Mercurial > hg > Aquinas

annotate summa/latin/sth2040.html @ 56:b098f72b8f2f

Find changesets by keywords (author, files, the commit message), revision number or hash, or revset expression.
local doctype
author ht
date Wed, 30 Dec 2009 12:00:10 +0000
parents d777cc3962f2
children 03759e5c1080
Ignore whitespace changes - Everywhere: Within whitespace: At end of lines:
rev   line source
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1 <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2 <!DOCTYPE html
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3 PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "file:///c:/cygwin/usr/local/share/lib/xml/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4 <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="LA" lang="LA">
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5 <head>
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
6 <meta content="HTML Tidy for Windows (vers 1st February 2005), see www.w3.org" name="generator"/>
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
7 <meta content="text/html; charset=us-ascii" http-equiv="Content-Type"/>
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
8 <meta content="text/css" http-equiv="Content-Style-Type"/>
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
9 <meta content="text/javascript" http-equiv="Content-Script-Type"/>
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
10 <meta content="Thomas de Aquino, Summa Theologiae, Corpus Thomisticum" name="keywords"/>
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
11 <meta content="Latin" name="language"/>
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
12 <meta content="public" name="security"/>
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
13 <meta content="ealarcon@unav.es" name="owner"/>
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
14 <meta content="Enrique Alarcón" name="author"/>
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
15 <meta content="" name="abstract"/>
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
16 <link type="text/css" href="vscreen.css" media="screen" rel="stylesheet"/>
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
17 <link type="text/css" href="vprint.css" media="print" rel="stylesheet"/>
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
18 <title>Thomas de Aquino, Summa Theologiae, Iª-IIae q.
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
19 40-48</title>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
20 </head>
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
21 <body><a href="http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/"/><div class="tres">CORPUS THOMISTICUM</div><div class="uno">Sancti Thomae de Aquino</div><div class="uno">Summa Theologiae</div><div class="dos">prima pars secundae partis a quaestione XL ad
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
22 quaestionem XLVIII</div><div class="centro">
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
23 <table summary="Imago" align="center">
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
24 <tr>
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
25 <th><img align="middle" alt="Thomas de Aquino a Filippino Lippi depictus (Cappella Carafa, S. Maria sopra Minerva, Roma)" border="0" height="190" width="275" src="icons/fugit190.jpg"/></th>
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
26 </tr>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
27 </table>
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
28 <br/>
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
29 <span class="tres">Textum Leoninum Romae 1891 editum<br/>
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
30 ac automato translatum a Roberto Busa SJ in taenias
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
31 magneticas<br/>
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
32 denuo recognovit Enrique Alarcón atque instruxit<br/>
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
33 <br/></span><br/>
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
34 <hr/>
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
35 <br/>
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
36 <p><a href="sth2026.html"><img alt="age retro" border="0" align="middle" height="19" width="19" src="icons/ageretro.gif"/></a>  
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
37 <a href="sth2049.html"><img alt="age ultra" border="0" align="middle" height="19" width="19" src="icons/ageultra.gif"/></a></p>
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
38 <script type="text/javascript" language="JavaScript">
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
39 //
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
40 &lt;!--
26
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
41 // original code by Bill Trefzger 12/12/96; revised by Enrique Alarcon 12/9/2000
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html
ht
parents:
diff changeset
42 function go(){if(document.selecter.select1.options[document.selecter.select1.selectedIndex].value !="none"){location=document.selecter.select1.options[document.selecter.select1.selectedIndex].value}}
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
43 document.write('&lt;FORM NAME="selecter"&gt;&lt;SELECT NAME="select1"&gt;');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
44 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="none"&gt;INDEX');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
45 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="none"&gt;------------------------------------------------');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
46 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="index.html"&gt;Corpus Thomisticum');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
47 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="iopera.html"&gt;Opera omnia');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
48 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="zbiblia.html"&gt;Bibliographia Thomistica');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
49 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="none"&gt;------------------------------------------------');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
50 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35231"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 40 pr.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
51 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35232"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 40 a. 1 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
52 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35233"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 40 a. 1 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
53 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35234"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 40 a. 1 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
54 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35235"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 40 a. 1 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
55 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35236"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 40 a. 1 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
56 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35237"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 40 a. 1 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
57 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35238"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 40 a. 1 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
58 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35239"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 40 a. 1 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
59 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35240"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 40 a. 2 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
60 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35241"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 40 a. 2 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
61 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35242"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 40 a. 2 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
62 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35243"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 40 a. 2 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
63 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35244"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 40 a. 2 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
64 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35245"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 40 a. 2 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
65 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35246"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 40 a. 2 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
66 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35247"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 40 a. 2 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
67 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35248"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 40 a. 3 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
68 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35249"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 40 a. 3 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
69 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35250"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 40 a. 3 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
70 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35251"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 40 a. 3 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
71 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35252"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 40 a. 3 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
72 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35253"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 40 a. 3 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
73 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35254"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 40 a. 3 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
74 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35255"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 40 a. 3 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
75 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35256"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 40 a. 4 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
76 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35257"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 40 a. 4 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
77 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35258"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 40 a. 4 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
78 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35259"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 40 a. 4 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
79 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35260"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 40 a. 4 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
80 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35261"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 40 a. 4 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
81 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35262"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 40 a. 4 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
82 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35263"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 40 a. 4 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
83 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35264"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 40 a. 5 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
84 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35265"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 40 a. 5 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
85 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35266"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 40 a. 5 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
86 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35267"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 40 a. 5 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
87 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35268"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 40 a. 5 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
88 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35269"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 40 a. 5 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
89 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35270"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 40 a. 5 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
90 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35271"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 40 a. 5 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
91 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35272"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 40 a. 6 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
92 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35273"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 40 a. 6 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
93 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35274"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 40 a. 6 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
94 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35275"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 40 a. 6 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
95 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35276"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 40 a. 6 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
96 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35277"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 40 a. 6 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
97 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35278"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 40 a. 6 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
98 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35279"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 40 a. 6 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
99 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35280"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 40 a. 7 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
100 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35281"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 40 a. 7 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
101 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35282"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 40 a. 7 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
102 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35283"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 40 a. 7 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
103 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35284"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 40 a. 7 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
104 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35285"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 40 a. 7 ad');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
105 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35286"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 40 a. 8 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
106 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35287"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 40 a. 8 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
107 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35288"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 40 a. 8 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
108 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35289"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 40 a. 8 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
109 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35290"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 40 a. 8 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
110 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35291"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 40 a. 8 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
111 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35292"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 40 a. 8 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
112 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35293"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 40 a. 8 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
113 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35294"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 41 pr.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
114 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35295"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 41 a. 1 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
115 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35296"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 41 a. 1 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
116 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35297"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 41 a. 1 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
117 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35298"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 41 a. 1 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
118 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35299"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 41 a. 1 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
119 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35300"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 41 a. 1 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
120 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35301"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 41 a. 1 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
121 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35302"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 41 a. 1 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
122 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35303"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 41 a. 2 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
123 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35304"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 41 a. 2 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
124 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35305"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 41 a. 2 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
125 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35306"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 41 a. 2 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
126 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35307"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 41 a. 2 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
127 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35308"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 41 a. 2 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
128 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35309"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 41 a. 2 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
129 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35310"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 41 a. 2 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
130 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35311"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 41 a. 3 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
131 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35312"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 41 a. 3 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
132 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35313"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 41 a. 3 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
133 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35314"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 41 a. 3 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
134 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35315"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 41 a. 3 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
135 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35316"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 41 a. 3 ad');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
136 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35317"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 41 a. 4 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
