a. 5 ad 4"><a name="32963"><span class="ref">[32963] Iª q. 108 a. 5 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2767 dicendum quod Archangeli, secundum Dionysium, medii sunt inter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2768 principatus et Angelos. Medium autem comparatum uni extremo,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2769 videtur alterum, inquantum participat naturam utriusque, sicut
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2770 tepidum respectu calidi est frigidum, respectu vero frigidi est
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2771 calidum. Sic et Archangeli dicuntur quasi principes Angeli, quia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2772 respectu Angelorum sunt principes, respectu vero principatuum sunt
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2773 Angeli. Secundum Gregorium autem, dicuntur Archangeli ex eo quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2774 principantur soli ordini Angelorum, quasi magna nuntiantes.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2775 Principatus autem dicuntur ex eo quod principantur omnibus
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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diff changeset
2776 caelestibus virtutibus divinas iussiones explentibus.</p><p title="I q. 108 a. 5 ad 5"><a name="32964"><span class="ref">[32964] Iª q. 108 a. 5 ad 5</span></a> Ad quintum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2777 dicendum quod nomen Seraphim non imponitur tantum a caritate, sed a
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2778 caritatis excessu, quem importat nomen ardoris vel incendii. Unde
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2779 Dionysius, VII cap. Cael. Hier., exponit nomen Seraphim secundum
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2780 proprietates ignis, in quo est excessus caliditatis. In igne autem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2781 tria possumus considerare. Primo quidem, motum, qui est sursum, et
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2782 qui est continuus. Per quod significatur quod indeclinabiliter
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2783 moventur in Deum. Secundo vero, virtutem activam eius, quae est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2784 calidum. Quod quidem non simpliciter invenitur in igne, sed cum
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2785 quadam acuitate, quia maxime est penetrativus in agendo, et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2786 pertingit usque ad minima; et iterum cum quodam superexcedenti
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2787 fervore. Et per hoc significatur actio huiusmodi Angelorum, quam in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2788 subditos potenter exercent, eos in similem fervorem excitantes, et
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2789 totaliter eos per incendium purgantes. Tertio consideratur in igne
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2790 claritas eius. Et hoc significat quod huiusmodi Angeli in seipsis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2791 habent inextinguibilem lucem, et quod alios perfecte illuminant.
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2792 Similiter etiam nomen Cherubim imponitur a quodam excessu
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2793 scientiae, unde interpretatur plenitudo scientiae. Quod Dionysius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2794 exponit quantum ad quatuor, primo quidem, quantum ad perfectam Dei
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2795 visionem; secundo, quantum ad plenam susceptionem divini luminis;
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2796 tertio, quantum ad hoc, quod in ipso Deo contemplantur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2797 pulchritudinem ordinis rerum a Deo derivatam; quarto, quantum ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2798 hoc, quod ipsi pleni existentes huiusmodi cognitione, eam copiose
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2799 in alios effundunt.</p><p title="I q. 108 a. 5 ad 6"><a name="32965"><span class="ref">[32965] Iª q. 108 a. 5 ad 6</span></a> Ad sextum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2800 dicendum quod ordo thronorum habet excellentiam prae inferioribus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2801 ordinibus in hoc, quod immediate in Deo rationes divinorum operum
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2802 cognoscere possunt. Sed Cherubim habent excellentiam scientiae;
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2803 Seraphim vero excellentiam ardoris. Et licet in his duabus
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2804 excellentiis includatur tertia, non tamen in illa quae est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2805 thronorum, includuntur aliae duae. Et ideo ordo thronorum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2806 distinguitur ab ordine Cherubim et Seraphim. Hoc enim est commune
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2807 in omnibus, quod excellentia inferioris continetur in excellentia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2808 superioris, et non e converso. Exponit autem Dionysius nomen
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2809 thronorum, per convenientiam ad materiales sedes. In quibus est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2810 quatuor considerare. Primo quidem, situm, quia sedes supra terram
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2811 elevantur. Et sic ipsi Angeli qui throni dicuntur, elevantur usque
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2812 ad hoc, quod in Deo immediate rationes rerum cognoscant. Secundo in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2813 materialibus sedibus consideratur firmitas, quia in ipsis aliquis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2814 firmiter sedet. Hic autem est e converso, nam ipsi Angeli firmantur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2815 per Deum. Tertio, quia sedes suscipit sedentem, et in ea deferri
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2816 potest. Sic et isti Angeli suscipiunt Deum in seipsis, et eum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2817 quodammodo ad inferiores ferunt. Quarto, ex figura, quia sedes ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2818 una parte est aperta ad suscipiendum sedentem. Ita et isti Angeli
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2819 sunt per promptitudinem aperti ad suscipiendum Deum, et famulandum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2820 ipsi.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 6</h3><p title="I q. 108 a. 6 arg. 1"><a name="32966"><span class="ref">[32966] Iª q. 108 a. 6 arg. 1</span></a> Ad sextum sic
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2821 proceditur. Videtur quod inconvenienter gradus ordinum assignentur.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2822 Ordo enim praelatorum videtur esse supremus. Sed dominationes,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2823 principatus et potestates ex ipsis nominibus praelationem quandam
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2824 habent. Ergo isti ordines debent esse inter omnes supremi.</p><p title="I q. 108 a. 6 arg. 2"><a name="32967"><span class="ref">[32967] Iª q. 108 a. 6 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2825 quanto aliquis ordo est Deo propinquior, tanto est superior. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2826 ordo thronorum videtur esse Deo propinquissimus, nihil enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2827 coniungitur propinquius sedenti, quam sua sedes. Ergo ordo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2828 thronorum est altissimus.</p><p title="I q. 108 a. 6 arg. 3"><a name="32968"><span class="ref">[32968] Iª q. 108 a. 6 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2829 scientia est prior quam amor; et intellectus videtur esse altior
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2830 quam voluntas. Ergo et ordo Cherubim videtur esse altior quam ordo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2831 Seraphim.</p><p title="I q. 108 a. 6 arg. 4"><a name="32969"><span class="ref">[32969] Iª q. 108 a. 6 arg. 4</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2832 Gregorius ponit principatus supra potestates. Non ergo collocantur
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2833 immediate supra Archangelos, ut Dionysius dicit.</p><p title="I q. 108 a. 6 s. c."><a name="32970"><span class="ref">[32970] Iª q. 108 a. 6 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2834 quod Dionysius ponit, in prima quidem hierarchia. Seraphim ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2835 primos, Cherubim ut medios, thronos ut ultimos; in media vero,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2836 dominationes ut primos, virtutes ut medios, potestates ut ultimos;
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2837 in ultima, principatus ut primos, Archangelos ut medios, Angelos ut
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2838 ultimos.</p><p title="I q. 108 a. 6 co."><a name="32971"><span class="ref">[32971] Iª q. 108 a. 6 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2839 quod gradus angelicorum ordinum assignant et Gregorius et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2840 Dionysius, quantum ad alia quidem convenienter, sed quantum ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2841 principatus et virtutes differenter. Nam Dionysius collocat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2842 virtutes sub dominationibus et supra potestates, principatus autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2843 sub potestatibus et supra Archangelos, Gregorius autem ponit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2844 principatus in medio dominationum et potestatum, virtutes vero in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2845 medio potestatum et Archangelorum. Et utraque assignatio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2846 fulcimentum habere potest ex auctoritate apostoli. Qui, medios
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2847 ordines ascendendo enumerans, dicit, Ephes. I, quod Deus constituit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2848 illum, scilicet Christum, ad dexteram suam in caelestibus, supra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2849 omnem principatum et potestatem et virtutem et dominationem, ubi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2850 virtutem ponit inter potestatem et dominationem, secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2851 assignationem Dionysii. Sed ad Coloss. I, enumerans eosdem ordines
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2852 descendendo, dicit, sive throni, sive dominationes, sive
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2853 principatus, sive potestates, omnia per ipsum et in ipso creata
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2854 sunt, ubi principatus ponit medios inter dominationes et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2855 potestates, secundum assignationem Gregorii. Primo igitur videamus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2856 rationem assignationis Dionysii. In qua considerandum est quod,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2857 sicut supra dictum est, prima hierarchia accipit rationes rerum in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2858 ipso Deo; secunda vero in causis universalibus; tertia vero
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2859 secundum determinationem ad speciales effectus. Et quia Deus est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2860 finis non solum angelicorum ministeriorum, sed etiam totius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2861 creaturae, ad primam hierarchiam pertinet consideratio finis; ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2862 mediam vero dispositio universalis de agendis; ad ultimam autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2863 applicatio dispositionis ad effectum, quae est operis executio;
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2864 haec enim tria manifestum est in qualibet operatione inveniri. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2865 ideo Dionysius, ex nominibus ordinum proprietates illorum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2866 considerans, illos ordines in prima hierarchia posuit, quorum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2867 nomina imponuntur per respectum ad Deum, scilicet Seraphim et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2868 Cherubim et thronos. Illos vero ordines posuit in media hierarchia,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2869 quorum nomina designant communem quandam gubernationem sive
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2870 dispositionem, scilicet dominationes, virtutes et potestates. Illos
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2871 vero ordines posuit in tertia hierarchia, quorum nomina designant
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2872 operis executionem, scilicet principatus, Angelos et Archangelos.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2873 In respectu autem ad finem, tria considerari possunt, nam primo,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2874 aliquis considerat finem; secundo vero, perfectam finis cognitionem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2875 accipit; tertio vero, intentionem suam in ipso defigit; quorum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2876 secundum ex additione se habet ad primum, et tertium ad utrumque.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2877 Et quia Deus est finis creaturarum sicut dux est finis exercitus,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2878 ut dicitur in XII Metaphys., potest aliquid simile huius ordinis
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2879 considerari in rebus humanis, nam quidam sunt qui hoc habent
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2880 dignitatis, ut per seipsos familiariter accedere possunt ad regem
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2881 vel ducem; quidam vero super hoc habent, ut etiam secreta eius
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2882 cognoscant; alii vero insuper circa ipsum semper inhaerent, quasi
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2883 ei coniuncti. Et secundum hanc similitudinem accipere possumus
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2884 dispositionem ordinum primae hierarchiae. Nam throni elevantur ad
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2885 hoc, quod Deum familiariter in seipsis recipiant, secundum quod
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2886 rationes rerum in ipso immediate cognoscere possunt, quod est
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2887 proprium totius primae hierarchiae. Cherubim vero supereminenter
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2888 divina secreta cognoscunt. Seraphim vero excellunt in hoc quod est
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2889 omnium supremum, scilicet Deo ipsi uniri. Ut sic ab eo quod est
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2890 commune toti hierarchiae, denominetur ordo thronorum; sicut ab eo
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2891 quod est commune omnibus caelestibus spiritibus, denominatur ordo
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2892 Angelorum. Ad gubernationis autem rationem tria pertinent. Quorum
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2893 primum est definitio eorum quae agenda sunt, quod est proprium
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2894 dominationum. Secundum autem est praebere facultatem ad implendum,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2895 quod pertinet ad virtutes. Tertium autem est ordinare qualiter ea
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2896 quae praecepta vel definita sunt, impleri possint, ut aliqui
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2897 exequantur, et hoc pertinet ad potestates. Executio autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2898 angelicorum ministeriorum consistit in annuntiando divina. In
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2899 executione autem cuiuslibet actus, sunt quidam quasi incipientes
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2900 actionem et alios ducentes, sicut in cantu praecentores, et in
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2901 bello illi qui alios ducunt et dirigunt, et hoc pertinet ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2902 principatus. Alii vero sunt qui simpliciter exequuntur, et hoc
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2903 pertinet ad Angelos. Alii vero medio modo se habent, quod ad
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2904 Archangelos pertinet, ut supra dictum est. Invenitur autem congrua
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2905 haec ordinum assignatio. Nam semper summum inferioris ordinis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2906 affinitatem habet cum ultimo superioris; sicut infima animalia
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2907 parum distant a plantis. Primus autem ordo est divinarum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2908 personarum, qui terminatur ad spiritum sanctum, qui est amor
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2909 procedens, cum quo affinitatem habet supremus ordo primae
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2910 hierarchiae, ab incendio amoris denominatus. Infimus autem ordo
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2911 primae hierarchiae est thronorum, qui ex suo nomine habent quandam
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2912 affinitatem cum dominationibus, nam throni dicuntur, secundum
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2913 Gregorium, per quos Deus sua iudicia exercet; accipiunt enim
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2914 divinas illuminationes per convenientiam ad immediate illuminandum
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2915 secundam hierarchiam, ad quam pertinet dispositio divinorum
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2916 ministeriorum. Ordo vero potestatum affinitatem habet cum ordine
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2917 principatuum, nam cum potestatum sit ordinationem subiectis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2918 imponere, haec ordinatio statim in nomine principatuum designatur,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2919 qui sunt primi in executione divinorum ministeriorum, utpote
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2920 praesidentes gubernationi gentium et regnorum, quod est primum et
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2921 praecipuum in divinis ministeriis; nam bonum gentis est divinius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2922 quam bonum unius hominis. Unde dicitur Dan. X, <i>princeps regni
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2923 Persarum restitit mihi</i>. Dispositio etiam ordinum quam Gregorius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2924 ponit, congruitatem habet. Nam cum dominationes sint definientes et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2925 praecipientes ea quae ad divina ministeria pertinent, ordines eis
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2926 subiecti disponuntur secundum dispositionem eorum in quos divina
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2927 ministeria exercentur ut autem Augustinus dicit in III de Trin.,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2928 <i>corpora quodam ordine reguntur, inferiora per superiora, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2929 omnia per spiritualem creaturam; et spiritus malus per spiritum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2930 bonum</i>. Primus ergo ordo post dominationes dicitur principatuum,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2931 qui etiam bonis spiritibus principantur. Deinde potestates, per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2932 quas arcentur mali spiritus, sicut per potestates terrenas arcentur
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2933 malefactores, ut habetur Rom. XIII. Post quas sunt virtutes, quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2934 habent potestatem super corporalem naturam in operatione
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2935 miraculorum. Post quas sunt Archangeli et Angeli, qui nuntiant
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2936 hominibus vel magna, quae sunt supra rationem; vel parva, ad quae
53
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ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2937 ratio se extendere potest.</p><p title="I q. 108 a. 6 ad 1"><a name="32972"><span class="ref">[32972] Iª q. 108 a. 6 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2938 dicendum quod in Angelis potius est quod subiiciuntur Deo, quam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2939 quod inferioribus praesident, et hoc derivatur ex illo. Et ideo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2940 ordines nominati a praelatione non sunt supremi, sed magis ordines
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2941 nominati a conversione ad Deum.</p><p title="I q. 108 a. 6 ad 2"><a name="32973"><span class="ref">[32973] Iª q. 108 a. 6 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2942 dicendum quod illa propinquitas ad Deum quae designatur nomine
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2943 thronorum, convenit etiam Cherubim et Seraphim, et excellentius, ut
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2944 dictum est.</p><p title="I q. 108 a. 6 ad 3"><a name="32974"><span class="ref">[32974] Iª q. 108 a. 6 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2945 dicendum quod, sicut supra dictum est, cognitio est secundum quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2946 cognita sunt in cognoscente; amor autem secundum quod amans unitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2947 rei amatae. Superiora autem nobiliori modo sunt in seipsis quam in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2948 inferioribus, inferiora vero nobiliori modo in superioribus quam in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2949 seipsis. Et ideo inferiorum quidem cognitio praeeminet dilectioni,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2950 superiorum autem dilectio, et praecipue Dei, praeeminet
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2951 cognitioni.</p><p title="I q. 108 a. 6 ad 4"><a name="32975"><span class="ref">[32975] Iª q. 108 a. 6 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2952 dicendum quod, si quis diligenter consideret dispositiones ordinum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2953 secundum Dionysium et Gregorium, parum vel nihil differunt, si ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2954 rem referantur. Exponit enim Gregorius principatuum nomen ex hoc,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2955 quod bonis spiritibus praesunt, et hoc convenit virtutibus,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2956 secundum quod in nomine virtutum intelligitur quaedam fortitudo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2957 dans efficaciam inferioribus spiritibus ad exequenda divina
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2958 ministeria. Rursus virtutes, secundum Gregorium, videntur esse idem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2959 quod principatus secundum Dionysium. Nam hoc est primum in divinis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2960 ministeriis, miracula facere, per hoc enim paratur via
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2961 Annuntiationi Archangelorum et Angelorum.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 7</h3><p title="I q. 108 a. 7 arg. 1"><a name="32976"><span class="ref">[32976] Iª q. 108 a. 7 arg. 1</span></a> Ad septimum sic
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2962 proceditur. Videtur quod ordines non remanebunt post diem iudicii.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2963 Dicit enim apostolus, I ad Cor. XV, quod Christus evacuabit omnem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2964 principatum et potestatem, cum tradiderit regnum Deo et patri, quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2965 erit in ultima consummatione. Pari ergo ratione, in illo statu
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2966 omnes alii ordines evacuabuntur.</p><p title="I q. 108 a. 7 arg. 2"><a name="32977"><span class="ref">[32977] Iª q. 108 a. 7 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea, ad
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2967 officium angelicorum ordinum pertinet purgare, illuminare et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2968 perficere. Sed post diem iudicii unus Angelus non purgabit aut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2969 illuminabit aut perficiet alium, quia non proficient amplius in
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2970 scientia. Ergo frustra ordines angelici remanerent.</p><p title="I q. 108 a. 7 arg. 3"><a name="32978"><span class="ref">[32978] Iª q. 108 a. 7 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2971 apostolus dicit, ad Heb. I, de Angelis, quod <i>omnes sunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2972 administratorii spiritus, in ministerium missi propter eos qui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2973 haereditatem capiunt salutis</i>, ex quo patet quod officia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2974 Angelorum ordinantur ad hoc, quod homines ad salutem adducantur.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2975 Sed omnes electi usque ad diem iudicii salutem consequuntur. Non
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2976 ergo post diem iudicii remanebunt officia et ordines Angelorum.</p><p title="I q. 108 a. 7 s. c."><a name="32979"><span class="ref">[32979] Iª q. 108 a. 7 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2977 quod dicitur Iudic. V, stellae manentes in ordine et cursu suo,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2978 quod exponitur de Angelis. Ergo Angeli semper in suis ordinibus
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2979 remanebunt.</p><p title="I q. 108 a. 7 co."><a name="32980"><span class="ref">[32980] Iª q. 108 a. 7 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2980 quod in ordinibus angelicis duo possunt considerari, scilicet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2981 distinctio graduum, et executio officiorum. Distinctio autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2982 graduum est in Angelis secundum differentiam gratiae et naturae, ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2983 supra dictum est. Et utraque differentia semper in Angelis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2984 remanebit. Non enim posset naturarum differentia ab eis auferri,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2985 nisi eis corruptis, differentia etiam gloriae erit in eis semper,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2986 secundum differentiam meriti praecedentis. Executio autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2987 officiorum angelicorum aliquo modo remanebit post diem iudicii, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2988 aliquo modo cessabit. Cessabit quidem, secundum quod eorum officia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2989 ordinantur ad perducendum aliquos ad finem, remanebit autem,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2990 secundum quod convenit in ultima finis consecutione. Sicut etiam
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2991 alia sunt officia militarium ordinum in pugna, et in triumpho.</p><p title="I q. 108 a. 7 ad 1"><a name="32981"><span class="ref">[32981] Iª q. 108 a. 7 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2992 dicendum quod principatus et potestates evacuabuntur in illa finali
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2993 consummatione quantum ad hoc, quod alios ad finem perducant, quia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2994 consecuto iam fine, non est necessarium tendere in finem. Et haec
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2995 ratio intelligitur ex verbis apostoli, dicentis, cum tradiderit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2996 regnum Deo et patri, idest, cum perduxerit fideles ad fruendum ipso
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2997 Deo.</p><p title="I q. 108 a. 7 ad 2"><a name="32982"><span class="ref">[32982] Iª q. 108 a. 7 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2998 dicendum quod actiones Angelorum super alios Angelos considerandae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2999 sunt secundum similitudinem actionum intelligibilium quae sunt in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3000 nobis. Inveniuntur autem in nobis multae intelligibiles actiones
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3001 quae sunt ordinatae secundum ordinem causae et causati; sicut cum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3002 per multa media gradatim in unam conclusionem devenimus. Manifestum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3003 est autem quod cognitio conclusionis dependet ex omnibus mediis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3004 praecedentibus, non solum quantum ad novam acquisitionem scientiae,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3005 sed etiam quantum ad scientiae conservationem. Cuius signum est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3006 quod, si quis oblivisceretur aliquod praecedentium mediorum,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3007 opinionem quidem vel fidem de conclusione posset habere, sed non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3008 scientiam, ordine causarum ignorato. Sic igitur, cum inferiores
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3009 Angeli rationes divinorum operum cognoscant per lumen superiorum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3010 Angelorum, dependet eorum cognitio ex lumine superiorum, non solum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3011 quantum ad novam acquisitionem scientiae, sed etiam quantum ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3012 cognitionis conservationem. Licet ergo post iudicium non proficiant
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3013 inferiores Angeli in cognitione aliquarum rerum, non tamen propter
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3014 hoc excluditur quin a superioribus illuminentur.</p><p title="I q. 108 a. 7 ad 3"><a name="32983"><span class="ref">[32983] Iª q. 108 a. 7 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3015 dicendum quod, etsi post diem iudicii homines non sint ulterius ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3016 salutem adducendi per ministerium Angelorum; tamen illi qui iam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3017 salutem erunt consecuti, aliquam illustrationem habebunt per
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3018 Angelorum officia.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 8</h3><p title="I q. 108 a. 8 arg. 1"><a name="32984"><span class="ref">[32984] Iª q. 108 a. 8 arg. 1</span></a> Ad octavum sic
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3019 proceditur. Videtur quod homines non assumantur ad ordines
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3020 Angelorum. Hierarchia enim humana continetur sub infima
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3021 hierarchiarum caelestium, sicut infima sub media, et media sub
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3022 prima. Sed Angeli infimae hierarchiae nunquam transferentur in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3023 mediam aut in primam. Ergo neque homines transferentur ad ordines
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3024 Angelorum.</p><p title="I q. 108 a. 8 arg. 2"><a name="32985"><span class="ref">[32985] Iª q. 108 a. 8 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3025 ordinibus Angelorum aliqua officia competunt, utpote custodire,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3026 miracula facere, Daemones arcere, et huiusmodi, quae non videntur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3027 convenire animabus sanctorum. Ergo non transferentur ad ordines
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3028 Angelorum.</p><p title="I q. 108 a. 8 arg. 3"><a name="32986"><span class="ref">[32986] Iª q. 108 a. 8 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3029 sicut boni Angeli inducunt ad bonum, ita Daemones inducunt ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3030 malum. Sed erroneum est dicere quod animae hominum malorum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3031 convertantur in Daemones, hoc enim Chrysostomus reprobat, super
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3032 Matth. Ergo non videtur quod animae sanctorum transferantur ad
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3033 ordines Angelorum.</p><p title="I q. 108 a. 8 s. c."><a name="32987"><span class="ref">[32987] Iª q. 108 a. 8 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3034 quod dominus dicit, Matth. XXII, de sanctis, quod <i>erunt sicut
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3035 Angeli Dei in caelo</i>.</p><p title="I q. 108 a. 8 co."><a name="32988"><span class="ref">[32988] Iª q. 108 a. 8 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3036 quod, sicut supra dictum est, ordines Angelorum distinguuntur et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3037 secundum conditionem naturae, et secundum dona gratiae. Si ergo
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3038 considerentur Angelorum ordines solum quantum ad gradum naturae,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3039 sic homines nullo modo assumi possunt ad ordines Angelorum, quia
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3040 semper remanebit naturarum distinctio. Quam quidam considerantes,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3041 posuerunt quod nullo modo homines transferri possunt ad
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3042 aequalitatem Angelorum. Quod est erroneum, repugnat enim
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3043 promissioni Christi, dicentis, Lucae XX, quod filii resurrectionis
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3044 erunt aequales Angelis in caelis. Illud enim quod est ex parte
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3045 naturae, se habet ut materiale in ratione ordinis, completivum vero
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3046 est quod est ex dono gratiae, quae dependet ex liberalitate Dei,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3047 non ex ordine naturae. Et ideo per donum gratiae homines mereri
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3048 possunt tantam gloriam, ut Angelis aequentur secundum singulos
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3049 Angelorum gradus. Quod est homines ad ordines Angelorum assumi.
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3050 Quidam tamen dicunt quod ad ordines Angelorum non assumuntur omnes
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3051 qui salvantur, sed soli virgines vel perfecti; alii vero suum
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3052 ordinem constituent, quasi condivisum toti societati Angelorum. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3053 hoc est contra Augustinum, qui dicit XII de Civ. Dei, quod non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3054 erunt duae societates hominum et Angelorum, sed una, quia omnium
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
3055 beatitudo est adhaerere uni Deo.</p><p title="I q. 108 a. 8 ad 1"><a name="32989"><span class="ref">[32989] Iª q. 108 a. 8 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3056 dicendum quod gratia Angelis datur secundum proportionem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3057 naturalium; non autem sic est de hominibus, ut supra dictum est. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3058 ideo sicut inferiores Angeli non possunt transferri ad naturalem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3059 gradum superiorum, ita nec ad gratuitum. Homines vero possunt ad
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
3060 gratuitum conscendere, sed non ad naturalem.</p><p title="I q. 108 a. 8 ad 2"><a name="32990"><span class="ref">[32990] Iª q. 108 a. 8 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3061 dicendum quod Angeli, secundum naturae ordinem, medii sunt inter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3062 nos et Deum. Et ideo, secundum legem communem, per eos
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3063 administrantur non solum res humanae, sed etiam omnia corporalia.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3064 Homines autem sancti, etiam post hanc vitam, sunt eiusdem naturae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3065 nobiscum. Unde secundum legem communem, non administrant humana,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3066 nec rebus vivorum intersunt, ut Augustinus dicit in libro de cura
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3067 pro mortuis agenda. Ex quadam tamen speciali dispensatione interdum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3068 aliquibus sanctis conceditur, vel vivis vel mortuis, huiusmodi
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3069 officia exercere, vel miracula faciendo, vel Daemones arcendo, vel
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3070 aliquid huiusmodi; sicut Augustinus in eodem libro dicit.</p><p title="I q. 108 a. 8 ad 3"><a name="32991"><span class="ref">[32991] Iª q. 108 a. 8 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3071 dicendum quod homines ad poenam Daemonum transferri, non est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3072 erroneum, sed quidam erronee posuerunt Daemones nihil aliud esse
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
3073 quam animas defunctorum. Et hoc Chrysostomus reprobat.</p></div></div><div class="q" id="q109"><h2>Quaestio 109</h2><div class="p"><h3>Prooemium</h3><p title="I q. 109 pr."><a name="32992"><span class="ref">[32992]
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3074 Iª q. 109 pr.</span></a> Deinde considerandum est de
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3075 ordinatione malorum Angelorum. Et circa hoc quaeruntur quatuor.
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3076 Primo, utrum ordines sint in Daemonibus. Secundo, utrum in eis sit
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3077 praelatio. Tertio, utrum unus illuminet alium. Quarto, utrum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3078 subiiciantur praelationi bonorum Angelorum.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 1</h3><p title="I q. 109 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="32993"><span class="ref">[32993] Iª q. 109 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad primum sic
28
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3079 proceditur. Videtur quod ordines non sint in Daemonibus. Ordo enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3080 pertinet ad rationem boni, sicut et modus et species, ut Augustinus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3081 dicit in libro de natura boni; et e contrario inordinatio pertinet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3082 ad rationem mali. Sed in bonis Angelis nihil est inordinatum. Ergo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3083 in malis Angelis non sunt aliqui ordines.</p><p title="I q. 109 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="32994"><span class="ref">[32994] Iª q. 109 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3084 ordines angelici sub aliqua hierarchia continentur. Sed Daemones
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3085 non sunt sub aliqua hierarchia, quae est sacer principatus, cum ab
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3086 omni sanctitate sint vacui. Ergo in Daemonibus non sunt
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3087 ordines.</p><p title="I q. 109 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="32995"><span class="ref">[32995] Iª q. 109 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3088 Daemones de singulis ordinibus Angelorum ceciderunt, ut communiter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3089 dicitur. Si ergo aliqui Daemones dicuntur esse alicuius ordinis,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3090 quia de illo ordine ceciderunt; videtur quod deberent eis attribui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3091 nomina singulorum ordinum. Nunquam autem invenitur quod dicantur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3092 Seraphim, vel throni, vel dominationes. Ergo, pari ratione, non
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3093 sunt in aliquibus ordinibus.</p><p title="I q. 109 a. 1 s. c."><a name="32996"><span class="ref">[32996] Iª q. 109 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3094 quod apostolus dicit, ad Ephes. ult., quod <i>est nobis colluctatio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3095 adversus principes et potestates, adversus mundi rectores
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3096 tenebrarum harum</i>.</p><p title="I q. 109 a. 1 co."><a name="32997"><span class="ref">[32997] Iª q. 109 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3097 quod, sicut iam dictum est, ordo angelicus consideratur et secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3098 gradum naturae, et secundum gradum gratiae. Gratia vero habet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3099 duplicem statum, scilicet imperfectum, qui est status merendi; et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3100 perfectum, qui est status gloriae consummatae. Si ergo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3101 considerentur ordines angelici quantum ad perfectionem gloriae, sic
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3102 Daemones neque sunt in ordinibus angelicis, neque unquam fuerunt.
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3103 Si autem considerentur quantum ad id quod est gratiae imperfectae,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3104 sic Daemones fuerunt quidem aliquando in ordinibus Angelorum, sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3105 ab eis ceciderunt; secundum illud quod supra posuimus, omnes
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3106 Angelos in gratia creatos fuisse. Si autem considerentur quantum ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3107 id quod est naturae, sic adhuc sunt in ordinibus, quia data
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3108 naturalia non amiserunt, ut Dionysius dicit.</p><p title="I q. 109 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="32998"><span class="ref">[32998] Iª q. 109 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3109 dicendum quod bonum potest inveniri sine malo; sed malum non potest
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3110 inveniri sine bono, ut supra habitum est. Et ideo Daemones,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3111 inquantum habent naturam bonam, ordinati sunt.</p><p title="I q. 109 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="32999"><span class="ref">[32999] Iª q. 109 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3112 dicendum quod ordinatio Daemonum, si consideretur ex parte Dei
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3113 ordinantis, est sacra, utitur enim Daemonibus propter seipsum. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3114 ex parte voluntatis Daemonum, non est sacra, quia abutuntur sua
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3115 natura ad malum.</p><p title="I q. 109 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="33000"><span class="ref">[33000] Iª q. 109 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3116 dicendum quod nomen Seraphim imponitur ab ardore caritatis, nomen
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3117 autem thronorum ab inhabitatione divina, nomen autem dominationum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3118 importat libertatem quandam, quae omnia opponuntur peccato. Et ideo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
3119 peccantibus Angelis huiusmodi nomina non attribuuntur.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 2</h3><p title="I q. 109 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="33001"><span class="ref">[33001] Iª q. 109 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad secundum sic
28
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3120 proceditur. Videtur quod in Daemonibus non sit praelatio. Omnis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3121 enim praelatio est secundum aliquem ordinem iustitiae. Sed Daemones
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3122 totaliter a iustitia ceciderunt. Ergo in eis non est praelatio.</p><p title="I q. 109 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="33002"><span class="ref">[33002] Iª q. 109 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea, ubi
28
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3123 non est obedientia et subiectio, non est praelatio. Haec autem sine
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3124 concordia esse non possunt; quae in Daemonibus nulla est, secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3125 illud Prov. XIII, <i>inter superbos semper sunt iurgia</i>. Ergo in
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3126 Daemonibus non est praelatio.</p><p title="I q. 109 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="33003"><span class="ref">[33003] Iª q. 109 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea, si
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3127 in eis est aliqua praelatio, aut hoc pertinet ad eorum naturam, aut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3128 ad eorum culpam vel poenam. Sed non ad eorum naturam, quia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3129 subiectio et servitus non est ex natura, sed est ex peccato
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3130 subsecuta. Nec pertinet ad culpam vel poenam, quia sic superiores
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3131 Daemones, qui magis peccaverunt, inferioribus subderentur. Non ergo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3132 est praelatio in Daemonibus.</p><p title="I q. 109 a. 2 s. c."><a name="33004"><span class="ref">[33004] Iª q. 109 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3133 quod dicit Glossa, I ad Cor. XV, <i>quandiu durat mundus, Angeli
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3134 Angelis, homines hominibus, et Daemones Daemonibus
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3135 praesunt</i>.</p><p title="I q. 109 a. 2 co."><a name="33005"><span class="ref">[33005] Iª q. 109 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3136 quod, cum actio sequatur naturam rei, quorumcumque naturae sunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3137 ordinatae, oportet quod etiam actiones sub invicem ordinentur.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3138 Sicut patet in rebus corporalibus, quia enim inferiora corpora
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3139 naturali ordine sunt infra corpora caelestia actiones et motus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3140 eorum subduntur actionibus et motibus caelestium corporum.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3141 Manifestum est autem ex praemissis quod Daemonum quidam naturali
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3142 ordine sub aliis constituuntur. Unde et actiones eorum sub
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3143 actionibus superiorum sunt. Et hoc est quod rationem praelationis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3144 facit, ut scilicet actio subditi subdatur actioni praelati. Sic
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3145 igitur ipsa naturalis dispositio Daemonum requirit quod sit in eis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3146 praelatio. Convenit etiam hoc divinae sapientiae, quae nihil in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3147 universo inordinatum relinquit, <i>quae attingit a fine usque ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3148 finem fortiter, et disponit omnia suaviter</i>, ut dicitur Sap.
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3149 VIII.</p><p title="I q. 109 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="33006"><span class="ref">[33006] Iª q. 109 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3150 dicendum quod praelatio Daemonum non fundatur super eorum iustitia,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3151 sed super iustitia Dei cuncta ordinantis.</p><p title="I q. 109 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="33007"><span class="ref">[33007] Iª q. 109 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3152 dicendum quod concordia Daemonum, qua quidam aliis obediunt, non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3153 est ex amicitia quam inter se habeant; sed ex communi nequitia, qua
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3154 homines odiunt, et Dei iustitiae repugnant. Est enim proprium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3155 hominum impiorum, ut eis se adiungant et subiiciant, ad propriam
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3156 nequitiam exequendam, quos potiores viribus vident.</p><p title="I q. 109 a. 2 ad 3"><a name="33008"><span class="ref">[33008] Iª q. 109 a. 2 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3157 dicendum quod Daemones non sunt aequales secundum naturam, unde in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3158 eis est naturalis praelatio. Quod in hominibus non contingit, qui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3159 natura sunt pares. Quod autem superioribus inferiores subdantur,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3160 non est ad bonum superiorum, sed magis ad malum eorum; quia cum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3161 mala facere maxime ad miseriam pertineat, praeesse in malis est
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3162 esse magis miserum.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 3</h3><p title="I q. 109 a. 3 arg. 1"><a name="33009"><span class="ref">[33009] Iª q. 109 a. 3 arg. 1</span></a> Ad tertium sic
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3163 proceditur. Videtur quod in Daemonibus sit illuminatio. Illuminatio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3164 enim consistit in manifestatione veritatis. Sed unus Daemon potest
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3165 alteri veritatem manifestare, quia superiores magis acumine
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3166 naturalis scientiae vigent. Ergo superiores Daemones possunt
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3167 inferiores illuminare.</p><p title="I q. 109 a. 3 arg. 2"><a name="33010"><span class="ref">[33010] Iª q. 109 a. 3 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3168 corpus quod superabundat in lumine, potest illuminare corpus quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3169 in lumine deficit; sicut sol lunam. Sed superiores Daemones magis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3170 abundant in participatione luminis naturalis. Ergo videtur quod
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3171 superiores Daemones possunt inferiores illuminare.</p><p title="I q. 109 a. 3 s. c."><a name="33011"><span class="ref">[33011] Iª q. 109 a. 3 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3172 illuminatio cum purgatione est et perfectione, ut supra dictum est.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3173 Sed purgare non convenit Daemonibus; secundum illud Eccli. XXXIV,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
3174 <i>ab immundo quid mundabitur?</i> Ergo etiam neque illuminare.</p><p title="I q. 109 a. 3 co."><a name="33012"><span class="ref">[33012] Iª q. 109 a. 3 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3175 quod in Daemonibus non potest esse illuminatio proprie. Dictum est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3176 enim supra quod illuminatio proprie est manifestatio veritatis,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3177 secundum quod habet ordinem ad Deum, qui illuminat omnem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3178 intellectum. Alia autem manifestatio veritatis potest esse locutio;
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3179 sicut cum unus Angelus alteri suum conceptum manifestat.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3180 Perversitas autem Daemonum hoc habet, quod unus alium non intendit
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3181 ordinare ad Deum, sed magis ab ordine divino abducere. Et ideo unus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3182 Daemon alium non illuminat; sed unus alii suum conceptum per modum
53
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diff changeset
3183 locutionis intimare potest.</p><p title="I q. 109 a. 3 ad 1"><a name="33013"><span class="ref">[33013] Iª q. 109 a. 3 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3184 dicendum quod non quaelibet veritatis manifestatio habet rationem
53
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diff changeset
3185 illuminationis, sed solum quae dicta est.</p><p title="I q. 109 a. 3 ad 2"><a name="33014"><span class="ref">[33014] Iª q. 109 a. 3 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3186 dicendum quod secundum ea quae ad naturalem cognitionem pertinent,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3187 non est necessaria manifestatio veritatis neque in Angelis neque in
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3188 Daemonibus, quia, sicut supra dictum est, statim a principio suae
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3189 conditionis omnia cognoverunt quae ad naturalem cognitionem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3190 pertinent. Et ideo maior plenitudo naturalis luminis quae est in
53
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diff changeset
3191 superioribus Daemonibus, non potest esse ratio illuminationis.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 4</h3><p title="I q. 109 a. 4 arg. 1"><a name="33015"><span class="ref">[33015] Iª q. 109 a. 4 arg. 1</span></a> Ad quartum sic
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3192 proceditur. Videtur quod boni Angeli non habeant praelationem super
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3193 malos. Praelatio enim Angelorum praecipue attenditur secundum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3194 illuminationes. Sed mali Angeli, cum sint tenebrae, non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3195 illuminantur a bonis. Ergo boni Angeli non habent praelationem
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
3196 super malos.</p><p title="I q. 109 a. 4 arg. 2"><a name="33016"><span class="ref">[33016] Iª q. 109 a. 4 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea, ad
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3197 negligentiam praesidentis pertinere videntur ea quae per subditos
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3198 male fiunt. Sed Daemones multa mala faciunt. Si igitur subsunt
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3199 praelationi bonorum Angelorum, videtur in Angelis bonis esse aliqua
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
3200 negligentia. Quod est inconveniens.</p><p title="I q. 109 a. 4 arg. 3"><a name="33017"><span class="ref">[33017] Iª q. 109 a. 4 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3201 praelatio Angelorum sequitur naturae ordinem, ut supra dictum est.
