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annotate summa/latin/sth3155.html @ 89:ca573ccfc3e7

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fix some missing headers, etc.
author ht
date Sun, 16 Jun 2013 14:43:49 +0000
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1 <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
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2 <!DOCTYPE html
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3 PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "file:///c:/cygwin/usr/local/share/lib/xml/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
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4 <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="LA" lang="LA">
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5 <head>
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6 <meta content="HTML Tidy for Windows (vers 1st February 2005), see www.w3.org" name="generator"/>
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7 <meta content="text/html; charset=us-ascii" http-equiv="Content-Type"/>
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8 <meta content="text/css" http-equiv="Content-Style-Type"/>
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9 <meta content="text/javascript" http-equiv="Content-Script-Type"/>
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10 <meta content="Thomas de Aquino, Summa Theologiae, Corpus Thomisticum" name="keywords"/>
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11 <meta content="Latin" name="language"/>
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12 <meta content="public" name="security"/>
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13 <meta content="ealarcon@unav.es" name="owner"/>
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14 <meta content="Enrique Alarcón" name="author"/>
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15 <meta content="" name="abstract"/>
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16 <link type="text/css" href="vscreen.css" media="screen" rel="stylesheet"/>
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17 <link type="text/css" href="vprint.css" media="print" rel="stylesheet"/>
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18 <title>Thomas de Aquino, Summa Theologiae, IIª-IIae q.
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19 155-169</title>
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20 </head>
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21 <body><a href="http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/"/><div class="tres">CORPUS THOMISTICUM</div><div class="uno">Sancti Thomae de Aquino</div><div class="uno">Summa Theologiae</div><div class="dos">secunda pars secundae partis a quaestione CLV ad
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22 CLXIX</div><div class="centro">
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23 <table summary="Imago" align="center">
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24 <tr>
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25 <th><img align="middle" alt="Thomas de Aquino a Filippino Lippi depictus (Cappella Carafa, S. Maria sopra Minerva, Roma)" border="0" height="190" width="275" src="icons/fugit190.jpg"/></th>
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26 </tr>
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27 </table>
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28 <br/>
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29 <span class="tres">Textum Leoninum Romae 1899 editum<br/>
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30 ac automato translatum a Roberto Busa SJ in taenias
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31 magneticas<br/>
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32 denuo recognovit Enrique Alarcón atque instruxit<br/>
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33 <br/></span><br/>
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34 <hr/>
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35 <br/>
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36 <p><a href="sth3146.html"><img alt="age retro" border="0" align="middle" height="19" width="19" src="icons/ageretro.gif"/></a>  
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37 <a href="sth3170.html"><img alt="age ultra" border="0" align="middle" height="19" width="19" src="icons/ageultra.gif"/></a></p>
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38 <script type="text/javascript" language="JavaScript">
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39 //
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40 &lt;!--
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41 // original code by Bill Trefzger 12/12/96; revised by Enrique Alarcon 12/9/2000
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42 function go(){if(document.selecter.select1.options[document.selecter.select1.selectedIndex].value !="none"){location=document.selecter.select1.options[document.selecter.select1.selectedIndex].value}}
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133 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45330"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 157 a. 2 co.');
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134 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45331"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 157 a. 2 ad 1');
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135 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45332"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 157 a. 2 ad 2');
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136 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45333"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 157 a. 2 ad 3');
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137 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45334"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 157 a. 3 arg. 1');
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138 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45335"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 157 a. 3 arg. 2');
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139 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45336"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 157 a. 3 arg. 3');
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140 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45337"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 157 a. 3 s. c.');
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141 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45338"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 157 a. 3 co.');
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142 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45339"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 157 a. 3 ad 1');
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143 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45340"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 157 a. 3 ad 2');
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144 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45341"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 157 a. 3 ad 3');
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parents: 28
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145 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45342"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 157 a. 4 arg. 1');
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parents: 28
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146 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45343"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 157 a. 4 arg. 2');
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147 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45344"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 157 a. 4 arg. 3');
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148 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45345"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 157 a. 4 s. c.');
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parents: 28
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149 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45346"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 157 a. 4 co.');
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150 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45347"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 157 a. 4 ad 1');
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151 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45348"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 157 a. 4 ad 2');
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152 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45349"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 157 a. 4 ad 3');
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parents: 28
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153 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45350"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 158 pr.');
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parents: 28
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154 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45351"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 158 a. 1 arg. 1');
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parents: 28
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155 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45352"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 158 a. 1 arg. 2');
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parents: 28
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156 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45353"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 158 a. 1 arg. 3');
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parents: 28
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157 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45354"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 158 a. 1 arg. 4');
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parents: 28
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158 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45355"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 158 a. 1 s. c.');
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parents: 28
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159 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45356"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 158 a. 1 co.');
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parents: 28
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160 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45357"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 158 a. 1 ad 1');
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parents: 28
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161 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45358"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 158 a. 1 ad 2');
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parents: 28
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162 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45359"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 158 a. 1 ad 3');
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163 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45360"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 158 a. 1 ad 4');
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parents: 28
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164 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45361"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 158 a. 2 arg. 1');
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parents: 28
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165 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45362"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 158 a. 2 arg. 2');
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parents: 28
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166 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45363"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 158 a. 2 arg. 3');
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parents: 28
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167 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45364"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 158 a. 2 arg. 4');
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parents: 28
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168 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45365"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 158 a. 2 s. c.');
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parents: 28
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169 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45366"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 158 a. 2 co.');
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parents: 28
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170 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45367"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 158 a. 2 ad 1');
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parents: 28
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171 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45368"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 158 a. 2 ad 2');
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parents: 28
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172 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45369"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 158 a. 2 ad 3');
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parents: 28
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173 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45370"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 158 a. 2 ad 4');
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parents: 28
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174 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45371"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 158 a. 3 arg. 1');
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parents: 28
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175 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45372"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 158 a. 3 arg. 2');
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parents: 28
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176 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45373"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 158 a. 3 arg. 3');
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parents: 28
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177 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45374"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 158 a. 3 s. c.');
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parents: 28
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178 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45375"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 158 a. 3 co.');
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parents: 28
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179 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45376"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 158 a. 3 ad 1');
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180 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45377"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 158 a. 3 ad 2');
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parents: 28
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181 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45378"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 158 a. 3 ad 3');
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parents: 28
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182 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45379"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 158 a. 4 arg. 1');
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parents: 28
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183 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45380"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 158 a. 4 arg. 2');
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parents: 28
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184 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45381"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 158 a. 4 arg. 3');
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parents: 28
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185 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45382"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 158 a. 4 s. c.');
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parents: 28
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186 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45383"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 158 a. 4 co.');
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parents: 28
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187 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45384"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 158 a. 4 ad 1');
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parents: 28
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188 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45385"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 158 a. 4 ad 2');
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parents: 28
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189 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45386"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 158 a. 4 ad 3');
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parents: 28
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190 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45387"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 158 a. 5 arg. 1');
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parents: 28
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191 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45388"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 158 a. 5 arg. 2');
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parents: 28
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192 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45389"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 158 a. 5 arg. 3');
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parents: 28
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193 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45390"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 158 a. 5 s. c.');
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parents: 28
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194 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45391"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 158 a. 5 co.');
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parents: 28
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195 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45392"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 158 a. 5 ad 1');
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parents: 28
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196 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45393"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 158 a. 5 ad 2');
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parents: 28
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197 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45394"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 158 a. 5 ad 3');
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parents: 28
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198 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45395"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 158 a. 6 arg. 1');
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parents: 28
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199 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45396"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 158 a. 6 arg. 2');
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parents: 28
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200 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45397"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 158 a. 6 arg. 3');
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parents: 28
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201 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45398"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 158 a. 6 s. c.');
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parents: 28
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202 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45399"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 158 a. 6 co.');
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parents: 28
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203 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45400"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 158 a. 6 ad 1');
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parents: 28
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204 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45401"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 158 a. 6 ad 2');
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parents: 28
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205 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45402"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 158 a. 6 ad 3');
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parents: 28
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206 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45403"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 158 a. 7 arg. 1');
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parents: 28
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207 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45404"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 158 a. 7 arg. 2');
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parents: 28
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208 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45405"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 158 a. 7 arg. 3');
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parents: 28
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209 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45406"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 158 a. 7 s. c.');
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parents: 28
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210 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45407"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 158 a. 7 co.');
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parents: 28
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211 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45408"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 158 a. 7 ad 1');
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parents: 28
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212 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45409"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 158 a. 7 ad 2');
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parents: 28
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213 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45410"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 158 a. 7 ad 3');
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parents: 28
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214 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45411"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 158 a. 8 arg. 1');
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parents: 28
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215 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45412"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 158 a. 8 arg. 2');
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parents: 28
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216 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45413"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 158 a. 8 arg. 3');
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parents: 28
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217 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45414"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 158 a. 8 s. c.');
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parents: 28
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218 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45415"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 158 a. 8 co.');
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parents: 28
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219 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45416"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 158 a. 8 ad 1');
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220 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45417"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 158 a. 8 ad 2');
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parents: 28
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221 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45418"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 158 a. 8 ad 3');
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parents: 28
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222 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45419"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 159 pr.');
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parents: 28
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223 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45420"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 159 a. 1 arg. 1');
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parents: 28
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224 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45421"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 159 a. 1 arg. 2');
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parents: 28
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225 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45422"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 159 a. 1 arg. 3');
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parents: 28
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226 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45423"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 159 a. 1 s. c.');
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parents: 28
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227 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45424"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 159 a. 1 co.');
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parents: 28
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228 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45425"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 159 a. 1 ad 1');
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229 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45426"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 159 a. 1 ad 2');
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230 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45427"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 159 a. 1 ad 3');
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parents: 28
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231 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45428"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 159 a. 2 arg. 1');
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parents: 28
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232 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45429"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 159 a. 2 arg. 2');
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parents: 28
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233 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45430"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 159 a. 2 arg. 3');
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234 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45431"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 159 a. 2 s. c.');
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235 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45432"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 159 a. 2 co.');
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parents: 28
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236 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45433"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 159 a. 2 ad 1');
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237 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45434"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 159 a. 2 ad 2');
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parents: 28
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238 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45435"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 159 a. 2 ad 3');
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parents: 28
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239 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45436"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 160 pr.');
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240 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45437"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 160 a. 1 arg. 1');
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parents: 28
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241 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45438"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 160 a. 1 arg. 2');
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parents: 28
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242 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45439"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 160 a. 1 arg. 3');
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parents: 28
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243 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45440"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 160 a. 1 s. c.');
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244 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45441"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 160 a. 1 co.');
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parents: 28
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245 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45442"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 160 a. 1 ad 1');
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parents: 28
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246 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45443"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 160 a. 1 ad 2');
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parents: 28
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247 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45444"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 160 a. 1 ad 3');
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parents: 28
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248 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45445"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 160 a. 2 arg. 1');
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parents: 28
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249 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45446"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 160 a. 2 arg. 2');
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parents: 28
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250 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45447"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 160 a. 2 arg. 3');
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parents: 28
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251 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45448"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 160 a. 2 s. c.');
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parents: 28
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252 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45449"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 160 a. 2 co.');
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parents: 28
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253 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45450"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 160 a. 2 ad 1');
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254 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45451"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 160 a. 2 ad 2');
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255 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45452"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 160 a. 2 ad 3');
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parents: 28
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256 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45453"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 161 pr.');
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257 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45454"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 161 a. 1 arg. 1');
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258 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45455"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 161 a. 1 arg. 2');
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parents: 28
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259 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45456"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 161 a. 1 arg. 3');
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260 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45457"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 161 a. 1 arg. 4');
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parents: 28
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261 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45458"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 161 a. 1 arg. 5');
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parents: 28
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262 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45459"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 161 a. 1 s. c.');
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parents: 28
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263 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45460"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 161 a. 1 co.');
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parents: 28
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264 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45461"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 161 a. 1 ad 1');
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parents: 28
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265 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45462"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 161 a. 1 ad 2');
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parents: 28
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266 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45463"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 161 a. 1 ad 3');
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parents: 28
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267 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45464"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 161 a. 1 ad 4');
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parents: 28
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268 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45465"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 161 a. 1 ad 5');
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parents: 28
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269 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45466"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 161 a. 2 arg. 1');
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parents: 28
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270 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45467"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 161 a. 2 arg. 2');
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parents: 28
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271 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45468"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 161 a. 2 arg. 3');
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parents: 28
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272 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45469"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 161 a. 2 arg. 4');
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parents: 28
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273 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45470"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 161 a. 2 s. c.');
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parents: 28
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274 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45471"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 161 a. 2 co.');
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parents: 28
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275 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45472"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 161 a. 2 ad 1');
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276 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45473"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 161 a. 2 ad 2');
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277 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45474"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 161 a. 2 ad 3');
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parents: 28
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278 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45475"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 161 a. 2 ad 4');
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parents: 28
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279 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45476"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 161 a. 3 arg. 1');
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parents: 28
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280 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45477"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 161 a. 3 arg. 2');
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parents: 28
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281 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45478"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 161 a. 3 arg. 3');
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parents: 28
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282 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45479"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 161 a. 3 s. c.');
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parents: 28
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283 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45480"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 161 a. 3 co.');
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parents: 28
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284 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45481"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 161 a. 3 ad 1');
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parents: 28
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285 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45482"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 161 a. 3 ad 2');
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parents: 28
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286 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45483"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 161 a. 3 ad 3');
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parents: 28
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287 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45484"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 161 a. 4 arg. 1');
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parents: 28
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288 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45485"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 161 a. 4 arg. 2');
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parents: 28
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289 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45486"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 161 a. 4 arg. 3');
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parents: 28
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290 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45487"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 161 a. 4 s. c.');
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parents: 28
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291 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45488"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 161 a. 4 co.');
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parents: 28
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292 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45489"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 161 a. 4 ad 1');
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parents: 28
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293 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45490"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 161 a. 4 ad 2');
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parents: 28
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294 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45491"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 161 a. 4 ad 3');
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parents: 28
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295 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45492"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 161 a. 5 arg. 1');
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parents: 28
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296 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45493"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 161 a. 5 arg. 2');
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parents: 28
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297 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45494"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 161 a. 5 arg. 3');
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parents: 28
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298 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45495"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 161 a. 5 arg. 4');
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parents: 28
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299 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45496"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 161 a. 5 s. c.');
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parents: 28
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300 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45497"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 161 a. 5 co.');
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parents: 28
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301 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45498"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 161 a. 5 ad 1');
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parents: 28
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302 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45499"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 161 a. 5 ad 2');
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parents: 28
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303 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45500"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 161 a. 5 ad 3');
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parents: 28
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304 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45501"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 161 a. 5 ad 4');
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parents: 28
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305 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45502"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 161 a. 6 arg. 1');
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parents: 28
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306 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45503"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 161 a. 6 arg. 2');
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parents: 28
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307 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45504"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 161 a. 6 arg. 3');
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parents: 28
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308 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45505"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 161 a. 6 arg. 4');
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parents: 28
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309 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45506"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 161 a. 6 arg. 5');
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parents: 28
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310 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45507"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 161 a. 6 co.');
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parents: 28
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311 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45508"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 161 a. 6 ad 1');
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parents: 28
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312 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45509"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 161 a. 6 ad 2');
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parents: 28
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313 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45510"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 161 a. 6 ad 3');
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parents: 28
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314 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45511"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 161 a. 6 ad 4');
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parents: 28
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315 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45512"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 161 a. 6 ad 5');
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parents: 28
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316 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45513"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 162 pr.');
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parents: 28
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317 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45514"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 162 a. 1 arg. 1');
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parents: 28
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318 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45515"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 162 a. 1 arg. 2');
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parents: 28
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319 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45516"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 162 a. 1 arg. 3');
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parents: 28
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320 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45517"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 162 a. 1 s. c.');
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parents: 28
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321 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45518"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 162 a. 1 co.');
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parents: 28
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322 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45519"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 162 a. 1 ad 1');
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parents: 28
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323 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45520"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 162 a. 1 ad 2');
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parents: 28
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324 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45521"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 162 a. 1 ad 3');
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parents: 28
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325 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45522"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 162 a. 2 arg. 1');
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parents: 28
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326 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45523"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 162 a. 2 arg. 2');
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parents: 28
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327 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45524"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 162 a. 2 arg. 3');
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parents: 28
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328 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45525"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 162 a. 2 arg. 4');
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parents: 28
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329 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45526"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 162 a. 2 s. c.');
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parents: 28
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330 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45527"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 162 a. 2 co.');
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parents: 28
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331 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45528"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 162 a. 2 ad 1');
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parents: 28
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332 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45529"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 162 a. 2 ad 2');
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parents: 28
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333 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45530"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 162 a. 2 ad 3');
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parents: 28
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334 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45531"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 162 a. 2 ad 4');
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parents: 28
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335 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45532"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 162 a. 3 arg. 1');
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parents: 28
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336 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45533"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 162 a. 3 arg. 2');
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parents: 28
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337 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45534"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 162 a. 3 arg. 3');
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parents: 28
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338 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45535"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 162 a. 3 arg. 4');
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parents: 28
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339 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45536"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 162 a. 3 s. c.');
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parents: 28
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340 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45537"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 162 a. 3 co.');
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parents: 28
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341 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45538"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 162 a. 3 ad 1');
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parents: 28
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342 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45539"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 162 a. 3 ad 2');
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parents: 28
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343 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45540"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 162 a. 3 ad 3');
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parents: 28
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344 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45541"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 162 a. 3 ad 4');
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parents: 28
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345 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45542"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 162 a. 4 arg. 1');
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parents: 28
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346 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45543"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 162 a. 4 arg. 2');
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parents: 28
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347 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45544"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 162 a. 4 arg. 3');
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parents: 28
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348 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45545"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 162 a. 4 arg. 4');
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parents: 28
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349 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45546"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 162 a. 4 s. c.');
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parents: 28
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350 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45547"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 162 a. 4 co.');
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parents: 28
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351 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45548"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 162 a. 4 ad 1');
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parents: 28
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352 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45549"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 162 a. 4 ad 2');
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parents: 28
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353 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45550"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 162 a. 4 ad 3');
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parents: 28
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354 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45551"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 162 a. 4 ad 4');
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parents: 28
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355 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45552"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 162 a. 5 arg. 1');
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parents: 28
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356 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45553"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 162 a. 5 arg. 2');
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parents: 28
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357 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45554"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 162 a. 5 arg. 3');
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parents: 28
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358 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45555"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 162 a. 5 s. c.');
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parents: 28
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359 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45556"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 162 a. 5 co.');
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parents: 28
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360 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45557"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 162 a. 5 ad 1');
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parents: 28
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361 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45558"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 162 a. 5 ad 2');
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parents: 28
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362 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45559"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 162 a. 5 ad 3');
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parents: 28
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363 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45560"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 162 a. 6 arg. 1');
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parents: 28
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364 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45561"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 162 a. 6 arg. 2');
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parents: 28
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parents: 28
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366 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45563"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 162 a. 6 s. c.');
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parents: 28
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367 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45564"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 162 a. 6 co.');
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parents: 28
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368 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45565"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 162 a. 6 ad 1');
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parents: 28
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369 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45566"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 162 a. 6 ad 2');
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parents: 28
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370 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45567"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 162 a. 6 ad 3');
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parents: 28
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371 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45568"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 162 a. 7 arg. 1');
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parents: 28
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372 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45569"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 162 a. 7 arg. 2');
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parents: 28
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parents: 28
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374 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45571"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 162 a. 7 arg. 4');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
375 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45572"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 162 a. 7 arg. 5');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
376 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45573"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 162 a. 7 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
377 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45574"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 162 a. 7 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
378 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45575"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 162 a. 7 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
379 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45576"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 162 a. 7 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
380 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45577"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 162 a. 7 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
381 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45578"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 162 a. 7 ad 4');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
382 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45579"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 162 a. 7 ad 5');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
383 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45580"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 162 a. 8 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
384 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45581"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 162 a. 8 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
385 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45582"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 162 a. 8 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
386 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45583"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 162 a. 8 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
387 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45584"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 162 a. 8 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
388 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45585"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 162 a. 8 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
389 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45586"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 162 a. 8 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
390 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45587"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 162 a. 8 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
391 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45588"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 163 pr.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
392 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45589"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 163 a. 1 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
393 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45590"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 163 a. 1 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
394 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45591"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 163 a. 1 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
395 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45592"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 163 a. 1 arg. 4');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
396 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45593"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 163 a. 1 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
397 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45594"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 163 a. 1 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
398 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45595"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 163 a. 1 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
399 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45596"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 163 a. 1 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
400 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45597"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 163 a. 1 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
401 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45598"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 163 a. 1 ad 4');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
402 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45599"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 163 a. 2 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
403 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45600"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 163 a. 2 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
404 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45601"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 163 a. 2 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
405 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45602"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 163 a. 2 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
406 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45603"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 163 a. 2 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
407 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45604"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 163 a. 2 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
408 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45605"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 163 a. 2 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
409 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45606"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 163 a. 2 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
410 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45607"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 163 a. 3 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
411 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45608"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 163 a. 3 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
412 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45609"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 163 a. 3 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
413 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45610"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 163 a. 3 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
414 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45611"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 163 a. 3 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
415 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45612"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 163 a. 3 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
416 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45613"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 163 a. 3 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
417 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45614"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 163 a. 3 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
418 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45615"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 163 a. 4 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
419 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45616"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 163 a. 4 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
420 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45617"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 163 a. 4 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
421 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45618"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 163 a. 4 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
422 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45619"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 163 a. 4 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
423 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45620"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 163 a. 4 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
424 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45621"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 163 a. 4 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
425 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45622"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 163 a. 4 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
426 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45623"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 164 pr.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
427 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45624"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 164 a. 1 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
428 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45625"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 164 a. 1 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
429 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45626"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 164 a. 1 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
430 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45627"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 164 a. 1 arg. 4');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
431 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45628"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 164 a. 1 arg. 5');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
432 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45629"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 164 a. 1 arg. 6');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
433 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45630"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 164 a. 1 arg. 7');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
434 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45631"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 164 a. 1 arg. 8');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
435 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45632"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 164 a. 1 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
436 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45633"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 164 a. 1 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
437 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45634"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 164 a. 1 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
438 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45635"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 164 a. 1 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
439 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45636"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 164 a. 1 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
440 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45637"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 164 a. 1 ad 4');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
441 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45638"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 164 a. 1 ad 5');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
442 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45639"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 164 a. 1 ad 6');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
443 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45640"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 164 a. 1 ad 7');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
444 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45641"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 164 a. 1 ad 8');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
445 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45642"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 164 a. 2 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
446 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45643"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 164 a. 2 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
447 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45644"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 164 a. 2 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
448 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45645"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 164 a. 2 arg. 4');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
449 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45646"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 164 a. 2 arg. 5');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
450 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45647"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 164 a. 2 arg. 6');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
451 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45648"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 164 a. 2 arg. 7');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
452 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45649"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 164 a. 2 arg. 8');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
453 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45650"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 164 a. 2 arg. 9');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
454 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45651"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 164 a. 2 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
455 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45652"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 164 a. 2 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
456 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45653"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 164 a. 2 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
457 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45654"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 164 a. 2 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
458 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45655"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 164 a. 2 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
459 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45656"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 164 a. 2 ad 4');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
460 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45657"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 164 a. 2 ad 5');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
461 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45658"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 164 a. 2 ad 6');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
462 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45659"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 164 a. 2 ad 7');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
463 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45660"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 164 a. 2 ad 8');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
464 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45661"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 164 a. 2 ad 9');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
465 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45662"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 165 pr.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
466 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45663"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 165 a. 1 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
467 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45664"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 165 a. 1 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
468 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45665"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 165 a. 1 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
469 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45666"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 165 a. 1 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
470 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45667"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 165 a. 1 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
471 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45668"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 165 a. 1 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
472 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45669"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 165 a. 1 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
473 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45670"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 165 a. 1 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
474 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45671"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 165 a. 2 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
475 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45672"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 165 a. 2 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
476 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45673"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 165 a. 2 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
477 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45674"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 165 a. 2 arg. 4');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
478 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45675"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 165 a. 2 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
479 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45676"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 165 a. 2 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
480 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45677"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 165 a. 2 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
481 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45678"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 165 a. 2 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
482 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45679"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 165 a. 2 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
483 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45680"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 165 a. 2 ad 4');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
484 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45681"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 166 pr.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
485 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45682"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 166 a. 1 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
486 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45683"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 166 a. 1 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
487 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45684"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 166 a. 1 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
488 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45685"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 166 a. 1 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
489 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45686"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 166 a. 1 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
490 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45687"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 166 a. 1 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
491 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45688"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 166 a. 1 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
492 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45689"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 166 a. 1 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
493 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45690"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 166 a. 2 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
494 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45691"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 166 a. 2 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
495 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45692"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 166 a. 2 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
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parents: 28
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parents: 28
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parents: 28
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parents: 28
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parents: 28
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parents: 28
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parents: 28
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parents: 28
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parents: 28
diff changeset
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d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
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d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
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d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
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d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
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d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
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d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
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parents: 28
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parents: 28
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parents: 28
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parents: 28
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parents: 28
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519 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45716"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 168 a. 1 arg. 1');
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parents: 28
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d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
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521 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45718"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 168 a. 1 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
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522 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45719"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 168 a. 1 arg. 4');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
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523 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45720"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 168 a. 1 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
524 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45721"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 168 a. 1 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
525 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45722"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 168 a. 1 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
526 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45723"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 168 a. 1 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
527 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45724"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 168 a. 1 ad 3');
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parents: 28
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528 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45725"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 168 a. 1 ad 4');
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529 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45726"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 168 a. 2 arg. 1');
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parents: 28
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530 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45727"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 168 a. 2 arg. 2');
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531 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45728"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 168 a. 2 arg. 3');
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532 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45729"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 168 a. 2 s. c.');
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533 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45730"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 168 a. 2 co.');
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534 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45731"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 168 a. 2 ad 1');
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535 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45732"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 168 a. 2 ad 2');
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536 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45733"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 168 a. 2 ad 3');
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537 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45734"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 168 a. 3 arg. 1');
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parents: 28
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538 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45735"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 168 a. 3 arg. 2');
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539 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45736"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 168 a. 3 arg. 3');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
540 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45737"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 168 a. 3 s. c.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
541 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45738"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 168 a. 3 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
542 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45739"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 168 a. 3 ad 1');
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parents: 28
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543 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45740"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 168 a. 3 ad 2');
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544 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45741"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 168 a. 3 ad 3');
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545 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45742"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 168 a. 4 arg. 1');
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546 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45743"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 168 a. 4 arg. 2');
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547 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45744"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 168 a. 4 arg. 3');
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548 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45745"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 168 a. 4 s. c.');
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549 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45746"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 168 a. 4 co.');
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550 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45747"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 168 a. 4 ad 1');
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551 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45748"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 168 a. 4 ad 2');
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552 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45749"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 168 a. 4 ad 3');
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553 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45750"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 169 pr.');
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554 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45751"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 169 a. 1 arg. 1');
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555 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45752"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 169 a. 1 arg. 2');
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556 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45753"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 169 a. 1 arg. 3');
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parents: 28
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557 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45754"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 169 a. 1 s. c.');
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parents: 28
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558 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45755"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 169 a. 1 co.');
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559 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45756"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 169 a. 1 ad 1');
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560 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45757"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 169 a. 1 ad 2');
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561 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45758"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 169 a. 1 ad 3');
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562 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45759"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 169 a. 2 arg. 1');
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563 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45760"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 169 a. 2 arg. 2');
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564 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45761"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 169 a. 2 arg. 3');
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565 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45762"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 169 a. 2 s. c.');
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566 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45763"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 169 a. 2 co.');
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567 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45764"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 169 a. 2 ad 1');
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568 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45765"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 169 a. 2 ad 2');
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569 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45766"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 169 a. 2 ad 3');
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570 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#45767"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae, q. 169 a. 2 ad 4');
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571 document.write('&lt;\/SELECT&gt;');
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572 document.write('&lt;BR&gt;&lt;BR&gt;');
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573 document.write('&lt;INPUT TYPE="button" VALUE="Agedum" ONCLICK="go()"&gt;');
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574 document.write('&lt;\/FORM&gt;');
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575 // --&gt;
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576 //
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577 </script><br/>
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578 <hr/>
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579 <br/></div><div class="q" id="q155"><h2>Quaestio 155</h2><div class="p"><h3>Prooemium</h3><p title="II-II q. 155 pr."><a name="45247"><span class="ref">[45247] IIª-IIae, q. 155 pr.</span></a> Deinde
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580 considerandum est de partibus potentialibus temperantiae. Et primo,
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581 de continentia; secundo, de clementia; tertio, de modestia. Circa
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582 primum, considerandum est de continentia, et de incontinentia.
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583 Circa continentiam quaeruntur quatuor. Primo, utrum continentia sit
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584 virtus. Secundo, quae sit materia eius. Tertio, quid sit eius
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585 subiectum. Quarto, de comparatione eius ad temperantiam.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 1</h3><p title="II-II q. 155 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="45248"><span class="ref">[45248] IIª-IIae, q. 155 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
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586 primum sic proceditur. Videtur quod continentia non sit virtus.
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587 Species enim non condividitur generi. Sed continentia condividitur
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588 virtuti, ut patet per philosophum, in VII Ethic. Ergo continentia
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589 non est virtus.</p><p title="II-II q. 155 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="45249"><span class="ref">[45249] IIª-IIae, q. 155 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a>
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590 Praeterea, nullus utendo virtute peccat, quia secundum Augustinum,
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591 in libro de Lib. Arbit., <i>virtus est qua nemo male utitur</i>.
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592 Sed aliquis continendo potest peccare, puta si desideret aliquod
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593 bonum facere et ab eo se contineat. Ergo continentia non est
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594 virtus.</p><p title="II-II q. 155 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="45250"><span class="ref">[45250] IIª-IIae, q. 155 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a>
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595 Praeterea, nulla virtus retrahit hominem a licitis, sed solum ab
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596 illicitis. Sed continentia retrahit hominem a licitis, dicit enim
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597 Glossa Galat. V, quod per continentiam aliquis se etiam a licitis
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598 abstinet. Ergo continentia non est virtus.</p><p title="II-II q. 155 a. 1 s. c."><a name="45251"><span class="ref">[45251] IIª-IIae, q. 155 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed
28
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599 contra, omnis habitus laudabilis videtur esse virtus. Sed
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600 continentia est huiusmodi, dicit enim Andronicus quod continentia
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601 est habitus invictus a delectatione. Ergo continentia est
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602 virtus.</p><p title="II-II q. 155 a. 1 co."><a name="45252"><span class="ref">[45252] IIª-IIae, q. 155 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo
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603 dicendum quod nomen continentiae dupliciter sumitur a diversis.
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604 Quidam enim continentiam nominant per quam aliquis ab omni
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605 delectatione venerea abstinet, unde et apostolus, Galat. V,
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606 continentiam castitati coniungit. Et sic continentia perfecta
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607 principalis quidem est virginitas, secundaria vero viduitas. Unde
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608 secundum hoc, eadem ratio est de continentia quae de virginitate,
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609 quam supra diximus virtutem. Alii vero dicunt continentiam esse per
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610 quam aliquis resistit concupiscentiis pravis, quae in eo vehementes
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611 existunt. Et hoc modo accipit philosophus continentiam, VII Ethic.
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612 Et hoc etiam modo accipitur continentia in collationibus patrum.
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613 Hoc autem modo continentia habet aliquid de ratione virtutis,
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614 inquantum scilicet ratio firmata est contra passiones, ne ab eis
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615 deducatur, non tamen attingit ad perfectam rationem virtutis
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616 moralis, secundum quam etiam appetitus sensitivus subditur rationi
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617 sic ut in eo non insurgant vehementes passiones rationi contrariae.
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618 Et ideo philosophus dicit, in IV Ethic., quod continentia non est
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diff changeset
619 virtus, sed quaedam mixta, inquantum scilicet aliquid habet de
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620 virtute et in aliquo deficit a virtute. Largius tamen accipiendo
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621 nomen virtutis pro quolibet principio laudabilium operum, possumus
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622 dicere continentiam esse virtutem.</p><p title="II-II q. 155 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="45253"><span class="ref">[45253] IIª-IIae, q. 155 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
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623 ergo dicendum quod philosophus condividit continentiam virtuti
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624 quantum ad hoc in quo deficit a virtute.</p><p title="II-II q. 155 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="45254"><span class="ref">[45254] IIª-IIae, q. 155 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad
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625 secundum dicendum quod homo proprie est id quod est secundum
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626 rationem. Et ideo ex hoc dicitur aliquis in seipso se tenere, quod
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627 tenet se in eo quod convenit rationi. Quod autem pertinet ad
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628 perversitatem rationis, non est conveniens rationi. Unde ille solus
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629 continens vere dicitur qui tenet se in eo quod est secundum
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630 rationem rectam, non autem in eo quod est secundum rationem
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631 perversam. Rationi autem rectae opponuntur concupiscentiae pravae,
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diff changeset
632 sicut et rationi perversae opponuntur concupiscentiae bonae. Et
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633 ideo proprie et vere continens est qui persistit in ratione recta
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634 abstinens a concupiscentiis pravis, non autem qui persistit in
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635 ratione perversa abstinens a concupiscentiis bonis, sed hic magis
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636 potest dici obstinatus in malo.</p><p title="II-II q. 155 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="45255"><span class="ref">[45255] IIª-IIae, q. 155 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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637 dicendum quod Glossa ibi loquitur de continentia secundum primum
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diff changeset
638 modum, secundum quem continentia nominat quandam virtutem
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639 perfectam, quae non solum abstinet ab illicitis bonis, sed etiam a
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640 quibusdam licitis minus bonis, ut totaliter intendatur
53
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641 perfectioribus bonis.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 2</h3><p title="II-II q. 155 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="45256"><span class="ref">[45256] IIª-IIae, q. 155 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
28
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642 secundum sic proceditur. Videtur quod materia continentiae non sint
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diff changeset
643 concupiscentiae delectationum tactus. Dicit enim Ambrosius, in I de
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diff changeset
644 Offic., quod <i>generale decorum ita est ac si aequabilem formam
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645 atque universitatem honestatis habeat in omni actu suo
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diff changeset
646 continentem</i>. Sed non omnis actus humanus pertinet ad
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diff changeset
647 delectationes tactus. Ergo continentia non est solum circa
53
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diff changeset
648 concupiscentias delectationum tactus.</p><p title="II-II q. 155 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="45257"><span class="ref">[45257] IIª-IIae, q. 155 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a>
28
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649 Praeterea, nomen continentiae ex hoc sumitur quod aliquis tenet se
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diff changeset
650 in bono rationis rectae, sicut dictum est. Sed quaedam aliae
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diff changeset
651 passiones vehementius abducunt hominem a ratione recta quam
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diff changeset
652 concupiscentiae delectabilium tactus, sicut timor periculorum
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diff changeset
653 mortis, qui stupefacit hominem; et ira, quae est insaniae similis,
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diff changeset
654 ut Seneca dicit. Ergo continentia non dicitur proprie circa
53
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655 concupiscentias delectationum tactus.</p><p title="II-II q. 155 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="45258"><span class="ref">[45258] IIª-IIae, q. 155 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a>
28
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diff changeset
656 Praeterea, Tullius dicit, in II Rhet., quod <i>continentia est per
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diff changeset
657 quam cupiditas consilii gubernatione regitur</i>. Cupiditas autem
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diff changeset
658 magis consuevit dici divitiarum quam delectabilium tactus, secundum
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diff changeset
659 illud I ad Tim. ult., <i>radix omnium malorum cupiditas</i>. Ergo
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diff changeset
660 continentia non est proprie circa concupiscentias delectationum
53
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diff changeset
661 tactus.</p><p title="II-II q. 155 a. 2 arg. 4"><a name="45259"><span class="ref">[45259] IIª-IIae, q. 155 a. 2 arg. 4</span></a>
28
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diff changeset
662 Praeterea, delectationes tactus non solum sunt in rebus venereis,
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diff changeset
663 sed etiam in esu. Sed continentia solum circa usum venereorum
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diff changeset
664 consuevit dici. Ergo non est propria materia eius concupiscentia
53
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diff changeset
665 delectationum tactus.</p><p title="II-II q. 155 a. 2 arg. 5"><a name="45260"><span class="ref">[45260] IIª-IIae, q. 155 a. 2 arg. 5</span></a>
28
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diff changeset
666 Praeterea, inter delectationes tactus quaedam sunt, non humanae,
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diff changeset
667 sed bestiales, tam in cibis, utpote si quis delectaretur in esu
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diff changeset
668 carnium humanarum; quam etiam in venereis, puta in abusu bestiarum
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diff changeset
669 vel puerorum. Sed circa huiusmodi non est continentia, ut dicitur
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diff changeset
670 in VII Ethic. Non ergo propria materia continentiae sunt
53
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diff changeset
671 concupiscentiae delectationum tactus.</p><p title="II-II q. 155 a. 2 s. c."><a name="45261"><span class="ref">[45261] IIª-IIae, q. 155 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed
28
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diff changeset
672 contra est quod philosophus dicit, in VII Ethic., quod
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diff changeset
673 <i>continentia et incontinentia sunt circa eadem circa quae
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diff changeset
674 temperantia et intemperantia</i>. Sed temperantia et intemperantia
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diff changeset
675 sunt circa concupiscentias delectationum tactus, ut supra habitum
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diff changeset
676 est. Ergo etiam continentia et incontinentia sunt circa eandem
53
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diff changeset
677 materiam.</p><p title="II-II q. 155 a. 2 co."><a name="45262"><span class="ref">[45262] IIª-IIae, q. 155 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
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diff changeset
678 dicendum quod nomen continentiae refrenationem quandam importat,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
679 inquantum scilicet tenet se aliquis ne passiones sequatur. Et ideo
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diff changeset
680 proprie continentia dicitur circa illas passiones quae impellunt ad
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diff changeset
681 aliquid prosequendum, in quibus laudabile est ut ratio retrahat
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diff changeset
682 hominem a prosequendo, non autem proprie est circa illas passiones
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diff changeset
683 quae important retractionem quandam, sicut timor et alia huiusmodi;
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diff changeset
684 in his enim laudabile est firmitatem servare in prosequendo quod
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diff changeset
685 ratio dictat ut supra dictum est. Est autem considerandum quod
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diff changeset
686 naturales inclinationes principia sunt omnium supervenientium, ut
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diff changeset
687 supra dictum est. Et ideo passiones tanto vehementius impellunt ad
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diff changeset
688 aliquid prosequendum, quanto magis sequuntur inclinationem naturae.
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diff changeset
689 Quae praecipue inclinat ad ea quae sunt sibi necessaria, vel ad
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diff changeset
690 conservationem individui, sicut sunt cibi; vel ad conservationem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
691 speciei, sicut sunt actus venerei. Quorum delectationes ad tactum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
692 pertinent. Et ideo continentia et incontinentia proprie dicuntur
53
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diff changeset
693 circa concupiscentias delectationum tactus.</p><p title="II-II q. 155 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="45263"><span class="ref">[45263] IIª-IIae, q. 155 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
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diff changeset
694 ergo dicendum quod, sicut nomen temperantiae potest communiter
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diff changeset
695 accipi in quacumque materia, proprie tamen dicitur in illa materia
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parents: 26
diff changeset
696 in qua est optimum hominem refrenari; ita etiam continentia proprie
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parents: 26
diff changeset
697 dicitur in materia in qua est optimum et difficillimum continere,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
698 scilicet in concupiscentiis delectationum tactus. Communiter autem
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diff changeset
699 et secundum quid potest dici in quacumque alia materia. Et hoc modo
53
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diff changeset
700 utitur Ambrosius nomine continentiae.</p><p title="II-II q. 155 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="45264"><span class="ref">[45264] IIª-IIae, q. 155 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Ad
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
701 secundum dicendum quod circa timorem non proprie laudatur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
702 continentia, sed magis firmitas animi, quam fortitudo importat. Ira
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diff changeset
703 autem impetum quidem facit ad aliquid prosequendum, iste tamen
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diff changeset
704 impetus magis sequitur apprehensionem animalem, prout scilicet
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diff changeset
705 aliquis apprehendit se esse ab alio laesum, quam inclinationem
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diff changeset
706 naturalem. Et ideo dicitur quidem aliquis secundum quid continens
53
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diff changeset
707 irae, non tamen simpliciter.</p><p title="II-II q. 155 a. 2 ad 3"><a name="45265"><span class="ref">[45265] IIª-IIae, q. 155 a. 2 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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diff changeset
708 dicendum quod huiusmodi exteriora bona, sicut honores, divitiae et
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diff changeset
709 huiusmodi, ut philosophus dicit, in VII Ethic., <i>videntur quidem
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diff changeset
710 secundum se esse eligibilia, non autem quasi necessaria</i> ad
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diff changeset
711 conservationem naturae. Et ideo circa ea <i>non dicimus simpliciter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
712 aliquos continentes vel incontinentes</i>, sed secundum quid,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
713 apponendo quod sint <i>continentes vel incontinentes vel lucri, vel
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diff changeset
714 honoris</i>, vel alicuius huiusmodi. Et ideo vel Tullius communiter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
715 usus est nomine continentiae, prout comprehendit sub se etiam
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diff changeset
716 continentiam secundum quid, vel accipit cupiditatem stricte pro
53
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diff changeset
717 concupiscentia delectabilium tactus.</p><p title="II-II q. 155 a. 2 ad 4"><a name="45266"><span class="ref">[45266] IIª-IIae, q. 155 a. 2 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
28
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diff changeset
718 dicendum quod delectationes venereorum sunt vehementiores quam
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diff changeset
719 delectationes ciborum. Et ideo circa venerea magis consuevimus
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diff changeset
720 continentiam et incontinentiam dicere quam circa cibos, licet,
53
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diff changeset
721 secundum philosophum, circa utrumque possit dici.</p><p title="II-II q. 155 a. 2 ad 5"><a name="45267"><span class="ref">[45267] IIª-IIae, q. 155 a. 2 ad 5</span></a> Ad quintum
28
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diff changeset
722 dicendum quod continentia est bonum rationis humanae, et ideo
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diff changeset
723 attenditur circa passiones quae possunt esse homini connaturales.
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diff changeset
724 Unde philosophus dicit, in VII Ethic., quod <i>si aliquis tenens
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diff changeset
725 puerum concupiscat eum vel comedere, vel ad venereorum
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diff changeset
726 inconvenientem delectationem, sive sequatur concupiscentiam sive
53
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diff changeset
727 non, non dicetur simpliciter continens, sed secundum quid</i>.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 3</h3><p title="II-II q. 155 a. 3 arg. 1"><a name="45268"><span class="ref">[45268] IIª-IIae, q. 155 a. 3 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
28
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diff changeset
728 tertium sic proceditur. Videtur quod subiectum continentiae sit vis
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diff changeset
729 concupiscibilis. Subiectum enim alicuius virtutis oportet esse
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diff changeset
730 proportionatum materiae. Sed materia continentiae, sicut dictum
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diff changeset
731 est, sunt concupiscentiae delectabilium tactus, quae pertinent ad
53
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diff changeset
732 vim concupiscibilem. Ergo continentia est in vi concupiscibili.</p><p title="II-II q. 155 a. 3 arg. 2"><a name="45269"><span class="ref">[45269] IIª-IIae, q. 155 a. 3 arg. 2</span></a>
28
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diff changeset
733 Praeterea, opposita sunt circa idem. Sed incontinentia est in
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diff changeset
734 concupiscibili, cuius passiones superant rationem, dicit enim
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diff changeset
735 Andronicus quod <i>incontinentia est malitia concupiscibilis,
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diff changeset
736 secundum quam eligit pravas delectationes, prohibente
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diff changeset
737 rationali</i>. Ergo et continentia, pari ratione, est in
53
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diff changeset
738 concupiscibili.</p><p title="II-II q. 155 a. 3 arg. 3"><a name="45270"><span class="ref">[45270] IIª-IIae, q. 155 a. 3 arg. 3</span></a>
28
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diff changeset
739 Praeterea, subiectum virtutis humanae vel est ratio, vel vis
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diff changeset
740 appetitiva, quae dividitur in voluntatem, concupiscibilem et
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diff changeset
741 irascibilem. Sed continentia non est in ratione, quia sic esset
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diff changeset
742 virtus intellectualis. Neque etiam est in voluntate, quia
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diff changeset
743 continentia est circa passiones, quae non sunt in voluntate. Nec
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diff changeset
744 etiam est in irascibili, quia non est proprie circa passiones
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diff changeset
745 irascibilis, ut dictum est. Ergo relinquitur quod sit in
53
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diff changeset
746 concupiscibili.</p><p title="II-II q. 155 a. 3 s. c."><a name="45271"><span class="ref">[45271] IIª-IIae, q. 155 a. 3 s. c.</span></a> Sed
28
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diff changeset
747 contra, omnis virtus in aliqua potentia existens aufert malum actum
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diff changeset
748 illius potentiae. Sed continentia non aufert malum actum
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diff changeset
749 concupiscibilis, habet enim continens concupiscentias pravas, ut
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diff changeset
750 philosophus dicit, in VII Ethic. Ergo continentia non est in
53
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diff changeset
751 concupiscibili.</p><p title="II-II q. 155 a. 3 co."><a name="45272"><span class="ref">[45272] IIª-IIae, q. 155 a. 3 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
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diff changeset
752 dicendum quod omnis virtus in aliquo subiecto existens facit illud
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diff changeset
753 differre a dispositione quam habet dum subiicitur opposito vitio.
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diff changeset
754 Concupiscibilis autem eodem modo se habet in eo qui est continens,
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diff changeset
755 et in eo qui est incontinens, quia in utroque prorumpit ad
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diff changeset
756 concupiscentias pravas vehementes. Unde manifestum est quod
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diff changeset
757 continentia non est in concupiscibili sicut in subiecto. Similiter
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diff changeset
758 etiam ratio eodem modo se habet in utroque, quia tam continens quam
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diff changeset
759 incontinens habet rationem rectam; et uterque, extra passionem
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diff changeset
760 existens, gerit in proposito concupiscentias illicitas non sequi.
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diff changeset
761 Prima autem differentia eorum invenitur in electione, quia
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diff changeset
762 continens, quamvis patiatur vehementes concupiscentias, tamen
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diff changeset
763 eligit non sequi eas, propter rationem; incontinens autem eligit
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parents: 26
diff changeset
764 sequi eas, non obstante contradictione rationis. Et ideo oportet
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diff changeset
765 quod continentia sit, sicut in subiecto, in illa vi animae cuius
53
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diff changeset
766 actus est electio. Et haec est voluntas, ut supra habitum est.</p><p title="II-II q. 155 a. 3 ad 1"><a name="45273"><span class="ref">[45273] IIª-IIae, q. 155 a. 3 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
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diff changeset
767 ergo dicendum quod continentia habet materiam concupiscentias
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parents: 26
diff changeset
768 delectationum tactus, non sicut quas moderetur, quod pertinet ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
769 temperantiam, quae est in concupiscibili, sed est circa eas quasi
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diff changeset
770 eis resistens. Unde oportet quod sit in alia vi, quia resistentia
53
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diff changeset
771 est alterius ad alterum.</p><p title="II-II q. 155 a. 3 ad 2"><a name="45274"><span class="ref">[45274] IIª-IIae, q. 155 a. 3 ad 2</span></a> Ad
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
772 secundum dicendum quod voluntas media est inter rationem et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
773 concupiscibilem, et potest ab utroque moveri. In eo autem qui est
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diff changeset
774 continens, movetur a ratione, in eo autem qui est incontinens,
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diff changeset
775 movetur a concupiscibili. Et ideo continentia potest attribui
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parents: 26
diff changeset
776 rationi sicut primo moventi, et incontinentia concupiscibili,
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diff changeset
777 quamvis utrumque immediate pertineat ad voluntatem sicut ad
53
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diff changeset
778 proprium subiectum.</p><p title="II-II q. 155 a. 3 ad 3"><a name="45275"><span class="ref">[45275] IIª-IIae, q. 155 a. 3 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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779 dicendum quod, licet passiones non sint in voluntate sicut in
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780 subiecto, est tamen in potestate voluntatis eis resistere et hoc
53
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781 modo voluntas continentis resistit concupiscentiis.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 4</h3><p title="II-II q. 155 a. 4 arg. 1"><a name="45276"><span class="ref">[45276] IIª-IIae, q. 155 a. 4 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
28
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782 quartum sic proceditur. Videtur quod continentia sit melior quam
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diff changeset
783 temperantia. Dicitur enim Eccli. XXVI, <i>omnis autem ponderatio
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784 non est digna continentis animae</i>. Ergo nulla virtus potest
53
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785 continentiae adaequari.</p><p title="II-II q. 155 a. 4 arg. 2"><a name="45277"><span class="ref">[45277] IIª-IIae, q. 155 a. 4 arg. 2</span></a>
28
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786 Praeterea, quanto aliqua virtus meretur maius praemium, tanto
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787 potior est. Sed continentia videtur mereri maius praemium, dicitur
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diff changeset
788 enim II ad Tim. II, <i>non coronabitur nisi qui legitime
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diff changeset
789 certaverit</i>; magis autem certat continens, qui patitur
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790 vehementes concupiscentias pravas, quam temperatus, qui non habet
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791 eas vehementes. Ergo continentia est potior virtus quam
53
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792 temperantia.</p><p title="II-II q. 155 a. 4 arg. 3"><a name="45278"><span class="ref">[45278] IIª-IIae, q. 155 a. 4 arg. 3</span></a>
28
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793 Praeterea, voluntas est dignior potentia quam vis concupiscibilis.