137 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35318"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 41 a. 4 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
138 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35319"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 41 a. 4 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
139 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35320"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 41 a. 4 arg. 4');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
140 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35321"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 41 a. 4 arg. 5');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
141 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35322"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 41 a. 4 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
142 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35323"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 41 a. 4 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
143 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35324"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 41 a. 4 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
144 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35325"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 41 a. 4 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
145 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35326"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 41 a. 4 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
146 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35327"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 41 a. 4 ad 4');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
147 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35328"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 41 a. 4 ad 5');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
148 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35329"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 42 pr.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
149 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35330"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 42 a. 1 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
150 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35331"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 42 a. 1 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
151 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35332"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 42 a. 1 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
152 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35333"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 42 a. 1 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
153 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35334"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 42 a. 1 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
154 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35335"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 42 a. 1 ad');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
155 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35336"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 42 a. 2 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
156 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35337"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 42 a. 2 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
157 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35338"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 42 a. 2 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
158 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35339"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 42 a. 2 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
159 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35340"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 42 a. 2 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
160 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35341"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 42 a. 2 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
161 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35342"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 42 a. 2 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
162 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35343"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 42 a. 2 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
163 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35344"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 42 a. 3 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
164 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35345"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 42 a. 3 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
165 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35346"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 42 a. 3 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
166 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35347"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 42 a. 3 arg. 4');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
167 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35348"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 42 a. 3 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
168 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35349"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 42 a. 3 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
169 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35350"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 42 a. 3 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
170 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35351"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 42 a. 3 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
171 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35352"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 42 a. 3 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
172 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35353"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 42 a. 3 ad 4');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
173 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35354"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 42 a. 4 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
174 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35355"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 42 a. 4 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
175 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35356"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 42 a. 4 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
176 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35357"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 42 a. 4 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
177 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35358"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 42 a. 4 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
178 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35359"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 42 a. 4 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
179 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35360"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 42 a. 4 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
180 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35361"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 42 a. 4 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
181 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35362"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 42 a. 5 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
182 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35363"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 42 a. 5 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
183 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35364"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 42 a. 5 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
184 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35365"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 42 a. 5 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
185 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35366"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 42 a. 5 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
186 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35367"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 42 a. 5 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
187 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35368"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 42 a. 5 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
188 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35369"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 42 a. 5 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
189 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35370"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 42 a. 6 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
190 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35371"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 42 a. 6 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
191 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35372"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 42 a. 6 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
192 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35373"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 42 a. 6 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
193 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35374"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 42 a. 6 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
194 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35375"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 42 a. 6 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
195 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35376"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 42 a. 6 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
196 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35377"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 42 a. 6 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
197 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35378"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 43 pr.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
198 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35379"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 43 a. 1 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
199 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35380"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 43 a. 1 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
200 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35381"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 43 a. 1 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
201 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35382"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 43 a. 1 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
202 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35383"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 43 a. 1 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
203 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35384"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 43 a. 1 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
204 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35385"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 43 a. 1 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
205 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35386"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 43 a. 1 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
206 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35387"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 43 a. 2 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
207 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35388"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 43 a. 2 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
208 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35389"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 43 a. 2 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
209 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35390"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 43 a. 2 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
210 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35391"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 43 a. 2 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
211 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35392"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 43 a. 2 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
212 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35393"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 43 a. 2 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
213 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35394"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 43 a. 2 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
214 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35395"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 44 pr.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
215 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35396"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 44 a. 1 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
216 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35397"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 44 a. 1 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
217 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35398"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 44 a. 1 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
218 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35399"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 44 a. 1 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
219 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35400"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 44 a. 1 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
220 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35401"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 44 a. 1 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
221 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35402"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 44 a. 1 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
222 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35403"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 44 a. 1 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
223 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35404"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 44 a. 2 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
224 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35405"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 44 a. 2 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
225 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35406"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 44 a. 2 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
226 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35407"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 44 a. 2 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
227 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35408"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 44 a. 2 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
228 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35409"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 44 a. 2 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
229 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35410"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 44 a. 2 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
230 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35411"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 44 a. 2 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
231 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35412"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 44 a. 3 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
232 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35413"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 44 a. 3 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
233 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35414"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 44 a. 3 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
234 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35415"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 44 a. 3 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
235 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35416"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 44 a. 3 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
236 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35417"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 44 a. 3 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
237 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35418"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 44 a. 3 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
238 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35419"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 44 a. 3 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
239 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35420"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 44 a. 4 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
240 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35421"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 44 a. 4 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
241 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35422"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 44 a. 4 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
242 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35423"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 44 a. 4 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
243 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35424"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 44 a. 4 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
244 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35425"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 44 a. 4 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
245 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35426"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 44 a. 4 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
246 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35427"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 44 a. 4 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
247 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35428"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 45 pr.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
248 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35429"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 45 a. 1 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
249 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35430"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 45 a. 1 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
250 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35431"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 45 a. 1 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
251 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35432"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 45 a. 1 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
252 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35433"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 45 a. 1 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
253 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35434"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 45 a. 1 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
254 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35435"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 45 a. 1 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
255 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35436"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 45 a. 1 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
256 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35437"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 45 a. 2 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
257 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35438"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 45 a. 2 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
258 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35439"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 45 a. 2 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