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3202 Sed si Daemones de singulis ordinibus ceciderunt, ut communiter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3203 dicitur, multi Daemones multis bonis Angelis sunt superiores ordine
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3204 naturae. Non ergo boni Angeli praelationem habent super omnes
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
3205 malos.</p><p title="I q. 109 a. 4 s. c."><a name="33018"><span class="ref">[33018] Iª q. 109 a. 4 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3206 quod Augustinus dicit, III de Trin., quod <i>spiritus vitae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3207 desertor atque peccator regitur per spiritum vitae rationalem, pium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3208 et iustum</i>. Et Gregorius dicit quod <i>potestates dicuntur
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
3209 Angeli quorum ditioni virtutes adversae subiectae sunt</i>.</p><p title="I q. 109 a. 4 co."><a name="33019"><span class="ref">[33019] Iª q. 109 a. 4 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3210 quod totus ordo praelationis primo et originaliter est in Deo, et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3211 participatur a creaturis secundum quod Deo magis appropinquant,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3212 illae enim creaturae super alias influentiam habent, quae sunt
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3213 perfectiores et Deo propinquiores. Maxima autem perfectio, et per
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3214 quam maxime Deo appropinquatur, est creaturarum fruentium Deo,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3215 sicut sunt sancti Angeli, qua perfectione Daemones privantur. Et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3216 ideo boni Angeli super malos praelationem habent, et per eos
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
3217 reguntur.</p><p title="I q. 109 a. 4 ad 1"><a name="33020"><span class="ref">[33020] Iª q. 109 a. 4 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3218 dicendum quod per sanctos Angelos multa de divinis mysteriis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3219 Daemonibus revelantur, cum divina iustitia exigit ut per Daemones
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3220 aliqua fiant vel ad punitionem malorum, vel ad exercitationem
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3221 bonorum, sicut in rebus humanis assessores iudicis revelant
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3222 tortoribus eius sententiam. Huiusmodi autem revelationes, si ad
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3223 Angelos revelantes comparentur, illuminationes sunt, quia ordinant
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3224 eas ad Deum. Ex parte vero Daemonum, non sunt illuminationes, quia
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3225 eas in Deum non ordinant, sed ad expletionem propriae
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
3226 iniquitatis.</p><p title="I q. 109 a. 4 ad 2"><a name="33021"><span class="ref">[33021] Iª q. 109 a. 4 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3227 dicendum quod sancti Angeli sunt ministri divinae sapientiae. Unde
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3228 sicut divina sapientia permittit aliqua mala fieri per malos
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3229 Angelos vel homines, propter bona quae ex eis elicit; ita et boni
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
3230 Angeli non totaliter cohibent malos a nocendo.</p><p title="I q. 109 a. 4 ad 3"><a name="33022"><span class="ref">[33022] Iª q. 109 a. 4 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3231 dicendum quod Angelus qui est inferior ordine naturae, praeest
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3232 Daemonibus, quamvis superioribus ordine naturae; quia virtus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3233 divinae iustitiae, cui inhaerent boni Angeli, potior est quam
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3234 virtus naturalis Angelorum. Unde et apud homines, spiritualis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3235 iudicat omnia, ut dicitur I ad Cor. II. Et philosophus dicit, in
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3236 libro Ethic., quod <i>virtuosus est regula et mensura omnium
53
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diff changeset
3237 humanorum actuum</i>.</p></div></div><div class="q" id="q110"><h2>Quaestio 110</h2><div class="p"><h3>Prooemium</h3><p title="I q. 110 pr."><a name="33023"><span class="ref">[33023]
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
3238 Iª q. 110 pr.</span></a> Deinde considerandum est de
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3239 praesidentia Angelorum super creaturam corporalem. Et circa hoc
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3240 quaeruntur quatuor. Primo, utrum creatura corporalis administretur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3241 per Angelos. Secundo, utrum creatura corporalis obediat Angelis ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3242 nutum. Tertio, utrum Angeli sua virtute possint immediate movere
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3243 corpora localiter. Quarto, utrum Angeli boni vel mali possint
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
3244 facere miracula.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 1</h3><p title="I q. 110 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="33024"><span class="ref">[33024] Iª q. 110 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad primum sic
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3245 proceditur. Videtur quod creatura corporalis non administretur per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3246 Angelos. Res enim quae habent determinatum modum operandi, non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3247 indigent gubernari ab aliquo praesidente, ideo enim indigemus
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3248 gubernari, ne aliter operemur quam oporteat. Sed res corporales
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3249 habent determinatas actiones ex naturis sibi divinitus datis. Non
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3250 ergo indigent gubernatione Angelorum.</p><p title="I q. 110 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="33025"><span class="ref">[33025] Iª q. 110 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3251 inferiora in entibus gubernantur per superiora. Sed in corporibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3252 quaedam dicuntur inferiora, quaedam superiora. Inferiora igitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3253 gubernantur per superiora. Non ergo est necessarium quod
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3254 gubernentur per Angelos.</p><p title="I q. 110 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="33026"><span class="ref">[33026] Iª q. 110 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3255 diversi ordines Angelorum distinguuntur secundum diversa officia.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3256 Sed si creaturae corporales administrantur per Angelos, tot erunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3257 officia Angelorum, quot sunt species rerum. Ergo etiam tot erunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3258 ordines Angelorum, quot sunt species rerum. Quod est contra supra
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
3259 dicta. Non ergo corporalis creatura administratur per Angelos.</p><p title="I q. 110 a. 1 s. c."><a name="33027"><span class="ref">[33027] Iª q. 110 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3260 quod Augustinus dicit, III de Trin., quod <i>omnia corpora reguntur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3261 per spiritum vitae rationalem</i>. Et Gregorius dicit, in IV Dial.,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3262 quod <i>in hoc mundo visibili nihil nisi per creaturam invisibilem
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
3263 disponi potest</i>.</p><p title="I q. 110 a. 1 co."><a name="33028"><span class="ref">[33028] Iª q. 110 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3264 quod tam in rebus humanis quam in rebus naturalibus, hoc communiter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3265 invenitur, quod potestas particularis gubernatur et regitur a
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3266 potestate universali; sicut potestas ballivi gubernatur per
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3267 potestatem regis. Et in Angelis etiam est dictum quod superiores
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3268 Angeli, qui praesunt inferioribus, habent scientiam magis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3269 universalem. Manifestum est autem quod virtus cuiuslibet corporis
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3270 est magis particularis quam virtus spiritualis substantiae, nam
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3271 omnis forma corporalis est forma individuata per materiam, et
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3272 determinata ad hic et nunc; formae autem immateriales sunt
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3273 absolutae et intelligibiles. Et ideo sicut inferiores Angeli, qui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3274 habent formas minus universales, reguntur per superiores; ita omnia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3275 corporalia reguntur per Angelos et hoc non solum a sanctis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3276 doctoribus ponitur, sed etiam ab omnibus philosophis qui
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3277 incorporeas substantias posuerunt.</p><p title="I q. 110 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="33029"><span class="ref">[33029] Iª q. 110 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3278 dicendum quod res corporales habent determinatas actiones, sed has
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3279 actiones non exercent nisi secundum quod moventur, quia proprium
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3280 corporis est quod non agat nisi motum. Et ideo oportet quod
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
3281 creatura corporalis a spirituali moveatur.</p><p title="I q. 110 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="33030"><span class="ref">[33030] Iª q. 110 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3282 dicendum quod ratio ista procedit secundum opinionem Aristotelis,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3283 qui posuit quod corpora caelestia moventur a substantiis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3284 spiritualibus; quarum numerum conatus fuit assignare secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3285 numerum motuum qui apparent in corporibus caelestibus. Sed non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3286 posuit quod essent aliquae substantiae spirituales quae haberent
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3287 immediatam praesidentiam supra inferiora corpora, nisi forte animas
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3288 humanas. Et hoc ideo, quia non consideravit aliquas operationes in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3289 inferioribus corporibus exerceri nisi naturales, ad quas
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3290 sufficiebat motus corporum caelestium. Sed quia nos ponimus multa
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3291 in corporibus inferioribus fieri praeter naturales actiones
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3292 corporum, ad quae non sufficiunt virtutes caelestium corporum; ideo
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3293 secundum nos, necesse est ponere quod Angeli habeant immediatam
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3294 praesidentiam non solum supra caelestia corpora, sed etiam supra
53
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ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3295 corpora inferiora.</p><p title="I q. 110 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="33031"><span class="ref">[33031] Iª q. 110 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3296 dicendum quod de substantiis immaterialibus diversimode philosophi
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3297 sunt locuti. Plato enim posuit substantias immateriales esse
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3298 rationes et species sensibilium corporum, et quasdam aliis
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3299 universaliores, et ideo posuit substantias immateriales habere
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3300 praesidentiam immediatam circa omnia sensibilia corpora, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3301 diversas circa diversa. Aristoteles autem posuit quod substantiae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3302 immateriales non sunt species corporum sensibilium, sed aliquid
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3303 altius et universalius, et ideo non attribuit eis immediatam
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3304 praesidentiam supra singula corpora, sed solum supra universalia
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3305 agentia, quae sunt corpora caelestia. Avicenna vero mediam viam
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3306 secutus est. Posuit enim cum Platone, aliquam substantiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3307 spiritualem praesidentem immediate sphaerae activorum et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3308 passivorum; eo quod, sicut Plato ponebat quod formae horum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3309 sensibilium derivantur a substantiis immaterialibus, ita etiam
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3310 Avicenna hoc posuit. Sed in hoc a Platone differt, quod posuit unam
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3311 tantum substantiam immaterialem praesidentem omnibus corporibus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3312 inferioribus, quam vocavit intelligentiam agentem. Doctores autem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3313 sancti posuerunt, sicut et Platonici, diversis rebus corporeis
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3314 diversas substantias spirituales esse praepositas. Dicit enim
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3315 Augustinus, in libro octoginta trium quaest., <i>unaquaeque res
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3316 visibilis in hoc mundo habet angelicam potestatem sibi
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3317 praepositam</i>. Et Damascenus dicit, <i>Diabolus erat ex iis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3318 angelicis virtutibus quae praeerant terrestri ordini</i>. Et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3319 Origenes dicit, super illud Num. XXII, <i>cum vidisset asina
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3320 Angelum, quod opus est mundo Angelis, qui praesunt super bestias,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3321 et praesunt animalium nativitati, et virgultorum et plantationum et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3322 ceterarum rerum incrementis</i>. Sed hoc non est ponendum propter
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3323 hoc, quod secundum suam naturam unus Angelus magis se habeat ad
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3324 praesidendum animalibus quam plantis, quia quilibet Angelus, etiam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3325 minimus, habet altiorem virtutem et universaliorem quam aliquod
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3326 genus corporalium. Sed est ex ordine divinae sapientiae, quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3327 diversis rebus diversos rectores praeposuit. Nec tamen propter hoc
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3328 sequitur quod sint plures ordines Angelorum quam novem, quia, sicut
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3329 supra dictum est, ordines distinguuntur secundum generalia officia.
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3330 Unde sicut, secundum Gregorium, ad ordinem potestatum pertinent
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3331 omnes Angeli qui habent proprie praesidentiam super Daemones; ita
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3332 ad ordinem virtutum pertinere videntur omnes Angeli qui habent
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3333 praesidentiam super res pure corporeas; horum enim ministerio
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3334 interdum etiam miracula fiunt.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 2</h3><p title="I q. 110 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="33032"><span class="ref">[33032] Iª q. 110 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad secundum sic
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3335 proceditur. Videtur quod materia corporalis obediat Angelis ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3336 nutum. Maior est enim virtus Angeli quam virtus animae. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3337 conceptioni animae obedit materia corporalis, immutatur enim corpus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3338 hominis ex conceptione animae, ad calorem et frigus, et quandoque
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3339 usque ad sanitatem et aegritudinem. Ergo multo magis secundum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
3340 conceptionem Angeli, materia corporalis transmutatur.</p><p title="I q. 110 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="33033"><span class="ref">[33033] Iª q. 110 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3341 quidquid potest virtus inferior, potest virtus superior. Sed virtus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3342 Angeli est superior quam virtus corporalis. Corpus autem sua
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3343 virtute potest transmutare materiam corporalem ad formam aliquam;
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3344 sicut cum ignis generat ignem. Ergo multo fortius virtute sua
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3345 Angeli possunt materiam corporalem transmutare ad aliquam
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3346 formam.</p><p title="I q. 110 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="33034"><span class="ref">[33034] Iª q. 110 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea, tota
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3347 natura corporalis administratur per Angelos, ut dictum est, et sic
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3348 videtur quod corpora se habet ad Angelos sicut instrumenta; nam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3349 ratio instrumenti est quod sit movens motum. Sed in effectibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3350 aliquid invenitur ex virtute principalium agentium, quod non potest
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3351 esse per virtutem instrumenti; et hoc est id quod est principalius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3352 in effectu. Sicut digestio nutrimenti est per virtutem caloris
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3353 naturalis, qui est instrumentum animae nutritivae; sed quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3354 generetur caro viva, est ex virtute animae. Similiter quod secetur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3355 lignum, pertinet ad serram; sed quod perveniatur ad formam lecti,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3356 est ex ratione artis. Ergo forma substantialis, quae est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3357 principalius in effectibus corporalibus, est ex virtute Angelorum.
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3358 Materia ergo obedit, ad sui informationem, Angelis.</p><p title="I q. 110 a. 2 s. c."><a name="33035"><span class="ref">[33035] Iª q. 110 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3359 quod Augustinus dicit, III de Trin., <i>non est putandum istis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3360 transgressoribus Angelis ad nutum servire hanc visibilium rerum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3361 materiam, sed soli Deo</i>.</p><p title="I q. 110 a. 2 co."><a name="33036"><span class="ref">[33036] Iª q. 110 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3362 quod Platonici posuerunt formas quae sunt in materia, causari ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3363 immaterialibus formis, quia formas materiales ponebant esse
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3364 participationes quasdam immaterialium formarum. Et hos, quantum ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3365 aliquid, secutus est Avicenna, qui posuit omnes formas quae sunt in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3366 materia, procedere a conceptione intelligentiae, et quod agentia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3367 corporalia sunt solum disponentia ad formas. Qui in hoc videntur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3368 fuisse decepti, quia existimaverunt formam quasi aliquid per se
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3369 factum, ut sic ab aliquo formali principio procederet. Sed sicut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3370 philosophus probat in VII Metaphys., hoc quod proprie fit, est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3371 compositum, hoc enim proprie est quasi subsistens. Forma autem non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3372 dicitur ens quasi ipsa sit, sed sicut quo aliquid est, et sic per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3373 consequens nec forma proprie fit; eius enim est fieri, cuius est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3374 esse, cum fieri nihil aliud sit quam via in esse. Manifestum est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3375 autem quod factum est simile facienti, quia omne agens agit sibi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3376 simile. Et ideo id quod facit res naturales, habet similitudinem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3377 cum composito, vel quia est compositum, sicut ignis generat ignem;
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3378 vel quia totum compositum, et quantum ad materiam et quantum ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3379 formam, est in virtute ipsius; quod est proprium Dei. Sic igitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3380 omnis informatio materiae vel est a Deo immediate, vel ab aliquo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3381 agente corporali; non autem immediate ab Angelo.</p><p title="I q. 110 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="33037"><span class="ref">[33037] Iª q. 110 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3382 dicendum quod anima nostra unitur corpori ut forma; et sic non est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3383 mirum, si formaliter transmutatur ex conceptione ipsius; praesertim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3384 cum motus sensitivi appetitus, qui fit cum quadam transmutatione
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3385 corporali, subdatur imperio rationis. Angelus autem non sic se
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3386 habet ad corpora naturalia. Unde ratio non sequitur.</p><p title="I q. 110 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="33038"><span class="ref">[33038] Iª q. 110 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3387 dicendum quod id quod potest virtus inferior, potest superior non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3388 eodem, sed excellentiori modo, sicut intellectus cognoscit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3389 sensibilia excellentiori modo quam sensus. Et sic Angelus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3390 excellentiori modo transmutat materiam corporalem quam agentia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3391 corporalia, scilicet movendo ipsa agentia corporalia, tanquam causa
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3392 superior.</p><p title="I q. 110 a. 2 ad 3"><a name="33039"><span class="ref">[33039] Iª q. 110 a. 2 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3393 dicendum quod nihil prohibet ex virtute Angelorum aliquos effectus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3394 sequi in rebus naturalibus, ad quae agentia corporalia non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3395 sufficerent. Sed hoc non est obedire materiam Angelis ad nutum;
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3396 sicut nec coquis obedit materia ad nutum, quia aliquem modum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3397 decoctionis operantur per ignem secundum aliquam artis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3398 moderationem, quam ignis per se non faceret, cum reducere materiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3399 in actum formae substantialis, non excedat virtutem corporalis
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3400 agentis, quia simile natum est sibi simile facere.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 3</h3><p title="I q. 110 a. 3 arg. 1"><a name="33040"><span class="ref">[33040] Iª q. 110 a. 3 arg. 1</span></a> Ad tertium sic
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3401 proceditur. Videtur quod corpora non obediant Angelis ad motum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3402 localem. Motus enim localis corporum naturalium sequitur formas
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3403 eorum. Sed Angeli non causant formas corporum naturalium, ut dictum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3404 est. Ergo neque possunt causare in eis motum localem.</p><p title="I q. 110 a. 3 arg. 2"><a name="33041"><span class="ref">[33041] Iª q. 110 a. 3 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea, in
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3405 VIII Physic. probatur quod motus localis est primus motuum. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3406 Angeli non possunt causare alios motus, transmutando materiam
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3407 formaliter. Ergo neque etiam possunt causare motum localem.</p><p title="I q. 110 a. 3 arg. 3"><a name="33042"><span class="ref">[33042] Iª q. 110 a. 3 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3408 membra corporalia obediunt conceptioni animae ad motum localem,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3409 inquantum habent in seipsis aliquod principium vitae. In corporibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3410 autem naturalibus non est aliquod principium vitae. Ergo non
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3411 obediunt Angelis ad motum localem.</p><p title="I q. 110 a. 3 s. c."><a name="33043"><span class="ref">[33043] Iª q. 110 a. 3 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3412 quod Augustinus dicit, III de Trin., quod Angeli adhibent semina
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3413 corporalia ad aliquos effectus producendos. Sed hoc non possunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3414 facere nisi localiter movendo. Ergo corpora obediunt eis ad motum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3415 localem.</p><p title="I q. 110 a. 3 co."><a name="33044"><span class="ref">[33044] Iª q. 110 a. 3 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3416 quod, sicut Dionysius dicit VII cap. de Div. Nom., <i>divina
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3417 sapientia coniungit fines primorum principiis secundorum</i>, ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3418 quo patet quod natura inferior in sui supremo attingitur a natura
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3419 superiori. Natura autem corporalis est infra naturam spiritualem.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3420 Inter omnes autem motus corporeos perfectior est motus localis, ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3421 probatur in VIII Physic., cuius ratio est, quia mobile secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3422 locum non est in potentia ad aliquid intrinsecum, inquantum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3423 huiusmodi, sed solum ad aliquid extrinsecum, scilicet ad locum. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3424 ideo natura corporalis nata est moveri immediate a natura
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3425 spirituali secundum locum. Unde et philosophi posuerunt suprema
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3426 corpora moveri localiter a spiritualibus substantiis. Unde videmus
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3427 quod anima movet corpus primo et principaliter locali motu.</p><p title="I q. 110 a. 3 ad 1"><a name="33045"><span class="ref">[33045] Iª q. 110 a. 3 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3428 dicendum quod in corporibus sunt alii motus locales praeter eos qui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3429 consequuntur formas, sicut fluxus et refluxus maris non consequitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3430 formam substantialem aquae, sed virtutem lunae. Et multo magis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3431 aliqui motus locales consequi possunt virtutem spiritualium
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3432 substantiarum.</p><p title="I q. 110 a. 3 ad 2"><a name="33046"><span class="ref">[33046] Iª q. 110 a. 3 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3433 dicendum quod Angeli, causando motum localem tanquam priorem, per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3434 eum causare possunt alios motus, adhibendo scilicet agentia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3435 corporalia ad huiusmodi effectus producendos; sicut faber adhibet
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3436 ignem ad emollitionem ferri.</p><p title="I q. 110 a. 3 ad 3"><a name="33047"><span class="ref">[33047] Iª q. 110 a. 3 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3437 dicendum quod Angeli habent virtutem minus contractam quam animae.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3438 Unde virtus motiva animae contrahitur ad corpus unitum, quod per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3439 eam vivificatur, quo mediante alia potest movere. Sed virtus Angeli
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3440 non est contracta ad aliquod corpus. Unde potest corpora non
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3441 coniuncta localiter movere.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 4</h3><p title="I q. 110 a. 4 arg. 1"><a name="33048"><span class="ref">[33048] Iª q. 110 a. 4 arg. 1</span></a> Ad quartum sic
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3442 proceditur. Videtur quod Angeli possunt facere miracula. Dicit enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3443 Gregorius, <i>virtutes vocantur illi spiritus, per quos signa et
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3444 miracula frequentius fiunt</i>.</p><p title="I q. 110 a. 4 arg. 2"><a name="33049"><span class="ref">[33049] Iª q. 110 a. 4 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3445 Augustinus dicit, in libro octoginta trium quaestionum, <i>quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3446 magi faciunt miracula per privatos contractus, boni Christiani per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3447 publicam iustitiam, mali Christiani per signa publicae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3448 iustitiae</i>. Sed magi faciunt miracula per hoc quod exaudiuntur a
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3449 Daemonibus, ut ipse alibi in eodem libro dicit. Ergo Daemones
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3450 miracula possunt facere. Ergo multo magis Angeli boni.</p><p title="I q. 110 a. 4 arg. 3"><a name="33050"><span class="ref">[33050] Iª q. 110 a. 4 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3451 Augustinus in eodem libro dicit quod <i>omnia quae visibiliter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3452 fiunt, etiam per inferiores potestates aeris huius non absurde
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3453 fieri posse creduntur</i>. Sed quando effectus aliquis naturalium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3454 causarum producitur absque ordine naturalis causae, hoc dicimus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3455 esse miraculum; puta cum aliquis sanatur a febre, non per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3456 operationem naturae. Ergo Angeli et Daemones possunt facere
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3457 miracula.</p><p title="I q. 110 a. 4 arg. 4"><a name="33051"><span class="ref">[33051] Iª q. 110 a. 4 arg. 4</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3458 virtus superior non subditur ordini inferioris causae. Sed natura
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3459 corporalis est inferior Angelo. Ergo Angelus potest operari praeter
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3460 ordinem corporalium agentium. Quod est miracula facere.</p><p title="I q. 110 a. 4 s. c."><a name="33052"><span class="ref">[33052] Iª q. 110 a. 4 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3461 quod de Deo dicitur in Psalmo, <i>qui facit mirabilia magna
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3462 solus</i>.</p><p title="I q. 110 a. 4 co."><a name="33053"><span class="ref">[33053] Iª q. 110 a. 4 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3463 quod miraculum proprie dicitur, cum aliquid fit praeter ordinem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3464 naturae. Sed non sufficit ad rationem miraculi si aliquid fiat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3465 praeter ordinem naturae alicuius particularis, quia sic, cum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3466 aliquis proiicit lapidem sursum, miraculum faceret, cum hoc sit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3467 praeter ordinem naturae lapidis. Ex hoc ergo aliquid dicitur esse
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3468 miraculum, quod fit praeter ordinem totius naturae creatae. Hoc
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3469 autem non potest facere nisi Deus, quia quidquid facit Angelus, vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3470 quaecumque alia creatura, propria virtute, hoc fit secundum ordinem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3471 naturae creatae; et sic non est miraculum. Unde relinquitur quod
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3472 solus Deus miracula facere possit.</p><p title="I q. 110 a. 4 ad 1"><a name="33054"><span class="ref">[33054] Iª q. 110 a. 4 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3473 dicendum quod Angeli aliqui dicuntur miracula facere, vel quia ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3474 eorum desiderium Deus miracula facit, sicut et sancti homines
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3475 dicuntur miracula facere. Vel quia aliquod ministerium exhibent in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3476 miraculis quae fiunt; sicut colligendo pulveres in resurrectione
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3477 communi, vel huiusmodi aliquid agendo.</p><p title="I q. 110 a. 4 ad 2"><a name="33055"><span class="ref">[33055] Iª q. 110 a. 4 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3478 dicendum quod miracula simpliciter loquendo, dicuntur, ut dictum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3479 est, cum aliqua fiunt praeter ordinem totius naturae creatae. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3480 quia non omnis virtus naturae creatae est nota nobis, ideo cum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3481 aliquid fit praeter ordinem naturae creatae nobis notae, per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3482 virtutem creatam nobis ignotam, est miraculum quoad nos. Sic igitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3483 cum Daemones aliquid faciunt sua virtute naturali, miracula
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3484 dicuntur non simpliciter, sed quoad nos. Et hoc modo magi per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3485 Daemones miracula faciunt. Et dicuntur fieri per privatos
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3486 contractus, quia quaelibet virtus creaturae in universo se habet ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3487 virtus alicuius privatae personae in civitate; unde cum magus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3488 aliquid facit per pactum initum cum Daemone, hoc fit quasi per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3489 quendam privatum contractum. Sed iustitia divina est in toto
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3490 universo sicut lex publica in civitate. Et ideo boni Christiani,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3491 inquantum per iustitiam divinam miracula faciunt, dicuntur facere
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3492 miracula per publicam iustitiam. Mali autem Christiani per signa
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3493 publicae iustitiae, sicut invocando nomen Christi, vel exhibendo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3494 aliqua sacramenta.</p><p title="I q. 110 a. 4 ad 3"><a name="33056"><span class="ref">[33056] Iª q. 110 a. 4 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3495 dicendum quod spirituales potestates possunt facere ea quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3496 visibiliter fiunt in hoc mundo, adhibendo corporalia semina per
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3497 motum localem.</p><p title="I q. 110 a. 4 ad 4"><a name="33057"><span class="ref">[33057] Iª q. 110 a. 4 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3498 dicendum quod, licet Angeli possint aliquid facere praeter ordinem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3499 naturae corporalis, non tamen possunt aliquid facere praeter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3500 ordinem totius creaturae, quod exigitur ad rationem miraculi, ut
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3501 dictum est.</p></div></div><div class="q" id="q111"><h2>Quaestio 111</h2><div class="p"><h3>Prooemium</h3><p title="I q. 111 pr."><a name="33058"><span class="ref">[33058]
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3502 Iª q. 111 pr.</span></a> Deinde considerandum est de actione
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3503 Angelorum in homines. Et primo, quantum possint eos immutare sua
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3504 virtute naturali; secundo, quomodo mittantur a Deo ad ministerium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3505 hominum; tertio, quomodo custodiant homines. Circa primum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3506 quaeruntur quatuor. Primo, utrum Angelus possit illuminare
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3507 intellectum hominis. Secundo, utrum possit immutare affectum eius.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3508 Tertio, utrum possit immutare imaginationem eius. Quarto, utrum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3509 possit immutare sensum eius.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 1</h3><p title="I q. 111 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="33059"><span class="ref">[33059] Iª q. 111 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad primum sic
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3510 proceditur. Videtur quod Angelus non possit illuminare hominem.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3511 Homo enim illuminatur per fidem, unde Dionysius, in Eccles. Hier.,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3512 illuminationem attribuit Baptismo, qui est fidei sacramentum. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3513 fides immediate est a Deo; secundum illud ad Ephes. II, <i>gratia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3514 estis salvati per fidem, et non ex vobis; Dei enim donum est</i>.