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794 Sed continentia est in voluntate, temperantia autem in vi
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795 concupiscibili, ut ex dictis patet. Ergo continentia est potior
53
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796 virtus quam temperantia.</p><p title="II-II q. 155 a. 4 s. c."><a name="45279"><span class="ref">[45279] IIª-IIae, q. 155 a. 4 s. c.</span></a> Sed
28
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797 contra est quod Tullius et Andronicus ponunt continentiam adiunctam
53
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798 temperantiae sicut principali virtuti.</p><p title="II-II q. 155 a. 4 co."><a name="45280"><span class="ref">[45280] IIª-IIae, q. 155 a. 4 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
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799 dicendum quod, sicut supra dictum est, nomen continentiae
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diff changeset
800 dupliciter accipitur. Uno modo, secundum quod importat cessationem
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diff changeset
801 ab omnibus delectationibus venereis. Et sic sumendo nomen
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diff changeset
802 continentiae, continentia est potior temperantia simpliciter dicta,
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diff changeset
803 ut patet ex his quae supra dicta sunt de praeeminentia virginitatis
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diff changeset
804 ad castitatem simpliciter dictam. Alio modo potest accipi nomen
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diff changeset
805 continentiae secundum quod importat resistentiam rationis ad
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diff changeset
806 concupiscentias pravas quae sunt in homine vehementes. Et secundum
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807 hoc, temperantia est multo potior quam continentia. Quia bonum
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808 virtutis laudabile est ex eo quod est secundum rationem. Plus autem
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809 viget bonum rationis in eo qui est temperatus, in quo etiam ipse
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diff changeset
810 appetitus sensitivus est subiectus rationi et quasi a ratione
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811 edomitus, quam in eo qui est continens, in quo appetitus sensitivus
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812 vehementer resistit rationi per concupiscentias pravas. Unde
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813 continentia comparatur ad temperantiam sicut imperfectum ad
53
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814 perfectum.</p><p title="II-II q. 155 a. 4 ad 1"><a name="45281"><span class="ref">[45281] IIª-IIae, q. 155 a. 4 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
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815 ergo dicendum quod auctoritas illa potest dupliciter intelligi. Uno
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816 modo, secundum quod accipitur continentia prout abstinet ab omnibus
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817 venereis. Et hoc modo dicitur quod omnis ponderatio non est digna
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818 animae continentis, in genere castitatis, quia nec etiam fecunditas
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819 carnis, quae quaeritur in matrimonio, adaequatur continentiae
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820 virginali vel viduali, ut supra dictum est. Alio modo potest
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821 intelligi secundum quod nomen continentiae accipitur communiter pro
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822 omni abstinentia a rebus illicitis. Et sic dicitur quod omnis
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823 ponderatio non est digna animae continentis, quia non respicit
53
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824 aestimationem auri vel argenti, quae commutantur ad pondus.</p><p title="II-II q. 155 a. 4 ad 2"><a name="45282"><span class="ref">[45282] IIª-IIae, q. 155 a. 4 ad 2</span></a> Ad
28
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825 secundum dicendum quod magnitudo concupiscentiae, seu debilitas
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826 eius, ex duplici causa procedere potest. Quandoque enim procedit ex
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827 causa corporali. Quidam enim ex naturali complexione sunt magis
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828 proni ad concupiscendum quam alii. Et iterum quidam habent
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829 opportunitates delectationum, concupiscentiam inflammantes, magis
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830 paratas quam alii. Et talis debilitas concupiscentiae diminuit
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diff changeset
831 meritum, magnitudo vero auget. Quandoque vero debilitas vel
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diff changeset
832 magnitudo concupiscentiae provenit ex causa spirituali laudabili,
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833 puta ex vehementia caritatis vel fortitudine rationis, sicut est in
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834 homine temperato. Et hoc modo debilitas concupiscentiae auget
53
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835 meritum, ratione suae causae, magnitudo vero minuit.</p><p title="II-II q. 155 a. 4 ad 3"><a name="45283"><span class="ref">[45283] IIª-IIae, q. 155 a. 4 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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836 dicendum quod voluntas propinquior est rationi quam vis
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837 concupiscibilis. Unde bonum rationis, ex quo virtus laudatur, maius
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838 esse ostenditur ex hoc quod pertingit non solum usque ad
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839 voluntatem, sed etiam usque ad vim concupiscibilem, quod accidit in
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840 eo qui est temperatus, quam si pertingat solum ad voluntatem, ut
53
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841 accidit in eo qui est continens.</p></div></div><div class="q" id="q156"><h2>Quaestio 156</h2><div class="p"><h3>Prooemium</h3><p title="II-II q. 156 pr."><a name="45284"><span class="ref">[45284] IIª-IIae, q. 156 pr.</span></a> Deinde
28
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842 considerandum est de incontinentia. Et circa hoc quaeruntur
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843 quatuor. Primo, utrum incontinentia pertineat ad animam, vel ad
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844 corpus. Secundo, utrum incontinentia sit peccatum. Tertio, de
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845 comparatione incontinentiae ad intemperantiam. Quarto, quis sit
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846 turpior, utrum incontinens irae, vel incontinens
53
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847 concupiscentiae.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 1</h3><p title="II-II q. 156 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="45285"><span class="ref">[45285] IIª-IIae, q. 156 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
28
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848 primum sic proceditur. Videtur quod incontinentia non pertineat ad
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849 animam, sed ad corpus. Diversitas enim sexuum non est ex parte
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850 animae, sed ex parte corporis. Sed diversitas sexuum facit
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851 diversitatem circa incontinentiam, dicit enim philosophus, in VII
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852 Ethic., quod mulieres non dicuntur neque continentes neque
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853 incontinentes. Ergo continentia non pertinet ad animam, sed ad
53
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854 corpus.</p><p title="II-II q. 156 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="45286"><span class="ref">[45286] IIª-IIae, q. 156 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a>
28
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855 Praeterea, illud quod pertinet ad animam, non sequitur corporis
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856 complexiones. Sed incontinentia sequitur corporis complexionem,
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857 dicit enim philosophus, in VII Ethic., quod <i>maxime acuti</i>,
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858 idest cholerici, <i>et melancholici secundum irrefrenatam
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859 concupiscentiam sunt incontinentes</i>. Ergo incontinentia pertinet
53
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860 ad corpus.</p><p title="II-II q. 156 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="45287"><span class="ref">[45287] IIª-IIae, q. 156 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a>
28
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861 Praeterea, victoria magis pertinet ad eum qui vincit quam ad eum
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862 qui vincitur. Sed ex hoc dicitur aliquis esse incontinens quod caro
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863 concupiscens adversus spiritum superat ipsum. Ergo incontinentia
53
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864 magis pertinet ad carnem quam ad animam.</p><p title="II-II q. 156 a. 1 s. c."><a name="45288"><span class="ref">[45288] IIª-IIae, q. 156 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed
28
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865 contra est quod homo differt a bestiis principaliter secundum
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866 animam. Differt autem secundum rationem continentiae et
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867 incontinentiae, bestias autem dicimus neque continentes neque
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868 incontinentes, ut patet per philosophum, in VII Ethic. Ergo
53
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869 incontinentia maxime est ex parte animae.</p><p title="II-II q. 156 a. 1 co."><a name="45289"><span class="ref">[45289] IIª-IIae, q. 156 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
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870 dicendum quod unumquodque attribuitur magis ei quod est causa per
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871 se quam ei quod solam occasionem praestat. Id autem quod est ex
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872 parte corporis, solum occasionem incontinentiae praestat. Ex
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diff changeset
873 dispositione enim corporis potest contingere quod insurgant
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874 passiones vehementes in appetitu sensitivo, qui est virtus corporei
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875 organi, sed huiusmodi passiones, quantumcumque vehementes, non sunt
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876 sufficiens causa incontinentiae sed occasio sola; eo quod, durante
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877 usu rationis, semper homo potest passionibus resistere. Si vero
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878 passiones adeo increscant quod totaliter auferant usum rationis,
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879 sicut accidit in his qui propter vehementiam passionum amentiam
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880 incurrunt, non remanebit ratio continentiae neque incontinentiae,
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881 quia non salvatur in eis iudicium rationis, quod continens servat
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882 et incontinens deserit. Et sic relinquitur quod per se causa
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883 incontinentiae sit ex parte animae, quae ratione passioni non
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884 resistit. Quod quidem fit duobus modis, ut philosophus dicit, in
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diff changeset
885 VII Ethic. Uno modo, quando anima passionibus cedit antequam ratio
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886 consilietur, quae quidem vocatur irrefrenata incontinentia, vel
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diff changeset
887 praevolatio. Alio modo, quando non permanet homo in his quae
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888 consiliata sunt, eo quod debiliter est firmatus in eo quod ratio
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889 iudicavit, unde et haec incontinentia vocatur debilitas. Et sic
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890 patet quod incontinentia principaliter ad animam pertinet.</p><p title="II-II q. 156 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="45290"><span class="ref">[45290] IIª-IIae, q. 156 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
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891 ergo dicendum quod anima humana est corporis forma, et habet
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892 quasdam vires corporeis organis utentes, quarum operationes aliquid
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893 conferunt etiam ad illa opera animae quae sunt sine corporeis
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894 instrumentis, idest ad actum intellectus et voluntatis, inquantum
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895 scilicet intellectus a sensu accipit, et voluntas impellitur a
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896 passione appetitus sensitivi. Et secundum hoc, quia femina secundum
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897 corpus habet quandam debilem complexionem, fit ut in pluribus quod
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898 etiam debiliter inhaereat quibuscumque inhaeret, etsi raro in
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diff changeset
899 aliquibus aliter accidat, secundum illud Proverb. ult., <i>mulierem
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900 fortem quis inveniet?</i> Et quia id quod est parvum vel debile
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901 reputatur quasi nullum, inde est quod philosophus loquitur de
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902 mulieribus quasi non habentibus iudicium rationis firmum, quamvis
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903 in aliquibus mulieribus contrarium accidat. Et propter hoc dicit
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diff changeset
904 quod mulieres non dicimus continentes, quia non ducunt, quasi
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905 habentes solidam rationem, sed ducuntur, quasi de facili sequentes
53
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906 passiones.</p><p title="II-II q. 156 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="45291"><span class="ref">[45291] IIª-IIae, q. 156 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad
28
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907 secundum dicendum quod ex impetu passionis contingit quod aliquis
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908 statim passionem sequatur, ante consilium rationis. Impetus autem
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909 passionis provenire potest vel ex velocitate, sicut in cholericis;
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910 vel ex vehementia, sicut in melancholicis, qui propter terrestrem
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911 complexionem vehementissime inflammantur. Sicut et e contrario
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912 contingit quod aliquis non persistat in eo quod consiliatum est, ex
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913 eo quod debiliter inhaeret, propter mollitiem complexionis, ut de
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914 mulieribus dictum est. Quod etiam videtur in phlegmaticis
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915 contingere, propter eandem causam sicut etiam in mulieribus. Haec
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916 autem accidunt inquantum ex complexione corporis datur aliqua
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917 incontinentiae occasio, non autem causa sufficiens, ut dictum
53
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918 est.</p><p title="II-II q. 156 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="45292"><span class="ref">[45292] IIª-IIae, q. 156 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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919 dicendum quod concupiscentia carnis in eo qui est incontinens,
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920 superat spiritum non ex necessitate, sed per quandam negligentiam
53
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921 spiritus non resistentis fortiter.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 2</h3><p title="II-II q. 156 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="45293"><span class="ref">[45293] IIª-IIae, q. 156 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
28
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922 secundum sic proceditur. Videtur quod incontinentia non sit
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923 peccatum. Quia, ut Augustinus dicit, in libro de Lib. Arbit.,
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924 <i>nullus peccat in eo quod vitare non potest</i>. Sed
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925 incontinentiam nullus potest ex seipso vitare, secundum illud Sap.
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926 VIII, <i>scio quod non possum esse continens nisi Deus det</i>.
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927 Ergo incontinentia non est peccatum.</p><p title="II-II q. 156 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="45294"><span class="ref">[45294] IIª-IIae, q. 156 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a>
28
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928 Praeterea, omne peccatum in ratione videtur consistere. Sed in eo
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929 qui est incontinens, vincitur iudicium rationis. Ergo incontinentia
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930 non est peccatum.</p><p title="II-II q. 156 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="45295"><span class="ref">[45295] IIª-IIae, q. 156 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a>
28
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931 Praeterea, nullus peccat ex eo quod vehementer Deum amat. Sed ex
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932 vehementia divini amoris aliquis fit incontinens, dicit enim
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diff changeset
933 Dionysius, IV cap. de Div. Nom., quod <i>Paulus per incontinentiam
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934 divini amoris dixit, vivo ego, iam non ego</i>. Ergo incontinentia
53
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935 non est peccatum.</p><p title="II-II q. 156 a. 2 s. c."><a name="45296"><span class="ref">[45296] IIª-IIae, q. 156 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed
28
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936 contra est quod connumeratur aliis peccatis, II ad Tim. III, ubi
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diff changeset
937 dicitur, criminatores, incontinentes, immites, et cetera. Ergo
53
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938 incontinentia est peccatum.</p><p title="II-II q. 156 a. 2 co."><a name="45297"><span class="ref">[45297] IIª-IIae, q. 156 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
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939 dicendum quod incontinentia potest attendi circa aliquid
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diff changeset
940 tripliciter. Uno modo, proprie et simpliciter. Et sic incontinentia
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diff changeset
941 attenditur circa concupiscentias delectationum tactus, sicut et
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diff changeset
942 intemperantia, ut supra dictum est de continentia. Et hoc modo
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diff changeset
943 incontinentia est peccatum, duplici ratione, uno modo, ex eo quod
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diff changeset
944 incontinens recedit ab eo quod est secundum rationem; alio modo, ex
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diff changeset
945 eo quod se immergit quibusdam turpibus delectationibus. Et ideo
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diff changeset
946 philosophus dicit, in VII Ethic., quod incontinentia vituperatur
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diff changeset
947 non solum sicut peccatum, quod scilicet est per recessum a ratione,
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diff changeset
948 sed sicut malitia quaedam, inquantum scilicet pravas
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diff changeset
949 concupiscentias sequitur. Alio modo incontinentia dicitur circa
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diff changeset
950 aliquid, proprie quidem, inquantum homo recedit ab eo quod est
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diff changeset
951 secundum rationem, sed non simpliciter, puta cum aliquis non servat
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diff changeset
952 modum rationis in concupiscentia honoris, divitiarum et aliorum
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diff changeset
953 huiusmodi, quae secundum se videntur esse bona; circa quae non est
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diff changeset
954 incontinentia simpliciter, sed secundum quid, sicut supra de
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diff changeset
955 continentia dictum est. Et sic incontinentia est peccatum, non ex
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diff changeset
956 eo quod aliquis ingerat se pravis concupiscentiis, sed eo quod non
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diff changeset
957 servat modum debitum rationis, etiam in concupiscentia rerum per se
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diff changeset
958 appetendarum. Tertio modo incontinentia dicitur esse circa aliquid
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diff changeset
959 non proprie, sed secundum similitudinem, puta circa concupiscentias
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diff changeset
960 eorum quibus non potest aliquis male uti, puta circa
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diff changeset
961 concupiscentias virtutum. Circa quas potest dici aliquis esse
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diff changeset
962 incontinens per similitudinem, quia sicut ille qui est incontinens
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diff changeset
963 totaliter ducitur per concupiscentiam malam, ita aliquis totaliter
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diff changeset
964 ducitur per concupiscentiam bonam, quae est secundum rationem. Et
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diff changeset
965 talis incontinentia non est peccatum, sed pertinet ad perfectionem
53
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diff changeset
966 virtutis.</p><p title="II-II q. 156 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="45298"><span class="ref">[45298] IIª-IIae, q. 156 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
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967 ergo dicendum quod homo potest vitare peccatum et facere bonum, non
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diff changeset
968 tamen sine divino auxilio, secundum illud Ioan. XV, <i>sine me
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969 nihil potestis facere</i>. Unde per hoc quod homo indiget divino
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diff changeset
970 auxilio ad hoc quod sit continens, non excluditur quin
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diff changeset
971 incontinentia sit peccatum, quia, ut dicitur in III Ethic., <i>quae
53
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972 per amicos possumus, aliqualiter per nos possumus</i>.</p><p title="II-II q. 156 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="45299"><span class="ref">[45299] IIª-IIae, q. 156 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Ad
28
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973 secundum dicendum quod in eo qui est incontinens vincitur iudicium
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diff changeset
974 rationis, non quidem ex necessitate, quod auferret rationem
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diff changeset
975 peccati, sed ex negligentia quadam hominis non firmiter intendentis
53
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diff changeset
976 ad resistendum passioni per iudicium rationis quod habet.</p><p title="II-II q. 156 a. 2 ad 3"><a name="45300"><span class="ref">[45300] IIª-IIae, q. 156 a. 2 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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diff changeset
977 dicendum quod ratio illa procedit de incontinentia per
53
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978 similitudinem dicta, et non proprie.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 3</h3><p title="II-II q. 156 a. 3 arg. 1"><a name="45301"><span class="ref">[45301] IIª-IIae, q. 156 a. 3 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
28
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979 tertium sic proceditur. Videtur quod incontinens plus peccet quam
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diff changeset
980 intemperatus. Tanto enim aliquis videtur gravius peccare, quanto
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diff changeset
981 magis contra conscientiam agit, secundum illud Luc. XII, <i>servus
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diff changeset
982 sciens voluntatem domini sui et faciens digna plagis, vapulabit
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diff changeset
983 multis</i>. Sed incontinens magis videtur agere contra conscientiam
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diff changeset
984 quam intemperatus, quia, ut dicitur in VII Ethic., incontinens,
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diff changeset
985 sciens quoniam prava sunt quae concupiscit, nihilominus agit,
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diff changeset
986 propter passionem; intemperatus autem iudicat ea quae concupiscit
53
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987 esse bona. Ergo incontinens gravius peccat quam intemperatus.</p><p title="II-II q. 156 a. 3 arg. 2"><a name="45302"><span class="ref">[45302] IIª-IIae, q. 156 a. 3 arg. 2</span></a>
28
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diff changeset
988 Praeterea, quanto aliquod peccatum gravius est, tanto videtur esse
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diff changeset
989 minus sanabile, unde et peccata in spiritum sanctum, quae sunt
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diff changeset
990 gravissima, dicuntur esse irremissibilia. Sed peccatum
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diff changeset
991 incontinentiae videtur esse insanabilius quam peccatum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
992 intemperantiae. Sanatur enim peccatum alicuius per admonitionem et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
993 correctionem, quae nihil videtur conferre incontinenti, qui scit se
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diff changeset
994 male agere, et nihilominus male agit, intemperato autem videtur
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diff changeset
995 quod bene agat, et sic aliquid ei conferre posset admonitio. Ergo
53
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diff changeset
996 videtur quod incontinens gravius peccet quam intemperatus.</p><p title="II-II q. 156 a. 3 arg. 3"><a name="45303"><span class="ref">[45303] IIª-IIae, q. 156 a. 3 arg. 3</span></a>
28
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diff changeset
997 Praeterea, quanto aliquis ex maiori libidine peccat, tanto gravius
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diff changeset
998 peccat. Sed incontinens peccat ex maiori libidine quam
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diff changeset
999 intemperatus, quia incontinens habet vehementes concupiscentias,
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diff changeset
1000 quas non semper habet intemperatus. Ergo incontinens magis peccat
53
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diff changeset
1001 quam intemperatus.</p><p title="II-II q. 156 a. 3 s. c."><a name="45304"><span class="ref">[45304] IIª-IIae, q. 156 a. 3 s. c.</span></a> Sed
28
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diff changeset
1002 contra est quod impoenitentia aggravat omne peccatum, unde
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diff changeset
1003 Augustinus, in libro de Verb. Dom., dicit quod impoenitentia est
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diff changeset
1004 peccatum in spiritum sanctum. Sed sicut philosophus dicit, in VII
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
1005 Ethic., <i>intemperatus non est poenitivus, immanet enim electioni,
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diff changeset
1006 incontinens autem omnis est poenitivus</i>. Ergo intemperatus
53
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diff changeset
1007 gravius peccat quam incontinens.</p><p title="II-II q. 156 a. 3 co."><a name="45305"><span class="ref">[45305] IIª-IIae, q. 156 a. 3 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
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diff changeset
1008 dicendum quod peccatum, secundum Augustinum, praecipue in voluntate
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diff changeset
1009 consistit, voluntas enim est qua peccatur et recte vivitur. Et ideo
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diff changeset
1010 ubi est maior inclinatio voluntatis ad peccandum, ibi est gravius
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diff changeset
1011 peccatum. In eo autem qui est intemperatus, voluntas inclinatur ad
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diff changeset
1012 peccandum ex propria electione, quae procedit ex habitu per
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diff changeset
1013 consuetudinem acquisito. In eo autem qui est incontinens, voluntas
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diff changeset
1014 inclinatur ad peccandum ex aliqua passione. Et quia passio cito
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diff changeset
1015 transit, habitus autem est qualitas difficile mobilis, inde est
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diff changeset
1016 quod incontinens statim poenitet, transeunte passione, quod non
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diff changeset
1017 accidit de intemperato, quinimmo gaudet se peccasse, eo quod
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diff changeset
1018 operatio peccati est sibi facta connaturalis secundum habitum. Unde
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diff changeset
1019 de his dicitur Proverb. II, quod <i>laetantur cum male fecerint, et
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diff changeset
1020 exultant in rebus pessimis</i>. Unde patet quod intemperatus est
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diff changeset
1021 multo peior quam incontinens, ut etiam philosophus dicit, in VII
53
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1022 Ethic.</p><p title="II-II q. 156 a. 3 ad 1"><a name="45306"><span class="ref">[45306] IIª-IIae, q. 156 a. 3 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
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1023 ergo dicendum quod ignorantia intellectus quandoque quidem
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diff changeset
1024 praecedit inclinationem appetitus, et causat eam. Et sic, quanto
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diff changeset
1025 est maior ignorantia, tanto magis peccatum diminuit, vel totaliter
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diff changeset
1026 excusat, inquantum causat involuntarium. Alio modo e converso
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diff changeset
1027 ignorantia rationis sequitur inclinationem appetitus. Et talis
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diff changeset
1028 ignorantia quanto est maior, tanto peccatum est gravius, quia
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diff changeset
1029 ostenditur inclinatio appetitus esse maior. Ignorantia autem tam
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diff changeset
1030 incontinentis quam intemperati provenit ex eo quod appetitus est in
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diff changeset
1031 aliquid inclinatus, sive per passionem, sicut in incontinente; sive
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diff changeset
1032 per habitum, sicut in intemperato. Maior autem ignorantia causatur
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diff changeset
1033 ex hoc in intemperato quam in incontinente. Et uno quidem modo,
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diff changeset
1034 quantum ad durationem. Quia in incontinente durat illa ignorantia
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diff changeset
1035 solum passione durante, sicut accessio febris tertianae durat,
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diff changeset
1036 durante commotione humoris. Ignorantia autem intemperati durat
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diff changeset
1037 assidue, propter permanentiam habitus, unde assimilatur phthisicae,
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diff changeset
1038 vel cuicumque morbo continuo, ut philosophus dicit, in VII Ethic.
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diff changeset
1039 Alio autem modo est maior ignorantia intemperati, quantum ad id
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diff changeset
1040 quod ignoratur. Nam ignorantia incontinentis attenditur quantum ad
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diff changeset
1041 aliquod particulare eligibile, prout scilicet aestimat hoc nunc
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diff changeset
1042 esse eligendum, sed intemperatus habet ignorantiam circa ipsum
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diff changeset
1043 finem, inquantum scilicet iudicat hoc esse bonum, ut irrefrenate
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diff changeset
1044 concupiscentias sequatur. Unde philosophus, in VII Ethic., dicit
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diff changeset
1045 quod incontinens est melior intemperato, quia salvatur in eo
53
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1046 optimum principium, scilicet recta existimatio de fine.</p><p title="II-II q. 156 a. 3 ad 2"><a name="45307"><span class="ref">[45307] IIª-IIae, q. 156 a. 3 ad 2</span></a> Ad
28
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1047 secundum dicendum quod ad sanationem incontinentis non sufficit
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diff changeset
1048 sola cognitio, sed requiritur interius auxilium gratiae
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diff changeset
1049 concupiscentiam mitigantis, et adhibetur etiam exterius remedium
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diff changeset
1050 admonitionis et correctionis, ex quibus aliquis incipit
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diff changeset
1051 concupiscentiis resistere, ex quo concupiscentia debilitatur, ut
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diff changeset
1052 supra dictum est. Et iisdem etiam modis potest sanari intemperatus,
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diff changeset
1053 sed difficilior est eius sanatio, propter duo. Quorum primum est ex
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diff changeset
1054 parte rationis, quae corrupta est circa aestimationem ultimi finis,
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diff changeset
1055 quod se habet sicut principium in demonstrativis, difficilius autem
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diff changeset
1056 reducitur ad veritatem ille qui errat circa principium, et
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diff changeset
1057 similiter in operativis ille qui errat circa finem. Aliud autem est
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diff changeset
1058 ex parte inclinationis appetitus, quae in intemperato est ex
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diff changeset
1059 habitu, qui difficile tollitur, inclinatio autem incontinentis est
53
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1060 ex passione, quae facilius reprimi potest.</p><p title="II-II q. 156 a. 3 ad 3"><a name="45308"><span class="ref">[45308] IIª-IIae, q. 156 a. 3 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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1061 dicendum quod libido voluntatis, quae auget peccatum, maior est in
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diff changeset
1062 intemperato quam in incontinente, ut ex dictis patet. Sed libido
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diff changeset
1063 concupiscentiae appetitus sensitivi quandoque maior est in
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diff changeset
1064 incontinente, quia incontinens non peccat nisi a gravi
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diff changeset
1065 concupiscentia; sed intemperatus etiam ex levi concupiscentia
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diff changeset
1066 peccat, et quandoque eam praevenit. Et ideo philosophus dicit, in
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diff changeset
1067 VII Ethic., quod magis intemperatum vituperamus, quia non
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diff changeset
1068 concupiscens, vel quiete, idest remisse concupiscens, persequitur
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1069 delectationes. Quid enim faceret si adesset concupiscentia
53
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1070 iuvenilis?</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 4</h3><p title="II-II q. 156 a. 4 arg. 1"><a name="45309"><span class="ref">[45309] IIª-IIae, q. 156 a. 4 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
28
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1071 quartum sic proceditur. Videtur quod incontinens irae sit peior
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diff changeset
1072 quam incontinens concupiscentiae. Quanto enim difficilius est
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diff changeset
1073 resistere passioni, tanto incontinentia videtur esse levior, unde
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diff changeset
1074 philosophus dicit, in VII Ethic., <i>non enim, si quis a fortibus
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1075 et superexcellentibus delectationibus vincitur vel tristitiis, est
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1076 admirabile, sed condonabile. Sed, sicut Heraclitus dixit,
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diff changeset
1077 difficilius est pugnare contra concupiscentiam quam contra
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1078 iram</i>. Ergo levior est incontinentia concupiscentiae quam
53
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1079 incontinentia irae.</p><p title="II-II q. 156 a. 4 arg. 2"><a name="45310"><span class="ref">[45310] IIª-IIae, q. 156 a. 4 arg. 2</span></a>
28
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diff changeset
1080 Praeterea, si passio per suam vehementiam totaliter auferat
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diff changeset
1081 iudicium rationis, omnino excusatur aliquis a peccato, sicut patet
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diff changeset
1082 in eo qui incidit ex passione in furiam. Sed plus remanet de
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diff changeset
1083 iudicio rationis in eo qui est incontinens irae, quam in eo qui est
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diff changeset
1084 incontinens concupiscentiae, <i>iratus enim aliqualiter audit
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diff changeset
1085 rationem, non autem concupiscens</i>, ut patet per philosophum, in
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diff changeset
1086 VII Ethic. Ergo incontinens irae est peior quam incontinens
53
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diff changeset
1087 concupiscentiae.</p><p title="II-II q. 156 a. 4 arg. 3"><a name="45311"><span class="ref">[45311] IIª-IIae, q. 156 a. 4 arg. 3</span></a>
28
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1088 Praeterea, tanto aliquod peccatum videtur esse gravius, quanto est
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diff changeset
1089 periculosius. Sed incontinentia irae videtur esse periculosior,
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diff changeset
1090 quia perducit hominem ad maius peccatum, scilicet ad homicidium,
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diff changeset
1091 quod est gravius peccatum quam adulterium, ad quod perducit
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diff changeset
1092 incontinentia concupiscentiae. Ergo incontinentia irae est gravior
53
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diff changeset
1093 quam incontinentia concupiscentiae.</p><p title="II-II q. 156 a. 4 s. c."><a name="45312"><span class="ref">[45312] IIª-IIae, q. 156 a. 4 s. c.</span></a> Sed
28
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diff changeset
1094 contra est quod philosophus dicit, in VII Ethic., quod <i>minus
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diff changeset
1095 turpis est incontinentia irae quam incontinentia
53
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diff changeset
1096 concupiscentiae</i>.</p><p title="II-II q. 156 a. 4 co."><a name="45313"><span class="ref">[45313] IIª-IIae, q. 156 a. 4 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
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1097 dicendum quod peccatum incontinentiae potest dupliciter
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diff changeset
1098 considerari. Uno modo, ex parte passionis ex qua ratio superatur.
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diff changeset
1099 Et sic incontinentia concupiscentiae est turpior quam incontinentia
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diff changeset
1100 irae, quia motus concupiscentiae habet maiorem inordinationem quam
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diff changeset
1101 motus irae. Et hoc propter quatuor, quae philosophus tangit in VII
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1102 Ethic. Primo quidem, quia motus irae participat aliqualiter
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diff changeset
1103 ratione, inquantum scilicet iratus tendit ad vindicandum iniuriam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1104 sibi factam, quod aliqualiter ratio dictat, sed non perfecte, quia
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1105 non intendit debitum modum vindictae. Sed motus concupiscentiae
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diff changeset
1106 totaliter est secundum sensum, et nullo modo secundum rationem.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1107 Secundo, quia motus irae magis consequitur corporis complexionem,
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diff changeset
1108 propter velocitatem motus cholerae, quae intendit ad iram. Unde
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1109 magis est in promptu quod ille qui est secundum complexionem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1110 corporis dispositus ad irascendum, irascatur, quam quod ille qui
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diff changeset
1111 est dispositus ad concupiscendum, concupiscat. Unde etiam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1112 frequentius ex iracundis nascuntur iracundi quam ex
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1113 concupiscentibus concupiscentes. Quod autem provenit ex naturali
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1114 corporis dispositione, reputatur magis venia dignum. Tertio, quia
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diff changeset
1115 ira quaerit manifeste operari. Sed concupiscentia quaerit latebras,
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diff changeset
1116 et dolose subintrat. Quarto, quia concupiscens delectabiliter
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1117 operatur, sed iratus quasi quadam tristitia praecedente coactus.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1118 Alio modo potest considerari peccatum incontinentiae quantum ad
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diff changeset
1119 malum in quod quis incidit a ratione discedens. Et sic
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diff changeset
1120 incontinentia irae est, ut plurimum, gravior, quia ducit in ea quae
53
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diff changeset
1121 pertinent ad proximi nocumentum.</p><p title="II-II q. 156 a. 4 ad 1"><a name="45314"><span class="ref">[45314] IIª-IIae, q. 156 a. 4 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
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diff changeset
1122 ergo dicendum quod difficilius est assidue pugnare contra
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diff changeset
1123 delectationem quam contra iram, quia concupiscentia est magis
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diff changeset
1124 continua, sed ad horam difficilius est resistere irae, propter eius
53
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diff changeset
1125 impetum.</p><p title="II-II q. 156 a. 4 ad 2"><a name="45315"><span class="ref">[45315] IIª-IIae, q. 156 a. 4 ad 2</span></a> Ad
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1126 secundum dicendum quod concupiscentia dicitur esse sine ratione,
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diff changeset
1127 non quia totaliter auferat iudicium rationis, sed quia in nullo
53
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diff changeset
1128 procedit secundum iudicium rationis. Et ex hoc est turpior.</p><p title="II-II q. 156 a. 4 ad 3"><a name="45316"><span class="ref">[45316] IIª-IIae, q. 156 a. 4 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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diff changeset
1129 dicendum quod ratio illa procedit ex parte eorum in quae
53
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diff changeset
1130 incontinens deducitur.</p></div></div><div class="q" id="q157"><h2>Quaestio 157</h2><div class="p"><h3>Prooemium</h3><p title="II-II q. 157 pr."><a name="45317"><span class="ref">[45317] IIª-IIae, q. 157 pr.</span></a> Deinde
28
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diff changeset
1131 considerandum est de clementia et mansuetudine, et vitiis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1132 oppositis. Circa ipsas autem virtutes quaeruntur quatuor. Primo,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1133 utrum clementia et mansuetudo sint idem. Secundo, utrum utraque
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1134 earum sit virtus. Tertio, utrum utraque earum sit pars
53
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diff changeset
1135 temperantiae. Quarto, de comparatione earum ad alias virtutes.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 1</h3><p title="II-II q. 157 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="45318"><span class="ref">[45318] IIª-IIae, q. 157 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1136 primum sic proceditur. Videtur quod clementia et mansuetudo sint
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1137 penitus idem. Mansuetudo enim est moderativa irarum, ut philosophus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1138 dicit, in IV Ethic. Ira autem est appetitus vindictae. <i>Cum ergo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1139 clementia sit lenitas superioris adversus inferiorem in
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1140 constituendis poenis</i>, ut Seneca dicit, in II de clementia; per
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1141 poenas autem fit vindicta, videtur quod clementia et mansuetudo
53
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diff changeset
1142 sint idem.</p><p title="II-II q. 157 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="45319"><span class="ref">[45319] IIª-IIae, q. 157 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a>
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1143 Praeterea, Tullius dicit, in II Rhet., quod <i>clementia est virtus
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diff changeset
1144 per quam animus concitatus in odium alicuius, benignitate
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1145 retinetur</i>, et sic videtur quod clementia sit moderativa odii.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1146 Sed odium, ut Augustinus dicit, causatur ab ira, circa quam est
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diff changeset
1147 mansuetudo. Ergo videtur quod mansuetudo et clementia sint
53
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diff changeset
1148 idem.</p><p title="II-II q. 157 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="45320"><span class="ref">[45320] IIª-IIae, q. 157 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a>
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1149 Praeterea, idem vitium non contrariatur diversis virtutibus. Sed
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diff changeset
1150 idem vitium opponitur mansuetudini et clementiae, scilicet
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diff changeset
1151 crudelitas. Ergo videtur quod mansuetudo et clementia sint penitus
53
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diff changeset
1152 idem.</p><p title="II-II q. 157 a. 1 s. c."><a name="45321"><span class="ref">[45321] IIª-IIae, q. 157 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1153 contra est quod secundum praedictam definitionem Senecae, clementia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1154 est lenitas superioris adversus inferiorem. Mansuetudo autem non
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diff changeset
1155 solum est superioris ad inferiorem, sed cuiuslibet ad quemlibet.
53
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diff changeset
1156 Ergo mansuetudo et clementia non sunt penitus idem.</p><p title="II-II q. 157 a. 1 co."><a name="45322"><span class="ref">[45322] IIª-IIae, q. 157 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1157 dicendum quod, sicut dicitur in II Ethic., virtus moralis consistit
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1158 circa passiones et actiones. Passiones autem interiores sunt
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1159 actionum exteriorum principia, aut etiam impedimenta. Et ideo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1160 virtutes quae moderantur passiones quodammodo concurrunt in eundem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1161 effectum cum virtutibus quae moderantur actiones, licet specie
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1162 differant. Sicut ad iustitiam proprie pertinet cohibere hominem a
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1163 furto, ad quod aliquis inclinatur per inordinatum amorem vel
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1164 concupiscentiam pecuniae, quae moderantur per liberalitatem, et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1165 ideo liberalitas concurrit cum iustitia in hoc effectu qui est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1166 abstinere a furto. Et hoc etiam considerandum est in proposito. Nam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1167 ex passione irae provocatur aliquis ad hoc quod graviorem inferat
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1168 poenam. Ad clementiam autem pertinet directe quod sit diminutiva
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1169 poenarum, quod quidem impediri posset per excessum irae. Et ideo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1170 mansuetudo, inquantum refrenat impetum irae, concurrit in eundem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1171 effectum cum clementia. Differunt tamen ab invicem, inquantum
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diff changeset
1172 clementia est moderativa exterioris punitionis, mansuetudo autem
53
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diff changeset
1173 proprie diminuit passionem irae.</p><p title="II-II q. 157 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="45323"><span class="ref">[45323] IIª-IIae, q. 157 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1174 ergo dicendum quod mansuetudo proprie respicit ipsum vindictae
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diff changeset
1175 appetitum. Sed clementia respicit ipsas poenas quae exterius
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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diff changeset
1176 adhibentur ad vindictam.</p><p title="II-II q. 157 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="45324"><span class="ref">[45324] IIª-IIae, q. 157 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1177 secundum dicendum quod affectus hominis inclinatur ad minorationem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1178 eorum quae homini per se non placent. Ex hoc autem quod aliquis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1179 amat aliquem, contingit quod non placet ei per se poena eius, sed
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1180 solum in ordine ad aliud, puta ad iustitiam, vel ad correctionem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1181 eius qui punitur. Et ideo ex amore provenit quod aliquis sit
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1182 promptus ad diminuendum poenas, quod pertinet ad clementiam, et ex
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1183 odio impeditur talis diminutio. Et propter hoc Tullius dicit quod
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1184 animus concitatus in odium, scilicet ad gravius puniendum, per
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1185 clementiam retinetur, ne scilicet acriorem poenam inferat, non quod
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1186 clementia sit directe odii moderativa, sed poenae.</p><p title="II-II q. 157 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="45325"><span class="ref">[45325] IIª-IIae, q. 157 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1187 dicendum quod mansuetudini, quae est directe circa iras proprie
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1188 opponitur vitium iracundiae, quod importat excessum irae. Sed
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1189 crudelitas importat excessum in puniendo. Unde dicit Seneca, in II
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1190 de Clem., quod <i>crudeles vocantur qui puniendi causam habent,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1191 modum non habent</i>. Qui autem in poenis hominum propter se
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1192 delectantur, etiam sine causa, possunt dici saevi vel feri, quasi
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1193 affectum humanum non habentes, ex quo naturaliter homo diligit
53
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diff changeset
1194 hominem.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 2</h3><p title="II-II q. 157 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="45326"><span class="ref">[45326] IIª-IIae, q. 157 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1195 secundum sic proceditur. Videtur quod neque clementia neque
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diff changeset
1196 mansuetudo sit virtus. Nulla enim virtus alteri virtuti opponitur.
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diff changeset
1197 Sed utraque videtur opponi severitati, quae est quaedam virtus.
53
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diff changeset
1198 Ergo neque clementia neque mansuetudo est virtus.</p><p title="II-II q. 157 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="45327"><span class="ref">[45327] IIª-IIae, q. 157 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a>
28
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diff changeset
1199 Praeterea, virtus corrumpitur per superfluum et diminutum. Sed tam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1200 clementia quam mansuetudo in diminutione quadam consistunt, nam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1201 clementia est diminutiva poenarum, mansuetudo autem est diminutiva
53
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diff changeset
1202 irae. Ergo neque clementia neque mansuetudo est virtus.</p><p title="II-II q. 157 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="45328"><span class="ref">[45328] IIª-IIae, q. 157 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a>
28
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diff changeset
1203 Praeterea, mansuetudo, sive mititas, ponitur, Matth. V, inter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1204 beatitudines; et inter fructus, Galat. V. Sed virtutes differunt et
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diff changeset
1205 a beatitudinibus et a fructibus. Ergo non continetur sub
53
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diff changeset
1206 virtute.</p><p title="II-II q. 157 a. 2 s. c."><a name="45329"><span class="ref">[45329] IIª-IIae, q. 157 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed
28
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diff changeset
1207 contra est quod Seneca dicit, in II de Clem., <i>clementiam et
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diff changeset
1208 mansuetudinem omnes boni viri praestabunt</i>. Sed virtus est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1209 proprie quae pertinet ad bonos viros, nam <i>virtus est quae bonum
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diff changeset
1210 facit habentem, et opus eius bonum reddit</i>, ut dicitur in II
53
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diff changeset
1211 Ethic. Ergo clementia et mansuetudo sunt virtutes.</p><p title="II-II q. 157 a. 2 co."><a name="45330"><span class="ref">[45330] IIª-IIae, q. 157 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1212 dicendum quod ratio virtutis moralis consistit in hoc quod
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diff changeset
1213 appetitus rationi subdatur, ut patet per philosophum, in I Ethic.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1214 Hoc autem servatur tam in clementia quam in mansuetudine, nam
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diff changeset
1215 clementia in diminuendo poenas aspicit ad rationem, ut Seneca
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1216 dicit, in II de Clem.; similiter etiam mansuetudo secundum rationem
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diff changeset
1217 rectam moderatur iras, ut dicitur in IV Ethic. Unde manifestum est
53
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diff changeset
1218 quod tam clementia quam mansuetudo est virtus.</p><p title="II-II q. 157 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="45331"><span class="ref">[45331] IIª-IIae, q. 157 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
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diff changeset
1219 ergo dicendum quod mansuetudo non directe opponitur severitati, nam
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diff changeset
1220 mansuetudo est circa iras, severitas autem attenditur circa
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diff changeset
1221 exteriorem inflictionem poenarum. Unde secundum hoc, videretur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1222 magis opponi clementiae, quae etiam circa exteriorem punitionem
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diff changeset
1223 consideratur, ut dictum est. Non tamen opponitur, eo quod utrumque
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diff changeset
1224 est secundum rationem rectam. Nam severitas inflexibilis est circa
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diff changeset
1225 inflictionem poenarum quando hoc recta ratio requirit, clementia
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diff changeset
1226 autem diminutiva est poenarum etiam secundum rationem rectam,
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diff changeset
1227 quando scilicet oportet, et in quibus oportet. Et ideo non sunt
53
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1228 opposita, quia non sunt circa idem.</p><p title="II-II q. 157 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="45332"><span class="ref">[45332] IIª-IIae, q. 157 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Ad
28
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diff changeset
1229 secundum dicendum quod, secundum philosophum, in IV Ethic.,
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diff changeset
1230 <i>habitus qui medium tenet in ira, est innominatus; et ideo virtus
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diff changeset
1231 nominatur a diminutione irae, quae significatur nomine
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diff changeset
1232 mansuetudinis</i>, eo quod virtus propinquior est diminutioni quam
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diff changeset
1233 superabundantiae, propter hoc quod naturalius est homini appetere
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diff changeset
1234 vindictam iniuriarum illatarum quam ab hoc deficere; quia <i>vix
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diff changeset
1235 alicui nimis parvae videntur iniuriae sibi illatae</i>, ut dicit
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1236 Sallustius. Clementia autem est diminutiva poenarum, non quidem in
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diff changeset
1237 respectu ad id quod est secundum rationem rectam, sed in respectu
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diff changeset
1238 ad id quod est secundum legem communem, quam respicit iustitia
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diff changeset
1239 legalis, sed propter aliqua particularia considerata, clementia
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1240 diminuit poenas, quasi decernens hominem non esse magis puniendum.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1241 Unde dicit Seneca, in II de Clem., <i>clementia hoc primum
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diff changeset
1242 praestat, ut quos dimittit, nihil aliud illos pati debuisse
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1243 pronuntiat, venia vero debitae poenae remissio est</i>. Ex quo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1244 patet quod clementia comparatur ad severitatem sicut epieikeia ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1245 iustitiam legalem, cuius pars est severitas quantum ad inflictionem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1246 poenarum secundum legem. Differt tamen clementia ab epieikeia, ut
53
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diff changeset
1247 infra dicetur.</p><p title="II-II q. 157 a. 2 ad 3"><a name="45333"><span class="ref">[45333] IIª-IIae, q. 157 a. 2 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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diff changeset
1248 dicendum quod beatitudines sunt actus virtutum, fructus autem sunt
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diff changeset
1249 delectationes de actibus virtutum. Et ideo nihil prohibet
53
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1250 mansuetudinem poni et virtutem et beatitudinem et fructum.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 3</h3><p title="II-II q. 157 a. 3 arg. 1"><a name="45334"><span class="ref">[45334] IIª-IIae, q. 157 a. 3 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
28
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diff changeset
1251 tertium sic proceditur. Videtur quod praedictae virtutes non sint
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1252 partes temperantiae. Clementia enim est diminutiva poenarum, ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1253 dictum est. Hoc autem philosophus, in V Ethic., attribuit
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diff changeset
1254 epieikeiae, quae pertinet ad iustitiam, ut supra habitum est. Ergo
53
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diff changeset
1255 videtur quod clementia non sit pars temperantiae.</p><p title="II-II q. 157 a. 3 arg. 2"><a name="45335"><span class="ref">[45335] IIª-IIae, q. 157 a. 3 arg. 2</span></a>
28
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diff changeset
1256 Praeterea, temperantia est circa concupiscentias. Mansuetudo autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
1257 et clementia non respiciunt concupiscentias, sed magis iram et
53
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diff changeset
1258 vindictam. Non ergo debent poni partes temperantiae.</p><p title="II-II q. 157 a. 3 arg. 3"><a name="45336"><span class="ref">[45336] IIª-IIae, q. 157 a. 3 arg. 3</span></a>
28
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diff changeset
1259 Praeterea, Seneca dicit, in II de Clem., <i>cui voluptati saevitia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
1260 est, possumus insaniam vocare</i>. Hoc autem opponitur clementiae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1261 et mansuetudini. Cum ergo insania opponatur prudentiae, videtur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1262 quod clementia et mansuetudo sint partes prudentiae, magis quam
53
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diff changeset
1263 temperantiae.</p><p title="II-II q. 157 a. 3 s. c."><a name="45337"><span class="ref">[45337] IIª-IIae, q. 157 a. 3 s. c.</span></a> Sed
28
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diff changeset
1264 contra est quod Seneca dicit, in II de Clem., quod <i>clementia est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
1265 temperantia animi in potestate ulciscendi</i>. Tullius etiam ponit
53
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diff changeset
1266 clementiam partem temperantiae.</p><p title="II-II q. 157 a. 3 co."><a name="45338"><span class="ref">[45338] IIª-IIae, q. 157 a. 3 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
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diff changeset
1267 dicendum quod partes assignantur virtutibus principalibus secundum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1268 quod imitantur ipsas in aliquibus materiis secundariis, quantum ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1269 modum ex quo principaliter dependet laus virtutis, unde et nomen
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1270 accipit, sicut modus et nomen iustitiae in quadam aequalitate
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1271 consistit; fortitudinis autem in quadam firmitate; temperantiae
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diff changeset
1272 autem in quadam refrenatione, inquantum scilicet refrenat
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1273 concupiscentias vehementissimas delectationum tactus. Clementia
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diff changeset
1274 autem et mansuetudo similiter in quadam refrenatione consistit,
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diff changeset
1275 quia scilicet clementia est diminutiva poenarum, mansuetudo vero
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1276 est mitigativa irae, ut ex dictis patet. Et ideo tam clementia quam
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diff changeset
1277 mansuetudo adiunguntur temperantiae sicut virtuti principali. Et
53
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diff changeset
1278 secundum hoc ponuntur partes ipsius.</p><p title="II-II q. 157 a. 3 ad 1"><a name="45339"><span class="ref">[45339] IIª-IIae, q. 157 a. 3 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
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diff changeset
1279 ergo dicendum quod in diminutione poenarum duo sunt consideranda.
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diff changeset
1280 Quorum unum est quod diminutio poenarum fiat secundum intentionem
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diff changeset
1281 legislatoris, licet non secundum verba legis. Et secundum hoc,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1282 pertinet ad epieikeiam. Aliud autem est quaedam moderatio affectus,
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diff changeset
1283 ut homo non utatur sua potestate in inflictione poenarum. Et hoc
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1284 proprie pertinet ad clementiam, propter quod Seneca dicit quod est
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diff changeset
1285 temperantia animi in potestate ulciscendi. Et haec quidem moderatio
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1286 animi provenit ex quadam dulcedine affectus, qua quis abhorret omne
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diff changeset
1287 illud quod potest alium tristare. Et ideo dicit Seneca quod
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diff changeset
1288 <i>clementia est quaedam lenitas animi</i>. Nam e contrario
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diff changeset
1289 austeritas animi videtur esse in eo qui non veretur alios
53
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diff changeset
1290 contristare.</p><p title="II-II q. 157 a. 3 ad 2"><a name="45340"><span class="ref">[45340] IIª-IIae, q. 157 a. 3 ad 2</span></a> Ad
28
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diff changeset
1291 secundum dicendum quod adiunctio virtutum secundariarum ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
1292 principales magis attenditur secundum modum virtutis, qui est quasi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1293 quaedam forma eius, quam secundum materiam. Mansuetudo autem et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
1294 clementia conveniunt cum temperantia in modo, ut dictum est, licet
53
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diff changeset
1295 non conveniant in materia.</p><p title="II-II q. 157 a. 3 ad 3"><a name="45341"><span class="ref">[45341] IIª-IIae, q. 157 a. 3 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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diff changeset
1296 dicendum quod insania dicitur per corruptionem sanitatis. Sicut
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diff changeset
1297 autem sanitas corporalis corrumpitur per hoc quod corpus recedit a
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diff changeset
1298 debita complexione humanae speciei, ita etiam insania secundum
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diff changeset
1299 animam accipitur per hoc quod anima humana recedit a debita
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diff changeset
1300 dispositione humanae speciei. Quod quidem contingit et secundum
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diff changeset
1301 rationem, puta cum aliquis usum rationis amittit, et quantum ad vim
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diff changeset
1302 appetitivam, puta cum aliquis amittit affectum humanum, secundum
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diff changeset
1303 quem homo naturaliter est omni homini amicus, ut dicitur in VIII
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
1304 Ethic. Insania autem quae excludit usum rationis, opponitur
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diff changeset
1305 prudentiae. Sed quod aliquis delectetur in poenis hominum, dicitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
1306 esse insania, quia per hoc videtur homo privatus affectu humano,
53
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diff changeset
1307 quem sequitur clementia.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 4</h3><p title="II-II q. 157 a. 4 arg. 1"><a name="45342"><span class="ref">[45342] IIª-IIae, q. 157 a. 4 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
28
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1308 quartum sic proceditur. Videtur quod clementia et mansuetudo sint
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
1309 potissimae virtutes. Laus enim virtutis praecipue consistit ex hoc
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diff changeset
1310 quod ordinat hominem ad beatitudinem, quae in Dei cognitione
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diff changeset
1311 consistit. Sed mansuetudo maxime ordinat hominem ad Dei
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
1312 cognitionem, dicitur enim Iac. I, <i>in mansuetudine suscipite
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diff changeset
1313 insitum verbum</i>; et Eccli. V, <i>esto mansuetus ad audiendum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
1314 verbum Dei</i>; et Dionysius dicit, in epistola ad Demophil.,
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diff changeset
1315 <i>Moysen propter multam mansuetudinem Dei apparitione dignum
53
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diff changeset
1316 habitum</i>. Ergo mansuetudo est potissima virtutum.</p><p title="II-II q. 157 a. 4 arg. 2"><a name="45343"><span class="ref">[45343] IIª-IIae, q. 157 a. 4 arg. 2</span></a>
28
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1317 Praeterea, tanto virtus aliqua potior esse videtur, quanto magis
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diff changeset
1318 acceptatur a Deo et ab hominibus. Sed mansuetudo maxime videtur
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diff changeset
1319 acceptari a Deo, dicitur enim Eccli. I, quod <i>beneplacitum est
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diff changeset
1320 Deo fides et mansuetudo</i>. Unde et specialiter ad suae
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diff changeset
1321 mansuetudinis imitationem Christus nos invitat, dicens, <i>discite
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
1322 a me, quia mitis sum et humilis corde</i>, et Hilarius dicit quod
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diff changeset
1323 <i>per mansuetudinem mentis nostrae habitat Christus in nobis</i>.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1324 Est etiam hominibus acceptissima, unde dicitur Eccli. III, <i>fili,
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diff changeset
1325 in mansuetudine perfice opera tua, et super hominum gloria
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1326 diligeris</i>. Propter quod et Proverb. XX dicitur quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
1327 <i>clementia thronus regius roboratur</i>. Ergo mansuetudo et
53
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diff changeset
1328 clementia sunt potissimae virtutes.</p><p title="II-II q. 157 a. 4 arg. 3"><a name="45344"><span class="ref">[45344] IIª-IIae, q. 157 a. 4 arg. 3</span></a>
28
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diff changeset
1329 Praeterea, Augustinus dicit, in libro de Serm. domini in monte,
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diff changeset
1330 quod <i>mites sunt qui cedunt improbitatibus, et non resistunt in
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diff changeset
1331 malo, sed vincunt in bono malum</i>. Hoc autem videtur pertinere ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
1332 misericordiam vel pietatem, quae videtur esse potissima virtutum,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
1333 quia super illud I ad Tim. IV, pietas ad omnia utilis est, dicit
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1334 Glossa Ambrosii quod <i>omnis summa religionis Christianae in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1335 pietate consistit</i>. Ergo mansuetudo et clementia sunt maximae
53
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diff changeset
1336 virtutes.</p><p title="II-II q. 157 a. 4 s. c."><a name="45345"><span class="ref">[45345] IIª-IIae, q. 157 a. 4 s. c.</span></a> Sed
28
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diff changeset
1337 contra est, quia non ponuntur virtutes principales, sed adiunguntur
53
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diff changeset
1338 alteri virtuti quasi principaliori.</p><p title="II-II q. 157 a. 4 co."><a name="45346"><span class="ref">[45346] IIª-IIae, q. 157 a. 4 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
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diff changeset
1339 dicendum quod nihil prohibet aliquas virtutes non esse potissimas
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diff changeset
1340 simpliciter nec quoad omnia, sed secundum quid et in aliquo genere.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1341 Non est autem possibile quod clementia et mansuetudo sint
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
1342 potissimae virtutes simpliciter. Quia laus earum attenditur in hoc
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1343 quod retrahunt a malo, inquantum scilicet diminuunt iram vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
1344 poenam. Perfectius autem est consequi bonum quam carere malo. Et
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diff changeset
1345 ideo virtutes quae simpliciter ordinant in bonum, sicut fides,
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diff changeset
1346 spes, caritas, et etiam prudentia et iustitia, sunt simpliciter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
1347 maiores virtutes quam clementia et mansuetudo. Sed secundum quid,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
1348 nihil prohibet mansuetudinem et clementiam habere quandam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1349 excellentiam inter virtutes quae resistunt affectionibus pravis.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1350 Nam ira, quam mitigat mansuetudo, propter suum impetum maxime
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diff changeset
1351 impedit animum hominis ne libere iudicet veritatem. Et propter hoc,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1352 mansuetudo maxime facit hominem esse compotem sui, unde dicitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1353 Eccli. X, <i>fili, in mansuetudine serva animam tuam</i>. Quamvis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1354 concupiscentiae delectationum tactus sint turpiores, et magis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
1355 continue infestent, propter quod temperantia magis ponitur virtus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
1356 principalis, ut ex dictis patet. Clementia vero, in hoc quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
1357 diminuit poenas, maxime videtur accedere ad caritatem, quae est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
1358 potissima virtutum, per quam bona operamur ad proximos et eorum
53
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diff changeset
1359 mala impedimus.</p><p title="II-II q. 157 a. 4 ad 1"><a name="45347"><span class="ref">[45347] IIª-IIae, q. 157 a. 4 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
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diff changeset
1360 ergo dicendum quod mansuetudo praeparat hominem ad Dei cognitionem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
1361 removendo impedimentum. Et hoc dupliciter. Primo quidem faciendo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1362 hominem compotem sui per diminutionem irae, ut dictum est. Alio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
1363 modo, quia ad mansuetudinem pertinet quod homo non contradicat
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diff changeset
1364 verbis veritatis, quod plerumque aliqui faciunt ex commotione irae.