259 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35440"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 45 a. 2 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
260 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35441"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 45 a. 2 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
261 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35442"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 45 a. 2 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
262 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35443"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 45 a. 2 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
263 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35444"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 45 a. 2 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
264 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35445"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 45 a. 3 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
265 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35446"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 45 a. 3 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
266 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35447"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 45 a. 3 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
267 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35448"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 45 a. 3 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
268 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35449"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 45 a. 3 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
269 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35450"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 45 a. 3 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
270 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35451"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 45 a. 3 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
271 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35452"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 45 a. 3 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
272 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35453"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 45 a. 4 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
273 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35454"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 45 a. 4 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
274 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35455"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 45 a. 4 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
275 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35456"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 45 a. 4 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
276 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35457"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 45 a. 4 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
277 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35458"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 45 a. 4 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
278 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35459"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 45 a. 4 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
279 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35460"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 45 a. 4 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
280 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35461"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 46 pr.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
281 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35462"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 46 a. 1 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
282 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35463"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 46 a. 1 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
283 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35464"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 46 a. 1 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
284 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35465"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 46 a. 1 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
285 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35466"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 46 a. 1 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
286 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35467"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 46 a. 1 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
287 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35468"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 46 a. 1 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
288 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35469"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 46 a. 1 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
289 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35470"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 46 a. 2 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
290 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35471"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 46 a. 2 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
291 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35472"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 46 a. 2 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
292 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35473"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 46 a. 2 s. c. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
293 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35474"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 46 a. 2 s. c. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
294 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35475"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 46 a. 2 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
295 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35476"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 46 a. 2 ad');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
296 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35477"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 46 a. 3 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
297 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35478"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 46 a. 3 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
298 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35479"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 46 a. 3 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
299 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35480"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 46 a. 3 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
300 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35481"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 46 a. 3 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
301 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35482"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 46 a. 3 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
302 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35483"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 46 a. 3 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
303 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35484"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 46 a. 3 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
304 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35485"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 46 a. 4 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
305 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35486"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 46 a. 4 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
306 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35487"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 46 a. 4 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
307 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35488"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 46 a. 4 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
308 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35489"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 46 a. 4 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
309 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35490"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 46 a. 4 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
310 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35491"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 46 a. 4 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
311 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35492"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 46 a. 4 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
312 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35493"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 46 a. 5 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
313 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35494"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 46 a. 5 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
314 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35495"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 46 a. 5 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
315 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35496"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 46 a. 5 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
316 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35497"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 46 a. 5 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
317 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35498"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 46 a. 5 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
318 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35499"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 46 a. 5 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
319 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35500"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 46 a. 5 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
320 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35501"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 46 a. 6 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
321 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35502"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 46 a. 6 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
322 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35503"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 46 a. 6 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
323 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35504"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 46 a. 6 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
324 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35505"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 46 a. 6 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
325 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35506"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 46 a. 6 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
326 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35507"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 46 a. 6 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
327 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35508"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 46 a. 6 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
328 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35509"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 46 a. 7 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
329 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35510"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 46 a. 7 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
330 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35511"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 46 a. 7 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
331 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35512"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 46 a. 7 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
332 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35513"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 46 a. 7 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
333 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35514"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 46 a. 7 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
334 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35515"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 46 a. 7 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
335 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35516"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 46 a. 7 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
336 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35517"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 46 a. 8 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
337 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35518"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 46 a. 8 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
338 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35519"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 46 a. 8 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
339 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35520"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 46 a. 8 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
340 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35521"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 46 a. 8 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
341 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35522"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 46 a. 8 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
342 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35523"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 46 a. 8 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
343 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35524"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 46 a. 8 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
344 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35525"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 47 pr.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
345 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35526"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 47 a. 1 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
346 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35527"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 47 a. 1 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
347 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35528"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 47 a. 1 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
348 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35529"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 47 a. 1 arg. 4');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
349 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35530"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 47 a. 1 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
350 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35531"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 47 a. 1 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
351 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35532"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 47 a. 1 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
352 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35533"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 47 a. 1 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
353 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35534"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 47 a. 1 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
354 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35535"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 47 a. 1 ad 4');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
355 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35536"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 47 a. 2 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
356 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35537"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 47 a. 2 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
357 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35538"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 47 a. 2 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
358 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35539"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 47 a. 2 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
359 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35540"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 47 a. 2 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
360 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35541"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 47 a. 2 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
361 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35542"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 47 a. 2 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
362 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35543"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 47 a. 2 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
363 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35544"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 47 a. 3 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
364 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35545"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 47 a. 3 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
365 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35546"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 47 a. 3 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
366 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35547"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 47 a. 3 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
367 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35548"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 47 a. 3 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
368 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35549"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 47 a. 3 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
369 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35550"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 47 a. 3 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
370 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35551"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 47 a. 3 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
371 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35552"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 47 a. 4 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
372 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35553"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 47 a. 4 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
373 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35554"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 47 a. 4 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
374 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35555"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 47 a. 4 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
375 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35556"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 47 a. 4 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
376 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35557"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 47 a. 4 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
377 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35558"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 47 a. 4 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
378 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35559"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 47 a. 4 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
379 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35560"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 48 pr.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
380 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35561"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 48 a. 1 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
381 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35562"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 48 a. 1 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