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3515 Ergo homo non illuminatur ab Angelo, sed immediate a Deo.</p><p title="I q. 111 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="33060"><span class="ref">[33060] Iª q. 111 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3516 super illud Rom. I, <i>Deus illis manifestavit</i>, dicit Glossa
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3517 quod <i>non solum ratio naturalis ad hoc profuit ut divina
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3518 hominibus manifestarentur, sed etiam Deus illis revelavit per opus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3519 suum</i>, scilicet per creaturam. Sed utrumque est a Deo immediate,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3520 scilicet ratio naturalis, et creatura. Ergo Deus immediate
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3521 illuminat hominem.</p><p title="I q. 111 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="33061"><span class="ref">[33061] Iª q. 111 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3522 quicumque illuminatur, cognoscit suam illuminationem. Sed homines
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3523 non percipiunt se ab Angelis illuminari. Ergo non illuminantur ab
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3524 eis.</p><p title="I q. 111 a. 1 s. c."><a name="33062"><span class="ref">[33062] Iª q. 111 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3525 quod Dionysius probat, in IV cap. Cael. Hier., quod revelationes
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3526 divinorum perveniunt ad homines mediantibus Angelis. Huiusmodi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3527 autem revelationes sunt illuminationes, ut supra dictum est. Ergo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3528 homines illuminantur per Angelos.</p><p title="I q. 111 a. 1 co."><a name="33063"><span class="ref">[33063] Iª q. 111 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3529 quod, cum divinae providentiae ordo habeat ut actionibus superiorum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3530 inferiora subdantur, ut supra dictum est; sicut inferiores Angeli
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3531 illuminantur per superiores, ita homines qui sunt Angelis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3532 inferiores, per eos illuminantur. Sed modus utriusque
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3533 illuminationis quodammodo est similis, et quodammodo diversus.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3534 Dictum est enim supra quod illuminatio, quae est manifestatio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3535 divinae veritatis, secundum duo attenditur, scilicet secundum quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3536 intellectus inferior confortatur per actionem intellectus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3537 superioris; et secundum quod proponuntur intellectui inferiori
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3538 species intelligibiles quae sunt in superiori, ut capi possint ab
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3539 inferiori. Et hoc quidem in Angelis fit, secundum quod superior
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3540 Angelus veritatem universalem conceptam dividit secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3541 capacitatem inferioris Angeli, ut supra dictum est. Sed intellectus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3542 humanus non potest ipsam intelligibilem veritatem nudam capere,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3543 quia connaturale est ei ut intelligat per conversionem ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3544 phantasmata, ut supra dictum est. Et ideo intelligibilem veritatem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3545 proponunt Angeli hominibus sub similitudinibus sensibilium;
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3546 secundum illud quod dicit Dionysius, I cap. Cael. Hier., quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3547 <i>impossibile est aliter nobis lucere divinum radium, nisi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3548 varietate sacrorum velaminum circumvelatum</i>. Ex alia vero parte,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3549 intellectus humanus, tanquam inferior, fortificatur per actionem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3550 intellectus angelici. Et secundum haec duo attenditur illuminatio
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3551 qua homo illuminatur ab Angelo.</p><p title="I q. 111 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="33064"><span class="ref">[33064] Iª q. 111 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3552 dicendum quod ad fidem duo concurrunt. Primo quidem habitus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3553 intellectus, quo disponitur ad obediendum voluntati tendenti in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3554 divinam veritatem, intellectus enim assentit veritati fidei, non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3555 quasi convictus ratione, sed quasi imperatus a voluntate; nullus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3556 enim credit nisi volens, ut Augustinus dicit. Et quantum ad hoc,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3557 fides est a solo Deo. Secundo requiritur ad fidem, quod credibilia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3558 proponantur credenti. Et hoc quidem fit per hominem, secundum quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3559 fides est ex auditu, ut dicitur Rom. X; sed per Angelos
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3560 principaliter, per quos hominibus revelantur divina. Unde Angeli
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3561 operantur aliquid ad illuminationem fidei. Et tamen homines
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3562 illuminantur ab Angelis non solum de credendis, sed etiam de
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3563 agendis.</p><p title="I q. 111 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="33065"><span class="ref">[33065] Iª q. 111 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3564 dicendum quod ratio naturalis, quae est immediate a Deo, potest per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3565 Angelum confortari, ut dictum est. Et similiter ex speciebus a
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3566 creaturis acceptis, tanto altior elicitur intelligibilis veritas,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3567 quanto intellectus humanus fuerit fortior. Et sic per Angelum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3568 adiuvatur homo, ut ex creaturis perfectius in divinam cognitionem
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3569 deveniat.</p><p title="I q. 111 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="33066"><span class="ref">[33066] Iª q. 111 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3570 dicendum quod operatio intellectualis, et illuminatio, dupliciter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3571 possunt considerari. Uno modo, ex parte rei intellectae, et sic
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3572 quicumque intelligit vel illuminatur, cognoscit se intelligere vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3573 illuminari; quia cognoscit rem sibi esse manifestam. Alio modo, ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3574 parte principii, et sic non quicumque intelligit aliquam veritatem,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3575 cognoscit quid sit intellectus, qui est principium intellectualis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3576 operationis. Et similiter non quicumque illuminatur ab Angelo,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3577 cognoscit se ab Angelo illuminari.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 2</h3><p title="I q. 111 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="33067"><span class="ref">[33067] Iª q. 111 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad secundum sic
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3578 proceditur. Videtur quod Angeli possint immutare voluntatem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3579 hominis. Quia super illud Heb. I, <i>qui facit Angelos suos
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3580 spiritus, et ministros suos flammam ignis</i>, dicit Glossa quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3581 <i>ignis sunt, dum spiritu fervent, et vitia nostra urunt</i>. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3582 hoc non esset, nisi voluntatem immutarent. Ergo Angeli possunt
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3583 immutare voluntatem.</p><p title="I q. 111 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="33068"><span class="ref">[33068] Iª q. 111 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea, Beda
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3584 dicit quod <i>Diabolus non est immissor malarum cogitationum, sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3585 incensor</i>. Damascenus autem ulterius dicit quod etiam est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3586 immissor, dicit enim in II libro, quod <i>omnis malitia et immundae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3587 passiones ex Daemonibus excogitatae sunt, et immittere homini sunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3588 concessi</i>. Et pari ratione, Angeli boni immittunt et incendunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3589 bonas cogitationes. Sed hoc non possent facere, nisi immutarent
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3590 voluntatem. Ergo immutant voluntatem.</p><p title="I q. 111 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="33069"><span class="ref">[33069] Iª q. 111 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3591 Angelus, sicut est dictum, illuminat intellectum hominis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3592 mediantibus phantasmatibus. Sed sicut phantasia, quae deservit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3593 intellectui, potest immutari ab Angelo; ita et appetitus sensitivus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3594 qui deservit voluntati, quia et ipse etiam est vis utens organo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3595 corporali. Ergo sicut illuminat intellectum, ita potest immutare
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3596 voluntatem.</p><p title="I q. 111 a. 2 s. c."><a name="33070"><span class="ref">[33070] Iª q. 111 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3597 quod immutare voluntatem est proprium Dei; secundum illud Prov.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3598 XXI, <i>cor regis in manu domini; quocumque voluerit, vertet
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3599 illud</i>.</p><p title="I q. 111 a. 2 co."><a name="33071"><span class="ref">[33071] Iª q. 111 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3600 quod voluntas potest immutari dupliciter. Uno modo, ab interiori.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3601 Et sic cum motus voluntatis non sit aliud quam inclinatio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3602 voluntatis in rem volitam, solius Dei est sic immutare voluntatem,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3603 qui dat naturae intellectuali virtutem talis inclinationis. Sicut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3604 enim inclinatio naturalis non est nisi a Deo qui dat naturam; ita
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3605 inclinatio voluntaria non est nisi a Deo, qui causat voluntatem.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3606 Alio modo movetur voluntas ab exteriori. Et hoc in Angelo est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3607 quidem uno modo tantum, scilicet a bono apprehenso per intellectum.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3608 Unde secundum quod aliquis est causa quod aliquid apprehendatur ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3609 bonum ad appetendum, secundum hoc movet voluntatem. Et sic etiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3610 solus Deus efficaciter potest movere voluntatem; Angelus autem et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3611 homo per modum suadentis, ut supra dictum est. Sed praeter hunc
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3612 modum, etiam aliter movetur in hominibus voluntas ab exteriori,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3613 scilicet ex passione existente circa appetitum sensitivum; sicut ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3614 concupiscentia vel ira inclinatur voluntas ad aliquid volendum. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3615 sic etiam Angeli, inquantum possunt concitare huiusmodi passiones,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3616 possunt voluntatem movere. Non tamen ex necessitate, quia voluntas
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3617 semper remanet libera ad consentiendum vel resistendum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3618 passioni.</p><p title="I q. 111 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="33072"><span class="ref">[33072] Iª q. 111 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3619 dicendum quod ministri Dei, vel homines vel Angeli, dicuntur urere
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3620 vitia, et inflammare ad virtutes, per modum persuasionis.</p><p title="I q. 111 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="33073"><span class="ref">[33073] Iª q. 111 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3621 dicendum quod Daemones non possunt immittere cogitationes, interius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3622 eas causando, cum usus cogitativae virtutis subiaceat voluntati.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3623 Dicitur tamen Diabolus incensor cogitationum, inquantum incitat ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3624 cogitandum, vel ad appetendum cogitata, per modum persuadentis, vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3625 passionem concitantis. Et hoc ipsum incendere Damascenus vocat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3626 immittere, quia talis operatio interius fit. Sed bonae cogitationes
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3627 attribuuntur altiori principio, scilicet Deo; licet Angelorum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3628 ministerio procurentur.</p><p title="I q. 111 a. 2 ad 3"><a name="33074"><span class="ref">[33074] Iª q. 111 a. 2 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3629 dicendum quod intellectus humanus, secundum praesentem statum, non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3630 potest intelligere nisi convertendo se ad phantasmata; sed voluntas
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3631 humana potest aliquid velle ex iudicio rationis, non sequendo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3632 passionem appetitus sensitivi. Unde non est simile.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 3</h3><p title="I q. 111 a. 3 arg. 1"><a name="33075"><span class="ref">[33075] Iª q. 111 a. 3 arg. 1</span></a> Ad tertium sic
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3633 proceditur. Videtur quod Angelus non possit immutare imaginationem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3634 hominis. Phantasia enim, ut dicitur in libro de anima, est motus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3635 factus a sensu secundum actum. Sed si fieret per immutationem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3636 Angeli, non fieret a sensu secundum actum. Ergo est contra rationem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3637 phantasiae, quae est actus imaginativae virtutis, ut sit per
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3638 immutationem Angeli.</p><p title="I q. 111 a. 3 arg. 2"><a name="33076"><span class="ref">[33076] Iª q. 111 a. 3 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3639 formae quae sunt in imaginatione, cum sint spirituales, sunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3640 nobiliores formis quae sunt in materia sensibili. Sed Angelus non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3641 potest imprimere formas in materia sensibili, ut dictum est. Ergo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3642 non potest imprimere formas in imaginatione. Et ita non potest eam
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
3643 immutare.</p><p title="I q. 111 a. 3 arg. 3"><a name="33077"><span class="ref">[33077] Iª q. 111 a. 3 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3644 secundum Augustinum, XII super Gen. ad Litt., <i>commixtione
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3645 alterius spiritus fieri potest ut ea quae ipse scit, per huiusmodi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3646 imagines ei cui miscetur ostendat, sive intelligenti, sive ut ab
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3647 alio intellecta pandantur</i>. Sed non videtur quod Angelus possit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3648 misceri imaginationi humanae; neque quod imaginatio possit capere
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3649 intelligibilia, quae Angelus cognoscit. Ergo videtur quod Angelus
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3650 non possit mutare imaginationem.</p><p title="I q. 111 a. 3 arg. 4"><a name="33078"><span class="ref">[33078] Iª q. 111 a. 3 arg. 4</span></a> Praeterea, in
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3651 visione imaginaria homo adhaeret similitudinibus rerum quasi ipsis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3652 rebus. Sed in hoc est quaedam deceptio. Cum ergo Angelus bonus non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3653 possit esse causa deceptionis, videtur quod non possit causare
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3654 imaginariam visionem, imaginationem immutando.</p><p title="I q. 111 a. 3 s. c."><a name="33079"><span class="ref">[33079] Iª q. 111 a. 3 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3655 quod ea quae apparent in somnis, videntur imaginaria visione. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3656 Angeli revelant aliqua in somnis; ut patet Matth. I et II, de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3657 Angelo qui Ioseph in somnis apparuit. Ergo Angelus potest
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3658 imaginationem movere.</p><p title="I q. 111 a. 3 co."><a name="33080"><span class="ref">[33080] Iª q. 111 a. 3 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3659 quod Angelus, tam bonus quam malus, virtute naturae suae potest
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3660 movere imaginationem hominis. Quod quidem sic considerari potest.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3661 Dictum est enim supra quod natura corporalis obedit Angelo ad motum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3662 localem. Illa ergo quae ex motu locali aliquorum corporum possunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3663 causari, subsunt virtuti naturali Angelorum. Manifestum est autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3664 quod apparitiones imaginariae causantur interdum in nobis ex locali
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3665 mutatione corporalium spirituum et humorum. Unde Aristoteles, in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3666 Lib. de Somn. et Vig., assignans causam apparitionis somniorum,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3667 dicit quod, cum animal dormit, descendente plurimo sanguine ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3668 principium sensitivum, simul descendunt motus, idest impressiones
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3669 relictae ex sensibilium motionibus, quae in spiritibus sensualibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3670 conservantur, et movent principium sensitivum, ita quod fit quaedam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3671 apparitio, ac si tunc principium sensitivum a rebus ipsis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3672 exterioribus mutaretur. Et tanta potest esse commotio spirituum et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3673 humorum, quod huiusmodi apparitiones etiam vigilantibus fiant;
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3674 sicut patet in phreneticis, et in aliis huiusmodi. Sicut igitur hoc
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3675 fit per naturalem commotionem humorum; et quandoque etiam per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3676 voluntatem hominis, qui voluntarie imaginatur quod prius senserat,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3677 ita etiam hoc potest fieri virtute Angeli boni vel mali, quandoque
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3678 quidem cum alienatione a corporeis sensibus, quandoque autem absque
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3679 tali alienatione.</p><p title="I q. 111 a. 3 ad 1"><a name="33081"><span class="ref">[33081] Iª q. 111 a. 3 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3680 dicendum quod primum principium phantasiae est a sensu secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3681 actum, non enim possumus imaginari quae nullo modo sensimus, vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3682 secundum totum vel secundum partem; sicut caecus natus non potest
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3683 imaginari colorem. Sed aliquando imaginatio informatur, ut actus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3684 phantastici motus consurgat, ab impressionibus interius
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3685 conservatis, ut dictum est.</p><p title="I q. 111 a. 3 ad 2"><a name="33082"><span class="ref">[33082] Iª q. 111 a. 3 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3686 dicendum quod Angelus transmutat imaginationem, non quidem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3687 imprimendo aliquam formam imaginariam nullo modo per sensum prius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3688 acceptam (non enim posset facere quod caecus imaginaretur colores),
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3689 sed hoc facit per motum localem spirituum et humorum, ut dictum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3690 est.</p><p title="I q. 111 a. 3 ad 3"><a name="33083"><span class="ref">[33083] Iª q. 111 a. 3 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3691 dicendum quod commixtio illa spiritus angelici ad imaginationem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3692 humanam, non est per essentiam, sed per effectum quem praedicto
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3693 modo in imaginatione facit; cui demonstrat quae ipse novit, non
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3694 tamen eo modo quo ipse novit.</p><p title="I q. 111 a. 3 ad 4"><a name="33084"><span class="ref">[33084] Iª q. 111 a. 3 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3695 dicendum quod Angelus causans aliquam imaginariam visionem,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3696 quandoque quidem simul intellectum illuminat, ut cognoscat quid per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3697 huiusmodi similitudines significetur, et tunc nulla est deceptio.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3698 Quandoque vero per operationem Angeli solummodo similitudines rerum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3699 apparent in imaginatione, nec tamen tunc causatur deceptio ab
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3700 Angelo, sed ex defectu intellectus eius cui talia apparent. Sicut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3701 nec Christus fuit causa deceptionis in hoc quod multa turbis in
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3702 parabolis proposuit, quae non exposuit eis.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 4</h3><p title="I q. 111 a. 4 arg. 1"><a name="33085"><span class="ref">[33085] Iª q. 111 a. 4 arg. 1</span></a> Ad quartum sic
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3703 proceditur. Videtur quod Angelus non possit immutare sensum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3704 humanum. Operatio enim sensitiva est operatio vitae. Huiusmodi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3705 autem operatio non est a principio extrinseco. Non ergo operatio
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3706 sensitiva potest causari ab Angelo.</p><p title="I q. 111 a. 4 arg. 2"><a name="33086"><span class="ref">[33086] Iª q. 111 a. 4 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3707 virtus sensitiva est nobilior quam nutritiva. Sed Angelus, ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3708 videtur, non potest mutare virtutem nutritivam; sicut nec alias
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3709 formas naturales. Ergo neque virtutem sensitivam immutare
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3710 potest.</p><p title="I q. 111 a. 4 arg. 3"><a name="33087"><span class="ref">[33087] Iª q. 111 a. 4 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3711 sensus naturaliter movetur a sensibili. Sed Angelus non potest
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3712 immutare naturae ordinem, ut supra dictum est. Ergo Angelus non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3713 potest immutare sensum, sed semper sensus a sensibili
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3714 immutatur.</p><p title="I q. 111 a. 4 s. c."><a name="33088"><span class="ref">[33088] Iª q. 111 a. 4 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3715 quod Angeli qui subverterunt Sodomam, <i>percusserunt Sodomitas
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3716 caecitate (vel aorasia), ut ostium domus invenire non possent</i>,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3717 ut dicitur Gen. XIX. Et simile legitur IV Reg. VI, de Syris quos
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3718 Elisaeus duxit in Samariam.</p><p title="I q. 111 a. 4 co."><a name="33089"><span class="ref">[33089] Iª q. 111 a. 4 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3719 quod sensus immutatur dupliciter. Uno modo, ab exteriori; sicut cum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3720 mutatur a sensibili. Alio modo, ab interiori, videmus enim quod,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3721 perturbatis spiritibus et humoribus immutatur sensus; lingua enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3722 infirmi, quia plena est cholerico humore, omnia sentit ut amara; et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3723 simile contingit in aliis sensibus. Utroque autem modo Angelus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3724 potest immutare sensum hominis sua naturali virtute. Potest enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3725 Angelus opponere exterius sensui sensibile aliquod, vel a natura
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3726 formatum, vel aliquod de novo formando; sicut facit dum corpus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3727 assumit, ut supra dictum est. Similiter etiam potest interius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3728 commovere spiritus et humores, ut supra dictum est, ex quibus
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3729 sensus diversimode immutentur.</p><p title="I q. 111 a. 4 ad 1"><a name="33090"><span class="ref">[33090] Iª q. 111 a. 4 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3730 dicendum quod principium sensitivae operationis non potest esse
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3731 absque principio interiori, quod est potentia sensitiva, sed illud
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3732 interius principium potest multipliciter ab exteriori principio
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3733 commoveri, ut dictum est.</p><p title="I q. 111 a. 4 ad 2"><a name="33091"><span class="ref">[33091] Iª q. 111 a. 4 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3734 dicendum quod etiam per commotionem interiorem spirituum et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3735 humorum, potest Angelus aliquid operari ad immutandum actum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3736 potentiae nutritivae. Et similiter potentiae appetitivae, et
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3737 sensitivae, et cuiuscumque potentiae corporali organo utentis.</p><p title="I q. 111 a. 4 ad 3"><a name="33092"><span class="ref">[33092] Iª q. 111 a. 4 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3738 dicendum quod praeter ordinem totius creaturae Angelus facere non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3739 potest, sed praeter ordinem alicuius particularis naturae facere
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3740 potest, cum tali ordini non subdatur. Et sic quodam singulari modo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3741 potest sensum immutare, praeter modum communem.</p></div></div><div class="q" id="q112"><h2>Quaestio 112</h2><div class="p"><h3>Prooemium</h3><p title="I q. 112 pr."><a name="33093"><span class="ref">[33093]
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3742 Iª q. 112 pr.</span></a> Deinde considerandum est de missione
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3743 Angelorum. Et circa hoc quaeruntur quatuor. Primo, utrum aliqui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3744 Angeli mittantur in ministerium. Secundo, utrum omnes mittantur.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3745 Tertio, utrum illi qui mittuntur, assistant. Quarto, de quibus
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3746 ordinibus mittantur.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 1</h3><p title="I q. 112 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="33094"><span class="ref">[33094] Iª q. 112 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad primum sic
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3747 proceditur. Videtur quod Angeli in ministerium non mittantur. Omnis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3748 enim missio est ad aliquem determinatum locum. Sed actiones
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3749 intellectuales non determinant aliquem locum, quia intellectus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3750 abstrahit ab hic et nunc. Cum igitur actiones angelicae sint
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3751 intellectuales, videtur quod Angeli ad suas actiones agendas non
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3752 mittantur.</p><p title="I q. 112 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="33095"><span class="ref">[33095] Iª q. 112 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3753 caelum Empyreum est locus pertinens ad dignitatem Angelorum. Si
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3754 igitur ad nos mittantur in ministerium, videtur quod eorum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3755 dignitati aliquid depereat. Quod est inconveniens.</p><p title="I q. 112 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="33096"><span class="ref">[33096] Iª q. 112 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3756 exterior occupatio impedit sapientiae contemplationem, unde dicitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3757 Eccli. XXXVIII, <i>qui minoratur actu, percipiet sapientiam</i>. Si
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3758 igitur Angeli aliqui mittuntur ad exteriora ministeria, videtur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3759 quod retardentur a contemplatione. Sed tota eorum beatitudo in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3760 contemplatione Dei consistit. Si ergo mitterentur, eorum beatitudo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3761 minueretur. Quod est inconveniens.</p><p title="I q. 112 a. 1 arg. 4"><a name="33097"><span class="ref">[33097] Iª q. 112 a. 1 arg. 4</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3762 ministrare est inferioris, unde dicitur Lucae XXII, <i>quis maior
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3763 est, qui recumbit, an ille qui ministrat? Nonne qui recumbit?</i>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3764 Sed Angeli sunt maiores nobis ordine naturae. Ergo non mittuntur in
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3765 ministerium nostrum.</p><p title="I q. 112 a. 1 s. c."><a name="33098"><span class="ref">[33098] Iª q. 112 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3766 quod dicitur Exod. XXIII, <i>ecce ego mittam Angelum meum, qui
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3767 praecedat te</i>.</p><p title="I q. 112 a. 1 co."><a name="33099"><span class="ref">[33099] Iª q. 112 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3768 quod ex supra dictis manifestum esse potest quod aliqui Angeli in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3769 ministerium mittuntur a Deo. Ut enim supra dictum est, cum de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3770 missione divinarum personarum ageretur, ille mitti dicitur, qui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3771 aliquo modo ab alio procedit, ut incipiat esse ubi prius non erat,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3772 vel ubi prius erat, per alium modum. Filius enim aut spiritus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3773 sanctus mitti dicitur, ut a patre procedens per originem; et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3774 incipit esse novo modo, idest per gratiam vel per naturam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3775 assumptam, ubi prius erat per deitatis praesentiam. Dei enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3776 proprium est ubique esse, quia cum sit universale agens, eius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3777 virtus attingit omnia entia; unde est in omnibus rebus, ut supra
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3778 dictum est. Virtus autem Angeli, cum sit particulare agens, non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3779 attingit totum universum; sed sic attingit unum, quod non attingit
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3780 aliud. Et ideo ita est hic, quod non alibi. Manifestum est autem
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3781 per supra dicta, quod creatura corporalis per Angelos
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3782 administratur. Cum igitur aliquid est fiendum per aliquem Angelum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3783 circa aliquam creaturam corpoream, de novo applicatur Angelus illi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3784 corpori sua virtute; et sic Angelus de novo incipit ibi esse. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3785 hoc totum procedit ex imperio divino. Unde sequitur, secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3786 praemissa, quod Angelus a Deo mittatur. Sed actio quam Angelus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3787 missus exercet, procedit a Deo sicut a primo principio, cuius nutu
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3788 et auctoritate Angeli operantur; et in Deum reducitur sicut in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3789 ultimum finem. Et hoc facit rationem ministri, nam minister est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3790 sicut instrumentum intelligens; instrumentum autem ab alio movetur,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3791 et eius actio ad aliud ordinatur. Unde actiones Angelorum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3792 ministeria vocantur; et propter hoc dicuntur in ministerium
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3793 mitti.</p><p title="I q. 112 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="33100"><span class="ref">[33100] Iª q. 112 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3794 dicendum quod aliqua operatio dupliciter dicitur intellectualis.
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3795 Uno modo, quasi in ipso intellectu consistens, ut contemplatio. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3796 talis operatio non determinat sibi locum, immo, ut Augustinus dicit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3797 IV de Trin., <i>etiam nos, secundum quod aliquid aeternum mente
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3798 sapimus, non in hoc mundo sumus</i>. Alio modo dicitur aliqua actio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3799 intellectualis, quia est ab aliquo intellectu regulata et imperata.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3800 Et sic manifestum est quod operationes intellectuales interdum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3801 determinant sibi loca.</p><p title="I q. 112 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="33101"><span class="ref">[33101] Iª q. 112 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3802 dicendum quod caelum Empyreum pertinet ad dignitatem Angeli
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3803 secundum congruentiam quandam, quia congruum est ut supremum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3804 corporum naturae quae est supra omnia corpora, attribuatur. Non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3805 tamen Angelus aliquid dignitatis accipit a caelo Empyreo. Et ideo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3806 quando actu non est in caelo Empyreo, nihil eius dignitati
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3807 subtrahitur, sicut nec regi, quando non actu sedet in regali solio,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3808 quod congruit eius dignitati.</p><p title="I q. 112 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="33102"><span class="ref">[33102] Iª q. 112 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3809 dicendum quod in nobis exterior occupatio puritatem contemplationis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3810 impedit, quia actioni insistimus secundum sensitivas vires, quarum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3811 actiones cum intenduntur, retardantur actiones intellectivae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3812 virtutis. Sed Angelus per solam intellectualem operationem regulat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3813 suas actiones exteriores. Unde actiones exteriores in nullo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3814 impediunt eius contemplationem, quia duarum actionum quarum una est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3815 regula et ratio alterius, una non impedit, sed iuvat aliam. Unde
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3816 Gregorius dicit, in II Moral., quod <i>Angeli non sic foris exeunt,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3817 ut internae contemplationis gaudiis priventur</i>.</p><p title="I q. 112 a. 1 ad 4"><a name="33103"><span class="ref">[33103] Iª q. 112 a. 1 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3818 dicendum quod Angeli in suis actionibus exterioribus ministrant
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3819 principaliter Deo, et secundario nobis. Non quia nos sumus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3820 superiores eis, simpliciter loquendo, sed quilibet homo vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3821 Angelus, inquantum adhaerendo Deo fit unus spiritus cum Deo, est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3822 superior omni creatura. Unde apostolus, ad Philipp. II, dicit,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3823 <i>superiores sibi invicem arbitrantes</i>.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 2</h3><p title="I q. 112 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="33104"><span class="ref">[33104] Iª q. 112 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad secundum sic
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3824 proceditur. Videtur quod omnes Angeli in ministerium mittantur.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3825 Dicit enim apostolus, ad Heb. I, <i>omnes sunt administratorii
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3826 spiritus, in ministerium missi</i>.</p><p title="I q. 112 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="33105"><span class="ref">[33105] Iª q. 112 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3827 inter ordines supremus est ordo Seraphim, ut ex supra dictis patet.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3828 Sed Seraphim est missus ad purgandum labia prophetae, ut habetur
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3829 Isaiae VI. Ergo multo magis inferiores Angeli mittuntur.</p><p title="I q. 112 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="33106"><span class="ref">[33106] Iª q. 112 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3830 divinae personae in infinitum excedunt omnes ordines Angelorum. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3831 divinae personae mittuntur, ut supra dictum est. Ergo multo magis
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3832 quicumque supremi Angeli.</p><p title="I q. 112 a. 2 arg. 4"><a name="33107"><span class="ref">[33107] Iª q. 112 a. 2 arg. 4</span></a> Praeterea, si
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3833 superiores Angeli non mittuntur ad exterius ministerium, hoc non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3834 est nisi quia superiores Angeli exequuntur divina ministeria per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3835 inferiores. Sed cum omnes Angeli sint inaequales, ut supra dictum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3836 est, quilibet Angelus habet inferiorem Angelum, praeter ultimum.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3837 Ergo unus Angelus solus ministraret in ministerium missus. Quod est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3838 contra id quod dicitur Daniel VII, <i>millia millium ministrabant
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3839 ei</i>.</p><p title="I q. 112 a. 2 s. c."><a name="33108"><span class="ref">[33108] Iª q. 112 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3840 quod Gregorius dicit, referens sententiam Dionysii, <i>superiora
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3841 agmina usum exterioris ministerii nequaquam habent</i>.</p><p title="I q. 112 a. 2 co."><a name="33109"><span class="ref">[33109] Iª q. 112 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3842 quod, sicut ex supra dictis patet, hoc habet ordo divinae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3843 providentiae, non solum in Angelis, sed etiam in toto universo,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3844 quod inferiora per superiora administrantur, sed ab hoc ordine in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3845 rebus corporalibus aliquando ex divina dispensatione receditur,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3846 propter altiorem ordinem, secundum scilicet quod expedit ad gratiae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3847 manifestationem. Quod enim caecus natus fuit illuminatus, quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3848 Lazarus fuit suscitatus, immediate a Deo factum est, absque aliqua
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3849 actione caelestium corporum. Sed et Angeli boni et mali possunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3850 aliquid in istis corporibus operari praeter actionem caelestium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3851 corporum, condensando nubes in pluvias, et aliqua huiusmodi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3852 faciendo. Neque alicui debet esse dubium quin Deus immediate
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3853 hominibus aliqua revelare posset, non mediantibus Angelis; et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3854 superiores Angeli, non mediantibus inferioribus. Et secundum hanc
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3855 considerationem, quidam dixerunt quod, secundum communem legem,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3856 superiores non mittuntur, sed inferiores tantum; sed ex aliqua
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3857 dispensatione divina, interdum etiam superiores mittuntur. Sed hoc
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3858 non videtur rationabile. Quia ordo angelicus attenditur secundum
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3859 dona gratiarum. Ordo autem gratiae non habet alium superiorem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3860 ordinem, propter quem praetermitti debeat, sicut praetermittitur
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3861 ordo naturae propter ordinem gratiae. Considerandum est etiam quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3862 ordo naturae in operationibus miraculorum praetermittitur, propter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3863 fidei confirmationem. Ad quam nihil valeret, si praetermitteretur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3864 ordo angelicus, quia hoc a nobis percipi non posset. Nihil etiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3865 est ita magnum in ministeriis divinis, quod per inferiores ordines
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3866 exerceri non possit. Unde Gregorius dicit quod <i>qui summa
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3867 annuntiant, Archangeli vocantur. Hinc est quod ad virginem Mariam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3868 Gabriel Archangelus mittitur</i>. Quod tamen fuit summum inter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3869 omnia divina ministeria, ut ibidem subditur. Et ideo simpliciter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3870 dicendum est, cum Dionysio, quod superiores Angeli nunquam ad
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3871 exterius ministerium mittuntur.</p><p title="I q. 112 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="33110"><span class="ref">[33110] Iª q. 112 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3872 dicendum quod, sicut in missionibus divinarum personarum aliqua est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3873 visibilis, quae attenditur secundum creaturam corpoream; aliqua
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3874 invisibilis, quae fit secundum spiritualem effectum, ita in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3875 missionibus Angelorum aliqua dicitur exterior, quae scilicet est ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3876 aliquod ministerium circa corporalia exhibendum, et secundum hanc
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3877 missionem non omnes mittuntur; alia est interior, secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3878 intellectuales effectus, prout scilicet unus Angelus illuminat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3879 alium, et sic omnes Angeli mittuntur. Vel aliter dicendum quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3880 apostolus inducit illud ad probandum quod Christus sit maior
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3881 Angelis per quos data est lex; ut sic ostendat excellentiam novae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3882 legis ad veterem. Unde non oportet quod intelligatur nisi de
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3883 Angelis ministerii, per quos data est lex.</p><p title="I q. 112 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="33111"><span class="ref">[33111] Iª q. 112 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3884 dicendum, secundum Dionysium, quod ille Angelus qui missus est ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3885 purgandum labia prophetae, fuit de inferioribus Angelis; sed dictus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3886 est Seraphim, idest incendens, aequivoce, propter hoc quod venerat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3887 ad incendendum labia prophetae. Vel dicendum quod superiores Angeli
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3888 communicant propria dona, a quibus denominantur, mediantibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3889 inferioribus Angelis. Sic igitur unus de Seraphim dictus est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3890 purgasse incendio labia prophetae, non quia hoc ipse immediate
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3891 fecerit, sed quia inferior Angelus virtute eius hoc fecit. Sicut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3892 Papa dicitur absolvere aliquem, etiam si per alium officium
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3893 absolutionis impendat.</p><p title="I q. 112 a. 2 ad 3"><a name="33112"><span class="ref">[33112] Iª q. 112 a. 2 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3894 dicendum quod divinae personae non mittuntur in ministerium, sed
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3895 aequivoce mitti dicuntur; ut ex praedictis patet.</p><p title="I q. 112 a. 2 ad 4"><a name="33113"><span class="ref">[33113] Iª q. 112 a. 2 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3896 dicendum quod in divinis ministeriis est multiplex gradus. Unde
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3897 nihil prohibet etiam inaequales Angelos immediate ad ministeria
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3898 mitti; ita tamen quod superiores mittantur ad altiora ministeria,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3899 inferiores vero ad inferiora.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 3</h3><p title="I q. 112 a. 3 arg. 1"><a name="33114"><span class="ref">[33114] Iª q. 112 a. 3 arg. 1</span></a> Ad tertium sic
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3900 proceditur. Videtur quod etiam Angeli qui mittuntur, assistant.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3901 Dicit enim Gregorius, in homilia, <i>et mittuntur igitur Angeli, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3902 assistunt, quia etsi circumscriptus est angelicus spiritus, summus
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3903 tamen spiritus ipse, qui Deus est, circumscriptus non est</i>.</p><p title="I q. 112 a. 3 arg. 2"><a name="33115"><span class="ref">[33115] Iª q. 112 a. 3 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3904 Angelus Tobiae in ministerium missus fuit. Sed tamen ipse dixit,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3905 <i>ego sum Raphael Angelus, unus ex septem qui adstamus ante
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3906 Deum</i>, ut habetur Tobiae XII. Ergo Angeli qui mittuntur,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3907 assistunt.</p><p title="I q. 112 a. 3 arg. 3"><a name="33116"><span class="ref">[33116] Iª q. 112 a. 3 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3908 quilibet Angelus beatus propinquior est Deo quam Satan. Sed Satan
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3909 assistit Deo; secundum quod dicitur Iob I, <i>cum assisterent filii
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3910 Dei coram domino, affuit inter eos et Satan</i>. Ergo multo magis
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3911 Angeli qui mittuntur in ministerium, assistunt.</p><p title="I q. 112 a. 3 arg. 4"><a name="33117"><span class="ref">[33117] Iª q. 112 a. 3 arg. 4</span></a> Praeterea, si
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3912 inferiores Angeli non assistunt, hoc non est nisi quia non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3913 immediate, sed per superiores Angelos divinas illuminationes
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3914 recipiunt. Sed quilibet Angelus per superiorem divinas
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3915 illuminationes suscipit, excepto eo qui est inter omnes supremus.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3916 Ergo solus supremus Angelus assisteret. Quod est contra illud quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3917 habetur Dan. VII, <i>decies millies centena millia assistebant
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3918 ei</i>. Ergo etiam illi qui ministrant, assistunt.</p><p title="I q. 112 a. 3 s. c."><a name="33118"><span class="ref">[33118] Iª q. 112 a. 3 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3919 quod Gregorius dicit, XVII Moral., super illud Iob, <i>numquid est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3920 numerus militum eius? Assistunt, inquit, illae potestates, quae ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3921 quaedam hominibus nuntianda non exeunt</i>. Ergo illi qui in
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3922 ministerium mittuntur, non assistunt.</p><p title="I q. 112 a. 3 co."><a name="33119"><span class="ref">[33119] Iª q. 112 a. 3 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3923 quod Angeli introducuntur assistentes et administrantes, ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3924 similitudinem eorum qui alicui regi famulantur. Quorum aliqui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3925 semper ei assistunt, et eius praecepta immediate audiunt. Alii vero
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3926 sunt, ad quos praecepta regalia per assistentes nuntiantur, sicut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3927 illi qui administrationi civitatum praeficiuntur, et hi dicuntur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3928 ministrantes, sed non assistentes. Considerandum est ergo quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3929 omnes Angeli divinam essentiam immediate vident, et quantum ad hoc,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3930 omnes etiam qui ministrant, assistere dicuntur. Unde Gregorius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3931 dicit in II Moral., quod <i>semper assistere, aut videre faciem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3932 patris possunt, qui ad ministerium exterius mittuntur pro nostra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3933 salute</i>. Sed non omnes Angeli secreta divinorum mysteriorum in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3934 ipsa claritate divinae essentiae percipere possunt; sed soli
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3935 superiores, per quos inferioribus denuntiantur. Et secundum hoc,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3936 soli superiores, qui sunt primae hierarchiae, assistere dicuntur,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
3937 cuius proprium dicit esse Dionysius immediate a Deo illuminari.</p><p title="I q. 112 a. 3 ad 1"><a name="33120"><span class="ref">[33120] Iª q. 112 a. 3 ad 1</span></a> Et per hoc patet
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3938 solutio ad primum et secundum, quae procedunt de primo modo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3939 assistendi.</p><p title="I q. 112 a. 3 ad 3"><a name="33121"><span class="ref">[33121] Iª q. 112 a. 3 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3940 dicendum quod Satan non dicitur astitisse, sed inter assistentes
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3941 affuisse describitur, quia, ut Gregorius dicit II Moral., <i>etsi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3942 beatitudinem perdidit, naturam tamen Angelis similem non
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3943 amisit</i>.</p><p title="I q. 112 a. 3 ad 4"><a name="33122"><span class="ref">[33122] Iª q. 112 a. 3 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3944 dicendum quod omnes assistentes aliqua immediate vident in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3945 claritate divinae essentiae; et ideo totius primae hierarchiae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3946 proprium esse dicitur immediate illuminari a Deo. Sed superiores
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3947 eorum plura percipiunt quam inferiores, de quibus illuminant alios,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3948 sicut etiam inter eos qui assistunt regi, plura scit de secretis
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
3949 regis unus quam alius.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 4</h3><p title="I q. 112 a. 4 arg. 1"><a name="33123"><span class="ref">[33123] Iª q. 112 a. 4 arg. 1</span></a> Ad quartum sic
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3950 proceditur. Videtur quod Angeli secundae hierarchiae omnes
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3951 mittantur. Angeli enim omnes vel assistunt vel ministrant; secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3952 quod habetur Dan. VII. Sed Angeli secundae hierarchiae non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3953 assistunt, illuminantur enim per Angelos primae hierarchiae, sicut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3954 dicit Dionysius VIII cap. Cael. Hier. Omnes ergo Angeli secundae
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3955 hierarchiae in ministerium mittuntur.</p><p title="I q. 112 a. 4 arg. 2"><a name="33124"><span class="ref">[33124] Iª q. 112 a. 4 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3956 Gregorius dicit, XVII Moral., quod <i>plures sunt qui ministrant,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3957 quam qui assistunt</i>. Sed hoc non esset, si Angeli secundae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3958 hierarchiae in ministerium non mitterentur. Ergo omnes Angeli
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3959 secundae hierarchiae in ministerium mittuntur.</p><p title="I q. 112 a. 4 s. c."><a name="33125"><span class="ref">[33125] Iª q. 112 a. 4 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3960 quod Dionysius dicit, quod <i>dominationes sunt maiores omni
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3961 subiectione</i>. Sed mitti in ministerium, ad subiectionem
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3962 pertinet. Ergo dominationes in ministerium non mittuntur.</p><p title="I q. 112 a. 4 co."><a name="33126"><span class="ref">[33126] Iª q. 112 a. 4 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3963 quod, sicut supra dictum est, mitti ad exterius ministerium proprie
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3964 convenit Angelo, secundum quod ex divino imperio operatur circa
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3965 aliquam creaturam corporalem; quod quidem pertinet ad executionem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3966 divini ministerii. Proprietates autem Angelorum ex eorum nominibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3967 manifestantur, ut Dionysius dicit VII cap. Cael. Hier. Et ideo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3968 Angeli illorum ordinum ad exterius ministerium mittuntur, ex quorum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3969 nominibus aliqua executio datur intelligi. In nomine autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3970 dominationum non importatur aliqua executio, sed sola dispositio et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3971 imperium de exequendis. Sed in nominibus inferiorum ordinum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3972 intelligitur aliqua executio, nam Angeli et Archangeli denominantur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3973 a denuntiando; virtutes et potestates dicuntur per respectum ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3974 aliquem actum; principis etiam est, ut Gregorius dicit, inter alios
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3975 operantes priorem existere. Unde ad hos quinque ordines pertinet in
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3976 exterius ministerium mitti, non autem ad quatuor superiores.</p><p title="I q. 112 a. 4 ad 1"><a name="33127"><span class="ref">[33127] Iª q. 112 a. 4 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3977 dicendum quod dominationes computantur quidem inter Angelos
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3978 ministrantes, non sicut exequentes ministerium, sed sicut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3979 disponentes et mandantes quid per alios fieri debeat. Sicut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3980 architectores in artificiis nihil manu operantur, sed solum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3981 disponunt et praecipiunt quid alii debeant operari.</p><p title="I q. 112 a. 4 ad 2"><a name="33128"><span class="ref">[33128] Iª q. 112 a. 4 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3982 dicendum quod de numero assistentium et ministrantium duplex ratio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3983 haberi potest. Gregorius enim dicit plures esse ministrantes quam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3984 assistentes. Intelligit enim quod dicitur, millia millium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3985 ministrabant ei, non esse dictum multiplicative, sed partitive; ac
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3986 si diceretur, millia de numero millium. Et sic ministrantium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3987 numerus ponitur indefinitus, ad significandum excessum;
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3988 assistentium vero finitus, cum subditur, et decies millies centena
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3989 millia assistebant ei. Et hoc procedit secundum rationem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3990 Platonicorum, qui dicebant quod quanto aliqua sunt uni primo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3991 principio propinquiora, tanto sunt minoris multitudinis, sicut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3992 quanto numerus est propinquior unitati, tanto est multitudine
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3993 minor. Et haec opinio salvatur quantum ad numerum ordinum, dum sex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3994 ministrant, et tres assistunt. Sed Dionysius ponit, XIV cap. Cael.