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diff changeset
1365 Et ideo Augustinus dicit, in II de Doct. Christ., quod <i>mitescere
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diff changeset
1366 est non contradicere divinae Scripturae, sive intellectae, si
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
1367 aliqua vitia nostra percutit; sive non intellectae, quasi nos
53
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diff changeset
1368 melius et verius sapere et praecipere possemus</i>.</p><p title="II-II q. 157 a. 4 ad 2"><a name="45348"><span class="ref">[45348] IIª-IIae, q. 157 a. 4 ad 2</span></a> Ad
28
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diff changeset
1369 secundum dicendum quod mansuetudo et clementia reddunt hominem Deo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
1370 et hominibus acceptum, secundum quod concurrunt in eundem effectum
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diff changeset
1371 cum caritate, quae est maxima virtutum, scilicet in subtrahendo
53
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diff changeset
1372 mala proximorum.</p><p title="II-II q. 157 a. 4 ad 3"><a name="45349"><span class="ref">[45349] IIª-IIae, q. 157 a. 4 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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diff changeset
1373 dicendum quod misericordia et pietas conveniunt quidem cum
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diff changeset
1374 mansuetudine et clementia, inquantum concurrunt in eundem effectum,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1375 qui est prohibere mala proximorum. Differunt tamen quantum ad
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diff changeset
1376 motivum. Nam pietas removet mala proximorum ex reverentia quam
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diff changeset
1377 habet ad aliquem superiorem, puta Deum vel parentem. Misericordia
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diff changeset
1378 vero removet mala proximorum ex hoc quod in eis aliquis
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diff changeset
1379 contristatur inquantum aestimat eas ad se pertinere, ut supra
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1380 dictum est, quod provenit ex amicitia, quae facit amicos de eisdem
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diff changeset
1381 gaudere et tristari. Mansuetudo vero hoc facit inquantum removet
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diff changeset
1382 iram incitantem ad vindictam. Clementia vero hoc facit ex animi
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diff changeset
1383 lenitate, inquantum iudicat esse aequum ut aliquis non amplius
53
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1384 puniatur.</p></div></div><div class="q" id="q158"><h2>Quaestio 158</h2><div class="p"><h3>Prooemium</h3><p title="II-II q. 158 pr."><a name="45350"><span class="ref">[45350] IIª-IIae, q. 158 pr.</span></a> Deinde
28
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diff changeset
1385 considerandum est de vitiis oppositis. Et primo, de iracundia, quae
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diff changeset
1386 opponitur mansuetudini; secundo, de crudelitate, quae opponitur
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diff changeset
1387 clementiae. Circa iracundiam quaeruntur octo. Primo, utrum irasci
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diff changeset
1388 possit aliquando esse licitum. Secundo, utrum ira sit peccatum.
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diff changeset
1389 Tertio, utrum sit peccatum mortale. Quarto, utrum sit gravissimum
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diff changeset
1390 peccatorum. Quinto, de speciebus irae. Sexto, utrum ira sit vitium
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diff changeset
1391 capitale. Septimo, quae sint filiae eius. Octavo, utrum habeat
53
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diff changeset
1392 vitium oppositum.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 1</h3><p title="II-II q. 158 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="45351"><span class="ref">[45351] IIª-IIae, q. 158 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
28
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1393 primum sic proceditur. Videtur quod irasci non possit esse licitum.
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diff changeset
1394 Hieronymus enim, exponens illud Matth. V, <i>qui irascitur fratri
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diff changeset
1395 suo</i> etc., dicit, <i>in quibusdam codicibus additur, sine causa,
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diff changeset
1396 ceterum in veris definita sententia est, et ira penitus
53
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diff changeset
1397 tollitur</i>. Ergo irasci nullo modo est licitum.</p><p title="II-II q. 158 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="45352"><span class="ref">[45352] IIª-IIae, q. 158 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a>
28
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diff changeset
1398 Praeterea, secundum Dionysium, IV cap. de Div. Nom., <i>malum
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diff changeset
1399 animae est sine ratione esse</i>. Sed ira semper est sine ratione.
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diff changeset
1400 Dicit enim philosophus, in VII Ethic., quod <i>ira non perfecte
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diff changeset
1401 audit rationem</i>. Et Gregorius dicit, V Moral., quod <i>cum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1402 tranquillitatem mentis ira diverberat, dilaniatam quodammodo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1403 scissamque perturbat</i>. Et Cassianus dicit, in libro de
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diff changeset
1404 institutis coenobiorum, <i>qualibet ex causa iracundiae motus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1405 effervens, excaecat oculum cordis</i>. Ergo irasci semper est
53
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diff changeset
1406 malum.</p><p title="II-II q. 158 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="45353"><span class="ref">[45353] IIª-IIae, q. 158 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a>
28
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diff changeset
1407 Praeterea, ira est appetitus vindictae, ut dicit Glossa super
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diff changeset
1408 Levit. XIX, <i>non oderis fratrem tuum in corde tuo</i>. Sed
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diff changeset
1409 appetere ultionem non videtur esse licitum, sed hoc Deo est
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diff changeset
1410 reservandum, secundum illud Deut. XXXII, <i>mea est ultio</i>. Ergo
53
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diff changeset
1411 videtur quod irasci semper sit malum.</p><p title="II-II q. 158 a. 1 arg. 4"><a name="45354"><span class="ref">[45354] IIª-IIae, q. 158 a. 1 arg. 4</span></a>
28
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diff changeset
1412 Praeterea, omne illud quod abducit nos a divina similitudine, est
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diff changeset
1413 malum. Sed irasci semper abducit nos a divina similitudine, quia
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diff changeset
1414 Deus cum tranquillitate iudicat, ut habetur Sap. XII. Ergo irasci
53
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diff changeset
1415 semper est malum.</p><p title="II-II q. 158 a. 1 s. c."><a name="45355"><span class="ref">[45355] IIª-IIae, q. 158 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed
28
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diff changeset
1416 contra est quod Chrysostomus dicit, super Matth., <i>qui sine causa
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diff changeset
1417 irascitur, reus erit, qui vero cum causa, non erit reus. Nam si ira
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diff changeset
1418 non fuerit, nec doctrina proficit, nec iudicia stant, nec crimina
53
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diff changeset
1419 compescuntur</i>. Ergo irasci non semper est malum.</p><p title="II-II q. 158 a. 1 co."><a name="45356"><span class="ref">[45356] IIª-IIae, q. 158 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
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diff changeset
1420 dicendum quod ira, proprie loquendo, est passio quaedam appetitus
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diff changeset
1421 sensitivi, a qua vis irascibilis denominatur, ut supra habitum est,
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diff changeset
1422 cum de passionibus ageretur. Est autem hoc considerandum circa
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diff changeset
1423 passiones animae, quod dupliciter in eis potest malum inveniri. Uno
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diff changeset
1424 modo, ex ipsa specie passionis. Quae quidem consideratur secundum
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diff changeset
1425 obiectum passionis. Sicut invidia secundum suam speciem importat
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diff changeset
1426 quoddam malum, est enim tristitia de bono aliorum, quod secundum se
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diff changeset
1427 rationi repugnat. Et ideo invidia, mox nominata, sonat aliquid
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diff changeset
1428 mali, ut philosophus dicit, in II Ethic. Hoc autem non convenit
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diff changeset
1429 irae, quae est appetitus vindictae, potest enim vindicta et bene et
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diff changeset
1430 male appeti. Alio modo invenitur malum in aliqua passione secundum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1431 quantitatem ipsius, idest secundum superabundantiam vel defectum
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diff changeset
1432 ipsius. Et sic potest malum in ira inveniri, quando scilicet
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diff changeset
1433 aliquis irascitur plus vel minus, praeter rationem rectam. Si autem
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diff changeset
1434 aliquis irascatur secundum rationem rectam, tunc irasci est
53
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diff changeset
1435 laudabile.</p><p title="II-II q. 158 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="45357"><span class="ref">[45357] IIª-IIae, q. 158 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
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diff changeset
1436 ergo dicendum quod Stoici iram et omnes alias passiones nominabant
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diff changeset
1437 affectus quosdam praeter ordinem rationis existentes, et secundum
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diff changeset
1438 hoc, ponebant iram et omnes alias passiones esse malas, ut supra
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1439 dictum est, cum de passionibus ageretur. Et secundum hoc accipit
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diff changeset
1440 iram Hieronymus, loquitur enim de ira qua quis irascitur contra
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1441 proximum quasi malum eius intendens. Sed secundum Peripateticos,
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diff changeset
1442 quorum sententiam magis approbat Augustinus, in IX de Civ. Dei, ira
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diff changeset
1443 et aliae passiones animae dicuntur motus appetitus sensitivi, sive
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diff changeset
1444 sint moderatae secundum rationem sive non. Et secundum hoc, ira non
53
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diff changeset
1445 semper est mala.</p><p title="II-II q. 158 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="45358"><span class="ref">[45358] IIª-IIae, q. 158 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad
28
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diff changeset
1446 secundum dicendum quod ira dupliciter se potest habere ad rationem.
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diff changeset
1447 Uno quidem modo, antecedenter. Et sic trahit rationem a sua
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diff changeset
1448 rectitudine, unde habet rationem mali. Alio modo, consequenter
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diff changeset
1449 prout scilicet appetitus sensitivus movetur contra vitia secundum
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diff changeset
1450 ordinem rationis. Et haec ira est bona, quae dicitur ira per zelum.
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diff changeset
1451 Unde Gregorius dicit, in V Moral., <i>curandum summopere est ne
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diff changeset
1452 ira, quae ut instrumentum virtutis assumitur, menti dominetur, ne
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1453 quasi domina praeeat, sed velut ancilla ad obsequium parata, a
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diff changeset
1454 rationis tergo nunquam recedat</i>. Haec autem ira, etsi in ipsa
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1455 executione actus iudicium rationis aliqualiter impediat, non tamen
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1456 rectitudinem rationis tollit. Unde Gregorius, ibidem, dicit quod
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diff changeset
1457 <i>ira per zelum turbat rationis oculum, sed ira per vitium
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1458 excaecat</i>. Non autem est contra rationem virtutis ut
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1459 intermittatur deliberatio rationis in executione eius quod est a
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diff changeset
1460 ratione deliberatum. Quia etiam ars impediretur in suo actu si, dum
53
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diff changeset
1461 debet agere, deliberaret de agendis.</p><p title="II-II q. 158 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="45359"><span class="ref">[45359] IIª-IIae, q. 158 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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diff changeset
1462 dicendum quod appetere vindictam propter malum eius qui puniendus
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diff changeset
1463 est, illicitum est. Sed appetere vindictam propter vitiorum
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diff changeset
1464 correctionem et bonum iustitiae conservandum, laudabile est. Et in
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diff changeset
1465 hoc potest tendere appetitus sensitivus inquantum movetur a
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diff changeset
1466 ratione. Et dum vindicta secundum ordinem iudicii fit, a Deo fit,
53
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diff changeset
1467 cuius minister est potestas puniens, ut dicitur Rom. XIII.</p><p title="II-II q. 158 a. 1 ad 4"><a name="45360"><span class="ref">[45360] IIª-IIae, q. 158 a. 1 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
28
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diff changeset
1468 dicendum quod Deo assimilari possumus et debemus in appetitu boni,
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diff changeset
1469 sed in modo appetendi ei omnino assimilari non possumus; quia in
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diff changeset
1470 Deo non est appetitus sensitivus, sicut in nobis, cuius motus debet
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diff changeset
1471 rationi deservire. Unde Gregorius dicit, in V Moral., quod <i>tunc
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diff changeset
1472 robustius ratio contra vitia erigitur, cum ira subdita rationi
53
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diff changeset
1473 famulatur</i>.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 2</h3><p title="II-II q. 158 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="45361"><span class="ref">[45361] IIª-IIae, q. 158 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
28
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diff changeset
1474 secundum sic proceditur. Videtur quod ira non sit peccatum.
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diff changeset
1475 Peccando enim demeremur. <i>Sed passionibus non demeremur, sicut
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diff changeset
1476 neque vituperamur</i>, ut dicitur in II Ethic. Ergo nulla passio
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diff changeset
1477 est peccatum. Ira autem est passio, ut supra habitum est, cum de
53
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diff changeset
1478 passionibus ageretur. Ergo ira non est peccatum.</p><p title="II-II q. 158 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="45362"><span class="ref">[45362] IIª-IIae, q. 158 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a>
28
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diff changeset
1479 Praeterea, in omni peccato est conversio ad aliquod commutabile
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diff changeset
1480 bonum. Sed per iram non convertitur aliquis ad aliquod bonum
53
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diff changeset
1481 commutabile, sed in malum alicuius. Ergo ira non est peccatum.</p><p title="II-II q. 158 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="45363"><span class="ref">[45363] IIª-IIae, q. 158 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a>
28
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diff changeset
1482 <i>Praeterea, nullus peccat in eo quod vitare non potest</i>, ut
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diff changeset
1483 Augustinus dicit. Sed iram homo vitare non potest, quia super illud
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diff changeset
1484 Psalmi, <i>irascimini et nolite peccare</i>, dicit Glossa quod
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1485 motus irae non est in potestate nostra. Philosophus etiam dicit, in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1486 VII Ethic., quod iratus cum tristitia operatur, tristitia autem est
53
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diff changeset
1487 contraria voluntati. Ergo ira non est peccatum.</p><p title="II-II q. 158 a. 2 arg. 4"><a name="45364"><span class="ref">[45364] IIª-IIae, q. 158 a. 2 arg. 4</span></a>
28
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diff changeset
1488 Praeterea, peccatum est contra naturam, ut Damascenus dicit, in II
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1489 libro. Sed irasci non est contra naturam hominis, cum sit actus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1490 naturalis potentiae quae est irascibilis. Unde et Hieronymus dicit,
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diff changeset
1491 in quadam epistola, quod irasci est hominis. Ergo ira non est
53
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diff changeset
1492 peccatum.</p><p title="II-II q. 158 a. 2 s. c."><a name="45365"><span class="ref">[45365] IIª-IIae, q. 158 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed
28
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diff changeset
1493 contra est quod apostolus dicit, ad Ephes. IV, <i>omnis indignatio
53
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diff changeset
1494 et ira tollatur a vobis</i>.</p><p title="II-II q. 158 a. 2 co."><a name="45366"><span class="ref">[45366] IIª-IIae, q. 158 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
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diff changeset
1495 dicendum quod ira, sicut dictum est, proprie nominat quandam
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diff changeset
1496 passionem. Passio autem appetitus sensitivi intantum est bona
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1497 inquantum ratione regulatur, si autem ordinem rationis excludat,
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diff changeset
1498 est mala. Ordo autem rationis in ira potest attendi quantum ad duo.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1499 Primo quidem, quantum ad appetibile in quod tendit, quod est
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diff changeset
1500 vindicta. Unde si aliquis appetat quod secundum ordinem rationis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1501 fiat vindicta, est laudabilis irae appetitus, et vocatur ira per
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1502 zelum. Si autem aliquis appetat quod fiat vindicta qualitercumque
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1503 contra ordinem rationis; puta si appetat puniri eum qui non meruit,
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diff changeset
1504 vel ultra quam meruit, vel etiam non secundum legitimum ordinem,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1505 vel non propter debitum finem, qui est conservatio iustitiae et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1506 correctio culpae, erit appetitus irae vitiosus. Et nominatur ira
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1507 per vitium. Alio modo attenditur ordo rationis circa iram quantum
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diff changeset
1508 ad modum irascendi, ut scilicet motus irae non immoderate
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diff changeset
1509 fervescat, nec interius nec exterius. Quod quidem si
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diff changeset
1510 praetermittatur, non erit ira absque peccato, etiam si aliquis
53
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diff changeset
1511 appetat iustam vindictam.</p><p title="II-II q. 158 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="45367"><span class="ref">[45367] IIª-IIae, q. 158 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
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diff changeset
1512 ergo dicendum quod, quia passio potest esse regulata ratione vel
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diff changeset
1513 non regulata, ideo secundum passionem absolute consideratam non
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1514 importatur ratio meriti vel demeriti, seu laudis vel vituperii.
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diff changeset
1515 Secundum tamen quod est regulata ratione, potest habere rationem
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diff changeset
1516 meritorii et laudabilis, et e contrario, secundum quod non est
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diff changeset
1517 regulata ratione, potest habere rationem demeriti et vituperabilis.
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diff changeset
1518 Unde et philosophus ibidem dicit quod <i>laudatur vel vituperatur
53
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diff changeset
1519 qui aliqualiter irascitur</i>.</p><p title="II-II q. 158 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="45368"><span class="ref">[45368] IIª-IIae, q. 158 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Ad
28
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diff changeset
1520 secundum dicendum quod iratus non appetit malum alterius propter
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diff changeset
1521 se, sed propter vindictam, in quam convertitur appetitus eius sicut
53
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diff changeset
1522 in quoddam commutabile bonum.</p><p title="II-II q. 158 a. 2 ad 3"><a name="45369"><span class="ref">[45369] IIª-IIae, q. 158 a. 2 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1523 dicendum quod homo est dominus suorum actuum per arbitrium
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1524 rationis. Et ideo motus qui praeveniunt iudicium rationis, non sunt
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1525 in potestate hominis in generali, ut scilicet nullus eorum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1526 insurgat, quamvis ratio possit quemlibet singulariter impedire ne
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1527 insurgat. Et secundum hoc dicitur quod motus irae non est in
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1528 potestate hominis, ita scilicet quod nullus insurgat. Quia tamen
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1529 aliqualiter est in hominis potestate, non totaliter perdit rationem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1530 peccati, si sit inordinatus. Quod autem philosophus dicit, iratum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1531 cum tristitia operari, non est sic intelligendum quasi tristetur de
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1532 eo quod irascitur, sed quia tristatur de iniuria quam aestimat sibi
53
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diff changeset
1533 illatam, et ex hac tristitia movetur ad appetendum vindictam.</p><p title="II-II q. 158 a. 2 ad 4"><a name="45370"><span class="ref">[45370] IIª-IIae, q. 158 a. 2 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1534 dicendum quod irascibilis in homine naturaliter subiicitur rationi.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1535 Et ideo actus eius intantum est homini naturalis inquantum est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1536 secundum rationem, inquantum vero est praeter ordinem rationis, est
53
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diff changeset
1537 contra hominis naturam.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 3</h3><p title="II-II q. 158 a. 3 arg. 1"><a name="45371"><span class="ref">[45371] IIª-IIae, q. 158 a. 3 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1538 tertium sic proceditur. Videtur quod omnis ira sit peccatum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1539 mortale. Dicitur enim Iob V, <i>virum stultum interficit
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1540 iracundia</i>, et loquitur de interfectione spirituali, a qua
53
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diff changeset
1541 peccatum mortale denominatur. Ergo ira est peccatum mortale.</p><p title="II-II q. 158 a. 3 arg. 2"><a name="45372"><span class="ref">[45372] IIª-IIae, q. 158 a. 3 arg. 2</span></a>
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1542 Praeterea, nihil meretur damnationem aeternam nisi peccatum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1543 mortale. Sed ira meretur damnationem aeternam, dicit enim dominus,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1544 Matth. V, <i>omnis qui irascitur fratri suo, reus erit iudicio</i>;
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diff changeset
1545 ubi dicit Glossa quod <i>per illa tria</i>, quae ibi tanguntur,
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diff changeset
1546 scilicet, <i>iudicium, Concilium et Gehennam, diversae mansiones in
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1547 aeterna damnatione, pro modo peccati, singulariter exprimuntur</i>.
53
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diff changeset
1548 Ergo ira est peccatum mortale.</p><p title="II-II q. 158 a. 3 arg. 3"><a name="45373"><span class="ref">[45373] IIª-IIae, q. 158 a. 3 arg. 3</span></a>
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1549 Praeterea, quidquid contrariatur caritati est peccatum mortale. Sed
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1550 ira de se contrariatur caritati, ut patet per Hieronymum, super
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1551 illud Matth. V, <i>qui irascitur fratri suo</i> etc., ubi dicit
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diff changeset
1552 quod hoc est contra proximi dilectionem. Ergo ira est peccatum
53
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diff changeset
1553 mortale.</p><p title="II-II q. 158 a. 3 s. c."><a name="45374"><span class="ref">[45374] IIª-IIae, q. 158 a. 3 s. c.</span></a> Sed
28
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diff changeset
1554 contra est quod super illud Psalmi, <i>irascimini et nolite
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diff changeset
1555 peccare</i>, dicit Glossa, <i>venialis est ira quae non perducitur
53
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diff changeset
1556 ad effectum</i>.</p><p title="II-II q. 158 a. 3 co."><a name="45375"><span class="ref">[45375] IIª-IIae, q. 158 a. 3 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1557 dicendum quod motus irae potest esse inordinatus et peccatum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1558 dupliciter, sicut dictum est. Uno modo, ex parte appetibilis,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1559 utpote cum aliquis appetit iniustam vindictam. Et sic ex genere suo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1560 ira est peccatum mortale, quia contrariatur caritati et iustitiae.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1561 Potest tamen contingere quod talis appetitus sit peccatum veniale
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1562 propter imperfectionem actus. Quae quidem imperfectio attenditur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1563 vel ex parte appetentis, puta cum motus irae praevenit iudicium
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1564 rationis, vel etiam ex parte appetibilis, puta cum aliquis appetit
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1565 in aliquo modico se vindicare, quod quasi nihil est reputandum, ita
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1566 quod etiam si actu inferatur, non esset peccatum mortale; puta si
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1567 aliquis parum trahat aliquem puerum per capillos, vel aliquid
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1568 huiusmodi. Alio modo potest esse motus irae inordinatus quantum ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1569 modum irascendi, utpote si nimis ardenter irascatur interius, vel
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1570 si nimis exterius manifestet signa irae. Et sic ira secundum se non
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1571 habet ex suo genere rationem peccati mortalis. Potest tamen
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1572 contingere quod sit peccatum mortale, puta si ex vehementia irae
53
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diff changeset
1573 aliquis excidat a dilectione Dei et proximi.</p><p title="II-II q. 158 a. 3 ad 1"><a name="45376"><span class="ref">[45376] IIª-IIae, q. 158 a. 3 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1574 ergo dicendum quod ex illa auctoritate non habetur quod omnis ira
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1575 sit peccatum mortale, sed quod stulti per iracundiam spiritualiter
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1576 occiduntur, inquantum scilicet, non refrenando per rationem motum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1577 irae, dilabuntur in aliqua peccata mortalia, puta in blasphemiam
53
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diff changeset
1578 Dei vel in iniuriam proximi.</p><p title="II-II q. 158 a. 3 ad 2"><a name="45377"><span class="ref">[45377] IIª-IIae, q. 158 a. 3 ad 2</span></a> Ad
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1579 secundum dicendum quod dominus verbum illud dixit de ira, quasi
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1580 superaddens ad illud verbum legis, qui occiderit, reus erit
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1581 iudicio. Unde loquitur ibi dominus de motu irae quo quis appetit
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1582 proximi occisionem, aut quamcumque gravem laesionem, cui appetitui
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1583 si consensus rationis superveniat, absque dubio erit peccatum
53
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diff changeset
1584 mortale.</p><p title="II-II q. 158 a. 3 ad 3"><a name="45378"><span class="ref">[45378] IIª-IIae, q. 158 a. 3 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1585 dicendum quod in illo casu in quo ira contrariatur caritati, est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1586 peccatum mortale, sed hoc non semper accidit, ut ex dictis
53
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diff changeset
1587 patet.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 4</h3><p title="II-II q. 158 a. 4 arg. 1"><a name="45379"><span class="ref">[45379] IIª-IIae, q. 158 a. 4 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1588 quartum sic proceditur. Videtur quod ira sit gravissimum peccatum.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1589 Dicit enim Chrysostomus quod <i>nihil est turpius visu furentis, et
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diff changeset
1590 nihil deformius severo visu, et multo magis, anima</i>. Ergo ira
53
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diff changeset
1591 est gravissimum peccatum.</p><p title="II-II q. 158 a. 4 arg. 2"><a name="45380"><span class="ref">[45380] IIª-IIae, q. 158 a. 4 arg. 2</span></a>
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1592 Praeterea, quanto aliquod peccatum est magis nocivum, tanto videtur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1593 esse peius, quia sicut Augustinus dicit, in Enchirid., <i>malum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1594 dicitur aliquid quod nocet</i>. Ira autem maxime nocet, quia aufert
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1595 homini rationem, per quam est dominus sui ipsius; dicit enim
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1596 Chrysostomus quod <i>irae et insaniae nihil est medium, sed ira
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1597 temporaneus est quidam Daemon, magis autem et Daemonium habente
53
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diff changeset
1598 difficilius</i>. Ergo ira est gravissimum peccatum.</p><p title="II-II q. 158 a. 4 arg. 3"><a name="45381"><span class="ref">[45381] IIª-IIae, q. 158 a. 4 arg. 3</span></a>
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1599 Praeterea, interiores motus diiudicantur secundum exteriores
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1600 effectus. Sed effectus irae est homicidium, quod est gravissimum
53
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diff changeset
1601 peccatum. Ergo ira est gravissimum peccatum.</p><p title="II-II q. 158 a. 4 s. c."><a name="45382"><span class="ref">[45382] IIª-IIae, q. 158 a. 4 s. c.</span></a> Sed
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1602 contra est quod ira comparatur ad odium sicut festuca ad trabem,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1603 dicit enim Augustinus, in regula, <i>ne ira crescat in odium, et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1604 trabem faciat de festuca</i>. Non ergo ira est gravissimum
53
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diff changeset
1605 peccatum.</p><p title="II-II q. 158 a. 4 co."><a name="45383"><span class="ref">[45383] IIª-IIae, q. 158 a. 4 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1606 dicendum quod, sicut dictum est, inordinatio irae secundum duo
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diff changeset
1607 attenditur, scilicet secundum indebitum appetibile, et secundum
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diff changeset
1608 indebitum modum irascendi. Quantum igitur ad appetibile quod iratus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1609 appetit, videtur esse ira minimum peccatorum. Appetit enim ira
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1610 malum poenae alicuius sub ratione boni quod est vindicta. Et ideo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1611 ex parte mali quod appetit, convenit peccatum irae cum illis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1612 peccatis quae appetunt malum proximi, puta cum invidia et odio, sed
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diff changeset
1613 odium appetit absolute malum alicuius, inquantum huiusmodi; invidus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1614 autem appetit malum alterius propter appetitum propriae gloriae;
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diff changeset
1615 sed iratus appetit malum alterius sub ratione iustae vindictae. Ex
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diff changeset
1616 quo patet quod odium est gravius quam invidia, et invidia quam ira,
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diff changeset
1617 quia peius est appetere malum sub ratione mali quam sub ratione
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1618 boni; et peius est appetere malum sub ratione boni exterioris, quod
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1619 est honor vel gloria, quam sub ratione rectitudinis iustitiae. Sed
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1620 ex parte boni sub cuius ratione appetit iratus malum, convenit ira
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1621 cum peccato concupiscentiae, quod tendit in aliquod bonum. Et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1622 quantum ad hoc etiam, absolute loquendo, peccatum irae videtur esse
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1623 minus quam concupiscentiae, quanto melius est bonum iustitiae, quod
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1624 appetit iratus, quam bonum delectabile vel utile, quod appetit
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1625 concupiscens. Unde philosophus dicit, in VII Ethic., quod
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1626 <i>incontinens concupiscentiae est turpior quam incontinens
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1627 irae</i>. Sed quantum ad inordinationem quae est secundum modum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1628 irascendi, ira habet quandam excellentiam, propter vehementiam et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1629 velocitatem sui motus, secundum illud Proverb. XXVII, <i>ira non
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1630 habet misericordiam, nec erumpens furor, et impetum concitati
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1631 spiritus ferre quis poterit?</i> Unde Gregorius dicit, in V Moral.,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1632 <i>irae suae stimulis accensum cor palpitat, corpus tremit, lingua
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1633 se praepedit, facies ignescit, exasperantur oculi, et nequaquam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1634 recognoscuntur noti, ore quidem clamorem format, sed sensus quid
53
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diff changeset
1635 loquitur, ignorat</i>.</p><p title="II-II q. 158 a. 4 ad 1"><a name="45384"><span class="ref">[45384] IIª-IIae, q. 158 a. 4 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
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diff changeset
1636 ergo dicendum quod Chrysostomus loquitur de turpitudine quantum ad
53
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diff changeset
1637 gestus exteriores, qui proveniunt ex impetu irae.</p><p title="II-II q. 158 a. 4 ad 2"><a name="45385"><span class="ref">[45385] IIª-IIae, q. 158 a. 4 ad 2</span></a> Ad
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1638 secundum dicendum quod ratio illa procedit secundum inordinatum
53
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diff changeset
1639 motum irae, qui provenit ex eius impetu, ut dictum est.</p><p title="II-II q. 158 a. 4 ad 3"><a name="45386"><span class="ref">[45386] IIª-IIae, q. 158 a. 4 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1640 dicendum quod homicidium non minus provenit ex odio vel invidia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1641 quam ex ira. Ira tamen levior est, inquantum attendit rationem
53
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diff changeset
1642 iustitiae, ut dictum est.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 5</h3><p title="II-II q. 158 a. 5 arg. 1"><a name="45387"><span class="ref">[45387] IIª-IIae, q. 158 a. 5 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1643 quintum sic proceditur. Videtur quod inconvenienter determinentur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1644 species iracundiae a philosopho, in IV Ethic., ubi dicit quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1645 iracundorum quidam sunt acuti, quidam amari, quidam difficiles sive
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1646 graves. Quia secundum ipsum, amari dicuntur quorum ira difficile
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1647 solvitur et multo tempore manet. Sed hoc videtur pertinere ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1648 circumstantiam temporis. Ergo videtur quod etiam secundum alias
53
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diff changeset
1649 circumstantias possunt accipi aliae species irae.</p><p title="II-II q. 158 a. 5 arg. 2"><a name="45388"><span class="ref">[45388] IIª-IIae, q. 158 a. 5 arg. 2</span></a>
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1650 Praeterea, difficiles, sive graves, dicit esse <i>quorum ira non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1651 commutatur sine cruciatu vel punitione</i>. Sed hoc etiam pertinet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1652 ad insolubilitatem irae. Ergo videtur quod idem sint difficiles et
53
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diff changeset
1653 amari.</p><p title="II-II q. 158 a. 5 arg. 3"><a name="45389"><span class="ref">[45389] IIª-IIae, q. 158 a. 5 arg. 3</span></a>
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1654 Praeterea, dominus, Matth. V, ponit tres gradus irae, cum dicit,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1655 <i>qui irascitur fratri suo; et, qui dixerit fratri suo, raca; et,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1656 qui dixerit fratri suo, fatue</i> qui quidem gradus ad praedictas
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1657 species non referuntur. Ergo videtur quod praedicta divisio irae
53
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diff changeset
1658 non sit conveniens.</p><p title="II-II q. 158 a. 5 s. c."><a name="45390"><span class="ref">[45390] IIª-IIae, q. 158 a. 5 s. c.</span></a> Sed
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1659 contra est quod Gregorius Nyssenus dicit quod tres sunt
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1660 irascibilitatis species, scilicet ira quae vocatur fellea; et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1661 mania, quae dicitur insania; et furor. Quae tria videntur esse
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diff changeset
1662 eadem tribus praemissis, nam iram felleam dicit esse quae
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diff changeset
1663 principium et motum habet, quod philosophus attribuit acutis;
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diff changeset
1664 maniam vero dicit esse iram quae permanet et in vetustatem devenit,
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diff changeset
1665 quod philosophus attribuit amaris; furorem autem dicit esse iram
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1666 quae observat tempus in supplicium, quod philosophus attribuit
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1667 difficilibus. Et eandem etiam divisionem ponit Damascenus, in II
53
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diff changeset
1668 libro. Ergo praedicta philosophi distinctio est conveniens.</p><p title="II-II q. 158 a. 5 co."><a name="45391"><span class="ref">[45391] IIª-IIae, q. 158 a. 5 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
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diff changeset
1669 dicendum quod praedicta distinctio potest referri vel ad passionem
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diff changeset
1670 irae, vel etiam ad ipsum peccatum irae. Quomodo autem referatur ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1671 passionem irae, supra habitum est, cum de passione irae ageretur.
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diff changeset
1672 Et sic praecipue videtur poni a Gregorio Nysseno et Damasceno. Nunc
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diff changeset
1673 autem oportet accipere distinctionem harum specierum secundum quod
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1674 pertinent ad peccatum irae, prout ponitur a philosopho. Potest enim
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1675 inordinatio irae ex duobus attendi. Primo quidem, ex ipsa irae
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1676 origine. Et hoc pertinet ad acutos, qui nimis cito irascuntur, et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1677 ex qualibet levi causa. Alio modo, ex ipsa irae duratione, eo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1678 scilicet quod ira nimis perseverat. Quod quidem potest esse
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1679 dupliciter. Uno modo, quia causa irae, scilicet iniuria illata,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1680 nimis manet in memoria hominis, unde ex hoc homo diutinam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1681 tristitiam concipit; et ideo sunt sibi ipsis graves et amari. Alio
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1682 modo contingit ex parte ipsius vindictae, quam aliquis obstinato
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1683 appetitu quaerit et hoc pertinet ad difficiles sive graves, qui non
53
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diff changeset
1684 dimittunt iram quousque puniant.</p><p title="II-II q. 158 a. 5 ad 1"><a name="45392"><span class="ref">[45392] IIª-IIae, q. 158 a. 5 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1685 ergo dicendum quod in speciebus praedictis non principaliter
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1686 consideratur tempus, sed facilitas hominis ad iram, vel firmitas in
53
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diff changeset
1687 ira.</p><p title="II-II q. 158 a. 5 ad 2"><a name="45393"><span class="ref">[45393] IIª-IIae, q. 158 a. 5 ad 2</span></a> Ad
28
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diff changeset
1688 secundum dicendum quod utrique, scilicet amari et difficiles,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1689 habent iram diuturnam, sed propter aliam causam. Nam amari habent
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1690 iram permanentem propter permanentiam tristitiae, quam interius
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1691 tenent clausam, et quia non prorumpunt ad exteriora iracundiae
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1692 signa, non possunt persuaderi ab aliis; nec ex seipsis recedunt ab
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1693 ira, nisi prout diuturnitate temporis tristitia aboletur, et sic
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1694 deficit ira. Sed in difficilibus est ira diuturna propter vehemens
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1695 desiderium vindictae. Et ideo tempore non digeritur, sed per solam
53
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diff changeset
1696 punitionem quiescit.</p><p title="II-II q. 158 a. 5 ad 3"><a name="45394"><span class="ref">[45394] IIª-IIae, q. 158 a. 5 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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diff changeset
1697 dicendum quod gradus irae quos dominus ponit, non pertinent ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1698 diversas irae species, sed accipiuntur secundum processum humani
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1699 actus. In quibus primo aliquid in corde concipitur. Et quantum ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1700 hoc dicit, <i>qui irascitur fratri suo</i>. Secundum autem est cum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1701 per aliqua signa exteriora manifestatur exterius, etiam antequam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1702 prorumpat in effectum. Et quantum ad hoc dicit, <i>qui dixerit
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1703 fratri suo, raca</i>, quod est interiectio irascentis. Tertius
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1704 gradus est quando peccatum interius conceptum ad effectum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1705 perducitur. Est autem effectus irae nocumentum alterius sub ratione
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1706 vindictae. Minimum autem nocumentorum est quod fit solo verbo. Et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1707 ideo quantum ad hoc dicit, <i>qui dixerit fratri suo, fatue</i>. Et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1708 sic patet quod secundum addit supra primum, et tertium supra
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1709 utrumque. Unde si primum est peccatum mortale, in casu in quo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1710 dominus loquitur, sicut dictum est, multo magis alia. Et ideo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1711 singulis eorum ponuntur correspondentia aliqua pertinentia ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1712 condemnationem. Sed in primo ponitur iudicium, quod minus est,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1713 quia, ut Augustinus dicit, in iudicio adhuc defensionis locus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1714 datur. In secundo vero ponit Concilium, in quo iudices inter se
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1715 conferunt quo supplicio damnari oporteat. In tertio ponit Gehennam
53
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diff changeset
1716 ignis, quae est certa damnatio.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 6</h3><p title="II-II q. 158 a. 6 arg. 1"><a name="45395"><span class="ref">[45395] IIª-IIae, q. 158 a. 6 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
28
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diff changeset
1717 sextum sic proceditur. Videtur quod ira non debeat poni inter vitia
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1718 capitalia. Ira enim ex tristitia nascitur. Sed tristitia est vitium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1719 capitale, quod dicitur acedia. Ergo ira non debet poni vitium
53
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diff changeset
1720 capitale.</p><p title="II-II q. 158 a. 6 arg. 2"><a name="45396"><span class="ref">[45396] IIª-IIae, q. 158 a. 6 arg. 2</span></a>
28
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diff changeset
1721 Praeterea, odium est gravius peccatum quam ira. Ergo magis debet
53
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diff changeset
1722 poni vitium capitale quam ira.</p><p title="II-II q. 158 a. 6 arg. 3"><a name="45397"><span class="ref">[45397] IIª-IIae, q. 158 a. 6 arg. 3</span></a>
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1723 Praeterea, super illud Proverb. XXIX, vir iracundus provocat rixas,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1724 dicit Glossa, <i>ianua est omnium vitiorum iracundia, qua clausa,
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diff changeset
1725 virtutibus intrinsecus dabitur quies; aperta, ad omne facinus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1726 armabitur animus</i>. Nullum autem vitium capitale est principium
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1727 omnium peccatorum, sed quorundam determinate. Ergo ira non debet
53
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diff changeset
1728 poni inter vitia capitalia.</p><p title="II-II q. 158 a. 6 s. c."><a name="45398"><span class="ref">[45398] IIª-IIae, q. 158 a. 6 s. c.</span></a> Sed
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1729 contra est quod Gregorius, XXXI Moral., ponit iram inter vitia
53
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diff changeset
1730 capitalia.</p><p title="II-II q. 158 a. 6 co."><a name="45399"><span class="ref">[45399] IIª-IIae, q. 158 a. 6 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1731 dicendum quod, sicut ex praemissis patet, vitium capitale dicitur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1732 ex quo multa vitia oriuntur. Habet autem hoc ira, quod ex ea multa
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1733 vitia oriri possint, duplici ratione. Primo, ex parte sui obiecti,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1734 quod multum habet de ratione appetibilitatis, inquantum scilicet
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1735 vindicta appetitur sub ratione iusti et honesti, quod sua dignitate
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1736 allicit, ut supra habitum est. Alio modo, ex suo impetu, quo mentem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1737 praecipitat ad inordinata quaecumque agenda. Unde manifestum est
53
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diff changeset
1738 quod ira est vitium capitale.</p><p title="II-II q. 158 a. 6 ad 1"><a name="45400"><span class="ref">[45400] IIª-IIae, q. 158 a. 6 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1739 ergo dicendum quod illa tristitia ex qua oritur ira, ut plurimum,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1740 non est acediae vitium, sed passio tristitiae, quae consequitur ex
53
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diff changeset
1741 iniuria illata.</p><p title="II-II q. 158 a. 6 ad 2"><a name="45401"><span class="ref">[45401] IIª-IIae, q. 158 a. 6 ad 2</span></a> Ad
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1742 secundum dicendum quod, sicut ex supra dictis patet, ad rationem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1743 vitii capitalis pertinet quod habeat finem multum appetibilem, ut
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diff changeset
1744 sic propter appetitum eius multa peccata committantur. Ira autem,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1745 quae appetit malum sub ratione boni, habet finem magis appetibilem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1746 quam odium, quod appetit malum sub ratione mali. Et ideo magis est
53
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diff changeset
1747 vitium capitale ira quam odium.</p><p title="II-II q. 158 a. 6 ad 3"><a name="45402"><span class="ref">[45402] IIª-IIae, q. 158 a. 6 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1748 dicendum quod ira dicitur esse ianua vitiorum per accidens,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1749 scilicet removendo prohibens, idest impediendo iudicium rationis,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1750 per quod homo retrahitur a malis. Directe autem et per se est causa
53
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diff changeset
1751 aliquorum specialium peccatorum, quae dicuntur filiae eius.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 7</h3><p title="II-II q. 158 a. 7 arg. 1"><a name="45403"><span class="ref">[45403] IIª-IIae, q. 158 a. 7 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1752 septimum sic proceditur. Videtur quod inconvenienter assignentur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1753 sex filiae irae, quae sunt <i>rixa, tumor mentis, contumelia,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1754 clamor, indignatio, blasphemia</i>. Blasphemia enim ponitur ab
53
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diff changeset
1755 Isidoro filia superbiae. Non ergo debet poni filia irae.</p><p title="II-II q. 158 a. 7 arg. 2"><a name="45404"><span class="ref">[45404] IIª-IIae, q. 158 a. 7 arg. 2</span></a>
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1756 Praeterea, odium nascitur ex ira, ut Augustinus dicit, in regula.
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1757 Ergo deberet numerari inter filias irae.</p><p title="II-II q. 158 a. 7 arg. 3"><a name="45405"><span class="ref">[45405] IIª-IIae, q. 158 a. 7 arg. 3</span></a>
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1758 Praeterea, tumor mentis videtur idem esse quod superbia. Superbia
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1759 autem non est filia alicuius vitii, sed mater omnium vitiorum, ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1760 Gregorius dicit, XXXI Moral. Ergo tumor mentis non debet numerari
53
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diff changeset
1761 inter filias irae.</p><p title="II-II q. 158 a. 7 s. c."><a name="45406"><span class="ref">[45406] IIª-IIae, q. 158 a. 7 s. c.</span></a> Sed
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1762 contra est quod Gregorius, XXXI Moral., assignat has filias
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1763 irae.</p><p title="II-II q. 158 a. 7 co."><a name="45407"><span class="ref">[45407] IIª-IIae, q. 158 a. 7 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1764 dicendum quod ira potest tripliciter considerari. Uno modo,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1765 secundum quod est in corde. Et sic ex ira nascuntur duo vitia. Unum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1766 quidem ex parte eius contra quem homo irascitur, quem reputat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1767 indignum ut sibi tale quid fecerit. Et sic ponitur indignatio.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1768 Aliud autem vitium est ex parte sui ipsius, inquantum scilicet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1769 excogitat diversas vias vindictae, et talibus cogitationibus animum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1770 suum replet, secundum illud Iob XV, <i>nunquid sapiens implebit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1771 ardore stomachum suum</i>. Et sic ponitur tumor mentis. Alio modo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1772 consideratur ira secundum quod est in ore. Et sic ex ira duplex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1773 inordinatio procedit. Una quidem secundum hoc quod homo in modo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1774 loquendi iram suam demonstrat, sicut dictum est de eo qui dicit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1775 fratri suo, raca. Et sic ponitur clamor, per quem intelligitur
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1776 inordinata et confusa locutio. Alia autem est inordinatio secundum
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1777 quod aliquis prorumpit in verba iniuriosa. Quae quidem si sint
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1778 contra Deum, erit blasphemia; si autem contra proximum, contumelia.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1779 Tertio modo consideratur ira secundum quod procedit usque ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1780 factum. Et sic ex ira oriuntur rixae, per quas intelliguntur omnia
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1781 nocumenta quae facto proximis inferuntur ex ira.</p><p title="II-II q. 158 a. 7 ad 1"><a name="45408"><span class="ref">[45408] IIª-IIae, q. 158 a. 7 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1782 ergo dicendum quod blasphemia in quam aliquis prorumpit deliberata
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1783 mente, procedit ex superbia hominis contra Deum se erigentis, quia,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1784 ut dicitur Eccli. X, <i>initium superbiae hominis apostatare a
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1785 Deo</i>; idest, recedere a veneratione eius est prima superbiae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1786 pars, et ex hoc oritur blasphemia. Sed blasphemia in quam aliquis
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1787 prorumpit ex commotione animi, procedit ex ira.</p><p title="II-II q. 158 a. 7 ad 2"><a name="45409"><span class="ref">[45409] IIª-IIae, q. 158 a. 7 ad 2</span></a> Ad
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1788 secundum dicendum quod odium, etsi aliquando nascatur ex ira, tamen
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1789 habet aliquam priorem causam ex qua directius oritur, scilicet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1790 tristitiam, sicut e contrario amor nascitur ex delectatione. Ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1791 tristitia autem illata quandoque in iram, quandoque in odium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1792 aliquis movetur. Unde convenientius fuit quod odium poneretur oriri
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1793 ex acedia quam ex ira.</p><p title="II-II q. 158 a. 7 ad 3"><a name="45410"><span class="ref">[45410] IIª-IIae, q. 158 a. 7 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1794 dicendum quod tumor mentis non accipitur hic pro superbia, sed pro
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1795 quodam conatu sive audacia hominis intentantis vindictam. Audacia
53
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ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1796 autem est vitium fortitudini oppositum.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 8</h3><p title="II-II q. 158 a. 8 arg. 1"><a name="45411"><span class="ref">[45411] IIª-IIae, q. 158 a. 8 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1797 octavum sic proceditur. Videtur quod non sit aliquod vitium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1798 oppositum iracundiae, proveniens ex defectu irae. Nihil enim est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1799 vitiosum per quod homo Deo similatur. Sed per hoc quod homo omnino
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1800 est sine ira, similatur Deo, qui cum tranquillitate iudicat. Ergo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1801 non videtur quod sit vitiosum omnino ira carere.</p><p title="II-II q. 158 a. 8 arg. 2"><a name="45412"><span class="ref">[45412] IIª-IIae, q. 158 a. 8 arg. 2</span></a>
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1802 Praeterea, defectus eius quod ad nihil est utile, non est vitiosus.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1803 Sed motus irae ad nihil est utilis, ut probat Seneca in libro quem
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1804 fecit de ira. Ergo videtur quod defectus irae non sit vitiosus.</p><p title="II-II q. 158 a. 8 arg. 3"><a name="45413"><span class="ref">[45413] IIª-IIae, q. 158 a. 8 arg. 3</span></a>
28
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diff changeset
1805 Praeterea, malum hominis, secundum Dionysium, est praeter rationem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1806 esse. Sed, subtracto omni motu irae, adhuc remanet integrum
53
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diff changeset
1807 iudicium rationis. Ergo nullus defectus irae vitium causat.</p><p title="II-II q. 158 a. 8 s. c."><a name="45414"><span class="ref">[45414] IIª-IIae, q. 158 a. 8 s. c.</span></a> Sed
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1808 contra est quod Chrysostomus dicit, super Matth., <i>qui cum causa
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1809 non irascitur, peccat. Patientia enim irrationabilis vitia seminat,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1810 negligentiam nutrit, et non solum malos, sed etiam bonos invitat ad
53
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diff changeset
1811 malum</i>.</p><p title="II-II q. 158 a. 8 co."><a name="45415"><span class="ref">[45415] IIª-IIae, q. 158 a. 8 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1812 dicendum quod ira dupliciter potest intelligi. Uno modo, simplex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1813 motus voluntatis quo aliquis non ex passione, sed ex iudicio
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1814 rationis poenam infligit. Et sic defectus irae absque dubio est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1815 peccatum. Et hoc modo ira accipitur in verbis Chrysostomi, qui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1816 dicit ibidem, <i>iracundia quae cum causa est, non est iracundia,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1817 sed iudicium. Iracundia enim proprie intelligitur commotio
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1818 passionis, qui autem cum causa irascitur, ira illius non est ex
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1819 passione. Ideo iudicare dicitur, non irasci</i>. Alio modo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1820 accipitur ira pro motu appetitus sensitivi, qui est cum passione et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1821 transmutatione corporali. Et hic quidem motus ex necessitate
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1822 consequitur in homine ad simplicem motum voluntatis, quia
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1823 naturaliter appetitus inferior sequitur motum appetitus superioris,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1824 nisi aliquid repugnet. Et ideo non potest totaliter deficere motus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1825 irae in appetitu sensitivo, nisi per subtractionem vel debilitatem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1826 voluntarii motus. Et ideo ex consequenti etiam defectus passionis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1827 irae vitiosus est, sicut et defectus voluntarii motus ad puniendum
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1828 secundum iudicium rationis.</p><p title="II-II q. 158 a. 8 ad 1"><a name="45416"><span class="ref">[45416] IIª-IIae, q. 158 a. 8 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1829 ergo dicendum quod ille qui totaliter non irascitur cum debet
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1830 irasci, imitatur quidem Deum quantum ad carentiam passionis, non
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1831 autem quantum ad hoc quod Deus ex iudicio punit.</p><p title="II-II q. 158 a. 8 ad 2"><a name="45417"><span class="ref">[45417] IIª-IIae, q. 158 a. 8 ad 2</span></a> Ad
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1832 secundum dicendum quod passio irae utilis est, sicut et omnes alii
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1833 motus appetitus sensitivi, ad hoc quod homo promptius exequatur id
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1834 quod ratio dictat. Alioquin, frustra esset in homine appetitus
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1835 sensitivus, cum tamen natura nihil faciat frustra.</p><p title="II-II q. 158 a. 8 ad 3"><a name="45418"><span class="ref">[45418] IIª-IIae, q. 158 a. 8 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1836 dicendum quod in eo qui ordinate agit, iudicium rationis non solum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1837 est causa simplicis motus voluntatis, sed etiam passionis appetitus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1838 sensitivi, ut dictum est, et ideo, sicut remotio effectus est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1839 signum remotionis causae, ita etiam remotio irae est signum
53
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diff changeset
1840 remotionis iudicii rationis.</p></div></div><div class="q" id="q159"><h2>Quaestio 159</h2><div class="p"><h3>Prooemium</h3><p title="II-II q. 159 pr."><a name="45419"><span class="ref">[45419] IIª-IIae, q. 159 pr.</span></a> Deinde
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1841 considerandum est de crudelitate. Et circa hoc quaeruntur duo.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1842 Primo, utrum crudelitas opponatur clementiae. Secundo, de
53
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diff changeset
1843 comparatione eius ad saevitiam vel feritatem.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 1</h3><p title="II-II q. 159 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="45420"><span class="ref">[45420] IIª-IIae, q. 159 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1844 primum sic proceditur. Videtur quod crudelitas non opponatur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1845 clementiae. Dicit enim Seneca, in II de Clement., quod <i>illi
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1846 vocantur crudeles qui excedunt modum in puniendo</i>, quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1847 contrariatur iustitiae. Clementia autem non ponitur pars iustitiae,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1848 sed temperantiae. Ergo crudelitas non videtur opponi
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1849 clementiae.</p><p title="II-II q. 159 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="45421"><span class="ref">[45421] IIª-IIae, q. 159 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a>
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1850 Praeterea, Ierem. VI dicitur, <i>crudelis est, et non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1851 miserebitur</i>, et sic videtur quod crudelitas opponatur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1852 misericordiae. Sed misericordia non est idem clementiae, ut supra
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1853 dictum est. Ergo crudelitas non opponitur clementiae.</p><p title="II-II q. 159 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="45422"><span class="ref">[45422] IIª-IIae, q. 159 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a>
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1854 Praeterea, clementia consideratur circa inflictionem poenarum, ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1855 dictum est. Sed crudelitas consideratur etiam in subtractione
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1856 beneficiorum, secundum illud Proverb. XI, <i>qui crudelis est,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1857 propinquos abiicit</i>. Ergo crudelitas non opponitur
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1858 clementiae.</p><p title="II-II q. 159 a. 1 s. c."><a name="45423"><span class="ref">[45423] IIª-IIae, q. 159 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1859 contra est quod dicit Seneca, in II de Clement., quod <i>opponitur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1860 clementiae crudelitas, quae nihil aliud est quam atrocitas animi in
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1861 exigendis poenis</i>.</p><p title="II-II q. 159 a. 1 co."><a name="45424"><span class="ref">[45424] IIª-IIae, q. 159 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1862 dicendum quod nomen crudelitatis a cruditate sumptum esse videtur.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1863 Sicut autem ea quae sunt decocta et digesta, solent habere suavem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1864 et dulcem saporem; ita illa quae sunt cruda, habent horribilem et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1865 asperum saporem. Dictum est autem supra quod clementia importat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1866 quandam animi lenitatem sive dulcedinem, per quam aliquis est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1867 diminutivus poenarum. Unde directe crudelitas clementiae
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1868 opponitur.</p><p title="II-II q. 159 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="45425"><span class="ref">[45425] IIª-IIae, q. 159 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1869 ergo dicendum quod, sicut diminutio poenarum quae est secundum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1870 rationem, pertinet ad epieikeiam, sed ipsa dulcedo affectus ex qua
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1871 homo ad hoc inclinatur, pertinet ad clementiam; ita etiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1872 superexcessus poenarum, quantum ad id quod exterius agitur,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1873 pertinet ad iniustitiam; sed quantum ad austeritatem animi per quam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1874 aliquis fit promptus ad poenas augendas, pertinet ad
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1875 crudelitatem.</p><p title="II-II q. 159 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="45426"><span class="ref">[45426] IIª-IIae, q. 159 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1876 secundum dicendum quod misericordia et clementia conveniunt in hoc
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1877 quod utraque refugit et abhorret miseriam alienam, aliter tamen et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1878 aliter. Nam ad misericordiam pertinet miseriae subvenire per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1879 beneficii collationem, ad clementiam autem pertinet miseriam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1880 diminuere per subtractionem poenarum. Et quia crudelitas
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1881 superabundantiam in exigendis poenis importat, directius opponitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1882 clementiae quam misericordiae. Tamen, propter similitudinem harum
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1883 virtutum, accipitur quandoque crudelitas pro immisericordia.</p><p title="II-II q. 159 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="45427"><span class="ref">[45427] IIª-IIae, q. 159 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1884 dicendum quod crudelitas ibi accipitur pro immisericordia, ad quam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1885 pertinet beneficia non largiri. Quamvis etiam dici possit quod ipsa
53
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diff changeset
1886 beneficii subtractio quaedam poena est.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 2</h3><p title="II-II q. 159 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="45428"><span class="ref">[45428] IIª-IIae, q. 159 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1887 secundum sic proceditur. Videtur quod crudelitas a saevitia sive
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1888 feritate non differat. Uni enim virtuti, ex una parte, unum vitium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1889 videtur esse oppositum. Sed clementiae per superabundantiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1890 opponitur et crudelitas et saevitia. Ergo videtur quod saevitia et
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1891 crudelitas sint idem.</p><p title="II-II q. 159 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="45429"><span class="ref">[45429] IIª-IIae, q. 159 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a>
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1892 Praeterea, Isidorus dicit, in libro Etymol., quod <i>severus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1893 dicitur quasi saevus et verus, quia sine pietate tenet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1894 iustitiam</i>, et sic saevitia videtur excludere remissionem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1895 poenarum in iudiciis, quod pertinet ad pietatem. Hoc autem dictum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1896 est ad crudelitatem pertinere. Ergo crudelitas est idem quod
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1897 saevitia.</p><p title="II-II q. 159 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="45430"><span class="ref">[45430] IIª-IIae, q. 159 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a>
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1898 Praeterea, sicut virtuti opponitur aliquod vitium in excessu, ita
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1899 etiam et in defectu, quod quidem contrariatur et virtuti, quae est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1900 in medio, et vitio quod est in excessu. Sed idem vitium ad defectum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1901 pertinens opponitur et crudelitati et saevitiae, videlicet remissio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1902 vel dissolutio, dicit enim Gregorius, XX Moral., <i>sit amor, sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1903 non emolliens, sit rigor, sed non exasperans. Sit zelus, sed non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1904 immoderate saeviens, sit pietas, sed non plus quam expediat
53
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diff changeset
1905 parcens</i>. Ergo saevitia est idem crudelitati.</p><p title="II-II q. 159 a. 2 s. c."><a name="45431"><span class="ref">[45431] IIª-IIae, q. 159 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1906 contra est quod Seneca dicit, in II de Clement., quod <i>ille qui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1907 non laesus, nec peccatori irascitur, non dicitur crudelis, sed
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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diff changeset
1908 ferus sive saevus</i>.</p><p title="II-II q. 159 a. 2 co."><a name="45432"><span class="ref">[45432] IIª-IIae, q. 159 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1909 dicendum quod nomen saevitiae et feritatis a similitudine ferarum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1910 accipitur, quae etiam saevae dicuntur. Huiusmodi enim animalia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1911 nocent hominibus ut ex eorum corporibus pascantur, non ex aliqua
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1912 iustitiae causa, cuius consideratio pertinet ad solam rationem. Et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1913 ideo, proprie loquendo, feritas vel saevitia dicitur secundum quam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1914 aliquis in poenis inferendis non considerat aliquam culpam eius qui
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1915 punitur, sed solum hoc quod delectatur in hominum cruciatu. Et sic
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1916 patet quod continetur sub bestialitate, nam talis delectatio non
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1917 est humana, sed bestialis, proveniens vel ex mala consuetudine vel
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1918 ex corruptione naturae, sicut et aliae huiusmodi bestiales
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1919 affectiones. Sed crudelitas attendit culpam in eo qui punitur, sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1920 excedit modum in puniendo. Et ideo crudelitas differt a saevitia
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1921 sive feritate sicut malitia humana a bestialitate, ut dicitur in
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1922 VII Ethic.</p><p title="II-II q. 159 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="45433"><span class="ref">[45433] IIª-IIae, q. 159 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1923 ergo dicendum quod clementia est virtus humana, unde directe sibi
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1924 opponitur crudelitas, quae est malitia humana. Sed saevitia vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1925 feritas continetur sub bestialitate. Unde non directe opponitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1926 clementiae, sed superexcellentiori virtuti, quam philosophus vocat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1927 heroicam vel divinam, quae secundum nos videtur pertinere ad dona
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1928 spiritus sancti. Unde potest dici quod saevitia directe opponitur
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1929 dono pietatis.</p><p title="II-II q. 159 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="45434"><span class="ref">[45434] IIª-IIae, q. 159 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Ad
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1930 secundum dicendum quod severus non dicitur simpliciter saevus, quia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1931 hoc sonat in vitium, sed dicitur saevus circa veritatem, propter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1932 aliquam similitudinem saevitiae, quae non est diminutiva
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1933 poenarum.</p><p title="II-II q. 159 a. 2 ad 3"><a name="45435"><span class="ref">[45435] IIª-IIae, q. 159 a. 2 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1934 dicendum quod remissio in puniendo non est vitium nisi inquantum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1935 praetermittitur ordo iustitiae, quo aliquis debet puniri propter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1936 culpam, quam excedit crudelitas. Saevitia autem penitus hunc
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1937 ordinem non attendit. Unde remissio punitionis directe opponitur
53
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diff changeset
1938 crudelitati, non autem saevitiae.</p></div></div><div class="q" id="q160"><h2>Quaestio 160</h2><div class="p"><h3>Prooemium</h3><p title="II-II q. 160 pr."><a name="45436"><span class="ref">[45436] IIª-IIae, q. 160 pr.</span></a> Deinde
28
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diff changeset
1939 considerandum est de modestia. Et primo, de ipsa in communi;
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1940 secundo, de singulis quae sub ea continentur. Circa primum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1941 quaeruntur duo. Primo, utrum modestia sit pars temperantiae.