382 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35563"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 48 a. 1 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
383 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35564"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 48 a. 1 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
384 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35565"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 48 a. 1 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
385 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35566"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 48 a. 1 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
386 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35567"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 48 a. 1 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
387 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35568"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 48 a. 1 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
388 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35569"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 48 a. 2 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
389 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35570"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 48 a. 2 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
390 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35571"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 48 a. 2 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
391 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35572"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 48 a. 2 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
392 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35573"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 48 a. 2 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
393 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35574"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 48 a. 2 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
394 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35575"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 48 a. 2 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
395 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35576"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 48 a. 2 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
396 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35577"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 48 a. 3 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
397 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35578"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 48 a. 3 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
398 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35579"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 48 a. 3 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
399 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35580"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 48 a. 3 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
400 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35581"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 48 a. 3 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
401 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35582"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 48 a. 3 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
402 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35583"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 48 a. 3 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
403 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35584"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 48 a. 3 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
404 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35585"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 48 a. 4 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
405 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35586"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 48 a. 4 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
406 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35587"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 48 a. 4 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
407 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35588"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 48 a. 4 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
408 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35589"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 48 a. 4 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
409 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35590"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 48 a. 4 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
410 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35591"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 48 a. 4 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
411 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#35592"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 48 a. 4 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
412 document.write('&lt;\/SELECT&gt;');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
413 document.write('&lt;BR&gt;&lt;BR&gt;');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
414 document.write('&lt;INPUT TYPE="button" VALUE="Agedum" ONCLICK="go()"&gt;');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
415 document.write('&lt;\/FORM&gt;');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
416 // --&gt;
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
417 //
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
418 </script><br/>
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
419 <hr/>
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
420 <br/></div><div class="q" id="q40"><h2>Quaestio 40</h2><div class="p"><h3>Prooemium</h3><p title="I-II q. 40 pr."><a name="35231"><span class="ref">[35231]
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
421 Iª-IIae q. 40 pr.</span></a> Consequenter considerandum est de
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
422 passionibus irascibilis, et primo, de spe et desperatione; secundo,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
423 de timore et audacia; tertio, de ira. Circa primum quaeruntur octo.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
424 Primo, utrum spes sit idem quod desiderium vel cupiditas. Secundo,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
425 utrum spes sit in vi apprehensiva, vel in vi appetitiva. Tertio,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
426 utrum spes sit in brutis animalibus. Quarto, utrum spei
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
427 contrarietur desperatio. Quinto, utrum causa spei sit experientia.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
428 Sexto, utrum in iuvenibus et ebriosis spes abundet. Septimo, de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
429 ordine spei ad amorem. Octavo, utrum spes conferat ad
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
430 operationem.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 1</h3><p title="I-II q. 40 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="35232"><span class="ref">[35232] Iª-IIae q. 40 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
431 sic proceditur. Videtur quod spes sit idem quod desiderium sive
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
432 cupiditas. Spes enim ponitur una quatuor principalium passionum.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
433 Sed Augustinus, enumerans quatuor principales passiones, ponit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
434 cupiditatem loco spei, ut patet in XIV de Civ. Dei. Ergo spes est
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
435 idem quod cupiditas sive desiderium.</p><p title="I-II q. 40 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="35233"><span class="ref">[35233] Iª-IIae q. 40 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
436 passiones differunt secundum obiecta. Sed idem est obiectum spei,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
437 et cupiditatis sive desiderii, scilicet bonum futurum. Ergo spes
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
438 est idem quod cupiditas sive desiderium.</p><p title="I-II q. 40 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="35234"><span class="ref">[35234] Iª-IIae q. 40 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a> Si dicatur
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
439 quod spes addit supra desiderium possibilitatem adipiscendi bonum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
440 futurum, contra, id quod per accidens se habet ad obiectum, non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
441 variat speciem passionis. Sed possibile se habet per accidens ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
442 bonum futurum, quod est obiectum cupiditatis vel desiderii, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
443 spei. Ergo spes non est passio specie differens a desiderio vel
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
444 cupiditate.</p><p title="I-II q. 40 a. 1 s. c."><a name="35235"><span class="ref">[35235] Iª-IIae q. 40 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
445 diversarum potentiarum sunt diversae passiones specie differentes.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
446 Sed spes est in irascibili; desiderium autem et cupiditas in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
447 concupiscibili. Ergo spes differt specie a desiderio seu
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
448 cupiditate.</p><p title="I-II q. 40 a. 1 co."><a name="35236"><span class="ref">[35236] Iª-IIae q. 40 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
449 dicendum quod species passionis ex obiecto consideratur circa
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
450 obiectum autem spei quatuor conditiones attenduntur. Primo quidem,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
451 quod sit bonum, non enim, proprie loquendo, est spes nisi de bono.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
452 Et per hoc differt spes a timore, qui est de malo. Secundo, ut sit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
453 futurum, non enim spes est de praesenti iam habito. Et per hoc
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
454 differt spes a gaudio, quod est de bono praesenti. Tertio,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
455 requiritur quod sit aliquid arduum cum difficultate adipiscibile,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
456 non enim aliquis dicitur aliquid sperare minimum, quod statim est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
457 in sua potestate ut habeat. Et per hoc differt spes a desiderio vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
458 cupiditate, quae est de bono futuro absolute, unde pertinet ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
459 concupiscibilem, spes autem ad irascibilem. Quarto, quod illud
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
460 arduum sit possibile adipisci, non enim aliquis sperat id quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
461 omnino adipisci non potest. Et secundum hoc differt spes a
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
462 desperatione. Sic ergo patet quod spes differt a desiderio, sicut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
463 differunt passiones irascibilis a passionibus concupiscibilis. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
464 propter hoc, spes praesupponit desiderium, sicut et omnes passiones
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
465 irascibilis praesupponunt passiones concupiscibilis, ut supra
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
466 dictum est.</p><p title="I-II q. 40 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="35237"><span class="ref">[35237] Iª-IIae q. 40 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
467 ergo dicendum quod Augustinus ponit cupiditatem loco spei, propter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
468 hoc quod utrumque respicit bonum futurum, et quia bonum quod non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
469 est arduum, quasi nihil reputatur; ut sic cupiditas maxime videatur
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
470 tendere in bonum arduum, in quod etiam tendit spes.</p><p title="I-II q. 40 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="35238"><span class="ref">[35238] Iª-IIae q. 40 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
471 dicendum quod obiectum spei non est bonum futurum absolute, sed cum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
472 arduitate et difficultate adipiscendi, ut dictum est.</p><p title="I-II q. 40 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="35239"><span class="ref">[35239] Iª-IIae q. 40 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
473 dicendum quod obiectum spei non tantum addit possibilitatem super
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
474 obiectum desiderii, sed etiam arduitatem, quae ad aliam potentiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
475 facit spem pertinere, scilicet ad irascibilem, quae respicit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
476 arduum, ut in primo dictum est. Possibile autem et impossibile non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
477 omnino per accidens se habent ad obiectum appetitivae virtutis. Nam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
478 appetitus est principium motionis, nihil autem movetur ad aliquid
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
479 nisi sub ratione possibilis; nullus enim movetur ad id quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
480 existimat impossibile adipisci. Et propter hoc, spes differt a
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
481 desperatione secundum differentiam possibilis et impossibilis.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 2</h3><p title="I-II q. 40 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="35240"><span class="ref">[35240] Iª-IIae q. 40 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
482 sic proceditur. Videtur quod spes pertineat ad vim cognitivam. Spes
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
483 enim videtur esse expectatio quaedam, dicit enim apostolus, Rom.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
484 VIII, <i>si autem quod non videmus speramus, per patientiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
485 expectamus</i>. Sed expectatio videtur ad vim cognitivam pertinere,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
486 cuius est exspectare. Ergo spes ad cognitivam pertinet.</p><p title="I-II q. 40 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="35241"><span class="ref">[35241] Iª-IIae q. 40 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
487 idem est, ut videtur, spes quod fiducia, unde et sperantes
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
488 confidentes vocamus, quasi pro eodem utentes eo quod est confidere
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
489 et sperare. Sed fiducia, sicut et fides, videtur ad vim cognitivam
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
490 pertinere. Ergo et spes.</p><p title="I-II q. 40 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="35242"><span class="ref">[35242] Iª-IIae q. 40 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
491 certitudo est proprietas cognitivae virtutis. Sed certitudo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
492 attribuitur spei. Ergo spes ad vim cognitivam pertinet.</p><p title="I-II q. 40 a. 2 s. c."><a name="35243"><span class="ref">[35243] Iª-IIae q. 40 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
493 spes est de bono, sicut dictum est. Bonum autem, inquantum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
494 huiusmodi, non est obiectum cognitivae, sed appetitivae virtutis.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
495 Ergo spes non pertinet ad cognitivam, sed ad appetitivam
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
496 virtutem.</p><p title="I-II q. 40 a. 2 co."><a name="35244"><span class="ref">[35244] Iª-IIae q. 40 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
497 dicendum quod, cum spes importet extensionem quandam appetitus in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
498 bonum, manifeste pertinet ad appetitivam virtutem, motus enim ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
499 res pertinet proprie ad appetitum. Actio vero virtutis cognitivae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
500 perficitur non secundum motum cognoscentis ad res, sed potius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
501 secundum quod res cognitae sunt in cognoscente. Sed quia vis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
502 cognitiva movet appetitivam, repraesentando ei suum obiectum;
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
503 secundum diversas rationes obiecti apprehensi, subsequuntur diversi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
504 motus in vi appetitiva. Alius enim motus sequitur in appetitu ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
505 apprehensione boni, et alius ex apprehensione mali, et similiter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
506 alius motus ex apprehensione praesentis et futuri, absoluti et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
507 ardui, possibilis et impossibilis. Et secundum hoc, spes est motus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
508 appetitivae virtutis consequens apprehensionem boni futuri ardui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
509 possibilis adipisci, scilicet extensio appetitus in huiusmodi
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
510 obiectum.</p><p title="I-II q. 40 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="35245"><span class="ref">[35245] Iª-IIae q. 40 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
511 ergo dicendum quod, quia spes respicit ad bonum possibile, insurgit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
512 dupliciter homini motus spei, sicut dupliciter est ei aliquid
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
513 possibile, scilicet secundum propriam virtutem, et secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
514 virtutem alterius. Quod ergo aliquis sperat per propriam virtutem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
515 adipisci, non dicitur expectare, sed sperare tantum. Sed proprie
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
516 dicitur expectare quod sperat ex auxilio virtutis alienae, ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
517 dicatur exspectare quasi ex alio spectare, inquantum scilicet vis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
518 apprehensiva praecedens non solum respicit ad bonum quod intendit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
519 adipisci, sed etiam ad illud cuius virtute adipisci sperat;
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
520 secundum illud Eccli. li, <i>respiciens eram ad adiutorium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
521 hominum</i>. Motus ergo spei quandoque dicitur expectatio, propter
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
522 inspectionem virtutis cognitivae praecedentem.</p><p title="I-II q. 40 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="35246"><span class="ref">[35246] Iª-IIae q. 40 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
523 dicendum quod illud quod homo desiderat, et aestimat se posse
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
524 adipisci, credit se adepturum, et ex tali fide in cognitiva
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
525 praecedente, motus sequens in appetitu fiducia nominatur.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
526 Denominatur enim motus appetitivus a cognitione praecedente, sicut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
527 effectus ex causa magis nota, magis enim cognoscit vis apprehensiva
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
528 suum actum quam actum appetitivae.</p><p title="I-II q. 40 a. 2 ad 3"><a name="35247"><span class="ref">[35247] Iª-IIae q. 40 a. 2 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
529 dicendum quod certitudo attribuitur motui non solum appetitus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
530 sensitivi, sed etiam appetitus naturalis, sicut dicitur quod lapis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
531 certitudinaliter tendit deorsum. Et hoc propter infallibilitatem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
532 quam habet ex certitudine cognitionis quae praecedit motum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
533 appetitus sensitivi, vel etiam naturalis.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 3</h3><p title="I-II q. 40 a. 3 arg. 1"><a name="35248"><span class="ref">[35248] Iª-IIae q. 40 a. 3 arg. 1</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
534 sic proceditur. Videtur quod in brutis animalibus non sit spes.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
535 Spes enim est de futuro bono, ut Damascenus dicit. Sed cognoscere