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3995 Hier., quod multitudo Angelorum transcendit omnem materialem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3996 multitudinem; ut scilicet, sicut corpora superiora transcendunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3997 corpora inferiora magnitudine quasi in immensum, ita superiores
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3998 naturae incorporeae transcendunt multitudine omnes naturas
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3999 corporeas; quia quod est melius, est magis a Deo intentum et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4000 multiplicatum. Et secundum hoc, cum assistentes sint superiores
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4001 ministrantibus, plures erunt assistentes quam ministrantes. Unde
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4002 secundum hoc, millia millium legitur multiplicativae, ac si
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4003 diceretur, millies millia. Et quia decies centum sunt mille, si
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4004 diceretur, decies centena millia, daretur intelligi quod tot essent
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4005 assistentes, quot ministrantes, sed quia dicitur, decies millies
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4006 centena millia, multo plures dicuntur esse assistentes quam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4007 ministrantes. Nec tamen hoc pro tanto dicitur, quia tantus solum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4008 sit Angelorum numerus, sed multo maior, quia omnem materialem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4009 multitudinem excedit. Quod significatur per multiplicationem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4010 maximorum numerorum supra seipsos, scilicet denarii, centenarii et
53
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diff changeset
4011 millenarii; ut Dionysius ibidem dicit.</p></div></div><div class="q" id="q113"><h2>Quaestio 113</h2><div class="p"><h3>Prooemium</h3><p title="I q. 113 pr."><a name="33129"><span class="ref">[33129]
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
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diff changeset
4012 Iª q. 113 pr.</span></a> Deinde considerandum est de custodia
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4013 bonorum Angelorum, et de impugnatione malorum. Et circa primum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4014 quaeruntur octo. Primo, utrum homines ab Angelis custodiantur.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4015 Secundo, utrum singulis hominibus singuli Angeli ad custodiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4016 deputentur. Tertio, utrum custodia pertineat solum ad ultimum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4017 ordinem Angelorum. Quarto, utrum omni homini conveniat habere
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4018 Angelum custodem. Quinto, quando incipiat custodia Angeli circa
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4019 hominem. Sexto, utrum Angelus semper custodiat hominem. Septimo,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4020 utrum doleat de perditione custoditi. Octavo, utrum inter Angelos
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4021 sit pugna ratione custodiae.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 1</h3><p title="I q. 113 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="33130"><span class="ref">[33130] Iª q. 113 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad primum sic
28
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4022 proceditur. Videtur quod homines non custodiantur ab Angelis.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4023 Custodes enim deputantur aliquibus vel quia nesciunt, vel quia non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4024 possunt custodire seipsos; sicut pueris et infirmis. Sed homo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4025 potest custodire seipsum per liberum arbitrium; et scit, per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4026 naturalem cognitionem legis naturalis. Ergo homo non custoditur ab
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4027 Angelo.</p><p title="I q. 113 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="33131"><span class="ref">[33131] Iª q. 113 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea, ubi
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4028 adest fortior custodia, infirmior superfluere videtur. Sed homines
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4029 custodiuntur a Deo; secundum illud Psalmi CXX, <i>non dormitabit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4030 neque dormiet qui custodit Israel</i>. Ergo non est necessarium
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4031 quod homo custodiatur ab Angelo.</p><p title="I q. 113 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="33132"><span class="ref">[33132] Iª q. 113 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4032 perditio custoditi redundat in negligentiam custodis, unde dicitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4033 cuidam, III Reg. XX, <i>custodi virum istum, qui si lapsus fuerit,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4034 erit anima tua pro anima eius</i>. Sed multi homines quotidie
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4035 pereunt, in peccatum cadentes, quibus Angeli subvenire possent vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4036 visibiliter apparendo, vel miracula faciendo, vel aliquo simili
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4037 modo. Essent ergo negligentes Angeli, si eorum custodiae homines
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4038 essent commissi, quod patet esse falsum. Non igitur Angeli sunt
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4039 hominum custodes.</p><p title="I q. 113 a. 1 s. c."><a name="33133"><span class="ref">[33133] Iª q. 113 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4040 quod dicitur in Psalmo, <i>Angelis suis mandavit de te, ut
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4041 custodiant te in omnibus viis tuis</i>.</p><p title="I q. 113 a. 1 co."><a name="33134"><span class="ref">[33134] Iª q. 113 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4042 quod, secundum rationem divinae providentiae, hoc in rebus omnibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4043 invenitur, quod mobilia et variabilia per immobilia et invariabilia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4044 moventur et regulantur; sicut omnia corporalia per substantias
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4045 spirituales immobiles, et corpora inferiora per corpora superiora,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4046 quae sunt invariabilia secundum substantiam. Sed et nos ipsi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4047 regulamur circa conclusiones in quibus possumus diversimode
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4048 opinari, per principia quae invariabiliter tenemus. Manifestum est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4049 autem quod in rebus agendis cognitio et affectus hominis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4050 multipliciter variari et deficere possunt a bono. Et ideo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4051 necessarium fuit quod hominibus Angeli ad custodiam deputarentur,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4052 per quos regularentur et moverentur ad bonum.</p><p title="I q. 113 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="33135"><span class="ref">[33135] Iª q. 113 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4053 dicendum quod per liberum arbitrium potest homo aliqualiter malum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4054 vitare, sed non sufficienter, quia infirmatur circa affectum boni,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4055 propter multiplices animae passiones. Similiter etiam universalis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4056 cognitio naturalis legis, quae homini naturaliter adest,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4057 aliqualiter dirigit hominem ad bonum, sed non sufficienter, quia in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4058 applicando universalia principia iuris ad particularia opera,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4059 contingit hominem multipliciter deficere. Unde dicitur Sap. IX,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4060 <i>cogitationes mortalium timidae, et incertae providentiae
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4061 nostrae</i>. Et ideo necessaria fuit homini custodia Angelorum.</p><p title="I q. 113 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="33136"><span class="ref">[33136] Iª q. 113 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4062 dicendum quod ad bene operandum duo requiruntur. Primo quidem, quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4063 affectus inclinetur ad bonum, quod quidem fit in nobis per habitum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4064 virtutis moralis. Secundo autem, quod ratio inveniat congruas vias
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4065 ad perficiendum bonum virtutis, quod quidem philosophus attribuit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4066 prudentiae. Quantum ergo ad primum, Deus immediate custodit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4067 hominem, infundendo ei gratiam et virtutes. Quantum autem ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4068 secundum, Deus custodit hominem sicut universalis instructor, cuius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4069 instructio ad hominem provenit mediantibus Angelis, ut supra
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4070 habitum est.</p><p title="I q. 113 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="33137"><span class="ref">[33137] Iª q. 113 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4071 dicendum quod, sicut homines a naturali instinctu boni discedunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4072 propter passionem peccati; ita etiam discedunt ab instigatione
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4073 bonorum Angelorum, quae fit invisibiliter per hoc quod homines
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4074 illuminant ad bene agendum. Unde quod homines pereunt, non est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4075 imputandum negligentiae Angelorum, sed malitiae hominum. Quod autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4076 aliquando, praeter legem communem, hominibus visibiliter apparent,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4077 ex speciali Dei gratia est, sicut etiam quod praeter ordinem
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4078 naturae miracula fiunt.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 2</h3><p title="I q. 113 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="33138"><span class="ref">[33138] Iª q. 113 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad secundum sic
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4079 proceditur. Videtur quod non singuli homines a singulis Angelis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4080 custodiantur. Angelus enim est virtuosior quam homo. Sed unus homo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4081 sufficit ad custodiam multorum hominum. Ergo multo magis unus
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4082 Angelus multos homines potest custodire.</p><p title="I q. 113 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="33139"><span class="ref">[33139] Iª q. 113 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4083 inferiora reducuntur in Deum a superioribus per media, ut Dionysius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4084 dicit. Sed cum omnes Angeli sint inaequales, ut supra dictum est,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4085 solus unus Angelus est inter quem et homines non est aliquis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4086 medius. Ergo unus Angelus solus est qui immediate custodit
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4087 homines.</p><p title="I q. 113 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="33140"><span class="ref">[33140] Iª q. 113 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4088 maiores Angeli maioribus officiis deputantur. Sed non est maius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4089 officium custodire unum hominem quam alium, cum omnes homines
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4090 natura sint pares. Cum ergo omnium Angelorum sit unus maior alio,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4091 secundum Dionysium, videtur quod diversi homines non custodiantur a
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4092 diversis Angelis.</p><p title="I q. 113 a. 2 s. c."><a name="33141"><span class="ref">[33141] Iª q. 113 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4093 quod Hieronymus, exponens illud Matth. XVIII, <i>Angeli eorum in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4094 caelis</i>, dicit, <i>magna est dignitas animarum, ut unaquaeque
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4095 habeat, ab ortu nativitatis, in custodiam sui Angelum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4096 delegatum</i>.</p><p title="I q. 113 a. 2 co."><a name="33142"><span class="ref">[33142] Iª q. 113 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4097 quod singulis hominibus singuli Angeli ad custodiam deputantur.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4098 Cuius ratio est, quia Angelorum custodia est quaedam executio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4099 divinae providentiae circa homines. Providentia autem Dei aliter se
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4100 habet ad homines, et ad alias corruptibiles creaturas, quia aliter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4101 se habent ad incorruptibilitatem. Homines enim non solum sunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4102 incorruptibiles quantum ad communem speciem, sed etiam quantum ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4103 proprias formas singulorum, quae sunt animae rationales, quod de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4104 aliis rebus corruptibilibus dici non potest. Manifestum est autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4105 quod providentia Dei principaliter est circa illa quae perpetuo
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4106 manent, circa ea vero quae transeunt, providentia Dei est inquantum
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4107 ordinat ipsa ad res perpetuas. Sic igitur providentia Dei
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4108 comparatur ad singulos homines, sicut comparatur ad singula genera
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4109 vel species corruptibilium rerum. Sed secundum Gregorium, diversi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4110 ordines deputantur diversis rerum generibus; puta potestates ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4111 arcendos Daemones, virtutes ad miracula facienda in rebus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4112 corporeis. Et probabile est quod diversis speciebus rerum diversi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4113 Angeli eiusdem ordinis praeficiantur. Unde etiam rationabile est ut
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4114 diversis hominibus diversi Angeli ad custodiam deputentur.</p><p title="I q. 113 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="33143"><span class="ref">[33143] Iª q. 113 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4115 dicendum quod alicui homini adhibetur custos dupliciter. Uno modo,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4116 inquantum est homo singularis, et sic uni homini debetur unus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4117 custos, et interdum plures deputantur ad custodiam unius. Alio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4118 modo, inquantum est pars alicuius collegii, et sic toti collegio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4119 unus homo ad custodiam praeponitur, ad quem pertinet providere ea
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4120 quae pertinent ad unum hominem in ordine ad totum collegium; sicut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4121 sunt ea quae exterius aguntur, de quibus alii aedificantur vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4122 scandalizantur. Angelorum autem custodia deputatur hominibus etiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4123 quantum ad invisibilia et occulta, quae pertinent ad singulorum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4124 salutem secundum seipsos. Unde singulis hominibus singuli Angeli
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4125 deputantur ad custodiam.</p><p title="I q. 113 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="33144"><span class="ref">[33144] Iª q. 113 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4126 dicendum quod, sicut dictum est, Angeli primae hierarchiae omnes
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4127 quantum ad aliqua illuminantur immediate a Deo, sed quaedam sunt de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4128 quibus illuminantur superiores tantum immediate a Deo, quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4129 inferioribus revelant. Et idem etiam in inferioribus ordinibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4130 considerandum est, nam aliquis infimus Angelus illuminatur quantum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4131 ad quaedam ab aliquo supremo, et quantum ad aliqua ab eo qui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4132 immediate sibi praefertur. Et sic etiam possibile est quod aliquis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4133 Angelus immediate illuminet hominem, qui tamen habet aliquos
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4134 Angelos sub se, quos illuminat.</p><p title="I q. 113 a. 2 ad 3"><a name="33145"><span class="ref">[33145] Iª q. 113 a. 2 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4135 dicendum quod, quamvis homines natura sint pares, tamen
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4136 inaequalitas in eis invenitur, secundum quod ex divina providentia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4137 quidam ordinantur ad maius, et quidam ad minus; secundum illud quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4138 dicitur Eccli. XXXIII, <i>in multitudine disciplinae domini
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4139 separavit eos, ex ipsis benedixit et exaltavit, ex ipsis maledixit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4140 et humiliavit</i>. Et sic maius officium est custodire unum hominem
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
4141 quam alium.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 3</h3><p title="I q. 113 a. 3 arg. 1"><a name="33146"><span class="ref">[33146] Iª q. 113 a. 3 arg. 1</span></a> Ad tertium sic
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4142 proceditur. Videtur quod custodire homines non pertineat solum ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4143 infimum ordinem Angelorum. Dicit enim Chrysostomus quod hoc quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4144 dicitur Matth. XVIII, <i>Angeli eorum in caelo etc., intelligitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4145 non de quibuscumque Angelis, sed de supereminentibus</i>. Ergo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4146 supereminentes Angeli custodiunt homines.</p><p title="I q. 113 a. 3 arg. 2"><a name="33147"><span class="ref">[33147] Iª q. 113 a. 3 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4147 apostolus, ad Heb. I, dicit quod <i>Angeli sunt in ministerium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4148 missi propter eos qui haereditatem capiunt salutis</i>, et sic
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4149 videtur quod missio Angelorum ad custodiam hominum ordinetur. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4150 quinque ordines in exterius ministerium mittuntur, ut supra dictum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4151 est. Ergo omnes Angeli quinque ordinum custodiae hominum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4152 deputantur.</p><p title="I q. 113 a. 3 arg. 3"><a name="33148"><span class="ref">[33148] Iª q. 113 a. 3 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea, ad
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4153 custodiam hominum maxime videtur esse necessarium arcere Daemones,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4154 quod pertinet ad potestates, secundum Gregorium; et miracula
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4155 facere, quod pertinet ad virtutes. Ergo illi etiam ordines
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4156 deputantur ad custodiam, et non solum infimus.</p><p title="I q. 113 a. 3 s. c."><a name="33149"><span class="ref">[33149] Iª q. 113 a. 3 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4157 quod in Psalmo custodia hominum attribuitur Angelis; quorum ordo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4158 est infimus, secundum Dionysium.</p><p title="I q. 113 a. 3 co."><a name="33150"><span class="ref">[33150] Iª q. 113 a. 3 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4159 quod, sicut supra dictum est, homini custodia dupliciter adhibetur.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4160 Uno modo custodia particularis, secundum quod singulis hominibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4161 singuli Angeli ad custodiam deputantur. Et talis custodia pertinet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4162 ad infimum ordinem Angelorum, quorum, secundum Gregorium, est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4163 minima nuntiare; hoc autem videtur esse minimum in officiis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4164 Angelorum, procurare ea quae ad unius hominis tantum salutem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4165 pertinent. Alia vero est custodia universalis. Et haec
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4166 multiplicatur secundum diversos ordines, nam quanto agens fuerit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4167 universalius, tanto est superius. Sic igitur custodia humanae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4168 multitudinis pertinet ad ordinem principatuum, vel forte ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4169 Archangelos, qui dicuntur principes Angeli, unde et Michael, quem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4170 Archangelum dicimus, unus de principibus dicitur Dan. X. Ulterius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4171 autem super omnes naturas corporeas habent custodiam virtutes. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4172 ulterius etiam super Daemones habent custodiam potestates. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4173 ulterius etiam super bonos spiritus habent custodiam principatus,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4174 secundum Gregorium.</p><p title="I q. 113 a. 3 ad 1"><a name="33151"><span class="ref">[33151] Iª q. 113 a. 3 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4175 dicendum quod verbum Chrysostomi potest intelligi, ut loquatur de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4176 supremis in ordine infimo Angelorum, quia, ut Dionysius dicit, in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4177 quolibet ordine sunt primi, medii et ultimi. Est autem probabile
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4178 quod maiores Angeli deputentur ad custodiam eorum qui sunt ad
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4179 maiorem gradum gloriae a Deo electi.</p><p title="I q. 113 a. 3 ad 2"><a name="33152"><span class="ref">[33152] Iª q. 113 a. 3 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4180 dicendum quod non omnes Angeli qui mittuntur, habent particularem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4181 custodiam super singulos homines; sed quidam ordines habent
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4182 universalem custodiam, magis vel minus, ut dictum est.</p><p title="I q. 113 a. 3 ad 3"><a name="33153"><span class="ref">[33153] Iª q. 113 a. 3 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4183 dicendum quod etiam inferiores Angeli exercent officia superiorum,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4184 inquantum aliquid de dono eorum participant, et se habent ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4185 superiores sicut executores virtutis eorum. Et per hunc modum etiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4186 Angeli infimi ordinis possunt et arcere Daemones, et miracula
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4187 facere.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 4</h3><p title="I q. 113 a. 4 arg. 1"><a name="33154"><span class="ref">[33154] Iª q. 113 a. 4 arg. 1</span></a> Ad quartum sic
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4188 proceditur. Videtur quod non omnibus hominibus Angeli ad custodiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4189 deputentur. Dicitur enim de Christo, Philipp. II, quod est <i>in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4190 similitudinem hominum factus, et habitu inventus ut homo</i>. Si
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4191 igitur omnibus hominibus Angeli ad custodiam deputantur, etiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4192 Christus Angelum custodem habuisset. Sed hoc videtur inconveniens,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4193 cum Christus sit maior omnibus Angelis. Non ergo omnibus hominibus
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4194 Angeli ad custodiam deputantur.</p><p title="I q. 113 a. 4 arg. 2"><a name="33155"><span class="ref">[33155] Iª q. 113 a. 4 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4195 omnium hominum primus fuit Adam. Sed sibi non competebat habere
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4196 Angelum custodem, ad minus in statu innocentiae, quia tunc nullis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4197 periculis angustiabatur. Ergo Angeli non praeficiuntur ad custodiam
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4198 omnibus hominibus.</p><p title="I q. 113 a. 4 arg. 3"><a name="33156"><span class="ref">[33156] Iª q. 113 a. 4 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4199 hominibus Angeli ad custodiam deputantur, ut per eos manuducantur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4200 ad vitam aeternam, et incitentur ad bene operandum, et muniantur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4201 contra insultus Daemonum. Sed homines praesciti ad damnationem,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4202 nunquam perveniunt ad vitam aeternam. Infideles etiam, etsi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4203 interdum bona opera faciant, non tamen bene faciunt, quia non recta
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4204 intentione faciunt, fides enim intentionem dirigit, ut Augustinus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4205 dicit. Antichristi etiam adventus erit secundum operationem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4206 Satanae, ut dicitur II ad Thessal. II. Non ergo omnibus hominibus
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4207 Angeli ad custodiam deputantur.</p><p title="I q. 113 a. 4 s. c."><a name="33157"><span class="ref">[33157] Iª q. 113 a. 4 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4208 auctoritas Hieronymi supra inducta, qui dicit quod <i>unaquaeque
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4209 anima ad sui custodiam habet Angelum deputatum</i>.</p><p title="I q. 113 a. 4 co."><a name="33158"><span class="ref">[33158] Iª q. 113 a. 4 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4210 quod homo in statu vitae istius constitutus, est quasi in quadam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4211 via, qua debet tendere ad patriam. In qua quidem via multa pericula
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4212 homini imminent, tum ab interiori, tum ab exteriori; secundum illud
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4213 Psalmi CXLI, <i>in via hac qua ambulabam, absconderunt laqueum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4214 mihi</i>. Et ideo sicut hominibus per viam non tutam ambulantibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4215 dantur custodes, ita et cuilibet homini, quandiu viator est, custos
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4216 Angelus deputatur. Quando autem iam ad terminum viae pervenerit,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4217 iam non habebit Angelum custodem; sed habebit in regno Angelum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
4218 conregnantem, in Inferno Daemonem punientem.</p><p title="I q. 113 a. 4 ad 1"><a name="33159"><span class="ref">[33159] Iª q. 113 a. 4 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4219 dicendum quod Christus, secundum quod homo, immediate regulabatur a
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4220 verbo Dei, unde non indigebat custodia Angelorum. Et iterum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4221 secundum animam erat comprehensor; sed ratione passibilitatis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4222 corporis, erat viator. Et secundum hoc, non debebatur ei Angelus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4223 custos, tanquam superior; sed Angelus minister, tanquam inferior.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4224 Unde dicitur Matth. IV, quod <i>accesserunt Angeli et ministrabant
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4225 ei</i>.</p><p title="I q. 113 a. 4 ad 2"><a name="33160"><span class="ref">[33160] Iª q. 113 a. 4 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4226 dicendum quod homo in statu innocentiae non patiebatur aliquod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4227 periculum ab interiori, quia interius erant omnia ordinata, ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4228 supra dictum est, sed imminebat ei periculum ab exteriori, propter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4229 insidias Daemonum; ut rei probavit eventus. Et ideo indigebat
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4230 custodia Angelorum.</p><p title="I q. 113 a. 4 ad 3"><a name="33161"><span class="ref">[33161] Iª q. 113 a. 4 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4231 dicendum quod, sicut praesciti et infideles, et etiam Antichristus,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4232 non privantur interiori auxilio naturalis rationis; ita etiam non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4233 privantur exteriori auxilio toti naturae humanae divinitus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4234 concesso, scilicet custodia Angelorum. Per quam etsi non iuventur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4235 quantum ad hoc quod vitam aeternam bonis operibus mereantur,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4236 iuvantur tamen quantum ad hoc, quod ab aliquibus malis retrahuntur,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4237 quibus et sibi ipsis et aliis nocere possunt. Nam et ipsi Daemones
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4238 arcentur per bonos Angelos, ne noceant quantum volunt. Et similiter
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4239 Antichristus non tantum nocebit, quantum vellet.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 5</h3><p title="I q. 113 a. 5 arg. 1"><a name="33162"><span class="ref">[33162] Iª q. 113 a. 5 arg. 1</span></a> Ad quintum sic
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4240 proceditur. Videtur quod Angelus non deputetur homini ad custodiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4241 a sua nativitate. Angeli enim mittuntur <i>in ministerium, propter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4242 eos qui haereditatem capiunt salutis</i>, ut apostolus, ad Heb.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4243 dicit. Sed homines incipiunt haereditatem capere salutis, quando
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4244 baptizantur. Ergo Angelus deputatur homini ad custodiam a tempore
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4245 Baptismi, et non a tempore nativitatis.</p><p title="I q. 113 a. 5 arg. 2"><a name="33163"><span class="ref">[33163] Iª q. 113 a. 5 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4246 homines ab Angelis custodiuntur, inquantum ab eis illuminantur per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4247 modum doctrinae. Sed pueri mox nati non sunt capaces doctrinae,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4248 quia non habent usum rationis. Ergo pueris mox natis non deputantur
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4249 Angeli custodes.</p><p title="I q. 113 a. 5 arg. 3"><a name="33164"><span class="ref">[33164] Iª q. 113 a. 5 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4250 pueri in materno utero existentes habent animam rationalem aliquo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4251 tempore, sicut et post nativitatem ex utero. Sed cum sunt in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4252 materno utero, non deputantur eis Angeli ad custodiam, ut videtur,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4253 quia neque etiam ministri Ecclesiae eos sacramentis imbuunt. Non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4254 ergo statim a nativitate hominibus Angeli ad custodiam
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4255 deputantur.</p><p title="I q. 113 a. 5 s. c."><a name="33165"><span class="ref">[33165] Iª q. 113 a. 5 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4256 quod Hieronymus dicit, quod <i>unaquaeque anima, ab ortu
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4257 nativitatis, habet in custodiam sui Angelum deputatum</i>.</p><p title="I q. 113 a. 5 co."><a name="33166"><span class="ref">[33166] Iª q. 113 a. 5 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4258 quod, sicut Origenes dicit super Matthaeum, super hoc est duplex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4259 opinio. Quidam enim dixerunt quod Angelus ad custodiam homini
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4260 deputatur a tempore Baptismi, alii vero quod a tempore nativitatis.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4261 Et hanc opinionem Hieronymus approbat; et rationabiliter. Beneficia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4262 enim quae dantur homini divinitus ex eo quod est Christianus,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4263 incipiunt a tempore Baptismi; sicut perceptio Eucharistiae, et alia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4264 huiusmodi. Sed ea quae providentur homini a Deo, inquantum habet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4265 naturam rationalem, ex tunc ei exhibentur, ex quo nascendo talem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4266 naturam accipit. Et tale beneficium est custodia Angelorum, ut ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4267 praemissis patet. Unde statim a nativitate habet homo Angelum ad
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4268 sui custodiam deputatum.</p><p title="I q. 113 a. 5 ad 1"><a name="33167"><span class="ref">[33167] Iª q. 113 a. 5 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4269 dicendum quod Angeli mittuntur in ministerium, efficaciter quidem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4270 propter eos solos qui haereditatem capiunt salutis, si consideretur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4271 ultimus effectus custodiae, qui est perceptio haereditatis.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4272 Nihilominus tamen et aliis ministerium Angelorum non subtrahitur,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4273 quamvis in eis hanc efficaciam non habeat, quod perducantur ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4274 salutem. Efficax tamen est circa eos Angelorum ministerium,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4275 inquantum a multis malis retrahuntur.</p><p title="I q. 113 a. 5 ad 2"><a name="33168"><span class="ref">[33168] Iª q. 113 a. 5 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4276 dicendum quod officium custodiae ordinatur quidem ad illuminationem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4277 doctrinae, sicut ad ultimum et principalem effectum. Nihilominus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4278 tamen multos alios effectus habet, qui pueris competunt, scilicet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4279 arcere Daemones, et alia nocumenta tam corporalia quam spiritualia
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4280 prohibere.</p><p title="I q. 113 a. 5 ad 3"><a name="33169"><span class="ref">[33169] Iª q. 113 a. 5 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4281 dicendum quod puer quandiu est in materno utero, non totaliter est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4282 a matre separatus, sed per quandam colligationem est quodammodo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4283 adhuc aliquid eius, sicut et fructus pendens in arbore, est aliquid
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4284 arboris. Et ideo probabiliter dici potest quod Angelus qui est in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4285 custodia matris, custodiat prolem in matris utero existentem. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4286 in nativitate, quando separatur a matre, Angelus ei ad custodiam
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4287 deputatur, ut Hieronymus dicit.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 6</h3><p title="I q. 113 a. 6 arg. 1"><a name="33170"><span class="ref">[33170] Iª q. 113 a. 6 arg. 1</span></a> Ad sextum sic
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4288 proceditur. Videtur quod Angelus custos quandoque deserat hominem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4289 cuius custodiae deputatur. Dicitur enim Ierem. li, ex persona
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4290 Angelorum, <i>curavimus Babylonem, et non est curata, derelinquamus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4291 ergo eam</i>. Et Isaiae V, <i>auferam sepem eius, et erit in
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4292 conculcationem</i>; Glossa, <i>idest Angelorum custodiam</i>.</p><p title="I q. 113 a. 6 arg. 2"><a name="33171"><span class="ref">[33171] Iª q. 113 a. 6 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4293 principalius custodit Deus quam Angelus. Sed Deus aliquando hominem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4294 derelinquit; secundum illud Psalmi XXI, <i>Deus, Deus meus, respice
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4295 in me, quare me dereliquisti?</i> Ergo multo magis Angelus custos
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4296 hominem derelinquit.</p><p title="I q. 113 a. 6 arg. 3"><a name="33172"><span class="ref">[33172] Iª q. 113 a. 6 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4297 sicut dicit Damascenus, <i>Angeli, cum sunt hic nobiscum, non sunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4298 in caelo</i>. Sed aliquando sunt in caelo. Ergo aliquando nos
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4299 derelinquunt.</p><p title="I q. 113 a. 6 s. c."><a name="33173"><span class="ref">[33173] Iª q. 113 a. 6 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4300 Daemones nos semper impugnant; secundum illud I Petri V,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4301 <i>adversarius vester Diabolus tanquam leo rugiens circuit,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4302 quaerens quem devoret</i>. Ergo multo magis boni Angeli semper nos
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4303 custodiunt.</p><p title="I q. 113 a. 6 co."><a name="33174"><span class="ref">[33174] Iª q. 113 a. 6 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4304 quod custodia Angelorum, ut ex supra dictis patet, est quaedam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4305 executio divinae providentiae circa homines facta. Manifestum est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4306 autem quod nec homo, nec res aliqua, totaliter divinae providentiae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4307 subtrahitur, inquantum enim aliquid participat de esse, intantum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4308 subditur universali providentiae entium. Sed intantum Deus,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4309 secundum ordinem suae providentiae, dicitur hominem derelinquere,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4310 inquantum permittit hominem pati aliquem defectum vel poenae vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4311 culpae. Similiter etiam dicendum est quod Angelus custos nunquam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4312 totaliter dimittit hominem, sed ad aliquid interdum eum dimittit;
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4313 prout scilicet non impedit quin subdatur alicui tribulationi, vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4314 etiam quin cadat in peccatum, secundum ordinem divinorum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4315 iudiciorum. Et secundum hoc Babylon et domus Israel ab Angelis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4316 derelictae dicuntur, quia Angeli earum custodes non impediverunt
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4317 quin tribulationibus subderentur.</p><p title="I q. 113 a. 6 ad 1"><a name="33175"><span class="ref">[33175] Iª q. 113 a. 6 ad 1</span></a> Et per hoc patet
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4318 solutio ad primum et secundum.</p><p title="I q. 113 a. 6 ad 3"><a name="33176"><span class="ref">[33176] Iª q. 113 a. 6 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4319 dicendum quod Angelus, etsi interdum derelinquat hominem loco, non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4320 tamen derelinquit eum quantum ad effectum custodiae, quia etiam cum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4321 est in caelo, cognoscit quid circa hominem agatur; nec indiget mora
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4322 temporis ad motum localem, sed statim potest adesse.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 7</h3><p title="I q. 113 a. 7 arg. 1"><a name="33177"><span class="ref">[33177] Iª q. 113 a. 7 arg. 1</span></a> Ad septimum sic
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4323 proceditur. Videtur quod Angeli doleant de malis eorum quos
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4324 custodiunt. Dicitur enim Isaiae XXXIII, <i>Angeli pacis amare
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4325 flebunt</i>. Sed fletus est signum doloris et tristitiae. Ergo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4326 Angeli tristantur de malis hominum quos custodiunt.</p><p title="I q. 113 a. 7 arg. 2"><a name="33178"><span class="ref">[33178] Iª q. 113 a. 7 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4327 tristitia est, ut Augustinus dicit, <i>de his quae nobis nolentibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4328 accidunt</i>. Sed perditio hominis custoditi est contra voluntatem
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4329 Angeli custodis. Ergo tristantur Angeli de perditione hominum.</p><p title="I q. 113 a. 7 arg. 3"><a name="33179"><span class="ref">[33179] Iª q. 113 a. 7 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4330 sicut gaudio contrariatur tristitia, ita poenitentiae contrariatur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4331 peccatum. Sed Angeli gaudent de peccatore poenitentiam agente, ut
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4332 habetur Lucae XV. Ergo tristantur de iusto in peccatum cadente.</p><p title="I q. 113 a. 7 arg. 4"><a name="33180"><span class="ref">[33180] Iª q. 113 a. 7 arg. 4</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4333 super illud Num. XVIII; quidquid offerunt primitiarum etc., dicit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4334 Glossa Origenis; <i>trahuntur Angeli in iudicium, utrum ex ipsorum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4335 negligentia, an hominum ignavia lapsi sint</i>. Sed quilibet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4336 rationabiliter dolet de malis propter quae in iudicium tractus est.
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4337 Ergo Angeli dolent de peccatis hominum.</p><p title="I q. 113 a. 7 s. c."><a name="33181"><span class="ref">[33181] Iª q. 113 a. 7 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra, ubi
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4338 est tristitia et dolor, non est perfecta felicitas, unde dicitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4339 Apoc. XXI, <i>mors ultra non erit, neque luctus, neque clamor,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4340 neque ullus dolor</i>. Sed Angeli sunt perfecte beati. Ergo de
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4341 nullo dolent.</p><p title="I q. 113 a. 7 co."><a name="33182"><span class="ref">[33182] Iª q. 113 a. 7 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4342 quod Angeli non dolent neque de peccatis, neque de poenis hominum.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4343 Tristitia enim et dolor, secundum Augustinum, non est nisi de his
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4344 quae contrariantur voluntati. Nihil autem accidit in mundo quod sit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4345 contrarium voluntati Angelorum et aliorum beatorum, quia voluntas
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4346 eorum totaliter inhaeret ordini divinae iustitiae; nihil autem fit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4347 in mundo, nisi quod per divinam iustitiam fit aut permittitur. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4348 ideo, simpliciter loquendo, nihil fit in mundo contra voluntatem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4349 beatorum. Ut enim philosophus dicit in III Ethic. illud dicitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4350 simpliciter voluntarium, quod aliquis vult in particulari, secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4351 quod agitur, consideratis scilicet omnibus quae circumstant,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4352 quamvis in universali consideratum non esset voluntarium, sicut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4353 nauta non vult proiectionem mercium in mare, absolute et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4354 universaliter considerando, sed imminente periculo salutis hoc
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4355 vult. Unde magis est hoc voluntarium quam involuntarium, ut ibidem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4356 dicitur. Sic igitur Angeli peccata et poenas hominum, universaliter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4357 et absolute loquendo, non volunt, volunt tamen quod circa hoc ordo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4358 divinae iustitiae servetur, secundum quem quidam poenis subduntur,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4359 et peccare permittuntur.</p><p title="I q. 113 a. 7 ad 1"><a name="33183"><span class="ref">[33183] Iª q. 113 a. 7 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4360 dicendum quod verbum illud Isaiae potest intelligi de Angelis,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4361 idest nuntiis, Ezechiae, qui fleverunt propter verba Rabsacis; de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4362 quibus habetur Isaiae XXXVII. Et hoc secundum litteralem sensum.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4363 Secundum vero allegoricum, Angeli pacis sunt apostoli et alii
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4364 praedicatores, qui flent pro peccatis hominum. Si vero secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4365 sensum anagogicum exponatur de Angelis beatis, tunc metaphorica
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4366 erit locutio, ad designandum quod Angeli volunt in universali
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4367 hominum salutem. Sic enim Deo et Angelis huiusmodi passiones
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4368 attribuuntur.</p><p title="I q. 113 a. 7 ad 2"><a name="33184"><span class="ref">[33184] Iª q. 113 a. 7 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum patet
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4369 solutio per ea quae dicta sunt.</p><p title="I q. 113 a. 7 ad 3"><a name="33185"><span class="ref">[33185] Iª q. 113 a. 7 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4370 dicendum quod tam in poenitentia hominum, quam in peccato, manet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4371 una ratio gaudii Angelis, scilicet impletio ordinis divinae
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4372 providentiae.</p><p title="I q. 113 a. 7 ad 4"><a name="33186"><span class="ref">[33186] Iª q. 113 a. 7 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4373 dicendum quod Angeli ducuntur in iudicium pro peccatis hominum, non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4374 quasi rei, sed quasi testes, ad convincendum homines de eorum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
4375 ignavia.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 8</h3><p title="I q. 113 a. 8 arg. 1"><a name="33187"><span class="ref">[33187] Iª q. 113 a. 8 arg. 1</span></a> Ad octavum sic
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4376 proceditur. Videtur quod inter Angelos non possit esse pugna seu
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4377 discordia. Dicitur enim Iob XXV, <i>qui facit concordiam in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4378 sublimibus</i>. Sed pugna opponitur concordiae. Ergo in sublimibus
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
4379 Angelis non est pugna.</p><p title="I q. 113 a. 8 arg. 2"><a name="33188"><span class="ref">[33188] Iª q. 113 a. 8 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea, ubi
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4380 est perfecta caritas et iusta praelatio, non potest esse pugna. Sed
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
4381 hoc totum est in Angelis. Ergo in Angelis non est pugna.</p><p title="I q. 113 a. 8 arg. 3"><a name="33189"><span class="ref">[33189] Iª q. 113 a. 8 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea, si
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4382 Angeli dicuntur pugnare pro eis quos custodiunt, necesse est quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4383 unus Angelus foveat unam partem, et alius aliam. Sed si una pars
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4384 habet iustitiam, e contra alia pars habet iniustitiam. Ergo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4385 sequitur quod Angelus bonus sit fautor iniustitiae, quod est
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4386 inconveniens. Ergo inter bonos Angelos non est pugna.</p><p title="I q. 113 a. 8 s. c."><a name="33190"><span class="ref">[33190] Iª q. 113 a. 8 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4387 quod dicitur Dan. X, ex persona Gabrielis, <i>princeps regni
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4388 Persarum restitit mihi viginti et uno diebus</i>. Hic autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4389 princeps Persarum erat Angelus regno Persarum in custodiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4390 deputatus. Ergo unus bonus Angelus resistit alii, et sic inter eos
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4391 est pugna.</p><p title="I q. 113 a. 8 co."><a name="33191"><span class="ref">[33191] Iª q. 113 a. 8 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4392 quod ista quaestio movetur occasione horum verborum Danielis. Quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4393 quidem Hieronymus exponit, dicens principem regni Persarum esse