53
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1942 Secundo, quae sit materia modestiae.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 1</h3><p title="II-II q. 160 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="45437"><span class="ref">[45437] IIª-IIae, q. 160 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
28
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1943 primum sic proceditur. Videtur quod modestia non sit pars
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1944 temperantiae. Modestia enim a modo dicitur. Sed in omnibus
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1945 virtutibus requiritur modus, nam virtus ordinatur ad bonum; bonum
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1946 autem, ut Augustinus dicit, in libro de natura boni, consistit in
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1947 modo, specie et ordine. Ergo modestia est generalis virtus. Non
53
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1948 ergo debet poni pars temperantiae.</p><p title="II-II q. 160 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="45438"><span class="ref">[45438] IIª-IIae, q. 160 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a>
28
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1949 Praeterea, laus temperantiae praecipue videtur consistere ex quadam
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1950 moderatione. Ab hac autem sumitur nomen modestiae. Ergo modestia
53
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1951 est idem quod temperantia, et non pars eius.</p><p title="II-II q. 160 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="45439"><span class="ref">[45439] IIª-IIae, q. 160 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a>
28
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1952 Praeterea, modestia videtur consistere circa proximorum
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1953 correctionem, secundum illud II ad Tim. II, <i>servum Dei non
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1954 oportet litigare, sed mansuetum esse ad omnes, cum modestia
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1955 corripientem eos qui resistunt veritati</i>. Sed correctio
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1956 delinquentium est actus iustitiae vel caritatis, ut supra habitum
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1957 est. Ergo videtur quod modestia magis sit pars iustitiae quam
53
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1958 temperantiae.</p><p title="II-II q. 160 a. 1 s. c."><a name="45440"><span class="ref">[45440] IIª-IIae, q. 160 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed
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1959 contra est quod Tullius ponit modestiam partem temperantiae.</p><p title="II-II q. 160 a. 1 co."><a name="45441"><span class="ref">[45441] IIª-IIae, q. 160 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
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1960 dicendum quod, sicut supra dictum est, temperantia moderationem
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1961 adhibet circa ea in quibus difficillimum est moderari, scilicet
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1962 circa concupiscentias delectationum tactus. Ubicumque autem est
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1963 aliqua virtus specialiter circa aliquod maximum, oportet esse aliam
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1964 virtutem circa ea quae mediocriter se habent, eo quod oportet
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1965 quantum ad omnia vitam hominis secundum virtutes regulatam esse,
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1966 sicut supra dictum est quod magnificentia est circa magnos sumptus
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1967 pecuniarum, praeter quam est necessaria liberalitas, quae fit circa
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1968 mediocres sumptus. Unde necessarium est quod sit quaedam virtus
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1969 moderativa in aliis mediocribus, in quibus non est ita difficile
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1970 moderari. Et haec virtus vocatur modestia, et adiungitur
53
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1971 temperantiae sicut principali.</p><p title="II-II q. 160 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="45442"><span class="ref">[45442] IIª-IIae, q. 160 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
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1972 ergo dicendum quod nomen commune quandoque appropriatur his quae
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1973 sunt infima, sicut nomen commune Angelorum appropriatur infimo
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1974 ordini Angelorum. Ita etiam et modus, qui communiter observatur in
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1975 qualibet virtute, appropriatur specialiter virtuti quae in minimis
53
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1976 modum ponit.</p><p title="II-II q. 160 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="45443"><span class="ref">[45443] IIª-IIae, q. 160 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad
28
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1977 secundum dicendum quod aliqua temperatione indigent propter suam
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1978 vehementiam, sicut vinum forte temperatur, sed moderatio requiritur
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1979 in omnibus. Et ideo temperantia magis se habet ad passiones
53
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1980 vehementes, modestia vero ad mediocres.</p><p title="II-II q. 160 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="45444"><span class="ref">[45444] IIª-IIae, q. 160 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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1981 dicendum quod modestia ibi accipitur a modo communiter sumpto,
53
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1982 prout requiritur in omnibus virtutibus.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 2</h3><p title="II-II q. 160 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="45445"><span class="ref">[45445] IIª-IIae, q. 160 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
28
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1983 secundum sic proceditur. Videtur quod modestia sit solum circa
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diff changeset
1984 exteriores actiones. Interiores enim motus passionum aliis noti
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1985 esse non possunt. Sed apostolus, Philipp. IV, mandat ut modestia
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1986 nostra nota sit omnibus hominibus. Ergo modestia est solum circa
53
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1987 exteriores actiones.</p><p title="II-II q. 160 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="45446"><span class="ref">[45446] IIª-IIae, q. 160 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a>
28
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diff changeset
1988 Praeterea, virtutes quae sunt circa passiones, distinguuntur a
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diff changeset
1989 virtute iustitiae, quae est circa operationes. Sed modestia videtur
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1990 esse una virtus. Si ergo est circa operationes exteriores, non erit
53
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diff changeset
1991 circa aliquas interiores passiones.</p><p title="II-II q. 160 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="45447"><span class="ref">[45447] IIª-IIae, q. 160 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a>
28
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1992 Praeterea, nulla virtus una et eadem est circa ea quae pertinent ad
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diff changeset
1993 appetitum, quod est proprium virtutum moralium; et circa ea quae
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diff changeset
1994 pertinent ad cognitionem, quae est proprie virtutum
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diff changeset
1995 intellectualium; neque etiam circa ea quae pertinent ad
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diff changeset
1996 irascibilem, et concupiscibilem. Si ergo modestia est una virtus,
53
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1997 non potest esse circa omnia praedicta.</p><p title="II-II q. 160 a. 2 s. c."><a name="45448"><span class="ref">[45448] IIª-IIae, q. 160 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed
28
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1998 contra, in omnibus praedictis oportet observari modum, a quo
53
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1999 modestia dicitur. Ergo circa omnia praedicta est modestia.</p><p title="II-II q. 160 a. 2 co."><a name="45449"><span class="ref">[45449] IIª-IIae, q. 160 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
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diff changeset
2000 dicendum quod, sicut dictum est, modestia differt a temperantia in
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diff changeset
2001 hoc quod temperantia est moderativa eorum quae difficillimum est
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diff changeset
2002 refrenare, modestia autem est moderativa eorum quae in hoc
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diff changeset
2003 mediocriter se habent. Diversimode autem aliqui de modestia
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diff changeset
2004 videntur esse locuti. Ubicumque enim consideraverunt aliquam
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diff changeset
2005 specialem rationem boni vel difficultatis in moderando, illud
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diff changeset
2006 subtraxerunt modestiae, relinquentes modestiam circa minora.
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diff changeset
2007 Manifestum est autem omnibus quod refrenatio delectationum tactus
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diff changeset
2008 specialem quandam difficultatem habet. Unde omnes temperantiam a
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diff changeset
2009 modestia distinxerunt. Sed praeter hoc, Tullius consideravit
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diff changeset
2010 quoddam speciale bonum esse in moderatione poenarum. Et ideo etiam
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diff changeset
2011 clementiam subtraxit modestiae, ponens modestiam circa omnia quae
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diff changeset
2012 relinquuntur moderanda. Quae quidem videntur esse quatuor. Quorum
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diff changeset
2013 unum est motus animi ad aliquam excellentiam, quem moderatur
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diff changeset
2014 humilitas. Secundum autem est desiderium eorum quae pertinent ad
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diff changeset
2015 cognitionem, et in hoc moderatur studiositas, quae opponitur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2016 curiositati. Tertium autem, quod pertinet ad corporales motus et
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diff changeset
2017 actiones, ut scilicet decenter et honeste fiant, tam in his quae
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diff changeset
2018 serio, quam in his quae ludo aguntur. Quartum autem est quod
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diff changeset
2019 pertinet ad exteriorem apparatum, puta in vestibus et aliis
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diff changeset
2020 huiusmodi. Sed circa quaedam eorum alii posuerunt quasdam speciales
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diff changeset
2021 virtutes sicut Andronicus mansuetudinem, simplicitatem et
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diff changeset
2022 humilitatem, et alia huiusmodi, de quibus supra dictum est.
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diff changeset
2023 Aristoteles etiam circa delectationes ludorum posuit eutrapeliam.
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diff changeset
2024 Quae omnia continentur sub modestia, secundum quod a Tullio
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2025 accipitur. Et hoc modo modestia se habet non solum circa exteriores
53
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2026 actiones, sed etiam circa interiores.</p><p title="II-II q. 160 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="45450"><span class="ref">[45450] IIª-IIae, q. 160 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
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2027 ergo dicendum quod apostolus loquitur de modestia prout est circa
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diff changeset
2028 exteriora. Et tamen etiam interiorum moderatio manifestari potest
53
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2029 per quaedam exteriora signa.</p><p title="II-II q. 160 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="45451"><span class="ref">[45451] IIª-IIae, q. 160 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Ad
28
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2030 secundum dicendum quod sub modestia continentur diversae virtutes,
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diff changeset
2031 quae a diversis assignantur. Unde nihil prohibet modestiam esse
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diff changeset
2032 circa ea quae requirunt diversas virtutes. Et tamen non est tanta
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diff changeset
2033 diversitas inter partes modestiae ad invicem, quanta est iustitiae,
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diff changeset
2034 quae est circa operationes, ad temperantiam, quae est circa
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diff changeset
2035 passiones, quia in actionibus et passionibus in quibus non est
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diff changeset
2036 aliqua excellens difficultas ex parte materiae, sed solum ex parte
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diff changeset
2037 moderationis, non attenditur virtus nisi una, scilicet secundum
53
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2038 rationem moderationis.</p><p title="II-II q. 160 a. 2 ad 3"><a name="45452"><span class="ref">[45452] IIª-IIae, q. 160 a. 2 ad 3</span></a> Et per hoc
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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2039 etiam patet responsio ad tertium.</p></div></div><div class="q" id="q161"><h2>Quaestio 161</h2><div class="p"><h3>Prooemium</h3><p title="II-II q. 161 pr."><a name="45453"><span class="ref">[45453] IIª-IIae, q. 161 pr.</span></a> Deinde
28
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2040 considerandum est de speciebus modestiae. Et primo, de humilitate,
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diff changeset
2041 et superbia, quae ei opponitur; secundo, de studiositate, et
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diff changeset
2042 curiositate sibi opposita; tertio, de modestia secundum quod est in
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diff changeset
2043 verbis vel factis; quarto, de modestia secundum quod est circa
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diff changeset
2044 exteriorem cultum. Circa humilitatem quaeruntur sex. Primo, utrum
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diff changeset
2045 humilitas sit virtus. Secundo, utrum consistat in appetitu, vel in
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2046 iudicio rationis. Tertio, utrum aliquis per humilitatem se debeat
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2047 omnibus subiicere. Quarto, utrum sit pars modestiae vel
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diff changeset
2048 temperantiae. Quinto, de comparatione eius ad alias virtutes.
53
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2049 Sexto, de gradibus humilitatis.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 1</h3><p title="II-II q. 161 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="45454"><span class="ref">[45454] IIª-IIae, q. 161 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
28
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diff changeset
2050 primum sic proceditur. Videtur quod humilitas non sit virtus.
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diff changeset
2051 Virtus enim importat rationem boni. Sed humilitas videtur importare
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diff changeset
2052 rationem mali poenalis, secundum illud Psalmi. <i>Humiliaverunt in
53
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2053 compedibus pedes eius</i>. Ergo humilitas non est virtus.</p><p title="II-II q. 161 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="45455"><span class="ref">[45455] IIª-IIae, q. 161 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a>
28
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diff changeset
2054 Praeterea, virtus et vitium opponuntur. Sed humilitas quandoque
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diff changeset
2055 sonat in vitium, dicitur enim Eccli. XIX, est qui nequiter se
53
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diff changeset
2056 humiliat. Ergo humilitas non est virtus.</p><p title="II-II q. 161 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="45456"><span class="ref">[45456] IIª-IIae, q. 161 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a>
28
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diff changeset
2057 Praeterea, nulla virtus opponitur alii virtuti. Sed humilitas
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diff changeset
2058 videtur opponi virtuti magnanimitatis, quae tendit in magna,
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diff changeset
2059 humilitas autem ipsa refugit. Ergo videtur quod humilitas non sit
53
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diff changeset
2060 virtus.</p><p title="II-II q. 161 a. 1 arg. 4"><a name="45457"><span class="ref">[45457] IIª-IIae, q. 161 a. 1 arg. 4</span></a>
28
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diff changeset
2061 Praeterea, virtus est dispositio perfecti, ut dicitur in VII
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diff changeset
2062 Physic. Sed humilitas videtur esse imperfectorum, unde et Deo non
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diff changeset
2063 convenit humiliari, qui nulli subiici potest. Ergo videtur quod
53
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diff changeset
2064 humilitas non sit virtus.</p><p title="II-II q. 161 a. 1 arg. 5"><a name="45458"><span class="ref">[45458] IIª-IIae, q. 161 a. 1 arg. 5</span></a>
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2065 <i>Praeterea, omnis virtus moralis est circa actiones vel
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diff changeset
2066 passiones</i>, ut dicitur in II Ethic. Sed humilitas non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2067 connumeratur a philosopho inter virtutes quae sunt circa passiones,
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diff changeset
2068 nec etiam continetur sub iustitia, quae est circa actiones. Ergo
53
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diff changeset
2069 videtur quod non sit virtus.</p><p title="II-II q. 161 a. 1 s. c."><a name="45459"><span class="ref">[45459] IIª-IIae, q. 161 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed
28
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diff changeset
2070 contra est quod Origenes dicit, exponens illud Luc. I, <i>respexit
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diff changeset
2071 humilitatem ancillae suae, proprie in Scripturis una de virtutibus
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diff changeset
2072 humilitas praedicatur, ait quippe salvator, discite a me, quia
53
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diff changeset
2073 mitis sum et humilis corde</i>.</p><p title="II-II q. 161 a. 1 co."><a name="45460"><span class="ref">[45460] IIª-IIae, q. 161 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2074 dicendum quod, sicut supra dictum est, cum de passionibus ageretur,
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diff changeset
2075 bonum arduum habet aliquid unde attrahit appetitum, scilicet ipsam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2076 rationem boni, et habet aliquid retrahens, scilicet ipsam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2077 difficultatem adipiscendi, secundum quorum primum insurgit motus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2078 spei, et secundum aliud motus desperationis. Dictum est autem supra
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2079 quod circa motus appetitivos qui se habent per modum impulsionis,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2080 oportet esse virtutem moralem moderantem et refrenantem, circa
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2081 illos autem qui se habent per modum retractionis, oportet esse
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2082 virtutem moralem firmantem et impellentem. Et ideo circa appetitum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2083 boni ardui necessaria est duplex virtus. Una quidem quae temperet
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2084 et refrenet animum, ne immoderate tendat in excelsa, et hoc
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diff changeset
2085 pertinet ad virtutem humilitatis. Alia vero quae firmat animum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2086 contra desperationem, et impellit ipsum ad prosecutionem magnorum
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diff changeset
2087 secundum rationem rectam, et haec est magnanimitas. Et sic patet
53
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diff changeset
2088 quod humilitas est quaedam virtus.</p><p title="II-II q. 161 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="45461"><span class="ref">[45461] IIª-IIae, q. 161 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
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diff changeset
2089 ergo dicendum quod, sicut Isidorus dicit, in libro Etymol., humilis
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diff changeset
2090 dicitur quasi humi acclinis, idest, imis inhaerens. Quod quidem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2091 contingit dupliciter. Uno modo, ex principio extrinseco, puta cum
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2092 aliquis ab alio deiicitur. Et sic humilitas est poena. Alio modo, a
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2093 principio intrinseco. Et hoc potest fieri quandoque quidem bene,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2094 puta cum aliquis, considerans suum defectum, tenet se in infimis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2095 secundum suum modum; sicut Abraham dixit ad dominum, Gen. XVIII,
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diff changeset
2096 <i>loquar ad dominum meum, cum sim pulvis et cinis</i>. Et hoc modo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2097 humilitas ponitur virtus. Quandoque autem potest fieri male, puta
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2098 cum homo, honorem suum non intelligens, comparat se iumentis
53
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diff changeset
2099 insipientibus, et fit similis illis.</p><p title="II-II q. 161 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="45462"><span class="ref">[45462] IIª-IIae, q. 161 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad
28
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diff changeset
2100 secundum dicendum quod, sicut dictum est, humilitas, secundum quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
2101 est virtus, in sui ratione importat quandam laudabilem deiectionem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2102 ad ima. Hoc autem quandoque fit solum secundum signa exteriora,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2103 secundum fictionem. Unde haec est falsa humilitas, de qua
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2104 Augustinus dicit, in quadam epistola, quod est magna superbia, quia
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2105 scilicet videtur tendere ad excellentiam gloriae. Quandoque autem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2106 fit secundum interiorem motum animae. Et secundum hoc humilitas
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2107 proprie ponitur virtus, quia virtus non consistit in exterioribus,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2108 sed principaliter in interiori electione mentis, ut patet per
53
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diff changeset
2109 philosophum, in libro Ethicorum.</p><p title="II-II q. 161 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="45463"><span class="ref">[45463] IIª-IIae, q. 161 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2110 dicendum quod humilitas reprimit appetitum, ne tendat in magna
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2111 praeter rationem rectam. Magnanimitas autem animum ad magna
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2112 impellit secundum rationem rectam. Unde patet quod magnanimitas non
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2113 opponitur humilitati, sed conveniunt in hoc quod utraque est
53
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diff changeset
2114 secundum rationem rectam.</p><p title="II-II q. 161 a. 1 ad 4"><a name="45464"><span class="ref">[45464] IIª-IIae, q. 161 a. 1 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2115 dicendum quod perfectum dicitur aliquid dupliciter. Uno modo,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2116 simpliciter, in quo scilicet nullus defectus invenitur, nec
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2117 secundum suam naturam, nec per respectum ad aliquid aliud. Et sic
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2118 solus Deus est perfectus, cui secundum naturam divinam non competit
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2119 humilitas, sed solum secundum naturam assumptam. Alio modo potest
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2120 dici aliquid perfectum secundum quid, puta secundum suam naturam,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2121 vel secundum statum aut tempus. Et hoc modo homo virtuosus est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2122 perfectus. Cuius tamen perfectio in comparatione ad Deum deficiens
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2123 invenitur, secundum illud Isaiae XL, <i>omnes gentes, quasi non
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2124 sint, sic sunt coram eo</i>. Et sic cuilibet homini potest
53
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diff changeset
2125 convenire humilitas.</p><p title="II-II q. 161 a. 1 ad 5"><a name="45465"><span class="ref">[45465] IIª-IIae, q. 161 a. 1 ad 5</span></a> Ad quintum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2126 dicendum quod philosophus intendebat agere de virtutibus secundum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2127 quod ordinantur ad vitam civilem, in qua subiectio unius hominis ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2128 alterum secundum legis ordinem determinatur, et ideo continetur sub
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2129 iustitia legali. Humilitas autem, secundum quod est specialis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2130 virtus, praecipue respicit subiectionem hominis ad Deum, propter
53
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diff changeset
2131 quem etiam aliis humiliando se subiicit.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 2</h3><p title="II-II q. 161 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="45466"><span class="ref">[45466] IIª-IIae, q. 161 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2132 secundum sic proceditur. Videtur quod humilitas non consistat circa
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2133 appetitum, sed magis circa iudicium rationis. Humilitas enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2134 superbiae opponitur. Sed superbia maxime consistit in his quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2135 pertinent ad cognitionem. Dicit enim Gregorius, XXXIV Moral., quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2136 <i>superbia, cum exterius usque ad corpus extenditur, prius per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2137 oculos indicatur</i>; unde etiam in Psalmo dicitur, <i>domine, non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2138 est exaltatum cor meum, neque elati sunt oculi mei</i>, oculi autem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2139 maxime deserviunt cognitioni. Ergo videtur quod humilitas maxime
53
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diff changeset
2140 sit circa cognitionem, quam de se aliquis aestimat parvam.</p><p title="II-II q. 161 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="45467"><span class="ref">[45467] IIª-IIae, q. 161 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a>
28
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diff changeset
2141 Praeterea, Augustinus dicit, in libro de Virginit., quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2142 <i>humilitas pene tota disciplina Christiana est</i>. Nihil ergo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2143 quod in disciplina Christiana continetur, repugnat humilitati. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2144 in disciplina Christiana admonemur ad appetendum meliora, secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2145 illud I ad Cor. XII, <i>aemulamini charismata meliora</i>. Ergo ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2146 humilitatem non pertinet reprimere appetitum arduorum, sed magis
53
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diff changeset
2147 aestimationem.</p><p title="II-II q. 161 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="45468"><span class="ref">[45468] IIª-IIae, q. 161 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a>
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2148 Praeterea, ad eandem virtutem pertinet refrenare superfluum motum,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2149 et firmare animum contra superfluam retractionem, sicut eadem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2150 fortitudo est quae refrenat audaciam, et quae firmat animum contra
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2151 timorem. Sed magnanimitas firmat animum contra difficultates quae
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2152 accidunt in prosecutione magnorum. Si ergo humilitas refrenaret
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2153 appetitum magnorum, sequeretur quod humilitas non esset virtus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2154 distincta a magnanimitate. Quod patet esse falsum. Non ergo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2155 humilitas consistit circa appetitum magnorum, sed magis circa
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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diff changeset
2156 aestimationem.</p><p title="II-II q. 161 a. 2 arg. 4"><a name="45469"><span class="ref">[45469] IIª-IIae, q. 161 a. 2 arg. 4</span></a>
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2157 Praeterea, Andronicus ponit humilitatem circa exteriorem cultum,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2158 dicit enim quod <i>humilitas est habitus non superabundans
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2159 sumptibus et praeparationibus</i>. Ergo non est circa motum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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diff changeset
2160 appetitus.</p><p title="II-II q. 161 a. 2 s. c."><a name="45470"><span class="ref">[45470] IIª-IIae, q. 161 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2161 contra est quod Augustinus dicit, in libro de Poenit., quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
2162 <i>humilis est qui eligit abiici in domo domini, magis quam
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diff changeset
2163 habitare in tabernaculis peccatorum</i>. Sed electio pertinet ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
2164 appetitum. Ergo humilitas consistit circa appetitum, magis quam
53
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diff changeset
2165 circa aestimationem.</p><p title="II-II q. 161 a. 2 co."><a name="45471"><span class="ref">[45471] IIª-IIae, q. 161 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2166 dicendum quod, sicut dictum est, ad humilitatem proprie pertinet ut
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2167 aliquis reprimat seipsum, ne feratur in ea quae sunt supra se. Ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2168 hoc autem necessarium est ut aliquis cognoscat id in quo deficit a
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2169 proportione eius quod suam virtutem excedit. Et ideo cognitio
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2170 proprii defectus pertinet ad humilitatem sicut regula quaedam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2171 directiva appetitus. Sed in ipso appetitu consistit humilitas
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2172 essentialiter. Et ideo dicendum est quod humilitas proprie est
53
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diff changeset
2173 moderativa motus appetitus.</p><p title="II-II q. 161 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="45472"><span class="ref">[45472] IIª-IIae, q. 161 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2174 ergo dicendum quod extollentia oculorum est quoddam signum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2175 superbiae, inquantum excludit reverentiam et timorem. Consueverunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2176 enim timentes et verecundati maxime oculos deprimere, quasi non
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2177 audentes se aliis comparare. Non autem ex hoc sequitur quod
53
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diff changeset
2178 humilitas essentialiter circa cognitionem consistat.</p><p title="II-II q. 161 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="45473"><span class="ref">[45473] IIª-IIae, q. 161 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Ad
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2179 secundum dicendum quod tendere in aliqua maiora ex propriarum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2180 virium confidentia, humilitati contrariatur. Sed quod aliquis ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2181 confidentia divini auxilii in maiora tendat, hoc non est contra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2182 humilitatem, praesertim cum ex hoc aliquis magis apud Deum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2183 exaltetur quod ei se magis per humilitatem subiicit. Unde
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2184 Augustinus dicit, in libro de Poenit., <i>aliud est levare se ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2185 Deum, aliud est levare se contra Deum. Qui ante illum se proiicit,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2186 ab illo erigitur, qui adversus illum se erigit, ab illo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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diff changeset
2187 proiicitur</i>.</p><p title="II-II q. 161 a. 2 ad 3"><a name="45474"><span class="ref">[45474] IIª-IIae, q. 161 a. 2 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2188 dicendum quod in fortitudine invenitur eadem ratio refrenandi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2189 audaciam et firmandi animum contra timorem, utriusque enim ratio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2190 est ex hoc quod homo debet bonum rationis periculis mortis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2191 praestare. Sed in refrenando praesumptionem spei, quod pertinet ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2192 humilitatem, et in firmando animum contra desperationem, quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2193 pertinet ad magnanimitatem, est alia et alia ratio. Nam ratio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2194 firmandi animum contra desperationem est adeptio proprii boni, ne
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2195 scilicet, desperando, homo se indignum reddat bono quod sibi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2196 competebat. Sed in reprimendo praesumptionem spei, ratio praecipua
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2197 sumitur ex reverentia divina, ex qua contingit ut homo non plus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2198 sibi attribuat quam sibi competat secundum gradum quem est a Deo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2199 sortitus. Unde humilitas praecipue videtur importare subiectionem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2200 hominis ad Deum. Et propter hoc Augustinus, in libro de Serm. Dom.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2201 in monte, humilitatem, quam intelligit per paupertatem spiritus,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2202 attribuit dono timoris, quo homo Deum reveretur. Et inde est quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2203 fortitudo aliter se habet ad audaciam quam humilitas ad spem. Nam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2204 fortitudo plus utitur audacia quam eam reprimat, unde
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2205 superabundantia est ei similior quam defectus. Humilitas autem plus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2206 reprimit spem vel fiduciam de seipso quam ea utatur, unde magis
53
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diff changeset
2207 opponitur sibi superabundantia quam defectus.</p><p title="II-II q. 161 a. 2 ad 4"><a name="45475"><span class="ref">[45475] IIª-IIae, q. 161 a. 2 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2208 dicendum quod superabundantia in exterioribus sumptibus et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2209 praeparationibus solet ad quandam iactantiam fieri, quae per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2210 humilitatem reprimitur. Et quantum ad hoc, secundario consistit in
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2211 exterioribus, prout sunt signa interioris appetitivi motus.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 3</h3><p title="II-II q. 161 a. 3 arg. 1"><a name="45476"><span class="ref">[45476] IIª-IIae, q. 161 a. 3 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2212 tertium sic proceditur. Videtur quod homo non debeat se omnibus per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2213 humilitatem subiicere. Quia, sicut dictum est, humilitas praecipue
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2214 consistit in subiectione hominis ad Deum. Sed id quod debetur Deo,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
2215 non est homini exhibendum, ut patet in omnibus actibus latriae.
53
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diff changeset
2216 Ergo homo per humilitatem non debet se homini subiicere.</p><p title="II-II q. 161 a. 3 arg. 2"><a name="45477"><span class="ref">[45477] IIª-IIae, q. 161 a. 3 arg. 2</span></a>
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2217 Praeterea, Augustinus dicit, in libro de Nat. et gratia,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2218 <i>humilitas collocanda est in parte veritatis, non in parte
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2219 falsitatis</i>. Sed aliqui sunt in supremo statu, qui si se
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
2220 inferioribus subiicerent, absque falsitate hoc fieri non posset.
53
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diff changeset
2221 Ergo homo non debet se omnibus per humilitatem subiicere.</p><p title="II-II q. 161 a. 3 arg. 3"><a name="45478"><span class="ref">[45478] IIª-IIae, q. 161 a. 3 arg. 3</span></a>
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
2222 Praeterea, nullus debet facere id quod vergat in detrimentum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2223 salutis alterius. Sed si aliquis per humilitatem se alteri
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2224 subiiciat, quandoque hoc verget in detrimentum illius cui se
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2225 subiicit, qui ex hoc superbiret vel contemneret, unde Augustinus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2226 dicit, in regula, <i>ne, dum nimium servatur humilitas, regendi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2227 frangatur auctoritas</i>. Ergo homo non debet se per humilitatem
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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diff changeset
2228 omnibus subiicere.</p><p title="II-II q. 161 a. 3 s. c."><a name="45479"><span class="ref">[45479] IIª-IIae, q. 161 a. 3 s. c.</span></a> Sed
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2229 contra est quod dicitur Philipp. II, <i>in humilitate superiores
53
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diff changeset
2230 sibi invicem arbitrantes</i>.</p><p title="II-II q. 161 a. 3 co."><a name="45480"><span class="ref">[45480] IIª-IIae, q. 161 a. 3 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2231 dicendum quod in homine duo possunt considerari, scilicet id quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2232 est Dei, et id quod est hominis. Hominis autem est quidquid
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2233 pertinet ad defectum, sed Dei est quidquid pertinet ad salutem et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2234 perfectionem, secundum illud Osee XIII, <i>perditio tua, Israel, ex
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2235 me tantum auxilium tuum</i>. Humilitas autem, sicut dictum est,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2236 proprie respicit reverentiam qua homo Deo subiicitur. Et ideo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2237 quilibet homo, secundum id quod suum est, debet se cuilibet proximo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2238 subiicere quantum ad id quod est Dei in ipso. Non autem hoc
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2239 requirit humilitas, ut aliquis id quod est Dei in seipso, subiiciat
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2240 ei quod apparet esse Dei in altero. Nam illi qui dona Dei
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2241 participant, cognoscunt se ea habere, secundum illud I ad Cor. II,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2242 <i>ut sciamus quae a Deo donata sunt nobis</i>. Et ideo absque
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2243 praeiudicio humilitatis possunt dona quae ipsi acceperunt,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2244 praeferre donis Dei quae aliis apparent collata, sicut apostolus,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2245 ad Ephes. III, dicit, <i>aliis generationibus non est agnitum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2246 filiis hominum, sicut nunc revelatum est sanctis apostolis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2247 eius</i>. Similiter etiam non hoc requirit humilitas, ut aliquis id
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2248 quod est suum in seipso, subiiciat ei quod est hominis in proximo.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2249 Alioquin, oporteret ut quilibet reputaret se magis peccatorem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2250 quolibet alio, cum tamen apostolus absque praeiudicio humilitatis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2251 dicat, Galat. II, <i>nos natura Iudaei, et non ex gentibus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2252 peccatores</i>. Potest tamen aliquis reputare aliquid boni esse in
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2253 proximo quod ipse non habet, vel aliquid mali in se esse quod in
53
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diff changeset
2254 alio non est, ex quo potest ei se subiicere per humilitatem.</p><p title="II-II q. 161 a. 3 ad 1"><a name="45481"><span class="ref">[45481] IIª-IIae, q. 161 a. 3 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2255 ergo dicendum quod non solum debemus Deum revereri in seipso, sed
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2256 etiam id quod est eius debemus revereri in quolibet, non tamen
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2257 eodem modo reverentiae quo reveremur Deum. Et ideo per humilitatem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2258 debemus nos subiicere omnibus proximis propter Deum, secundum illud
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2259 I Pet. II, <i>subiecti estote omni humanae creaturae propter
53
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diff changeset
2260 Deum</i>, latriam tamen soli Deo debemus exhibere.</p><p title="II-II q. 161 a. 3 ad 2"><a name="45482"><span class="ref">[45482] IIª-IIae, q. 161 a. 3 ad 2</span></a> Ad
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2261 secundum dicendum quod, si nos praeferamus id quod est Dei in
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2262 proximo, ei quod est proprium in nobis, non possumus incurrere
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2263 falsitatem. Unde super illud Philipp. II, <i>superiores invicem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2264 arbitrantes</i>, dicit Glossa, <i>non hoc ita debemus aestimare ut
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2265 nos aestimare fingamus, sed vere aestimemus posse aliquid esse
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2266 occultum in alio quo nobis superior sit, etiam si bonum nostrum,
53
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diff changeset
2267 quo illo videmur superiores esse, non sit occultum</i>.</p><p title="II-II q. 161 a. 3 ad 3"><a name="45483"><span class="ref">[45483] IIª-IIae, q. 161 a. 3 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2268 dicendum quod humilitas, sicut et ceterae virtutes, praecipue
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2269 interius in anima consistit. Et ideo potest homo secundum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2270 interiorem actum animae alteri se subiicere, sine hoc quod
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2271 occasionem habeat alicuius quod pertineat ad detrimentum suae
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2272 salutis. Et hoc est quod Augustinus dicit, in regula, <i>timore
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2273 coram Deo praelatus substratus sit pedibus vestris</i>. Sed in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2274 exterioribus humilitatis actibus, sicut et in actibus ceterarum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2275 virtutum, est debita moderatio adhibenda, ne possint vergere in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2276 detrimentum alterius. Si autem aliquis quod debet faciat, et alii
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2277 ex hoc occasionem sumant peccati, non imputatur humiliter agenti,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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diff changeset
2278 quia ille non scandalizat, quamvis alter scandalizetur.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 4</h3><p title="II-II q. 161 a. 4 arg. 1"><a name="45484"><span class="ref">[45484] IIª-IIae, q. 161 a. 4 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2279 quartum sic proceditur. Videtur quod humilitas non sit pars
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2280 modestiae vel temperantiae. Humilitas enim praecipue respicit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2281 reverentiam qua quis subiicitur Deo, ut dictum est. Sed ad virtutem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2282 theologicam pertinet quod habeat Deum pro obiecto. Ergo humilitas
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2283 magis debet poni virtus theologica quam pars temperantiae seu
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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diff changeset
2284 modestiae.</p><p title="II-II q. 161 a. 4 arg. 2"><a name="45485"><span class="ref">[45485] IIª-IIae, q. 161 a. 4 arg. 2</span></a>
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2285 Praeterea, temperantia est in concupiscibili. Humilitas autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2286 videtur esse in irascibili, sicut et superbia, quae ei opponitur,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2287 cuius obiectum est arduum. Ergo videtur quod humilitas non sit pars
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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diff changeset
2288 temperantiae vel modestiae.</p><p title="II-II q. 161 a. 4 arg. 3"><a name="45486"><span class="ref">[45486] IIª-IIae, q. 161 a. 4 arg. 3</span></a>
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2289 Praeterea, humilitas et magnanimitas circa eadem sunt, ut ex supra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2290 dictis patet. Sed magnanimitas non ponitur pars temperantiae, sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2291 magis fortitudinis, ut supra habitum est. Ergo videtur quod
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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diff changeset
2292 humilitas non sit pars temperantiae vel modestiae.</p><p title="II-II q. 161 a. 4 s. c."><a name="45487"><span class="ref">[45487] IIª-IIae, q. 161 a. 4 s. c.</span></a> Sed
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2293 contra est quod Origenes dicit, super Lucam, <i>si vis nomen huius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2294 audire virtutis, quomodo etiam a philosophis appelletur, ausculta
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2295 eandem esse humilitatem quam respicit Deus, quae ab illis metriotes
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2296 dicitur</i>, idest mensuratio sive moderatio, quae manifeste
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2297 pertinet ad modestiam et temperantiam. Ergo humilitas est pars
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2298 modestiae et temperantiae.</p><p title="II-II q. 161 a. 4 co."><a name="45488"><span class="ref">[45488] IIª-IIae, q. 161 a. 4 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2299 dicendum quod, sicut supra dictum est, in assignando partes
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2300 virtutibus praecipue attenditur similitudo quantum ad modum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2301 virtutis. Modus autem temperantiae, ex quo maxime laudem habet, est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2302 refrenatio vel repressio impetus alicuius passionis. Et ideo omnes
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2303 virtutes refrenantes sive reprimentes impetus aliquarum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2304 affectionum, vel actiones moderantes, ponuntur partes temperantiae.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2305 Sicut autem mansuetudo reprimit motum irae, ita etiam humilitas
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2306 reprimit motum spei, qui est motus spiritus in magna tendentis. Et
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diff changeset
2307 ideo, sicut mansuetudo ponitur pars temperantiae, ita etiam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2308 humilitas. Unde et philosophus, in IV Ethic., eum qui tendit in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2309 parva secundum suum modum, dicit non esse magnanimum, sed
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2310 temperatum, quem nos humilem dicere possumus. Et inter alias partes
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2311 temperantiae, ratione superius dicta, continetur sub modestia,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2312 prout Tullius de ea loquitur, inquantum scilicet humilitas nihil
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2313 est aliud quam quaedam moderatio spiritus. Unde et I Pet. III
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diff changeset
2314 dicitur, <i>in incorruptibilitate quieti ac modesti
53
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diff changeset
2315 spiritus</i>.</p><p title="II-II q. 161 a. 4 ad 1"><a name="45489"><span class="ref">[45489] IIª-IIae, q. 161 a. 4 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2316 ergo dicendum quod virtutes theologicae, quae sunt circa ultimum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2317 finem, qui est primum principium in appetibilibus, sunt causae
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2318 omnium aliarum virtutum. Unde ex hoc quod humilitas causatur ex
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2319 reverentia divina, non excluditur quin humilitas sit pars modestiae
53
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diff changeset
2320 vel temperantiae.</p><p title="II-II q. 161 a. 4 ad 2"><a name="45490"><span class="ref">[45490] IIª-IIae, q. 161 a. 4 ad 2</span></a> Ad
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2321 secundum dicendum quod partes principalibus virtutibus assignantur,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2322 non secundum convenientiam in subiecto vel in materia, sed secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2323 convenientiam in modo formali, ut dictum est. Et ideo, licet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2324 humilitas sit in irascibili sicut in subiecto, ponitur tamen pars
53
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diff changeset
2325 modestiae et temperantiae propter modum.</p><p title="II-II q. 161 a. 4 ad 3"><a name="45491"><span class="ref">[45491] IIª-IIae, q. 161 a. 4 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2326 dicendum quod, licet magnanimitas et humilitas in materia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2327 conveniant, differunt tamen in modo, ratione cuius magnanimitas
53
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diff changeset
2328 ponitur pars fortitudinis, humilitas autem pars temperantiae.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 5</h3><p title="II-II q. 161 a. 5 arg. 1"><a name="45492"><span class="ref">[45492] IIª-IIae, q. 161 a. 5 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2329 quintum sic proceditur. Videtur quod humilitas sit potissima
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2330 virtutum. Dicit enim Chrysostomus, exponens illud quod dicitur Luc.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2331 XVIII de Pharisaeo et publicano, quod, <i>si mixta delictis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2332 humilitas tam facile currit ut iustitiam superbiae coniunctam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2333 transeat, si iustitiae coniunxeris eam, quo non ibit? Assistet ipsi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2334 tribunali divino in medio Angelorum</i>. Et sic patet quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2335 humilitas praefertur iustitiae. Sed iustitia vel est praeclarissima
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2336 virtutum, vel includit in se omnes virtutes, ut patet per
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2337 philosophum, in V Ethic. Ergo humilitas est maxima virtutum.</p><p title="II-II q. 161 a. 5 arg. 2"><a name="45493"><span class="ref">[45493] IIª-IIae, q. 161 a. 5 arg. 2</span></a>
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2338 Praeterea, Augustinus dicit, in libro de Verb. Dom., <i>cogitas
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2339 magnam fabricam construere celsitudinis? De fundamento prius cogita
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2340 humilitatis</i>. Ex quo videtur quod humilitas sit fundamentum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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diff changeset
2341 omnium virtutum. Ergo videtur esse potior aliis.</p><p title="II-II q. 161 a. 5 arg. 3"><a name="45494"><span class="ref">[45494] IIª-IIae, q. 161 a. 5 arg. 3</span></a>
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2342 Praeterea, maiori virtuti maius debetur praemium. Sed humilitati
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2343 debetur maximum praemium, quia qui se humiliat, exaltabitur, ut
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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diff changeset
2344 dicitur Luc. XIV. Ergo humilitas est maxima virtutum.</p><p title="II-II q. 161 a. 5 arg. 4"><a name="45495"><span class="ref">[45495] IIª-IIae, q. 161 a. 5 arg. 4</span></a>
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2345 Praeterea, sicut Augustinus dicit, in libro de vera Relig., <i>tota
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2346 vita Christi in terris, per hominem quem suscipere dignatus est,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2347 disciplina morum fuit</i>. Praecipue humilitatem suam imitandam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2348 proposuit. Dicens, Matth. XI, <i>discite a me, quia mitis sum et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2349 humilis corde</i>. Et Gregorius dicit, in Pastoral., quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2350 <i>argumentum redemptionis nostrae inventa est humilitas Dei</i>.
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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diff changeset
2351 Ergo humilitas videtur esse maxima virtutum.</p><p title="II-II q. 161 a. 5 s. c."><a name="45496"><span class="ref">[45496] IIª-IIae, q. 161 a. 5 s. c.</span></a> Sed
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2352 contra est quod caritas praefertur omnibus virtutibus, secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2353 illud Coloss. III, <i>super omnia, caritatem habete</i>. Non ergo
53
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diff changeset
2354 humilitas est maxima virtutum.</p><p title="II-II q. 161 a. 5 co."><a name="45497"><span class="ref">[45497] IIª-IIae, q. 161 a. 5 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2355 dicendum quod bonum humanae virtutis in ordine rationis consistit.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2356 Qui quidem principaliter attenditur respectu finis. Unde virtutes
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2357 theologicae, quae habent ultimum finem pro obiecto, sunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2358 potissimae. Secundario autem attenditur prout secundum rationem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2359 finis ordinantur ea quae sunt ad finem. Et haec quidem ordinatio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2360 essentialiter consistit in ipsa ratione ordinante, participative
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2361 autem in appetitu per rationem ordinato. Quam quidem ordinationem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2362 universaliter facit iustitia, praesertim legalis. Ordinationi autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2363 facit hominem bene subiectum humilitas in universali quantum ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2364 omnia, quaelibet autem alia virtus quantum ad aliquam materiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2365 specialem. Et ideo post virtutes theologicas; et virtutes
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2366 intellectuales, quae respiciunt ipsam rationem; et post iustitiam,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2367 praesertim legalem; potior ceteris est humilitas.</p><p title="II-II q. 161 a. 5 ad 1"><a name="45498"><span class="ref">[45498] IIª-IIae, q. 161 a. 5 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2368 ergo dicendum quod humilitas iustitiae non praefertur, sed
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2369 iustitiae cui superbia coniungitur, quae iam desinit esse virtus.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2370 Sicut e contrario peccatum per humilitatem remittitur, nam et de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2371 publicano dicitur, Luc. XVIII, quod merito humilitatis descendit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2372 iustificatus in domum suam. Unde et Chrysostomus dicit, <i>geminas
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2373 bigas mihi accommodes, alteram quidem iustitiae et superbiae;
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2374 alteram vero peccati et humilitatis. Et videbis peccatum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2375 praevertens iustitiam, non propriis, sed humilitatis coniugae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2376 viribus, aliud vero par videbis devictum, non fragilitate
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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diff changeset
2377 iustitiae, sed mole et tumore superbiae</i>.</p><p title="II-II q. 161 a. 5 ad 2"><a name="45499"><span class="ref">[45499] IIª-IIae, q. 161 a. 5 ad 2</span></a> Ad
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2378 secundum dicendum quod, sicut ordinata virtutum congregatio per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2379 quandam similitudinem aedificio comparatur, ita etiam illud quod
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2380 est primum in acquisitione virtutum, fundamento comparatur, quod
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2381 primum in aedificio iacitur. Virtutes autem verae infunduntur a
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2382 Deo. Unde primum in acquisitione virtutum potest accipi dupliciter.