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
536 futurum non pertinet ad animalia bruta, quae habent solum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
537 cognitionem sensitivam, quae non est futurorum. Ergo spes non est
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
538 in brutis animalibus.</p><p title="I-II q. 40 a. 3 arg. 2"><a name="35249"><span class="ref">[35249] Iª-IIae q. 40 a. 3 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
539 obiectum spei est bonum possibile adipisci. Sed possibile et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
540 impossibile sunt quaedam differentiae veri et falsi, quae solum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
541 sunt in mente, ut philosophus dicit in VI Metaphys. Ergo spes non
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
542 est in brutis animalibus, in quibus non est mens.</p><p title="I-II q. 40 a. 3 arg. 3"><a name="35250"><span class="ref">[35250] Iª-IIae q. 40 a. 3 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
543 Augustinus dicit, super Gen. ad Litt., quod animalia moventur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
544 visis. Sed spes non est de eo quod videtur, <i>nam quod videt quis,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
545 quid sperat?</i> Ut dicitur Rom. VIII. Ergo spes non est in brutis
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
546 animalibus.</p><p title="I-II q. 40 a. 3 s. c."><a name="35251"><span class="ref">[35251] Iª-IIae q. 40 a. 3 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
547 spes est passio irascibilis. Sed in brutis animalibus est
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
548 irascibilis. Ergo et spes.</p><p title="I-II q. 40 a. 3 co."><a name="35252"><span class="ref">[35252] Iª-IIae q. 40 a. 3 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
549 dicendum quod interiores passiones animalium ex exterioribus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
550 motibus deprehendi possunt. Ex quibus apparet quod in animalibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
551 brutis est spes. Si enim canis videat leporem, aut accipiter avem,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
552 nimis distantem, non movetur ad ipsam, quasi non sperans se eam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
553 posse adipisci, si autem sit in propinquo, movetur, quasi sub spe
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
554 adipiscendi. Ut enim supra dictum est, appetitus sensitivus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
555 brutorum animalium, et etiam appetitus naturalis rerum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
556 insensibilium, sequuntur apprehensionem alicuius intellectus, sicut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
557 et appetitus naturae intellectivae, qui dicitur voluntas. Sed in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
558 hoc est differentia, quod voluntas movetur ex apprehensione
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
559 intellectus coniuncti, sed motus appetitus naturalis sequitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
560 apprehensionem intellectus separati, qui naturam instituit; et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
561 similiter appetitus sensitivus brutorum animalium, quae etiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
562 quodam instinctu naturali agunt. Unde in operibus brutorum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
563 animalium, et aliarum rerum naturalium, apparet similis processus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
564 sicut et in operibus artis. Et per hunc modum in animalibus brutis
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
565 est spes et desperatio.</p><p title="I-II q. 40 a. 3 ad 1"><a name="35253"><span class="ref">[35253] Iª-IIae q. 40 a. 3 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
566 ergo dicendum quod, quamvis bruta animalia non cognoscant futurum,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
567 tamen ex instinctu naturali movetur animal ad aliquid in futurum,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
568 ac si futurum praevideret. Huiusmodi enim instinctus est eis
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
569 inditus ab intellectu divino praevidente futura.</p><p title="I-II q. 40 a. 3 ad 2"><a name="35254"><span class="ref">[35254] Iª-IIae q. 40 a. 3 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
570 dicendum quod obiectum spei non est possibile, prout est quaedam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
571 differentia veri, sic enim consequitur habitudinem praedicati ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
572 subiectum. Sed obiectum spei est possibile quod dicitur secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
573 aliquam potentiam. Sic enim distinguitur possibile in V Metaphys.,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
574 scilicet in duo possibilia praedicta.</p><p title="I-II q. 40 a. 3 ad 3"><a name="35255"><span class="ref">[35255] Iª-IIae q. 40 a. 3 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
575 dicendum quod, licet id quod est futurum, non cadat sub visu; tamen
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
576 ex his quae videt animal in praesenti, movetur eius appetitus in
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
577 aliquod futurum vel prosequendum vel vitandum.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 4</h3><p title="I-II q. 40 a. 4 arg. 1"><a name="35256"><span class="ref">[35256] Iª-IIae q. 40 a. 4 arg. 1</span></a> Ad quartum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
578 sic proceditur. Videtur quod desperatio non sit contraria spei. Uni
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
579 enim unum est contrarium, ut dicitur in X Metaphys. Sed spei
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
580 contrariatur timor. Non ergo contrariatur ei desperatio.</p><p title="I-II q. 40 a. 4 arg. 2"><a name="35257"><span class="ref">[35257] Iª-IIae q. 40 a. 4 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
581 contraria videntur esse circa idem. Sed spes et desperatio non sunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
582 circa idem, nam spes respicit bonum, desperatio autem est propter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
583 aliquod malum impeditivum adeptionis boni. Ergo spes non
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
584 contrariatur desperationi.</p><p title="I-II q. 40 a. 4 arg. 3"><a name="35258"><span class="ref">[35258] Iª-IIae q. 40 a. 4 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
585 motui contrariatur motus, quies vero opponitur motui ut privatio.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
586 Sed desperatio magis videtur importare immobilitatem quam motum.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
587 Ergo non contrariatur spei, quae importat motum extensionis in
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
588 bonum speratum.</p><p title="I-II q. 40 a. 4 s. c."><a name="35259"><span class="ref">[35259] Iª-IIae q. 40 a. 4 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
589 est quod desperatio nominatur per contrarium spei.</p><p title="I-II q. 40 a. 4 co."><a name="35260"><span class="ref">[35260] Iª-IIae q. 40 a. 4 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
590 dicendum quod, sicut supra dictum est, in mutationibus invenitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
591 duplex contrarietas. Una secundum accessum ad contrarios terminos,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
592 et talis contrarietas sola invenitur in passionibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
593 concupiscibilis, sicut amor et odium contrariantur. Alio modo, per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
594 accessum et per recessum respectu eiusdem termini, et talis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
595 contrarietas invenitur in passionibus irascibilis, sicut supra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
596 dictum est. Obiectum autem spei, quod est bonum arduum, habet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
597 quidem rationem attractivi, prout consideratur cum possibilitate
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
598 adipiscendi, et sic tendit in ipsum spes, quae importat quendam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
599 accessum. Sed secundum quod consideratur cum impossibilitate
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
600 obtinendi, habet rationem repulsivi, quia, ut dicitur in III
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
601 Ethic., <i>cum ventum fuerit ad aliquid impossibile, tunc homines
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
602 discedunt</i>. Et sic respicit hoc obiectum desperatio. Unde
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
603 importat motum cuiusdam recessus. Et propter hoc, contrariatur spei
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
604 sicut recessus accessui.</p><p title="I-II q. 40 a. 4 ad 1"><a name="35261"><span class="ref">[35261] Iª-IIae q. 40 a. 4 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
605 ergo dicendum quod timor contrariatur spei secundum contrarietatem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
606 obiectorum, scilicet boni et mali, haec enim contrarietas invenitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
607 in passionibus irascibilis, secundum quod derivantur a passionibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
608 concupiscibilis. Sed desperatio contrariatur ei solum secundum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
609 contrarietatem accessus et recessus.</p><p title="I-II q. 40 a. 4 ad 2"><a name="35262"><span class="ref">[35262] Iª-IIae q. 40 a. 4 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
610 dicendum quod desperatio non respicit malum sub ratione mali, sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
611 per accidens quandoque respicit malum, inquantum facit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
612 impossibilitatem adipiscendi. Potest autem esse desperatio ex solo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
613 superexcessu boni.</p><p title="I-II q. 40 a. 4 ad 3"><a name="35263"><span class="ref">[35263] Iª-IIae q. 40 a. 4 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
614 dicendum quod desperatio non importat solam privationem spei; sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
615 importat quendam recessum a re desiderata, propter aestimatam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
616 impossibilitatem adipiscendi. Unde desperatio praesupponit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
617 desiderium, sicut et spes, de eo enim quod sub desiderio nostro non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
618 cadit, neque spem neque desperationem habemus. Et propter hoc
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
619 etiam, utrumque eorum est de bono, quod sub desiderio cadit.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 5</h3><p title="I-II q. 40 a. 5 arg. 1"><a name="35264"><span class="ref">[35264] Iª-IIae q. 40 a. 5 arg. 1</span></a> Ad quintum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
620 sic proceditur. Videtur quod experientia non sit causa spei.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
621 Experientia enim ad vim cognitivam pertinet, unde philosophus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
622 dicit, in II Ethic., quod <i>virtus intellectualis indiget
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
623 experimento et tempore</i>. Spes autem non est in vi cognitiva, sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
624 in appetitiva, ut dictum est. Ergo experientia non est causa
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
625 spei.</p><p title="I-II q. 40 a. 5 arg. 2"><a name="35265"><span class="ref">[35265] Iª-IIae q. 40 a. 5 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
626 philosophus dicit, in II Rhetoric., quod <i>senes sunt difficilis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
627 spei, propter experientiam</i>, ex quo videtur quod experientia sit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
628 causa defectus spei. Sed non est idem causa oppositorum. Ergo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
629 experientia non est causa spei.</p><p title="I-II q. 40 a. 5 arg. 3"><a name="35266"><span class="ref">[35266] Iª-IIae q. 40 a. 5 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
630 philosophus dicit, in II de caelo, quod <i>de omnibus enuntiare
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
631 aliquid, et nihil praetermittere, quandoque est signum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
632 stultitiae</i>. Sed quod homo tentet omnia, ad magnitudinem spei
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
633 pertinere videtur, stultitia autem provenit ex inexperientia. Ergo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
634 inexperientia videtur esse magis causa spei quam experientia.</p><p title="I-II q. 40 a. 5 s. c."><a name="35267"><span class="ref">[35267] Iª-IIae q. 40 a. 5 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
635 est quod philosophus dicit, in III Ethic., quod <i>aliqui sunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
636 bonae spei, propter multoties et multos vicisse</i>, quod ad
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
637 experientiam pertinet. Ergo experientia est causa spei.</p><p title="I-II q. 40 a. 5 co."><a name="35268"><span class="ref">[35268] Iª-IIae q. 40 a. 5 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
638 dicendum quod, sicut supra dictum est, spei obiectum est bonum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
639 futurum arduum possibile adipisci. Potest ergo aliquid esse causa
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
640 spei, vel quia facit homini aliquid esse possibile, vel quia facit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
641 eum existimare aliquid esse possibile. Primo modo est causa spei
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
642 omne illud quod auget potestatem hominis, sicut divitiae,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
643 fortitudo, et, inter cetera, etiam experientia, nam per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
644 experientiam homo acquirit facultatem aliquid de facili faciendi,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
645 et ex hoc sequitur spes. Unde Vegetius dicit, in libro de re
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
646 militari, <i>nemo facere metuit quod se bene didicisse
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
647 confidit</i>. Alio modo est causa spei omne illud quod facit alicui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
648 existimationem quod aliquid sit sibi possibile. Et hoc modo et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
649 doctrina, et persuasio quaelibet potest esse causa spei. Et sic
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
650 etiam experientia est causa spei, inquantum scilicet per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
651 experientiam fit homini existimatio quod aliquid sit sibi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
652 possibile, quod impossibile ante experientiam reputabat. Sed per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
653 hunc modum experientia potest etiam esse causa defectus spei. Quia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
654 sicut per experientiam fit homini existimatio quod aliquid sibi sit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
655 possibile, quod reputabat impossibile; ita e converso per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
656 experientiam fit homini existimatio quod aliquid non sit sibi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
657 possibile, quod possibile existimabat. Sic ergo experientia est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
658 causa spei duobus modis, causa autem defectus spei, uno modo. Et
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
659 propter hoc, magis dicere possumus eam esse causam spei.</p><p title="I-II q. 40 a. 5 ad 1"><a name="35269"><span class="ref">[35269] Iª-IIae q. 40 a. 5 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
660 ergo dicendum quod experientia in operabilibus non solum causat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
661 scientiam; sed etiam causat quendam habitum, propter consuetudinem,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
662 qui facit operationem faciliorem. Sed et ipsa virtus intellectualis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
663 facit ad potestatem facile operandi, demonstrat enim aliquid esse
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
664 possibile. Et sic causat spem.</p><p title="I-II q. 40 a. 5 ad 2"><a name="35270"><span class="ref">[35270] Iª-IIae q. 40 a. 5 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
665 dicendum quod in senibus est defectus spei propter experientiam,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
666 inquantum experientia facit existimationem impossibilis. Unde
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
667 ibidem subditur quod eis multa evenerunt in deterius.</p><p title="I-II q. 40 a. 5 ad 3"><a name="35271"><span class="ref">[35271] Iª-IIae q. 40 a. 5 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
668 dicendum quod stultitia et inexperientia possunt esse causa spei
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
669 quasi per accidens, removendo scilicet scientiam per quam vere
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
670 existimatur aliquid esse non possibile. Unde ea ratione
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
671 inexperientia est causa spei, qua experientia est causa defectus
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
672 spei.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 6</h3><p title="I-II q. 40 a. 6 arg. 1"><a name="35272"><span class="ref">[35272] Iª-IIae q. 40 a. 6 arg. 1</span></a> Ad sextum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
673 sic proceditur. Videtur quod iuventus et ebrietas non sint causa
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
674 spei. Spes enim importat quandam certitudinem et firmitatem, unde
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
675 ad Heb. VI, spes comparatur ancorae. Sed iuvenes et ebrii deficiunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
676 a firmitate, habent enim animum de facili mutabilem. Ergo iuventus
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
677 et ebrietas non est causa spei.</p><p title="I-II q. 40 a. 6 arg. 2"><a name="35273"><span class="ref">[35273] Iª-IIae q. 40 a. 6 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
678 ea quae augent potestatem, maxime sunt causa spei, ut supra dictum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
679 est. Sed iuventus et ebrietas quandam infirmitatem habent
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
680 adiunctam. Ergo non sunt causa spei.</p><p title="I-II q. 40 a. 6 arg. 3"><a name="35274"><span class="ref">[35274] Iª-IIae q. 40 a. 6 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
681 experientia est causa spei, ut dictum est. Sed iuvenibus
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
682 experientia deficit. Ergo iuventus non est causa spei.</p><p title="I-II q. 40 a. 6 s. c."><a name="35275"><span class="ref">[35275] Iª-IIae q. 40 a. 6 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
683 est quod philosophus dicit, in III Ethic., quod <i>inebriati sunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
684 bene sperantes</i>. Et in II Rhetoric. dicitur quod <i>iuvenes sunt
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
685 bonae spei</i>.</p><p title="I-II q. 40 a. 6 co."><a name="35276"><span class="ref">[35276] Iª-IIae q. 40 a. 6 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
686 dicendum quod iuventus est causa spei propter tria, ut philosophus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
687 dicit in II Rhetoric. Et haec tria possunt accipi secundum tres
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
688 conditiones boni quod est obiectum spei, quod est futurum, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
689 arduum, et possibile, ut dictum est. Iuvenes enim multum habent de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
690 futuro, et parum de praeterito. Et ideo, quia memoria est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
691 praeteriti, spes autem futuri; parum habent de memoria, sed multum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
692 vivunt in spe. Iuvenes etiam, propter caliditatem naturae, habent
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
693 multos spiritus, et ita in eis cor ampliatur. Ex amplitudine autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
694 cordis est quod aliquis ad ardua tendat. Et ideo iuvenes sunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
695 animosi et bonae spei. Similiter etiam illi qui non sunt passi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
696 repulsam, nec experti impedimenta in suis conatibus, de facili
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
697 reputant aliquid sibi possibile. Unde et iuvenes, propter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
698 inexperientiam impedimentorum et defectuum, de facili reputant