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4394 Angelum qui se opposuit liberationi populi Israelitici, pro quo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4395 Daniel orabat, Gabriele preces eius Deo praesentante. Haec autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4396 resistentia potuit fieri, quia princeps aliquis Daemonum Iudaeos in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4397 Persidem ductos ad peccatum induxerat, per quod impedimentum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4398 praestabatur orationi Danielis, pro eodem populo deprecantis. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4399 secundum Gregorium, XVII Moral., princeps regni Persarum bonus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4400 Angelus fuit, custodiae regni illius deputatus. Ad videndum igitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4401 qualiter unus Angelus alteri resistere dicitur, considerandum est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4402 quod divina iudicia circa diversa regna et diversos homines, per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4403 Angelos exercentur. In suis autem actionibus Angeli secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4404 divinam sententiam regulantur. Contingit autem quandoque quod in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4405 diversis regnis, vel in diversis hominibus, contraria merita vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4406 demerita inveniuntur, ut unus alteri subdatur aut praesit. Quid
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4407 autem super hoc ordo divinae sapientiae habeat, cognoscere non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4408 possunt nisi Deo revelante, unde necesse habent super his
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4409 sapientiam Dei consulere. Sic igitur inquantum de contrariis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4410 meritis et sibi repugnantibus, divinam consulunt voluntatem,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4411 resistere sibi invicem dicuntur, non quia sint eorum contrariae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4412 voluntates, cum in hoc omnes concordent, quod Dei sententia
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
4413 impleatur; sed quia ea de quibus consulunt, sunt repugnantia.</p><p title="I q. 113 a. 8 ad arg."><a name="33192"><span class="ref">[33192] Iª q. 113 a. 8 ad arg.</span></a> Et per hoc
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4414 patet solutio ad obiecta.</p></div></div><div class="q" id="q114"><h2>Quaestio 114</h2><div class="p"><h3>Prooemium</h3><p title="I q. 114 pr."><a name="33193"><span class="ref">[33193]
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
4415 Iª q. 114 pr.</span></a> Deinde considerandum est de
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4416 impugnatione Daemonum. Et circa hoc quaeruntur quinque. Primo,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4417 utrum homines a Daemonibus impugnentur. Secundo, utrum tentare sit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4418 proprium Diaboli. Tertio, utrum omnia peccata hominum ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4419 impugnatione sive tentatione Daemonum proveniant. Quarto, utrum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4420 possint vera miracula facere ad seducendum. Quinto, utrum Daemones
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
4421 qui ab hominibus superantur, ab impugnatione hominum arceantur.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 1</h3><p title="I q. 114 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="33194"><span class="ref">[33194] Iª q. 114 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad primum sic
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4422 proceditur. Videtur quod homines non impugnentur a Daemonibus.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4423 Angeli enim deputantur ad hominum custodiam, missi a Deo. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4424 Daemones non mittuntur a Deo, cum Daemonum intentio sit perdere
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4425 animas, Dei autem salvare. Ergo Daemones non deputantur ad hominum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4426 impugnationem.</p><p title="I q. 114 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="33195"><span class="ref">[33195] Iª q. 114 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea, non
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4427 est aequa conditio pugnae, ut infirmus contra fortem, ignarus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4428 contra astutum exponatur ad bellum. Sed homines sunt infirmi et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4429 ignari; Daemones autem potentes et astuti. Non est ergo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4430 permittendum a Deo, qui est omnis iustitiae auctor, ut homines a
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4431 Daemonibus impugnentur.</p><p title="I q. 114 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="33196"><span class="ref">[33196] Iª q. 114 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea, ad
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4432 exercitium hominum sufficit impugnatio carnis et mundi. Sed Deus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4433 permittit electos suos impugnari propter eorum exercitium. Ergo non
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4434 videtur necessarium quod a Daemonibus impugnentur.</p><p title="I q. 114 a. 1 s. c."><a name="33197"><span class="ref">[33197] Iª q. 114 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4435 quod apostolus dicit, ad Ephes. VI, quod <i>non est nobis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4436 colluctatio adversus carnem et sanguinem, sed adversus principes et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4437 potestates, adversus mundi rectores tenebrarum harum, contra
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4438 spiritualia nequitiae in caelestibus</i>.</p><p title="I q. 114 a. 1 co."><a name="33198"><span class="ref">[33198] Iª q. 114 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4439 quod circa impugnationem Daemonum duo est considerare, scilicet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4440 ipsam impugnationem, et impugnationis ordinem. Impugnatio quidem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4441 ipsa ex Daemonum malitia procedit, qui propter invidiam profectum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4442 hominum impedire nituntur; et propter superbiam divinae potestatis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4443 similitudinem usurpant, deputando sibi ministros determinatos ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4444 hominum impugnationem, sicut et Angeli Deo ministrant in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4445 determinatis officiis ad hominum salutem. Sed ordo impugnationis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4446 ipsius est a Deo, qui ordinate novit malis uti, ad bona ea
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4447 ordinando. Sed ex parte Angelorum, tam ipsa custodia quam ordo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4448 custodiae reducitur ad Deum, sicut ad primum auctorem.</p><p title="I q. 114 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="33199"><span class="ref">[33199] Iª q. 114 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4449 dicendum quod mali Angeli impugnant homines dupliciter. Uno modo,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4450 instigando ad peccatum. Et sic non mittuntur a Deo ad impugnandum,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4451 sed aliquando permittuntur, secundum Dei iusta iudicia. Aliquando
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4452 autem impugnant homines puniendo. Et sic mittuntur a Deo; sicut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4453 missus est spiritus mendax ad puniendum Achab regem Israel, ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4454 dicitur III Reg. ult. Poena enim refertur in Deum, sicut in primum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4455 auctorem. Et tamen Daemones ad puniendum missi, alia intentione
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4456 puniunt, quam mittantur, nam ipsi puniunt ex odio vel invidia;
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4457 mittuntur autem a Deo propter eius iustitiam.</p><p title="I q. 114 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="33200"><span class="ref">[33200] Iª q. 114 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4458 dicendum quod ad hoc quod non sit inaequalis pugnae conditio, fit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4459 ex parte hominis recompensatio, principaliter quidem per auxilium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4460 divinae gratiae; secundario autem per custodiam Angelorum. Unde IV
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4461 Reg., Elisaeus dixit ad ministrum suum, <i>noli timere, plures enim
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4462 nobiscum sunt, quam cum illis</i>.</p><p title="I q. 114 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="33201"><span class="ref">[33201] Iª q. 114 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4463 dicendum quod infirmitati humanae sufficeret ad exercitium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4464 impugnatio quae est a carne et mundo, sed malitiae Daemonum non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4465 sufficit, quae utroque utitur ad hominum impugnationem. Sed tamen
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4466 ex divina ordinatione hoc provenit in gloriam electorum.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 2</h3><p title="I q. 114 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="33202"><span class="ref">[33202] Iª q. 114 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad secundum sic
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4467 proceditur. Videtur quod tentare non sit proprium Diaboli. Dicitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4468 enim Deus tentare; secundum illud Gen. XXII, <i>tentavit Deus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4469 Abraham</i>. Tentat etiam caro, et mundus. Et etiam homo dicitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4470 tentare Deum, et hominem. Ergo non est proprium Daemonis
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4471 tentare.</p><p title="I q. 114 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="33203"><span class="ref">[33203] Iª q. 114 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4472 tentare est ignorantis. Sed Daemones sciunt quid circa homines
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4473 agatur. Ergo Daemones non tentant.</p><p title="I q. 114 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="33204"><span class="ref">[33204] Iª q. 114 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4474 tentatio est via in peccatum. Peccatum autem in voluntate
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4475 consistit. Cum ergo Daemones non possint voluntatem hominis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4476 immutare, ut per supra dicta patet; videtur quod ad eos non
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4477 pertineat tentare.</p><p title="I q. 114 a. 2 s. c."><a name="33205"><span class="ref">[33205] Iª q. 114 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4478 quod dicitur I ad Thessal. III, <i>ne forte tentaverit vos is qui
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4479 tentat</i>; Glossa, idest Diabolus, cuius officium est tentare.</p><p title="I q. 114 a. 2 co."><a name="33206"><span class="ref">[33206] Iª q. 114 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4480 quod tentare est proprie experimentum sumere de aliquo.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4481 Experimentum autem sumitur de aliquo, ut sciatur aliquid circa
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4482 ipsum, et ideo proximus finis cuiuslibet tentantis est scientia.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4483 Sed quandoque ulterius ex scientia quaeritur aliquis alius finis,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4484 vel bonus vel malus, bonus quidem, sicut cum aliquis vult scire
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4485 qualis aliquis sit, vel quantum ad scientiam vel quantum ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4486 virtutem, ut eum promoveat; malus autem, quando hoc scire vult, ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4487 eum decipiat vel subvertat. Et per hunc modum potest accipi quomodo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4488 tentare diversis diversimode attribuatur. Homo enim tentare
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4489 dicitur, quandoque quidem ut sciat tantum, et propter hoc, tentare
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4490 Deum dicitur esse peccatum; quia homo, quasi incertus, experiri
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4491 praesumit Dei virtutem. Quandoque vero tentat ut iuvet, quandoque
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4492 vero, ut noceat. Diabolus autem semper tentat ut noceat, in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4493 peccatum praecipitando. Et secundum hoc, dicitur proprium officium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4494 eius tentare, nam etsi homo aliquando sic tentet, hoc agit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4495 inquantum est minister Diaboli. Deus autem tentare dicitur ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4496 sciat, eo modo loquendi quo dicitur scire quod facit alios scire.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4497 Unde dicitur Deut. XII, <i>tentat vos dominus Deus vester, ut palam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4498 fiat utrum diligatis eum</i>. Caro autem et mundus dicuntur tentare
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4499 instrumentaliter, seu materialiter, inquantum scilicet potest
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4500 cognosci qualis sit homo, ex hoc quod sequitur vel repugnat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4501 concupiscentiis carnis, et ex hoc quod contemnit prospera mundi et
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4502 adversa; quibus etiam Diabolus utitur ad tentandum.</p><p title="I q. 114 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="33207"><span class="ref">[33207] Iª q. 114 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Et sic patet
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4503 solutio ad primum.</p><p title="I q. 114 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="33208"><span class="ref">[33208] Iª q. 114 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4504 dicendum quod Daemones sciunt ea quae exterius aguntur circa
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4505 homines, sed interiorem hominis conditionem solus Deus novit, qui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4506 est spirituum ponderator, ex qua aliqui sunt magis proni ad unum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4507 vitium quam ad aliud. Et ideo Diabolus tentat explorando interiorem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4508 conditionem hominis, ut de illo vitio tentet, ad quod homo magis
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
4509 pronus est.</p><p title="I q. 114 a. 2 ad 3"><a name="33209"><span class="ref">[33209] Iª q. 114 a. 2 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4510 dicendum quod Daemon, etsi non possit immutare voluntatem, potest
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4511 tamen, ut supra dictum est, aliqualiter immutare inferiores hominis
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
4512 vires; ex quibus etsi non cogitur voluntas, tamen inclinatur.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 3</h3><p title="I q. 114 a. 3 arg. 1"><a name="33210"><span class="ref">[33210] Iª q. 114 a. 3 arg. 1</span></a> Ad tertium sic
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4513 proceditur. Videtur quod omnia peccata procedant ex tentatione
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4514 Diaboli. Dicit enim Dionysius, IV cap. de Div. Nom., quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4515 <i>multitudo Daemonum est causa omnium malorum et sibi et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4516 aliis</i>. Et Damascenus dicit quod <i>omnis malitia et omnis
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
4517 immunditia a Diabolo excogitatae sunt</i>.</p><p title="I q. 114 a. 3 arg. 2"><a name="33211"><span class="ref">[33211] Iª q. 114 a. 3 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea, de
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4518 quolibet peccatore dici posset quod dominus de Iudaeis dicit, Ioan.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4519 VIII, <i>vos ex patre Diabolo estis</i>. Hoc autem est inquantum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4520 ipsi ex Diaboli suggestione peccabant. Omne ergo peccatum est ex
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
4521 suggestione Diaboli.</p><p title="I q. 114 a. 3 arg. 3"><a name="33212"><span class="ref">[33212] Iª q. 114 a. 3 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4522 sicut Angeli deputantur ad custodiam hominum, ita Daemones ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4523 impugnationem. Sed omnia bona quae facimus, ex suggestione bonorum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4524 Angelorum procedunt, quia divina ad nos mediantibus Angelis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4525 perferuntur. Ergo et omnia mala quae facimus, proveniunt ex
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
4526 suggestione Diaboli.</p><p title="I q. 114 a. 3 s. c."><a name="33213"><span class="ref">[33213] Iª q. 114 a. 3 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4527 quod dicitur in libro de Eccles. Dogmat., <i>non omnes cogitationes
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4528 nostrae malae a Diabolo excitantur, sed aliquoties ex nostri
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4529 arbitrii motu emergunt</i>.</p><p title="I q. 114 a. 3 co."><a name="33214"><span class="ref">[33214] Iª q. 114 a. 3 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4530 quod causa alicuius potest dici aliquid dupliciter, uno modo,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4531 directe, alio modo, indirecte. Indirecte quidem, sicut cum aliquod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4532 agens causans aliquam dispositionem ad aliquem effectum, dicitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4533 esse occasionaliter et indirecte causa illius effectus; sicut si
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4534 dicatur quod ille qui siccat ligna, est causa combustionis eorum.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4535 Et hoc modo dicendum est quod Diabolus est causa omnium peccatorum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4536 nostrorum, quia ipse instigavit primum hominem ad peccandum, ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4537 cuius peccato consecuta est in toto genere humano quaedam pronitas
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4538 ad omnia peccata. Et per hunc modum intelligenda sunt verba
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4539 Damasceni et Dionysii. Directe autem dicitur esse aliquid causa
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4540 alicuius, quod operatur directe ad illud. Et hoc modo Diabolus non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4541 est causa omnis peccati non enim omnia peccata committuntur Diabolo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4542 instigante, sed quaedam ex libertate arbitrii et carnis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4543 corruptione. Quia, ut Origenes dicit, etiam si Diabolus non esset,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4544 homines haberent appetitum ciborum et venereorum et huiusmodi;
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4545 circa quae multa inordinatio contingit, nisi per rationem talis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4546 appetitus refraenetur; et maxime, supposita corruptione naturae.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4547 Refraenare autem et ordinare huiusmodi appetitum, subiacet libero
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4548 arbitrio. Sic ergo non est necessarium omnia peccata ex instinctu
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4549 Diaboli provenire. Si qua tamen ex instinctu eius proveniunt, ad ea
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4550 complenda <i>eo blandimento decipiuntur homines nunc, quo primi
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
4551 parentes</i>, ut Isidorus dicit.</p><p title="I q. 114 a. 3 ad 1"><a name="33215"><span class="ref">[33215] Iª q. 114 a. 3 ad 1</span></a> Et per hoc patet
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4552 responsio ad primum.</p><p title="I q. 114 a. 3 ad 2"><a name="33216"><span class="ref">[33216] Iª q. 114 a. 3 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4553 dicendum quod, si qua peccata absque instinctu Diaboli
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4554 perpetrantur, per ea tamen fiunt homines filii Diaboli, inquantum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4555 ipsum primo peccantem imitantur.</p><p title="I q. 114 a. 3 ad 3"><a name="33217"><span class="ref">[33217] Iª q. 114 a. 3 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4556 dicendum quod homo potest per seipsum ruere in peccatum, sed ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4557 meritum proficere non potest nisi auxilio divino, quod homini
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4558 exhibetur mediante ministerio Angelorum. Et ideo ad omnia bona
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4559 nostra cooperantur Angeli, non tamen omnia nostra peccata procedunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4560 ex Daemonum suggestione. Quamvis nullum genus peccati sit, quod non
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4561 interdum ex Daemonum suggestione proveniat.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 4</h3><p title="I q. 114 a. 4 arg. 1"><a name="33218"><span class="ref">[33218] Iª q. 114 a. 4 arg. 1</span></a> Ad quartum sic
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4562 proceditur. Videtur quod Daemones non possint homines seducere per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4563 aliqua miracula vera. Operatio enim Daemonum maxime vigebit in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4564 operibus Antichristi. Sed sicut apostolus dicit II ad Thessal. II,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4565 <i>eius adventus est secundum operationem Satanae, in omni virtute
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4566 et signis et prodigiis mendacibus</i>. Ergo multo magis alio
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4567 tempore per Daemones non fiunt nisi signa mendacia.</p><p title="I q. 114 a. 4 arg. 2"><a name="33219"><span class="ref">[33219] Iª q. 114 a. 4 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea, vera
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4568 miracula per aliquam corporum immutationem fiunt. Sed Daemones non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4569 possunt immutare corpus in aliam naturam, dicit enim Augustinus,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4570 XVIII de Civ. Dei, <i>nec corpus quidem humanum ulla ratione
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4571 crediderim Daemonum arte vel potestate in membra bestialia posse
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4572 converti</i>. Ergo Daemones vera miracula facere non possunt.</p><p title="I q. 114 a. 4 arg. 3"><a name="33220"><span class="ref">[33220] Iª q. 114 a. 4 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4573 argumentum efficaciam non habet, quod se habet ad opposita. Si ergo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4574 miracula vera possunt fieri a Daemonibus ad falsitatem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4575 persuadendam, non erunt efficacia ad veritatem fidei confirmandam.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4576 Quod est inconveniens, cum dicatur Marci ult., <i>domino
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4577 cooperante, et sermonem confirmante sequentibus signis</i>.</p><p title="I q. 114 a. 4 s. c."><a name="33221"><span class="ref">[33221] Iª q. 114 a. 4 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4578 quod Augustinus dicit, libro octoginta trium quaest., quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4579 <i>magicis artibus fiunt miracula plerumque similia illis miraculis
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4580 quae fiunt per servos Dei</i>.</p><p title="I q. 114 a. 4 co."><a name="33222"><span class="ref">[33222] Iª q. 114 a. 4 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4581 quod, sicut ex supra dictis patet, si miraculum proprie accipiatur,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4582 Daemones miracula facere non possunt, nec aliqua creatura, sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4583 solus Deus, quia miraculum proprie dicitur quod fit praeter ordinem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4584 totius naturae creatae, sub quo ordine continetur omnis virtus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4585 creaturae. Dicitur tamen quandoque miraculum large, quod excedit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4586 humanam facultatem et considerationem. Et sic Daemones possunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4587 facere miracula, quae scilicet homines mirantur, inquantum eorum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4588 facultatem et cognitionem excedunt. Nam et unus homo, inquantum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4589 facit aliquid quod est supra facultatem et cognitionem alterius,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4590 ducit alium in admirationem sui operis, ut quodammodo miraculum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4591 videatur operari. Sciendum est tamen quod, quamvis huiusmodi opera
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4592 Daemonum, quae nobis miracula videntur, ad veram rationem miraculi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4593 non pertingant; sunt tamen quandoque verae res. Sicut magi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4594 Pharaonis per virtutem Daemonum veros serpentes et ranas fecerunt.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4595 <i>Et quando ignis de caelo cecidit et familiam Iob cum gregibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4596 pecorum uno impetu consumpsit, et turbo domum deiiciens filios eius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4597 occidit, quae fuerunt opera Satanae, phantasmata non fuerunt</i>,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4598 ut Augustinus dicit, XX de Civ. Dei.</p><p title="I q. 114 a. 4 ad 1"><a name="33223"><span class="ref">[33223] Iª q. 114 a. 4 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4599 dicendum quod, sicut Augustinus dicit ibidem, Antichristi opera
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4600 possunt dici esse signa mendacii, <i>vel quia mortales sensus per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4601 phantasmata decepturus est, ut quod non facit, videatur facere, vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4602 quia, si sint vera prodigia, ad mendacium tamen pertrahent
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4603 credituros</i>.</p><p title="I q. 114 a. 4 ad 2"><a name="33224"><span class="ref">[33224] Iª q. 114 a. 4 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4604 dicendum quod, sicut supra dictum est, materia corporalis non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4605 obedit Angelis bonis seu malis ad nutum, ut Daemones sua virtute
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4606 possint transmutare materiam de forma in formam, sed possunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4607 adhibere quaedam semina quae in elementis mundi inveniuntur, ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4608 huiusmodi effectus complendos, ut Augustinus dicit III de Trin. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4609 ideo dicendum est quod omnes transmutationes corporalium rerum quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4610 possunt fieri per aliquas virtutes naturales, ad quas pertinent
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4611 praedicta semina, possunt fieri per operationem Daemonum, huiusmodi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4612 seminibus adhibitis; sicut cum aliquae res transmutantur in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4613 serpentes vel ranas, quae per putrefactionem generari possunt.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4614 Illae vero transmutationes corporalium rerum quae non possunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4615 virtute naturae fieri, nullo modo operatione Daemonum, secundum rei
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4616 veritatem, perfici possunt; sicut quod corpus humanum mutetur in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4617 corpus bestiale, aut quod corpus hominis mortuum reviviscat. Et si
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4618 aliquando aliquid tale operatione Daemonum fieri videatur, hoc non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4619 est secundum rei veritatem, sed secundum apparentiam tantum. Quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4620 quidem potest dupliciter contingere. Uno modo, ab interiori;
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4621 secundum quod Daemon potest mutare phantasiam hominis, et etiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4622 sensus corporeos, ut aliquid videatur aliter quam sit, sicut supra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4623 dictum est. Et hoc etiam interdum fieri dicitur virtute aliquarum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4624 rerum corporalium. Alio modo, ab exteriori. Cum enim ipse possit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4625 formare corpus ex aere cuiuscumque formae et figurae, ut illud
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4626 assumens in eo visibiliter appareat; potest eadem ratione
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4627 circumponere cuicumque rei corporeae quamcumque formam corpoream,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4628 ut in eius specie videatur. Et hoc est quod Augustinus dicit XVIII
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4629 de Civ. Dei, quod <i>phantasticum hominis, quod etiam cogitando
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4630 sive somniando per rerum innumerabilium genera variatur, velut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4631 corporatum in alicuius animalis effigie, sensibus apparet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4632 alienis</i>. Quod non est sic intelligendum, quod ipsa vis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4633 phantastica hominis, aut species eius, eadem numero incorporata
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4634 alterius sensibus ostendatur, sed quia Daemon qui in phantasia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4635 unius hominis format aliquam speciem, ipse etiam potest similem
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4636 speciem alterius sensibus offerre.</p><p title="I q. 114 a. 4 ad 3"><a name="33225"><span class="ref">[33225] Iª q. 114 a. 4 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4637 dicendum quod, sicut Augustinus dicit in libro octoginta trium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4638 quaest., <i>cum talia faciunt magi qualia sancti, diverso fine et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4639 diverso iure fiunt. Illi enim faciunt, quaerentes gloriam suam,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4640 isti, quaerentes gloriam Dei. Et illi faciunt per quaedam privata
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4641 commercia; isti autem publica administratione, et iussu Dei, cui
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4642 cuncta creatura subiecta est</i>.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 5</h3><p title="I q. 114 a. 5 arg. 1"><a name="33226"><span class="ref">[33226] Iª q. 114 a. 5 arg. 1</span></a> Ad quintum sic
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4643 proceditur. Videtur quod Daemon qui superatur ab aliquo, non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4644 propter hoc ab impugnatione arceatur. Christus enim efficacissime
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4645 suum tentatorem vicit. Sed tamen postea eum impugnavit, ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4646 occisionem eius Iudaeos incitando. Ergo non est verum quod Diabolus
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4647 victus ab impugnatione cesset.</p><p title="I q. 114 a. 5 arg. 2"><a name="33227"><span class="ref">[33227] Iª q. 114 a. 5 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4648 infligere poenam ei qui in pugna succumbit, est incitare ad acrius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4649 impugnandum. Hoc autem non pertinet ad Dei misericordiam. Ergo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
4650 Daemones superati non arcentur.</p><p title="I q. 114 a. 5 s. c."><a name="33228"><span class="ref">[33228] Iª q. 114 a. 5 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4651 quod dicitur Matth. IV, tunc reliquit eum Diabolus, scilicet
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4652 Christum superantem.</p><p title="I q. 114 a. 5 co."><a name="33229"><span class="ref">[33229] Iª q. 114 a. 5 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4653 quod quidam dicunt quod Daemon superatus nullum hominum potest de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4654 cetero tentare, nec de eodem nec de alio peccato. Quidam autem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4655 dicunt quod potest alios tentare, sed non eundem. Et hoc
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4656 probabilius dicitur, si tamen intelligatur usque ad aliquod tempus,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4657 unde et Lucae IV dicitur quod, <i>consummata omni tentatione,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4658 Diabolus recessit a Christo usque ad tempus</i>. Et huius ratio est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4659 duplex. Una est ex parte divinae clementiae, quia, ut Chrysostomus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4660 dicit, super Matth., <i>non tandiu homines Diabolus tentat, quandiu
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4661 vult, sed quandiu Deus permittit; quia etsi permittat paulisper
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4662 tentare, tamen repellit, propter infirmam naturam</i>. Alia ratio
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4663 sumitur ex astutia Diaboli, unde Ambrosius dicit, super Lucam, quod
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4664 <i>Diabolus instare formidat, quia frequentius refugit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4665 triumphari</i>. Quod tamen aliquando Diabolus redeat ad eum quem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4666 dimisit, patet per illud quod dicitur Matth. XII, <i>revertar in
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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diff changeset
4667 domum meam, unde exivi</i>.</p><p title="I q. 114 a. 5 ad arg."><a name="33230"><span class="ref">[33230] Iª q. 114 a. 5 ad arg.</span></a> Et per hoc
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
4668 patet solutio ad obiecta.</p></div></div><div class="q" id="q115"><h2>Quaestio 115</h2><div class="p"><h3>Prooemium</h3><p title="I q. 115 pr."><a name="33231"><span class="ref">[33231]
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
4669 Iª q. 115 pr.</span></a> Consequenter considerandum est de
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4670 actione corporalis creaturae; et fato, quod aliquibus corporibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4671 attribuitur. Circa actiones corporales quaeruntur sex. Primo, utrum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4672 aliquod corpus sit activum. Secundo, utrum in corporibus sint
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4673 aliquae seminales rationes. Tertio, utrum corpora caelestia sint
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4674 causa eorum quae hic per inferiora corpora fiunt. Quarto, utrum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4675 sint causa humanorum actuum. Quinto, utrum eorum actionibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4676 Daemones subdantur. Sexto, utrum caelestia corpora imponant
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
4677 necessitatem his quae eorum actionibus subduntur.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 1</h3><p title="I q. 115 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="33232"><span class="ref">[33232] Iª q. 115 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad primum sic
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4678 proceditur. Videtur quod nullum corpus sit activum. Dicit enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4679 Augustinus quod <i>in rebus invenitur aliquid actum et non agens,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4680 sicut sunt corpora; aliquid agens et non actum, sicut Deus; aliquid
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
4681 agens et actum, sicut substantiae spirituales</i>.</p><p title="I q. 115 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="33233"><span class="ref">[33233] Iª q. 115 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea, omne
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4682 agens, excepto primo agente, in suo opere indiget subiecto quod sit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4683 susceptibile suae actionis. Sed infra substantiam corporalem non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4684 est substantia quae sit susceptibilis suae actionis, quia haec
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4685 substantia tenet infimum gradum in entibus. Ergo substantia
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4686 corporalis non est activa.</p><p title="I q. 115 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="33234"><span class="ref">[33234] Iª q. 115 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4687 omnis substantia corporalis concluditur quantitate. Sed quantitas
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4688 impedit substantiam a motu et actione, quia comprehendit eam, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4689 mergitur in ea, sicut impeditur aer nubilosus a perceptione
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4690 luminis. Et huius signum est, quod quanto magis accreverit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4691 quantitas corporis, tanto est ponderosius et gravius ad hoc quod
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4692 moveatur. Ergo nulla substantia corporalis est activa.</p><p title="I q. 115 a. 1 arg. 4"><a name="33235"><span class="ref">[33235] Iª q. 115 a. 1 arg. 4</span></a> Praeterea, omne
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4693 agens habet virtutem agendi ex propinquitate ad primum activum. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4694 a primo activo, quod est simplicissimum, remotissima sunt corpora,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
4695 quae sunt maxime composita. Ergo nullum corpus est agens.</p><p title="I q. 115 a. 1 arg. 5"><a name="33236"><span class="ref">[33236] Iª q. 115 a. 1 arg. 5</span></a> Praeterea, si
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4696 aliquod corpus est agens, aut agit ad formam substantialem; aut ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4697 formam accidentalem. Sed non ad formam substantialem, quia non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4698 invenitur in corporibus principium actionis nisi aliqua qualitas
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4699 activa, quae est accidens; accidens autem non potest esse causa
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4700 formae substantialis, cum causa sit potior quam effectus. Similiter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4701 etiam neque ad formam accidentalem, <i>quia accidens non se
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4702 extendit ultra suum subiectum</i>, ut Augustinus dicit IX de Trin.
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
4703 Ergo nullum corpus est activum.</p><p title="I q. 115 a. 1 s. c."><a name="33237"><span class="ref">[33237] Iª q. 115 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4704 quod Dionysius, XV cap. Cael. Hier., inter ceteras proprietates
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4705 corporei ignis, dicit quod <i>ad susceptas materias manifestat sui
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
4706 ipsius magnitudinem activus et potens</i>.</p><p title="I q. 115 a. 1 co."><a name="33238"><span class="ref">[33238] Iª q. 115 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4707 quod sensibiliter apparet aliqua corpora esse activa. Sed circa
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4708 corporum actiones tripliciter aliqui erraverunt. Fuerunt enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4709 aliqui qui totaliter corporibus actiones subtraxerunt. Et haec est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4710 opinio Avicebron in libro fontis vitae, ubi per rationes quae
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4711 tactae sunt, probare nititur quod nullum corpus agit, sed omnes
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4712 actiones quae videntur esse corporum, sunt actiones cuiusdam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4713 virtutis spiritualis quae penetrat per omnia corpora; ita quod
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4714 ignis, secundum eum, non calefacit, sed virtus spiritualis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4715 penetrans per ipsum. Et videtur haec opinio derivata esse ab
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4716 opinione Platonis. Nam Plato posuit omnes formas quae sunt in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4717 materia corporali, esse participatas et determinatas et contractas
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4718 ad hanc materiam; formas vero separatas esse absolutas et quasi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4719 universales; et ideo illas formas separatas dicebat esse causas
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4720 formarum quae sunt in materia. Secundum hoc ergo quod forma quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4721 est in materia corporali, determinata est ad hanc materiam
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4722 individuatam per quantitatem, ponebat Avicebron quod a quantitate,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4723 prout est individuationis principium, retinetur et arcetur forma
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4724 corporalis, ne possit se extendere per actionem in aliam materiam;
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4725 sed solum forma spiritualis et immaterialis, quae non est coarctata
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4726 per quantitatem, potest effluere per actionem in aliud. Sed ista
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4727 ratio non concludit quod forma corporalis non sit agens, sed quod
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4728 non sit agens universale. Secundum enim quod participatur aliquid,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4729 secundum hoc est necessarium quod participetur id quod est proprium
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4730 ei, sicut quantum participatur de lumine, tantum participatur de
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4731 ratione visibilis. Agere autem, quod nihil est aliud quam facere
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4732 aliquid actu, est per se proprium actus, inquantum est actus, unde
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4733 et omne agens agit sibi simile. Sic ergo ex hoc quod aliquid est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4734 forma non determinata per materiam quantitati subiectam, habet quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4735 sit agens indeterminatum et universale, ex hoc vero quod est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4736 determinata ad hanc materiam, habet quod sit agens contractum et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4737 particulare. Unde si esset forma ignis separata, ut Platonici
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4738 posuerunt, esset aliquo modo causa omnis ignitionis. Sed haec forma
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4739 ignis quae est in hac materia corporali, est causa huius ignitionis
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4740 quae est ab hoc corpore in hoc corpus. Unde et fit talis actio per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4741 contactum duorum corporum. Sed tamen haec opinio Avicebron
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4742 superexcedit opinionem Platonis. Nam Plato ponebat solum formas
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4743 substantiales separatas; accidentia vero reducebat ad principia
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4744 materialia quae sunt magnum et parvum, quae ponebat esse prima
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4745 contraria, sicut et alii rarum et densum. Et ideo tam Plato quam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4746 Avicenna, in aliquo ipsum sequens, ponebant quod agentia corporalia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4747 agunt secundum formas accidentales, disponendo materiam ad formam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4748 substantialem; sed ultima perfectio, quae est per introductionem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4749 formae substantialis est a principio immateriali. Et haec est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4750 secunda opinio de actione corporum, de qua supra dictum est, cum de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4751 creatione ageretur. Tertia vero opinio fuit Democriti, qui ponebat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4752 actionem esse per effluxionem atomorum a corpore agente, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4753 passionem esse per receptionem eorundem in poris corporis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4754 patientis. Quam opinionem improbat Aristoteles in I de Generat.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4755 Sequeretur enim quod corpus non pateretur per totum, et quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4756 quantitas corporis agentis diminueretur ex hoc quod agit, quae sunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4757 manifeste falsa. Dicendum est ergo quod corpus agit secundum quod
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
4758 est actu, in aliud corpus secundum quod est in potentia.</p><p title="I q. 115 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="33239"><span class="ref">[33239] Iª q. 115 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4759 dicendum quod dictum Augustini est intelligendum de tota natura
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4760 corporali simul accepta, quae non habet aliquam inferiorem naturam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4761 infra se, in quam agat, sicut natura spiritualis in corporalem, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4762 natura increata in creatam. Sed tamen unum corpus est infra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4763 alterum, inquantum est in potentia ad id quod habet aliud in
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4764 actu.</p><p title="I q. 115 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="33240"><span class="ref">[33240] Iª q. 115 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Et per hoc patet
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4765 solutio ad secundum. Sciendum est tamen quod, cum Avicebron sic
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4766 argumentatur, est aliquid quod est movens non motum, scilicet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4767 primus factor rerum, ergo, ex opposito, est aliquid quod est motum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4768 et patiens tantum, quod concedendum est. Sed hoc est materia prima,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4769 quae est potentia pura, sicut Deus est actus purus. Corpus autem
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
4770 componitur ex potentia et actu, et ideo est agens et patiens.</p><p title="I q. 115 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="33241"><span class="ref">[33241] Iª q. 115 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4771 dicendum quod quantitas non impedit formam corporalem omnino ab
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4772 actione, sicut dictum est, sed impedit eam ne sit agens universale,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4773 inquantum forma individuatur prout est in materia quantitati
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4774 subiecta. Signum tamen quod inducitur de ponderositate corporum,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4775 non est ad propositum. Primo quidem, quia additio quantitatis non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4776 est causa gravitatis; ut probatur in IV de caelo et mundo. Secundo,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4777 quia falsum est quod ponderositas facit tardiorem motum, immo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4778 quanto aliquid est gravius, tanto magis movetur motu proprio.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4779 Tertio, quia actio non fit per motum localem, ut Democritus posuit;
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
4780 sed per hoc quod aliquid reducitur de potentia in actum.</p><p title="I q. 115 a. 1 ad 4"><a name="33242"><span class="ref">[33242] Iª q. 115 a. 1 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4781 dicendum quod corpus non est id quod maxime distat a Deo,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4782 participat enim aliquid de similitudine divini esse, secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4783 formam quam habet. Sed id quod maxime distat a Deo, est materia
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
4784 prima; quae nullo modo est agens, cum sit in potentia tantum.</p><p title="I q. 115 a. 1 ad 5"><a name="33243"><span class="ref">[33243] Iª q. 115 a. 1 ad 5</span></a> Ad quintum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4785 dicendum quod corpus agit et ad formam accidentalem, et ad formam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4786 substantialem. Qualitas enim activa, ut calor, etsi sit accidens,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4787 agit tamen in virtute formae substantialis, sicut eius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4788 instrumentum; et ideo potest agere ad formam substantialem; sicut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4789 et calor naturalis, inquantum est instrumentum animae, agit ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4790 generationem carnis. Ad accidens vero agit propria virtute. Nec est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4791 contra rationem accidentis, quod excedat suum subiectum in agendo,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4792 sed quod excedat in essendo, nisi forsan quis imaginetur idem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4793 accidens numero defluere ab agente in patiens, sicut Democritus
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
4794 ponebat fieri actionem per defluxum atomorum.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 2</h3><p title="I q. 115 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="33244"><span class="ref">[33244] Iª q. 115 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad secundum sic
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4795 proceditur. Videtur quod in materia corporali non sint aliquae
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4796 rationes seminales. Ratio enim importat aliquid secundum esse
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4797 spirituale. Sed in materia corporali non est aliquid spiritualiter,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4798 sed materialiter tantum, secundum scilicet modum eius in quo est.