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2383 Uno modo, per modum removentis prohibens. Et sic humilitas primum
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2384 locum tenet, inquantum scilicet expellit superbiam, cui Deus
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2385 resistit, et praebet hominem subditum et semper patulum ad
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2386 suscipiendum influxum divinae gratiae, inquantum evacuat
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2387 inflationem superbiae; ut dicitur Iac. IV, quod <i>Deus superbis
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2388 resistit, humilibus autem dat gratiam</i>. Et secundum hoc,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2389 humilitas dicitur spiritualis aedificii fundamentum. Alio modo est
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2390 aliquid primum in virtutibus directe, per quod scilicet iam ad Deum
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2391 acceditur. Primus autem accessus ad Deum est per fidem, secundum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2392 illud Heb. XI, <i>accedentem ad Deum oportet credere</i>. Et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2393 secundum hoc, fides ponitur fundamentum, nobiliori modo quam
53
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diff changeset
2394 humilitas.</p><p title="II-II q. 161 a. 5 ad 3"><a name="45500"><span class="ref">[45500] IIª-IIae, q. 161 a. 5 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2395 dicendum quod contemnenti terrena promittuntur caelestia, sicut
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2396 contemnentibus divitias terrenas promittuntur caelestes thesauri,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2397 secundum illud Matth. VI, <i>nolite thesaurizare vobis thesauros in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
2398 terra, sed thesaurizate vobis thesauros in coelo</i>; et similiter
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2399 contemnentibus mundi gaudia promittuntur consolationes caelestes,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2400 secundum illud Matth. V, <i>beati qui lugent, quoniam ipsi
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2401 consolabuntur</i>. Et eodem modo humilitati promittitur spiritualis
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2402 exaltatio, non quia ipsa sola eam mereatur, sed quia eius est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2403 proprium contemnere sublimitatem terrenam. Unde Augustinus dicit,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2404 in libro de poenitentia, <i>ne putes eum qui se humiliat, semper
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2405 iacere, cum dictum sit, exaltabitur. Et ne opineris eius
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2406 exaltationem in oculis hominum per sublimitates fieri
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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diff changeset
2407 corporales</i>.</p><p title="II-II q. 161 a. 5 ad 4"><a name="45501"><span class="ref">[45501] IIª-IIae, q. 161 a. 5 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2408 dicendum quod ideo Christus praecipue humilitatem nobis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2409 commendavit, quia per hoc maxime removetur impedimentum humanae
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2410 salutis, quae consistit in hoc quod homo ad caelestia et
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2411 spiritualia tendat, a quibus homo impeditur dum in terrenis
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2412 magnificari studet. Et ideo dominus, ut impedimentum salutis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2413 auferret, exteriorem celsitudinem contemnendam monstravit per
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2414 humilitatis exempla. Et sic humilitas est quasi quaedam dispositio
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2415 ad liberum accessum hominis in spiritualia et divina bona. Sicut
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2416 ergo perfectio est potior dispositione, ita etiam caritas et aliae
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2417 virtutes quibus homo directe movetur in Deum, sunt potiores
53
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diff changeset
2418 humilitate.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 6</h3><p title="II-II q. 161 a. 6 arg. 1"><a name="45502"><span class="ref">[45502] IIª-IIae, q. 161 a. 6 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
28
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diff changeset
2419 sextum sic proceditur. Videtur quod inconvenienter distinguantur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2420 duodecim gradus humilitatis qui in regula beati Benedicti ponuntur,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2421 quorum primus est, corde et corpore semper humilitatem ostendere,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2422 defixis in terram aspectibus; secundus, ut pauca verba, et
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2423 rationabilia loquatur aliquis, non clamosa voce; tertius, ut non
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2424 sit facilis aut promptus in risum; quartus, taciturnitas usque ad
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2425 interrogationem; quintus, tenere quod habet communis monasterii
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2426 regula; sextus, credere et pronuntiare se omnibus viliorem;
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2427 septimus, ad omnia indignum et inutilem se confiteri et credere;
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2428 octavus, confessio peccatorum; nonus, pro obedientia in duris et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2429 asperis patientiam amplecti; decimus, ut cum obedientia se subdat
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2430 maiori; undecimus, ut voluntatem propriam non delectetur implere;
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diff changeset
2431 duodecimus, ut Deum timeat, et memor sit omnium quae praecepit.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2432 Enumerantur enim hic quaedam quae ad alias virtutes pertinent,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2433 sicut obedientia et patientia. Enumerantur etiam aliqua quae ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2434 falsam opinionem pertinere videntur, quae nulli virtuti potest
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2435 competere, scilicet quod aliquis pronuntiet se omnibus viliorem,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2436 quod ad omnia indignum et inutilem se confiteatur et credat. Ergo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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diff changeset
2437 inconvenienter ista ponuntur inter gradus humilitatis.</p><p title="II-II q. 161 a. 6 arg. 2"><a name="45503"><span class="ref">[45503] IIª-IIae, q. 161 a. 6 arg. 2</span></a>
28
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diff changeset
2438 Praeterea, humilitas ab interioribus ad exteriora procedit, sicut
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diff changeset
2439 et ceterae virtutes. Inconvenienter igitur praemittuntur in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2440 praemissis gradibus illa quae pertinent ad exteriores actus, his
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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diff changeset
2441 quae pertinent ad interiores.</p><p title="II-II q. 161 a. 6 arg. 3"><a name="45504"><span class="ref">[45504] IIª-IIae, q. 161 a. 6 arg. 3</span></a>
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2442 Praeterea, Anselmus, in libro de similitudinibus, ponit septem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2443 humilitatis gradus, quorum primus est, contemptibilem se esse
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2444 cognoscere; secundus, de hoc dolere; tertius, hoc confiteri;
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2445 quartus, hoc persuadere, ut scilicet velit hoc credi; quintus, ut
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2446 patienter sustineat hoc dici; sextus, ut patiatur contemptibiliter
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2447 se tractari; septimus, ut hoc amet. Ergo videntur praemissi gradus
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2448 esse superflui.</p><p title="II-II q. 161 a. 6 arg. 4"><a name="45505"><span class="ref">[45505] IIª-IIae, q. 161 a. 6 arg. 4</span></a>
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2449 Praeterea, Matth. III dicit Glossa, <i>perfecta humilitas tres
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2450 habet gradus. Primus est subdere se maiori, et non praeferre se
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2451 aequali, qui est sufficiens. Secundus est subdere se aequali, nec
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2452 praeferre se minori, et hic dicitur abundans. Tertius gradus est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2453 subesse minori, in quo est omnis iustitia</i>. Ergo praemissi
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2454 gradus videntur esse superflui.</p><p title="II-II q. 161 a. 6 arg. 5"><a name="45506"><span class="ref">[45506] IIª-IIae, q. 161 a. 6 arg. 5</span></a>
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2455 Praeterea, Augustinus dicit, in libro de Virginit., <i>mensura
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2456 humilitatis cuique ex mensura ipsius magnitudinis data est, cui est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2457 periculosa superbia, quae amplius amplioribus insidiatur</i>. Sed
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2458 mensura magnitudinis humanae non potest sub certo numero graduum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2459 determinari. Ergo videtur quod non possint determinati gradus
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2460 humilitatis assignari.</p><p title="II-II q. 161 a. 6 co."><a name="45507"><span class="ref">[45507] IIª-IIae, q. 161 a. 6 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2461 dicendum quod, sicut ex supra dictis patet, humilitas essentialiter
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2462 in appetitu consistit, secundum quod aliquis refrenat impetum animi
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2463 sui, ne inordinate tendat in magna, sed regulam habet in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2464 cognitione, ut scilicet aliquis non se existimet esse supra id quod
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2465 est. Et utriusque principium et radix est reverentia quam quis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2466 habet ad Deum. Ex interiori autem dispositione humilitatis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2467 procedunt quaedam exteriora signa in verbis et factis et gestibus,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2468 quibus id quod interius latet manifestatur, sicut et in ceteris
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2469 virtutibus accidit, nam <i>ex visu cognoscitur vir, et ab occursu
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2470 faciei sensatus</i>, ut dicitur Eccli. XIX. Et ideo in praedictis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2471 gradibus humilitatis ponitur aliquid quod pertinet ad humilitatis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2472 radicem, scilicet duodecimus gradus, qui est, <i>ut homo Deum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2473 timeat, et memor sit omnium quae praecepit</i>. Ponitur etiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2474 aliquid pertinens ad appetitum, ne scilicet in propriam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2475 excellentiam inordinate tendat. Quod quidem fit tripliciter. Uno
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2476 modo, ut non sequatur homo propriam voluntatem, quod pertinet ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2477 undecimum gradum. Alio modo, ut regulet eam secundum superioris
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2478 arbitrium, quod pertinet ad gradum decimum. Tertio modo, ut ab hoc
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2479 non desistat propter dura et aspera quae occurrunt, et hoc pertinet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2480 ad nonum. Ponuntur etiam quaedam pertinentia ad existimationem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2481 hominis recognoscentis suum defectum. Et hoc tripliciter. Uno
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2482 quidem modo, per hoc quod proprios defectus recognoscat et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2483 confiteatur, quod pertinet ad octavum gradum. Secundo, ut ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2484 consideratione sui defectus aliquis insufficientem se existimet ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2485 maiora, quod pertinet ad septimum. Tertio, ut quantum ad hoc sibi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2486 alios praeferat, quod pertinet ad sextum. Ponuntur etiam quaedam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2487 quae pertinent ad exteriora signa. Quorum unum est in factis, ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2488 scilicet homo non recedat in suis operibus a via communi, quod
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2489 pertinet ad quintum. Alia duo sunt in verbis, ut scilicet homo non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2490 praeripiat tempus loquendi, quod pertinet ad quartum; nec excedat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2491 modum in loquendo, quod pertinet ad secundum. Alia vero consistunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2492 in exterioribus gestibus, puta in reprimendo extollentiam oculorum,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2493 quod pertinet ad primum; et in cohibendo exterius risum et alia
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2494 ineptae laetitiae signa, quod pertinet ad tertium.</p><p title="II-II q. 161 a. 6 ad 1"><a name="45508"><span class="ref">[45508] IIª-IIae, q. 161 a. 6 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2495 ergo dicendum quod aliquis absque falsitate potest se credere et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2496 pronuntiare omnibus viliorem, secundum defectus occultos quos in se
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2497 recognoscit, et dona Dei quae in aliis latent. Unde Augustinus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2498 dicit, in libro de Virginit., <i>existimate aliquos in occulto
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2499 superiores, quibus estis in manifesto meliores</i>. Similiter etiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2500 absque falsitate potest aliquis confiteri et credere ad omnia se
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2501 inutilem et indignum, secundum proprias vires, ut sufficientiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2502 suam totam in Deum referat, secundum illud II ad Cor. III, <i>non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2503 quod sufficientes simus cogitare aliquid a nobis, quasi ex nobis,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2504 sed sufficientia nostra ex Deo est</i>. Non est autem inconveniens
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2505 quod ea quae ad alias virtutes pertinent, humilitati adscribantur.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2506 Quia sicut unum vitium oritur ex alio, ita naturali ordine actus
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2507 unius virtutis procedit ex actu alterius.</p><p title="II-II q. 161 a. 6 ad 2"><a name="45509"><span class="ref">[45509] IIª-IIae, q. 161 a. 6 ad 2</span></a> Ad
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2508 secundum dicendum quod homo ad humilitatem pervenit per duo. Primo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2509 quidem et principaliter, per gratiae donum. Et quantum ad hoc,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2510 interiora praecedunt exteriora. Aliud autem est humanum studium,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2511 per quod homo prius exteriora cohibet, et postmodum pertingit ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2512 extirpandum interiorem radicem. Et secundum hunc ordinem
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2513 assignantur hic humilitatis gradus.</p><p title="II-II q. 161 a. 6 ad 3"><a name="45510"><span class="ref">[45510] IIª-IIae, q. 161 a. 6 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2514 dicendum quod omnes gradus quos Anselmus ponit, reducuntur ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2515 opinionem et manifestationem et voluntatem propriae abiectionis.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2516 Nam primus gradus pertinet ad cognitionem proprii defectus. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2517 quia vituperabile esset si quis proprium defectum amaret, hoc per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2518 secundum gradum excluditur. Sed ad manifestationem sui defectus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2519 pertinent tertius et quartus gradus, ut scilicet aliquis non solum
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2520 simpliciter suum defectum enuntiet, sed etiam persuadeat. Alii
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2521 autem tres gradus pertinent ad appetitum. Qui excellentiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2522 exteriorem non quaerit, sed exteriorem abiectionem vel aequanimiter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2523 patitur, sive in verbis sive in factis, quia, sicut Gregorius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2524 dicit, in registro, <i>non grande est his nos esse humiles a quibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2525 honoramur, quia et hoc saeculares quilibet faciunt, sed illis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2526 maxime humiles esse debemus a quibus aliqua patimur</i>. Et hoc
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2527 pertinet ad quintum et sextum gradum. Vel etiam desideranter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2528 exteriorem abiectionem amplectitur, quod pertinet ad septimum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2529 gradum. Et sic omnes isti gradus continentur sub sexto et septimo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2530 superius enumeratis.</p><p title="II-II q. 161 a. 6 ad 4"><a name="45511"><span class="ref">[45511] IIª-IIae, q. 161 a. 6 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2531 dicendum quod illi gradus accipiuntur non ex parte ipsius rei,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2532 idest secundum naturam humilitatis, sed per comparationem ad gradus
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2533 hominum, qui sunt vel maiores vel minores vel aequales.</p><p title="II-II q. 161 a. 6 ad 5"><a name="45512"><span class="ref">[45512] IIª-IIae, q. 161 a. 6 ad 5</span></a> Ad quintum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
2534 dicendum quod etiam illa ratio procedit ex gradibus humilitatis non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
2535 secundum ipsam naturam rei, secundum quam assignantur praemissi
53
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diff changeset
2536 gradus, sed secundum diversas hominum conditiones.</p></div></div><div class="q" id="q162"><h2>Quaestio 162</h2><div class="p"><h3>Prooemium</h3><p title="II-II q. 162 pr."><a name="45513"><span class="ref">[45513] IIª-IIae, q. 162 pr.</span></a> Deinde
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2537 considerandum est de superbia. Et primo, de superbia in communi;
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2538 secundo, de peccato primi hominis, quod ponitur esse superbia.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2539 Circa primum quaeruntur octo. Primo, utrum superbia sit peccatum.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2540 Secundo, utrum sit vitium speciale. Tertio, in quo sit sicut in
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2541 subiecto. Quarto, de speciebus eius. Quinto, utrum sit peccatum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2542 mortale. Sexto, utrum sit gravissimum omnium peccatorum. Septimo,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2543 de ordine eius ad alia peccata. Octavo, utrum debeat poni vitium
53
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diff changeset
2544 capitale.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 1</h3><p title="II-II q. 162 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="45514"><span class="ref">[45514] IIª-IIae, q. 162 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2545 primum sic proceditur. Videtur quod superbia non sit peccatum.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2546 Nullum enim peccatum est repromissum a Deo, promittit enim Deus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2547 quod ipse facturus est; non est autem auctor peccati. Sed superbia
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2548 connumeratur inter repromissiones divinas, dicitur enim Isaiae LX,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2549 <i>ponam te in superbiam saeculorum, gaudium in generatione et
53
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diff changeset
2550 generationem</i>. Ergo superbia non est peccatum.</p><p title="II-II q. 162 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="45515"><span class="ref">[45515] IIª-IIae, q. 162 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a>
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2551 Praeterea, appetere divinam similitudinem non est peccatum, hoc
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2552 enim naturaliter appetit quaelibet creatura, et in hoc optimum eius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2553 consistit. Et praecipue hoc convenit rationali creaturae, quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2554 facta est ad imaginem et similitudinem Dei. Sed sicut dicitur in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2555 libro sententiarum prosperi, superbia est amor propriae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2556 excellentiae, per quam homo Deo similatur, qui est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2557 excellentissimus, unde dicit Augustinus, in II Confess.,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2558 <i>superbia celsitudinem imitatur, cum tu sis unus super omnia Deus
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2559 excelsus</i>. Ergo superbia non est peccatum.</p><p title="II-II q. 162 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="45516"><span class="ref">[45516] IIª-IIae, q. 162 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a>
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2560 Praeterea, peccatum non solum contrariatur virtuti, sed etiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2561 opposito vitio, ut patet per philosophum, in II Ethic. Sed nullum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2562 vitium invenitur oppositum esse superbiae. Ergo superbia non est
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2563 peccatum.</p><p title="II-II q. 162 a. 1 s. c."><a name="45517"><span class="ref">[45517] IIª-IIae, q. 162 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2564 contra est quod dicitur Tobiae IV, <i>superbiam nunquam in tuo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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diff changeset
2565 sensu aut in tuo verbo dominari permittas</i>.</p><p title="II-II q. 162 a. 1 co."><a name="45518"><span class="ref">[45518] IIª-IIae, q. 162 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2566 dicendum quod superbia nominatur ex hoc quod aliquis per voluntatem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2567 tendit supra id quod est, unde dicit Isidorus, in libro Etymol.,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2568 <i>superbus dictus est quia super vult videri quam est, qui enim
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2569 vult supergredi quod est, superbus est</i>. Habet autem hoc ratio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2570 recta, ut voluntas uniuscuiusque feratur in id quod est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2571 proportionatum sibi. Et ideo manifestum est quod superbia importat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2572 aliquid quod adversatur rationi rectae. Hoc autem facit rationem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2573 peccati, quia secundum Dionysium, IV cap. de Div. Nom., malum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2574 animae est praeter rationem esse. Unde manifestum est quod superbia
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2575 est peccatum.</p><p title="II-II q. 162 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="45519"><span class="ref">[45519] IIª-IIae, q. 162 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2576 ergo dicendum quod superbia dupliciter accipi potest. Uno modo, ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2577 eo quod supergreditur regulam rationis. Et sic dicimus eam esse
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2578 peccatum. Alio modo potest superbia nominari simpliciter a
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2579 superexcessu. Et secundum hoc, omne superexcedens potest nominari
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2580 superbia. Et ita repromittitur a Deo superbia, quasi quidam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2581 superexcessus bonorum. Unde et Glossa Hieronymi dicit, ibidem, quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2582 est superbia bona, et mala. Quamvis etiam dici possit quod superbia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2583 ibi accipitur materialiter pro abundantia rerum de quibus possunt
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2584 homines superbire.</p><p title="II-II q. 162 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="45520"><span class="ref">[45520] IIª-IIae, q. 162 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2585 secundum dicendum quod eorum quae naturaliter homo appetit, ratio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2586 est ordinatrix, et ita, si aliquis a regula rationis recedit, vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2587 in plus vel in minus, erit talis appetitus vitiosus; sicut patet de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2588 appetitu cibi, qui naturaliter desideratur. Superbia autem appetit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2589 excellentiam in excessu ad rationem rectam, unde Augustinus dicit,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2590 in XIV de Civ. Dei, quod superbia est perversae celsitudinis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2591 appetitus. Et inde est etiam quod, sicut Augustinus dicit, XIX de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2592 Civ. Dei, <i>superbia perverse imitatur Deum. Odit namque cum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2593 sociis aequalitatem sub illo, sed imponere vult sociis dominationem
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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diff changeset
2594 suam pro illo</i>.</p><p title="II-II q. 162 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="45521"><span class="ref">[45521] IIª-IIae, q. 162 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2595 dicendum quod superbia directe opponitur virtuti humilitatis, quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2596 quodammodo circa eadem magnanimitati existit, ut supra dictum est.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2597 Unde et vitium quod opponitur superbiae in defectum vergens,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2598 propinquum est vitio pusillanimitatis, quae opponitur magnanimitati
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2599 secundum defectum. Nam sicut ad magnanimitatem pertinet impellere
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2600 animum ad magna, contra desperationem; ita ad humilitatem pertinet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2601 retrahere animum ab inordinato appetitu magnorum, contra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2602 praesumptionem. Pusillanimitas autem, si importet defectum a
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2603 prosecutione magnorum, proprie opponitur magnanimitati per modum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2604 defectus; si autem importet applicationem animi ad aliqua viliora
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2605 quam hominem deceant, opponetur humilitati secundum defectum,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2606 utrumque enim ex animi parvitate procedit. Sicut et e contrario
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2607 superbia potest secundum superexcessum et magnanimitati et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2608 humilitati opponi, secundum rationes diversas, humilitati quidem,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2609 secundum quod subiectionem aspernatur; magnanimitati autem,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2610 secundum quod inordinate ad magna se extendit. Sed quia superbia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2611 superioritatem quandam importat, directius opponitur humilitati,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2612 sicut et pusillanimitas, quae importat parvitatem animi in magna
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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diff changeset
2613 tendentis, directius opponitur magnanimitati.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 2</h3><p title="II-II q. 162 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="45522"><span class="ref">[45522] IIª-IIae, q. 162 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2614 secundum sic proceditur. Videtur quod superbia non sit speciale
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2615 peccatum. Dicit enim Augustinus, in libro de Nat. et gratia, quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2616 <i>sine superbiae appellatione, nullum peccatum invenies</i>. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2617 prosper dicit, in libro de vita Contemplat., <i>nullum peccatum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2618 absque superbia potest, vel potuit esse, aut poterit</i>. Ergo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2619 superbia est generale peccatum.</p><p title="II-II q. 162 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="45523"><span class="ref">[45523] IIª-IIae, q. 162 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a>
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2620 Praeterea, Iob XXXIII, ut avertat hominem ab iniquitate, dicit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2621 Glossa quod <i>contra conditorem superbire est eius praecepta
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2622 peccando transcendere</i>. Sed secundum Ambrosium, <i>omne peccatum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2623 est transgressio legis divinae et caelestium inobedientia
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2624 mandatorum</i>. Ergo omne peccatum est superbia.</p><p title="II-II q. 162 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="45524"><span class="ref">[45524] IIª-IIae, q. 162 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a>
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2625 Praeterea, omne peccatum speciale alicui speciali virtuti
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2626 opponitur. Sed superbia opponitur omnibus virtutibus, dicit enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2627 Gregorius, XXXIV Moral., <i>superbia nequaquam est unius virtutis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2628 extinctione contenta, per cuncta animae membra se erigit, et quasi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2629 generalis ac pestifer morbus, corpus omne corrumpit</i>. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2630 Isidorus dicit, in libro Etymol., quod est ruina omnium virtutum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2631 ergo superbia non est speciale peccatum.</p><p title="II-II q. 162 a. 2 arg. 4"><a name="45525"><span class="ref">[45525] IIª-IIae, q. 162 a. 2 arg. 4</span></a>
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2632 Praeterea, omne peccatum speciale habet specialem materiam. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2633 superbia habet generalem materiam, dicit enim Gregorius, XXXIV
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2634 Moral., quod <i>alter intumescit auro, alter eloquio, alter infimis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2635 et terrenis rebus, alter summis caelestibusque virtutibus</i>. Ergo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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diff changeset
2636 superbia non est speciale peccatum, sed generale.</p><p title="II-II q. 162 a. 2 s. c."><a name="45526"><span class="ref">[45526] IIª-IIae, q. 162 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2637 contra est quod Augustinus dicit, in libro de Nat. et gratia,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2638 <i>quaerat, et inveniet, secundum legem Dei, superbiam esse
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2639 peccatum multum discretum ab aliis vitiis</i>. Genus autem non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2640 distinguitur a suis speciebus. Ergo superbia non est generale
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2641 peccatum, sed speciale.</p><p title="II-II q. 162 a. 2 co."><a name="45527"><span class="ref">[45527] IIª-IIae, q. 162 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2642 dicendum quod peccatum superbiae dupliciter potest considerari. Uno
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2643 modo, secundum propriam speciem, quam habet ex ratione proprii
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2644 obiecti. Et hoc modo superbia est speciale peccatum, quia habet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2645 speciale obiectum, est enim inordinatus appetitus propriae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2646 excellentiae, ut dictum est. Alio modo potest considerari secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2647 redundantiam quandam in alia peccata. Et secundum hoc, habet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2648 quandam generalitatem, inquantum scilicet ex superbia oriri possunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2649 omnia peccata, duplici ratione. Uno modo, per se, inquantum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2650 scilicet alia peccata ordinantur ad finem superbiae, qui est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2651 propria excellentia, ad quam potest ordinari omne id quod quis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2652 inordinate appetit. Alio modo, indirecte et quasi per accidens,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2653 scilicet removendo prohibens, inquantum scilicet per superbiam homo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2654 contemnit divinam legem, per quam prohibetur a peccando; secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2655 illud Ierem. II, <i>confregisti iugum, rupisti vincula, dixisti,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2656 non serviam</i>. Sciendum tamen quod ad hanc generalitatem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2657 superbiae pertinet quod omnia vitia ex superbia interdum oriri
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2658 possunt, non autem ad eam pertinet quod omnia vitia semper ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2659 superbia oriantur. Quamvis enim omnia praecepta legis possit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2660 aliquis transgredi qualicumque peccato ex contemptu, qui pertinet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2661 ad superbiam; non tamen semper ex contemptu aliquis praecepta
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2662 divina transgreditur, sed quandoque ex ignorantia, quandoque ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2663 infirmitate. Et inde est quod, sicut Augustinus dicit, in libro de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2664 Nat. et gratia, <i>multa perperam fiunt, quae non fiunt
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2665 superbe</i>.</p><p title="II-II q. 162 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="45528"><span class="ref">[45528] IIª-IIae, q. 162 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2666 ergo dicendum quod Augustinus illa verba inducit, in libro de Nat.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2667 et gratia, non ex persona sua, sed ex persona alterius, contra quem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2668 disputat. Unde et postmodum improbat ea, ostendens quod non semper
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2669 ex superbia peccatur. Potest tamen dici quod auctoritates illae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2670 intelliguntur quantum ad exteriorem effectum superbiae, qui est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2671 transgredi praecepta, quod invenitur in quolibet peccato, non autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2672 quantum ad interiorem actum superbiae, qui est contemptus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2673 praecepti. Non enim semper peccatum fit ex contemptu, sed quandoque
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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diff changeset
2674 ex ignorantia, quandoque ex infirmitate, ut dictum est.</p><p title="II-II q. 162 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="45529"><span class="ref">[45529] IIª-IIae, q. 162 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Ad
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2675 secundum dicendum quod quandoque aliquis committit aliquod peccatum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2676 secundum effectum, sed non secundum affectum, sicut ille qui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2677 ignoranter occidit patrem, committit parricidium secundum effectum,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2678 sed non secundum affectum, quia hoc non intendebat. Et secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2679 hoc, transgredi praeceptum Dei dicitur esse contra Deum superbire,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2680 secundum effectum quidem semper, non autem semper secundum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2681 affectum.</p><p title="II-II q. 162 a. 2 ad 3"><a name="45530"><span class="ref">[45530] IIª-IIae, q. 162 a. 2 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2682 dicendum quod peccatum aliquod potest corrumpere virtutem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2683 dupliciter. Uno modo, per directam contrarietatem ad virtutem. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2684 hoc modo superbia non corrumpit quamlibet virtutem, sed solam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2685 humilitatem, sicut et quodlibet aliud speciale peccatum corrumpit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2686 specialem virtutem sibi oppositam, contrarium agendo. Alio modo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2687 peccatum aliquod corrumpit virtutem abutendo ipsa virtute. Et sic
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2688 superbia corrumpit quamlibet virtutem, inquantum scilicet ex ipsis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2689 virtutibus sumit occasionem superbiendi, sicut et quibuslibet aliis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2690 rebus ad excellentiam pertinentibus. Unde non sequitur quod sit
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2691 generale peccatum.</p><p title="II-II q. 162 a. 2 ad 4"><a name="45531"><span class="ref">[45531] IIª-IIae, q. 162 a. 2 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2692 dicendum quod superbia attendit specialem rationem obiecti, quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2693 tamen inveniri potest in diversis materiis. Est enim inordinatus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2694 amor propriae excellentiae, excellentia autem potest in diversis
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2695 rebus inveniri.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 3</h3><p title="II-II q. 162 a. 3 arg. 1"><a name="45532"><span class="ref">[45532] IIª-IIae, q. 162 a. 3 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2696 tertium sic proceditur. Videtur quod superbia non sit in irascibili
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2697 sicut in subiecto. Dicit enim Gregorius, XXIII Moral.,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2698 <i>obstaculum veritatis tumor mentis est, quia, dum inflat,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2699 obnubilat</i>. Sed cognitio veritatis non pertinet ad irascibilem,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2700 sed ad vim rationalem. Ergo superbia non est in irascibili.</p><p title="II-II q. 162 a. 3 arg. 2"><a name="45533"><span class="ref">[45533] IIª-IIae, q. 162 a. 3 arg. 2</span></a>
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2701 Praeterea, Gregorius dicit, XXIV Moral., quod <i>superbi non eorum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2702 vitam considerant quibus se humiliando postponant, sed quibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2703 superbiendo se praeferant</i>, et sic videtur superbia ex indebita
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2704 consideratione procedere. Sed consideratio non pertinet ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2705 irascibilem, sed potius ad rationalem. Ergo superbia non est in
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2706 irascibili, sed potius in rationali.</p><p title="II-II q. 162 a. 3 arg. 3"><a name="45534"><span class="ref">[45534] IIª-IIae, q. 162 a. 3 arg. 3</span></a>
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2707 Praeterea, superbia non solum quaerit excellentiam in rebus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2708 sensibilibus, sed etiam in rebus spiritualibus et intelligibilibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2709 ipsa etiam principaliter consistit in contemptu Dei, secundum illud
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2710 Eccli. X, <i>initium superbiae hominis est apostatare a Deo</i>.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2711 Sed irascibilis, cum sit pars appetitus sensitivi, non potest se
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2712 extendere in Deum et in intelligibilia. Ergo superbia non potest
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2713 esse in irascibili.</p><p title="II-II q. 162 a. 3 arg. 4"><a name="45535"><span class="ref">[45535] IIª-IIae, q. 162 a. 3 arg. 4</span></a>
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2714 Praeterea, ut dicitur in libro sententiarum prosperi, <i>superbia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2715 est amor propriae excellentiae</i>. Sed amor non est in irascibili,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2716 sed in concupiscibili. Ergo superbia non est in irascibili.</p><p title="II-II q. 162 a. 3 s. c."><a name="45536"><span class="ref">[45536] IIª-IIae, q. 162 a. 3 s. c.</span></a> Sed
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2717 contra est quod Gregorius, in II Moral., ponit contra superbiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2718 donum timoris. Timor autem pertinet ad irascibilem. Ergo superbia
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2719 est in irascibili.</p><p title="II-II q. 162 a. 3 co."><a name="45537"><span class="ref">[45537] IIª-IIae, q. 162 a. 3 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2720 dicendum quod subiectum cuiuslibet virtutis vel vitii oportet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2721 inquirere ex proprio obiecto, non enim potest esse aliud obiectum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2722 habitus vel actus nisi quod est obiectum potentiae quae utrique
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2723 subiicitur. Proprium autem obiectum superbiae est arduum, est enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2724 appetitus propriae excellentiae, ut dictum est. Unde oportet quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2725 superbia aliquo modo ad vim irascibilem pertineat. Sed irascibilis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2726 dupliciter accipi potest. Uno modo, proprie. Et sic est pars
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2727 appetitus sensitivi, sicut et ira proprie sumpta est quaedam passio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2728 sensitivi appetitus. Alio modo, potest accipi irascibilis largius,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2729 ut scilicet pertineat etiam ad appetitum intellectivum, cui etiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2730 quandoque attribuitur ira, prout scilicet attribuimus iram Deo et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2731 Angelis, non quidem secundum passionem, sed secundum iudicium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2732 iustitiae iudicantis. Et tamen irascibilis sic communiter dicta non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2733 est potentia distincta a concupiscibili, ut patet ex his quae in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2734 primo dicta sunt. Si ergo arduum quod est obiectum superbiae, esset
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2735 solum aliquid sensibile, in quod posset tendere appetitus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2736 sensitivus, oporteret quod superbia esset in irascibili quae est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2737 pars appetitus sensitivi. Sed quia arduum quod respicit superbia,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2738 communiter invenitur et in sensibilibus et in spiritualibus rebus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2739 necesse est dicere quod subiectum superbiae sit irascibilis non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2740 solum proprie sumpta, prout est pars appetitus sensitivi, sed etiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2741 communius accepta, prout invenitur in appetitu intellectivo. Unde
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2742 et in Daemonibus superbia ponitur.</p><p title="II-II q. 162 a. 3 ad 1"><a name="45538"><span class="ref">[45538] IIª-IIae, q. 162 a. 3 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2743 ergo dicendum quod cognitio veritatis est duplex. Una pure
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2744 speculativa. Et hanc superbia indirecte impedit, subtrahendo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2745 causam. Superbus enim neque Deo suum intellectum subiicit, ut ab eo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2746 veritatis cognitionem percipiat, secundum illud Matth. XI,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2747 abscondisti haec a sapientibus et prudentibus, idest a superbis,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2748 qui sibi sapientes et prudentes videntur, et revelasti ea parvulis,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2749 idest humilibus. Neque etiam ab hominibus addiscere dignantur, cum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2750 tamen dicatur, Eccli. VI, <i>si inclinaveris aurem tuam</i>.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2751 Scilicet humiliter audiendo, excipies doctrinam. Alia autem est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2752 cognitio veritatis affectiva. Et talem cognitionem veritatis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2753 directe impedit superbia. Quia superbi, dum delectantur in propria
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2754 excellentia, excellentiam veritatis fastidiunt, ut Gregorius dicit,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2755 XXIII Moral., quod <i>superbi et secreta quaedam intelligendo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2756 percipiunt, et eorum dulcedinem experiri non possunt, et si
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2757 noverint quomodo sunt, ignorant quomodo sapiunt</i>. Unde et
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2758 Proverb. XI dicitur, <i>ubi humilitas, ibi sapientia</i>.</p><p title="II-II q. 162 a. 3 ad 2"><a name="45539"><span class="ref">[45539] IIª-IIae, q. 162 a. 3 ad 2</span></a> Ad
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2759 secundum dicendum quod, sicut supra dictum est, humilitas attendit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2760 ad regulam rationis rectae, secundum quam aliquis veram
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2761 existimationem de se habet. Hanc autem regulam rectae rationis non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2762 attendit superbia, sed de se maiora existimat quam sint. Quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2763 contingit ex inordinato appetitu propriae excellentiae, quia quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2764 quis vehementer desiderat, facile credit. Et ex hoc etiam eius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2765 appetitus in altiora fertur quam sibi conveniant. Et ideo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2766 quaecumque ad hoc conferant quod aliquis existimet se supra id quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2767 est, inducunt hominem ad superbiam. Quorum unum est quod aliquis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2768 consideret defectus aliorum, sicut e contrario Gregorius, ibidem,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2769 dicit quod <i>sancti viri virtutum consideratione vicissim sibi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2770 alios praeferunt</i>. Ex hoc ergo non habetur quod superbia sit in
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2771 rationali, sed quod aliqua causa eius in ratione existat.</p><p title="II-II q. 162 a. 3 ad 3"><a name="45540"><span class="ref">[45540] IIª-IIae, q. 162 a. 3 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2772 dicendum quod superbia non est solum in irascibili secundum quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2773 est pars appetitus sensitivi, sed prout communius irascibilis
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2774 accipitur, ut dictum est.</p><p title="II-II q. 162 a. 3 ad 4"><a name="45541"><span class="ref">[45541] IIª-IIae, q. 162 a. 3 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2775 dicendum quod, sicut Augustinus dicit, XIV de Civ. Dei, amor
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2776 praecedit omnes alias animi affectiones, et est causa earum. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2777 ideo potest poni pro qualibet aliarum affectionum. Et secundum hoc,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2778 superbia dicitur esse amor propriae excellentiae, inquantum ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2779 amore causatur inordinata praesumptio alios superandi, quod proprie
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2780 pertinet ad superbiam.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 4</h3><p title="II-II q. 162 a. 4 arg. 1"><a name="45542"><span class="ref">[45542] IIª-IIae, q. 162 a. 4 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2781 quartum sic proceditur. Videtur quod inconvenienter assignentur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2782 quatuor superbiae species quas Gregorius assignat, XXIII Moral.,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2783 dicens, <i>quatuor quippe sunt species quibus omnis tumor
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2784 arrogantium demonstratur, cum bonum aut a semetipsis habere se
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2785 aestimant; aut, si sibi datum desuper credunt, pro suis hoc
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2786 accepisse meritis putant; aut cum iactant se habere quod non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2787 habent; aut, despectis ceteris, singulariter videri appetunt habere
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2788 quod habent</i>. Superbia enim est vitium distinctum ab
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2789 infidelitate, sicut etiam humilitas est virtus distincta a fide.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2790 Sed quod aliquis existimet bonum se non habere a Deo, vel quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2791 bonum gratiae habeat ex meritis propriis, ad infidelitatem
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2792 pertinet. Ergo non debent poni species superbiae.</p><p title="II-II q. 162 a. 4 arg. 2"><a name="45543"><span class="ref">[45543] IIª-IIae, q. 162 a. 4 arg. 2</span></a>
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2793 Praeterea, idem non debet poni species diversorum generum. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2794 iactantia ponitur species mendacii, ut supra habitum est. Non ergo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2795 debet poni species superbiae.</p><p title="II-II q. 162 a. 4 arg. 3"><a name="45544"><span class="ref">[45544] IIª-IIae, q. 162 a. 4 arg. 3</span></a>
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2796 Praeterea, quaedam alia videntur ad superbiam pertinere quae hic
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2797 non connumerantur. Dicit enim Hieronymus quod <i>nihil est tam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2798 superbum quam ingratum videri</i>. Et Augustinus dicit, XIV de Civ.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2799 Dei, quod excusare se de peccato commisso ad superbiam pertinet.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2800 Praesumptio etiam, qua quis tendit ad assequendum aliquid quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2801 supra se est, maxime ad superbiam pertinere videtur. Non ergo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2802 sufficienter praedicta divisio comprehendit superbiae species.</p><p title="II-II q. 162 a. 4 arg. 4"><a name="45545"><span class="ref">[45545] IIª-IIae, q. 162 a. 4 arg. 4</span></a>
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2803 Praeterea, inveniuntur aliae divisiones superbiae. Dividit enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2804 Anselmus exaltationem superbiae, dicens quod quaedam est in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2805 voluntate, quaedam in sermone, quaedam in operatione. Bernardus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2806 etiam ponit duodecim gradus superbiae, qui sunt, <i>curiositas,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2807 mentis levitas, inepta laetitia, iactantia, singularitas,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2808 arrogantia, praesumptio, defensio peccatorum, simulata confessio,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2809 rebellio, libertas, peccandi consuetudo</i>. Quae non videntur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2810 comprehendi sub speciebus a Gregorio assignatis. Ergo videtur quod
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2811 inconvenienter assignentur.</p><p title="II-II q. 162 a. 4 s. c."><a name="45546"><span class="ref">[45546] IIª-IIae, q. 162 a. 4 s. c.</span></a> In
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2812 contrarium sufficiat auctoritas Gregorii.</p><p title="II-II q. 162 a. 4 co."><a name="45547"><span class="ref">[45547] IIª-IIae, q. 162 a. 4 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2813 dicendum quod, sicut dictum est, superbia importat immoderatum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2814 excellentiae appetitum, qui scilicet non est secundum rationem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2815 rectam. Est autem considerandum quod quaelibet excellentia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2816 consequitur aliquod bonum habitum. Quod quidem potest considerari
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2817 tripliciter. Uno modo, secundum se. Manifestum est enim quod quanto
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2818 maius est bonum quod quis habet, tanto per hoc maiorem excellentiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2819 consequitur. Et ideo cum aliquis attribuit sibi maius bonum quam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2820 habeat, consequens est quod eius appetitus tendit in excellentiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2821 propriam ultra modum sibi convenientem. Et sic est tertia superbiae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2822 species, cum scilicet aliquis iactat se habere quod non habet. Alio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2823 modo, ex parte causae, prout excellentius est quod aliquod bonum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2824 insit alicui a seipso, quam quod insit ei ab alio. Et ideo cum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2825 aliquis aestimat bonum quod habet ab alio, ac si haberet a seipso,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2826 fertur per consequens appetitus eius in propriam excellentiam supra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2827 suum modum. Est autem dupliciter aliquis causa sui boni, uno modo,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2828 efficienter; alio modo, meritorie. Et secundum hoc sumuntur duae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2829 primae superbiae species, scilicet, cum quis a semetipso habere
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2830 aestimat quod a Deo habet; vel, cum propriis meritis sibi datum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2831 desuper credit. Tertio modo, ex parte modi habendi, prout
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2832 excellentior aliquis redditur ex hoc quod aliquod bonum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2833 excellentius ceteris possidet. Unde et ex hoc etiam fertur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2834 inordinate appetitus in propriam excellentiam. Et secundum hoc
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2835 sumitur quarta species superbiae, quae est cum aliquis, despectis
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2836 ceteris, singulariter vult videri.</p><p title="II-II q. 162 a. 4 ad 1"><a name="45548"><span class="ref">[45548] IIª-IIae, q. 162 a. 4 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2837 ergo dicendum quod vera existimatio potest corrumpi dupliciter. Uno
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2838 modo, in universali. Et sic, in his quae ad finem pertinent,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2839 corrumpitur vera existimatio per infidelitatem. Alio modo, in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2840 aliquo particulari eligibili. Et hoc non facit infidelitatem. Sicut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2841 ille qui fornicatur, aestimat pro tempore illo bonum esse sibi
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2842 fornicari, nec tamen est infidelis, sicut esset si in universali
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2843 diceret fornicationem esse bonam. Et ita etiam est in proposito.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2844 Nam dicere in universali aliquod bonum esse quod non est a Deo, vel
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2845 gratiam hominibus pro meritis dari, pertinet ad infidelitatem. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2846 quod aliquis, ex inordinato appetitu propriae excellentiae, ita de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2847 bonis suis glorietur ac si ea a se haberet vel ex meritis propriis,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2848 pertinet ad superbiam, et non ad infidelitatem, proprie
53
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diff changeset
2849 loquendo.</p><p title="II-II q. 162 a. 4 ad 2"><a name="45549"><span class="ref">[45549] IIª-IIae, q. 162 a. 4 ad 2</span></a> Ad
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2850 secundum dicendum quod iactantia ponitur species mendacii quantum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2851 ad exteriorem actum, quo quis falso sibi attribuit quod non habet.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2852 Sed quantum ad interiorem cordis arrogantiam, ponitur a Gregorio
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2853 species superbiae.</p><p title="II-II q. 162 a. 4 ad 3"><a name="45550"><span class="ref">[45550] IIª-IIae, q. 162 a. 4 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2854 dicendum quod ingratus est qui sibi attribuit quod ab alio habet.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2855 Unde duae primae superbiae species ad ingratitudinem pertinent.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2856 Quod autem aliquis se excuset de peccato quod habet, pertinet ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2857 tertiam speciem, quia per hoc aliquis sibi attribuit bonum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2858 innocentiae, quod non habet. Quod autem aliquis praesumptuose
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2859 tendit in id quod supra ipsum est, praecipue videtur ad quartam
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2860 speciem pertinere, secundum quam aliquis vult aliis praeferri.</p><p title="II-II q. 162 a. 4 ad 4"><a name="45551"><span class="ref">[45551] IIª-IIae, q. 162 a. 4 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2861 dicendum quod illa tria quae ponit Anselmus, accipiuntur secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2862 progressum peccati cuiuslibet, quod primo, corde concipitur;
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2863 secundo, ore profertur; tertio, opere perficitur. Illa autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2864 duodecim quae ponit Bernardus, sumuntur per oppositum ad duodecim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2865 gradus humilitatis, de quibus supra habitum est. Nam primus gradus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2866 humilitatis est, corde et corpore semper humilitatem ostendere,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2867 defixis in terram aspectibus. Cui opponitur curiositas, per quam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2868 aliquis curiose ubique et inordinate circumspicit. Secundus gradus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2869 humilitatis est, ut pauca verba et rationabilia loquatur aliquis,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2870 non clamosa voce. Contra quem opponitur levitas mentis, per quam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2871 scilicet homo superbe se habet in verbo. Tertius gradus humilitatis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2872 est, ut non sit facilis aut promptus in risu. Cui opponitur inepta
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2873 laetitia. Quartus gradus humilitatis est taciturnitas usque ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2874 interrogationem. Cui opponitur iactantia. Quintus gradus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2875 humilitatis est, tenere quod communis regula monasterii habet. Cui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2876 opponitur singularitas, per quam scilicet aliquis sanctior vult
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2877 apparere. Sextus gradus humilitatis est, credere et pronuntiare se
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2878 omnibus viliorem. Cui opponitur arrogantia, per quam scilicet homo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2879 se aliis praefert. Septimus gradus humilitatis est, ad omnia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2880 inutilem et indignum se confiteri et credere. Cui opponitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2881 praesumptio, per quam scilicet aliquis reputat se sufficientem ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2882 maiora. Octavus gradus humilitatis est confessio peccatorum. Cui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2883 opponitur defensio peccatorum. Nonus gradus est, in duris et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2884 asperis patientiam amplecti. Cui opponitur simulata confessio, per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2885 quam scilicet aliquis non vult subire poenam pro peccatis, quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2886 simulate confitetur. Decimus gradus humilitatis est obedientia. Cui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2887 opponitur rebellio. Undecimus autem gradus est, ut homo non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2888 delectetur facere propriam voluntatem. Cui opponitur libertas, per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2889 quam scilicet homo delectatur libere facere quod vult. Ultimus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2890 autem gradus humilitatis est timor Dei. Cui opponitur peccandi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2891 consuetudo, quae implicat Dei contemptum. In his autem duodecim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2892 gradibus tanguntur non solum superbiae species, sed etiam quaedam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2893 antecedentia et consequentia, sicut etiam supra de humilitate
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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diff changeset
2894 dictum est.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 5</h3><p title="II-II q. 162 a. 5 arg. 1"><a name="45552"><span class="ref">[45552] IIª-IIae, q. 162 a. 5 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2895 quintum sic proceditur. Videtur quod superbia non sit peccatum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2896 mortale. Quia super illud Psalmi, <i>domine Deus meus si feci
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2897 istud</i>, dicit Glossa, scilicet universale peccatum, quod est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2898 superbia. Si igitur superbia esset peccatum mortale, omne peccatum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2899 esset mortale.</p><p title="II-II q. 162 a. 5 arg. 2"><a name="45553"><span class="ref">[45553] IIª-IIae, q. 162 a. 5 arg. 2</span></a>
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2900 Praeterea, omne peccatum contrariatur caritati. Sed peccatum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2901 superbiae non videtur contrariari caritati, neque quantum ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2902 dilectionem Dei, neque quantum ad dilectionem proximi, quia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2903 excellentia quam quis inordinate per superbiam appetit, non semper
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2904 contrariatur honori Dei aut utilitati proximi. Ergo superbia non
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2905 est peccatum mortale.</p><p title="II-II q. 162 a. 5 arg. 3"><a name="45554"><span class="ref">[45554] IIª-IIae, q. 162 a. 5 arg. 3</span></a>
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2906 Praeterea, omne peccatum mortale contrariatur virtuti. Sed superbia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2907 non contrariatur virtuti, sed potius ex ea oritur, quia, ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2908 Gregorius dicit, XXXIV Moral., <i>aliquando homo ex summis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2909 caelestibusque virtutibus intumescit</i>. Ergo superbia non est
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2910 peccatum mortale.</p><p title="II-II q. 162 a. 5 s. c."><a name="45555"><span class="ref">[45555] IIª-IIae, q. 162 a. 5 s. c.</span></a> Sed
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2911 contra est quod Gregorius, in eodem libro, dicit quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2912 <i>evidentissimum reproborum signum superbia est, at contra,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2913 humilitas electorum</i>. Sed homines non fiunt reprobi pro peccatis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2914 venialibus. Ergo superbia non est peccatum veniale, sed
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2915 mortale.</p><p title="II-II q. 162 a. 5 co."><a name="45556"><span class="ref">[45556] IIª-IIae, q. 162 a. 5 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2916 dicendum quod superbia humilitati opponitur. Humilitas autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2917 proprie respicit subiectionem hominis ad Deum, ut supra dictum est.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2918 Unde e contrario superbia proprie respicit defectum huius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2919 subiectionis, secundum scilicet quod aliquis se extollit supra id
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2920 quod est sibi praefixum secundum divinam regulam vel mensuram;
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2921 contra id quod apostolus dicit, <i>nos autem non in immensum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2922 gloriamur, sed secundum mensuram qua mensus est nobis Deus</i>. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2923 ideo dicitur Eccli. X, quod <i>initium superbiae hominis est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2924 apostatare a Deo</i>, scilicet, in hoc radix superbiae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2925 consideratur, quod homo aliqualiter non subditur Deo et regulae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2926 ipsius. Manifestum est autem quod hoc ipsum quod est non subiici
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2927 Deo, habet rationem peccati mortalis, hoc enim est averti a Deo.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2928 Unde consequens est quod superbia, secundum suum genus, sit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2929 peccatum mortale. Sicut tamen in aliis quae ex suo genere sunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2930 peccata mortalia, puta in fornicatione et adulterio, sunt aliqui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2931 motus qui sunt peccata venialia propter eorum imperfectionem, quia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2932 scilicet praeveniunt rationis iudicium et sunt praeter eius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2933 consensum; ita etiam et circa superbiam accidit quod aliqui motus
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2934 superbiae sunt peccata venialia, dum eis ratio non consentit.</p><p title="II-II q. 162 a. 5 ad 1"><a name="45557"><span class="ref">[45557] IIª-IIae, q. 162 a. 5 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2935 ergo dicendum quod, sicut supra dictum est, superbia non est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2936 universale peccatum secundum suam essentiam, sed per quandam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2937 redundantiam, inquantum scilicet ex superbia omnia peccata oriri
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2938 possunt. Unde non sequitur quod omnia peccata sint mortalia, sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2939 solum quando oriuntur ex superbia completa, quam diximus esse
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2940 peccatum mortale.</p><p title="II-II q. 162 a. 5 ad 2"><a name="45558"><span class="ref">[45558] IIª-IIae, q. 162 a. 5 ad 2</span></a> Ad
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2941 secundum dicendum quod superbia semper quidem contrariatur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2942 dilectioni divinae, inquantum scilicet superbus non se subiicit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2943 divinae regulae prout debet. Et quandoque etiam contrariatur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2944 dilectioni proximi, inquantum scilicet aliquis inordinate se
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2945 praefert proximo, aut ab eius subiectione se subtrahit. In quo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2946 etiam derogatur divinae regulae, ex qua sunt hominum ordines
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2947 instituti, prout scilicet unus eorum sub alio esse debet.</p><p title="II-II q. 162 a. 5 ad 3"><a name="45559"><span class="ref">[45559] IIª-IIae, q. 162 a. 5 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2948 dicendum quod superbia non oritur ex virtutibus sicut ex causa per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2949 se, sed sicut ex causa per accidens, inquantum scilicet aliquis ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2950 virtutibus occasiones superbiae sumit. Nihil autem prohibet quin
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2951 unum contrariorum sit alterius causa per accidens, ut dicitur in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2952 VIII Physic. Unde etiam et de ipsa humilitate aliqui
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2953 superbiunt.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 6</h3><p title="II-II q. 162 a. 6 arg. 1"><a name="45560"><span class="ref">[45560] IIª-IIae, q. 162 a. 6 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2954 sextum sic proceditur. Videtur quod superbia non sit gravissimum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2955 peccatorum. Quanto enim aliquod peccatum difficilius cavetur, tanto
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2956 videtur esse levius. Sed superbia difficillime cavetur, quia sicut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2957 Augustinus dicit, in regula, <i>cetera peccata in malis operibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2958 exercentur, ut fiant, superbia vero bonis operibus insidiatur, ut
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2959 pereant</i>. Ergo superbia non est gravissimum peccatum.</p><p title="II-II q. 162 a. 6 arg. 2"><a name="45561"><span class="ref">[45561] IIª-IIae, q. 162 a. 6 arg. 2</span></a>
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2960 <i>Praeterea, maius malum maiori bono opponitur</i>, ut philosophus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2961 dicit, in VIII Ethic. Sed humilitas, cui opponitur superbia, non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2962 est maxima virtutum, ut supra habitum est. Ergo et vitia quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2963 opponuntur maioribus virtutibus, puta infidelitas, desperatio,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2964 odium Dei, homicidium, et alia huiusmodi, sunt graviora peccata
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2965 quam superbia.</p><p title="II-II q. 162 a. 6 arg. 3"><a name="45562"><span class="ref">[45562] IIª-IIae, q. 162 a. 6 arg. 3</span></a>
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2966 Praeterea, maius malum non punitur per minus malum. Sed superbia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2967 interdum punitur per alia peccata, ut patet Rom. I, ubi dicitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2968 quod philosophi propter elationem cordis <i>traditi sunt in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2969 reprobum sensum, ut faciant quae non conveniunt</i>. Ergo superbia
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2970 non est gravissimum peccatorum.</p><p title="II-II q. 162 a. 6 s. c."><a name="45563"><span class="ref">[45563] IIª-IIae, q. 162 a. 6 s. c.</span></a> Sed
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2971 contra est quod super illud Psalmi, <i>superbi inique agebant
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2972 usquequaque</i>, dicit Glossa, <i>maximum peccatum in homine est
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2973 superbia</i>.</p><p title="II-II q. 162 a. 6 co."><a name="45564"><span class="ref">[45564] IIª-IIae, q. 162 a. 6 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2974 dicendum quod in peccato duo attenduntur, scilicet conversio ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2975 commutabile bonum, quae materialiter se habet in peccato; et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2976 aversio a bono incommutabili, quae est formalis et completiva
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2977 peccati. Ex parte autem conversionis, non habet superbia quod sit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2978 maximum peccatorum, quia celsitudo, quam superbus inordinate
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2979 appetit, secundum suam rationem non habet maximam repugnantiam ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2980 bonum virtutis. Sed ex parte aversionis, superbia habet maximam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2981 gravitatem, quia in aliis peccatis homo a Deo avertitur vel propter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2982 ignorantiam, vel propter infirmitatem, sive propter desiderium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2983 cuiuscumque alterius boni; sed superbia habet aversionem a Deo ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2984 hoc ipso quod non vult Deo et eius regulae subiici. Unde Boetius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2985 dicit quod, <i>cum omnia vitia fugiant a Deo, sola superbia se Deo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2986 opponit</i>. Propter quod etiam specialiter dicitur Iac. IV, quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2987 <i>Deus superbis resistit</i>. Et ideo averti a Deo et eius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2988 praeceptis, quod est quasi consequens in aliis peccatis, per se ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2989 superbiam pertinet, cuius actus est Dei contemptus. Et quia id quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2990 est per se, semper est potius eo quod est per aliud, consequens est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2991 quod superbia sit gravissimum peccatorum secundum suum genus, quia
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2992 excedit in aversione, quae formaliter complet peccatum.</p><p title="II-II q. 162 a. 6 ad 1"><a name="45565"><span class="ref">[45565] IIª-IIae, q. 162 a. 6 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2993 ergo dicendum quod aliquod peccatum difficile cavetur dupliciter.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2994 Uno modo, propter vehementiam impugnationis, sicut ira vehementer
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2995 impugnat propter suum impetum. Et adhuc difficilius est resistere
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2996 concupiscentiae, propter eius connaturalitatem, ut dicitur in II
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2997 Ethic. Et talis difficultas vitandi peccatum gravitatem peccati
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2998 diminuit, quia quanto aliquis minoris tentationis impetu cadit,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2999 tanto gravius peccat, ut Augustinus dicit. Alio modo difficile est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3000 vitare aliquod peccatum propter eius latentiam. Et hoc modo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3001 superbiam difficile est vitare, quia etiam ex ipsis bonis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3002 occasionem sumit, ut dictum est. Et ideo signanter Augustinus dicit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3003 quod bonis operibus insidiatur et in Psalmo dicitur, <i>in via hac
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3004 qua ambulabam, absconderunt superbi laqueum mihi</i>. Et ideo motus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3005 superbiae occulte subrepens non habet maximam gravitatem, antequam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3006 per iudicium rationis deprehendatur. Sed postquam deprehensus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3007 fuerit per rationem, tunc facile evitatur. Tum ex consideratione
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3008 propriae infirmitatis, secundum illud Eccli. X, quid superbit terra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3009 et cinis? Tum etiam ex consideratione magnitudinis divinae,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3010 secundum illud Iob XV, quid tumet contra Deum spiritus tuus? Tum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3011 etiam ex imperfectione bonorum de quibus homo superbit, secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3012 illud Isaiae XL, <i>omnis caro faenum, et omnis gloria eius quasi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3013 flos agri</i>; et infra, LXIV, <i>quasi pannus menstruatae
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
3014 universae iustitiae nostrae</i>.</p><p title="II-II q. 162 a. 6 ad 2"><a name="45566"><span class="ref">[45566] IIª-IIae, q. 162 a. 6 ad 2</span></a> Ad
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3015 secundum dicendum quod oppositio vitii ad virtutem attenditur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3016 secundum obiectum, quod consideratur ex parte conversionis. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3017 secundum hoc superbia non habet quod sit maximum peccatorum, sicut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3018 nec humilitas quod sit maxima virtutum. Sed ex parte aversionis est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3019 maximum, utpote aliis peccatis magnitudinem praestans. Nam per hoc
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3020 ipsum infidelitatis peccatum gravius redditur, si ex superbiae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3021 contemptu procedat, quam si ex ignorantia vel infirmitate
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3022 proveniat. Et idem dicendum est de desperatione et aliis
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3023 huiusmodi.</p><p title="II-II q. 162 a. 6 ad 3"><a name="45567"><span class="ref">[45567] IIª-IIae, q. 162 a. 6 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3024 dicendum quod, sicut in syllogismis ducentibus ad impossibile
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3025 quandoque aliquis convincitur per hoc quod ducitur ad inconveniens
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3026 magis manifestum; ita etiam, ad convincendum superbiam hominum,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3027 Deus aliquos punit permittens eos ruere in peccata carnalia, quae,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3028 etsi sint minora, tamen manifestiorem turpitudinem continent. Unde
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3029 Isidorus dicit, in libro de summo bono, <i>omni vitio deteriorem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3030 esse superbiam, seu propter quod a summis personis et primis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3031 assumitur; seu quod de opere iustitiae et virtutis exoritur,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3032 minusque culpa eius sentitur. Luxuria vero carnis ideo notabilis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3033 omnibus est, quoniam statim per se turpis est. Et tamen,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3034 dispensante Deo, superbia minor est, sed qui detinetur superbia et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3035 non sentit, labitur in carnis luxuriam, ut per hanc humiliatus, a
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3036 confusione exurgat</i>. Ex quo etiam patet gravitas peccati
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3037 superbiae. Sicut enim medicus sapiens in remedium maioris morbi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3038 patitur infirmum in leviorem morbum incidere, ita etiam peccatum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3039 superbiae gravius esse ostenditur ex hoc ipso quod pro eius remedio
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3040 Deus permittit ruere hominem in alia peccata.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 7</h3><p title="II-II q. 162 a. 7 arg. 1"><a name="45568"><span class="ref">[45568] IIª-IIae, q. 162 a. 7 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3041 septimum sic proceditur. Videtur quod superbia non sit primum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3042 omnium peccatorum. Primum enim salvatur in omnibus consequentibus.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3043 Sed non omnia peccata sunt cum superbia, nec oriuntur ex superbia,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3044 dicit enim Augustinus, in libro de Nat. et gratia, quod <i>multa
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3045 perperam fiunt quae non fiunt superbe</i>. Ergo superbia non est
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3046 primum omnium peccatorum.</p><p title="II-II q. 162 a. 7 arg. 2"><a name="45569"><span class="ref">[45569] IIª-IIae, q. 162 a. 7 arg. 2</span></a>
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3047 Praeterea, Eccli. X dicitur quod <i>initium superbiae est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3048 apostatare a Deo</i>. Ergo apostasia a Deo est prius quam
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3049 superbia.</p><p title="II-II q. 162 a. 7 arg. 3"><a name="45570"><span class="ref">[45570] IIª-IIae, q. 162 a. 7 arg. 3</span></a>
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3050 Praeterea, ordo peccatorum esse videtur secundum ordinem virtutum.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3051 Sed humilitas non est prima virtutum, sed magis fides. Ergo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3052 superbia non est primum peccatorum.</p><p title="II-II q. 162 a. 7 arg. 4"><a name="45571"><span class="ref">[45571] IIª-IIae, q. 162 a. 7 arg. 4</span></a>
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3053 Praeterea, II ad Tim. III, dicitur, <i>mali homines et seductores
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3054 proficiunt in peius</i>, et ita videtur quod principium malitiae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3055 hominis non sit a maximo peccatorum. Sed superbia est maximum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3056 peccatorum, ut dictum est. Non est igitur primum peccatum.</p><p title="II-II q. 162 a. 7 arg. 5"><a name="45572"><span class="ref">[45572] IIª-IIae, q. 162 a. 7 arg. 5</span></a>
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3057 Praeterea, id quod est secundum apparentiam et fictionem, est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3058 posterius eo quod est secundum veritatem. Sed philosophus dicit, in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3059 III Ethic., quod <i>superbus est fictor fortitudinis et
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3060 audaciae</i>. Ergo vitium audaciae est prius vitio superbiae.</p><p title="II-II q. 162 a. 7 s. c."><a name="45573"><span class="ref">[45573] IIª-IIae, q. 162 a. 7 s. c.</span></a> Sed
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3061 contra est quod dicitur Eccli. X, <i>initium omnis peccati
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3062 superbia</i>.</p><p title="II-II q. 162 a. 7 co."><a name="45574"><span class="ref">[45574] IIª-IIae, q. 162 a. 7 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3063 dicendum quod illud quod est per se, est primum in quolibet genere.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3064 Dictum est autem supra quod aversio a Deo, quae formaliter complet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3065 rationem peccati, pertinet ad superbiam per se, ad alia autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3066 peccata ex consequenti. Et inde est quod superbia habet rationem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3067 primi; et est etiam principium omnium peccatorum, ut supra dictum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3068 est, cum de causis peccati ageretur, ex parte aversionis, quae est
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3069 principalior in peccato.</p><p title="II-II q. 162 a. 7 ad 1"><a name="45575"><span class="ref">[45575] IIª-IIae, q. 162 a. 7 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3070 ergo dicendum quod superbia dicitur esse omnis peccati initium, non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3071 quia quodlibet peccatum singulariter ex superbia oriatur, sed quia
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3072 quodlibet genus peccati natum est ex superbia oriri.</p><p title="II-II q. 162 a. 7 ad 2"><a name="45576"><span class="ref">[45576] IIª-IIae, q. 162 a. 7 ad 2</span></a> Ad
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3073 secundum dicendum quod apostatare a Deo dicitur esse superbiae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3074 humanae initium, non quasi aliquod aliud peccatum a superbia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3075 existens, sed quia est prima superbiae pars. Dictum est enim quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3076 superbia principaliter respicit subiectionem divinam, quam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3077 contemnit, ex consequenti autem contemnit subiici creaturae propter
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3078 Deum.</p><p title="II-II q. 162 a. 7 ad 3"><a name="45577"><span class="ref">[45577] IIª-IIae, q. 162 a. 7 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3079 dicendum quod non oportet esse eundem ordinem virtutum et vitiorum.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3080 Nam vitium est corruptivum virtutis. Id autem quod est primum in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3081 generatione, est postremum in corruptione. Et ideo, sicut fides est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3082 prima virtutum, ita infidelitas est ultimum peccatorum, ad quam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3083 homo quandoque per alia peccata perducitur. Super illud Psalmi,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3084 <i>exinanite, exinanite usque ad fundamentum in ea</i>, dicit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3085 Glossa quod <i>coacervatione vitiorum subrepit diffidentia</i>. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3086 apostolus dicit, I ad Tim. I, quod <i>quidam, repellentes
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3087 conscientiam bonam, circa fidem naufragaverunt</i>.</p><p title="II-II q. 162 a. 7 ad 4"><a name="45578"><span class="ref">[45578] IIª-IIae, q. 162 a. 7 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3088 dicendum quod superbia dicitur esse gravissimum peccatum ex eo quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3089 per se competit peccato, ex quo attenditur gravitas in peccato. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3090 ideo superbia causat gravitatem aliorum peccatorum. Contingit ergo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3091 ante superbiam esse aliqua peccata leviora, quae scilicet ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3092 ignorantia vel infirmitate committuntur. Sed inter gravia peccata
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3093 primum est superbia, sicut causa per quam alia peccata aggravantur.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3094 Et quia id quod est primum in causando, est etiam ultimum in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3095 recedendo; ideo super illud Psalmi, <i>emundabor a delicto
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3096 maximo</i>, dicit Glossa, <i>hoc est, a delicto superbiae, quod est
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3097 ultimum redeuntibus ad Deum, et primum recedentibus</i>.</p><p title="II-II q. 162 a. 7 ad 5"><a name="45579"><span class="ref">[45579] IIª-IIae, q. 162 a. 7 ad 5</span></a> Ad quintum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3098 dicendum quod philosophus ponit superbiam circa fictionem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3099 fortitudinis, non quia solum in hoc consistat, sed quia per hoc
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3100 homo maxime reputat se posse excellentiam apud homines consequi, si
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3101 audax vel fortis videatur.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 8</h3><p title="II-II q. 162 a. 8 arg. 1"><a name="45580"><span class="ref">[45580] IIª-IIae, q. 162 a. 8 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3102 octavum sic proceditur. Videtur quod superbia debeat poni vitium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3103 capitale. Isidorus enim, et etiam Cassianus, enumerant superbiam
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3104 inter vitia capitalia.</p><p title="II-II q. 162 a. 8 arg. 2"><a name="45581"><span class="ref">[45581] IIª-IIae, q. 162 a. 8 arg. 2</span></a>
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3105 Praeterea, superbia videtur esse idem inani gloriae, quia utraque
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3106 excellentiam quaerit. Sed inanis gloria ponitur vitium capitale.