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
699 aliquid sibi possibile. Et ideo sunt bonae spei. Duo etiam istorum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
700 sunt in ebriis, scilicet caliditas et multiplicatio spirituum,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
701 propter vinum; et iterum inconsideratio periculorum vel defectuum.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
702 Et propter eandem rationem etiam omnes stulti, et deliberatione non
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
703 utentes, omnia tentant, et sunt bonae spei.</p><p title="I-II q. 40 a. 6 ad 1"><a name="35277"><span class="ref">[35277] Iª-IIae q. 40 a. 6 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
704 ergo dicendum quod in iuvenibus et in ebriis licet non sit firmitas
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
705 secundum rei veritatem, est tamen in eis secundum eorum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
706 aestimationem, reputant enim se firmiter assecuturos illud quod
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
707 sperant.</p><p title="I-II q. 40 a. 6 ad 2"><a name="35278"><span class="ref">[35278] Iª-IIae q. 40 a. 6 ad 2</span></a> Et similiter
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
708 dicendum ad secundum, quod iuvenes et ebrii habent quidem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
709 infirmitatem secundum rei veritatem, sed secundum eorum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
710 existimationem, habent potestatem; quia suos defectus non
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
711 cognoscunt.</p><p title="I-II q. 40 a. 6 ad 3"><a name="35279"><span class="ref">[35279] Iª-IIae q. 40 a. 6 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
712 dicendum quod non solum experientia, sed etiam inexperientia est
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
713 quodammodo causa spei, ut dictum est.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 7</h3><p title="I-II q. 40 a. 7 arg. 1"><a name="35280"><span class="ref">[35280] Iª-IIae q. 40 a. 7 arg. 1</span></a> Ad septimum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
714 sic proceditur. Videtur quod spes non sit causa amoris. Quia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
715 secundum Augustinum, XIV de Civ. Dei, prima affectionum animae est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
716 amor. Sed spes est quaedam affectio animae. Amor ergo praecedit
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
717 spem. Non ergo spes causat amorem.</p><p title="I-II q. 40 a. 7 arg. 2"><a name="35281"><span class="ref">[35281] Iª-IIae q. 40 a. 7 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
718 desiderium praecedit spem. Sed desiderium causatur ex amore, ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
719 dictum est. Ergo etiam spes sequitur amorem. Non ergo causat
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
720 ipsum.</p><p title="I-II q. 40 a. 7 arg. 3"><a name="35282"><span class="ref">[35282] Iª-IIae q. 40 a. 7 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
721 spes causat delectationem, ut supra dictum est. Sed delectatio non
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
722 est nisi de bono amato. Ergo amor praecedit spem.</p><p title="I-II q. 40 a. 7 s. c."><a name="35283"><span class="ref">[35283] Iª-IIae q. 40 a. 7 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
723 est quod Matth. I, super illud, Abraham genuit Isaac, Isaac autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
724 genuit Iacob, dicit Glossa, <i>idest, fides spem, spes
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
725 caritatem</i>. Caritas autem est amor. Ergo amor causatur a
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
726 spe.</p><p title="I-II q. 40 a. 7 co."><a name="35284"><span class="ref">[35284] Iª-IIae q. 40 a. 7 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
727 dicendum quod spes duo respicere potest. Respicit enim sicut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
728 obiectum, bonum speratum. Sed quia bonum speratum est arduum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
729 possibile; aliquando autem fit aliquod arduum possibile nobis, non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
730 per nos, sed per alios; ideo spes etiam respicit illud per quod fit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
731 nobis aliquid possibile. Inquantum igitur spes respicit bonum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
732 speratum, spes ex amore causatur, non enim est spes nisi de bono
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
733 desiderato et amato. Inquantum vero spes respicit illum per quem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
734 fit aliquid nobis possibile, sic amor causatur ex spe, et non e
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
735 converso. Ex hoc enim quod per aliquem speramus nobis posse
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
736 provenire bona, movemur in ipsum sicut in bonum nostrum, et sic
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
737 incipimus ipsum amare. Ex hoc autem quod amamus aliquem, non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
738 speramus de eo, nisi per accidens, inquantum scilicet credimus nos
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
739 redamari ab ipso. Unde amari ab aliquo facit nos sperare de eo, sed
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
740 amor eius causatur ex spe quam de eo habemus.</p><p title="I-II q. 40 a. 7 ad arg."><a name="35285"><span class="ref">[35285] Iª-IIae q. 40 a. 7 ad arg.</span></a> Et per
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
741 haec patet responsio ad obiecta.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 8</h3><p title="I-II q. 40 a. 8 arg. 1"><a name="35286"><span class="ref">[35286] Iª-IIae q. 40 a. 8 arg. 1</span></a> Ad octavum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
742 sic proceditur. Videtur quod spes non adiuvet operationem, sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
743 magis impediat. Ad spem enim securitas pertinet. Sed securitas
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
744 parit negligentiam, quae impedit operationem. Ergo spes impedit
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
745 operationem.</p><p title="I-II q. 40 a. 8 arg. 2"><a name="35287"><span class="ref">[35287] Iª-IIae q. 40 a. 8 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
746 tristitia impedit operationem, ut supra dictum est. Sed spes
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
747 quandoque causat tristitiam, dicitur enim Prov. XIII, <i>spes quae
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
748 differtur, affligit animam</i>. Ergo spes impedit operationem.</p><p title="I-II q. 40 a. 8 arg. 3"><a name="35288"><span class="ref">[35288] Iª-IIae q. 40 a. 8 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
749 desperatio contrariatur spei, ut dictum est. Sed desperatio, maxime
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
750 in rebus bellicis, adiuvat operationem, dicitur enim II Reg. II,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
751 quod <i>periculosa res est desperatio</i>. Ergo spes facit
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
752 contrarium effectum, impediendo scilicet operationem.</p><p title="I-II q. 40 a. 8 s. c."><a name="35289"><span class="ref">[35289] Iª-IIae q. 40 a. 8 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
753 est quod dicitur I ad Cor. IX, quod <i>qui arat, debet arare in spe
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
754 fructus percipiendi</i>. Et eadem ratio est in omnibus aliis.</p><p title="I-II q. 40 a. 8 co."><a name="35290"><span class="ref">[35290] Iª-IIae q. 40 a. 8 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
755 dicendum quod spes per se habet quod adiuvet operationem,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
756 intendendo ipsam. Et hoc ex duobus. Primo quidem, ex ratione sui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
757 obiecti, quod est bonum arduum possibile. Existimatio enim ardui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
758 excitat attentionem, existimatio vero possibilis non retardat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
759 conatum. Unde sequitur quod homo intente operetur propter spem.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
760 Secundo vero, ex ratione sui effectus. Spes enim, ut supra dictum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
761 est, causat delectationem, quae adiuvat operationem, ut supra
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
762 dictum est. Unde spes operationem adiuvat.</p><p title="I-II q. 40 a. 8 ad 1"><a name="35291"><span class="ref">[35291] Iª-IIae q. 40 a. 8 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
763 ergo dicendum quod spes respicit bonum consequendum, securitas
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
764 autem respicit malum vitandum. Unde securitas magis videtur opponi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
765 timori, quam ad spem pertinere. Et tamen securitas non causat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
766 negligentiam, nisi inquantum diminuit existimationem ardui, in quo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
767 etiam diminuitur ratio spei. Illa enim in quibus homo nullum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
768 impedimentum timet, quasi iam non reputantur ardua.</p><p title="I-II q. 40 a. 8 ad 2"><a name="35292"><span class="ref">[35292] Iª-IIae q. 40 a. 8 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
769 dicendum quod spes per se causat delectationem, sed per accidens
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
770 est ut causet tristitiam, ut supra dictum est.</p><p title="I-II q. 40 a. 8 ad 3"><a name="35293"><span class="ref">[35293] Iª-IIae q. 40 a. 8 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
771 dicendum quod desperatio in bello fit periculosa, propter aliquam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
772 spem adiunctam. Illi enim qui desperant de fuga, debilitantur in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
773 fugiendo, sed sperant mortem suam vindicare. Et ideo ex hac spe
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
774 acrius pugnant, unde periculosi hostibus fiunt.</p></div></div><div class="q" id="q41"><h2>Quaestio 41</h2><div class="p"><h3>Prooemium</h3><p title="I-II q. 41 pr."><a name="35294"><span class="ref">[35294]
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
775 Iª-IIae q. 41 pr.</span></a> Consequenter considerandum est,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
776 primo, de timore; et secundo, de audacia. Circa timorem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
777 consideranda sunt quatuor, primo, de ipso timore; secundo, de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
778 obiecto eius; tertio, de causa ipsius; quarto, de effectu. Circa
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
779 primum quaeruntur quatuor. Primo, utrum timor sit passio animae.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
780 Secundo, utrum sit specialis passio. Tertio, utrum sit aliquis
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
781 timor naturalis. Quarto, de speciebus timoris.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 1</h3><p title="I-II q. 41 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="35295"><span class="ref">[35295] Iª-IIae q. 41 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
782 sic proceditur. Videtur quod timor non sit passio animae. Dicit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
783 enim Damascenus, in libro III, quod timor est virtus secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
784 systolen idest contractionem, essentiae desiderativa. Sed nulla
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
785 virtus est passio, ut probatur in II Ethic. Ergo timor non est
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
786 passio.</p><p title="I-II q. 41 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="35296"><span class="ref">[35296] Iª-IIae q. 41 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
787 omnis passio est effectus ex praesentia agentis proveniens. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
788 timor non est de aliquo praesenti, sed de futuro, ut Damascenus
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
789 dicit in II libro. Ergo timor non est passio.</p><p title="I-II q. 41 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="35297"><span class="ref">[35297] Iª-IIae q. 41 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
790 omnis passio animae est motus appetitus sensitivi, qui sequitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
791 apprehensionem sensus. Sensus autem non est apprehensivus futuri,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
792 sed praesentis. Cum ergo timor sit de malo futuro, videtur quod non
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
793 sit passio animae.</p><p title="I-II q. 41 a. 1 s. c."><a name="35298"><span class="ref">[35298] Iª-IIae q. 41 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
794 est quod Augustinus, in XIV de Civ. Dei, enumerat timorem inter
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
795 alias animae passiones.</p><p title="I-II q. 41 a. 1 co."><a name="35299"><span class="ref">[35299] Iª-IIae q. 41 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
796 dicendum quod, inter ceteros animae motus, post tristitiam, timor
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
797 magis rationem obtinet passionis. Ut enim supra dictum est, ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
798 rationem passionis primo quidem pertinet quod sit motus passivae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
799 virtutis, ad quam scilicet comparetur suum obiectum per modum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
800 activi moventis, eo quod passio est effectus agentis. Et per hunc
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
801 modum, etiam sentire et intelligere dicuntur pati. Secundo, magis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
802 proprie dicitur passio motus appetitivae virtutis. Et adhuc magis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
803 proprie, motus appetitivae virtutis habentis organum corporale, qui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
804 fit cum aliqua transmutatione corporali. Et adhuc propriissime illi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
805 motus passiones dicuntur, qui important aliquod nocumentum.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
806 Manifestum est autem quod timor, cum sit de malo, ad appetitivam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
807 potentiam pertinet, quae per se respicit bonum et malum. Pertinet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
808 autem ad appetitum sensitivum, fit enim cum quadam transmutatione,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
809 scilicet cum contractione, ut Damascenus dicit. Et importat etiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
810 habitudinem ad malum, secundum quod malum habet quodammodo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
811 victoriam super aliquod bonum. Unde verissime sibi competit ratio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
812 passionis. Tamen post tristitiam, quae est de malo praesenti, nam
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
813 timor est de malo futuro, quod non ita movet sicut praesens.</p><p title="I-II q. 41 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="35300"><span class="ref">[35300] Iª-IIae q. 41 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
814 ergo dicendum quod virtus nominat quoddam principium actionis, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
815 ideo, inquantum interiores motus appetitivae virtutis sunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
816 principia exteriorum actuum, dicuntur virtutes. Philosophus autem
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
817 negat passionem esse virtutem quae est habitus.</p><p title="I-II q. 41 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="35301"><span class="ref">[35301] Iª-IIae q. 41 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
818 dicendum quod, sicut passio corporis naturalis provenit ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
819 corporali praesentia agentis, ita passio animae provenit ex animali
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
820 praesentia agentis, absque praesentia corporali vel reali,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
821 inquantum scilicet malum quod est futurum realiter, est praesens
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
822 secundum apprehensionem animae.</p><p title="I-II q. 41 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="35302"><span class="ref">[35302] Iª-IIae q. 41 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
823 dicendum quod sensus non apprehendit futurum, sed ex eo quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
824 apprehendit praesens, animal naturali instinctu movetur ad
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
825 sperandum futurum bonum, vel timendum futurum malum.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 2</h3><p title="I-II q. 41 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="35303"><span class="ref">[35303] Iª-IIae q. 41 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
826 sic proceditur. Videtur quod timor non sit specialis passio. Dicit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
827 enim Augustinus, in libro octoginta trium quaest., quod <i>quem non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
828 exanimat metus, nec cupiditas eum vastat, nec aegritudo</i>, idest
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
829 tristitia, <i>macerat, nec ventilat gestiens et vana laetitia</i>.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
830 Ex quo videtur quod, remoto timore, omnes aliae passiones
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
831 removentur. Non ergo passio est specialis, sed generalis.</p><p title="I-II q. 41 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="35304"><span class="ref">[35304] Iª-IIae q. 41 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
832 philosophus dicit, in VI Ethic., quod <i>ita se habet in appetitu
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
833 prosecutio et fuga, sicut in intellectu affirmatio et negatio</i>.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
834 Sed negatio non est aliquid speciale in intellectu, sicut nec
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
835 affirmatio, sed aliquid commune ad multa. Ergo nec fuga in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
836 appetitu. Sed nihil est aliud timor quam fuga quaedam mali. Ergo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
837 timor non est passio specialis.</p><p title="I-II q. 41 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="35305"><span class="ref">[35305] Iª-IIae q. 41 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
838 si timor esset passio specialis, praecipue in irascibili esset. Est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
839 autem timor etiam in concupiscibili. Dicit enim philosophus, in II
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
840 Rhetoric., quod timor est tristitia quaedam, et Damascenus dicit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
841 quod timor est virtus desiderativa, tristitia autem et desiderium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
842 sunt in concupiscibili, ut supra dictum est. Non est ergo passio
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
843 specialis, cum pertineat ad diversas potentias.</p><p title="I-II q. 41 a. 2 s. c."><a name="35306"><span class="ref">[35306] Iª-IIae q. 41 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
844 est quod condividitur aliis passionibus animae; ut patet per
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
845 Damascenum, in II libro.</p><p title="I-II q. 41 a. 2 co."><a name="35307"><span class="ref">[35307] Iª-IIae q. 41 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
846 dicendum quod passiones animae recipiunt speciem ex obiectis. Unde
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
847 specialis passio est quae habet speciale obiectum. Timor autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
848 habet speciale obiectum, sicut et spes. Sicut enim obiectum spei
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
849 est bonum futurum arduum possibile adipisci; ita obiectum timoris
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
850 est malum futurum difficile cui resisti non potest. Unde timor est
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
851 specialis passio animae.</p><p title="I-II q. 41 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="35308"><span class="ref">[35308] Iª-IIae q. 41 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
852 ergo dicendum quod omnes passiones animae derivantur ex uno
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
853 principio, scilicet ex amore, in quo habent ad invicem connexionem.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
854 Et ratione huius connexionis, remoto timore, removentur aliae
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