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4799 Ergo in materia corporali non sunt seminales rationes.</p><p title="I q. 115 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="33245"><span class="ref">[33245] Iª q. 115 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4800 Augustinus dicit, III de Trin., quod Daemones quaedam opera faciunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4801 adhibendo occultis motibus quaedam semina, quae in elementis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4802 cognoscunt. Sed ea quae per motum localem adhibentur, sunt corpora,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4803 non rationes. Ergo inconvenienter dicitur quod sunt in corporali
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
4804 materia seminales rationes.</p><p title="I q. 115 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="33246"><span class="ref">[33246] Iª q. 115 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4805 semen est principium activum. Sed in materia corporali non est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4806 aliquod principium activum, cum materiae non competat agere, ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4807 dictum est. Ergo in materia corporali non sunt seminales
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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diff changeset
4808 rationes.</p><p title="I q. 115 a. 2 arg. 4"><a name="33247"><span class="ref">[33247] Iª q. 115 a. 2 arg. 4</span></a> Praeterea, in
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4809 materia corporali dicuntur esse quaedam causales rationes, quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4810 videntur sufficere ad rerum productionem. Sed seminales rationes
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4811 sunt aliae a causalibus, quia praeter seminales rationes fiunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4812 miracula, non autem praeter causales. Ergo inconvenienter dicitur
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
4813 quod seminales rationes sunt in materia corporali.</p><p title="I q. 115 a. 2 s. c."><a name="33248"><span class="ref">[33248] Iª q. 115 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4814 quod Augustinus dicit, III de Trin., <i>omnium rerum quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4815 corporaliter visibiliterque nascuntur, occulta quaedam semina in
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4816 istis corporeis mundi huius elementis latent</i>.</p><p title="I q. 115 a. 2 co."><a name="33249"><span class="ref">[33249] Iª q. 115 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4817 quod denominationes consueverunt fieri a perfectiori, ut dicitur in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4818 II de anima. In tota autem natura corporea perfectiora sunt corpora
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4819 viva, unde et ipsum nomen naturae translatum est a rebus viventibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4820 ad omnes res naturales. Nam ipsum nomen naturae, ut philosophus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4821 dicit in V Metaphys., primo impositum fuit ad significandum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4822 generationem viventium, quae nativitas dicitur, et quia viventia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4823 generantur ex principio coniuncto, sicut fructus ex arbore, et
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4824 foetus ex matre, cui colligatur, consequenter tractum est nomen
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4825 naturae ad omne principium motus quod est in eo quod movetur.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4826 Manifestum est autem quod principium activum et passivum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4827 generationis rerum viventium sunt semina ex quibus viventia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4828 generantur. Et ideo convenienter Augustinus omnes virtutes activas
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4829 et passivas quae sunt principia generationum et motuum naturalium,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4830 seminales rationes vocat. Huiusmodi autem virtutes activae et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4831 passivae in multiplici ordine considerari possunt. Nam primo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4832 quidem, ut Augustinus dicit VI super Gen. ad Litt., sunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4833 principaliter et originaliter in ipso verbo Dei, secundum rationes
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4834 ideales. Secundo vero, sunt in elementis mundi, ubi simul a
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4835 principio productae sunt, sicut in universalibus causis. Tertio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4836 vero modo, sunt in iis quae ex universalibus causis secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4837 successiones temporum producuntur, sicut in hac planta et in hoc
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4838 animali, tanquam in particularibus causis. Quarto modo, sunt in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4839 seminibus quae ex animalibus et plantis producuntur. Quae iterum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4840 comparantur ad alios effectus particulares, sicut primordiales
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4841 causae universales ad primos effectus productos.</p><p title="I q. 115 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="33250"><span class="ref">[33250] Iª q. 115 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4842 dicendum quod huiusmodi virtutes activae et passivae rerum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4843 naturalium, etsi non possint dici rationes secundum quod sunt in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4844 materia corporali; possunt tamen dici rationes per comparationem ad
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4845 suam originem, secundum quod deducuntur a rationibus idealibus.</p><p title="I q. 115 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="33251"><span class="ref">[33251] Iª q. 115 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4846 dicendum quod huiusmodi virtutes activae vel passivae sunt in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4847 aliquibus partibus corporalibus; quae dum adhibentur per motum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4848 localem ad aliquos effectus complendos, dicuntur semina adhiberi
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4849 per Daemones.</p><p title="I q. 115 a. 2 ad 3"><a name="33252"><span class="ref">[33252] Iª q. 115 a. 2 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4850 dicendum quod semen maris est principium activum in generatione
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4851 animalis. Sed potest etiam dici semen id quod est ex parte feminae,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4852 quod est principium passivum. Et sic sub semine comprehendi possunt
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4853 vires activae et passivae.</p><p title="I q. 115 a. 2 ad 4"><a name="33253"><span class="ref">[33253] Iª q. 115 a. 2 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4854 dicendum quod ex verbis Augustini de huiusmodi rationibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4855 seminalibus loquentis, satis accipi potest quod ipsae rationes
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4856 seminales sunt etiam rationes causales, sicut et semen est quaedam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4857 causa, dicit enim in III de Trin., quod <i>sicut matres gravidae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4858 sunt foetibus, sic ipse mundus est gravidus causis nascentium</i>.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4859 Sed tamen rationes ideales possunt dici causales, non autem proprie
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4860 loquendo seminales, quia semen non est principium separatum, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4861 praeter huiusmodi rationes non fiunt miracula. Similiter etiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4862 neque praeter virtutes passivas creaturae inditas, ut ex ea fieri
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4863 possit quidquid Deus mandaverit. Sed praeter virtutes activas
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4864 naturales, et potentias passivas quae ordinantur ad huiusmodi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4865 virtutes activas, dicuntur fieri miracula, dum dicitur quod fiunt
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4866 praeter rationes seminales.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 3</h3><p title="I q. 115 a. 3 arg. 1"><a name="33254"><span class="ref">[33254] Iª q. 115 a. 3 arg. 1</span></a> Ad tertium sic
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4867 proceditur. Videtur quod corpora caelestia non sint causa eorum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4868 quae hic in inferioribus corporibus fiunt. Dicit enim Damascenus,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4869 nos autem dicimus quoniam ipsa, scilicet corpora caelestia, <i>non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4870 sunt causa alicuius eorum quae fiunt, neque corruptionis eorum quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4871 corrumpuntur, signa autem sunt magis imbrium et aeris
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4872 transmutationis</i>.</p><p title="I q. 115 a. 3 arg. 2"><a name="33255"><span class="ref">[33255] Iª q. 115 a. 3 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea, ad
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4873 faciendum aliquid, sufficit agens et materia. Sed in istis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4874 inferioribus invenitur materia patiens, inveniuntur etiam contraria
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4875 agentia, scilicet calidum et frigidum et huiusmodi. Ergo non est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4876 necessarium, ad causandum ea quae hic inferius fiunt, causalitatem
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4877 caelestibus corporibus attribuere.</p><p title="I q. 115 a. 3 arg. 3"><a name="33256"><span class="ref">[33256] Iª q. 115 a. 3 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4878 agens agit sibi simile. Sed videmus quod omnia quae fiunt hic
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4879 inferius, fiunt per hoc quod calefiunt et frigidantur, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4880 humectantur et desiccantur, et aliis huiusmodi qualitatibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4881 alterantur, quae non inveniuntur in corporibus caelestibus. Ergo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4882 corpora caelestia non sunt causa eorum quae hic fiunt.</p><p title="I q. 115 a. 3 arg. 4"><a name="33257"><span class="ref">[33257] Iª q. 115 a. 3 arg. 4</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4883 sicut Augustinus dicit V de Civ. Dei, <i>nihil est magis corporeum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4884 quam corporis sexus</i>. Sed corporis sexus non causatur ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4885 corporibus caelestibus, cuius signum esse videtur, quod duorum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4886 geminorum sub una constellatione natorum, unus est masculus et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4887 alter est femina. Ergo corpora caelestia non sunt causa rerum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4888 corporalium quae hic fiunt.</p><p title="I q. 115 a. 3 s. c."><a name="33258"><span class="ref">[33258] Iª q. 115 a. 3 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4889 quod Augustinus dicit, III de Trin., quod <i>corpora crassiora et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4890 inferiora per subtiliora et potentiora quodam ordine reguntur</i>.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4891 Et Dionysius dicit, IV cap. de Div. Nom., quod <i>lumen solis ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4892 generationem sensibilium corporum confert, et ad vitam ipsa movet,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4893 et nutrit et auget et perficit</i>.</p><p title="I q. 115 a. 3 co."><a name="33259"><span class="ref">[33259] Iª q. 115 a. 3 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4894 quod, cum omnis multitudo ab unitate procedat; quod autem immobile
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4895 est, uno modo se habet, quod vero movetur, multiformiter,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4896 considerandum est, in tota natura, quod omnis motus ab immobili
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4897 procedit. Et ideo quanto aliqua sunt immobiliora, tanto sunt magis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4898 causa eorum quae sunt magis mobilia. Corpora autem caelestia sunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4899 inter alia corpora magis immobilia, non enim moventur nisi motu
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4900 locali. Et ideo motus horum inferiorum corporum qui sunt varii et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4901 multiformes, reducuntur in motum corporis caelestis, sicut in
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4902 causam.</p><p title="I q. 115 a. 3 ad 1"><a name="33260"><span class="ref">[33260] Iª q. 115 a. 3 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4903 dicendum quod dictum Damasceni intelligendum est, quod corpora
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4904 caelestia non sunt prima causa generationis et corruptionis eorum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4905 quae hic fiunt; sicut dicebant illi qui ponebant corpora caelestia
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4906 esse deos.</p><p title="I q. 115 a. 3 ad 2"><a name="33261"><span class="ref">[33261] Iª q. 115 a. 3 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4907 dicendum quod principia activa in istis inferioribus corporibus non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4908 inveniuntur nisi qualitates activae elementorum, quae sunt calidum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4909 et frigidum et huiusmodi. Et si sic esset quod formae substantiales
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4910 inferiorum corporum non diversificarentur nisi secundum huiusmodi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4911 accidentia, quorum principia rarum et densum antiqui naturales
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4912 posuerunt; non oporteret super haec inferiora corpora aliquod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4913 principium activum ponere, sed ipsa sufficerent ad agendum. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4914 recte considerantibus apparet quod huiusmodi accidentia se habent
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4915 sicut materiales dispositiones ad formas substantiales naturalium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4916 corporum. Materia autem non sufficit ad agendum. Et ideo oportet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4917 super has materiales dispositiones ponere aliquod principium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4918 activum. Unde Platonici posuerunt species separatas, secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4919 quarum participationem inferiora corpora substantiales formas
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4920 consequuntur. Sed hoc non videtur sufficere. Quia species separatae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4921 semper eodem modo se haberent, cum ponantur immobiles, et sic
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4922 sequeretur quod non esset aliqua variatio circa generationem et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4923 corruptionem inferiorum corporum; quod patet esse falsum. Unde
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4924 secundum philosophum, in II de Gen., necesse est ponere aliquod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4925 principium activum mobile, quod per sui praesentiam et absentiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4926 causet varietatem circa generationem et corruptionem inferiorum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4927 corporum. Et huiusmodi sunt corpora caelestia. Et ideo quidquid in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4928 istis inferioribus generat, movet ad speciem sicut instrumentum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4929 caelestis corporis; secundum quod dicitur in II Physic., quod
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4930 <i>homo generat hominem, et sol</i>.</p><p title="I q. 115 a. 3 ad 3"><a name="33262"><span class="ref">[33262] Iª q. 115 a. 3 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4931 dicendum quod corpora caelestia inferioribus corporibus non sunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4932 similia similitudine speciei; sed inquantum sua universali virtute
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4933 continent in se quidquid in inferioribus corporibus generatur;
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4934 secundum quem modum dicimus etiam omnia esse Deo similia.</p><p title="I q. 115 a. 3 ad 4"><a name="33263"><span class="ref">[33263] Iª q. 115 a. 3 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4935 dicendum quod actiones corporum caelestium diversimode recipiuntur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4936 in inferioribus corporibus secundum diversam materiae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4937 dispositionem. Contingit autem quandoque quod materia conceptus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4938 humani non est disposita totaliter ad masculinum sexum; unde partim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4939 formatur in masculum, partim in feminam. Unde ad hoc introducitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4940 ab Augustino, ad repellendum scilicet divinationem quae fit per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4941 astra, quia effectus astrorum variantur etiam in rebus corporeis,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4942 secundum diversam materiae dispositionem.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 4</h3><p title="I q. 115 a. 4 arg. 1"><a name="33264"><span class="ref">[33264] Iª q. 115 a. 4 arg. 1</span></a> Ad quartum sic
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4943 proceditur. Videtur quod corpora caelestia sint causa humanorum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4944 actuum. Corpora enim caelestia, cum moveantur a spiritualibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4945 substantiis, sicut supra dictum est, agunt in virtute earum quasi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4946 instrumenta. Sed illae substantiae spirituales sunt superiores
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4947 animabus nostris. Ergo videtur quod possint imprimere in animas
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4948 nostras, et sic causare actus humanos.</p><p title="I q. 115 a. 4 arg. 2"><a name="33265"><span class="ref">[33265] Iª q. 115 a. 4 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea, omne
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4949 multiforme reducitur in aliquod uniforme principium. Sed actus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4950 humani sunt varii et multiformes. Ergo videtur quod reducantur in
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4951 uniformes motus caelestium corporum, sicut in sua principia.</p><p title="I q. 115 a. 4 arg. 3"><a name="33266"><span class="ref">[33266] Iª q. 115 a. 4 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4952 astrologi frequenter vera annuntiant de eventibus bellorum, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4953 aliis humanis actibus, quorum principia sunt intellectus et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4954 voluntas. Quod facere non possent secundum caelestia corpora, nisi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4955 essent humanorum actuum causa. Sunt ergo corpora caelestia
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4956 humanorum actuum causa.</p><p title="I q. 115 a. 4 s. c."><a name="33267"><span class="ref">[33267] Iª q. 115 a. 4 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4957 quod Damascenus dicit, quod <i>corpora caelestia humanorum actuum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
4958 nequaquam sunt causa</i>.</p><p title="I q. 115 a. 4 co."><a name="33268"><span class="ref">[33268] Iª q. 115 a. 4 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4959 quod corpora caelestia in corpora quidem imprimunt directe et per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4960 se, sicut iam dictum est. In vires autem animae quae sunt actus
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4961 organorum corporeorum, directe quidem, sed per accidens, quia
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4962 necesse est huiusmodi actus harum potentiarum impediri secundum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4963 impedimenta organorum, sicut oculus turbatus non bene videt. Unde
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4964 si intellectus et voluntas essent vires corporeis organis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4965 alligatae, sicut posuerunt aliqui, dicentes quod intellectus non
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4966 differt a sensu; ex necessitate sequeretur quod corpora caelestia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4967 essent causa electionum et actuum humanorum. Et ex hoc sequeretur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4968 quod homo naturali instinctu ageretur ad suas actiones, sicut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4969 cetera animalia, in quibus non sunt nisi vires animae corporeis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4970 organis alligatae, nam illud quod fit in istis inferioribus ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4971 impressione corporum caelestium, naturaliter agitur. Et ita
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4972 sequeretur quod homo non esset liberi arbitrii, sed haberet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4973 actiones determinatas, sicut et ceterae res naturales. Quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4974 manifeste sunt falsa, et conversationi humanae contraria. Sciendum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4975 est tamen quod indirecte et per accidens impressiones corporum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4976 caelestium ad intellectum et voluntatem pertingere possunt;
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4977 inquantum scilicet tam intellectus quam voluntas aliquo modo ab
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4978 inferioribus viribus accipiunt, quae organis corporeis alligantur.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4979 Sed circa hoc diversimode se habent intellectus et voluntas. Nam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4980 intellectus ex necessitate accipit ab inferioribus viribus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4981 apprehensivis, unde turbata vi imaginativa vel cogitativa vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4982 memorativa, ex necessitate turbatur actio intellectus. Sed voluntas
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4983 non ex necessitate sequitur inclinationem appetitus inferioris,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4984 licet enim passiones quae sunt in irascibili et concupiscibili,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4985 habeant quandam vim ad inclinandam voluntatem; tamen in potestate
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4986 voluntatis remanet sequi passiones, vel eas refutare. Et ideo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4987 impressio caelestium corporum, secundum quam immutari possunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4988 inferiores vires, minus pertingit ad voluntatem, quae est proxima
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4989 causa humanorum actuum, quam ad intellectum. Ponere igitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4990 caelestia corpora esse causam humanorum actuum, est proprium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4991 illorum qui dicunt intellectum non differre a sensu. Unde quidam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4992 eorum dicebant quod <i>talis est voluntas in hominibus, qualem in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4993 diem inducit pater virorum deorumque</i>. Quia ergo constat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4994 intellectum et voluntatem non esse actus organorum corporeorum,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4995 impossibile est quod corpora caelestia sint causa humanorum
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
4996 actuum.</p><p title="I q. 115 a. 4 ad 1"><a name="33269"><span class="ref">[33269] Iª q. 115 a. 4 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4997 dicendum quod spirituales substantiae quae caelestia corpora
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4998 movent, in corporalia quidem agunt mediantibus caelestibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4999 corporibus, sed in intellectum humanum agunt immediate illuminando.
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
5000 Voluntatem autem immutare non possunt, ut supra habitum est.</p><p title="I q. 115 a. 4 ad 2"><a name="33270"><span class="ref">[33270] Iª q. 115 a. 4 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5001 dicendum quod, sicut multiformitas corporalium motuum reducitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5002 sicut in causam in uniformitatem motuum caelestium; ita
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5003 multiformitas actuum qui sunt ab intellectu et voluntate, reducitur
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5004 in principium uniforme quod est intellectus et voluntas divina.</p><p title="I q. 115 a. 4 ad 3"><a name="33271"><span class="ref">[33271] Iª q. 115 a. 4 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5005 dicendum quod plures hominum sequuntur passiones, quae sunt motus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5006 sensitivi appetitus, ad quas cooperari possunt corpora caelestia,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5007 pauci autem sunt sapientes, qui huiusmodi passionibus resistant. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5008 ideo astrologi ut in pluribus vera possunt praedicere, et maxime in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5009 communi. Non autem in speciali, quia nihil prohibet aliquem hominem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5010 per liberum arbitrium passionibus resistere. Unde et ipsi astrologi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5011 dicunt quod sapiens homo dominatur astris, inquantum scilicet
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
5012 dominatur suis passionibus.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 5</h3><p title="I q. 115 a. 5 arg. 1"><a name="33272"><span class="ref">[33272] Iª q. 115 a. 5 arg. 1</span></a> Ad quintum sic
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5013 proceditur. Videtur quod corpora caelestia possint imprimere in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5014 ipsos Daemones. Daemones enim secundum certa augmenta lunae aliquos
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5015 homines vexant, qui et propter hoc lunatici dicuntur; ut patet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5016 Matth. IV et XVII. Sed hoc non esset, nisi corporibus caelestibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5017 subiacerent. Ergo Daemones subiacent actionibus caelestium
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5018 corporum.</p><p title="I q. 115 a. 5 arg. 2"><a name="33273"><span class="ref">[33273] Iª q. 115 a. 5 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5019 necromantici observant certas constellationes ad invocandos
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5020 Daemones. Non autem per corpora caelestia invocarentur, si non eis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5021 subiacerent. Ergo Daemones subiacent actionibus caelestium
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5022 corporum.</p><p title="I q. 115 a. 5 arg. 3"><a name="33274"><span class="ref">[33274] Iª q. 115 a. 5 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5023 corpora caelestia virtuosiora sunt quam corpora inferiora. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5024 quibusdam inferioribus corporibus Daemones arcentur, scilicet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5025 herbis et lapidibus et animantibus, et quibusdam <i>sonis certis ac
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5026 vocibus, et figurationibus atque figmentis</i>, ut a Porphyrio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5027 dictum Augustinus introducit in X de Civ. Dei. Ergo multo magis
53
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ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5028 Daemones subduntur actioni caelestium corporum.</p><p title="I q. 115 a. 5 s. c."><a name="33275"><span class="ref">[33275] Iª q. 115 a. 5 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5029 quod Daemones sunt superiores ordine naturae quam corpora
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5030 caelestia. Agens autem est superius patiente, ut Augustinus dicit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5031 XII super Gen. ad Litt. Ergo Daemones non subiiciuntur actioni
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5032 corporum caelestium.</p><p title="I q. 115 a. 5 co."><a name="33276"><span class="ref">[33276] Iª q. 115 a. 5 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5033 quod circa Daemones fuit triplex opinio. Prima Peripateticorum, qui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5034 posuerunt Daemones non esse; sed ea quae attribuuntur Daemonibus,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5035 secundum artem necromanticam, fiunt virtute caelestium corporum. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5036 hoc est quod Augustinus, X de Civ. Dei, introducit dictum a
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5037 Porphyrio, quod <i>fabricantur in terra ab hominibus potestates
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5038 idoneae siderum variis effectibus exequendis</i>. Sed haec positio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5039 est manifeste falsa. Experimento enim scitur multa per Daemones
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5040 fieri, ad quae nullo modo virtus caelestium corporum sufficeret;
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5041 puta quod arreptitii loquuntur lingua ignota, quod recitant versus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5042 et auctoritates quas nunquam sciverunt, quod necromantici faciunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5043 statuas loqui et moveri, et similia. Ex quibus Platonici moti
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5044 fuerunt ut ponerent Daemones esse animalia corpore aerea, animo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5045 passiva; ut ab Apuleio dictum Augustinus introducit VIII de Civ.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5046 Dei. Et haec est secunda opinio, secundum quam dici posset quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5047 Daemones hoc modo subduntur corporibus caelestibus, sicut et de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5048 hominibus dictum est. Sed haec opinio ex superioribus patet esse
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5049 falsa, dicimus enim Daemones esse substantias intellectuales
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5050 corporibus non unitas. Unde patet quod non subduntur actioni
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5051 caelestium corporum, nec per se nec per accidens, nec directe nec
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5052 indirecte.</p><p title="I q. 115 a. 5 ad 1"><a name="33277"><span class="ref">[33277] Iª q. 115 a. 5 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5053 dicendum quod hoc quod Daemones secundum certa augmenta lunae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5054 homines vexant, contingit propter duo. Primo quidem, ad hoc quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5055 infament creaturam Dei, scilicet lunam, ut Hieronymus et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5056 Chrysostomus dicunt. Secundo quia, cum non possint operari nisi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5057 mediantibus naturalibus virtutibus, ut supra dictum est; in suis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5058 operibus considerant corporum aptitudines ad effectus intentos.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5059 Manifestum est autem quod <i>cerebrum humidissimum est omnium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5060 partium corporis</i>, ut Aristoteles dicit, et ideo maxime
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5061 subiicitur operationi lunae, quae ex sua proprietate habet movere
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5062 humorem. In cerebro autem perficiuntur vires animales, et ideo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5063 Daemones secundum certa augmenta lunae perturbant hominis
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5064 phantasiam, quando considerant cerebrum ad hoc esse dispositum.</p><p title="I q. 115 a. 5 ad 2"><a name="33278"><span class="ref">[33278] Iª q. 115 a. 5 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5065 dicendum quod Daemones advocati in certis constellationibus,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5066 propter duo veniunt. Primo quidem, ut homines in hunc errorem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5067 inducant, quod credant aliquod numen esse in stellis. Secundo, quia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5068 considerant secundum aliquas certas constellationes materiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5069 corporalem magis esse dispositam ad effectus pro quibus
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5070 advocantur.</p><p title="I q. 115 a. 5 ad 3"><a name="33279"><span class="ref">[33279] Iª q. 115 a. 5 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5071 dicendum quod, sicut Augustinus dicit XXI de Civ. Dei, <i>Daemones
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5072 alliciuntur per varia genera lapidum, herbarum, lignorum,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5073 animalium, carminum, rituum, non ut animalia cibis, sed ut spiritus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5074 signis</i>; inquantum scilicet haec eis exhibentur in signum divini
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5075 honoris, cuius ipsi sunt cupidi.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 6</h3><p title="I q. 115 a. 6 arg. 1"><a name="33280"><span class="ref">[33280] Iª q. 115 a. 6 arg. 1</span></a> Ad sextum sic
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5076 proceditur. Videtur quod corpora caelestia imponant necessitatem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5077 iis quae eorum actioni subduntur. Causa enim sufficienti posita,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5078 necesse est effectum poni. Sed corpora caelestia sunt sufficiens
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5079 causa suorum effectuum. Cum igitur corpora caelestia, cum suis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5080 motibus et dispositionibus, ponantur sicut ex necessitate entia;
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5081 videtur quod effectus eorum ex necessitate consequantur.</p><p title="I q. 115 a. 6 arg. 2"><a name="33281"><span class="ref">[33281] Iª q. 115 a. 6 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5082 effectus agentis ex necessitate sequitur in materia, quando virtus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5083 agentis tanta fuerit quod possit sibi subiicere totaliter materiam.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5084 Sed tota materia inferiorum corporum subiicitur virtuti caelestium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5085 corporum, tanquam excellentiori. Ergo ex necessitate effectus
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5086 caelestium corporum recipitur in materia corporali.</p><p title="I q. 115 a. 6 arg. 3"><a name="33282"><span class="ref">[33282] Iª q. 115 a. 6 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea, si
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5087 effectus caelestis corporis non ex necessitate proveniat, hoc est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5088 propter aliquam causam impedientem. Sed quamlibet causam corpoream
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5089 quae impedire posset effectum caelestis corporis, necesse est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5090 reduci in aliquod caeleste principium, cum caelestia corpora sint
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5091 causa omnium quae hic fiunt. Ergo, cum et illud caeleste principium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5092 sit necessarium, sequitur quod necesse sit impediri effectum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5093 alterius corporis caelestis. Et sic omnia quae hic contingunt, ex
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5094 necessitate eveniunt.</p><p title="I q. 115 a. 6 s. c."><a name="33283"><span class="ref">[33283] Iª q. 115 a. 6 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5095 quod philosophus dicit, in libro de Somn. et Vigil., <i>quod neque
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5096 eorum quae in corporibus sunt signorum caelestium, velut aquarum et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5097 ventorum, inconveniens est multa non evenire</i>. Sic ergo non
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5098 omnes effectus caelestium corporum ex necessitate eveniunt.</p><p title="I q. 115 a. 6 co."><a name="33284"><span class="ref">[33284] Iª q. 115 a. 6 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5099 quod ista quaestio partim quidem absoluta est, secundum praemissa;
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5100 partim autem difficultatem habet. Ostensum enim est quod, quamvis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5101 ex impressione corporum caelestium fiant aliquae inclinationes in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5102 natura corporali, voluntas tamen non ex necessitate sequitur has
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5103 inclinationes. Et ideo nihil prohibet per voluntariam actionem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5104 impediri effectum caelestium corporum, non solum in ipso homine,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5105 sed etiam in aliis rebus ad quas hominum operatio se extendit. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5106 nullum tale principium invenitur in rebus naturalibus, quod habeat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5107 libertatem sequendi vel non sequendi impressiones caelestes. Unde
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5108 videtur quod in talibus, ad minus, omnia ex necessitate proveniant,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5109 secundum antiquam quorundam rationem, qui, supponentes omne quod
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5110 est causam habere, et quod, posita causa, ex necessitate ponitur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5111 effectus, concludebant, quod omnia ex necessitate contingant. Quam
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5112 quidem opinionem repellit Aristoteles in VI Metaphys., secundum duo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5113 quae ipsi supponunt. Primo enim, non est verum quod, posita
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5114 quacumque causa, necesse sit effectum poni. Sunt enim quaedam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5115 causae quae ordinantur ad suos effectus non ex necessitate, sed ut
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5116 in pluribus, quae quandoque deficiunt in minori parte. Sed quia
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5117 huiusmodi causae non deficiunt in minori parte, nisi propter
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5118 aliquam causam impedientem, videtur adhuc praedictum inconveniens
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5119 non vitari, quia et ipsum impedimentum talis causae ex necessitate
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5120 contingit. Et ideo, secundo, oportet dicere quod omne quod est per
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5121 se, habet causam, quod autem est per accidens, non habet causam,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5122 quia non est vere ens, cum non sit vere unum. Album enim causam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5123 habet, similiter et musicum; sed album musicum non habet causam,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5124 quia non est vere ens, neque vere unum. Manifestum est autem quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5125 causa impediens actionem alicuius causae ordinatae ad suum effectum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5126 ut in pluribus, concurrit ei interdum per accidens, unde talis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5127 concursus non habet causam, inquantum est per accidens. Et propter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5128 hoc, id quod ex tali concursu sequitur, non reducitur in aliquam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5129 causam praeexistentem, ex qua ex necessitate sequatur. Sicut quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5130 aliquod corpus terrestre ignitum in superiori parte aeris generetur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5131 et deorsum cadat, habet causam aliquam virtutem caelestem, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5132 similiter etiam quod in superficie terrae sit aliqua materia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5133 combustibilis, potest reduci in aliquod caeleste principium. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5134 quod ignis cadens huic materiae occurrat et comburat eam, non habet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5135 causam aliquod caeleste corpus, sed est per accidens. Et sic patet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5136 quod non omnes effectus caelestium corporum sunt ex
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
5137 necessitate.</p><p title="I q. 115 a. 6 ad 1"><a name="33285"><span class="ref">[33285] Iª q. 115 a. 6 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5138 dicendum quod corpora caelestia sunt causa inferiorum effectuum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5139 mediantibus causis particularibus inferioribus, quae deficere
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5140 possunt in minori parte.</p><p title="I q. 115 a. 6 ad 2"><a name="33286"><span class="ref">[33286] Iª q. 115 a. 6 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5141 dicendum quod virtus corporis caelestis non est infinita. Unde
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5142 requirit determinatam dispositionem in materia ad inducendum suum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5143 effectum, et quantum ad distantiam loci, et quantum ad alias
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5144 conditiones. Et ideo sicut distantia loci impedit effectum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5145 caelestis corporis (non enim sol eundem caloris effectum habet in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5146 Dacia, quem habet in Aethiopia); ita et grossities materiae, vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5147 frigiditas aut caliditas, aut alia huiusmodi dispositio, impedire
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5148 potest effectum corporis caelestis.</p><p title="I q. 115 a. 6 ad 3"><a name="33287"><span class="ref">[33287] Iª q. 115 a. 6 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5149 dicendum quod licet causa impediens effectum alterius causae,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5150 reducatur in aliquod caeleste corpus sicut in causam; tamen
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5151 concursus duarum causarum, cum sit per accidens, non reducitur in
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5152 causam caelestem, ut dictum est.</p></div></div><div class="q" id="q116"><h2>Quaestio 116</h2><div class="p"><h3>Prooemium</h3><p title="I q. 116 pr."><a name="33288"><span class="ref">[33288]
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5153 Iª q. 116 pr.</span></a> Deinde considerandum est de fato. Et
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5154 circa hoc quaeruntur quatuor. Primo, an fatum sit. Secundo, in quo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5155 sit. Tertio, utrum sit immobile. Quarto, utrum omnia subsint
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
5156 fato.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 1</h3><p title="I q. 116 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="33289"><span class="ref">[33289] Iª q. 116 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad primum sic
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5157 proceditur. Videtur quod fatum nihil sit. Dicit enim Gregorius, in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5158 homilia Epiphaniae, <i>absit a fidelium cordibus ut fatum esse
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5159 aliquid dicant</i>.</p><p title="I q. 116 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="33290"><span class="ref">[33290] Iª q. 116 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea, ea
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5160 quae fato aguntur, non sunt improvisa, quia, ut Augustinus dicit V
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5161 de Civ. Dei, <i>fatum a fando dictum intelligimus, idest a
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5162 loquendo</i>; ut ea fato fieri dicantur, quae ab aliquo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5163 determinante sunt ante praelocuta. Quae autem sunt provisa, non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5164 sunt fortuita neque casualia. Si igitur res fato aguntur,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5165 excludetur casus et fortuna a rebus.</p><p title="I q. 116 a. 1 s. c."><a name="33291"><span class="ref">[33291] Iª q. 116 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra quod
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5166 non est, non definitur. Sed Boetius, in IV de Consol., definit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5167 fatum, dicens quod <i>fatum est inhaerens rebus mobilibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5168 dispositio, per quam providentia suis quaeque nectit ordinibus</i>.
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
5169 Ergo fatum aliquid est.</p><p title="I q. 116 a. 1 co."><a name="33292"><span class="ref">[33292] Iª q. 116 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5170 quod in rebus inferioribus videntur quaedam a fortuna vel casu
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5171 provenire. Contingit autem quandoque quod aliquid, ad inferiores
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5172 causas relatum, est fortuitum vel casuale, quod tamen, relatum ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5173 causam aliquam superiorem, invenitur esse per se intentum. Sicut si
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5174 duo servi alicuius domini mittantur ab eo ad eundem locum, uno de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5175 altero ignorante; concursus duorum servorum, si ad ipsos servos
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5176 referatur, casualis est, quia accidit praeter utriusque
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5177 intentionem; si autem referatur ad dominum, qui hoc praeordinavit,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5178 non est casuale, sed per se intentum. Fuerunt igitur aliqui qui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5179 huiusmodi casualia et fortuita, quae in his inferioribus accidunt,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5180 in nullam superiorem causam reducere voluerunt. Et hi fatum et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5181 providentiam negaverunt; ut de Tullio Augustinus recitat in V de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5182 Civ. Dei. Quod est contra ea quae superius de providentia dicta
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5183 sunt. Quidam vero omnia fortuita et casualia quae in istis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5184 inferioribus accidunt, sive in rebus naturalibus sive in rebus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5185 humanis, reducere voluerunt in superiorem causam, idest in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5186 caelestia corpora. Et secundum hos, fatum nihil aliud est quam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5187 <i>dispositio siderum in qua quisque conceptus est vel natus</i>.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5188 Sed hoc stare non potest, propter duo. Primo quidem, quantum ad res
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5189 humanas. Quia iam ostensum est quod humani actus non subduntur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5190 actioni caelestium corporum, nisi per accidens et indirecte. Causa
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5191 autem fatalis, cum habeat ordinationem super ea quae fato aguntur,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5192 necesse est quod sit directe et per se causa eius quod agitur.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5193 Secundo, quantum ad omnia quae per accidens aguntur. Dictum est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5194 enim supra quod id quod est per accidens, non est proprie ens neque
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5195 unum. Omnis autem naturae actio terminatur ad aliquid unum. Unde
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5196 impossibile est quod id quod est per accidens, sit effectus per se
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5197 alicuius naturalis principii agentis. Nulla ergo natura per se hoc
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5198 facere potest, quod intendens fodere sepulcrum, inveniat thesaurum.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5199 Manifestum est autem quod corpus caeleste agit per modum naturalis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5200 principii, unde et effectus eius in hoc mundo sunt naturales.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5201 Impossibile est ergo quod aliqua virtus activa caelestis corporis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5202 sit causa eorum quae hic aguntur per accidens, sive a casu sive a
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5203 fortuna. Et ideo dicendum est quod ea quae hic per accidens
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5204 aguntur, sive in rebus naturalibus sive in rebus humanis,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5205 reducuntur in aliquam causam praeordinantem, quae est providentia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5206 divina. Quia nihil prohibet id quod est per accidens, accipi ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5207 unum ab aliquo intellectu, alioquin intellectus formare non posset
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5208 hanc propositionem, fodiens sepulcrum invenit thesaurum. Et sicut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5209 hoc potest intellectus apprehendere, ita potest efficere, sicut si
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5210 aliquis sciens in quo loco sit thesaurus absconditus, instiget
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5211 aliquem rusticum hoc ignorantem, ut ibi fodiat sepulcrum. Et sic
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5212 nihil prohibet ea quae hic per accidens aguntur, ut fortuita vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5213 casualia, reduci in aliquam causam ordinantem, quae per intellectum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5214 agat; et praecipue intellectum divinum. Nam solus Deus potest
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5215 voluntatem immutare, ut supra habitum est. Et per consequens
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5216 ordinatio humanorum actuum, quorum principium est voluntas, soli
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5217 Deo attribui debet. Sic igitur inquantum omnia quae hic aguntur,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5218 divinae providentiae subduntur, tanquam per eam praeordinata et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5219 quasi praelocuta, fatum ponere possumus, licet hoc nomine sancti
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5220 doctores uti recusaverint, propter eos qui ad vim positionis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5221 siderum hoc nomen retorquebant. Unde Augustinus dicit, in V de Civ.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5222 Dei, <i>si propterea quisquam res humanas fato tribuit, quia ipsam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5223 Dei voluntatem vel potestatem fati nomine appellat, sententiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5224 teneat, linguam corrigat</i>. Et sic etiam Gregorius fatum esse
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5225 negat.</p><p title="I q. 116 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="33293"><span class="ref">[33293] Iª q. 116 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Unde patet
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5226 solutio ad primum.</p><p title="I q. 116 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="33294"><span class="ref">[33294] Iª q. 116 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5227 dicendum quod nihil prohibet aliqua esse fortuita vel casualia per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5228 comparationem ad causas proximas, non tamen per comparationem ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5229 divinam providentiam, sic enim nihil temere fit in mundo, ut
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5230 Augustinus dicit in libro octoginta trium quaest.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 2</h3><p title="I q. 116 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="33295"><span class="ref">[33295] Iª q. 116 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad secundum sic
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5231 proceditur. Videtur quod fatum non sit in rebus creatis. Dicit enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5232 Augustinus, V de Civ. Dei, quod <i>ipsa Dei voluntas vel potestas
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5233 fati nomine appellatur</i>. Sed voluntas et potestas Dei non est in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5234 creaturis, sed in Deo. Ergo fatum non est in rebus creatis, sed in
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5235 Deo.</p><p title="I q. 116 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="33296"><span class="ref">[33296] Iª q. 116 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5236 fatum comparatur ad ea quae ex fato aguntur, ut causa; ut ipse
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5237 modus loquendi ostendit. Sed causa universalis per se eorum quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5238 hic per accidens aguntur, est solus Deus, ut supra dictum est. Ergo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5239 fatum est in Deo, et non in rebus creatis.</p><p title="I q. 116 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="33297"><span class="ref">[33297] Iª q. 116 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea, si
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5240 fatum est in creaturis, aut est substantia, aut accidens, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5241 quodcumque horum detur, oportet quod multiplicetur secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5242 creaturarum multitudinem. Cum ergo fatum videatur esse unum tantum,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5243 videtur quod fatum non sit in creaturis, sed in Deo.</p><p title="I q. 116 a. 2 s. c."><a name="33298"><span class="ref">[33298] Iª q. 116 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5244 quod Boetius dicit, in IV de Consol. quod <i>fatum est dispositio
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5245 rebus mobilibus inhaerens</i>.</p><p title="I q. 116 a. 2 co."><a name="33299"><span class="ref">[33299] Iª q. 116 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5246 quod, sicut ex praedictis patet, divina providentia per causas
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5247 medias suos effectus exequitur. Potest ergo ipsa ordinatio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5248 effectuum dupliciter considerari. Uno modo, secundum quod est in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5249 ipso Deo, et sic ipsa ordinatio effectuum vocatur providentia.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5250 Secundum vero quod praedicta ordinatio consideratur in mediis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5251 causis a Deo ordinatis ad aliquos effectus producendos, sic habet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5252 rationem fati. Et hoc est quod Boetius dicit, IV de Consol.,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5253 <i>sive famulantibus quibusdam providentiae divinae spiritibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5254 fatum exercetur; seu anima, seu tota inserviente natura, sive
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5255 caelestibus siderum motibus, seu angelica virtute, seu Daemonum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5256 varia solertia, seu aliquibus eorum, seu omnibus, fatalis series
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5257 texitur</i>, de quibus omnibus per singula in praecedentibus dictum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5258 est. Sic ergo est manifestum quod fatum est in ipsis causis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5259 creatis, inquantum sunt ordinatae a Deo ad effectus
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5260 producendos.</p><p title="I q. 116 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="33300"><span class="ref">[33300] Iª q. 116 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5261 dicendum quod ipsa ordinatio causarum secundarum, quam Augustinus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5262 seriem causarum nominat, non habet rationem fati, nisi secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5263 quod dependet a Deo. Et ideo causaliter Dei potestas vel voluntas
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5264 dici potest fatum. Essentialiter vero fatum est ipsa dispositio seu
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5265 series, idest ordo, causarum secundarum.</p><p title="I q. 116 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="33301"><span class="ref">[33301] Iª q. 116 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5266 dicendum quod intantum fatum habet rationem causae, inquantum et
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5267 ipsae causae secundae, quarum ordinatio fatum vocatur.</p><p title="I q. 116 a. 2 ad 3"><a name="33302"><span class="ref">[33302] Iª q. 116 a. 2 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5268 dicendum quod fatum dicitur dispositio, non quae est in genere
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5269 qualitatis; sed secundum quod dispositio designat ordinem, qui non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5270 est substantia, sed relatio. Qui quidem ordo, si consideretur per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5271 comparationem ad suum principium, est unus, et sic dicitur unum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5272 fatum. Si autem consideretur per comparationem ad effectus, vel ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5273 ipsas causas medias, sic multiplicatur, per quem modum poeta dixit,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5274 <i>te tua fata trahunt</i>.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 3</h3><p title="I q. 116 a. 3 arg. 1"><a name="33303"><span class="ref">[33303] Iª q. 116 a. 3 arg. 1</span></a> Ad tertium sic
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5275 proceditur. Videtur quod fatum non sit immobile. Dicit enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5276 Boetius, in IV de Consol., <i>uti est ad intellectum ratiocinatio,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5277 ad id quod est id quod gignitur, ad aeternitatem tempus, ad punctum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5278 medium circulus; ita est fati series mobilis ad providentiae
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5279 stabilem simplicitatem</i>.</p><p title="I q. 116 a. 3 arg. 2"><a name="33304"><span class="ref">[33304] Iª q. 116 a. 3 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5280 sicut philosophus dicit in II Topic., <i>motis nobis, moventur ea
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5281 quae in nobis sunt. Sed fatum est dispositio inhaerens rebus
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5282 mobilibus</i>, ut Boetius dicit. Ergo fatum est mobile.</p><p title="I q. 116 a. 3 arg. 3"><a name="33305"><span class="ref">[33305] Iª q. 116 a. 3 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea, si
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5283 fatum est immobile, ea quae subduntur fato, immobiliter et ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5284 necessitate eveniunt. Sed talia maxime videntur esse contingentia,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5285 quae fato attribuuntur. Ergo nihil erit contingens in rebus, sed
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5286 omnia ex necessitate evenient.</p><p title="I q. 116 a. 3 s. c."><a name="33306"><span class="ref">[33306] Iª q. 116 a. 3 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5287 quod Boetius dicit, quod fatum est immobilis dispositio.</p><p title="I q. 116 a. 3 co."><a name="33307"><span class="ref">[33307] Iª q. 116 a. 3 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5288 quod dispositio secundarum causarum, quam fatum dicimus, potest
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5289 dupliciter considerari, uno modo, secundum ipsas causas secundas,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5290 quae sic disponuntur seu ordinantur; alio modo, per relationem ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5291 primum principium a quo ordinantur, scilicet Deum. Quidam ergo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5292 posuerunt ipsam seriem seu dispositionem causarum esse secundum se
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5293 necessariam, ita quod omnia ex necessitate contingerent; propter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5294 hoc, quod quilibet effectus habet causam, et causa posita necesse
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5295 est effectum poni. Sed hoc patet esse falsum, per ea quae supra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5296 dicta sunt. Alii vero e contrario posuerunt fatum esse mobile,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5297 etiam secundum quod a divina providentia dependet. Unde Aegyptii
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5298 dicebant quibusdam sacrificiis fatum posse mutari, ut Gregorius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5299 Nyssenus dicit. Sed hoc supra exclusum est, quia immobilitati
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5300 divinae providentiae repugnat. Et ideo dicendum est quod fatum,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5301 secundum considerationem secundarum causarum, mobile est, sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5302 secundum quod subest divinae providentiae, immobilitatem sortitur,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5303 non quidem absolutae necessitatis, sed conditionatae; secundum quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5304 dicimus hanc conditionalem esse veram vel necessariam, si Deus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5305 praescivit hoc futurum, erit. Unde cum Boetius dixisset fati seriem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5306 esse mobilem, post pauca subdit, <i>quae cum ab immobilis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5307 providentiae proficiscatur exordiis, ipsam quoque immutabilem esse
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5308 necesse est</i>.</p><p title="I q. 116 a. 3 ad arg."><a name="33308"><span class="ref">[33308] Iª q. 116 a. 3 ad arg.</span></a> Et per hoc
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5309 patet responsio ad obiecta.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 4</h3><p title="I q. 116 a. 4 arg. 1"><a name="33309"><span class="ref">[33309] Iª q. 116 a. 4 arg. 1</span></a> Ad quartum sic
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5310 proceditur. Videtur quod omnia fato subdantur. Dicit enim Boetius,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5311 in IV de Consol., <i>series fati caelum et sidera movet, elementa
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5312 in se invicem temperat, et alterna format transmutatione; eadem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5313 nascentia occidentiaque omnia per similes foetuum seminumque
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5314 renovat progressus; haec actus fortunasque hominum indissolubili
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5315 causarum connexione constringit</i>. Nihil ergo excipi videtur,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5316 quod sub fati serie non contineatur.</p><p title="I q. 116 a. 4 arg. 2"><a name="33310"><span class="ref">[33310] Iª q. 116 a. 4 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5317 Augustinus dicit, in V de Civ. Dei, quod fatum aliquid est,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5318 secundum quod ad voluntatem et potestatem Dei refertur. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5319 voluntas Dei est causa omnium quae fiunt, ut Augustinus dicit in
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5320 III de Trin. Ergo omnia subduntur fato.</p><p title="I q. 116 a. 4 arg. 3"><a name="33311"><span class="ref">[33311] Iª q. 116 a. 4 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5321 fatum, secundum Boetium, est <i>dispositio rebus mobilibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5322 inhaerens</i>. Sed omnes creaturae sunt mutabiles, et solus Deus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5323 vere immutabilis, ut supra habitum est. Ergo in omnibus creaturis
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5324 est fatum.</p><p title="I q. 116 a. 4 s. c."><a name="33312"><span class="ref">[33312] Iª q. 116 a. 4 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5325 quod Boetius dicit, in IV de Consol., quod <i>quaedam quae sub
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5326 providentia locata sunt, fati seriem superant</i>.</p><p title="I q. 116 a. 4 co."><a name="33313"><span class="ref">[33313] Iª q. 116 a. 4 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5327 quod, sicut supra dictum est, fatum est ordinatio secundarum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5328 causarum ad effectus divinitus provisos. Quaecumque igitur causis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5329 secundis subduntur, ea subduntur et fato. Si qua vero sunt quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5330 immediate a Deo fiunt, cum non subdantur secundis causis, non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5331 subduntur fato; sicut creatio rerum, glorificatio spiritualium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5332 substantiarum, et alia huiusmodi. Et hoc est quod Boetius dicit,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5333 quod <i>ea quae sunt primae divinitati propinqua, stabiliter fixa,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5334 fatalis ordinem mobilitatis excedunt. Ex quo etiam patet quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5335 quanto aliquid longius a prima mente discedit, nexibus fati
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5336 maioribus implicatur</i>; quia magis subiicitur necessitati
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5337 secundarum causarum.</p><p title="I q. 116 a. 4 ad 1"><a name="33314"><span class="ref">[33314] Iª q. 116 a. 4 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5338 dicendum quod omnia illa quae ibi tanguntur, fiunt a Deo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5339 mediantibus causis secundis; et ideo sub fati serie continentur.