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3107 Ergo etiam superbia debet poni vitium capitale.</p><p title="II-II q. 162 a. 8 arg. 3"><a name="45582"><span class="ref">[45582] IIª-IIae, q. 162 a. 8 arg. 3</span></a>
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3108 Praeterea, Augustinus dicit, in libro de Virginit., quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3109 <i>superbia invidiam parit, nec unquam est sine tali comite</i>.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3110 Sed invidia ponitur vitium capitale, ut supra habitum est. Ergo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3111 multo magis superbia.</p><p title="II-II q. 162 a. 8 s. c."><a name="45583"><span class="ref">[45583] IIª-IIae, q. 162 a. 8 s. c.</span></a> Sed
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3112 contra est quod Gregorius, XXXI Moral., non enumerat superbiam
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3113 inter vitia capitalia.</p><p title="II-II q. 162 a. 8 co."><a name="45584"><span class="ref">[45584] IIª-IIae, q. 162 a. 8 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3114 dicendum quod, sicut ex supra dictis patet, superbia dupliciter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3115 considerari potest, uno modo, secundum se, prout scilicet est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3116 quoddam speciale peccatum; alio modo, secundum quod habet quandam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3117 universalem influentiam in omnia peccata. Vitia autem capitalia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3118 ponuntur esse quaedam specialia peccata, ex quibus multa genera
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3119 peccatorum oriuntur. Et ideo quidam, considerantes superbiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3120 secundum quod est quoddam speciale peccatum, connumeraverunt eam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3121 aliis vitiis capitalibus. Gregorius vero, considerans universalem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3122 eius influentiam quam habet in omnia vitia, ut dictum est, non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3123 connumeravit eam aliis capitalibus vitiis, sed posuit eam reginam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3124 omnium vitiorum et matrem. Unde Gregorius dicit, in XXXI Moral.,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3125 <i>ipsa vitiorum regina superbia, cum devictum plene cor ceperit,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3126 mox illud septem principalibus vitiis, quasi quibusdam suis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3127 ducibus, devastandum tradit, ex quibus vitiorum multitudines
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3128 oriuntur</i>.</p><p title="II-II q. 162 a. 8 ad 1"><a name="45585"><span class="ref">[45585] IIª-IIae, q. 162 a. 8 ad 1</span></a> Et per hoc
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
3129 patet responsio ad primum.</p><p title="II-II q. 162 a. 8 ad 2"><a name="45586"><span class="ref">[45586] IIª-IIae, q. 162 a. 8 ad 2</span></a> Ad
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3130 secundum dicendum quod superbia non est idem inani gloriae, sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3131 causa eius. Nam superbia inordinate excellentiam appetit, sed
53
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diff changeset
3132 inanis gloria appetit excellentiae manifestationem.</p><p title="II-II q. 162 a. 8 ad 3"><a name="45587"><span class="ref">[45587] IIª-IIae, q. 162 a. 8 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3133 dicendum quod ex hoc quod invidia, quae est vitium capitale, oritur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3134 ex superbia, non sequitur quod superbia sit vitium capitale, sed
53
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diff changeset
3135 quod sit aliquid principalius capitalibus vitiis.</p></div></div><div class="q" id="q163"><h2>Quaestio 163</h2><div class="p"><h3>Prooemium</h3><p title="II-II q. 163 pr."><a name="45588"><span class="ref">[45588] IIª-IIae, q. 163 pr.</span></a> Deinde
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3136 considerandum est de peccato primi hominis, quod fuit per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3137 superbiam. Et primo, de peccato eius; secundo, de poena peccati;
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3138 tertio, de tentatione qua inductus est ad peccandum. Circa primum
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3139 quaeruntur quatuor. Primo, utrum primum peccatum hominis fuerit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3140 superbia. Secundo, quid primus homo peccando appetierit. Tertio,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3141 utrum eius peccatum fuerit gravius omnibus aliis peccatis. Quarto,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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diff changeset
3142 quis plus peccaverit, utrum vir vel mulier.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 1</h3><p title="II-II q. 163 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="45589"><span class="ref">[45589] IIª-IIae, q. 163 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3143 primum sic proceditur. Videtur quod superbia non fuerit primi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3144 hominis peccatum. Dicit enim apostolus, Rom. V, quod <i>per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3145 inobedientiam unius hominis peccatores constituti sunt multi</i>.
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3146 Sed primi hominis peccatum est ex quo omnes peccatores constituti
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3147 sunt originali peccato. Ergo inobedientia fuit primi hominis
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
3148 peccatum, et non superbia.</p><p title="II-II q. 163 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="45590"><span class="ref">[45590] IIª-IIae, q. 163 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a>
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3149 Praeterea, Ambrosius dicit, super Luc., quod eo ordine Diabolus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3150 Christum tentavit quo primum hominem deiecit. Sed Christus primo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3151 tentatus est de gula, ut patet Matth. IV, cum ei dictum est, <i>si
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3152 filius Dei es, dic ut lapides isti panes fiant</i>. Ergo primum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
3153 peccatum primi hominis non fuit superbia, sed gula.</p><p title="II-II q. 163 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="45591"><span class="ref">[45591] IIª-IIae, q. 163 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a>
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3154 Praeterea, homo Diabolo suggerente peccavit. Sed Diabolus tentans
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3155 hominem scientiam repromisit, ut patet Gen. III. Ergo prima
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3156 inordinatio hominis fuit per appetitum scientiae, quod pertinet ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3157 curiositatem. Ergo curiositas fuit peccatum primum, et non
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3158 superbia.</p><p title="II-II q. 163 a. 1 arg. 4"><a name="45592"><span class="ref">[45592] IIª-IIae, q. 163 a. 1 arg. 4</span></a>
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3159 Praeterea, super illud I ad Tim. II, <i>mulier seducta in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3160 praevaricatione fuit</i>, dicit Glossa, <i>hanc seductionem proprie
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3161 appellavit apostolus, per quam id quod suadebatur, cum falsum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3162 esset, verum putatum est, scilicet quod Deus lignum illud ideo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3163 tangere prohibuerit, quod sciebat eos, si tetigissent, velut deos
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3164 futuros; tanquam eis divinitatem invideret qui eos homines
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3165 fecerat</i>. Sed hoc credere pertinet ad infidelitatem. Ergo primum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
3166 peccatum hominis fuit infidelitas, et non superbia.</p><p title="II-II q. 163 a. 1 s. c."><a name="45593"><span class="ref">[45593] IIª-IIae, q. 163 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3167 contra est quod dicitur Eccli. X, <i>initium omnis peccati
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3168 superbia</i>. Sed peccatum primi hominis est initium omnis peccati,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3169 secundum illud Rom. V, <i>per unum hominem peccatum in hunc mundum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
3170 intravit</i>. Ergo primum peccatum hominis fuit superbia.</p><p title="II-II q. 163 a. 1 co."><a name="45594"><span class="ref">[45594] IIª-IIae, q. 163 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3171 dicendum quod ad unum peccatum multi motus concurrere possunt,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3172 inter quos ille habet rationem primi peccati in quo primo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3173 inordinatio invenitur. Manifestum est autem quod primo invenitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3174 inordinatio in motu interiori animae quam in actu exteriori
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3175 corporis, quia, ut Augustinus dicit, in I de Civ. Dei, <i>non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3176 amittitur corporis sanctitas manente animae sanctitate</i>. Inter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3177 motus autem interiores, prius movetur appetitus in finem quam in id
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3178 quod quaeritur propter finem. Et ideo ibi fuit primum peccatum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3179 hominis ubi potuit esse primus appetitus inordinati finis. Sic
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3180 autem homo erat in statu innocentiae institutus ut nulla esset
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3181 rebellio carnis ad spiritum. Unde non potuit esse prima inordinatio
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3182 appetitus humani ex hoc quod appetierit aliquod sensibile bonum, in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3183 quod carnis concupiscentia tendit praeter ordinem rationis.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3184 Relinquitur igitur quod prima inordinatio appetitus humani fuit ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3185 hoc quod aliquod bonum spirituale inordinate appetiit. Non autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3186 inordinate appetivisset, appetendo illud secundum suam mensuram ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3187 divina regula praestitutam. Unde relinquitur quod primum peccatum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3188 eius fuit in hoc quod appetiit quoddam spirituale bonum supra suam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3189 mensuram. Quod pertinet ad superbiam. Unde manifestum est quod
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3190 primum peccatum hominis fuit superbia.</p><p title="II-II q. 163 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="45595"><span class="ref">[45595] IIª-IIae, q. 163 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3191 ergo dicendum quod hoc quod homo divino praecepto non obediret, non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3192 fuit propter se ab eo volitum, quia hoc non posset contingere nisi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3193 praesupposita inordinatione voluntatis. Relinquitur ergo quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3194 voluerit propter aliquid aliud. Primum autem quod inordinate voluit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3195 fuit propria excellentia. Et ideo inobedientia in eo causata fuit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3196 ex superbia. Et hoc est quod Augustinus dicit, ad Orosium, quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3197 <i>homo elatus superbia, suasioni serpentis obediens, praecepta Dei
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
3198 contempsit</i>.</p><p title="II-II q. 163 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="45596"><span class="ref">[45596] IIª-IIae, q. 163 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3199 secundum dicendum quod in peccato primorum parentum etiam gula
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3200 locum habuit, dicitur enim Gen. III, <i>vidit mulier quod lignum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3201 esset bonum ad vescendum, et pulchrum oculis, aspectuque
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3202 delectabile, et tulit de fructu eius, et comedit</i>. Non tamen
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3203 ipsa bonitas et pulchritudo cibi fuit primum motivum ad peccandum,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3204 sed potius suasio serpentis, qui dixit, <i>aperientur oculi vestri,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3205 et eritis sicut dii</i>; quod appetendo, superbiam mulier incurrit.
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
3206 Et ideo peccatum gulae derivatum est ex peccato superbiae.</p><p title="II-II q. 163 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="45597"><span class="ref">[45597] IIª-IIae, q. 163 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3207 dicendum quod appetitus scientiae causatus fuit in primis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3208 parentibus ex inordinato appetitu excellentiae. Unde et in verbis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3209 serpentis praemittitur, eritis sicut dii; et postea subditur,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
3210 scientes bonum et malum.</p><p title="II-II q. 163 a. 1 ad 4"><a name="45598"><span class="ref">[45598] IIª-IIae, q. 163 a. 1 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3211 dicendum quod, sicut Augustinus dicit, XI super Gen. ad Litt.,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3212 <i>verbis serpentis mulier non crederet a bona atque utili re
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3213 divinitus se fuisse prohibitos, nisi iam inesset menti amor ille
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3214 propriae potestatis, et quaedam de se superba praesumptio</i>. Quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3215 non est sic intelligendum quasi superbia praecesserit suasionem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3216 serpentis, sed quia statim post suasionem serpentis, invasit mentem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3217 eius elatio, ex qua consecutum est ut crederet verum esse quod
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
3218 Daemon dicebat.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 2</h3><p title="II-II q. 163 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="45599"><span class="ref">[45599] IIª-IIae, q. 163 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3219 secundum sic proceditur. Videtur quod superbia primi hominis non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3220 fuerit in hoc quod appetierit divinam similitudinem. Nullus enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3221 peccat appetendo id quod sibi competit secundum suam naturam. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3222 similitudo Dei competit homini secundum suam naturam, dicitur enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3223 Gen. I, <i>faciamus hominem ad imaginem et similitudinem
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3224 nostram</i>. Ergo non peccavit divinam similitudinem appetendo.</p><p title="II-II q. 163 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="45600"><span class="ref">[45600] IIª-IIae, q. 163 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a>
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3225 Praeterea, in hoc videtur primus homo divinam similitudinem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3226 appetiisse, ut scientia boni et mali potiretur, hoc enim ei a
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3227 serpente suggerebatur, <i>eritis sicut dii, scientes bonum et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3228 malum</i>. Sed appetitus scientiae est homini naturalis, secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3229 illud philosophi, in principio Metaphys., <i>omnes homines natura
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3230 scire desiderant</i>. Ergo non peccavit appetendo divinam
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3231 similitudinem.</p><p title="II-II q. 163 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="45601"><span class="ref">[45601] IIª-IIae, q. 163 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a>
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3232 Praeterea, nullus sapiens eligit id quod est impossibile. Primus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3233 autem homo sapientia praeditus erat, secundum illud Eccli. XVII,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3234 <i>disciplina intellectus replevit illos</i>. Cum ergo omne
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3235 peccatum consistat in appetitu deliberato, qui est electio, videtur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3236 quod primus homo non peccaverit appetendo aliquid impossibile. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3237 impossibile est esse hominem similem Deo, secundum illud Exodi XV,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3238 <i>quis similis tui in fortibus, domine?</i> Ergo primus homo non
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3239 peccavit appetendo divinam similitudinem.</p><p title="II-II q. 163 a. 2 s. c."><a name="45602"><span class="ref">[45602] IIª-IIae, q. 163 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3240 contra est quod super illud Psalmi, <i>quae non rapui, tunc
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3241 exsolvebam</i>, dicit Augustinus, <i>Adam et Eva rapere voluerunt
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3242 divinitatem, et perdiderunt felicitatem</i>.</p><p title="II-II q. 163 a. 2 co."><a name="45603"><span class="ref">[45603] IIª-IIae, q. 163 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3243 dicendum quod duplex est similitudo. Una omnimodae aequiparantiae.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3244 Et hanc similitudinem ad Deum primi parentes non appetierunt, quia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3245 talis similitudo ad Deum non cadit in apprehensione, praecipue
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3246 sapientis. Alia autem est similitudo imitationis, qualis possibilis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3247 est creaturae ad Deum, inquantum videlicet participat aliquid de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3248 similitudine ipsius secundum suum modum. Unde Dionysius dicit, in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3249 IX cap. de Div. Nom., <i>eadem similia sunt Deo, et dissimilia, hoc
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3250 quidem secundum contingentem imitationem; hoc autem secundum quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3251 causata minus habent a causa</i>. Quodlibet autem bonum in creatura
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3252 existens est quaedam participata similitudo primi boni. Et ideo ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3253 hoc ipso quod homo appetiit aliquod spirituale bonum supra suam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3254 mensuram, ut dictum est, consequens est quod appetierit divinam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3255 similitudinem inordinate. Considerandum tamen est quod appetitus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3256 proprie est rei non habitae. Bonum autem spirituale secundum quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3257 creatura rationalis participat divinam similitudinem, potest
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3258 secundum tria attendi. Primo quidem, secundum ipsum esse naturae.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3259 Et talis similitudo ab ipso creationis principio fuit impressa et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3260 homini, de quo dicitur, Gen. I, quod <i>fecit Deus hominem ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3261 imaginem et similitudinem suam</i>; et Angelo, de quo dicitur,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3262 Ezech. XXVIII, <i>tu signaculum similitudinis</i>. Secundo vero,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3263 quantum ad cognitionem. Et hanc etiam similitudinem in sui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3264 creatione Angelus accepit, unde in praemissis verbis, cum dictum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3265 esset, tu signaculum similitudinis, statim subditur, plenus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3266 sapientia. Sed primus homo in sua creatione istam similitudinem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3267 nondum actu adeptus erat, sed solum in potentia. Tertio, quantum ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3268 potestatem operandi. Et hanc similitudinem nondum erant in actu
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3269 assecuti neque Angelus neque homo in ipso creationis principio,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3270 quia utrique restabat aliquid agendum quo ad beatitudinem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3271 perveniret. Et ideo cum uterque, scilicet Diabolus et primus homo,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3272 inordinate divinam similitudinem appetierint, neuter eorum peccavit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3273 appetendo similitudinem naturae. Sed primus homo peccavit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3274 principaliter appetendo similitudinem Dei quantum ad scientiam boni
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3275 et mali, sicut serpens ei suggessit, ut scilicet per virtutem
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3276 propriae naturae determinaret sibi quid esset bonum et quid malum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3277 ad agendum; vel etiam ut per seipsum praecognosceret quid sibi boni
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3278 vel mali esset futurum. Et secundario peccavit appetendo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3279 similitudinem Dei quantum ad propriam potestatem operandi, ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3280 scilicet virtute propriae naturae operaretur ad beatitudinem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3281 consequendam, unde Augustinus dicit, XI super Gen. ad Litt., quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3282 <i>menti mulieris inhaesit amor propriae potestatis</i>. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3283 Diabolus peccavit appetendo similitudinem Dei quantum ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3284 potestatem, unde Augustinus dicit, in libro de vera Relig., quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3285 <i>magis voluit sua potentia frui quam Dei</i>. Veruntamen quantum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3286 ad aliquid uterque Deo aequiparari appetiit, inquantum scilicet
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3287 uterque sibi inniti voluit, contempto divinae regulae ordine.</p><p title="II-II q. 163 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="45604"><span class="ref">[45604] IIª-IIae, q. 163 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3288 ergo dicendum quod ratio illa procedit de similitudine naturae, ex
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3289 cuius appetitu homo non peccavit, ut dictum est.</p><p title="II-II q. 163 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="45605"><span class="ref">[45605] IIª-IIae, q. 163 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Ad
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3290 secundum dicendum quod appetere similitudinem Dei absolute quantum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3291 ad scientiam, non est peccatum. Sed appetere huiusmodi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3292 similitudinem inordinate, idest supra suam mensuram, peccatum est.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3293 Unde super illud Psalmi, <i>Deus quis similis erit tibi</i>, dicit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3294 Augustinus, <i>qui per se vult esse Deus, perverse vult esse
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3295 similis Deo, ut Diabolus, qui noluit sub eo esse; et homo, qui ut
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3296 servus noluit tenere praecepta</i>.</p><p title="II-II q. 163 a. 2 ad 3"><a name="45606"><span class="ref">[45606] IIª-IIae, q. 163 a. 2 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3297 dicendum quod ratio illa procedit de similitudine
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3298 aequiparantiae.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 3</h3><p title="II-II q. 163 a. 3 arg. 1"><a name="45607"><span class="ref">[45607] IIª-IIae, q. 163 a. 3 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3299 tertium sic proceditur. Videtur quod peccatum primorum parentum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3300 fuerit ceteris gravius. Dicit enim Augustinus, XIV de Civ. Dei,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3301 <i>magna fuit in peccando iniquitas, ubi tanta fuit in non peccando
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3302 facilitas</i>. Sed primi parentes maximam habuerunt facilitatem ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3303 non peccandum, quia nihil habebant intrinsecus quod eos ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3304 peccandum impelleret. Ergo peccatum primorum parentum fuit ceteris
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3305 gravius.</p><p title="II-II q. 163 a. 3 arg. 2"><a name="45608"><span class="ref">[45608] IIª-IIae, q. 163 a. 3 arg. 2</span></a>
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3306 Praeterea, poena proportionatur culpae. Sed peccatum primorum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3307 parentum gravissime est punitum, quia ex ipso mors introivit in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3308 hunc mundum, ut apostolus dicit, Rom. V. Ergo peccatum illud fuit
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
3309 gravius aliis peccatis.</p><p title="II-II q. 163 a. 3 arg. 3"><a name="45609"><span class="ref">[45609] IIª-IIae, q. 163 a. 3 arg. 3</span></a>
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3310 Praeterea, primum in quolibet genere videtur esse maximum, ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3311 dicitur in II Metaphys. Sed peccatum primorum parentum fuit primum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3312 inter alia peccata hominum. Ergo fuit maximum.</p><p title="II-II q. 163 a. 3 s. c."><a name="45610"><span class="ref">[45610] IIª-IIae, q. 163 a. 3 s. c.</span></a> Sed
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3313 contra est quod Origenes dicit, <i>non arbitror quod aliquis ex his
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3314 qui in summo perfectoque constiterunt gradu, ad subitum evacuetur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3315 ac decidat, sed paulatim et per partes defluere eum necesse
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3316 est</i>. Sed primi parentes in summo perfectoque gradu
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3317 consistebant. Non ergo eorum primum peccatum fuit maximum omnium
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3318 peccatorum.</p><p title="II-II q. 163 a. 3 co."><a name="45611"><span class="ref">[45611] IIª-IIae, q. 163 a. 3 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3319 dicendum quod duplex gravitas in peccato attendi potest. Una
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3320 quidem, ex ipsa specie peccati, sicut dicimus adulterium esse
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3321 gravius peccatum simplici fornicatione. Alia autem est gravitas
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3322 peccati quae attenditur secundum aliquam circumstantiam loci, vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3323 personae, aut temporis. Prima autem gravitas essentialior est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3324 peccato, et principalior. Unde secundum eam magis peccatum dicitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3325 grave quam secundum aliam. Dicendum est igitur quod peccatum primi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3326 hominis non fuit gravius omnibus aliis peccatis humanis secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3327 speciem peccati. Etsi enim superbia secundum suum genus habeat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3328 quandam excellentiam inter alia peccata, maior tamen est superbia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3329 qua quis Deum negat vel blasphemat, quam superbia qua quis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3330 inordinate divinam similitudinem appetit, qualis fuit superbia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3331 primorum parentum, ut dictum est. Sed secundum conditionem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3332 personarum peccantium, peccatum illud habuit maximam gravitatem,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3333 propter perfectionem status ipsorum. Et ideo dicendum est quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3334 illud peccatum fuit quidem secundum quid gravissimum, sed non
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3335 simpliciter.</p><p title="II-II q. 163 a. 3 ad 1"><a name="45612"><span class="ref">[45612] IIª-IIae, q. 163 a. 3 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3336 ergo dicendum quod ratio illa procedit de gravitate peccati ex
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3337 circumstantia peccantis.</p><p title="II-II q. 163 a. 3 ad 2"><a name="45613"><span class="ref">[45613] IIª-IIae, q. 163 a. 3 ad 2</span></a> Ad
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3338 secundum dicendum quod magnitudo poenae quae consecuta est ad illud
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3339 primum peccatum, non correspondet ei secundum quantitatem propriae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3340 speciei, sed inquantum fuit primum, quia ex hoc interrupta est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3341 innocentia primi status, qua subtracta, deordinata est tota natura
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3342 humana.</p><p title="II-II q. 163 a. 3 ad 3"><a name="45614"><span class="ref">[45614] IIª-IIae, q. 163 a. 3 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3343 dicendum quod in his quae sunt per se ordinata, oportet id quod est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3344 primum esse maximum. Talis autem ordo non attenditur in peccatis,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3345 sed unum per accidens sequitur post aliud. Unde non sequitur quod
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3346 primum peccatum sit maximum.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 4</h3><p title="II-II q. 163 a. 4 arg. 1"><a name="45615"><span class="ref">[45615] IIª-IIae, q. 163 a. 4 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3347 quartum sic proceditur. Videtur quod peccatum Adae fuit gravius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3348 quam peccatum Evae. Dicitur enim I ad Tim. II, quod <i>Adam non est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3349 seductus, mulier autem seducta in praevaricatione fuit</i>, et sic
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3350 videtur quod peccatum mulieris fuerit ex ignorantia, peccatum autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3351 viri ex certa scientia. Sed huiusmodi peccatum est gravius,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3352 secundum illud Luc. XII, <i>ille servus qui cognovit voluntatem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3353 domini sui et non fecit secundum voluntatem eius, vapulabit multis,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3354 qui autem non cognovit et fecit digna plagis, vapulabit paucis</i>.
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3355 Ergo Adam gravius peccavit quam Eva.</p><p title="II-II q. 163 a. 4 arg. 2"><a name="45616"><span class="ref">[45616] IIª-IIae, q. 163 a. 4 arg. 2</span></a>
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3356 Praeterea, Augustinus dicit, in libro de decem chordis, <i>si caput
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3357 est vir, melius debet vivere, et praecedere in omnibus bonis factis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3358 uxorem suam, ut illa imitetur virum</i>. Sed ille qui melius debet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3359 facere, si peccet, gravius peccat. Ergo Adam gravius peccavit quam
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3360 Eva.</p><p title="II-II q. 163 a. 4 arg. 3"><a name="45617"><span class="ref">[45617] IIª-IIae, q. 163 a. 4 arg. 3</span></a>
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3361 Praeterea, peccatum in spiritum sanctum videtur esse gravissimum.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3362 Sed Adam videtur in spiritum sanctum peccasse, quia peccavit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3363 cogitans de divina misericordia, quod pertinet ad peccatum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3364 praesumptionis. Ergo videtur quod Adam gravius peccavit quam
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3365 Eva.</p><p title="II-II q. 163 a. 4 s. c."><a name="45618"><span class="ref">[45618] IIª-IIae, q. 163 a. 4 s. c.</span></a> Sed
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3366 contra est quod poena respondet culpae. Sed mulier gravius est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3367 punita quam vir, ut patet Gen. III. Ergo gravius peccavit quam
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3368 vir.</p><p title="II-II q. 163 a. 4 co."><a name="45619"><span class="ref">[45619] IIª-IIae, q. 163 a. 4 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3369 dicendum quod, sicut dictum est, gravitas peccati principalius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3370 attenditur secundum peccati speciem quam secundum personae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3371 circumstantiam. Dicendum est ergo quod, si consideremus conditionem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3372 personae utriusque, scilicet mulieris et viri, peccatum viri est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3373 gravius, quia erat perfectior muliere. Sed quantum ad ipsum genus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3374 peccati, utriusque peccatum aequale dicitur, quia utriusque
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3375 peccatum fuit superbia. Unde Augustinus dicit, XI super Gen. ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3376 Litt., quod mulier excusavit peccatum suum <i>in impari sexu, sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3377 pari fastu</i>. Sed quantum ad speciem superbiae, gravius peccavit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3378 mulier, triplici ratione. Primo quidem, quia maior elatio fuit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3379 mulieris quam viri. Mulier enim credidit verum esse quod serpens
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3380 suasit, scilicet quod Deus prohibuit ligni esum ne ad eius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3381 similitudinem pervenirent, et ita, dum per esum ligni vetiti Dei
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3382 similitudinem consequi voluit, superbia eius ad hoc se erexit quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3383 contra Dei voluntatem aliquid voluit obtinere. Sed vir non credidit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3384 hoc esse verum. Unde non voluit consequi divinam similitudinem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3385 contra Dei voluntatem, sed in hoc superbivit, quod voluit eam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3386 consequi per seipsum. Secundo, quia mulier non solum ipsa peccavit,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3387 sed etiam viro peccatum suggessit. Unde peccavit et in Deum et in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3388 proximum. Tertio, in hoc quod peccatum viri diminutum est ex hoc
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3389 quod in peccatum consensit <i>amicabili quadam benevolentia, qua
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3390 plerumque fit ut offendatur Deus ne homo ex amico fiat inimicus,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3391 quod eum facere non debuisse divinae sententiae exitus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3392 indicavit</i>, ut Augustinus dicit, XI Sup. Gen. ad litteram. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3393 sic patet quod peccatum mulieris fuit gravius quam peccatum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3394 viri.</p><p title="II-II q. 163 a. 4 ad 1"><a name="45620"><span class="ref">[45620] IIª-IIae, q. 163 a. 4 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3395 ergo dicendum quod illa seductio mulieris ex praecedenti elevatione
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3396 subsecuta est. Et ideo talis ignorantia non excusat, sed aggravat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3397 peccatum, inquantum scilicet ignorando in maiorem elationem erecta
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3398 est.</p><p title="II-II q. 163 a. 4 ad 2"><a name="45621"><span class="ref">[45621] IIª-IIae, q. 163 a. 4 ad 2</span></a> Ad
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3399 secundum dicendum quod ratio illa procedit ex circumstantia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3400 conditionis personae, ex qua peccatum viri fuit gravius secundum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3401 quid.</p><p title="II-II q. 163 a. 4 ad 3"><a name="45622"><span class="ref">[45622] IIª-IIae, q. 163 a. 4 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3402 dicendum quod vir non cogitavit de divina misericordia usque ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3403 contemptum divinae iustitiae, quod facit peccatum in spiritum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3404 sanctum, sed quia, ut Augustinus dicit, XI super Gen. ad Litt.,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3405 <i>inexpertus divinae severitatis, credidit illud peccatum esse
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3406 veniale</i>, id est de facili remissibile.</p></div></div><div class="q" id="q164"><h2>Quaestio 164</h2><div class="p"><h3>Prooemium</h3><p title="II-II q. 164 pr."><a name="45623"><span class="ref">[45623] IIª-IIae, q. 164 pr.</span></a> Deinde
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3407 considerandum est de poena primi peccati. Et circa hoc quaeruntur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3408 duo. Primo, de morte, quae est poena communis. Secundo, de aliis
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3409 particularibus poenis quae in Genesi assignantur.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 1</h3><p title="II-II q. 164 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="45624"><span class="ref">[45624] IIª-IIae, q. 164 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3410 primum sic proceditur. Videtur quod mors non sit poena peccati
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3411 primorum parentum. Illud enim quod est homini naturale, non potest
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3412 dici poena peccati, quia peccatum non perficit naturam, sed vitiat.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3413 Mors autem est homini naturalis, quod patet ex hoc quod corpus eius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3414 ex contrariis componitur; et ex hoc etiam quod mortale ponitur in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3415 definitione hominis. Ergo mors non est poena peccati primorum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3416 parentum.</p><p title="II-II q. 164 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="45625"><span class="ref">[45625] IIª-IIae, q. 164 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a>
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3417 Praeterea, mors et alii corporales defectus similiter inveniuntur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3418 in homine sicut et in aliis animalibus, secundum illud Eccle. III,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3419 <i>unus interitus est hominis et iumentorum, et aequa utriusque
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3420 conditio</i>. Sed in animalibus brutis mors non est poena peccati.
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
3421 Ergo etiam neque in hominibus.</p><p title="II-II q. 164 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="45626"><span class="ref">[45626] IIª-IIae, q. 164 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a>
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3422 Praeterea, peccatum primorum parentum fuit specialium personarum.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3423 Sed mors consequitur totam humanam naturam. Ergo non videtur esse
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3424 poena peccati primorum parentum.</p><p title="II-II q. 164 a. 1 arg. 4"><a name="45627"><span class="ref">[45627] IIª-IIae, q. 164 a. 1 arg. 4</span></a>
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3425 Praeterea, omnes aequaliter derivantur a primis parentibus. Si
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3426 igitur mors esset poena peccati primorum parentum, sequeretur quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3427 omnes homines aequaliter mortem paterentur. Quod patet esse falsum,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3428 quia quidam citius aliis, et gravius moriuntur. Ergo mors non est
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3429 poena primi peccati.</p><p title="II-II q. 164 a. 1 arg. 5"><a name="45628"><span class="ref">[45628] IIª-IIae, q. 164 a. 1 arg. 5</span></a>
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3430 Praeterea, malum poenae est a Deo, ut supra habitum est. Sed mors
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3431 non videtur esse a Deo, dicitur enim Sap. I, quod <i>Deus mortem
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3432 non fecit</i>. Ergo mors non est poena primi peccati.</p><p title="II-II q. 164 a. 1 arg. 6"><a name="45629"><span class="ref">[45629] IIª-IIae, q. 164 a. 1 arg. 6</span></a>
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3433 Praeterea, poenae non videntur esse meritoriae, nam meritum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3434 continetur sub bono, poena autem sub malo. Sed mors quandoque est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3435 meritoria, sicut patet de morte martyrum. Ergo videtur quod mors
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3436 non sit poena.</p><p title="II-II q. 164 a. 1 arg. 7"><a name="45630"><span class="ref">[45630] IIª-IIae, q. 164 a. 1 arg. 7</span></a>
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3437 Praeterea, poena videtur esse afflictiva. Sed mors non potest esse
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3438 afflictiva, ut videtur, quia quando mors est, homo non sentit;
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3439 quando autem non est, sentiri non potest. Ergo mors non est poena
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3440 peccati.</p><p title="II-II q. 164 a. 1 arg. 8"><a name="45631"><span class="ref">[45631] IIª-IIae, q. 164 a. 1 arg. 8</span></a>
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3441 Praeterea, si mors esset poena peccati, statim fuisset ad peccatum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3442 consecuta. Sed hoc non est verum, nam primi parentes post peccatum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3443 diu vixerunt, ut patet Gen. IV. Ergo mors non videtur esse poena
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
3444 peccati.</p><p title="II-II q. 164 a. 1 s. c."><a name="45632"><span class="ref">[45632] IIª-IIae, q. 164 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3445 contra est quod apostolus dicit, Rom. V, <i>per unum hominem
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3446 peccatum in hunc mundum intravit, et per peccatum mors</i>.</p><p title="II-II q. 164 a. 1 co."><a name="45633"><span class="ref">[45633] IIª-IIae, q. 164 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3447 dicendum quod, si aliquis propter culpam suam privetur aliquo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3448 beneficio sibi dato, carentia illius beneficii est poena culpae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3449 illius. Sicut autem in primo dictum est, homini in prima sui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3450 institutione hoc beneficium fuit collatum divinitus, ut quandiu
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3451 mens eius esset Deo subiecta, inferiores vires animae subiicerentur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3452 rationali menti, et corpus animae subiiceretur. Sed quia mens
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3453 hominis per peccatum a divina subiectione recessit, consecutum est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3454 ut nec inferiores vires totaliter rationi subiicerentur, unde tanta
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3455 est rebellio carnalis appetitus ad rationem; nec etiam corpus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3456 totaliter subiiceretur animae, unde consequitur mors, et alii
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3457 corporales defectus. Vita enim et incolumitas corporis consistit in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3458 hoc quod subiiciatur animae, sicut perfectibile suae perfectioni,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3459 unde, per oppositum, mors et aegritudo, et quilibet corporalis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3460 defectus, pertinet ad defectum subiectionis corporis ad animam.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3461 Unde patet quod, sicut rebellio carnalis appetitus ad spiritum est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3462 poena peccati primorum parentum, ita etiam et mors et omnes
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3463 corporales defectus.</p><p title="II-II q. 164 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="45634"><span class="ref">[45634] IIª-IIae, q. 164 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3464 ergo dicendum quod naturale dicitur quod ex principiis naturae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3465 causatur. Naturae autem per se principia sunt forma et materia.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3466 Forma autem hominis est anima rationalis, quae de se est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3467 immortalis. Et ideo mors non est naturalis homini ex parte suae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3468 formae. Materia autem hominis est corpus tale quod est ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3469 contrariis compositum, ad quod sequitur ex necessitate
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3470 corruptibilitas. Et quantum ad hoc, mors est homini naturalis. Haec
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3471 tamen conditio in materia humani corporis est consequens ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3472 necessitate materiae, quia oportebat corpus humanum esse organum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3473 tactus, et per consequens medium inter tangibilia; et hoc non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3474 poterat esse nisi esset ex contrariis compositum, ut patet per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3475 philosophum, in II de anima. Non autem est conditio secundum quam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3476 materia adaptetur formae, quia, si esset possibile, cum forma sit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3477 incorruptibilis, potius oporteret materiam incorruptibilem esse.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3478 Sicut quod serra sit ferrea, competit formae et actioni ipsius, ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3479 per duritiem sit apta ad secandum, sed quod sit potens rubiginem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3480 contrahere, consequitur ex necessitate talis materiae, et non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3481 secundum electionem agentis; nam si artifex posset, faceret ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3482 ferro serram quae rubiginem non posset contrahere. Deus autem, qui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3483 est conditor hominis, omnipotens est. Unde ademit suo beneficio ab
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3484 homine primitus instituto necessitatem moriendi ex tali materia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3485 consequentem. Quod tamen beneficium subtractum est per peccatum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3486 primorum parentum. Et sic mors et est naturalis, propter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3487 conditionem materiae, et est poenalis, propter amissionem divini
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3488 beneficii praeservantis a morte.</p><p title="II-II q. 164 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="45635"><span class="ref">[45635] IIª-IIae, q. 164 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3489 secundum dicendum quod similitudo illa hominis ad alia animalia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3490 attenditur quantum ad conditionem materiae, idest quantum ad corpus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3491 ex contrariis compositum, non autem quantum ad formam. Nam anima
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3492 hominis est immortalis, brutorum vero animalium animae sunt
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3493 mortales.</p><p title="II-II q. 164 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="45636"><span class="ref">[45636] IIª-IIae, q. 164 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3494 dicendum quod primi parentes fuerunt instituti a Deo non solum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3495 sicut quaedam personae singulares, sed sicut quaedam principia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3496 totius humanae naturae ab eis in posteros derivandae simul cum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3497 beneficio divino praeservante a morte. Et ideo per eorum peccatum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3498 tota humana natura in posteris tali beneficio destituta, mortem
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3499 incurrit.</p><p title="II-II q. 164 a. 1 ad 4"><a name="45637"><span class="ref">[45637] IIª-IIae, q. 164 a. 1 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3500 dicendum quod aliquis defectus ex peccato consequitur dupliciter.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3501 Uno modo, per modum poenae taxatae a iudice. Et talis defectus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3502 aequalis debet esse in his ad quos aequaliter pertinet peccatum.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3503 Alius autem defectus est qui ex huiusmodi poena per accidens
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3504 consequitur, sicut quod aliquis pro sua culpa excaecatus, cadat in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3505 via. Et talis defectus culpae non proportionatur, nec ab homine
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3506 iudice pensatur, qui non potest fortuitos eventus praecognoscere.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3507 Sic igitur poena taxata pro primo peccato, proportionaliter ei
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3508 respondens, fuit subtractio divini beneficii quo rectitudo et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3509 integritas humanae naturae conservabatur. Defectus autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3510 consequentes subtractionem huius beneficii, sunt mors et aliae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3511 poenalitates praesentis vitae. Et ideo non oportet huiusmodi poenas
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3512 aequales esse in his ad quos aequaliter pertinet primum peccatum.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3513 Verum quia Deus praescius est omnium futurorum eventuum, ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3514 dispensatione divinae providentiae huiusmodi poenalitates
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3515 diversimode in diversis inveniuntur, non quidem propter aliqua
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3516 merita praecedentia hanc vitam, ut Origenes posuit (hoc enim est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3517 contra id quod dicitur Rom. IX, <i>cum nondum aliquid boni aut mali
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3518 egissent</i>; est etiam contra hoc quod in primo ostensum est, quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3519 anima non est creata ante corpus); sed vel in poenam paternorum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3520 peccatorum, inquantum filius est quaedam res patris, unde
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3521 frequenter parentes puniuntur in prole; vel etiam propter remedium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3522 salutis eius qui huiusmodi poenalitatibus subditur, ut scilicet per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3523 hoc a peccatis arceatur, vel etiam de virtutibus non superbiat, et
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3524 per patientiam coronetur.</p><p title="II-II q. 164 a. 1 ad 5"><a name="45638"><span class="ref">[45638] IIª-IIae, q. 164 a. 1 ad 5</span></a> Ad quintum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3525 dicendum quod mors dupliciter potest considerari. Uno modo,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3526 secundum quod est quoddam malum humanae naturae. Et sic non est ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3527 Deo, sed est defectus quidam incidens ex culpa humana. Alio modo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3528 potest considerari secundum quod habet quandam rationem boni, prout
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3529 scilicet est quaedam iusta poena. Et sic est a Deo. Unde Augustinus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3530 dicit, in libro Retractat., quod Deus non est auctor mortis, nisi
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3531 inquantum est poena.</p><p title="II-II q. 164 a. 1 ad 6"><a name="45639"><span class="ref">[45639] IIª-IIae, q. 164 a. 1 ad 6</span></a> Ad sextum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3532 dicendum quod, sicut Augustinus dicit, XIII de Civ. Dei,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3533 <i>quemadmodum iniusti male utuntur non tantum malis, verum etiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3534 bonis; ita iusti bene utuntur non tantum bonis, sed etiam malis.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3535 Hinc fit ut et mali male lege utantur, quamvis sit lex bonum, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3536 boni bene moriantur, quamvis sit mors malum</i>. Inquantum igitur
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3537 sancti bene morte utuntur, fit eis mors meritoria.</p><p title="II-II q. 164 a. 1 ad 7"><a name="45640"><span class="ref">[45640] IIª-IIae, q. 164 a. 1 ad 7</span></a> Ad
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3538 septimum dicendum quod mors dupliciter accipi potest. Uno modo, pro
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3539 ipsa privatione vitae. Et sic mors sentiri non potest, cum sit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3540 privatio sensus et vitae. Et sic non est poena sensus, sed poena
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3541 damni. Alio modo, secundum quod nominat ipsam corruptionem quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3542 terminatur ad privationem praedictam. De corruptione autem, sicut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3543 et de generatione, dupliciter loqui possumus. Uno modo, secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3544 quod est terminus alterationis. Et sic in ipso instanti in quo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3545 primo privatur vita, dicitur inesse mors. Et secundum hoc etiam,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3546 mors non est poena sensus. Alio modo corruptio potest accipi cum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3547 alteratione praecedente, prout dicitur aliquis mori dum movetur in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3548 mortem; sicut dicitur aliquid generari dum movetur in generatum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3549 esse. Et sic mors potest esse afflictiva.</p><p title="II-II q. 164 a. 1 ad 8"><a name="45641"><span class="ref">[45641] IIª-IIae, q. 164 a. 1 ad 8</span></a> Ad octavum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3550 dicendum quod, sicut Augustinus dicit, super Gen. ad Litt.,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3551 <i>quamvis annos multos primi parentes postea vixerint, illo tamen
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3552 die mori coeperunt quo mortis legem, qua in senium veterascerent,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3553 acceperunt</i>.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 2</h3><p title="II-II q. 164 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="45642"><span class="ref">[45642] IIª-IIae, q. 164 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3554 secundum sic proceditur. Videtur quod inconvenienter particulares
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3555 poenae primorum parentum determinentur in Scriptura. Non enim debet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3556 assignari ut poena peccati id quod etiam sine peccato esset. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3557 dolor in pariendo esset, ut videtur, etiam sine peccato, hoc enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3558 requirit dispositio feminei sexus, ut proles nasci non possit sine
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3559 dolore parientis. Similiter etiam subiectio mulieris ad virum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3560 consequitur perfectionem virilis sexus et imperfectionem muliebris.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3561 Germinatio etiam spinarum et tribulorum ad naturam terrae pertinet,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3562 quae fuisset etiam sine peccato. Non ergo huiusmodi sunt
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3563 convenientes poenae primi peccati.</p><p title="II-II q. 164 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="45643"><span class="ref">[45643] IIª-IIae, q. 164 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a>
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3564 Praeterea, illud quod pertinet ad dignitatem alicuius, non videtur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3565 ad poenam eius pertinere. Sed multiplicatio conceptus pertinet ad
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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diff changeset
3566 dignitatem mulieris. Ergo non debet poni quasi mulieris poena.</p><p title="II-II q. 164 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="45644"><span class="ref">[45644] IIª-IIae, q. 164 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a>
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3567 Praeterea, poena peccati primorum parentum ad omnes derivatur,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3568 sicut de morte dictum est. Sed non omnium mulierum multiplicantur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3569 conceptus, nec omnes viri in sudore vultus sui pane vescuntur. Non
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
3570 ergo ista sunt convenientes poenae primi peccati.</p><p title="II-II q. 164 a. 2 arg. 4"><a name="45645"><span class="ref">[45645] IIª-IIae, q. 164 a. 2 arg. 4</span></a>
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3571 Praeterea, locus Paradisi propter hominem factus erat. Sed nihil
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3572 debet esse frustra in rerum ordine. Ergo videtur quod non fuerit
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
3573 conveniens hominis poena quod a Paradiso excluderetur.</p><p title="II-II q. 164 a. 2 arg. 5"><a name="45646"><span class="ref">[45646] IIª-IIae, q. 164 a. 2 arg. 5</span></a>
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3574 Praeterea, locus ille Paradisi terrestris de se dicitur esse
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3575 inaccessibilis. Frustra ergo apposita sunt alia impedimenta, ne
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3576 homo illuc reverteretur, scilicet Cherubin et gladius flammeus
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3577 atque versatilis.</p><p title="II-II q. 164 a. 2 arg. 6"><a name="45647"><span class="ref">[45647] IIª-IIae, q. 164 a. 2 arg. 6</span></a>
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3578 Praeterea, homo post peccatum statim necessitati mortis fuit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3579 addictus, et ita beneficio ligni vitae non poterat ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3580 immortalitatem reparari. Frustra ergo ei esus ligni vitae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3581 interdicitur. Cum dicitur Gen. III, <i>videte, ne forte sumat de
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
3582 ligno vitae, et vivat in aeternum</i>.</p><p title="II-II q. 164 a. 2 arg. 7"><a name="45648"><span class="ref">[45648] IIª-IIae, q. 164 a. 2 arg. 7</span></a>
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3583 Praeterea, insultare misero videtur misericordiae et clementiae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3584 repugnare, quae maxime in Scriptura Deo attribuitur, secundum illud
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3585 Psalmi, <i>miserationes eius super omnia opera eius</i>. Ergo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3586 inconvenienter ponitur dominum insultasse primis parentibus per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3587 peccatum iam in miseriam deductis, ubi dicitur, <i>ecce, Adam quasi
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
3588 unus ex nobis factus est, sciens bonum et malum.</i></p><p title="II-II q. 164 a. 2 arg. 8"><a name="45649"><span class="ref">[45649] IIª-IIae, q. 164 a. 2 arg. 8</span></a>
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3589 Praeterea, vestitus ad necessitatem hominis pertinet, sicut et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3590 cibus, secundum illud I ad Tim. ult., <i>habentes alimenta et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3591 quibus tegamur, his contenti sumus</i>. Ergo, sicut cibus primis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3592 parentibus fuit attributus ante peccatum, ita etiam et vestitus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3593 attribui debuit. Inconvenienter ergo post peccatum dicitur eis Deus
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
3594 tunicas pelliceas fecisse.</p><p title="II-II q. 164 a. 2 arg. 9"><a name="45650"><span class="ref">[45650] IIª-IIae, q. 164 a. 2 arg. 9</span></a>
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3595 Praeterea, poena quae peccato alicui adhibetur, debet plus habere
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3596 in malo quam emolumentum quod quis ex peccato consequitur,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3597 alioquin, per poenam non deterreretur aliquis a peccato. Sed primi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3598 parentes ex peccato consecuti sunt quod eorum oculi aperirentur, ut
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3599 dicitur Gen. III. Hoc autem praeponderat in bono omnibus malis
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3600 poenalibus quae ponuntur ex peccato consecuta. Inconvenienter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3601 igitur describuntur poenae peccatum primorum parentum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
3602 consequentes.</p><p title="II-II q. 164 a. 2 s. c."><a name="45651"><span class="ref">[45651] IIª-IIae, q. 164 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> In
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3603 contrarium est quod huiusmodi poenae sunt divinitus taxatae, qui
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
3604 omnia facit in numero, pondere et mensura, ut dicitur Sap. XI.</p><p title="II-II q. 164 a. 2 co."><a name="45652"><span class="ref">[45652] IIª-IIae, q. 164 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3605 dicendum quod, sicut dictum est, primi parentes propter suum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3606 peccatum privati sunt beneficio divino quo humanae naturae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3607 integritas in eis conservabatur, per cuius subtractionem humana
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3608 natura in defectus poenales incidit. Et ideo dupliciter puniti
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3609 fuerunt. Primo quidem, quantum ad hoc quod subtractum fuit eis id
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3610 quod integritatis statui competebat, scilicet locus terrestris
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3611 Paradisi, quod significatur Gen. III, cum dicitur, <i>et emisit eum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3612 Deus de Paradiso voluptatis</i>. Et quia ad illum statum primae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3613 innocentiae per seipsum redire non poterat, convenienter apposita
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3614 sunt impedimenta ne rediret ad ea quae primo statui competebant,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3615 scilicet a cibo, ne sumeret de ligno vitae; et a loco,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3616 <i>collocavit Deus ante Paradisum Cherubin et flammeum gladium</i>.