855 passiones animae, non ideo quia sit passio generalis.</p><p title="I-II q. 41 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="35309"><span class="ref">[35309] Iª-IIae q. 41 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
856 dicendum quod non omnis fuga appetitus est timor, sed fuga ab
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
857 aliquo speciali obiecto, ut dictum est. Et ideo, licet fuga sit
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
858 quoddam generale, tamen timor est passio specialis.</p><p title="I-II q. 41 a. 2 ad 3"><a name="35310"><span class="ref">[35310] Iª-IIae q. 41 a. 2 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
859 dicendum quod timor nullo modo est in concupiscibili, non enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
860 respicit malum absolute, sed cum quadam difficultate vel arduitate,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
861 ut ei resisti vix possit. Sed quia passiones irascibilis derivantur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
862 a passionibus concupiscibilis et ad eas terminantur, ut supra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
863 dictum est; ideo timori attribuuntur ea quae sunt concupiscibilis.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
864 Dicitur enim timor esse tristitia, inquantum obiectum, timoris est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
865 contristans, si praesens fuerit, unde et philosophus dicit ibidem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
866 quod timor procedit ex phantasia futuri mali corruptivi vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
867 contristativi. Similiter et desiderium attribuitur a Damasceno
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
868 timori, quia, sicut spes oritur a desiderio boni ita timor ex fuga
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
869 mali; fuga autem mali oritur ex desiderio boni, ut ex supra dictis
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
870 patet.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 3</h3><p title="I-II q. 41 a. 3 arg. 1"><a name="35311"><span class="ref">[35311] Iª-IIae q. 41 a. 3 arg. 1</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
871 sic proceditur. Videtur quod timor aliquis sit naturalis. Dicit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
872 enim Damascenus, in III libro, quod <i>est quidam timor naturalis,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
873 nolente anima dividi a corpore</i>.</p><p title="I-II q. 41 a. 3 arg. 2"><a name="35312"><span class="ref">[35312] Iª-IIae q. 41 a. 3 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
874 timor ex amore oritur, ut dictum est. Sed est aliquis amor
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
875 naturalis, ut Dionysius dicit, IV cap. de Div. Nom. Ergo etiam est
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
876 aliquis timor naturalis.</p><p title="I-II q. 41 a. 3 arg. 3"><a name="35313"><span class="ref">[35313] Iª-IIae q. 41 a. 3 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
877 timor opponitur spei, ut supra dictum est. Sed est aliqua spes
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
878 naturae, ut patet per id quod dicitur Rom. IV, de Abraham, quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
879 contra spem naturae, in spem gratiae credidit. Ergo etiam est
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
880 aliquis timor naturae.</p><p title="I-II q. 41 a. 3 s. c."><a name="35314"><span class="ref">[35314] Iª-IIae q. 41 a. 3 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
881 ea quae sunt naturalia, communiter inveniuntur in rebus animatis et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
882 inanimatis. Sed timor non invenitur in rebus inanimatis. Ergo timor
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
883 non est naturalis.</p><p title="I-II q. 41 a. 3 co."><a name="35315"><span class="ref">[35315] Iª-IIae q. 41 a. 3 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
884 dicendum quod aliquis motus dicitur naturalis, quia ad ipsum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
885 inclinat natura. Sed hoc contingit dupliciter. Uno modo, quod totum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
886 perficitur a natura, absque aliqua operatione apprehensivae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
887 virtutis, sicut moveri sursum est motus naturalis ignis, et augeri
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
888 est motus naturalis animalium et plantarum. Alio modo dicitur motus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
889 naturalis, ad quem natura inclinat, licet non perficiatur nisi per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
890 apprehensionem, quia, sicut supra dictum est, motus cognitivae et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
891 appetitivae virtutis reducuntur in naturam, sicut in principium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
892 primum. Et per hunc modum, etiam ipsi actus apprehensivae virtutis,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
893 ut intelligere, sentire et memorari, et etiam motus appetitus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
894 animalis, quandoque dicuntur naturales. Et per hunc modum potest
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
895 dici timor naturalis. Et distinguitur a timore non naturali,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
896 secundum diversitatem obiecti. Est enim, ut philosophus dicit in II
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
897 Rhetoric., timor de malo corruptivo, quod natura refugit propter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
898 naturale desiderium essendi, et talis timor dicitur naturalis. Est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
899 iterum de malo contristativo, quod non repugnat naturae, sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
900 desiderio appetitus, et talis timor non est naturalis. Sicut etiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
901 supra amor, concupiscentia et delectatio distincta sunt per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
902 naturale et non naturale. Sed secundum primam acceptionem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
903 naturalis, sciendum est quod quaedam de passionibus animae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
904 quandoque dicuntur naturales, ut amor, desiderium et spes, aliae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
905 vero naturales dici non possunt. Et hoc ideo, quia amor et odium,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
906 desiderium et fuga, important inclinationem quandam ad prosequendum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
907 bonum et fugiendum malum; quae quidem inclinatio pertinet etiam ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
908 appetitum naturalem. Et ideo est amor quidam naturalis, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
909 desiderium vel spes potest quodammodo dici etiam in rebus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
910 naturalibus cognitione carentibus. Sed aliae passiones animae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
911 important quosdam motus ad quos nullo modo sufficit inclinatio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
912 naturalis. Vel quia de ratione harum passionum est sensus seu
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
913 cognitio, sicut dictum est quod apprehensio requiritur ad rationem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
914 delectationis et doloris, unde quae carent cognitione, non possunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
915 dici delectari vel dolere. Aut quia huiusmodi motus sunt contra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
916 rationem inclinationis naturalis, puta quod desperatio refugit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
917 bonum propter aliquam difficultatem; et timor refugit impugnationem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
918 mali contrarii, ad quod est inclinatio naturalis. Et ideo huiusmodi
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
919 passiones nullo modo attribuuntur rebus inanimatis.</p><p title="I-II q. 41 a. 3 ad arg."><a name="35316"><span class="ref">[35316] Iª-IIae q. 41 a. 3 ad arg.</span></a> Et per hoc
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
920 patet responsio ad obiecta.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 4</h3><p title="I-II q. 41 a. 4 arg. 1"><a name="35317"><span class="ref">[35317] Iª-IIae q. 41 a. 4 arg. 1</span></a> Ad quartum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
921 sic proceditur. Videtur quod inconvenienter Damascenus assignet sex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
922 species timoris, scilicet <i>segnitiem, erubescentiam, verecundiam,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
923 admirationem, stuporem, agoniam</i>. Ut enim philosophus dicit, in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
924 II Rhetoric., <i>timor est de malo contristativo</i>. Ergo species
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
925 timoris debent respondere speciebus tristitiae. Sunt autem quatuor
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
926 species tristitiae, ut supra dictum est. Ergo solum debent esse
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
927 quatuor species timoris, eis correspondentes.</p><p title="I-II q. 41 a. 4 arg. 2"><a name="35318"><span class="ref">[35318] Iª-IIae q. 41 a. 4 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
928 illud quod in actu nostro consistit, nostrae potestati subiicitur.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
929 Sed timor est de malo quod excedit potestatem nostram, ut dictum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
930 est. Non ergo segnities et erubescentia et verecundia, quae
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
931 respiciunt operationem nostram, debent poni species timoris.</p><p title="I-II q. 41 a. 4 arg. 3"><a name="35319"><span class="ref">[35319] Iª-IIae q. 41 a. 4 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
932 timor est de futuro, ut dictum est. Sed verecundia est de turpi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
933 actu iam commisso, ut Gregorius Nyssenus dicit. Ergo verecundia non
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
934 est species timoris.</p><p title="I-II q. 41 a. 4 arg. 4"><a name="35320"><span class="ref">[35320] Iª-IIae q. 41 a. 4 arg. 4</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
935 timor non est nisi de malo. Sed admiratio et stupor sunt de magno
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
936 et insolito, sive bono sive malo. Ergo admiratio et stupor non sunt
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
937 species timoris.</p><p title="I-II q. 41 a. 4 arg. 5"><a name="35321"><span class="ref">[35321] Iª-IIae q. 41 a. 4 arg. 5</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
938 philosophi ex admiratione sunt moti ad inquirendum veritatem, ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
939 dicitur in principio Metaphys. Timor autem non movet ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
940 inquirendum, sed magis ad fugiendum. Ergo admiratio non est species
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
941 timoris.</p><p title="I-II q. 41 a. 4 s. c."><a name="35322"><span class="ref">[35322] Iª-IIae q. 41 a. 4 s. c.</span></a> Sed in
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
942 contrarium sufficiat auctoritas Damasceni et Gregorii Nysseni.</p><p title="I-II q. 41 a. 4 co."><a name="35323"><span class="ref">[35323] Iª-IIae q. 41 a. 4 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
943 dicendum quod, sicut dictum est, timor est de futuro malo quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
944 excedit potestatem timentis, ut scilicet ei resisti non possit.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
945 Sicut autem bonum hominis, ita et malum, potest considerari vel in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
946 operatione ipsius, vel in exterioribus rebus. In operatione autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
947 ipsius hominis, potest duplex malum timeri. Primo quidem, labor
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
948 gravans naturam. Et sic causatur segnities, cum scilicet aliquis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
949 refugit operari, propter timorem excedentis laboris. Secundo,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
950 turpitudo laedens opinionem. Et sic, si turpitudo timeatur in actu
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
951 committendo, est erubescentia, si autem sit de turpi iam facto, est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
952 verecundia. Malum autem quod in exterioribus rebus consistit,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
953 triplici ratione potest excedere hominis facultatem ad resistendum.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
954 Primo quidem, ratione suae magnitudinis, cum scilicet aliquis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
955 considerat aliquod magnum malum, cuius exitum considerare non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
956 sufficit. Et sic est admiratio. Secundo, ratione dissuetudinis,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
957 quia scilicet aliquod malum inconsuetum nostrae considerationi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
958 offertur, et sic est magnum nostra reputatione. Et hoc modo est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
959 stupor, qui causatur ex insolita imaginatione. Tertio modo, ratione
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
960 improvisionis, quia scilicet provideri non potest, sicut futura
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
961 infortunia timentur. Et talis timor dicitur agonia.</p><p title="I-II q. 41 a. 4 ad 1"><a name="35324"><span class="ref">[35324] Iª-IIae q. 41 a. 4 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
962 ergo dicendum quod illae species tristitiae quae supra positae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
963 sunt, non accipiuntur secundum diversitatem obiecti, sed secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
964 effectus, et secundum quasdam speciales rationes. Et ideo non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
965 oportet quod illae species tristitiae respondeant istis speciebus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
966 timoris, quae accipiuntur secundum divisionem propriam obiecti
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
967 ipsius timoris.</p><p title="I-II q. 41 a. 4 ad 2"><a name="35325"><span class="ref">[35325] Iª-IIae q. 41 a. 4 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
968 dicendum quod operatio secundum quod iam fit, subditur potestati
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
969 operantis. Sed aliquid circa operationem considerari potest
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
970 facultatem operantis excedens, propter quod aliquis refugit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
971 actionem. Et secundum hoc, segnities, erubescentia et verecundia
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
972 ponuntur species timoris.</p><p title="I-II q. 41 a. 4 ad 3"><a name="35326"><span class="ref">[35326] Iª-IIae q. 41 a. 4 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
973 dicendum quod de actu praeterito potest timeri convitium vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
974 opprobrium futurum. Et secundum hoc, verecundia est species
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
975 timoris.</p><p title="I-II q. 41 a. 4 ad 4"><a name="35327"><span class="ref">[35327] Iª-IIae q. 41 a. 4 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
976 dicendum quod non quaelibet admiratio et stupor sunt species
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
977 timoris, sed admiratio quae est de magno malo, et stupor qui est de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
978 malo insolito. Vel potest dici quod, sicut segnities refugit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
979 laborem exterioris operationis, ita admiratio et stupor refugiunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
980 difficultatem considerationis rei magnae et insolitae, sive sit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
981 bona sive mala, ut hoc modo se habeat admiratio et stupor ad actum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
982 intellectus, sicut segnities ad exteriorem actum.</p><p title="I-II q. 41 a. 4 ad 5"><a name="35328"><span class="ref">[35328] Iª-IIae q. 41 a. 4 ad 5</span></a> Ad quintum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
983 dicendum quod admirans refugit in praesenti dare iudicium de eo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
984 quod miratur, timens defectum, sed in futurum inquirit. Stupens
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
985 autem timet et in praesenti iudicare, et in futuro inquirere. Unde
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
986 admiratio est principium philosophandi, sed stupor est
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
987 philosophicae considerationis impedimentum.</p></div></div><div class="q" id="q42"><h2>Quaestio 42</h2><div class="p"><h3>Prooemium</h3><p title="I-II q. 42 pr."><a name="35329"><span class="ref">[35329]
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
988 Iª-IIae q. 42 pr.</span></a> Deinde considerandum est de
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
989 obiecto timoris. Et circa hoc quaeruntur sex. Primo, utrum bonum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
990 sit obiectum timoris, vel malum. Secundo, utrum malum naturae sit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
991 obiectum timoris. Tertio, utrum timor sit de malo culpae. Quarto,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
992 utrum ipse timor timeri possit. Quinto, utrum repentina magis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
993 timeantur. Sexto, utrum ea contra quae non est remedium, magis
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
994 timeantur.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 1</h3><p title="I-II q. 42 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="35330"><span class="ref">[35330] Iª-IIae q. 42 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
995 sic proceditur. Videtur quod bonum sit obiectum timoris. Dicit enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
996 Augustinus, in libro octoginta trium quaest., quod <i>nihil
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
997 timemus, nisi ne id quod amamus, aut adeptum amittamus, aut non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
998 adipiscamur speratum</i>. Sed id quod amamus est bonum. Ergo timor
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
999 respicit bonum sicut proprium obiectum.</p><p title="I-II q. 42 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="35331"><span class="ref">[35331] Iª-IIae q. 42 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1000 philosophus dicit, in II Rhetoric., quod <i>potestas, et super
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1001 alium ipsum esse, est terribile</i>. Sed huiusmodi est quoddam
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1002 bonum. Ergo bonum est obiectum timoris.</p><p title="I-II q. 42 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="35332"><span class="ref">[35332] Iª-IIae q. 42 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1003 in Deo nihil malum esse potest. Sed mandatur nobis ut Deum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1004 timeamus; secundum illud Psalmi XXXIII, <i>timete dominum, omnes
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1005 sancti eius</i>. Ergo etiam timor est de bono.</p><p title="I-II q. 42 a. 1 s. c."><a name="35333"><span class="ref">[35333] Iª-IIae q. 42 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1006 est quod Damascenus dicit, in II libro, quod timor est de malo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1007 futuro.</p><p title="I-II q. 42 a. 1 co."><a name="35334"><span class="ref">[35334] Iª-IIae q. 42 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1008 dicendum quod timor est quidam motus appetitivae virtutis. Ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1009 virtutem autem appetitivam pertinet prosecutio et fuga, ut dicitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1010 in VI Ethic. Est autem prosecutio boni. Fuga autem mali. Unde
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1011 quicumque motus appetitivae virtutis importat prosecutionem, habet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1012 aliquod bonum pro obiecto, quicumque autem importat fugam, habet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1013 malum pro obiecto. Unde, cum timor fugam quandam importet, primo et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1014 per se respicit malum sicut proprium obiectum. Potest autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1015 respicere etiam bonum, secundum quod habet habitudinem ad malum.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1016 Quod quidem potest esse dupliciter. Uno quidem modo, inquantum per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1017 malum privatur bonum. Ex hoc autem ipso est aliquid malum, quod est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1018 privativum boni. Unde, cum fugiatur malum quia malum est, sequitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1019 ut fugiatur quia privat bonum quod quis amando prosequitur. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1020 secundum hoc dicit Augustinus quod nulla est causa timendi, nisi ne