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5340 Sed non est eadem ratio de omnibus aliis, ut supra dictum est.</p><p title="I q. 116 a. 4 ad 2"><a name="33315"><span class="ref">[33315] Iª q. 116 a. 4 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5341 dicendum quod fatum refertur ad voluntatem et potestatem Dei, sicut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5342 ad primum principium. Unde non oportet quod quidquid subiicitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5343 voluntati divinae vel potestati, subiiciatur fato, ut dictum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5344 est.</p><p title="I q. 116 a. 4 ad 3"><a name="33316"><span class="ref">[33316] Iª q. 116 a. 4 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5345 dicendum quod, quamvis omnes creaturae sint aliquo modo mutabiles,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5346 tamen aliquae earum non procedunt a causis creatis mutabilibus. Et
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5347 ideo non subiiciuntur fato, ut dictum est.</p></div></div><div class="q" id="q117"><h2>Quaestio 117</h2><div class="p"><h3>Prooemium</h3><p title="I q. 117 pr."><a name="33317"><span class="ref">[33317]
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5348 Iª q. 117 pr.</span></a> Postea considerandum est de his quae
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5349 pertinent ad actionem hominis, qui est compositus ex spirituali et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5350 corporali creatura. Et primo considerandum est de actione hominis;
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5351 secundo, de propagatione hominis ex homine. Circa primum quaeruntur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5352 quatuor. Primo, utrum unus homo possit docere alium, causando in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5353 ipso scientiam. Secundo, utrum homo possit docere Angelum. Tertio,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5354 utrum homo per virtutem suae animae possit immutare materiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5355 corporalem. Quarto, utrum anima hominis separata possit movere
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5356 corpora motu locali.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 1</h3><p title="I q. 117 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="33318"><span class="ref">[33318] Iª q. 117 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad primum sic
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5357 proceditur. Videtur quod homo non possit alium docere. Dicit enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5358 dominus, Matth. XXIII, <i>nolite vocari Rabbi</i>; ubi dicit Glossa
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5359 Hieronymi, <i>ne divinum honorem hominibus tribuatis</i>. Esse ergo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5360 magistrum pertinet proprie ad divinum honorem. Sed docere est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5361 proprium magistri. Homo ergo non potest docere, sed hoc est
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5362 proprium Dei.</p><p title="I q. 117 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="33319"><span class="ref">[33319] Iª q. 117 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea, si
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5363 homo alium docet, hoc non est nisi inquantum agit per scientiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5364 suam ad causandum scientiam in alio. Sed qualitas per quam aliquis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5365 agit ad faciendum sibi simile, est qualitas activa. Ergo sequitur
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5366 quod scientia sit qualitas activa, sicut et calor.</p><p title="I q. 117 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="33320"><span class="ref">[33320] Iª q. 117 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea, ad
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5367 scientiam requiritur lumen intelligibile, et species rei
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5368 intellectae. Sed neutrum istorum potest causare unus homo in alio.
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5369 Ergo unus homo non potest docendo causare scientiam in alio.</p><p title="I q. 117 a. 1 arg. 4"><a name="33321"><span class="ref">[33321] Iª q. 117 a. 1 arg. 4</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5370 doctor nihil agit ad discipulum nisi quod proponit ei quaedam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5371 signa, vel vocibus aliquid significando, vel nutibus. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5372 proponendo signa non potest aliquis alium docere, causando in eo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5373 scientiam. Quia aut proponit signa rerum notarum; aut rerum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5374 ignotarum. Si rerum notarum, ille ergo cui signa proponuntur, iam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5375 habet scientiam, et eam non acquirit a magistro. Si autem rerum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5376 ignotarum, per huiusmodi signa nihil addiscit, sicut si aliquis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5377 proponeret alicui Latino verba Graeca, quorum significationem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5378 ignoraret, per hoc eum docere non posset. Nullo ergo modo unus homo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5379 potest, alium docendo, scientiam in eo causare.</p><p title="I q. 117 a. 1 s. c."><a name="33322"><span class="ref">[33322] Iª q. 117 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5380 quod apostolus dicit, I ad Tim. II, <i>in quo positus sum ego
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5381 praedicator et apostolus, doctor gentium in fide et
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5382 veritate</i>.</p><p title="I q. 117 a. 1 co."><a name="33323"><span class="ref">[33323] Iª q. 117 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5383 quod circa hoc diversae fuerunt opiniones. Averroes enim, in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5384 Comment. III de anima, posuit unum intellectum possibilem esse
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5385 omnium hominum, ut supra dictum est. Et ex hoc sequebatur quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5386 eaedem species intelligibiles sint omnium hominum. Et secundum hoc,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5387 ponit quod unus homo per doctrinam non causat aliam scientiam in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5388 altero ab ea quam ipse habet; sed communicat ei eandem scientiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5389 quam ipse habet, per hoc quod movet eum ad ordinandum phantasmata
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5390 in anima sua, ad hoc quod sint disposita convenienter ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5391 intelligibilem apprehensionem. Quae quidem opinio quantum ad hoc
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5392 vera est, quod est eadem scientia in discipulo et magistro, si
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5393 consideretur identitas secundum unitatem rei scitae, eadem enim rei
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5394 veritas est quam cognoscit et discipulus et magister. Sed quantum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5395 ad hoc quod ponit esse unum intellectum possibilem omnium hominum,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5396 et easdem species intelligibiles, differentes solum secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5397 diversa phantasmata; falsa est eius opinio, ut supra habitum est.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5398 Alia est opinio Platonicorum, qui posuerunt quod scientia inest a
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5399 principio animabus nostris per participationem formarum
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5400 separatarum, sicut supra habitum est; sed anima ex unione corporis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5401 impeditur ne possit considerare libere ea quorum scientiam habet.
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5402 Et secundum hoc, discipulus a magistro non acquirit scientiam de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5403 novo, sed ab eo excitatur ad considerandum ea quorum scientiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5404 habet; ut sic addiscere nihil aliud sit quam reminisci. Sicut etiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5405 ponebant quod agentia naturalia solummodo disponunt ad susceptionem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5406 formarum, quas acquirit materia corporalis per participationem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5407 specierum separatarum. Sed contra hoc supra ostensum est quod
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5408 intellectus possibilis animae humanae est in potentia pura ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5409 intelligibilia, secundum quod Aristoteles dicit in III de anima. Et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5410 ideo aliter dicendum est, quod docens causat scientiam in
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5411 addiscente, reducendo ipsum de potentia in actum, sicut dicitur in
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5412 VIII Physic. Ad cuius evidentiam, considerandum est quod effectuum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5413 qui sunt ab exteriori principio, aliquis est ab exteriori principio
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5414 tantum; sicut forma domus causatur in materia solum ab arte.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5415 Aliquis autem effectus est quandoque quidem ab exteriori principio,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5416 quandoque autem ab interiori; sicut sanitas causatur in infirmo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5417 quandoque ab exteriori principio, scilicet ab arte medicinae;
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5418 quandoque autem ab interiori principio ut cum aliquis sanatur per
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5419 virtutem naturae. Et in talibus effectibus sunt duo attendenda.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5420 Primo quidem, quod ars imitatur naturam in sua operatione, sicut
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5421 enim natura sanat infirmum alterando, digerendo, et expellendo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5422 materiam quae causat morbum, ita et ars. Secundo attendendum est,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5423 quod principium exterius, scilicet ars, non operatur sicut
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5424 principale agens, sed sicut coadiuvans agens principale, quod est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5425 principium interius, confortando ipsum, et ministrando ei
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5426 instrumenta et auxilia, quibus utatur ad effectum producendum,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5427 sicut medicus confortat naturam, et adhibet ei cibos et medicinas,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5428 quibus natura utatur ad finem intentum. Scientia autem acquiritur
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5429 in homine et ab interiori principio, ut patet in eo qui per
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5430 inventionem propriam scientiam acquirit; et a principio exteriori,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5431 ut patet in eo qui addiscit. Inest enim unicuique homini quoddam
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5432 principium scientiae, scilicet lumen intellectus agentis, per quod
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5433 cognoscuntur statim a principio naturaliter quaedam universalia
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5434 principia omnium scientiarum. Cum autem aliquis huiusmodi
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5435 universalia principia applicat ad aliqua particularia, quorum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5436 memoriam et experimentum per sensum accipit; per inventionem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5437 propriam acquirit scientiam eorum quae nesciebat, ex notis ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5438 ignota procedens. Unde et quilibet docens, ex his quae discipulus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5439 novit, ducit eum in cognitionem eorum quae ignorabat; secundum quod
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5440 dicitur in I Poster., quod <i>omnis doctrina et omnis disciplina ex
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5441 praeexistenti fit cognitione</i>. Ducit autem magister discipulum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5442 ex praecognitis in cognitionem ignotorum, dupliciter. Primo quidem,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5443 proponendo ei aliqua auxilia vel instrumenta, quibus intellectus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5444 eius utatur ad scientiam acquirendam, puta cum proponit ei aliquas
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5445 propositiones minus universales, quas tamen ex praecognitis
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5446 discipulus diiudicare potest; vel cum proponit ei aliqua sensibilia
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5447 exempla, vel similia, vel opposita, vel aliqua huiusmodi ex quibus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5448 intellectus addiscentis manuducitur in cognitionem veritatis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5449 ignotae. Alio modo, cum confortat intellectum addiscentis; non
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5450 quidem aliqua virtute activa quasi superioris naturae, sicut supra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5451 dictum est de Angelis illuminantibus, quia omnes humani intellectus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5452 sunt unius gradus in ordine naturae; sed inquantum proponit
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5453 discipulo ordinem principiorum ad conclusiones, qui forte per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5454 seipsum non haberet tantam virtutem collativam, ut ex principiis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5455 posset conclusiones deducere. Et ideo dicitur in I Poster., quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5456 demonstratio est syllogismus faciens scire. Et per hunc modum ille
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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diff changeset
5457 qui demonstrat, auditorem scientem facit.</p><p title="I q. 117 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="33324"><span class="ref">[33324] Iª q. 117 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5458 dicendum quod, sicut iam dictum est, homo docens solummodo exterius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5459 ministerium adhibet, sicut medicus sanans, sed sicut natura
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5460 interior est principalis causa sanationis, ita et interius lumen
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5461 intellectus est principalis causa scientiae. Utrumque autem horum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5462 est a Deo. Et ideo sicut de Deo dicitur, qui sanat omnes
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5463 infirmitates tuas; ita de eo dicitur, qui docet hominem scientiam,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5464 inquantum lumen vultus eius super nos signatur, per quod nobis
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
5465 omnia ostenduntur.</p><p title="I q. 117 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="33325"><span class="ref">[33325] Iª q. 117 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5466 dicendum quod doctor non causat scientiam in discipulo per modum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5467 agentis naturalis, ut Averroes obiicit. Unde non oportet quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5468 scientia sit qualitas activa, sed est principium quo aliquis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5469 dirigitur in docendo, sicut ars est principium quo aliquis
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5470 dirigitur in operando.</p><p title="I q. 117 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="33326"><span class="ref">[33326] Iª q. 117 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5471 dicendum quod magister non causat lumen intelligibile in discipulo,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5472 nec directe species intelligibiles, sed movet discipulum per suam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5473 doctrinam ad hoc, quod ipse per virtutem sui intellectus formet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5474 intelligibiles conceptiones, quarum signa sibi proponit
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5475 exterius.</p><p title="I q. 117 a. 1 ad 4"><a name="33327"><span class="ref">[33327] Iª q. 117 a. 1 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5476 dicendum quod signa quae magister discipulo proponit, sunt rerum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5477 notarum in universali, et sub quadam confusione; sed ignotarum in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5478 particulari, et sub quadam distinctione. Et ideo cum quisque per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5479 seipsum scientiam acquirit, non potest dici docere seipsum, vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5480 esse sui ipsius magister, quia non praeexistit in eo scientia
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
5481 completa, qualis requiritur in magistro.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 2</h3><p title="I q. 117 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="33328"><span class="ref">[33328] Iª q. 117 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad secundum sic
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5482 proceditur. Videtur quod homines possint docere Angelos. Dicit enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5483 apostolus, ad Ephes. III, <i>ut innotescat principibus et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5484 potestatibus in caelestibus per Ecclesiam multiformis sapientia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5485 Dei</i>. Sed Ecclesia est congregatio hominum fidelium. Ergo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5486 Angelis per homines aliqua innotescunt.</p><p title="I q. 117 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="33329"><span class="ref">[33329] Iª q. 117 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5487 Angeli superiores, qui immediate de divinis a Deo illuminantur,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5488 inferiores Angelos instruere possunt, ut supra dictum est. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5489 aliqui homines immediate de divinis per Dei verbum sunt instructi;
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5490 sicut maxime patet de apostolis, secundum illud ad Heb. I,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5491 <i>novissime, diebus istis, locutus est nobis in filio</i>. Ergo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
5492 aliqui homines aliquos Angelos docere potuerunt.</p><p title="I q. 117 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="33330"><span class="ref">[33330] Iª q. 117 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5493 inferiores Angeli a superioribus instruuntur. Sed quidam homines
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5494 superiores sunt aliquibus Angelis, cum ad supremos ordines
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5495 Angelorum aliqui homines assumantur, ut Gregorius dicit in quadam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5496 homilia. Ergo aliqui inferiores Angeli per aliquos homines de
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5497 divinis instrui possunt.</p><p title="I q. 117 a. 2 s. c."><a name="33331"><span class="ref">[33331] Iª q. 117 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5498 quod Dionysius dicit, IV cap. de Div. Nom., quod omnes divinae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5499 illuminationes perferuntur ad homines mediantibus Angelis. Non ergo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5500 Angeli instruuntur per homines de divinis.</p><p title="I q. 117 a. 2 co."><a name="33332"><span class="ref">[33332] Iª q. 117 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5501 quod, sicut supra habitum est, inferiores Angeli loqui quidem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5502 possunt superioribus Angelis, manifestando eis suas cogitationes;
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5503 sed de rebus divinis superiores ab inferioribus nunquam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5504 illuminantur. Manifestum est autem quod eo modo quo inferiores
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5505 Angeli superioribus subduntur, supremi homines subduntur etiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5506 infimis Angelorum. Quod patet per id quod dominus dicit, Matth. XI,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5507 <i>inter natos mulierum non surrexit maior Ioanne Baptista; sed qui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5508 minor est in regno caelorum, maior est illo</i>. Sic igitur de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5509 rebus divinis ab hominibus Angeli nunquam illuminantur.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5510 Cogitationes tamen suorum cordium homines Angelis per modum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5511 locutionis manifestare possunt, quia secreta cordium scire solius
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5512 Dei est.</p><p title="I q. 117 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="33333"><span class="ref">[33333] Iª q. 117 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5513 dicendum quod Augustinus, V super Gen. ad Litt., sic exponit illam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5514 apostoli auctoritatem. Praemiserat enim apostolus, <i>mihi, omnium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5515 sanctorum minimo, data est gratia haec, illuminare omnes quae sit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5516 dispensatio sacramenti absconditi a saeculis in Deo. Ita dico
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5517 absconditi, ut tamen innotesceret principibus et potestatibus in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5518 caelestibus, per Ecclesiam scilicet, multiformis sapientia Dei</i>.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5519 Quasi dicat, ita hoc sacramentum erat absconditum hominibus, ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5520 tamen Ecclesiae caelesti, quae continetur in principibus et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5521 potestatibus, hoc sacramentum notum esset <i>a saeculis, non ante
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5522 saecula, quia ibi primitus Ecclesia fuit, quo post resurrectionem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5523 et ista Ecclesia hominum congreganda est</i>. Potest tamen et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5524 aliter dici, quod <i>illud quod absconditum est, non tantum in Deo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5525 innotescit Angelis, verum etiam hic eis apparet, cum efficitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5526 atque propalatur</i>, ut Augustinus ibidem subdit. Et sic dum per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5527 apostolos impleta sunt Christi et Ecclesiae mysteria, Angelis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5528 aliqua apparuerunt de huiusmodi mysteriis, quae ante erant eis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5529 occulta. Et per hunc modum potest intelligi quod Hieronymus dicit,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5530 quod, apostolis praedicantibus, Angeli aliqua mysteria cognoverunt,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5531 quia scilicet per praedicationem apostolorum huiusmodi mysteria
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5532 explebantur in rebus ipsis, sicut praedicante Paulo convertebantur
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
5533 gentes; de quo apostolus ibi loquitur.</p><p title="I q. 117 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="33334"><span class="ref">[33334] Iª q. 117 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5534 dicendum quod apostoli instruebantur immediate a verbo Dei, non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5535 secundum eius divinitatem, sed inquantum eius humanitas loquebatur.
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5536 Unde ratio non sequitur.</p><p title="I q. 117 a. 2 ad 3"><a name="33335"><span class="ref">[33335] Iª q. 117 a. 2 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5537 dicendum quod aliqui homines, etiam in statu viae, sunt maiores
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5538 aliquibus Angelis, non quidem actu, sed virtute; inquantum scilicet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5539 habent caritatem tantae virtutis, ut possint mereri maiorem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5540 beatitudinis gradum quam quidam Angeli habeant. Sicut si dicamus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5541 semen alicuius magnae arboris esse maius virtute quam aliquam
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5542 parvam arborem, cum tamen multo minus sit in actu.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 3</h3><p title="I q. 117 a. 3 arg. 1"><a name="33336"><span class="ref">[33336] Iª q. 117 a. 3 arg. 1</span></a> Ad tertium sic
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5543 proceditur. Videtur quod homo per virtutem animae possit corporalem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5544 materiam immutare. Dicit enim Gregorius, II Dialog., quod <i>sancti
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5545 miracula aliquando ex prece faciunt, aliquando ex potestate, sicut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5546 Petrus, qui Tabitham mortuam orando suscitavit, Ananiam et Saphiram
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5547 mentientes morti increpando tradidit</i>. Sed in operatione
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5548 miraculorum fit aliqua immutatio materiae corporalis. Ergo homines
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5549 virtute suae animae possunt materiam corporalem immutare.</p><p title="I q. 117 a. 3 arg. 2"><a name="33337"><span class="ref">[33337] Iª q. 117 a. 3 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5550 super illud ad Gal. III, <i>quis vos fascinavit veritati non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5551 obedire?</i> Dicit Glossa quod <i>quidam habent</i> oculos urentes,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5552 qui solo aspectu inficiunt alios, et maxime pueros. Sed hoc non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5553 esset, nisi virtus animae posset materiam corporalem immutare. Ergo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5554 homo per virtutem suae animae potest materiam corporalem
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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diff changeset
5555 immutare.</p><p title="I q. 117 a. 3 arg. 3"><a name="33338"><span class="ref">[33338] Iª q. 117 a. 3 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5556 corpus humanum est nobilius quam alia inferiora corpora. Sed per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5557 apprehensionem animae humanae immutatur corpus humanum ad calorem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5558 et frigus, ut patet in irascentibus et timentibus; et quandoque
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
5559 etiam haec immutatio pervenit usque ad aegritudinem et mortem. Ergo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5560 multo magis anima hominis potest sua virtute materiam corporalem
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
5561 immutare.</p><p title="I q. 117 a. 3 s. c."><a name="33339"><span class="ref">[33339] Iª q. 117 a. 3 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5562 quod dicit Augustinus, in III de Trin., quod <i>materia corporalis
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5563 soli Deo obedit ad nutum</i>.</p><p title="I q. 117 a. 3 co."><a name="33340"><span class="ref">[33340] Iª q. 117 a. 3 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5564 quod, sicut supra dictum est materia corporalis non immutatur ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5565 formam, nisi vel ab agente aliquo composito ex materia et forma;
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5566 vel ab ipso Deo, in quo virtualiter et materia et forma
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5567 praeexistit, sicut in primordiali causa utriusque. Unde et de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5568 Angelis supra dictum est quod materiam corporalem immutare non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5569 possunt naturali virtute, nisi applicando corporalia agentia ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5570 effectus aliquos producendos. Multo igitur minus anima sua virtute
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5571 naturali potest immutare materiam corporalem, nisi mediantibus
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5572 aliquibus corporibus.</p><p title="I q. 117 a. 3 ad 1"><a name="33341"><span class="ref">[33341] Iª q. 117 a. 3 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5573 dicendum quod sancti dicuntur miracula facere ex potestate gratiae,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5574 non naturae. Quod patet per illud quod Gregorius ibidem dicit,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5575 <i>qui filii Dei ex potestate sunt, ut dicit Ioannes, quid mirum si
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5576 signa facere ex potestate valeant?</i></p><p title="I q. 117 a. 3 ad 2"><a name="33342"><span class="ref">[33342] Iª q. 117 a. 3 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5577 dicendum quod fascinationis causam assignavit Avicenna ex hoc, quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5578 materia corporalis nata est obedire spirituali substantiae magis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5579 quam contrariis agentibus in natura. Et ideo quando anima fuerit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5580 fortis in sua imaginatione, corporalis materia immutatur secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5581 eam. Et hanc dicit esse causam oculi fascinantis. Sed supra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5582 ostensum est quod materia corporalis non obedit substantiae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5583 spirituali ad nutum, nisi soli creatori. Et ideo melius dicendum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5584 est, quod ex forti imaginatione animae immutantur spiritus corporis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5585 coniuncti. Quae quidem immutatio spirituum maxime fit in oculis, ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5586 quos subtiliores spiritus perveniunt. Oculi autem inficiunt aerem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5587 continuum usque ad determinatum spatium, per quem modum specula, si
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5588 fuerint nova et pura, contrahunt quandam impuritatem ex aspectu
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5589 mulieris menstruatae, ut Aristoteles dicit in libro de Somn. et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5590 Vig. Sic igitur cum aliqua anima fuerit vehementer commota ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5591 malitiam, sicut maxime in vetulabus contingit, efficitur secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5592 modum praedictum aspectus eius venenosus et noxius, et maxime
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5593 pueris, qui habent corpus tenerum, et de facili receptivum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5594 impressionis. Possibile est etiam quod ex Dei permissione, vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5595 etiam ex aliquo facto occulto, cooperetur ad hoc malignitas
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5596 Daemonum, cum quibus vetulae sortilegae aliquod foedus habent.</p><p title="I q. 117 a. 3 ad 3"><a name="33343"><span class="ref">[33343] Iª q. 117 a. 3 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5597 dicendum quod anima corpori humano unitur ut forma, et appetitus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5598 sensitivus, qui obedit aliqualiter rationi, ut supra dictum est,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5599 est actus alicuius organi corporalis. Et ideo oportet quod ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5600 apprehensionem animae humanae, commoveatur appetitus sensitivus cum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5601 aliqua operatione corporali. Ad exteriora vero corpora immutanda
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5602 apprehensio animae humanae non sufficit, nisi mediante immutatione
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5603 proprii corporis, ut dictum est.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 4</h3><p title="I q. 117 a. 4 arg. 1"><a name="33344"><span class="ref">[33344] Iª q. 117 a. 4 arg. 1</span></a> Ad quartum sic
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5604 proceditur. Videtur quod anima hominis separata possit corpora
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5605 saltem localiter movere. Substantiae enim spirituali naturaliter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5606 obedit corpus ad motum localem, ut supra dictum est. Sed anima
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5607 separata est substantia spiritualis. Ergo suo imperio potest
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5608 exteriora corpora movere.</p><p title="I q. 117 a. 4 arg. 2"><a name="33345"><span class="ref">[33345] Iª q. 117 a. 4 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea, in
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5609 itinerario Clementis dicitur, narrante Niceta ad Petrum, quod Simon
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5610 magus per magicas artes pueri a se interfecti animam retinebat, per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5611 quam magicas operationes efficiebat. Sed hoc esse non potuisset
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5612 sine aliqua corporum transmutatione, ad minus locali. Ergo anima
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5613 separata habet virtutem localiter movendi corpora.</p><p title="I q. 117 a. 4 s. c."><a name="33346"><span class="ref">[33346] Iª q. 117 a. 4 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5614 quod philosophus dicit, in libro de anima quod anima non potest
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5615 movere quodcumque corpus, sed solummodo proprium.</p><p title="I q. 117 a. 4 co."><a name="33347"><span class="ref">[33347] Iª q. 117 a. 4 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5616 quod anima separata sua naturali virtute non potest movere aliquod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5617 corpus. Manifestum est enim quod, cum anima est corpori unita, non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5618 movet corpus nisi vivificatum, unde si aliquod membrum corporis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5619 mortificetur, non obedit animae ad motum localem. Manifestum est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5620 autem quod ab anima separata nullum corpus vivificatur. Unde nullum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5621 corpus obedit ei ad motum localem, quantum est ex virtute suae
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5622 naturae, supra quam potest aliquid ei conferri virtute divina.</p><p title="I q. 117 a. 4 ad 1"><a name="33348"><span class="ref">[33348] Iª q. 117 a. 4 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5623 dicendum quod substantiae quaedam spirituales sunt, quarum virtutes
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5624 non determinantur ad aliqua corpora, sicut sunt Angeli, qui sunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5625 naturaliter a corporibus absoluti, et ideo diversa corpora eis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5626 possunt obedire ad motum. Si tamen alicuius substantiae separatae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5627 virtus motiva determinetur naturaliter ad movendum aliquod corpus,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5628 non poterit illa substantia movere aliquod corpus maius, sed minus,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5629 sicut, secundum philosophos, motor inferioris caeli non posset
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5630 movere caelum superius. Unde cum anima secundum suam naturam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5631 determinetur ad movendum corpus cuius est forma, nullum aliud
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5632 corpus sua naturali virtute movere potest.</p><p title="I q. 117 a. 4 ad 2"><a name="33349"><span class="ref">[33349] Iª q. 117 a. 4 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5633 dicendum quod, sicut dicit Augustinus X de Civ. Dei, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5634 Chrysostomus super Matth., frequenter Daemones simulant se esse
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5635 animas mortuorum, ad confirmandum gentilium errorem, qui hoc
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5636 credebant. Et ideo credibile est quod Simon magus illudebatur ab
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5637 aliquo Daemone, qui simulabat se esse animam pueri quem ipse
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5638 occiderat.</p></div></div><div class="q" id="q118"><h2>Quaestio 118</h2><div class="p"><h3>Prooemium</h3><p title="I q. 118 pr."><a name="33350"><span class="ref">[33350]
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5639 Iª q. 118 pr.</span></a> Deinde considerandum est de
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5640 traductione hominis ex homine. Et primo, quantum ad animam;
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5641 secundo, quantum ad corpus. Circa primum quaeruntur tria. Primo,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5642 utrum anima sensitiva traducatur cum semine. Secundo, utrum anima
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5643 intellectiva. Tertio, utrum omnes animae fuerint simul creatae.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 1</h3><p title="I q. 118 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="33351"><span class="ref">[33351] Iª q. 118 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad primum sic
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5644 proceditur. Videtur quod anima sensitiva non traducatur cum semine,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5645 sed sit per creationem a Deo. Omnis enim substantia perfecta quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5646 non est composita ex materia et forma, si esse incipiat, hoc non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5647 est per generationem, sed per creationem, quia nihil generatur nisi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5648 ex materia. Sed anima sensitiva est substantia perfecta, alioquin
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5649 non posset movere corpus, et cum sit forma corporis, non est ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5650 materia et forma composita. Ergo non incipit esse per generationem,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5651 sed per creationem.</p><p title="I q. 118 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="33352"><span class="ref">[33352] Iª q. 118 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5652 principium generationis in rebus viventibus est per potentiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5653 generativam; quae, cum numeretur inter vires animae vegetabilis,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5654 est infra animam sensitivam. Nihil autem agit ultra suam speciem.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5655 Ergo anima sensitiva non potest causari per vim generativam
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5656 animalis.</p><p title="I q. 118 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="33353"><span class="ref">[33353] Iª q. 118 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5657 generans generat sibi simile, et sic oportet quod forma generati
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5658 sit actu in causa generationis. Sed anima sensitiva non est actu in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5659 semine, nec ipsa nec aliqua pars eius, quia nulla pars animae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5660 sensitivae est nisi in aliqua parte corporis; in semine autem non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5661 est aliqua corporis particula, quia nulla particula corporis est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5662 quae non fiat ex semine, et per virtutem seminis. Ergo anima
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5663 sensitiva non causatur ex semine.</p><p title="I q. 118 a. 1 arg. 4"><a name="33354"><span class="ref">[33354] Iª q. 118 a. 1 arg. 4</span></a> Praeterea, si
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5664 in semine est aliquod principium activum animae sensitivae, aut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5665 illud principium manet, generato iam animali; aut non manet. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5666 manere non potest. Quia vel esset idem cum anima sensitiva animalis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5667 generati, et hoc est impossibile, quia sic esset idem generans et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5668 generatum, faciens et factum. Vel esset aliquid aliud, et hoc etiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5669 est impossibile, quia supra ostensum est quod in uno animali non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5670 est nisi unum principium formale, quod est una anima. Si autem non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5671 manet, hoc etiam videtur impossibile, quia sic aliquod agens ageret
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5672 ad corruptionem sui ipsius, quod est impossibile. Non ergo anima
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5673 sensitiva potest generari ex semine.</p><p title="I q. 118 a. 1 s. c."><a name="33355"><span class="ref">[33355] Iª q. 118 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra, ita
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5674 se habet virtus quae est in semine, ad animalia quae ex semine
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5675 generantur, sicut se habet virtus quae est in elementis mundi, ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5676 animalia quae ex elementis mundi producuntur, sicut quae ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5677 putrefactione generantur. Sed in huiusmodi animalibus animae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5678 producuntur ex virtute quae est in elementis; secundum illud Gen.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5679 I, <i>producant aquae reptile animae viventis</i>. Ergo et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5680 animalium quae generantur ex semine, animae producuntur ex virtute
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5681 quae est in semine.</p><p title="I q. 118 a. 1 co."><a name="33356"><span class="ref">[33356] Iª q. 118 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5682 quod quidam posuerunt animas sensitivas animalium a Deo creari.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5683 Quae quidem positio conveniens esset, si anima sensitiva esset res
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5684 subsistens, habens per se esse et operationem. Sic enim, sicut per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5685 se haberet esse et operationem, ita per se deberetur ei fieri. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5686 cum res simplex et subsistens non possit fieri nisi per creationem,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5687 sequeretur quod anima sensitiva procederet in esse per creationem.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5688 Sed ista radix est falsa, scilicet quod anima sensitiva per se
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5689 habeat esse et operationem, ut ex superioribus patet, non enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5690 corrumperetur, corrupto corpore. Et ideo, cum non sit forma
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5691 subsistens, habet se in essendo ad modum aliarum formarum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5692 corporalium, quibus per se non debetur esse, sed esse dicuntur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5693 inquantum composita subsistentia per eas sunt. Unde et ipsis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5694 compositis debetur fieri. Et quia generans est simile generato,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5695 necesse est quod naturaliter tam anima sensitiva, quam aliae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5696 huiusmodi formae, producantur in esse ab aliquibus corporalibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5697 agentibus transmutantibus materiam de potentia in actum, per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5698 aliquam virtutem corpoream quae est in eis. Quanto autem aliquod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5699 agens est potentius, tanto potest suam actionem diffundere ad magis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5700 distans, sicut quanto aliquod corpus est magis calidum, tanto ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5701 remotius calefactionem producit. Corpora igitur non viventia, quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5702 sunt inferiora naturae ordine, generant quidem sibi simile, non per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5703 aliquod medium, sed per seipsa; sicut ignis per seipsum generat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5704 ignem. Sed corpora viventia, tanquam potentiora, agunt ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5705 generandum sibi simile et sine medio, et per medium. Sine medio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5706 quidem, in opere nutritionis, in quo caro generat carnem, cum medio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5707 vero, in actu generationis, quia ex anima generantis derivatur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5708 quaedam virtus activa ad ipsum semen animalis vel plantae, sicut et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5709 a principali agente derivatur quaedam vis motiva ad instrumentum.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5710 Et sicut non refert dicere quod aliquid moveatur ab instrumento,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5711 vel a principali agente; ita non refert dicere quod anima generati
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5712 causetur ab anima generantis, vel a virtute derivata ab ipsa, quae
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
5713 est in semine.</p><p title="I q. 118 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="33357"><span class="ref">[33357] Iª q. 118 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5714 dicendum quod anima sensitiva non est substantia perfecta per se
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5715 subsistens. Et de hoc supra dictum est, nec oportet hic
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5716 iterare.</p><p title="I q. 118 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="33358"><span class="ref">[33358] Iª q. 118 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5717 dicendum quod virtus generativa non generat solum in virtute
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5718 propria, sed in virtute totius animae, cuius est potentia. Et ideo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5719 virtus generativa plantae generat plantam; virtus vero generativa
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5720 animalis generat animal. Quanto enim anima fuerit perfectior, tanto
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5721 virtus eius generativa ordinatur ad perfectiorem effectum.</p><p title="I q. 118 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="33359"><span class="ref">[33359] Iª q. 118 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5722 dicendum quod illa vis activa quae est in semine, ex anima
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5723 generantis derivata, est quasi quaedam motio ipsius animae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5724 generantis, nec est anima, aut pars animae, nisi in virtute; sicut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5725 in serra vel securi non est forma lecti, sed motio quaedam ad talem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5726 formam. Et ideo non oportet quod ista vis activa habeat aliquod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5727 organum in actu; sed fundatur in ipso spiritu incluso in semine,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5728 quod est spumosum, ut attestatur eius albedo. In quo etiam spiritu
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5729 est quidam calor ex virtute caelestium corporum, quorum etiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5730 virtute agentia inferiora agunt ad speciem, ut supra dictum est. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5731 quia in huiusmodi spiritu concurrit virtus animae cum virtute
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5732 caelesti, dicitur quod homo generat hominem, et sol. Calidum autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5733 elementare se habet instrumentaliter ad virtutem animae, sicut
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
5734 etiam ad virtutem nutritivam, ut dicitur in II de anima.</p><p title="I q. 118 a. 1 ad 4"><a name="33360"><span class="ref">[33360] Iª q. 118 a. 1 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5735 dicendum quod in animalibus perfectis, quae generantur ex coitu,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5736 virtus activa est in semine maris, secundum philosophum in libro de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5737 Generat. Animal.; materia autem foetus est illud quod ministratur a
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5738 femina. In qua quidem materia statim a principio est anima
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5739 vegetabilis, non quidem secundum actum secundum, sed secundum actum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5740 primum, sicut anima sensitiva est in dormientibus. Cum autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5741 incipit attrahere alimentum, tunc iam actu operatur. Huiusmodi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5742 igitur materia transmutatur a virtute quae est in semine maris,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5743 quousque perducatur in actum animae sensitivae, non ita quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5744 ipsamet vis quae erat in semine, fiat anima sensitiva; quia sic
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5745 idem esset generans et generatum; et hoc magis esset simile
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5746 nutritioni et augmento, quam generationi, ut philosophus dicit.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5747 Postquam autem per virtutem principii activi quod erat in semine,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5748 producta est anima sensitiva in generato quantum ad aliquam partem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5749 eius principalem, tunc iam illa anima sensitiva prolis incipit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5750 operari ad complementum proprii corporis, per modum nutritionis et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5751 augmenti. Virtus autem activa quae erat in semine, esse desinit,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5752 dissoluto semine, et evanescente spiritu qui inerat. Nec hoc est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5753 inconveniens, quia vis ista non est principale agens, sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5754 instrumentale; motio autem instrumenti cessat, effectu iam producto
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
5755 in esse.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 2</h3><p title="I q. 118 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="33361"><span class="ref">[33361] Iª q. 118 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad secundum sic
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5756 proceditur. Videtur quod anima intellectiva causetur ex semine.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5757 Dicitur enim Gen. XLVI, <i>cunctae animae quae egressae sunt de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5758 femore Iacob, sexaginta sex</i>. Sed nihil egreditur de femore
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5759 hominis, nisi inquantum causatur ex semine. Ergo anima intellectiva
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5760 causatur ex semine.</p><p title="I q. 118 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="33362"><span class="ref">[33362] Iª q. 118 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5761 sicut supra ostensum est, in homine est una et eadem anima secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5762 substantiam, intellectiva, sensitiva et nutritiva. Sed anima
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5763 sensitiva in homine generatur ex semine, sicut in aliis animalibus,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5764 unde et philosophus dicit in libro de Generat. Animal., quod non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5765 simul fit animal et homo, sed prius fit animal habens animam
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5766 sensitivam. Ergo et anima intellectiva causatur ex semine.</p><p title="I q. 118 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="33363"><span class="ref">[33363] Iª q. 118 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea, unum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5767 et idem agens, est cuius actio terminatur ad formam, et materiam,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5768 alioquin ex forma et materia non fieret unum simpliciter. Sed anima
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5769 intellectiva est forma corporis humani, quod formatur per virtutem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5770 seminis. Ergo et anima intellectiva per virtutem seminis
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5771 causatur.</p><p title="I q. 118 a. 2 arg. 4"><a name="33364"><span class="ref">[33364] Iª q. 118 a. 2 arg. 4</span></a> Praeterea, homo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5772 generat sibi simile secundum speciem. Sed species humana
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5773 constituitur per animam rationalem. Ergo anima rationalis est a
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5774 generante.</p><p title="I q. 118 a. 2 arg. 5"><a name="33365"><span class="ref">[33365] Iª q. 118 a. 2 arg. 5</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5775 inconveniens est dicere quod Deus cooperetur peccantibus. Sed si
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5776 animae rationales crearentur a Deo, Deus interdum cooperaretur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5777 adulteris, de quorum illicito coitu proles interdum generatur. Non
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5778 ergo animae rationales creantur a Deo.</p><p title="I q. 118 a. 2 s. c."><a name="33366"><span class="ref">[33366] Iª q. 118 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5779 quod dicitur in libro de Eccles. Dogmat., quod <i>animae rationales