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3617 Secundo autem puniti fuerunt quantum ad hoc quod attributa sunt eis
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3618 ea quae naturae conveniunt tali beneficio destitutae. Et hoc quidem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3619 et quantum ad corpus, et quantum ad animam. Quantum quidem ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3620 corpus, ad quod pertinet differentia sexus, alia poena attributa
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3621 est mulieri, alia viro. Mulieri quidem attributa est poena secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3622 duo propter quae viro coniungitur, quae sunt generatio prolis, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3623 communicatio operum pertinentium ad domesticam conversationem.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3624 Quantum autem ad generationem prolis, punita fuit dupliciter. Primo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3625 quidem, quantum ad taedia quae sustinet portando prolem conceptam,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3626 et hoc significatur cum dicitur, <i>multiplicabo aerumnas tuas et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3627 conceptus tuos</i>. Et quantum ad dolorem quem patitur in pariendo,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3628 et quantum ad hoc dicitur, <i>in dolore paries</i>. Quantum vero ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3629 domesticam conversationem, punitur secundum hoc quod subiicitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3630 dominationi viri, per hoc quod dicitur, <i>sub viri potestate
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3631 eris</i>. Sicut autem ad mulierem pertinet ut subdatur viro in his
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3632 quae ad domesticam conversationem pertinent, ita ad virum pertinet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3633 quod necessaria vitae procuret. Et circa hoc punitur tripliciter.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3634 Primo quidem, per terrae sterilitatem, cum dicitur, maledicta terra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3635 in opere tuo. Secundo, per laboris anxietatem, sine qua fructus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3636 terrae non percipit, unde dicitur, <i>in labore comedes de ea
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3637 cunctis diebus vitae tuae</i>. Tertio, quantum ad impedimenta quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3638 proveniunt terram colentibus, unde dicitur, <i>spinas et tribulos
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3639 germinabit tibi</i>. Similiter etiam ex parte animae triplex eorum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3640 poena describitur. Primo quidem, quantum ad confusionem quam passi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3641 sunt de rebellione carnis ad spiritum, unde dicitur, <i>aperti sunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3642 oculi amborum, et cognoverunt se esse nudos</i>. Secundo, quantum
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3643 ad increpationem propriae culpae, per hoc quod dicitur, <i>ecce,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3644 Adam factus est quasi unus ex nobis</i>. Tertio, quantum ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3645 commemorationem futurae mortis, secundum quod ei dictum est,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3646 <i>pulvis es, et in pulverem reverteris</i>. Ad quod etiam pertinet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3647 quod Deus fecit eis tunicas pelliceas, in signum mortalitatis
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3648 eorum.</p><p title="II-II q. 164 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="45653"><span class="ref">[45653] IIª-IIae, q. 164 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3649 ergo dicendum quod in statu innocentiae fuisset partus absque
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3650 dolore. Dicit enim Augustinus, XIV de Civ. Dei, <i>sic ad pariendum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3651 non doloris gemitus, sed maturitatis impulsus feminea viscera
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3652 relaxaret, sicut ad concipiendum non libidinis appetitus, sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3653 voluntarius usus naturam utramque coniungeret</i>. Subiectio autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3654 mulieris ad virum intelligenda est in poenam mulieris esse inducta,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3655 non quantum ad regimen, quia etiam ante peccatum vir caput mulieris
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3656 fuisset et eius gubernator existeret, sed prout mulier, contra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3657 propriam voluntatem, necesse habet viri voluntati parere. Spinas
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3658 autem et tribulos terra germinasset, si homo non peccasset, in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3659 cibum animalium, non autem in hominis poenam, quia scilicet per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3660 eorum exortum nullus labor aut punctio homini operanti in terra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3661 accideret, ut Augustinus dicit, super Gen. ad Litt. Quamvis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3662 Alcuinus dicat quod ante peccatum terra omnino spinas et tribulos
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3663 non germinasset. Sed primum melius est.</p><p title="II-II q. 164 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="45654"><span class="ref">[45654] IIª-IIae, q. 164 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Ad
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3664 secundum dicendum quod multitudo conceptuum inducitur in poenam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3665 mulieris, non propter ipsam procreationem prolis, quae etiam ante
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3666 peccatum fuisset, sed propter multitudinem afflictionum, quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3667 mulier patitur ex hoc quod portat fetum conceptum. Unde signanter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3668 coniungitur, <i>multiplicabo aerumnas tuas et conceptus
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3669 tuos</i>.</p><p title="II-II q. 164 a. 2 ad 3"><a name="45655"><span class="ref">[45655] IIª-IIae, q. 164 a. 2 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3670 dicendum quod illae poenae aliqualiter ad omnes pertinent.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3671 Quaecumque enim mulier concipit, necesse est quod aerumnas patiatur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3672 et cum dolore pariat, praeter beatam virginem, quae sine
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3673 corruptione concepit et sine dolore peperit, quia eius conceptio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3674 non fuit secundum legem naturae a primis parentibus derivata. Si
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3675 autem aliqua non concipit neque parit, patitur sterilitatis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3676 defectum, qui praeponderat poenis praedictis. Similiter etiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3677 oportet ut quicumque terram operatur, in sudore vultus comedat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3678 panem. Et qui ipsi per se agriculturam non exercent, in aliis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3679 laboribus occupantur, homo enim nascitur ad laborem, ut dicitur Iob
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3680 V, et sic panem ab aliis in sudore vultus elaboratum manducant.</p><p title="II-II q. 164 a. 2 ad 4"><a name="45656"><span class="ref">[45656] IIª-IIae, q. 164 a. 2 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3681 dicendum quod locus ille Paradisi terrestris, quamvis non serviat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3682 homini ad usum, servit tamen ei ad documentum, dum cognoscit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3683 propter peccatum se tali loco fuisse privatum; et dum per ea quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3684 corporaliter in illo Paradiso sunt, instruuntur de his quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3685 pertinent ad Paradisum caelestem, quo aditus homini praeparatur per
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3686 Christum.</p><p title="II-II q. 164 a. 2 ad 5"><a name="45657"><span class="ref">[45657] IIª-IIae, q. 164 a. 2 ad 5</span></a> Ad quintum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3687 dicendum quod, salvis spiritualis sensus mysteriis, locus ille
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3688 praecipue videtur esse inaccessibilis propter vehementiam aestus in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3689 locis intermediis ex propinquitate solis. Et hoc significatur per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3690 flammeum gladium, qui versatilis dicitur, propter proprietatem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3691 motus circularis huiusmodi aestum causantis. Et quia motus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3692 corporalis creaturae disponitur ministerio Angelorum, ut patet per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3693 Augustinum, III de Trin.; convenienter etiam simul cum gladio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3694 versatili Cherubin adiungitur, ad custodiendam viam ligni vitae.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3695 Unde Augustinus dicit, XI super Gen. ad Litt., <i>hoc per caelestes
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3696 potestates etiam in Paradiso visibili factum esse credendum est, ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3697 per angelicum ministerium esset illic quaedam ignea
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3698 custodia</i>.</p><p title="II-II q. 164 a. 2 ad 6"><a name="45658"><span class="ref">[45658] IIª-IIae, q. 164 a. 2 ad 6</span></a> Ad sextum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3699 dicendum quod homo, si post peccatum de ligno vitae comedisset, non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3700 propter hoc immortalitatem recuperasset, sed beneficio illius cibi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3701 potuisset vitam magis prolongare. Unde quod dicitur, et vivat in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3702 aeternum, sumitur ibi aeternum pro diuturno. Hoc autem non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3703 expediebat homini, ut in miseria huius vitae diutius
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3704 permaneret.</p><p title="II-II q. 164 a. 2 ad 7"><a name="45659"><span class="ref">[45659] IIª-IIae, q. 164 a. 2 ad 7</span></a> Ad
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3705 septimum dicendum quod, sicut Augustinus dicit, XI super Gen. ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3706 Litt., <i>verba Dei non tam sunt primis parentibus insultantis,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3707 quam ceteros, ne ita superbiant, deterrentis, propter quos ista
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3708 conscripta sunt, quia scilicet non solum Adam non fuit factus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3709 qualis fieri voluit, sed nec illud quod factus fuerat,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3710 conservavit</i>.</p><p title="II-II q. 164 a. 2 ad 8"><a name="45660"><span class="ref">[45660] IIª-IIae, q. 164 a. 2 ad 8</span></a> Ad octavum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3711 dicendum quod vestitus necessarius est homini secundum statum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3712 praesentis miseriae, propter duo, primo quidem, propter defectum ab
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3713 exterioribus nocumentis, puta intemperie caloris et frigoris;
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3714 secundo, ad tegumentum ignominiae, ne turpitudo membrorum appareat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3715 in quibus praecipue manifestatur rebellio carnis ad spiritum. Haec
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3716 autem duo in primo statu non erant. Quia in statu illo corpus
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3717 hominis non poterat per aliquid extrinsecum laedi, ut in primo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3718 dictum est. Nec etiam erat in statu illo aliqua turpitudo in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3719 corpore hominis quae confusionem induceret, unde dicitur Genesi,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3720 <i>erat autem uterque nudus</i>, Adam scilicet et uxor eius, et non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3721 erubescebant. Alia autem ratio est de cibo, qui est necessarius ad
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3722 fomentum caloris naturalis et ad corporis augmentum.</p><p title="II-II q. 164 a. 2 ad 9"><a name="45661"><span class="ref">[45661] IIª-IIae, q. 164 a. 2 ad 9</span></a> Ad nonum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3723 dicendum quod, sicut Augustinus dicit, XI super Gen. ad Litt., non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3724 est credendum quod primi parentes essent producti clausis oculis,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3725 praecipue cum de muliere dicatur quod <i>vidit lignum, quod esset
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3726 pulchrum et bonum ad vescendum. Aperti ergo sunt oculi amborum ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3727 aliquid intuendum et cogitandum quod antea nunquam adverterant</i>,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3728 scilicet ad invicem concupiscendum, quod ante non fuerat.</p></div></div><div class="q" id="q165"><h2>Quaestio 165</h2><div class="p"><h3>Prooemium</h3><p title="II-II q. 165 pr."><a name="45662"><span class="ref">[45662] IIª-IIae, q. 165 pr.</span></a> Deinde
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3729 considerandum est de tentatione primorum parentum. Circa quam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3730 quaeruntur duo. Primo, utrum fuerit conveniens quod homo a Diabolo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
3731 tentaretur. Secundo, de modo et ordine illius tentationis.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 1</h3><p title="II-II q. 165 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="45663"><span class="ref">[45663] IIª-IIae, q. 165 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3732 primum sic proceditur. Videtur quod non fuerit conveniens ut homo a
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3733 Diabolo tentaretur. Eadem enim poena finalis debetur peccato Angeli
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3734 et peccato hominis, secundum illud Matth. XXV, <i>ite, maledicti,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3735 in ignem aeternum, qui paratus est Diabolo et Angelis eius</i>. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3736 primum peccatum Angeli non fuit ex aliqua tentatione exteriori.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3737 Ergo nec primum peccatum hominis debuit esse ex aliqua tentatione
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3738 exteriori.</p><p title="II-II q. 165 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="45664"><span class="ref">[45664] IIª-IIae, q. 165 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a>
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3739 Praeterea, Deus, praescius futurorum, sciebat quod homo per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3740 tentationem Daemonis in peccatum deiiceretur, et sic bene sciebat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3741 quod non expediebat ei quod tentaretur. Ergo videtur quod non
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3742 fuerit conveniens quod permitteret eum tentari.</p><p title="II-II q. 165 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="45665"><span class="ref">[45665] IIª-IIae, q. 165 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a>
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3743 Praeterea, quod aliquis impugnatorem habeat, ad poenam pertinere
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3744 videtur, sicut et e contrario ad praemium pertinere videtur quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3745 impugnatio subtrahatur, secundum illud Prov. XVI, <i>cum placuerint
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3746 domino viae hominis, inimicos quoque eius convertet ad pacem</i>.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3747 Sed poena non debet praecedere culpam. Ergo inconveniens fuit quod
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3748 homo ante peccatum tentaretur.</p><p title="II-II q. 165 a. 1 s. c."><a name="45666"><span class="ref">[45666] IIª-IIae, q. 165 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3749 contra est quod dicitur Eccli. XXXIV, <i>qui non est tentatus,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3750 qualia scit?</i></p><p title="II-II q. 165 a. 1 co."><a name="45667"><span class="ref">[45667] IIª-IIae, q. 165 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3751 dicendum quod divina sapientia disponit omnia suaviter, ut dicitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3752 Sap. VIII, inquantum scilicet sua providentia singulis attribuit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3753 quae eis competunt secundum suam naturam; quia, ut Dionysius dicit,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3754 IV cap. de Div. Nom., <i>providentiae non est naturam corrumpere,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3755 sed salvare</i>. Hoc autem pertinet ad conditionem humanae naturae,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3756 ut ab aliis creaturis iuvari vel impediri possit. Unde conveniens
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3757 fuit ut Deus hominem in statu innocentiae et tentari permitteret
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3758 per malos Angelos, et iuvari eum faceret per bonos. Ex speciali
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3759 autem beneficio gratiae hoc erat ei collatum, ut nulla creatura
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3760 exterior ei posset nocere contra propriam voluntatem, per quam
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3761 etiam tentationi Daemonis resistere poterat.</p><p title="II-II q. 165 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="45668"><span class="ref">[45668] IIª-IIae, q. 165 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3762 ergo dicendum quod supra naturam humanam est aliqua natura in qua
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3763 potest malum culpae inveniri, non autem supra naturam angelicam.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3764 Tentare autem inducendo ad malum, non est nisi iam depravati per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3765 culpam. Et ideo conveniens fuit ut homo per Angelum malum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3766 tentaretur ad peccandum, sicut etiam, secundum naturae ordinem, per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3767 Angelum bonum promovetur ad perfectionem. Angelus autem a suo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3768 superiori, scilicet a Deo, in bono perfici potuit, non autem ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3769 peccandum induci, quia, sicut dicitur Iac. I, <i>Deus intentator
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3770 malorum est</i>.</p><p title="II-II q. 165 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="45669"><span class="ref">[45669] IIª-IIae, q. 165 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3771 secundum dicendum quod, sicut Deus sciebat quod homo per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3772 tentationem in peccatum esset deiiciendus, ita etiam sciebat quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3773 per liberum arbitrium resistere poterat tentatori. Hoc autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3774 requirebat conditio naturae ipsius, ut propriae voluntati
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3775 relinqueretur, secundum illud Eccli. XV, <i>Deus reliquit hominem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3776 in manu consilii sui</i>. Unde Augustinus dicit, XI super Gen. ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3777 Litt., <i>non mihi videtur magnae laudis futurum fuisse hominem, si
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3778 propterea posset bene vivere quia nemo male vivere suaderet, cum et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3779 in natura posse, et in potestate haberet velle non consentire
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3780 suadenti</i>.</p><p title="II-II q. 165 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="45670"><span class="ref">[45670] IIª-IIae, q. 165 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3781 dicendum quod impugnatio cui cum difficultate resistitur, poenalis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3782 est. Sed homo in statu innocentiae poterat absque omni difficultate
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3783 tentationi resistere. Et ideo impugnatio tentatoris poenalis ei non
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3784 fuit.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 2</h3><p title="II-II q. 165 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="45671"><span class="ref">[45671] IIª-IIae, q. 165 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3785 secundum sic proceditur. Videtur quod non fuerit conveniens modus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3786 et ordo primae tentationis. Sicut enim ordine naturae Angelus erat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3787 superior homine, ita et vir erat perfectior muliere. Sed peccatum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3788 pervenit ab Angelo ad hominem. Ergo, pari ratione, debuit pervenire
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3789 a viro in mulierem, ut scilicet mulier per virum tentaretur, et non
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3790 e converso.</p><p title="II-II q. 165 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="45672"><span class="ref">[45672] IIª-IIae, q. 165 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a>
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3791 Praeterea, tentatio primorum parentum fuit per suggestionem. Potest
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3792 autem Diabolus suggerere homini etiam absque aliqua exteriori
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3793 sensibili creatura. Cum ergo primi parentes essent spirituali mente
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3794 praediti, minus sensibilibus quam intelligibilibus inhaerentes,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3795 convenientius fuisset quod solum spirituali tentatione homo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3796 tentaretur quam exteriori.</p><p title="II-II q. 165 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="45673"><span class="ref">[45673] IIª-IIae, q. 165 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a>
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3797 Praeterea, non potest convenienter aliquis malum suggerere nisi per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3798 aliquid quod appareat bonum. Sed multa alia animalia habent maiorem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3799 apparentiam boni quam serpens. Non ergo convenienter tentatus fuit
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3800 homo a Diabolo per serpentem.</p><p title="II-II q. 165 a. 2 arg. 4"><a name="45674"><span class="ref">[45674] IIª-IIae, q. 165 a. 2 arg. 4</span></a>
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3801 Praeterea, serpens est animal irrationale. Sed animali irrationali
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3802 non competit sapientia nec locutio, nec poena. Ergo inconvenienter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3803 inducitur serpens esse callidior cunctis animalibus, vel,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3804 prudentissimus omnium bestiarum, secundum aliam translationem.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3805 Inconvenienter etiam inducitur fuisse mulieri locutus, et a Deo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3806 punitus.</p><p title="II-II q. 165 a. 2 s. c."><a name="45675"><span class="ref">[45675] IIª-IIae, q. 165 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3807 contra est quod id quod est primum in aliquo genere, debet esse
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3808 proportionatum his quae in eodem genere consequuntur. Sed in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3809 quolibet peccato invenitur ordo primae tentationis, inquantum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3810 videlicet praecedit in sensualitate, quae per serpentem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3811 significatur, peccati concupiscentia; in ratione inferiori, quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3812 significatur per mulierem, delectatio; in ratione superiori, quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3813 significatur per virum, consensus peccati; ut Augustinus dicit, XII
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3814 de Trin. Ergo congruus fuit ordo primae tentationis.</p><p title="II-II q. 165 a. 2 co."><a name="45676"><span class="ref">[45676] IIª-IIae, q. 165 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3815 dicendum quod homo compositus est ex duplici natura, intellectiva
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3816 scilicet et sensitiva. Et ideo Diabolus in tentatione hominis usus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3817 est incitamento ad peccandum dupliciter. Uno quidem modo, ex parte
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3818 intellectus, inquantum promisit divinitatis similitudinem per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3819 scientiae adeptionem, quam homo naturaliter desiderat. Alio modo,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3820 ex parte sensus. Et sic usus est his sensibilibus rebus quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3821 maximam habent affinitatem ad hominem, partim quidem in eadem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3822 specie, tentans virum per mulierem; partim vero in eodem genere,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3823 tentans mulierem per serpentem; partim vero ex genere propinquo,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3824 proponens pomum ligni vetiti ad edendum.</p><p title="II-II q. 165 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="45677"><span class="ref">[45677] IIª-IIae, q. 165 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3825 ergo dicendum quod in actu tentationis Diabolus erat sicut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3826 principale agens, sed mulier assumebatur quasi instrumentum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3827 tentationis ad deiiciendum virum. Tum quia mulier erat infirmior
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3828 viro, unde magis seduci poterat. Tum etiam, propter coniunctionem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3829 eius ad virum, maxime per eam Diabolus poterat virum seducere. Non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3830 autem est eadem ratio principalis agentis et instrumenti. Nam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3831 principale agens oportet esse potius, quod non requiritur in agente
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3832 instrumentali.</p><p title="II-II q. 165 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="45678"><span class="ref">[45678] IIª-IIae, q. 165 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Ad
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3833 secundum dicendum quod suggestio qua spiritualiter Diabolus aliquid
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3834 homini suggerit, ostendit Diabolus plus habere potestatis in homine
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3835 quam suggestio exterior, quia per suggestionem interiorem immutatur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3836 a Diabolo saltem hominis phantasia, sed per suggestionem exteriorem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3837 immutatur sola exterior creatura. Diabolus autem minimum potestatis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3838 habebat in homine ante peccatum et ideo non potuit eum interiori
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3839 suggestione, sed solum exteriori tentare.</p><p title="II-II q. 165 a. 2 ad 3"><a name="45679"><span class="ref">[45679] IIª-IIae, q. 165 a. 2 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3840 dicendum quod, sicut Augustinus dicit, XI super Gen. ad Litt.,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3841 <i>non debemus opinari quod serpentem sibi, per quem tentaret,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3842 Diabolus eligeret. Sed, cum esset in illo decipiendi cupiditas, non
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3843 nisi per illud animal potuit per quod posse permissus est</i>.</p><p title="II-II q. 165 a. 2 ad 4"><a name="45680"><span class="ref">[45680] IIª-IIae, q. 165 a. 2 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3844 dicendum quod, sicut Augustinus dicit, XI super Gen. ad Litt.,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3845 <i>serpens dictus est astutus, vel callidus, sive prudens, propter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3846 astutiam Diaboli, quae in illo agebat dolum, sicut dicitur prudens
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3847 vel astuta lingua quam prudens vel astutus movet ad aliquid
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3848 prudenter vel astute suadendum. Neque etiam serpens verborum sonos
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3849 intelligebat qui ex illo fiebant ad mulierem, neque enim conversa
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3850 credenda est anima eius in naturam rationalem. Quandoquidem nec
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3851 ipsi homines, quorum rationalis natura est, cum Daemon in eis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3852 loquitur, sciunt quid loquantur. Sic ergo locutus est serpens
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3853 homini sicut asina in qua sedebat Balaam, locuta est homini, nisi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3854 quod illud fuit opus diabolicum, hoc angelicum. Unde serpens non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3855 est interrogatus cur hoc fecerit, quia non in sua natura ipse id
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3856 fecerat, sed Diabolus in illo, qui iam ex peccato suo igni
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3857 destinatus fuerat sempiterno. Quod autem serpenti dicitur, ad eum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3858 qui per serpentem operatus est, refertur</i>. Et sicut Augustinus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3859 dicit, in libro super Gen. contra Manichaeos, <i>nunc quidem eius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3860 poena, idest Diaboli, dicitur qua nobis cavendus est, non ea quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3861 ultimo iudicio reservatur</i>. Per hoc enim quod ei dicitur,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3862 <i>maledictus es inter omnia animantia et bestias terrae, pecora
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3863 illi praeponuntur, non in potestate, sed in conservatione naturae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3864 suae, quia pecora non amiserunt beatitudinem aliquam caelestem,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3865 quam nunquam habuerunt, sed in sua natura quam acceperunt, peragunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3866 vitam</i>. Dicitur etiam ei, pectore et ventre repes, secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3867 aliam litteram. Ubi <i>nomine pectoris significatur superbia, quia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3868 ibi dominatur impetus animae, nomine autem ventris significatur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3869 carnale desiderium, quia haec pars mollior sentitur in corpore. His
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3870 autem rebus serpit ad eos quos vult decipere</i>. Quod autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3871 dicitur, <i>terram comedes cunctis diebus vitae tuae, duobus modis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3872 intelligi potest. Vel, ad te pertinebunt quos terrena cupiditate
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3873 deceperis, idest peccatores, qui terrae nomine significantur. Vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3874 tertium genus tentationis his verbis figuratur, quod est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3875 curiositas, terram enim qui manducat, profunda et tenebrosa
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3876 penetrat</i>. Per hoc autem quod inimicitiae ponuntur inter ipsum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3877 et mulierem, <i>ostenditur non posse nos a Diabolo tentari nisi per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3878 illam animalem partem quae quasi mulieris imaginem in homine
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3879 ostendit. Semen autem Diaboli est perversa suggestio, semen
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3880 mulieris, fructus boni operis, quod perversae suggestioni resistit.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3881 Et ideo observat serpens plantam mulieris, ut, si quando in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3882 illicita illabitur, delectatio illam capiat, et illa observat caput
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3883 eius, ut eum in ipso initio malae suasionis excludat</i>.</p></div></div><div class="q" id="q166"><h2>Quaestio 166</h2><div class="p"><h3>Prooemium</h3><p title="II-II q. 166 pr."><a name="45681"><span class="ref">[45681] IIª-IIae, q. 166 pr.</span></a> Deinde
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3884 considerandum est de studiositate, et curiositate sibi opposita.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3885 Circa studiositatem autem quaeruntur duo. Primo, quae sit materia
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3886 studiositatis. Secundo, utrum sit pars temperantiae.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 1</h3><p title="II-II q. 166 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="45682"><span class="ref">[45682] IIª-IIae, q. 166 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3887 primum sic proceditur. Videtur quod materia studiositatis non sit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3888 proprie cognitio. Studiosus enim dicitur aliquis ex eo quod adhibet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3889 studium aliquibus rebus. Sed in qualibet materia debet homo studium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3890 adhibere, ad hoc quod recte faciat quod est faciendum. Ergo videtur
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3891 quod non sit specialis materia studiositatis cognitio.</p><p title="II-II q. 166 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="45683"><span class="ref">[45683] IIª-IIae, q. 166 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a>
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3892 Praeterea, studiositas curiositati opponitur. Sed curiositas, quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3893 a cura dicitur, potest esse etiam circa ornatum vestium, et circa
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3894 alia huiusmodi quae pertinent ad corpus, unde apostolus dicit, Rom.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3895 XIII, <i>carnis curam ne feceritis in desideriis</i>. Ergo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3896 studiositas non est solum circa cognitionem.</p><p title="II-II q. 166 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="45684"><span class="ref">[45684] IIª-IIae, q. 166 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a>
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3897 Praeterea, Ierem. VI dicitur, <i>a minori usque ad maiorem, omnes
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3898 avaritiae student</i>. Sed avaritia non est proprie circa
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3899 cognitionem, sed magis circa possessionem divitiarum, ut supra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3900 habitum est. Ergo studiositas, quae a studio dicitur, non est
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3901 proprie circa cognitionem.</p><p title="II-II q. 166 a. 1 s. c."><a name="45685"><span class="ref">[45685] IIª-IIae, q. 166 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3902 contra est quod dicitur Prov. XXVII, <i>stude sapientiae, fili mi,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3903 et laetifica cor meum, ut possis respondere sermonem</i>. Sed eadem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3904 studiositas est quae laudatur ut virtus, et ad quam lex invitat.
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3905 Ergo studiositas proprie est circa cognitionem.</p><p title="II-II q. 166 a. 1 co."><a name="45686"><span class="ref">[45686] IIª-IIae, q. 166 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3906 dicendum quod studium praecipue importat vehementem applicationem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3907 mentis ad aliquid. Mens autem non applicatur ad aliquid nisi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3908 cognoscendo illud. Unde per prius mens applicatur ad cognitionem,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3909 secundario autem applicatur ad ea in quibus homo per cognitionem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3910 dirigitur. Et ideo studium per prius respicit cognitionem, et per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3911 posterius quaecumque alia ad quae operanda directione cognitionis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3912 indigemus. Virtutes autem proprie sibi attribuunt illam materiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3913 circa quam primo et principaliter sunt, sicut fortitudo pericula
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3914 mortis, et temperantia delectationem tactus. Et ideo studiositas
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3915 proprie dicitur circa cognitionem.</p><p title="II-II q. 166 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="45687"><span class="ref">[45687] IIª-IIae, q. 166 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3916 ergo dicendum quod circa alias materias non potest aliquid recte
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3917 fieri, nisi secundum quod est praeordinatum per rationem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3918 cognoscentem. Et ideo per prius studiositas cognitionem respicit,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3919 cuicumque materiae studium adhibeatur.</p><p title="II-II q. 166 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="45688"><span class="ref">[45688] IIª-IIae, q. 166 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3920 secundum dicendum quod ex affectu hominis trahitur mens eius ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3921 intendendum his ad quae afficitur, secundum illud Matth. VI, <i>ubi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3922 est thesaurus tuus, ibi est et cor tuum</i>. Et quia ad ea quibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3923 caro fovetur, maxime homo afficitur, consequens est quod cogitatio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3924 hominis versetur praecipue circa ea quibus caro fovetur, ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3925 scilicet homo inquirat qualiter homo optime possit carni suae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3926 subvenire. Et secundum hoc, curiositas ponitur circa ea quae ad
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3927 carnem pertinent, ratione eorum quae ad cognitionem pertinent.</p><p title="II-II q. 166 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="45689"><span class="ref">[45689] IIª-IIae, q. 166 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3928 dicendum quod avaritia inhiat ad lucra conquirenda, ad quod maxime
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3929 necessaria est quaedam peritia terrenarum rerum. Et secundum hoc,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3930 studium attribuitur his quae ad avaritiam spectant.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 2</h3><p title="II-II q. 166 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="45690"><span class="ref">[45690] IIª-IIae, q. 166 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3931 secundum sic proceditur. Videtur quod studiositas non sit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3932 temperantiae pars. Studiosus enim dicitur aliquis secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3933 studiositatem. Sed universaliter omnis virtuosus vocatur studiosus,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3934 ut patet per philosophum, qui frequenter sic utitur nomine
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3935 studiosi. Ergo studiositas est generalis virtus, et non est pars
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3936 temperantiae.</p><p title="II-II q. 166 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="45691"><span class="ref">[45691] IIª-IIae, q. 166 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a>
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3937 Praeterea, studiositas, sicut dictum est, ad cognitionem pertinet.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3938 Sed cognitio non pertinet ad virtutes morales, quae sunt in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3939 appetitiva animae parte, sed magis ad intellectuales, quae sunt in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3940 parte cognoscitiva, unde et sollicitudo est actus prudentiae, ut
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3941 supra habitum est. Ergo studiositas non est pars temperantiae.</p><p title="II-II q. 166 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="45692"><span class="ref">[45692] IIª-IIae, q. 166 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a>
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3942 Praeterea, virtus quae ponitur pars alicuius principalis virtutis,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3943 assimilatur ei quantum ad modum. Sed studiositas non assimilatur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3944 temperantiae quantum ad modum. Quia temperantiae nomen sumitur ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3945 quadam refrenatione, unde magis opponitur vitio quod est in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3946 excessu. Nomen autem studiositatis sumitur e contrario ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3947 applicatione animae ad aliquid, unde magis videtur opponi vitio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3948 quod est in defectu, scilicet negligentiae studendi, quam vitio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3949 quod est in excessu, scilicet curiositati. Unde, propter horum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3950 similitudinem, dicit Isidorus, in libro Etymol., quod studiosus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3951 dicitur quasi studiis curiosus. Ergo studiositas non est pars
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3952 temperantiae.</p><p title="II-II q. 166 a. 2 s. c."><a name="45693"><span class="ref">[45693] IIª-IIae, q. 166 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3953 contra est quod Augustinus dicit, in libro de moribus Eccle.,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3954 <i>curiosi esse prohibemur, quod magnae temperantiae munus est</i>.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3955 Sed curiositas prohibetur per studiositatem moderatam. Ergo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3956 studiositas est pars temperantiae.</p><p title="II-II q. 166 a. 2 co."><a name="45694"><span class="ref">[45694] IIª-IIae, q. 166 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3957 dicendum quod, sicut supra dictum est, ad temperantiam pertinet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3958 moderari motum appetitus, ne superflue tendat in id quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3959 naturaliter concupiscitur. Sicut autem naturaliter homo concupiscit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3960 delectationes ciborum et venereorum secundum naturam corporalem,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3961 ita secundum animam naturaliter desiderat cognoscere aliquid, unde
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3962 et philosophus dicit, in I Metaphys., quod <i>omnes homines
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3963 naturaliter scire desiderant</i>. Moderatio autem huius appetitus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3964 pertinet ad virtutem studiositatis. Unde consequens est quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3965 studiositas sit pars potentialis temperantiae, sicut virtus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3966 secundaria ei adiuncta ut principali virtuti. Et comprehenditur sub
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3967 modestia, ratione superius dicta.</p><p title="II-II q. 166 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="45695"><span class="ref">[45695] IIª-IIae, q. 166 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3968 ergo dicendum quod prudentia est completiva omnium virtutum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3969 moralium, ut dicitur in VI Ethic. Inquantum igitur cognitio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3970 prudentiae ad omnes virtutes pertinet, intantum nomen
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3971 studiositatis, quae proprie circa cognitionem est, ad omnes
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3972 virtutes derivatur.</p><p title="II-II q. 166 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="45696"><span class="ref">[45696] IIª-IIae, q. 166 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Ad
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3973 secundum dicendum quod actus cognoscitivae virtutis imperatur a vi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3974 appetitiva, quae est motiva omnium virium, ut supra habitum est. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3975 ideo circa cognitionem duplex bonum potest attendi. Unum quidem,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3976 quantum ad ipsum actum cognitionis. Et tale bonum pertinet ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3977 virtutes intellectuales, ut scilicet homo circa singula aestimet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3978 verum. Aliud autem est bonum quod pertinet ad actum appetitivae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3979 virtutis, ut scilicet homo habeat appetitum rectum applicandi vim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3980 cognoscitivam sic vel aliter, ad hoc vel ad illud. Et hoc pertinet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3981 ad virtutem studiositatis. Unde computatur inter virtutes
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3982 morales.</p><p title="II-II q. 166 a. 2 ad 3"><a name="45697"><span class="ref">[45697] IIª-IIae, q. 166 a. 2 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3983 dicendum quod, sicut philosophus dicit, in II Ethic., ad hoc quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3984 homo fiat virtuosus, oportet quod servet se ab his ad quae maxime
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3985 inclinat natura. Et inde est quod, quia natura praecipue inclinat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3986 ad timendum mortis pericula et ad sectandum delectabilia carnis,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3987 quod laus virtutis fortitudinis praecipue consistit in quadam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3988 firmitate persistendi contra huiusmodi pericula, et laus virtutis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3989 temperantiae in quadam refrenatione a delectabilibus carnis. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3990 quantum ad cognitionem, est in homine contraria inclinatio. Quia ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3991 parte animae, inclinatur homo ad hoc quod cognitionem rerum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3992 desideret, et sic oportet ut homo laudabiliter huiusmodi appetitum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3993 refrenet, ne immoderate rerum cognitioni intendat. Ex parte vero
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3994 naturae corporalis, homo inclinatur ad hoc ut laborem inquirendi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3995 scientiam vitet. Quantum igitur ad primum, studiositas in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3996 refrenatione consistit, et secundum hoc ponitur pars temperantiae.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3997 Sed quantum ad secundum laus huius virtutis consistit in quadam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3998 vehementia intentionis ad scientiam rerum percipiendam, et ex hoc
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3999 nominatur. Primum autem est essentialius huic virtuti quam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4000 secundum. Nam appetitus cognoscendi per se respicit cognitionem, ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4001 quam ordinatur studiositas. Sed labor addiscendi est impedimentum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4002 quoddam cognitionis, unde respicitur ab hac virtute per accidens,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4003 quasi removendo prohibens.</p></div></div><div class="q" id="q167"><h2>Quaestio 167</h2><div class="p"><h3>Prooemium</h3><p title="II-II q. 167 pr."><a name="45698"><span class="ref">[45698] IIª-IIae, q. 167 pr.</span></a> Deinde
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4004 considerandum est de curiositate. Et circa hoc quaeruntur duo.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4005 Primo, utrum vitium curiositatis possit esse in cognitione
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4006 intellectiva. Secundo, utrum sit in cognitione sensitiva.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 1</h3><p title="II-II q. 167 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="45699"><span class="ref">[45699] IIª-IIae, q. 167 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4007 primum sic proceditur. Videtur quod circa cognitionem intellectivam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4008 non possit esse curiositas. Quia secundum philosophum, in II
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4009 Ethic., in his quae secundum se sunt bona vel mala, non possunt
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4010 accipi medium et extrema. Sed cognitio intellectiva secundum se est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4011 bona, in hoc enim perfectio hominis videtur consistere, ut
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4012 intellectus eius de potentia reducatur in actum, quod fit per
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4013 cognitionem veritatis. Dionysius etiam dicit, IV cap. de Div. Nom.,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4014 quod <i>bonum animae humanae est secundum rationem esse</i>, cuius
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4015 perfectio in cognitione veritatis consistit. Ergo circa cognitionem
53
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diff changeset
4016 intellectivam non potest esse vitium curiositatis.</p><p title="II-II q. 167 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="45700"><span class="ref">[45700] IIª-IIae, q. 167 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a>
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4017 Praeterea, illud per quod homo similatur Deo, et quod a Deo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4018 consequitur, non potest esse malum. Sed quaecumque abundantia
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4019 cognitionis a Deo est, secundum illud Eccli. I, <i>omnis sapientia
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4020 a domino Deo est</i>. Et Sap. VII dicitur, <i>ipse dedit mihi horum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4021 quae sunt scientiam veram, ut sciam dispositionem orbis terrarum et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4022 virtutes elementorum</i>, et cetera. Per hoc etiam homo Deo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4023 assimilatur, quod veritatem cognoscit, quia omnia nuda et aperta
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4024 sunt oculis eius, ut habetur ad Heb. IV. Unde et I Reg. II dicitur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4025 quod <i>Deus scientiarum dominus est</i>, ergo, quantumcumque
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4026 abundet cognitio veritatis, non est mala, sed bona. Appetitus autem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4027 boni non est vitiosus. Ergo circa intellectivam cognitionem
53
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diff changeset
4028 veritatis non potest esse vitium curiositatis.</p><p title="II-II q. 167 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="45701"><span class="ref">[45701] IIª-IIae, q. 167 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a>
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4029 Praeterea, si circa aliquam intellectivam cognitionem posset esse
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4030 curiositatis vitium, praecipue esset circa philosophicas scientias.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4031 Sed eis intendere non videtur esse vitiosum, dicit enim Hieronymus,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4032 super Danielem, <i>qui de mensa et vino regis noluerunt comedere ne
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4033 polluantur, si sapientiam atque doctrinam Babyloniorum scirent esse
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4034 peccatum, nunquam acquiescerent discere quod non licebat</i>. Et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4035 Augustinus dicit, in II de Doctr. Christ., quod, <i>si qua vera
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4036 philosophi dixerunt, ab eis sunt, tanquam ab iniustis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4037 possessoribus, in usum nostrum vindicanda</i>. Non ergo circa
53
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diff changeset
4038 cognitionem intellectivam potest esse curiositas vitiosa.</p><p title="II-II q. 167 a. 1 s. c."><a name="45702"><span class="ref">[45702] IIª-IIae, q. 167 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4039 contra est quod Hieronymus dicit, <i>nonne vobis videtur in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4040 vanitate sensus et obscuritate mentis ingredi qui diebus ac
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4041 noctibus in dialectica arte torquetur, qui physicus perscrutator
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4042 oculos trans caelum levat?</i> Sed vanitas sensus et obscuritas
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4043 mentis est vitiosa. Ergo circa intellectivas scientias potest esse
53
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diff changeset
4044 curiositas vitiosa.</p><p title="II-II q. 167 a. 1 co."><a name="45703"><span class="ref">[45703] IIª-IIae, q. 167 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
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diff changeset
4045 dicendum quod, sicut dictum est, studiositas non est directe circa
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4046 ipsam cognitionem, sed circa appetitum et studium cognitionis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4047 acquirendae. Aliter autem est iudicandum de ipsa cognitione
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4048 veritatis, et aliter de appetitu et studio veritatis cognoscendae.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4049 Ipsa enim veritatis cognitio, per se loquendo, bona est. Potest
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4050 autem per accidens esse mala, ratione scilicet alicuius
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4051 consequentis, vel inquantum scilicet aliquis de cognitione
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4052 veritatis superbit, secundum illud I ad Cor. VIII, scientia inflat;
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4053 vel inquantum homo utitur cognitione veritatis ad peccandum. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4054 ipse appetitus vel studium cognoscendae veritatis potest habere
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4055 rectitudinem vel perversitatem. Uno quidem modo, prout aliquis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4056 tendit suo studio in cognitionem veritatis prout per accidens
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4057 coniungitur ei malum, sicut illi qui student ad scientiam veritatis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4058 ut exinde superbiant. Unde Augustinus dicit, in libro de moribus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4059 Eccle., <i>sunt qui, desertis virtutibus, et nescientes quid sit
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4060 Deus et quanta sit maiestas semper eodem modo manentis naturae,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4061 magnum aliquid se agere putant si universam istam corporis molem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4062 quam mundum nuncupamus, curiosissime intentissimeque perquirant.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4063 Unde etiam tanta superbia gignitur ut in ipso caelo, de quo saepe
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4064 disputant, sibimet habitare videantur</i>. Similiter etiam illi qui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4065 student addiscere aliquid ad peccandum, vitiosum studium habent,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4066 secundum illud Ierem. IX, <i>docuerunt linguam suam loqui
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4067 mendacium, ut inique agerent, laboraverunt</i>. Alio autem modo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4068 potest esse vitium ex ipsa inordinatione appetitus et studii
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4069 addiscendi veritatem. Et hoc quadrupliciter. Uno modo, inquantum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4070 per studium minus utile retrahuntur a studio quod eis ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4071 necessitate incumbit. Unde Hieronymus dicit, <i>sacerdotes,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4072 dimissis Evangeliis et prophetiis, videmus comoedias legere, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4073 amatoria bucolicorum versuum verba cantare</i>. Alio modo,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4074 inquantum studet aliquis addiscere ab eo a quo non licet, sicut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4075 patet de his qui aliqua futura a Daemonibus perquirunt, quae est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4076 superstitiosa curiositas. De quo Augustinus dicit, in libro de vera
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4077 Relig., <i>nescio an philosophi impedirentur a fide vitio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4078 curiositatis in percunctandis Daemonibus</i>. Tertio, quando homo
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4079 appetit cognoscere veritatem circa creaturas non referendo ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4080 debitum finem, scilicet ad cognitionem Dei. Unde Augustinus dicit,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4081 in libro de vera Relig., quod <i>in consideratione creaturarum non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4082 est vana et peritura curiositas exercenda, sed gradus ad immortalia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4083 et semper manentia faciendus</i>. Quarto modo, inquantum aliquis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4084 studet ad cognoscendam veritatem supra proprii ingenii facultatem,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4085 quia per hoc homines de facili in errores labuntur. Unde dicitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4086 Eccli. III, <i>altiora te ne quaesieris, et fortiora ne scrutatus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4087 fueris, et in pluribus operibus eius ne fueris curiosus</i>; et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4088 postea sequitur, <i>multos enim supplantavit suspicio eorum, et in
53
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diff changeset
4089 vanitate detinuit sensus eorum</i>.</p><p title="II-II q. 167 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="45704"><span class="ref">[45704] IIª-IIae, q. 167 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4090 ergo dicendum quod bonum hominis consistit in cognitione veri, non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4091 tamen summum hominis bonum consistit in cognitione cuiuslibet veri,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4092 sed in perfecta cognitione summae veritatis, ut patet per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4093 philosophum, in X Ethic. Et ideo potest esse vitium in cognitione
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4094 aliquorum verorum, secundum quod talis appetitus non debito modo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4095 ordinatur ad cognitionem summae veritatis, in qua consistit summa
53
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diff changeset
4096 felicitas.</p><p title="II-II q. 167 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="45705"><span class="ref">[45705] IIª-IIae, q. 167 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4097 secundum dicendum quod ratio illa ostendit quod cognitio veritatis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4098 secundum se sit bona, non tamen per hoc excluditur quin possit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4099 aliquis cognitione veritatis abuti ad malum, vel etiam inordinate
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4100 cognitionem veritatis appetere; quia etiam oportet appetitum boni
53
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diff changeset
4101 debito modo regulatum esse.</p><p title="II-II q. 167 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="45706"><span class="ref">[45706] IIª-IIae, q. 167 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4102 dicendum quod studium philosophiae secundum se est licitum et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4103 laudabile, propter veritatem quam philosophi perceperunt, Deo illis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4104 revelante, ut dicitur Rom. I. Sed quia quidam philosophi abutuntur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4105 ad fidei impugnationem, ideo apostolus dicit, ad Coloss. II,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4106 <i>videte ne quis vos decipiat per philosophiam et inanem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4107 scientiam, secundum traditionem hominum, et non secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4108 Christum</i>. Et Dionysius dicit, in epistola ad Polycarpum, de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4109 quibusdam philosophis, quod <i>divinis non sancte contra divina
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4110 utuntur, per sapientiam Dei tentantes expellere divinam
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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diff changeset
4111 venerationem</i>.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 2</h3><p title="II-II q. 167 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="45707"><span class="ref">[45707] IIª-IIae, q. 167 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4112 secundum sic proceditur. Videtur quod vitium curiositatis non sit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4113 circa sensitivam cognitionem. Sicut enim aliqua cognoscuntur per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4114 sensum visus, ita etiam aliqua cognoscuntur per sensum tactus et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4115 gustus. Sed circa tangibilia et gustabilia non ponitur vitium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4116 curiositatis, sed magis vitium luxuriae aut gulae. Ergo videtur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4117 quod nec circa ea quae cognoscuntur per visum, sit vitium
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
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diff changeset
4118 curiositatis.</p><p title="II-II q. 167 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="45708"><span class="ref">[45708] IIª-IIae, q. 167 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a>
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4119 Praeterea, curiositas esse videtur in inspectione ludorum, unde
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4120 Augustinus dicit, in VI Confess., quod, <i>quodam pugnae casu, cum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4121 clamor ingens totius populi vehementer Alypium pulsasset,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4122 curiositate victus, aperuit oculos</i>. Sed inspectio ludorum non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4123 videtur esse vitiosa, quia huiusmodi inspectio delectabilis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4124 redditur propter repraesentationem, in qua homo naturaliter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4125 delectatur, ut philosophus dicit, in sua poetria. Non ergo circa
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4126 sensibilium cognitionem est vitium curiositatis.</p><p title="II-II q. 167 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="45709"><span class="ref">[45709] IIª-IIae, q. 167 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a>
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4127 Praeterea, ad curiositatem pertinere videtur actus proximorum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4128 perquirere, ut dicit Beda. Sed perquirere facta aliorum non videtur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4129 esse vitiosum, quia sicut dicitur Eccli. XVII, <i>unicuique
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4130 mandavit Deus de proximo suo</i>. Ergo vitium curiositatis non est
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4131 in huiusmodi particularibus sensibilibus cognoscendis.</p><p title="II-II q. 167 a. 2 s. c."><a name="45710"><span class="ref">[45710] IIª-IIae, q. 167 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4132 contra est quod Augustinus dicit, in libro de vera Relig., quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4133 <i>concupiscentia oculorum reddit homines curiosos</i>. Ut autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4134 dicit Beda, concupiscentia oculorum est non solum in discendis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4135 magicis artibus, sed etiam in contemplandis spectaculis, et in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4136 dignoscendis et carpendis vitiis proximorum, quae sunt quaedam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4137 particularia sensibilia. Cum ergo concupiscentia oculorum sit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4138 quoddam vitium, sicut etiam superbia vitae et concupiscentia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4139 carnis, contra quae dividitur, I Ioan. II; videtur quod vitium
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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diff changeset
4140 curiositatis sit circa sensibilium cognitionem.</p><p title="II-II q. 167 a. 2 co."><a name="45711"><span class="ref">[45711] IIª-IIae, q. 167 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4141 dicendum quod cognitio sensitiva ordinatur ad duo. Uno enim modo,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4142 tam in hominibus quam in aliis animalibus, ordinatur ad corporis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4143 sustentationem, quia per huiusmodi cognitionem homines et alia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4144 animalia vitant nociva, et conquirunt ea quae sunt necessaria ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4145 corporis sustentationem. Alio modo, specialiter in homine ordinatur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4146 ad cognitionem intellectivam, vel speculativam vel practicam.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4147 Apponere ergo studium circa sensibilia cognoscenda, dupliciter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4148 potest esse vitiosum. Uno modo, inquantum cognitio sensitiva non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4149 ordinatur in aliquid utile, sed potius avertit hominem ab aliqua
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4150 utili consideratione. Unde Augustinus dicit, in X Confess.,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4151 <i>canem currentem post leporem iam non specto cum in circo fit. At
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4152 vero in agro, si casu transeam, avertit me fortassis ab aliqua
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4153 magna cogitatione, atque ad se convertit illa venatio, et nisi iam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4154 mihi demonstrata infirmitate mea, cito admoneas, vanus hebesco</i>.
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diff changeset
4155 Alio modo, inquantum cognitio sensitiva ordinatur ad aliquod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
4156 noxium, sicut inspectio mulieris ordinatur ad concupiscendum; et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4157 diligens inquisitio eorum quae ab aliis fiunt, ordinatur ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4158 detrahendum. Si quis autem cognitioni sensibilium intendit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4159 ordinate, propter necessitatem sustentandae naturae, vel propter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4160 studium intelligendae veritatis, est virtuosa studiositas circa
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
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diff changeset
4161 sensibilem cognitionem.</p><p title="II-II q. 167 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="45712"><span class="ref">[45712] IIª-IIae, q. 167 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
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diff changeset
4162 ergo dicendum quod luxuria et gula sunt circa delectationes quae
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4163 sunt in usu rerum tangibilium. Sed circa delectationem cognitionis
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4164 omnium sensuum est curiositas. <i>Et vocatur concupiscentia
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4165 oculorum, quia oculi sunt ad cognoscendum in sensibus principales,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4166 unde omnia sensibilia videri dicuntur</i>, ut Augustinus dicit, in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4167 X Confess. Et sicut Augustinus ibidem subdit, <i>ex hoc evidentius
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4168 discernitur quid voluptatis, quid curiositatis agatur per sensus,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4169 quod voluptas pulchra, suavia, canora, sapida, lenia sectatur;
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4170 curiositas autem etiam his contraria, tentandi causa, non ad
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
4171 subeundam molestiam, sed experiendi noscendique libidinem</i>.</p><p title="II-II q. 167 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="45713"><span class="ref">[45713] IIª-IIae, q. 167 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Ad
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4172 secundum dicendum quod inspectio spectaculorum vitiosa redditur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4173 inquantum per hoc homo fit pronus ad vitia vel lasciviae vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4174 crudelitatis, per ea quae ibi repraesentantur. Unde Chrysostomus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4175 dicit quod <i>adulteros et inverecundos constituunt tales
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
4176 inspectiones</i>.</p><p title="II-II q. 167 a. 2 ad 3"><a name="45714"><span class="ref">[45714] IIª-IIae, q. 167 a. 2 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4177 dicendum quod prospicere facta aliorum bono animo, vel ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4178 utilitatem propriam, ut scilicet homo ex bonis operibus proximi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4179 provocetur ad melius, vel etiam ad utilitatem illius, ut scilicet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4180 corrigatur si quid ab eo agitur vitiose, secundum regulam caritatis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4181 et debitum officii, est laudabile, secundum illud Heb. X,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4182 <i>considerate vos invicem in provocationem caritatis et bonorum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4183 operum</i>. Sed quod aliquis intendit ad consideranda vitia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4184 proximorum ad despiciendum vel detrahendum, vel saltem inutiliter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4185 inquietandum, est vitiosum. Unde dicitur Prov. XXIV, <i>ne
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4186 insidieris et quaeras iniquitatem in domo iusti, neque vastes
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
4187 requiem eius</i>.</p></div></div><div class="q" id="q168"><h2>Quaestio 168</h2><div class="p"><h3>Prooemium</h3><p title="II-II q. 168 pr."><a name="45715"><span class="ref">[45715] IIª-IIae, q. 168 pr.</span></a> Deinde
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4188 considerandum est de modestia secundum quod consistit in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4189 exterioribus motibus corporis. Et circa hoc quaeruntur quatuor.
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4190 Primo, utrum in exterioribus motibus corporis qui serio aguntur,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4191 possit esse virtus et vitium. Secundo, utrum possit esse aliqua
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4192 virtus circa actiones ludi. Tertio, de peccato quod fit ex excessu
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
4193 ludi. Quarto, de peccato ex defectu ludi.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 1</h3><p title="II-II q. 168 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="45716"><span class="ref">[45716] IIª-IIae, q. 168 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4194 primum sic proceditur. Videtur quod in exterioribus motibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4195 corporis non sit aliqua virtus. Omnis enim virtus pertinet ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4196 spiritualem animae decorem, secundum illud Psalmi, <i>omnis gloria
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4197 eius filiae regis ab intus</i>, Glossa, idest, in conscientia. Sed
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4198 motus corporales non sunt ab intus, sed exterius. Ergo circa
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4199 huiusmodi motus non potest esse virtus.</p><p title="II-II q. 168 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="45717"><span class="ref">[45717] IIª-IIae, q. 168 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a>
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4200 <i>Praeterea, virtutes non sunt nobis a natura</i>, ut patet per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4201 philosophum, in II Ethic. Sed motus corporales exteriores sunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4202 hominibus a natura, secundum quam quidam sunt velocis motus et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4203 quidam tardi motus, et idem est de aliis differentiis exteriorum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4204 motuum. Ergo circa tales motus non attenditur aliqua virtus.</p><p title="II-II q. 168 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="45718"><span class="ref">[45718] IIª-IIae, q. 168 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a>
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4205 Praeterea, omnis virtus moralis est circa actiones quae sunt ad
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4206 alterum, sicut iustitia, vel circa passiones, sicut temperantia et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4207 fortitudo. Sed exteriores motus corporales non sunt ad alterum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4208 usum, neque etiam sunt passiones. Ergo circa eos non est aliqua
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4209 virtus.</p><p title="II-II q. 168 a. 1 arg. 4"><a name="45719"><span class="ref">[45719] IIª-IIae, q. 168 a. 1 arg. 4</span></a>
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4210 Praeterea, in omni opere virtutis est studium adhibendum, ut supra
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4211 dictum est. Sed adhibere studium in dispositione exteriorum motuum
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4212 est vituperabile, dicit enim Ambrosius, in I de Offic., <i>est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4213 gressus probabilis in quo sit species auctoritatis, gravitatisque
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4214 pondus, tranquillitatis vestigium, ita tamen si studium desit atque
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4215 affectatio, sed motus sit purus ac simplex</i>. Ergo videtur quod
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
4216 circa compositionem exteriorum motuum non consistat virtus.</p><p title="II-II q. 168 a. 1 s. c."><a name="45720"><span class="ref">[45720] IIª-IIae, q. 168 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4217 contra est quod decor honestatis pertinet ad virtutem. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4218 compositio exteriorum motuum pertinet ad decorem honestatis, dicit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4219 enim Ambrosius, in I de Offic., <i>sicut molliculum et infractum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4220 aut vocis sonum aut gestum corporis non probo, ita neque agrestem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4221 aut rusticum. Naturam imitemur, effigies eius formula disciplinae,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4222 forma honestatis est</i>. Ergo circa compositionem exteriorum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4223 motuum est virtus.</p><p title="II-II q. 168 a. 1 co."><a name="45721"><span class="ref">[45721] IIª-IIae, q. 168 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4224 dicendum quod virtus moralis consistit in hoc quod ea quae sunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4225 hominis per rationem ordinantur. Manifestum est autem quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4226 exteriores motus hominis sunt per rationem ordinabiles, quia ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4227 imperium rationis exteriora membra moventur. Unde manifestum est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4228 quod circa horum motuum ordinationem virtus moralis consistit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4229 ordinatio autem horum motuum attenditur quantum ad duo, uno quidem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4230 modo, secundum convenientiam personae; alio modo, secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4231 convenientiam ad exteriores personas, negotia seu loca. Unde dicit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4232 Ambrosius, in I de Offic., <i>hoc est pulchritudinem vivendi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4233 tenere, convenientia cuique sexui et personae reddere</i>, et hoc
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4234 pertinet ad primum. Quantum autem ad secundum, subditur, <i>hic
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4235 ordo gestorum optimus, hic ornatus ad omnem actionem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4236 accommodus</i>. Et ideo circa huiusmodi exteriores motus ponit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4237 Andronicus duo. Scilicet ornatum, qui respicit convenientiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4238 personae, unde dicit quod est scientia circa decens in motu et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4239 habitudine. Et bonam ordinationem, quae respicit convenientiam ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4240 diversa negotia et ea quae circumstant, unde dicit quod est
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4241 experientia separationis, idest distinctionis, actionum.</p><p title="II-II q. 168 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="45722"><span class="ref">[45722] IIª-IIae, q. 168 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4242 ergo dicendum quod motus exteriores sunt quaedam signa interioris
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4243 dispositionis, secundum illud Eccli. XIX, <i>amictus corporis, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4244 risus dentium, et ingressus hominis, enuntiant de illo</i>. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4245 Ambrosius dicit, in I de Offic., quod <i>habitus mentis in corporis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4246 statu cernitur, et quod vox quaedam animi est corporis
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4247 motus</i>.</p><p title="II-II q. 168 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="45723"><span class="ref">[45723] IIª-IIae, q. 168 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4248 secundum dicendum quod, quamvis ex naturali dispositione habeat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4249 homo aptitudinem ad hanc vel illam dispositionem exteriorum motuum,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4250 tamen quod deest naturae, potest suppleri ex industria rationis.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4251 Unde Ambrosius dicit, in I de Offic., <i>motum natura informat, si
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4252 quid sane in natura vitii est, industria emendet</i>.</p><p title="II-II q. 168 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="45724"><span class="ref">[45724] IIª-IIae, q. 168 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4253 dicendum quod, sicut dictum est, exteriores motus sunt quaedam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4254 signa interioris dispositionis, quae praecipue attenditur secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4255 animae passiones. Et ideo moderatio exteriorum motuum requirit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4256 moderationem interiorum passionum. Unde Ambrosius dicit, in I de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4257 Offic., quod hinc, scilicet ex motibus exterioribus, <i>homo cordis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4258 nostri absconditus aut levior aut iactanctior aut turbidior, aut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4259 gravior et constantior et purior et maturior aestimatur</i>. Per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4260 motus etiam exteriores alii homines de nobis iudicium capiunt,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4261 secundum illud Eccli. XIX, <i>ex visu cognoscitur vir, et ab
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4262 occursu faciei cognoscitur sensatus</i>. Et ideo moderatio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4263 exteriorum motuum quodammodo ad alios ordinatur, secundum illud
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4264 quod Augustinus dicit, in regula, <i>in omnibus motibus vestris
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4265 nihil fiat quod cuiusquam offendat aspectum, sed quod vestram
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4266 deceat sanctitatem</i>. Et ideo moderatio exteriorum motuum potest
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4267 reduci ad duas virtutes quas philosophus tangit in IV Ethic.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4268 Inquantum enim per exteriores motus ordinamur ad alios, pertinet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4269 exteriorum motuum moderatio ad amicitiam vel affabilitatem, quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4270 attenditur circa delectationes et tristitias quae sunt in verbis et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4271 factis in ordine ad alios quibus homo convivit. Inquantum vero
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4272 exteriores motus sunt signa interioris dispositionis, pertinet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4273 eorum moderatio ad virtutem veritatis, secundum quam aliquis talem
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4274 se exhibet in verbis et factis qualis est interius.</p><p title="II-II q. 168 a. 1 ad 4"><a name="45725"><span class="ref">[45725] IIª-IIae, q. 168 a. 1 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4275 dicendum quod in compositione exteriorum motuum studium vituperatur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4276 per quod aliquis fictione quadam in exterioribus motibus utitur,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4277 ita quod interiori dispositioni non conveniant. Debet tamen tale
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4278 studium adhiberi ut, si quid in eis inordinatum est, corrigatur.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4279 Unde Ambrosius dicit, in I de Offic., <i>ars desit, non desit
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4280 correctio</i>.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 2</h3><p title="II-II q. 168 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="45726"><span class="ref">[45726] IIª-IIae, q. 168 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4281 secundum sic proceditur. Videtur quod in ludis non possit esse
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4282 aliqua virtus. Dicit enim Ambrosius, in I de Offic., <i>dominus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4283 ait, vae, vobis qui ridetis, quia flebitis. Non solum ergo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4284 profusos, sed etiam omnes iocos declinandos arbitror</i>. Sed illud
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4285 quod potest virtuose fieri, non est totaliter declinandum. Non ergo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4286 circa ludos potest esse virtus.</p><p title="II-II q. 168 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="45727"><span class="ref">[45727] IIª-IIae, q. 168 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a>
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4287 Praeterea, virtus est quam Deus in nobis sine nobis operatur, ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4288 supra habitum est. Sed Chrysostomus dicit, <i>non dat Deus ludere,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4289 sed Diabolus. Audi quid ludentes passi sunt, sedit populus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4290 manducare et bibere, et surrexerunt ludere</i>. Ergo circa ludos
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
4291 non potest esse virtus.</p><p title="II-II q. 168 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="45728"><span class="ref">[45728] IIª-IIae, q. 168 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a>
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4292 Praeterea, philosophus dicit, in X Ethic., quod <i>operationes ludi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4293 non ordinantur in aliquid aliud</i>. Sed ad virtutem requiritur ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4294 propter aliquid eligens operetur, sicut patet per philosophum, in
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4295 II Ethic. Ergo circa ludos non potest esse aliqua virtus.</p><p title="II-II q. 168 a. 2 s. c."><a name="45729"><span class="ref">[45729] IIª-IIae, q. 168 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4296 contra est quod Augustinus dicit, in II musicae, <i>volo tandem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4297 tibi parcas, nam sapientem decet interdum remittere aciem rebus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4298 agendis intentam</i>. Sed ista remissio animi a rebus agendis fit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4299 per ludicra verba et facta. Ergo his uti interdum ad sapientem et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4300 virtuosum pertinet. Philosophus etiam ponit virtutem eutrapeliae
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4301 circa ludos, quam nos possumus dicere iucunditatem.</p><p title="II-II q. 168 a. 2 co."><a name="45730"><span class="ref">[45730] IIª-IIae, q. 168 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4302 dicendum quod, sicut homo indiget corporali quiete ad corporis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4303 refocillationem, quod non potest continue laborare, propter hoc
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4304 quod habet finitam virtutem, quae determinatis laboribus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4305 proportionatur; ita etiam est ex parte animae, cuius etiam est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4306 virtus finita ad determinatas operationes proportionata, et ideo,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4307 quando ultra modum suum in aliquas operationes se extendit,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4308 laborat, et ex hoc fatigatur, praesertim quia in operationibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4309 animae simul etiam laborat corpus, inquantum scilicet anima, etiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4310 intellectiva, utitur viribus per organa corporea operantibus. Sunt
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4311 autem bona sensibilia connaturalia homini. Et ideo, quando anima
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4312 supra sensibilia elevatur operibus rationis intenta, nascitur
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4313 exinde quaedam fatigatio animalis, sive homo intendat operibus
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4314 rationis practicae, sive speculativae. Magis tamen si operibus
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4315 contemplationis intendat, quia per hoc magis a sensibilibus
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4316 elevatur, quamvis forte in aliquibus operibus exterioribus rationis
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4317 practicae maior labor corporis consistat. In utrisque tamen tanto
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4318 aliquis magis animaliter fatigatur, quanto vehementius operibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4319 rationis intendat. Sicut autem fatigatio corporalis solvitur per
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4320 corporis quietem, ita etiam oportet quod fatigatio animalis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4321 solvatur per animae quietem. Quies autem animae est delectatio, ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4322 supra habitum est, cum de passionibus ageretur. Et ideo oportet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4323 remedium contra fatigationem animalem adhibere per aliquam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4324 delectationem, intermissa intentione ad insistendum studio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4325 rationis. Sicut in collationibus patrum legitur quod beatus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4326 Evangelista Ioannes, cum quidam scandalizarentur quod eum cum suis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4327 discipulis ludentem invenerunt, dicitur mandasse uni eorum, qui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4328 arcum gerebat, ut sagittam traheret. Quod cum pluries fecisset,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4329 quaesivit utrum hoc continue facere posset. Qui respondit quod, si
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4330 hoc continue faceret, arcus frangeretur. Unde beatus Ioannes
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4331 subintulit quod similiter animus hominis frangeretur, si nunquam a
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4332 sua intentione relaxaretur. Huiusmodi autem dicta vel facta, in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4333 quibus non quaeritur nisi delectatio animalis, vocantur ludicra vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4334 iocosa. Et ideo necesse est talibus interdum uti, quasi ad quandam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4335 animae quietem. Et hoc est quod philosophus dicit, in IV Ethic.,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4336 quod <i>in huius vitae conversatione quaedam requies cum ludo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4337 habetur</i>, et ideo oportet interdum aliquibus talibus uti. Circa
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4338 quae tamen tria videntur praecipue esse cavenda. Quorum primum et
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4339 principale est quod praedicta delectatio non quaeratur in aliquibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4340 operationibus vel verbis turpibus vel nocivis. Unde Tullius dicit,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4341 in I de Offic., quod <i>unum genus iocandi est illiberale,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4342 petulans, flagitiosum, obscenum</i>. Aliud autem attendendum est,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4343 ne totaliter gravitas animae resolvatur. Unde Ambrosius dicit, in I
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4344 de Offic., <i>caveamus ne, dum relaxare animum volumus, solvamus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4345 omnem harmoniam, quasi concentum quendam bonorum operum</i>. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4346 Tullius dicit, in I de Offic., quod <i>sicut pueris non omnem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4347 ludendi licentiam damus, sed eam quae ab honestatis actionibus non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4348 sit aliena; sic in ipso ioco aliquod probi ingenii lumen
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4349 eluceat</i>. Tertio autem est attendendum, sicut et in omnibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4350 aliis humanis actibus, ut congruat personae et tempori et loco, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4351 secundum alias circumstantias debite ordinetur, ut scilicet sit et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4352 tempore et homine dignus, ut Tullius dicit, ibidem. Huiusmodi autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4353 secundum regulam rationis ordinantur. Habitus autem secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4354 rationem operans est virtus moralis. Et ideo circa ludos potest
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4355 esse aliqua virtus, quam philosophus eutrapeliam nominat. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4356 dicitur aliquis eutrapelus a bona versione, quia scilicet bene
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4357 convertit aliqua dicta vel facta in solatium. Et inquantum per hanc
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4358 virtutem homo refrenatur ab immoderantia ludorum, sub modestia
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4359 continetur.</p><p title="II-II q. 168 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="45731"><span class="ref">[45731] IIª-IIae, q. 168 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4360 ergo dicendum quod, sicut dictum est, iocosa debent congruere
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4361 negotiis et personis. Unde et Tullius dicit, in I Rhet., quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4362 quando auditores sunt defatigati, <i>non est inutile ab aliqua re
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4363 nova aut ridicula oratorem incipere, si tamen rei dignitas non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4364 adimit iocandi facultatem</i>. Doctrina autem sacra maximis rebus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4365 intendit, secundum illud Prov. VIII, <i>audite, quoniam de rebus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4366 magnis locutura sum</i>. Unde Ambrosius non excludit universaliter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4367 iocum a conversatione humana, sed a doctrina sacra. Unde
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4368 praemittit, <i>licet interdum honesta ioca ac suavia sint, tamen ab
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4369 ecclesiastica abhorrent regula, quoniam quae in Scripturis sanctis
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4370 non reperimus, ea quem ad modum usurpare possumus?</i></p><p title="II-II q. 168 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="45732"><span class="ref">[45732] IIª-IIae, q. 168 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Ad
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4371 secundum dicendum quod verbum illud Chrysostomi est intelligendum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4372 de illis qui inordinate ludis utuntur, et praecipue eorum qui finem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4373 in delectatione ludi constituunt, sicut de quibusdam dicitur Sap.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4374 XV, <i>aestimaverunt esse ludum vitam nostram</i>. Contra quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4375 dicit Tullius, in I de Offic., <i>non ita generati a natura sumus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4376 ut ad ludum et iocum facti esse videamur, sed ad severitatem
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4377 potius, et ad quaedam studia graviora atque maiora</i>.</p><p title="II-II q. 168 a. 2 ad 3"><a name="45733"><span class="ref">[45733] IIª-IIae, q. 168 a. 2 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4378 dicendum quod ipsae operationes ludi, secundum suam speciem, non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4379 ordinantur ad aliquem finem. Sed delectatio quae in talibus actibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4380 habetur, ordinatur ad quandam animae recreationem et quietem. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4381 secundum hoc, si moderate fiat, licet uti ludo. Unde Tullius dicit,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4382 in I de Offic., <i>ludo et ioco uti quidem licet, sed, sicut somno
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4383 et quietibus ceteris, tunc cum gravibus seriisque rebus
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4384 satisfecerimus</i>.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 3</h3><p title="II-II q. 168 a. 3 arg. 1"><a name="45734"><span class="ref">[45734] IIª-IIae, q. 168 a. 3 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4385 tertium sic proceditur. Videtur quod in superfluitate ludi non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4386 possit esse peccatum. Illud enim quod excusat a peccato, non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4387 videtur esse peccatum. Sed ludus quandoque excusat a peccato, multa
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4388 enim, si serio fierent, gravia peccata essent, quae quidem, ioco
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4389 facta, vel nulla vel levia sunt. Ergo videtur quod in
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4390 superabundantia ludi non sit peccatum.</p><p title="II-II q. 168 a. 3 arg. 2"><a name="45735"><span class="ref">[45735] IIª-IIae, q. 168 a. 3 arg. 2</span></a>
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4391 Praeterea, omnia alia vitia reducuntur ad septem vitia capitalia,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4392 ut Gregorius dicit, XXXI Moral. Sed superabundantia in lucis non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4393 videtur reduci ad aliquod capitalium vitiorum. Ergo videtur quod
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4394 non sit peccatum.</p><p title="II-II q. 168 a. 3 arg. 3"><a name="45736"><span class="ref">[45736] IIª-IIae, q. 168 a. 3 arg. 3</span></a>
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4395 Praeterea, maxime histriones in ludo videntur superabundare, qui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4396 totam vitam suam ordinant ad ludendum. Si ergo superabundantia ludi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4397 esset peccatum, tunc omnes histriones essent in statu peccati.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4398 Peccarent etiam omnes qui eorum ministerio uterentur, vel qui eis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4399 aliqua largirentur, tanquam peccati fautores. Quod videtur esse
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4400 falsum. Legitur enim in vitis patrum, quod beato Paphnutio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4401 revelatum est quod quidam ioculator futurus erat sibi consors in
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4402 vita futura.</p><p title="II-II q. 168 a. 3 s. c."><a name="45737"><span class="ref">[45737] IIª-IIae, q. 168 a. 3 s. c.</span></a> Sed
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4403 contra est quod, super illud Prov. XIV, <i>risus dolori miscebitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4404 et extrema gaudii luctus occupat</i>, dicit Glossa, luctus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4405 perpetuus. Sed in superfluitate ludi est inordinatus risus et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4406 inordinatum gaudium. Ergo est ibi peccatum mortale, cui soli
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4407 debetur luctus perpetuus.</p><p title="II-II q. 168 a. 3 co."><a name="45738"><span class="ref">[45738] IIª-IIae, q. 168 a. 3 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4408 dicendum quod in omni eo quod est dirigibile secundum rationem,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4409 superfluum dicitur quod regulam rationis excedit, diminutum autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4410 dicitur aliquid secundum quod deficit a regula rationis. Dictum est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4411 autem quod ludicra sive iocosa verba vel facta sunt dirigibilia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4412 secundum rationem. Et ideo superfluum in ludo accipitur quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4413 excedit regulam rationis. Quod quidem potest esse dupliciter. Uno
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4414 modo, ex ipsa specie actionum quae assumuntur in ludum, quod quidem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4415 iocandi genus secundum Tullium dicitur esse illiberale, petulans,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4416 flagitiosum, obscenum, quando scilicet utitur aliquis, causa ludi,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4417 turpibus verbis vel factis, vel etiam his quae vergunt in proximi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4418 nocumentum, quae de se sunt peccata mortalia. Et sic, patet quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4419 excessus in ludo est peccatum mortale. Alio autem modo potest esse
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4420 excessus in ludo secundum defectum debitarum circumstantiarum, puta
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4421 cum aliqui utuntur ludo vel temporibus vel locis indebitis, aut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4422 etiam praeter convenientiam negotii seu personae. Et hoc quidem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4423 quandoque potest esse peccatum mortale, propter vehementiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4424 affectus ad ludum, cuius delectationem praeponit aliquis dilectioni
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4425 Dei, ita quod contra praeceptum Dei vel Ecclesiae talibus ludis uti
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4426 non refugiat. Quandoque autem est peccatum veniale, puta cum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4427 aliquis non tantum afficitur ad ludum quod propter hoc vellet
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4428 aliquid contra Deum committere.</p><p title="II-II q. 168 a. 3 ad 1"><a name="45739"><span class="ref">[45739] IIª-IIae, q. 168 a. 3 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4429 ergo dicendum quod aliqua sunt peccata propter solam intentionem,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4430 quia scilicet in iniuriam alicuius fiunt, quam quidem intentionem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4431 excludit ludus, cuius intentio ad delectationem fertur, non ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4432 iniuriam alicuius. Et in talibus ludus excusat a peccato, vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4433 peccatum diminuit. Quaedam vero sunt quae secundum suam speciem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4434 sunt peccata, sicut homicidium, fornicatio et similia. Et talia non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4435 excusantur per ludum, quinimmo ex his ludus redditur flagitiosus et
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4436 obscenus.</p><p title="II-II q. 168 a. 3 ad 2"><a name="45740"><span class="ref">[45740] IIª-IIae, q. 168 a. 3 ad 2</span></a> Ad
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4437 secundum dicendum quod superfluitas in ludo pertinet ad ineptam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4438 laetitiam, quam Gregorius dicit esse filiam gulae. Unde Exod. XXXII
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4439 dicitur, <i>sedit populus manducare et bibere, et surrexerunt
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4440 ludere</i>.</p><p title="II-II q. 168 a. 3 ad 3"><a name="45741"><span class="ref">[45741] IIª-IIae, q. 168 a. 3 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4441 dicendum quod, sicut dictum est, ludus est necessarius ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4442 conversationem humanae vitae. Ad omnia autem quae sunt utilia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4443 conversationi humanae, deputari possunt aliqua officia licita. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4444 ideo etiam officium histrionum, quod ordinatur ad solatium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4445 hominibus exhibendum, non est secundum se illicitum, nec sunt in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4446 statu peccati, dummodo moderate ludo utantur, idest, non utendo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4447 aliquibus illicitis verbis vel factis ad ludum, et non adhibendo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4448 ludum negotiis et temporibus indebitis. Et quamvis in rebus humanis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4449 non utantur alio officio per comparationem ad alios homines, tamen
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4450 per comparationem ad seipsos et ad Deum, alias habent seriosas et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4451 virtuosas operationes, puta dum orant, et suas passiones et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4452 operationes componunt, et quandoque etiam pauperibus eleemosynas
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4453 largiuntur. Unde illi qui moderate eis subveniunt, non peccant, sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4454 iusta faciunt, mercedem ministerii eorum eis attribuendo. Si qui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4455 autem superflue sua in tales consumunt, vel etiam sustentant illos
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4456 histriones qui illicitis ludis utuntur, peccant, quasi eos in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4457 peccato foventes. Unde Augustinus dicit, super Ioan., quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4458 <i>donare res suas histrionibus vitium est immane</i>. Nisi forte
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4459 aliquis histrio esset in extrema necessitate, in qua esset ei
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4460 subveniendum. Dicit enim Ambrosius, in libro de Offic., <i>pasce
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4461 fame morientem. Quisquis enim pascendo hominem servare poteris, si
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4462 non paveris, occidisti</i>.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 4</h3><p title="II-II q. 168 a. 4 arg. 1"><a name="45742"><span class="ref">[45742] IIª-IIae, q. 168 a. 4 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4463 quartum sic proceditur. Videtur quod in defectu ludi non consistat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4464 aliquod peccatum. Nullum enim peccatum indicitur poenitenti. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4465 Augustinus dicit, de poenitente loquens, <i>cohibeat se a ludis, a
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4466 spectaculis saeculi, qui perfectam vult consequi remissionis
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4467 gratiam</i>. Ergo in defectu ludi non est aliquod peccatum.</p><p title="II-II q. 168 a. 4 arg. 2"><a name="45743"><span class="ref">[45743] IIª-IIae, q. 168 a. 4 arg. 2</span></a>
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4468 Praeterea, nullum peccatum ponitur in commendatione sanctorum. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4469 in commendatione quorundam ponitur quod a ludo abstinuerunt,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4470 dicitur enim Ierem. XV, non sedi in Concilio ludentium; et Tobiae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4471 III dicitur, <i>nunquam cum ludentibus miscui me, neque cum his qui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4472 in levitate ambulant, participem me praebui</i>. Ergo in defectu
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4473 ludi non potest esse peccatum.</p><p title="II-II q. 168 a. 4 arg. 3"><a name="45744"><span class="ref">[45744] IIª-IIae, q. 168 a. 4 arg. 3</span></a>
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4474 Praeterea, Andronicus ponit austeritatem, quam inter virtutes
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4475 numerat, esse <i>habitum secundum quem aliqui neque afferunt aliis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4476 delectationes collocutionum, neque ab aliis recipiunt</i>. Sed hoc
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4477 pertinet ad defectum ludi. Ergo defectus ludi magis pertinet ad
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4478 virtutem quam ad vitium.</p><p title="II-II q. 168 a. 4 s. c."><a name="45745"><span class="ref">[45745] IIª-IIae, q. 168 a. 4 s. c.</span></a> Sed
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4479 contra est quod philosophus, in II et IV Ethic., ponit defectum in
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4480 ludo esse vitiosum.</p><p title="II-II q. 168 a. 4 co."><a name="45746"><span class="ref">[45746] IIª-IIae, q. 168 a. 4 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4481 dicendum quod omne quod est contra rationem in rebus humanis,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4482 vitiosum est. Est autem contra rationem ut aliquis se aliis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4483 onerosum exhibeat, puta dum nihil delectabile exhibet, et etiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4484 delectationes aliorum impedit. Unde Seneca dicit, <i>sic te geras
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4485 sapienter ut nullus te habeat tanquam asperum, nec contemnat quasi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4486 vilem</i>. Illi autem qui in ludo deficiunt, neque ipsi dicunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4487 aliquod ridiculum; et dicentibus molesti sunt, quia scilicet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4488 moderatos aliorum ludos non recipiunt. Et ideo tales vitiosi sunt,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4489 et dicuntur duri et agrestes, ut philosophus dicit, in IV Ethic.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4490 Sed quia ludus est utilis propter delectationem et quietem;
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4491 delectatio autem et quies non propter se quaeruntur in humana vita,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4492 sed propter operationem, ut dicitur in X Ethic., defectus ludi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4493 minus est vitiosus quam ludi superexcessus. Unde philosophus dicit,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4494 in IX Ethic., quod <i>pauci amici propter delectationem sunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4495 habendi</i>, quia parum de delectatione sufficit ad vitam, quasi
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4496 pro condimento; sicut parum de sale sufficit in cibo.</p><p title="II-II q. 168 a. 4 ad 1"><a name="45747"><span class="ref">[45747] IIª-IIae, q. 168 a. 4 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4497 ergo dicendum quod, quia poenitentibus luctus indicitur pro
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4498 peccatis, ideo interdicitur eis ludus. Nec hoc pertinet ad vitium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4499 defectus, quia hoc ipsum est secundum rationem quod in eis ludus
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4500 diminuatur.</p><p title="II-II q. 168 a. 4 ad 2"><a name="45748"><span class="ref">[45748] IIª-IIae, q. 168 a. 4 ad 2</span></a> Ad
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4501 secundum dicendum quod Ieremias ibi loquitur secundum congruentiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4502 temporis cuius status magis luctum requirebat. Unde subdit,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4503 <i>solus sedebam, quoniam amaritudine replevisti me</i>. Quod autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4504 dicitur Tobiae III, pertinet ad ludum superfluum. Quod patet ex eo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4505 quod sequitur, <i>neque cum his qui in levitate ambulant participem
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
4506 me praebui</i>.</p><p title="II-II q. 168 a. 4 ad 3"><a name="45749"><span class="ref">[45749] IIª-IIae, q. 168 a. 4 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4507 dicendum quod austeritas, secundum quod est virtus, non excludit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4508 omnes delectationes, sed superfluas et inordinatas. Unde videtur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4509 pertinere ad affabilitatem, quam philosophus amicitiam nominat, vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4510 ad eutrapeliam, sive iucunditatem. Et tamen nominat et definit eam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4511 sic secundum convenientiam ad temperantiam, cuius est delectationes
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4512 reprimere.</p></div></div><div class="q" id="q169"><h2>Quaestio 169</h2><div class="p"><h3>Prooemium</h3><p title="II-II q. 169 pr."><a name="45750"><span class="ref">[45750] IIª-IIae, q. 169 pr.</span></a> Deinde
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4513 considerandum est de modestia secundum quod consistit in exteriori
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4514 apparatu. Et circa hoc quaeruntur duo. Primo, utrum circa
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4515 exteriorem apparatum possit esse virtus et vitium. Secundo, utrum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4516 mulieres mortaliter peccent in superfluo ornatu.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 1</h3><p title="II-II q. 169 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="45751"><span class="ref">[45751] IIª-IIae, q. 169 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4517 primum sic proceditur. Videtur quod circa exteriorem ornatum non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4518 possit esse virtus et vitium. Exterior enim ornatus non est in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4519 nobis a natura, unde et secundum diversitatem temporum et locorum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4520 variantur. Unde Augustinus dicit, in III de Doct. Christ., quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4521 <i>talares et manicatas tunicas habere apud veteres Romanos
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4522 flagitium erat, nunc autem honesto loco natis non eas habere
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4523 flagitium est</i>. Sed sicut philosophus dicit, in II Ethic.,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4524 <i>naturalis inest nobis aptitudo ad virtutes</i>. Ergo circa
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4525 huiusmodi non est virtus et vitium.</p><p title="II-II q. 169 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="45752"><span class="ref">[45752] IIª-IIae, q. 169 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a>
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4526 Praeterea, si circa exteriorem cultum esset virtus et vitium,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4527 oporteret quod superfluitas in talibus esset vitiosa, et etiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4528 defectus vitiosus. Sed superfluitas in cultu exteriori non videtur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4529 esse vitiosa, quia etiam sacerdotes et ministri altaris in sacro
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4530 ministerio pretiosissimis vestibus utuntur. Similiter etiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4531 defectus in talibus non videtur esse vitiosus, quia in laudem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4532 quorundam dicitur, Heb. XI, <i>circuierunt in melotis et in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4533 pellibus caprinis</i>. Non ergo videtur quod in talibus possit esse
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4534 virtus et vitium.</p><p title="II-II q. 169 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="45753"><span class="ref">[45753] IIª-IIae, q. 169 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a>
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4535 Praeterea, omnis virtus aut est theologica, aut moralis, aut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4536 intellectualis. Sed circa huiusmodi non consistit virtus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4537 intellectualis, quae perficit in aliqua cognitione veritatis.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4538 Similiter etiam nec est ibi virtus theologica, quae habet Deum pro
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4539 obiecto. Nec etiam est ibi aliqua virtutum moralium quas
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4540 philosophus tangit. Ergo videtur quod circa huiusmodi cultum non
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4541 possit esse virtus et vitium.</p><p title="II-II q. 169 a. 1 s. c."><a name="45754"><span class="ref">[45754] IIª-IIae, q. 169 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4542 contra, honestas ad virtutem pertinet. Sed in exteriori cultu
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4543 consideratur quaedam honestas, dicit enim Ambrosius, in I de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4544 Offic., <i>decor corporis non sit affectatus, sed naturalis;
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4545 simplex, neglectus magis quam expeditus; non pretiosis et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4546 albentibus adiutus vestimentis, sed communibus, ut honestati vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4547 necessitati nihil desit, nihil accedat nitori</i>. Ergo in
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4548 exteriori cultu potest esse virtus et vitium.</p><p title="II-II q. 169 a. 1 co."><a name="45755"><span class="ref">[45755] IIª-IIae, q. 169 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4549 dicendum quod in ipsis rebus exterioribus quibus homo utitur, non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4550 est aliquod vitium, sed ex parte hominis qui immoderate utitur eis.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4551 Quae quidem immoderantia potest esse dupliciter. Uno quidem modo,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4552 per comparationem ad consuetudinem hominum cum quibus aliquis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4553 vivit. Unde dicit Augustinus, in III Confess., <i>quae contra mores
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4554 hominum sunt flagitia, pro morum diversitate vitanda sunt, ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4555 pactum inter se civitatis et gentis consuetudine vel lege firmatum,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4556 nulla civis aut peregrini libidine violetur. Turpis enim est omnis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4557 pars universo suo non congruens</i>. Alio modo potest esse
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4558 immoderatio in usu talium rerum ex inordinato affectu utentis, ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4559 quo quandoque contingit quod homo nimis libidinose talibus utatur,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4560 sive secundum consuetudinem eorum cum quibus vivit, sive etiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4561 praeter eorum consuetudinem. Unde Augustinus dicit, in III de Doct.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4562 Christ., <i>in usu rerum abesse oportet libidinem, quae non solum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4563 ipsa eorum inter quos vivit consuetudine nequiter abutitur; sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4564 etiam saepe fines eius egressa, foeditatem suam, quae inter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4565 claustra morum solemnium latitabat, flagitiosissima eruptione
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4566 manifestat</i>. Contingit autem ista inordinatio affectus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4567 tripliciter, quantum ad superabundantiam. Uno modo, per hoc quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4568 aliquis ex superfluo cultu vestium hominum gloriam quaerit, prout
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4569 scilicet vestes et alia huiusmodi pertinent ad quendam ornatum.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4570 Unde Gregorius dicit, in quadam homilia, <i>sunt nonnulli qui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4571 cultum subtilium pretiosarumque vestium non putant esse peccatum.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4572 Quod videlicet si culpa non esset nequaquam sermo Dei tam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4573 vigilanter exprimeret quod dives qui torquebatur apud Inferos,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4574 bysso et purpura indutus fuisset. Nemo quippe vestimenta
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4575 pretiosa</i>, scilicet excedentia proprium statum, nisi ad inanem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4576 gloriam quaerit. Alio modo, secundum quod homo per superfluum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4577 cultum vestium quaerit delicias, secundum quod vestis ordinatur ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4578 corporis fomentum. Tertio modo, secundum quod nimiam sollicitudinem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4579 apponit ad exteriorem vestium cultum, etiam si non sit aliqua
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4580 inordinatio ex parte finis. Et secundum hoc, Andronicus ponit tres
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4581 virtutes circa exteriorem cultum. Scilicet, humilitatem, quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4582 excludit intentionem gloriae. Unde dicit quod humilitas est habitus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4583 non superabundans in sumptibus et praeparationibus. Et per se
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4584 sufficientiam, quae excludit intentionem deliciarum. Unde dicit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4585 quod per se sufficientia est habitus contentus quibus oportet, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4586 determinativa eorum quae ad vivere convenit (secundum illud
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4587 apostoli, I ad Tim. ult., <i>habentes alimenta et quibus tegamur,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4588 his contenti simus</i>). Et simplicitatem, quae excludit superfluam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4589 sollicitudinem talium. Unde dicit quod simplicitas est habitus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4590 contentus his quae contingunt. Ex parte autem defectus similiter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4591 potest esse duplex inordinatio secundum affectum. Uno quidem modo,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4592 ex negligentia hominis qui non adhibet studium vel laborem ad hoc
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4593 quod exteriori cultu utatur secundum quod oportet. Unde philosophus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4594 dicit, in VII Ethic., quod ad mollitiem pertinet quod aliquis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4595 <i>trahat vestimentum per terram, ut non laboret elevando
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4596 ipsum</i>. Alio modo, ex eo quod ipsum defectum exterioris cultus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4597 ad gloriam ordinant. Unde dicit Augustinus, in libro de Serm. Dom.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4598 in monte, <i>non in solo rerum corporearum nitore atque pompa, sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4599 etiam in ipsis sordibus et luctuosis esse posse iactantiam, et eo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4600 periculosiorem quo sub nomine servitutis Dei decipit</i>. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4601 philosophus dicit, in IV Ethic., quod <i>superabundantia et
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4602 inordinatus defectus ad iactantiam pertinet</i>.</p><p title="II-II q. 169 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="45756"><span class="ref">[45756] IIª-IIae, q. 169 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4603 ergo dicendum quod, quamvis ipse cultus exterior non sit a natura,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4604 tamen ad naturalem rationem pertinet ut exteriorem cultum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4605 moderetur. Et secundum hoc, innati sumus hanc virtutem suscipere,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4606 quae exteriorem cultum moderatur.</p><p title="II-II q. 169 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="45757"><span class="ref">[45757] IIª-IIae, q. 169 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4607 secundum dicendum quod illi qui in dignitatibus constituuntur, vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4608 etiam ministri altaris, pretiosioribus vestibus quam ceteri
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4609 induuntur, non propter sui gloriam, sed ad significandam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4610 excellentiam sui ministerii vel cultus divini. Et ideo in eis non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4611 est vitiosum. Unde Augustinus dicit, in III de Doct. Christ.,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4612 <i>quisquis sic utitur exterioribus rebus ut metas consuetudinis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4613 bonorum inter quos versatur excedat, aut aliquid significat, aut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4614 flagitiosus est</i>, dum scilicet propter delicias vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4615 ostentationem talibus utitur. Similiter etiam ex parte defectus
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diff changeset
4616 contingit esse peccatum, non tamen semper qui vilioribus quam
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diff changeset
4617 ceteri vestibus utitur, peccat. Si enim hoc faciat propter
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diff changeset
4618 iactantiam vel superbiam, ut se ceteris praeferat, vitium
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4619 superstitionis est. Si autem hoc faciat propter macerationem carnis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4620 vel humiliationem spiritus, ad virtutem temperantiae pertinet. Unde
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diff changeset
4621 Augustinus dicit, in III de Doct. Christ., <i>quisquis restrictius
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diff changeset
4622 rebus utitur quam se habeant mores eorum cum quibus vivit, aut
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diff changeset
4623 temperans aut superstitiosus est</i>. Praecipue autem competit
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diff changeset
4624 vilibus vestimentis uti his qui alios verbo et exemplo ad
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diff changeset
4625 poenitentiam hortantur, sicut fuerunt prophetae, de quibus
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diff changeset
4626 apostolus ibi loquitur. Unde quaedam Glossa dicit, Matth. III,
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diff changeset
4627 <i>qui poenitentiam praedicat, habitum poenitentiae
53
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diff changeset
4628 praetendit</i>.</p><p title="II-II q. 169 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="45758"><span class="ref">[45758] IIª-IIae, q. 169 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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diff changeset
4629 dicendum quod huiusmodi exterior cultus indicium quoddam est
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diff changeset
4630 conditionis humanae. Et ideo excessus et defectus et medium in
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4631 talibus possunt reduci ad virtutem veritatis, quam philosophus
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diff changeset
4632 ponit circa facta et dicta quibus aliquid de statu hominis
53
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diff changeset
4633 significatur.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 2</h3><p title="II-II q. 169 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="45759"><span class="ref">[45759] IIª-IIae, q. 169 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
28
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diff changeset
4634 secundum sic proceditur. Videtur quod ornatus mulierum non sit sine
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diff changeset
4635 peccato mortali. Omne enim quod est contra praeceptum divinae
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4636 legis, est peccatum mortale. Sed ornatus mulierum est contra
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diff changeset
4637 praeceptum divinae legis, dicitur enim I Pet. III, <i>quarum,
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diff changeset
4638 scilicet mulierum sit non extrinsecus capillatura, aut circumdatio
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diff changeset
4639 auri, aut indumenti vestimentorum cultus</i>. Ubi dicit Glossa
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diff changeset
4640 Cypriani, <i>serico et purpura indutae Christum sincere induere non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
4641 possunt, auro et margaritis adornatae et monilibus, ornamenta
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4642 mentis et corporis perdiderunt</i>. Sed hoc non fit nisi per
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diff changeset
4643 peccatum mortale. Ergo ornatus mulierum non potest esse sine
53
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diff changeset
4644 peccato mortali.</p><p title="II-II q. 169 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="45760"><span class="ref">[45760] IIª-IIae, q. 169 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a>
28
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diff changeset
4645 Praeterea, Cyprianus dicit, in libro de habitu Virgin., <i>non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
4646 virgines tantum aut viduas, sed et nuptas puto et omnes omnino
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4647 feminas admonendas, quod opus Dei et facturam eius et plasma
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
4648 adulterare nullo modo debeant, adhibito flavo colore vel nigro
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4649 pulvere vel rubore, aut quolibet lineamenta nativa corrumpente
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diff changeset
4650 medicamine</i>. Et postea subdit, <i>manus Deo inferunt, quando
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diff changeset
4651 illud quod ille formavit, reformare contendunt. Impugnatio ista est
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diff changeset
4652 divini operis, praevaricatio est veritatis. Deum videre non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
4653 poteris, quando oculi tibi non sunt quos Deus fecit, sed quos
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diff changeset
4654 Diabolus infecit, de inimico tuo compta, cum illo pariter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
4655 arsura</i>. Sed hoc non debetur nisi peccato mortali. Ergo ornatus
53
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diff changeset
4656 mulieris non est sine peccato mortali.</p><p title="II-II q. 169 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="45761"><span class="ref">[45761] IIª-IIae, q. 169 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a>
28
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diff changeset
4657 Praeterea, sicut non congruit mulieri quod veste virili utatur, ita
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diff changeset
4658 etiam ei non competit quod inordinato ornatu utatur. Sed primum est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
4659 peccatum, dicitur enim Deut. XXII, <i>non induatur mulier veste
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
4660 virili, nec vir veste muliebri</i>. Ergo videtur quod etiam
53
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diff changeset
4661 superfluus ornatus mulierum sit peccatum mortale.</p><p title="II-II q. 169 a. 2 s. c."><a name="45762"><span class="ref">[45762] IIª-IIae, q. 169 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed
28
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diff changeset
4662 contra est quia secundum hoc videretur quod artifices huiusmodi
53
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diff changeset
4663 ornamenta praeparantes mortaliter peccarent.</p><p title="II-II q. 169 a. 2 co."><a name="45763"><span class="ref">[45763] IIª-IIae, q. 169 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
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diff changeset
4664 dicendum quod circa ornatum mulierum sunt eadem attendenda quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
4665 supra communiter dicta sunt circa exteriorem cultum, et insuper
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4666 quiddam aliud speciale, quod scilicet muliebris cultus viros ad
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diff changeset
4667 lasciviam provocat, secundum illud Prov. VII, <i>ecce, mulier
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
4668 occurrit illi ornatu meretricio praeparata ad decipiendas
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diff changeset
4669 animas</i>. Potest tamen mulier licite operam dare ad hoc quod viro
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
4670 suo placeat, ne per eius contemptum in adulterium labatur. Unde
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
4671 dicitur I ad Cor. VII, quod <i>mulier quae nupta est cogitat quae
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diff changeset
4672 sunt mundi, quomodo placeat viro</i>. Et ideo si mulier coniugata
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4673 ad hoc se ornet ut viro suo placeat, potest hoc facere absque
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4674 peccato. Illae autem mulieres quae viros non habent, nec volunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4675 habere, et sunt in statu non habendi, non possunt absque peccato
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4676 appetere placere virorum aspectibus ad concupiscendum, quia hoc est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4677 dare eis incentivum peccandi. Et si quidem hac intentione se ornent
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diff changeset
4678 ut alios provocent, ad concupiscentiam, mortaliter peccant. Si
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diff changeset
4679 autem ex quadam levitate, vel etiam ex vanitate propter quandam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4680 iactantiam, non semper est peccatum mortale, sed quandoque veniale.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
4681 Et eadem ratio, quantum ad hoc, est de viris. Unde Augustinus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
4682 dicit, in epistola ad Possidium, <i>nolo ut de ornamentis auri vel
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diff changeset
4683 vestis praeproperam habeas in prohibendo sententiam, nisi in eos
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diff changeset
4684 qui neque coniugati sunt, neque coniugari cupientes, cogitare
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
4685 debent quomodo placeant Deo. Illi autem cogitant quae sunt mundi,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
4686 quomodo placeant vel viri uxoribus, vel mulieres maritis, nisi quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
4687 capillos nudare feminas, quas etiam caput velare apostolus iubet,
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diff changeset
4688 nec maritatas decet</i>. In quo tamen possent aliquae a peccato
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4689 excusari, quando hoc non fieret ex aliqua vanitate, sed propter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4690 contrariam consuetudinem, quamvis talis consuetudo non sit
53
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diff changeset
4691 laudabilis.</p><p title="II-II q. 169 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="45764"><span class="ref">[45764] IIª-IIae, q. 169 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
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diff changeset
4692 ergo dicendum quod, sicut Glossa ibidem dicit, <i>mulieres eorum
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diff changeset
4693 qui in tribulatione erant, contemnebant viros, et ut aliis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4694 placerent, se pulchre ornabant, quod fieri apostolus prohibet</i>.
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diff changeset
4695 In quo etiam casu loquitur Cyprianus, non autem prohibet mulieribus
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ht
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diff changeset
4696 coniugatis ornari ut placeant viris, ne detur eis occasio peccandi
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diff changeset
4697 cum aliis. Unde I ad Tim. dicit apostolus, <i>mulieres in habitu
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diff changeset
4698 ornato, cum verecundia et sobrietate ornantes se, non in tortis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
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diff changeset
4699 crinibus, aut auro aut margaritis aut veste pretiosa</i>, per quod
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diff changeset
4700 datur intelligi quod sobrius et moderatus ornatus non prohibetur
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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diff changeset
4701 mulieribus, sed superfluus et inverecundus et impudicus.</p><p title="II-II q. 169 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="45765"><span class="ref">[45765] IIª-IIae, q. 169 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Ad
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
4702 secundum dicendum quod mulierum fucatio, de qua Cyprianus loquitur,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
4703 est quaedam species fictionis, quae non potest esse sine peccato.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4704 Unde Augustinus dicit, in epistola ad Possidium, <i>fucari
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
4705 figmentis, quo rubicundior vel candidior appareat, adulterina
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4706 fallacia est, qua non dubito etiam ipsos maritos se nolle decipi,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
4707 quibus solis permittendae sunt feminae ornari, secundum veniam, non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
4708 secundum imperium</i>. Non tamen semper talis fucatio est cum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
4709 peccato mortali, sed solum quando fit propter lasciviam, vel in Dei
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
4710 contemptum, in quibus casibus loquitur Cyprianus. Sciendum tamen
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
4711 quod aliud est fingere pulchritudinem non habitam, et aliud est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4712 occultare turpitudinem ex aliqua causa provenientem, puta
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
4713 aegritudine vel aliquo huiusmodi. Hoc enim est licitum, quia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
4714 secundum apostolum, I ad Cor., <i>quae putamus ignobiliora esse
53
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diff changeset
4715 membra corporis, his honorem abundantiorem circundamus</i>.</p><p title="II-II q. 169 a. 2 ad 3"><a name="45766"><span class="ref">[45766] IIª-IIae, q. 169 a. 2 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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diff changeset
4716 dicendum quod, sicut dictum est, cultus exterior debet competere
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
4717 conditioni personae secundum communem consuetudinem. Et ideo de se
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diff changeset
4718 vitiosum est quod mulier utatur veste virili aut e converso, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
4719 praecipue quia hoc potest esse causa lasciviae. Et specialiter
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diff changeset
4720 prohibetur in lege, quia gentiles tali mutatione habitus utebantur
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diff changeset
4721 ad idololatriae superstitionem. Potest tamen quandoque hoc fieri
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diff changeset
4722 sine peccato propter aliquam necessitatem, vel causa occultandi ab
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
4723 hostibus, vel propter defectum alterius vestimenti, vel propter
53
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diff changeset
4724 aliquid aliud huiusmodi.</p><p title="II-II q. 169 a. 2 ad 4"><a name="45767"><span class="ref">[45767] IIª-IIae, q. 169 a. 2 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
28
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diff changeset
4725 dicendum quod, si qua ars est ad faciendum aliqua opera quibus
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diff changeset
4726 homines uti non possunt absque peccato, per consequens artifices
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4727 talia faciendo peccarent, utpote praebentes directe aliis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
4728 occasionem peccandi, puta si quis fabricaret idola, vel aliqua ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4729 cultum idololatriae pertinentia. Si qua vero ars sit cuius operibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
4730 homines possunt bene et male uti, sicut gladii, sagittae et alia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
4731 huiusmodi, usus talium artium non est peccatum, et eae solae artes
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diff changeset
4732 sunt dicendae. Unde Chrysostomus dicit, super Matth., <i>eas solas
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diff changeset
4733 oportet artes vocare quae necessariorum, et eorum quae continent
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diff changeset
4734 vitam nostram, sunt tributivae et constructivae</i>. Si tamen
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diff changeset
4735 operibus alicuius artis ut pluries aliqui male uterentur, quamvis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
4736 de se non sint illicitae, sunt tamen per officium principis a
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diff changeset
4737 civitate extirpandae, secundum documenta Platonis. Quia ergo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
4738 mulieres licite se possunt ornare, vel ut conservent decentiam sui
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diff changeset
4739 status, vel etiam aliquid superaddere ut placeant viris; consequens
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diff changeset
4740 est quod artifices talium ornamentorum non peccant in usu talis
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diff changeset
4741 artis, nisi forte inveniendo aliqua superflua et curiosa. Unde
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4742 Chrysostomus dicit, super Matth., quod <i>etiam ab arte calceorum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
4743 et textorum multa abscidere oportet. Etenim ad luxuriam deduxerunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
4744 necessitatem eius corrumpentes, artem male arti
53
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diff changeset
4745 commiscentes</i>.</p></div></div><div class="centro"><br/>
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diff changeset
4746 <p><a href="sth3146.html"><img alt="age retro" border="0" align="middle" height="19" width="19" src="icons/ageretro.gif"/></a>  
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diff changeset
4747 <a href="sth3170.html"><img alt="age ultra" border="0" align="middle" height="19" width="19" src="icons/ageultra.gif"/></a></p>
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diff changeset
4748 <br/>
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diff changeset
4749 <hr/>
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4750 <br/>
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diff changeset
4751 <address>© 2006 Fundación Tomás de Aquino quoad
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diff changeset
4752 hanc editionem<br/>
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diff changeset
4753 Iura omnia asservantur<br/>
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diff changeset
4754 OCLC nr. <a style="text-decoration=none" href="http://worldcatlibraries.org/wcpa/oclc/49644264">49644264</a></address>
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diff changeset
4755 </div></body>
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diff changeset
4756 </html>