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5780 non seminantur per coitum</i>.</p><p title="I q. 118 a. 2 co."><a name="33367"><span class="ref">[33367] Iª q. 118 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5781 quod impossibile est virtutem activam quae est in materia,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5782 extendere suam actionem ad producendum immaterialem effectum.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5783 Manifestum est autem quod principium intellectivum in homine est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5784 principium transcendens materiam, habet enim operationem in qua non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5785 communicat corpus. Et ideo impossibile est quod virtus quae est in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5786 semine, sit productiva intellectivi principii. Similiter etiam quia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5787 virtus quae est in semine agit in virtute animae generantis,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5788 secundum quod anima generantis est actus corporis, utens ipso
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5789 corpore in sua operatione. In operatione autem intellectus non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5790 communicat corpus. Unde virtus intellectivi principii, prout
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5791 intellectivum est, non potest ad semen pervenire. Et ideo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5792 philosophus, in libro de Generat. Animal., dicit, <i>relinquitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5793 intellectus solus de foris advenire</i>. Similiter etiam anima
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5794 intellectiva, cum habeat operationem sine corpore, est subsistens,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5795 ut supra habitum est, et ita sibi debetur esse et fieri. Et cum sit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5796 immaterialis substantia, non potest causari per generationem, sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5797 solum per creationem a Deo. Ponere ergo animam intellectivam a
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5798 generante causari, nihil est aliud quam ponere eam non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5799 subsistentem; et per consequens corrumpi eam cum corpore. Et ideo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5800 haereticum est dicere quod anima intellectiva traducatur cum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5801 semine.</p><p title="I q. 118 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="33368"><span class="ref">[33368] Iª q. 118 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5802 dicendum quod in auctoritate illa ponitur per synecdochen pars pro
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5803 toto, idest anima pro toto homine.</p><p title="I q. 118 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="33369"><span class="ref">[33369] Iª q. 118 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5804 dicendum quod aliqui dixerunt quod operationes vitae quae apparent
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5805 in embryone, non sunt ab anima eius, sed ab anima matris; vel a
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5806 virtute formativa quae est in semine. Quorum utrumque falsum est,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5807 opera enim vitae non possunt esse a principio extrinseco, sicut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5808 sentire, nutriri et augeri. Et ideo dicendum est quod anima
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5809 praeexistit in embryone a principio quidem nutritiva, postmodum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5810 autem sensitiva, et tandem intellectiva. Dicunt ergo quidam quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5811 supra animam vegetabilem quae primo inerat, supervenit alia anima,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5812 quae est sensitiva; et supra illam iterum alia, quae est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5813 intellectiva. Et sic sunt in homine tres animae, quarum una est in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5814 potentia ad aliam. Quod supra improbatum est. Et ideo alii dicunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5815 quod illa eadem anima quae primo fuit vegetativa tantum, postmodum,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5816 per actionem virtutis quae est in semine, perducitur ad hoc quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5817 fiat etiam sensitiva; et tandem perducitur ad hoc ut ipsa eadem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5818 fiat intellectiva, non quidem per virtutem activam seminis, sed per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5819 virtutem superioris agentis, scilicet Dei deforis illustrantis. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5820 propter hoc dicit philosophus quod intellectus venit ab extrinseco.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5821 Sed hoc stare non potest. Primo quidem, quia nulla forma
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5822 substantialis recipit magis et minus; sed superadditio maioris
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5823 perfectionis facit aliam speciem, sicut additio unitatis facit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5824 aliam speciem in numeris. Non est autem possibile ut una et eadem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5825 forma numero sit diversarum specierum. Secundo, quia sequeretur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5826 quod generatio animalis esset motus continuus, paulatim procedens
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5827 de imperfecto ad perfectum; sicut accidit in alteratione. Tertio,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5828 quia sequeretur quod generatio hominis aut animalis non sit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5829 generatio simpliciter, quia subiectum eius esset ens actu. Si enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5830 a principio in materia prolis est anima vegetabilis, et postmodum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5831 usque ad perfectum paulatim perducitur; erit semper additio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5832 perfectionis sequentis sine corruptione perfectionis praecedentis.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5833 Quod est contra rationem generationis simpliciter. Quarto, quia aut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5834 id quod causatur ex actione Dei, est aliquid subsistens, et ita
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5835 oportet quod sit aliud per essentiam a forma praeexistente, quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5836 non erat subsistens; et sic redibit opinio ponentium plures animas
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5837 in corpore. Aut non est aliquid subsistens, sed quaedam perfectio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5838 animae praeexistentis, et sic ex necessitate sequitur quod anima
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5839 intellectiva corrumpatur, corrupto corpore; quod est impossibile.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5840 Est autem et alius modus dicendi, secundum eos qui ponunt unum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5841 intellectum in omnibus. Quod supra improbatum est. Et ideo dicendum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5842 est quod, cum generatio unius semper sit corruptio alterius,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5843 necesse est dicere quod tam in homine quam in animalibus aliis,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5844 quando perfectior forma advenit, fit corruptio prioris, ita tamen
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5845 quod sequens forma habet quidquid habebat prima, et adhuc amplius.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5846 Et sic per multas generationes et corruptiones pervenitur ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5847 ultimam formam substantialem, tam in homine quam in aliis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5848 animalibus. Et hoc ad sensum apparet in animalibus ex putrefactione
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5849 generatis. Sic igitur dicendum est quod anima intellectiva creatur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5850 a Deo in fine generationis humanae, quae simul est et sensitiva et
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5851 nutritiva, corruptis formis praeexistentibus.</p><p title="I q. 118 a. 2 ad 3"><a name="33370"><span class="ref">[33370] Iª q. 118 a. 2 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5852 dicendum quod ratio illa locum habet in diversis agentibus non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5853 ordinatis ad invicem. Sed si sint multa agentia ordinata, nihil
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5854 prohibet virtutem superioris agentis pertingere ad ultimam formam;
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5855 virtutes autem inferiorum agentium pertingere solum ad aliquam
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5856 materiae dispositionem; sicut virtus seminis disponit materiam,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5857 virtus autem animae dat formam, in generatione animalis. Manifestum
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5858 est autem ex praemissis quod tota natura corporalis agit ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5859 instrumentum spiritualis virtutis; et praecipue Dei. Et ideo nihil
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5860 prohibet quin formatio corporis sit ab aliqua virtute corporali,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5861 anima autem intellectiva sit a solo Deo.</p><p title="I q. 118 a. 2 ad 4"><a name="33371"><span class="ref">[33371] Iª q. 118 a. 2 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5862 dicendum quod homo generat sibi simile, inquantum per virtutem
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5863 seminis eius disponitur materia ad susceptionem talis formae.</p><p title="I q. 118 a. 2 ad 5"><a name="33372"><span class="ref">[33372] Iª q. 118 a. 2 ad 5</span></a> Ad quintum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5864 dicendum quod in actione adulterorum, illud quod est naturae, bonum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5865 est, et huic cooperatur Deus. Quod vero est inordinatae voluptatis,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
5866 malum est, et huic Deus non cooperatur.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 3</h3><p title="I q. 118 a. 3 arg. 1"><a name="33373"><span class="ref">[33373] Iª q. 118 a. 3 arg. 1</span></a> Ad tertium sic
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5867 proceditur. Videtur quod animae humanae fuerint creatae simul a
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5868 principio mundi. Dicitur enim Gen. II, <i>requievit Deus ab omni
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5869 opere quod patrarat</i>. Hoc autem non esset, si quotidie novas
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5870 animas crearet. Ergo omnes animae sunt simul creatae.</p><p title="I q. 118 a. 3 arg. 2"><a name="33374"><span class="ref">[33374] Iª q. 118 a. 3 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea, ad
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5871 perfectionem universi maxime pertinent substantiae spirituales. Si
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5872 igitur animae simul crearentur cum corporibus, quotidie
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5873 innumerabiles spirituales substantiae perfectioni universi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5874 adderentur, et sic universum a principio fuisset imperfectum. Quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5875 est contra illud quod dicitur Gen. II, <i>Deum omne opus suum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
5876 complesse</i>.</p><p title="I q. 118 a. 3 arg. 3"><a name="33375"><span class="ref">[33375] Iª q. 118 a. 3 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5877 finis rei respondet eius principio. Sed anima intellectiva remanet,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5878 destructo corpore. Ergo incoepit esse ante corpus.</p><p title="I q. 118 a. 3 s. c."><a name="33376"><span class="ref">[33376] Iª q. 118 a. 3 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5879 quod dicitur in libro de Eccles. Dogmat., quod <i>simul anima
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5880 creatur cum corpore</i>.</p><p title="I q. 118 a. 3 co."><a name="33377"><span class="ref">[33377] Iª q. 118 a. 3 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5881 quod quidam posuerunt quod animae intellectivae accidat uniri
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5882 corpori, ponentes eam esse eiusdem conditionis cum substantiis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5883 spiritualibus quae corpori non uniuntur. Et ideo posuerunt animas
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5884 hominum simul a principio cum Angelis creatas. Sed haec opinio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5885 falsa est. Primo quidem, quantum ad radicem. Si enim accidentaliter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5886 conveniret animae corpori uniri, sequeretur quod homo, qui ex ista
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5887 unione constituitur, esset ens per accidens; vel quod anima esset
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5888 homo, quod falsum est, ut supra ostensum est. Quod etiam anima
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5889 humana non sit eiusdem naturae cum Angelis, ipse diversus modus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5890 intelligendi ostendit, ut supra ostensum est, homo enim intelligit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5891 a sensibus accipiendo, et convertendo se ad phantasmata, ut supra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5892 ostensum est. Et ideo indiget uniri corpori, quo indiget ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5893 operationem sensitivae partis. Quod de Angelo dici non potest.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5894 Secundo apparet falsitas in ipsa positione. Si enim animae naturale
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5895 est corpori uniri, esse sine corpore est sibi contra naturam, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5896 sine corpore existens non habet suae naturae perfectionem. Non fuit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5897 autem conveniens ut Deus ab imperfectis suum opus inchoaret, et ab
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5898 his quae sunt praeter naturam, non enim fecit hominem sine manu aut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5899 sine pede, quae sunt partes naturales hominis. Multo igitur minus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5900 fecit animam sine corpore. Si vero aliquis dicat quod non est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5901 naturale animae corpori uniri, oportet inquirere causam quare sint
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5902 corporibus unitae. Oportet autem dicere quod aut hoc sit factum ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5903 eius voluntate; aut ex alia causa. Si ex eius voluntate, videtur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5904 hoc esse inconveniens. Primo quidem, quia haec voluntas
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5905 irrationabilis esset, si non indigeret corpore, et vellet ei uniri,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5906 si enim eo indigeret, naturale esset ei quod corpori uniretur, quia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5907 natura non deficit in necessariis. Secundo, quia nulla ratio esset
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5908 quare animae a principio mundi creatae, post tot tempora voluntas
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5909 accesserit ut nunc corpori uniatur. Est enim substantia spiritualis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5910 supra tempus, utpote revolutiones caeli excedens. Tertio quia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5911 videretur a casu esse quod haec anima huic corpori uniretur, cum ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5912 hoc requiratur concursus duarum voluntatum, scilicet animae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5913 advenientis, et hominis generantis. Si autem praeter voluntatem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5914 ipsius corpori unitur, et praeter eius naturam; oportet quod hoc
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5915 sit ex causa violentiam inferente, et sic erit ei poenale et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5916 triste. Quod est secundum errorem Origenis, qui posuit animas
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5917 incorporari propter poenam peccati. Unde cum haec omnia sint
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5918 inconvenientia, simpliciter confitendum est quod animae non sunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5919 creatae ante corpora, sed simul creantur cum corporibus
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5920 infunduntur.</p><p title="I q. 118 a. 3 ad 1"><a name="33378"><span class="ref">[33378] Iª q. 118 a. 3 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5921 dicendum quod Deus dicitur cessasse die septimo, non quidem ab omni
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5922 opere, cum dicatur Ioan. V, <i>pater meus usque modo operatur</i>;
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5923 sed a novis rerum generibus et speciebus condendis, quae in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5924 operibus primis non aliquo modo praeextiterint. Sic enim animae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5925 quae nunc creantur, praeextiterunt secundum similitudinem speciei
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5926 in primis operibus, in quibus anima Adae creata fuit.</p><p title="I q. 118 a. 3 ad 2"><a name="33379"><span class="ref">[33379] Iª q. 118 a. 3 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5927 dicendum quod perfectioni universi, quantum ad numerum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5928 individuorum, quotidie potest addi aliquid, non autem quantum ad
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5929 numerum specierum.</p><p title="I q. 118 a. 3 ad 3"><a name="33380"><span class="ref">[33380] Iª q. 118 a. 3 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5930 dicendum quod hoc quod anima remanet sine corpore, contingit per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5931 corporis corruptionem, quae consecuta est ex peccato. Unde non fuit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5932 conveniens quod ab hoc inciperent Dei opera, quia, sicut scriptum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5933 est Sap. I, <i>Deus mortem non fecit, sed impii manibus et verbis
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5934 accersierunt eam</i>.</p></div></div><div class="q" id="q119"><h2>Quaestio 119</h2><div class="p"><h3>Prooemium</h3><p title="I q. 119 pr."><a name="33381"><span class="ref">[33381]
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5935 Iª q. 119 pr.</span></a> Deinde considerandum est de
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5936 propagatione hominis quantum ad corpus. Et circa hoc quaeruntur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5937 duo. Primo, utrum aliquid de alimento convertatur in veritatem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5938 humanae naturae. Secundo, utrum semen, quod est humanae
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5939 generationis principium, sit de superfluo alimenti.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 1</h3><p title="I q. 119 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="33382"><span class="ref">[33382] Iª q. 119 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad primum sic
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5940 proceditur. Videtur quod nihil de alimento transeat in veritatem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5941 humanae naturae. Dicitur enim Matth. XV, <i>omne quod in os intrat,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5942 in ventrem vadit, et per secessum emittitur</i>. Sed quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5943 emittitur, non transit in veritatem humanae naturae. Ergo nihil de
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5944 alimento in veritatem humanae naturae transit.</p><p title="I q. 119 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="33383"><span class="ref">[33383] Iª q. 119 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5945 philosophus, in I de Generat., distinguit carnem secundum speciem,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5946 et secundum materiam; et dicit quod caro secundum materiam advenit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5947 et recedit. Quod autem ex alimento generatur, advenit et recedit.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5948 Ergo id in quod alimentum convertitur, est caro secundum materiam,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5949 non autem caro secundum speciem. Sed hoc pertinet ad veritatem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5950 humanae naturae, quod pertinet ad speciem eius. Ergo alimentum non
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5951 transit in veritatem humanae naturae.</p><p title="I q. 119 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="33384"><span class="ref">[33384] Iª q. 119 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea, ad
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5952 veritatem humanae naturae pertinere videtur humidum radicale; quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5953 si deperdatur, restitui non potest, ut medici dicunt. Posset autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5954 restitui, si alimentum converteretur in ipsum humidum. Ergo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5955 nutrimentum non convertitur in veritatem humanae naturae.</p><p title="I q. 119 a. 1 arg. 4"><a name="33385"><span class="ref">[33385] Iª q. 119 a. 1 arg. 4</span></a> Praeterea, si
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5956 alimentum transiret in veritatem humanae naturae, quidquid in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5957 homine deperditur, restaurari posset. Sed mors hominis non accidit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5958 nisi per deperditionem alicuius. Posset igitur homo per sumptionem
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5959 alimenti in perpetuum se contra mortem tueri.</p><p title="I q. 119 a. 1 arg. 5"><a name="33386"><span class="ref">[33386] Iª q. 119 a. 1 arg. 5</span></a> Praeterea, si
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5960 alimentum in veritatem humanae naturae transiret, nihil esset in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5961 homine quod non posset recedere et reparari, quia id quod in homine
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5962 generatur ex alimento, et recedere et reparari potest. Si ergo homo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5963 diu viveret, sequeretur quod nihil quod in eo fuit materialiter in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5964 principio suae generationis, finaliter remaneret in ipso. Et sic
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5965 non esset idem homo numero per totam vitam suam, cum ad hoc quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5966 aliquid sit idem numero, requiratur identitas materiae. Hoc autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5967 est inconveniens. Non ergo alimentum transit in veritatem humanae
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5968 naturae.</p><p title="I q. 119 a. 1 s. c."><a name="33387"><span class="ref">[33387] Iª q. 119 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5969 quod dicit Augustinus, in libro de vera Relig., <i>alimenta carnis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5970 corrupta, idest amittentia formam suam, in membrorum fabricam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5971 migrant</i>. Sed fabrica membrorum pertinet ad veritatem humanae
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5972 naturae. Ergo alimenta transeunt in veritatem humanae naturae.</p><p title="I q. 119 a. 1 co."><a name="33388"><span class="ref">[33388] Iª q. 119 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5973 quod, secundum philosophum, II Metaphys., <i>hoc modo se habet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5974 unumquodque ad veritatem, sicut se habet ad esse</i>. Illud ergo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5975 pertinet ad veritatem naturae alicuius, quod est de constitutione
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5976 naturae ipsius. Sed natura dupliciter considerari potest, uno modo,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5977 in communi, secundum rationem speciei; alio modo, secundum quod est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5978 in hoc individuo. Ad veritatem igitur naturae alicuius in communi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5979 consideratae, pertinet forma et materia eius in communi accepta, ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5980 veritatem autem naturae in hoc particulari consideratae, pertinet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5981 materia individualis signata, et forma per huiusmodi materiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5982 individuata. Sicut de veritate humanae naturae in communi, est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5983 anima humana et corpus, sed de veritate humanae naturae in Petro et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5984 Martino, est haec anima et hoc corpus. Sunt autem quaedam, quorum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5985 formae non possunt salvari nisi in una materia signata, sicut forma
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5986 solis non potest salvari nisi in materia quae actu sub ea
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5987 continetur. Et secundum hunc modum, aliqui posuerunt quod forma
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5988 humana non potest salvari nisi in materia quadam signata, quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5989 scilicet a principio fuit tali forma formata in primo homine. Ita
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5990 quod quidquid aliud praeter illud quod ex primo parente in posteros
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5991 derivatur, additum fuerit, non pertinet ad veritatem humanae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5992 naturae, quasi non vere accipiat formam humanae naturae. Sed illa
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5993 materia quae in primo homine formae humanae fuit subiecta, in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5994 seipsa multiplicatur, et hoc modo multitudo humanorum corporum a
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5995 corpore primi hominis derivatur. Et secundum hos, alimentum non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5996 convertitur in veritatem humanae naturae, sed dicunt quod alimentum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5997 accipitur ut quoddam fomentum naturae, idest ut resistat actioni
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5998 caloris naturalis, ne consumat humidum radicale; sicut plumbum vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5999 stannum adiungitur argento, ne consumatur per ignem. Sed haec
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6000 positio est multipliciter irrationabilis. Primo quidem, quia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6001 eiusdem rationis est quod aliqua forma possit fieri in alia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6002 materia, et quod possit propriam materiam deserere, et ideo omnia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6003 generabilia sunt corruptibilia, et e converso. Manifestum est autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6004 quod forma humana potest deficere ab hac materia quae ei
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6005 subiicitur, alioquin corpus humanum corruptibile non esset. Unde
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6006 relinquitur quod et alii materiae advenire possit, aliquo alio in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6007 veritatem humanae naturae transeunte. Secundo, quia in omnibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6008 quorum materia invenitur tota sub uno individuo, non est nisi unum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6009 individuum in una specie, sicut patet in sole et luna, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6010 huiusmodi. Sic igitur non esset nisi unum individuum humanae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6011 speciei. Tertio, quia non est possibile quod multiplicatio materiae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6012 attendatur nisi vel secundum quantitatem tantum, sicut accidit in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6013 rarefactis, quorum materia suscipit maiores dimensiones; vel etiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6014 secundum substantiam materiae. Sola autem eadem substantia materiae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6015 manente, non potest dici quod sit multiplicata, quia idem ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6016 seipsum non constituit multitudinem, cum necesse sit omnem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6017 multitudinem ex aliqua divisione causari. Unde oportet quod aliqua
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6018 alia substantia materiae adveniat, vel per creationem, vel per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6019 conversionem alterius in ipsam. Unde relinquitur quod non potest
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6020 aliqua materia multiplicari, nisi vel per rarefactionem, sicut cum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6021 ex aqua fit aer; vel per conversionem alterius rei, sicut
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6022 multiplicatur ignis per additionem lignorum; vel per creationem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6023 materiae. Sed manifestum est multiplicationem materiae in humanis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6024 corporibus non accidere per rarefactionem, quia sic corpora hominum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6025 perfectae aetatis essent imperfectiora quam corpora puerorum. Nec
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6026 iterum per creationem novae materiae, quia secundum Gregorium,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6027 <i>omnia sunt simul creata secundum substantiam materiae, licet non
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6028 secundum speciem formae</i>. Unde relinquitur quod multiplicatio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6029 corporis humani non fit nisi per hoc, quod alimentum convertitur in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6030 veritatem humani corporis. Quarto, quia cum homo non differat ab
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6031 animalibus et plantis secundum animam vegetabilem, sequeretur quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6032 etiam corpora animalium et plantarum non multiplicarentur per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6033 conversionem alimenti in corpus nutritum, sed per quandam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6034 multiplicationem. Quae non potest esse naturalis, cum materia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6035 secundum naturam non extendatur nisi usque ad certam quantitatem;
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6036 nec iterum inveniatur aliquid naturaliter crescere, nisi per
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6037 rarefactionem, vel conversionem alterius in ipsum. Et sic totum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6038 opus generativae et nutritivae, quae dicuntur vires naturales,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6039 esset miraculosum. Quod est omnino inconveniens. Unde alii dixerunt
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6040 quod forma humana potest quidem fieri de novo in aliqua alia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6041 materia, si consideretur natura humana in communi, non autem si
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6042 accipiatur prout est in hoc individuo, in quo forma humana fixa
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6043 manet in quadam materia determinata, cui primo imprimitur in
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6044 generatione huius individui, ita quod illam materiam nunquam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6045 deserit usque ad ultimam individui corruptionem. Et hanc materiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6046 dicunt principaliter pertinere ad veritatem humanae naturae. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6047 quia huiusmodi materia non sufficit ad quantitatem debitam,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6048 requiritur ut adveniat alia materia per conversionem alimenti in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6049 substantiam nutriti, quantum sufficiat ad debitum augmentum. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6050 hanc materiam dicunt secundario pertinere ad veritatem humanae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6051 naturae, quia non requiritur ad primum esse individui, sed ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6052 quantitatem eius. Iam vero si quid aliud advenit ex alimento, non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6053 pertinet ad veritatem humanae naturae, proprie loquendo. Sed hoc
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6054 etiam est inconveniens. Primo quidem, quia haec opinio iudicat de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6055 materia corporum viventium, ad modum corporum inanimatorum; in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6056 quibus etsi sit virtus ad generandum simile in specie, non tamen
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6057 est virtus in eis ad generandum aliquid sibi simile secundum
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6058 individuum; quae quidem virtus in corporibus viventibus est virtus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6059 nutritiva. Nihil ergo per virtutem nutritivam adderetur corporibus
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6060 viventibus, si alimentum in veritatem naturae ipsorum non
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6061 converteretur. Secundo quia virtus activa quae est in semine, est
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6062 quaedam impressio derivata ab anima generantis, sicut supra dictum
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6063 est. Unde non potest esse maioris virtutis in agendo, quam ipsa
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6064 anima a qua derivatur. Si ergo ex virtute seminis vere assumit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6065 aliqua materia formam naturae humanae, multo magis anima in
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6066 nutrimentum coniunctum poterit veram formam naturae humanae
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6067 imprimere per potentiam nutritivam. Tertio, quia nutrimento
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6068 indigetur non solum ad augmentum, alioquin terminato augmento
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6069 necessarium non esset, sed etiam ad restaurandum illud quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6070 deperditur per actionem caloris naturalis. Non autem esset
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6071 restauratio, nisi id quod ex alimento generatur, succederet in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6072 locum deperditi. Unde sicut id quod primo inerat, est de veritate
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6073 humanae naturae, ita et id quod ex alimento generatur. Et ideo,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6074 secundum alios, dicendum est quod alimentum vere convertitur in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6075 veritatem humanae naturae, inquantum vere accipit speciem carnis et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6076 ossis et huiusmodi partium. Et hoc est quod dicit philosophus in II
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6077 de anima, quod <i>alimentum nutrit inquantum est potentia
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
6078 caro</i>.</p><p title="I q. 119 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="33389"><span class="ref">[33389] Iª q. 119 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6079 dicendum quod dominus non dicit quod totum quod in os intrat, per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6080 secessum emittatur, sed omne, quia de quolibet cibo aliquid impurum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6081 per secessum emittitur. Vel potest dici quod quidquid ex alimento
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6082 generatur, potest etiam per calorem naturalem resolvi, et per poros
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
6083 quosdam occultos emitti, ut Hieronymus exponit.</p><p title="I q. 119 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="33390"><span class="ref">[33390] Iª q. 119 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6084 dicendum quod aliqui per carnem secundum speciem intellexerunt id
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6085 quod primo accipit speciem humanam, quod sumitur a generante, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6086 hoc dicunt semper manere, quousque individuum durat. Carnem vero
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6087 secundum materiam dicunt esse quae generatur ex alimento, et hanc
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6088 dicunt non semper permanere, sed quod sicut advenit, ita abscedit.
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6089 Sed hoc est contra intentionem Aristotelis. Dicit enim ibi quod,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6090 sicut in unoquoque habentium speciem in materia, puta in ligno et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6091 lapide, <i>ita et in carne hoc est secundum speciem, et illud
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6092 secundum materiam</i>. Manifestum est autem quod praedicta
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6093 distinctio locum non habet in rebus inanimatis, quae non generantur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6094 ex semine, nec nutriuntur. Et iterum, cum id quod ex alimento
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6095 generatur, adiungatur corpori nutrito per modum mixtionis, sicut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6096 aqua miscetur vino, ut ponit exemplum ibidem philosophus; non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6097 potest alia esse natura eius quod advenit, et eius cui advenit, cum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6098 iam sit factum unum per veram mixtionem. Unde nulla ratio est quod
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6099 unum consumatur per calorem naturalem, et alterum maneat. Et ideo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6100 aliter dicendum est, quod haec distinctio philosophi non est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6101 secundum diversas carnes, sed est eiusdem carnis secundum diversam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6102 considerationem. Si enim consideretur caro secundum speciem, idest
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6103 secundum id quod est formale in ipsa, sic semper manet, quia semper
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6104 manet natura carnis, et dispositio naturalis ipsius. Sed si
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6105 consideretur caro secundum materiam, sic non manet, sed paulatim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6106 consumitur et restauratur, sicut patet in igne fornacis, cuius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6107 forma manet, sed materia paulatim consumitur, et alia in locum eius
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
6108 substituitur.</p><p title="I q. 119 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="33391"><span class="ref">[33391] Iª q. 119 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
6109 dicendum quod ad humidum radicale intelligitur pertinere totum id
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6110 in quo fundatur virtus speciei. Quod si subtrahatur, restitui non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6111 potest, sicut si amputetur manus aut pes, vel aliquid huiusmodi.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6112 Sed humidum nutrimentale est quod nondum pervenit ad suscipiendum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6113 perfecte naturam speciei, sed est in via ad hoc; sicut est sanguis,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
6114 et alia huiusmodi. Unde si talia subtrahantur, remanet adhuc virtus
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
6115 speciei in radice, quae non tollitur.</p><p title="I q. 119 a. 1 ad 4"><a name="33392"><span class="ref">[33392] Iª q. 119 a. 1 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
6116 dicendum quod omnis virtus in corpore passibili per continuam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6117 actionem debilitatur, quia huiusmodi agentia etiam patiuntur. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6118 ideo virtus conversiva in principio quidem tam fortis est, ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6119 possit convertere non solum quod sufficit ad restaurationem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6120 deperditi, sed etiam ad augmentum. Postea vero non potest
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6121 convertere nisi quantum sufficit ad restaurationem deperditi, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6122 tunc cessat augmentum. Demum nec hoc potest, et tunc fit diminutio.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6123 Deinde, deficiente huiusmodi virtute totaliter, animal moritur.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6124 Sicut virtus vini convertentis aquam admixtam, paulatim per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6125 admixtionem aquae debilitatur, ut tandem totum fiat aquosum, ut
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
6126 philosophus exemplificat in I de Generat.</p><p title="I q. 119 a. 1 ad 5"><a name="33393"><span class="ref">[33393] Iª q. 119 a. 1 ad 5</span></a> Ad quintum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6127 dicendum quod, sicut philosophus dicit in I de Generat. quando
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6128 aliqua materia per se convertitur in ignem, tunc dicitur ignis de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6129 novo generari, quando vero aliqua materia convertitur in ignem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6130 praeexistentem, dicitur ignis nutriri. Unde si tota materia simul
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6131 amittat speciem ignis, et alia materia convertatur in ignem, erit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6132 alius ignis numero. Si vero, paulatim combusto uno ligno, aliud
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6133 substituatur, et sic deinceps quousque omnia prima consumantur,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6134 semper remanet idem ignis numero, quia semper quod additur, transit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6135 in praeexistens. Et similiter est intelligendum in corporibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6136 viventibus, in quibus ex nutrimento restauratur id quod per calorem
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
6137 naturalem consumitur.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 2</h3><p title="I q. 119 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="33394"><span class="ref">[33394] Iª q. 119 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad secundum sic
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6138 proceditur. Videtur quod semen non sit de superfluo alimenti, sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6139 de substantia generantis. Dicit enim Damascenus quod <i>generatio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6140 est opus naturae ex substantia generantis producens quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6141 generatur</i>. Sed id quod generatur, generatur ex semine. Ergo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
6142 semen est de substantia generantis.</p><p title="I q. 119 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="33395"><span class="ref">[33395] Iª q. 119 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6143 secundum hoc filius assimilatur patri, quod ab eo aliquid accipit.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6144 Sed si semen ex quo aliquid generatur, sit de superfluo alimenti;
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6145 nihil acciperet aliquis ab avo et praecedentibus, in quibus hoc
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6146 alimentum nullo modo fuit. Ergo non assimilaretur aliquis avo et
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
6147 praecedentibus, magis quam aliis hominibus.</p><p title="I q. 119 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="33396"><span class="ref">[33396] Iª q. 119 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6148 alimentum hominis generantis quandoque est ex carnibus bovis, vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6149 porci, et aliorum huiusmodi. Si igitur semen esset de superfluo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6150 alimenti, homo generatus ex semine maiorem affinitatem haberet cum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
6151 bove et porco, quam cum patre et aliis consanguineis.</p><p title="I q. 119 a. 2 arg. 4"><a name="33397"><span class="ref">[33397] Iª q. 119 a. 2 arg. 4</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6152 Augustinus dicit, X super Gen. ad Litt., quod nos fuimus in Adam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6153 non solum secundum <i>seminalem rationem, sed etiam secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6154 corpulentam substantiam</i>. Hoc autem non esset, si semen esset ex
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
6155 superfluo alimenti. Ergo semen non est superfluo alimenti.</p><p title="I q. 119 a. 2 s. c."><a name="33398"><span class="ref">[33398] Iª q. 119 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6156 quod philosophus probat multipliciter, in libro de Generat.
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
6157 Animal., <i>quod semen est superfluum alimenti</i>.</p><p title="I q. 119 a. 2 co."><a name="33399"><span class="ref">[33399] Iª q. 119 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6158 quod ista quaestio aliqualiter dependet ex praemissis. Si enim in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6159 natura humana est virtus ad communicandum suam formam materiae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6160 alienae non solum in alio, sed etiam in ipso; manifestum est quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6161 alimentum, quod est in principio dissimile, in fine fit simile per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6162 formam communicatam. Est autem naturalis ordo ut aliquid gradatim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6163 de potentia reducatur in actum, et ideo in his quae generantur,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6164 invenimus quod primo unumquodque est imperfectum, et postea
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6165 perficitur. Manifestum est autem quod commune se habet ad proprium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6166 et determinatum, ut imperfectum ad perfectum, et ideo videmus quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6167 in generatione animalis prius generatur animal, quam homo vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6168 equus. Sic igitur et ipsum alimentum primo quidem accipit quandam
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6169 virtutem communem respectu omnium partium corporis, et in fine
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6170 determinatur ad hanc partem vel ad illam. Non autem est possibile
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6171 quod accipiatur pro semine id quod iam conversum est in substantiam
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6172 membrorum, per quandam resolutionem. Quia illud resolutum, si non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6173 retineret naturam eius a quo resolvitur, tunc iam esset recedens a
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6174 natura generantis, quasi in via corruptionis existens; et sic non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6175 haberet virtutem convertendi aliud in similem naturam. Si vero
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
6176 retineret naturam eius a quo resolvitur, tunc, cum esset contractum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
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6177 ad determinatam partem, non haberet virtutem movendi ad naturam
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6178 totius, sed solum ad naturam partis. Nisi forte quis dicat quod
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6179 esset resolutum ab omnibus partibus corporis, et quod retineat
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6180 naturam omnium partium. Et sic semen esset quasi quoddam parvum
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6181 animal in actu; et generatio animalis ex animali non esset nisi per
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6182 divisionem, sicut lutum generatur ex luto, et sicut accidit in
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6183 animalibus quae decisa vivunt. Hoc autem est inconveniens.
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6184 Relinquitur ergo quod semen non sit decisum ab eo quod erat actu
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6185 totum; sed magis sit in potentia totum, habens virtutem ad
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6186 productionem totius corporis, derivatam an anima generantis, ut
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6187 supra dictum est. Hoc autem quod est in potentia ad totum, est
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6188 illud quod generatur ex alimento, antequam convertatur in
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6189 substantiam membrorum. Et ideo ex hoc semen accipitur. Et secundum
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6190 hoc, virtus nutritiva dicitur deservire generativae, quia id quod
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6191 est conversum per virtutem nutritivam, accipitur a virtute
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6192 generativa ut semen. Et huius signum ponit philosophus, quod
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6193 animalia magni corporis, quae indigent multo nutrimento, sunt pauci
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6194 seminis secundum quantitatem sui corporis, et paucae generationis;
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6195 et similiter homines pingues sunt pauci seminis, propter eandem
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6196 causam.</p><p title="I q. 119 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="33400"><span class="ref">[33400] Iª q. 119 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
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6197 dicendum quod generatio est de substantia generantis in animalibus
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6198 et plantis, inquantum semen habet virtutem ex forma generantis, et
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6199 inquantum est in potentia ad substantiam ipsius.</p><p title="I q. 119 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="33401"><span class="ref">[33401] Iª q. 119 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
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6200 dicendum quod assimilatio generantis ad genitum non fit propter
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6201 materiam, sed propter formam agentis, quod generat sibi simile.
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6202 Unde non oportet ad hoc quod aliquis assimiletur avo, quod materia
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6203 corporalis seminis fuerit in avo; sed quod sit in semine aliqua
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6204 virtus derivata ab anima avi, mediante patre.</p><p title="I q. 119 a. 2 ad 3"><a name="33402"><span class="ref">[33402] Iª q. 119 a. 2 ad 3</span></a> Et similiter
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6205 dicendum est ad tertium. Nam affinitas non attenditur secundum
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6206 materiam, sed magis secundum derivationem formae.</p><p title="I q. 119 a. 2 ad 4"><a name="33403"><span class="ref">[33403] Iª q. 119 a. 2 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
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6207 dicendum quod verbum Augustini non est sic intelligendum, quasi in
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6208 Adam actu fuerit aut seminalis ratio huius hominis propinqua, aut
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6209 corpulenta eius substantia, sed utrumque fuit in Adam secundum
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6210 originem. Nam et materia corporalis, quae ministrata est a matre,
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6211 quam vocat corpulentam substantiam, derivatur originaliter ab Adam,
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6212 et similiter virtus activa existens in semine patris, quae est
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6213 huius hominis propinqua ratio seminalis. Sed Christus dicitur
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6214 fuisse in Adam secundum corpulentam substantiam, sed non secundum
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6215 seminalem rationem. Quia materia corporis eius, quae ministrata est
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6216 a matre virgine, derivata est ab Adam, sed virtus activa non est
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6217 derivata ab Adam, quia corpus eius non est formatum per virtutem
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6218 virilis seminis, sed operatione spiritus sancti. Talis enim partus
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6219 decebat eum, qui est super omnia benedictus Deus in saecula.
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6220 Amen.</p></div></div><div class="centro"><br/>
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6221 <p><a href="sth1090.html"><img alt="age retro" border="0" align="middle" height="19" width="19" src="icons/ageretro.gif"/></a>  
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6222 <a href="sth2000.html"><img alt="age ultra" border="0" align="middle" height="19" width="19" src="icons/ageultra.gif"/></a></p>
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6223 <br/>
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6224 <hr/>
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6225 <br/>
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6226 <address>© 2006 Fundación Tomás de Aquino quoad
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6227 hanc editionem<br/>
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6228 Iura omnia asservantur<br/>
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6229 OCLC nr. <a style="text-decoration=none" href="http://worldcatlibraries.org/wcpa/oclc/49644264">49644264</a></address>
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6230 </div></body>
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6231 </html>