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1021 amittatur bonum amatum. Alio modo comparatur bonum ad malum, ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1022 causa ipsius, inquantum scilicet aliquod bonum sua virtute potest
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1023 inducere aliquod nocumentum in bono amato. Et ideo, sicut spes, ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1024 supra dictum est, ad duo respicit, scilicet ad bonum in quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1025 tendit, et ad id per quod sperat se bonum concupitum adipisci; ita
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1026 etiam timor ad duo respicit, scilicet ad malum quod refugit, et ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1027 illud bonum quod sua virtute potest infligere malum. Et per hunc
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1028 modum Deus timetur ab homine, inquantum potest infligere poenam,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1029 vel spiritualem vel corporalem. Per hunc etiam modum timetur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1030 potestas alicuius hominis, maxime quando est laesa, vel quando est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1031 iniusta, quia sic in promptu habet nocumentum inferre. Ita etiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1032 timetur super alium esse, idest inniti alii, ut scilicet in eius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1033 potestate sic constitutum nobis nocumentum inferre, sicut ille qui
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1034 est conscius criminis, timetur, ne crimen revelet.</p><p title="I-II q. 42 a. 1 ad arg."><a name="35335"><span class="ref">[35335] Iª-IIae q. 42 a. 1 ad arg.</span></a> Et per hoc
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1035 patet responsio ad obiecta.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 2</h3><p title="I-II q. 42 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="35336"><span class="ref">[35336] Iª-IIae q. 42 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1036 sic proceditur. Videtur quod timor non sit de malo naturae. Dicit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1037 enim philosophus, in II Rhetoric., quod <i>timor consiliativos
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1038 facit</i>. Non autem consiliamur de his quae a natura eveniunt, ut
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1039 dicitur in III Ethic. Ergo timor non est de malo naturae.</p><p title="I-II q. 42 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="35337"><span class="ref">[35337] Iª-IIae q. 42 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1040 defectus naturales semper homini imminent, ut mors et alia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1041 huiusmodi. Si igitur de huiusmodi malis esset timor, oporteret quod
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1042 homo semper esset in timore.</p><p title="I-II q. 42 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="35338"><span class="ref">[35338] Iª-IIae q. 42 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1043 natura non movet ad contraria. Sed malum naturae provenit ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1044 natura. Ergo quod timendo aliquis refugiat huiusmodi malum, non est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1045 a natura. Timor ergo naturalis non est de malo naturae; ad quem
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1046 tamen hoc malum pertinere videtur.</p><p title="I-II q. 42 a. 2 s. c."><a name="35339"><span class="ref">[35339] Iª-IIae q. 42 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1047 est quod philosophus dicit, in III Ethic., quod inter omnia
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1048 terribilissimum est mors, quae est malum naturae.</p><p title="I-II q. 42 a. 2 co."><a name="35340"><span class="ref">[35340] Iª-IIae q. 42 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1049 dicendum quod, sicut philosophus dicit in II Rhetoric., timor
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1050 provenit <i>ex phantasia futuri mali corruptivi vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1051 contristativi</i>. Sicut autem contristativum malum est quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1052 contrariatur voluntati; ita corruptivum malum est quod contrariatur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1053 naturae. Et hoc est malum naturae. Unde de malo naturae potest esse
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1054 timor. Sed considerandum est quod malum naturae quandoque est a
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1055 causa naturali, et tunc dicitur malum naturae, non solum quia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1056 privat naturae bonum, sed etiam quia est effectus naturae; sicut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1057 mors naturalis, et alii huiusmodi defectus. Aliquando vero malum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1058 naturae provenit ex causa non naturali, sicut mors quae violenter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1059 infertur a persecutore. Et utroque modo malum naturae quodammodo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1060 timetur, et quodammodo non timetur. Cum enim timor proveniat ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1061 phantasia futuri mali, ut dicit philosophus; illud quod removet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1062 futuri mali phantasiam, excludit etiam timorem. Quod autem non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1063 appareat aliquod malum ut futurum, potest ex duobus contingere. Uno
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1064 quidem modo, ex hoc quod est remotum et distans, hoc enim, propter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1065 distantiam, imaginamur ut non futurum. Et ideo vel non timemus, vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1066 parum timemus. Ut enim philosophus dicit, in II Rhetoric., <i>quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1067 valde longe sunt non timentur, sciunt enim omnes, quod morientur;
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1068 sed quia non prope est, nihil curant</i>. Alio modo aestimatur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1069 aliquod malum quod est futurum, ut non futurum, propter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1070 necessitatem, quae facit ipsum aestimare ut praesens. Unde
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1071 philosophus dicit, in II Rhetoric., quod <i>illi qui iam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1072 decapitantur non timent</i>, videntes sibi necessitatem mortis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1073 imminere; sed <i>ad hoc quod aliquis timeat, oportet adesse aliquam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1074 spem salutis</i>. Sic igitur malum naturae non timetur, quia non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1075 apprehenditur ut futurum. Si vero malum naturae, quod est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1076 corruptivum, apprehendatur ut propinquum, et tamen cum aliqua spe
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1077 evasionis, tunc timebitur.</p><p title="I-II q. 42 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="35341"><span class="ref">[35341] Iª-IIae q. 42 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1078 ergo dicendum quod malum naturae quandoque non provenit a natura,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1079 ut dictum est. Secundum tamen quod a natura provenit, etsi non ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1080 toto vitari possit, potest tamen differri. Et sub hac spe, potest
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1081 esse consilium de vitatione ipsius.</p><p title="I-II q. 42 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="35342"><span class="ref">[35342] Iª-IIae q. 42 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1082 dicendum quod malum naturae, etsi semper immineat, non tamen semper
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1083 imminet de propinquo. Et ideo non semper timetur.</p><p title="I-II q. 42 a. 2 ad 3"><a name="35343"><span class="ref">[35343] Iª-IIae q. 42 a. 2 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1084 dicendum quod mors et alii defectus naturae proveniunt a natura
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1085 universali, quibus tamen repugnat natura particularis quantum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1086 potest. Et sic ex inclinatione particularis naturae, est dolor et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1087 tristitia de huiusmodi malis, cum sunt praesentia; et timor, si
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1088 immineant in futurum.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 3</h3><p title="I-II q. 42 a. 3 arg. 1"><a name="35344"><span class="ref">[35344] Iª-IIae q. 42 a. 3 arg. 1</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1089 sic proceditur. Videtur quod timor possit esse de malo culpae.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1090 Dicit enim Augustinus, super canonicam Ioan., quod <i>timore casto
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1091 timet homo separationem a Deo</i>. Sed nihil separat nos a Deo nisi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1092 culpa; secundum illud Isaiae LIX. <i>Peccata vestra diviserunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1093 inter vos et Deum vestrum</i>. Ergo timor potest esse de malo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1094 culpae.</p><p title="I-II q. 42 a. 3 arg. 2"><a name="35345"><span class="ref">[35345] Iª-IIae q. 42 a. 3 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1095 Tullius dicit, in IV de Tusculanis quaest., quod <i>de illis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1096 timemus, cum futura sunt, de quorum praesentia tristamur</i>. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1097 de malo culpae potest aliquis dolere vel tristari. Ergo etiam malum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1098 culpae aliquis potest timere.</p><p title="I-II q. 42 a. 3 arg. 3"><a name="35346"><span class="ref">[35346] Iª-IIae q. 42 a. 3 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1099 spes timori opponitur. Sed spes potest esse de bono virtutis, ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1100 patet per philosophum in IX Ethic. Et apostolus dicit, ad Gal. V,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1101 <i>confido de vobis in domino, quod nihil aliud sapietis</i>. Ergo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1102 etiam timor potest esse de malo culpae.</p><p title="I-II q. 42 a. 3 arg. 4"><a name="35347"><span class="ref">[35347] Iª-IIae q. 42 a. 3 arg. 4</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1103 verecundia est quaedam species timoris, ut supra dictum est. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1104 verecundia est de turpi facto. Quod est malum culpae. Ergo et
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1105 timor.</p><p title="I-II q. 42 a. 3 s. c."><a name="35348"><span class="ref">[35348] Iª-IIae q. 42 a. 3 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1106 est quod philosophus dicit, in II Rhetoric., quod <i>non omnia mala
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1107 timentur, puta si aliquis erit iniustus, aut tardus</i>.</p><p title="I-II q. 42 a. 3 co."><a name="35349"><span class="ref">[35349] Iª-IIae q. 42 a. 3 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1108 dicendum quod, sicut supra dictum est, sicut obiectum spei est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1109 bonum futurum arduum quod quis potest adipisci; ita timor est de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1110 malo futuro arduo quod non potest de facili vitari. Ex quo potest
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1111 accipi quod id quod omnino subiacet potestati et voluntati nostrae,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1112 non habet rationem terribilis, sed illud solum est terribile, quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1113 habet causam extrinsecam. Malum autem culpae propriam causam habet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1114 voluntatem humanam. Et ideo proprie non habet rationem terribilis.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1115 Sed quia voluntas humana ab aliquo exteriori potest inclinari ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1116 peccandum; si illud inclinans habeat magnam vim ad inclinandum,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1117 secundum hoc poterit esse timor de malo culpae, inquantum est ab
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1118 exteriori causa, puta cum aliquis timet commorari in societate
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1119 malorum, ne ab eis ad peccandum inducatur. Sed proprie loquendo, in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1120 tali dispositione magis timet homo seductionem quam culpam secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1121 propriam rationem, idest inquantum est voluntaria, sic enim non
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1122 habet ut timeatur.</p><p title="I-II q. 42 a. 3 ad 1"><a name="35350"><span class="ref">[35350] Iª-IIae q. 42 a. 3 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1123 ergo dicendum quod separatio a Deo est quaedam poena consequens
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1124 peccatum, et omnis poena aliquo modo est ab exteriori causa.</p><p title="I-II q. 42 a. 3 ad 2"><a name="35351"><span class="ref">[35351] Iª-IIae q. 42 a. 3 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1125 dicendum quod tristitia et timor in uno conveniunt, quia utrumque
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1126 est de malo, differunt autem in duobus. In uno quidem, quia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1127 tristitia est de malo praesenti, timor de malo futuro. In alio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1128 vero, quia tristitia, cum sit in concupiscibili, respicit malum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1129 absolute, unde potest esse de quocumque malo, sive parvo sive
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1130 magno. Timor vero, cum sit in irascibili, respicit malum cum quadam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1131 arduitate seu difficultate, quae tollitur, inquantum aliquid
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1132 subiacet voluntati. Et ideo non omnia timemus quae sunt futura, de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1133 quibus tristamur cum sunt praesentia, sed aliqua, quae scilicet
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1134 sunt ardua.</p><p title="I-II q. 42 a. 3 ad 3"><a name="35352"><span class="ref">[35352] Iª-IIae q. 42 a. 3 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1135 dicendum quod spes est de bono quod quis potest adipisci. Potest
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1136 autem aliquis adipisci bonum vel per se, vel per alium, et ideo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1137 spes potest esse de actu virtutis, qui est in potestate nostra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1138 constitutus. Sed timor est de malo quod non subiacet nostrae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1139 potestati, et ideo semper malum quod timetur, est a causa
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1140 extrinseca. Bonum autem quod speratur, potest esse et a causa
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1141 intrinseca, et a causa extrinseca.</p><p title="I-II q. 42 a. 3 ad 4"><a name="35353"><span class="ref">[35353] Iª-IIae q. 42 a. 3 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1142 dicendum quod, sicut supra dictum est, verecundia non est timor de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1143 actu ipso peccati, sed de turpitudine vel ignominia quae
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1144 consequitur ipsum, quae est a causa extrinseca.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 4</h3><p title="I-II q. 42 a. 4 arg. 1"><a name="35354"><span class="ref">[35354] Iª-IIae q. 42 a. 4 arg. 1</span></a> Ad quartum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1145 sic proceditur. Videtur quod timor timeri non possit. Omne enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1146 quod timetur, timendo custoditur, ne amittatur, sicut ille qui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1147 timet amittere sanitatem timendo custodit eam. Si igitur timor
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1148 timeatur, timendo se custodiet homo ne timeat. Quod videtur esse
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1149 inconveniens.</p><p title="I-II q. 42 a. 4 arg. 2"><a name="35355"><span class="ref">[35355] Iª-IIae q. 42 a. 4 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1150 timor est quaedam fuga. Sed nihil fugit seipsum. Ergo timor non
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1151 timet timorem.</p><p title="I-II q. 42 a. 4 arg. 3"><a name="35356"><span class="ref">[35356] Iª-IIae q. 42 a. 4 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1152 timor est de futuro. Sed ille qui timet, iam habet timorem. Non
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1153 ergo potest timere timorem.</p><p title="I-II q. 42 a. 4 s. c."><a name="35357"><span class="ref">[35357] Iª-IIae q. 42 a. 4 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1154 est quod homo potest amare amorem, et dolere de dolore. Ergo etiam,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1155 pari ratione, potest timere timorem.</p><p title="I-II q. 42 a. 4 co."><a name="35358"><span class="ref">[35358] Iª-IIae q. 42 a. 4 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1156 dicendum quod, sicut dictum est, illud solum habet rationem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1157 terribilis, quod ex causa extrinseca provenit, non autem quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1158 provenit ex voluntate nostra. Timor autem partim provenit ex causa
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1159 extrinseca, et partim subiacet voluntati. Provenit quidem ex causa
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1160 extrinseca, inquantum est passio quaedam consequens phantasiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1161 imminentis mali. Et secundum hoc, potest aliquis timere timorem, ne
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1162 scilicet immineat ei necessitas timendi, propter ingruentiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1163 alicuius excellentis mali. Subiacet autem voluntati, inquantum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1164 appetitus inferior obedit rationi, unde homo potest timorem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1165 repellere. Et secundum hoc, timor non potest timeri, ut dicit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1166 Augustinus, in libro octoginta trium quaest. Sed quia rationibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1167 quas inducit, aliquis posset uti ad ostendendum quod timor nullo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1168 modo timeatur, ideo ad eas respondendum est.</p><p title="I-II q. 42 a. 4 ad 1"><a name="35359"><span class="ref">[35359] Iª-IIae q. 42 a. 4 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1169 ergo dicendum quod, non omnis timor est unus timor, sed secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1170 diversa quae timentur, sunt diversi timores. Nihil ergo prohibet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1171 quin uno timore aliquis praeservet se ab alio timore, et sic
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1172 custodiat se non timentem illo timore.</p><p title="I-II q. 42 a. 4 ad 2"><a name="35360"><span class="ref">[35360] Iª-IIae q. 42 a. 4 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1173 dicendum quod, cum sit alius timor quo timetur malum imminens, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1174 alius timor quo timetur ipse timor mali imminentis; non sequitur
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1175 quod idem fugiat seipsum, vel quod sit idem fuga sui ipsius.</p><p title="I-II q. 42 a. 4 ad 3"><a name="35361"><span class="ref">[35361] Iª-IIae q. 42 a. 4 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1176 dicendum quod propter diversitatem timorum iam dictam, timore
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1177 praesenti potest homo timere futurum timorem.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 5</h3><p title="I-II q. 42 a. 5 arg. 1"><a name="35362"><span class="ref">[35362] Iª-IIae q. 42 a. 5 arg. 1</span></a> Ad quintum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1178 sic proceditur. Videtur quod insolita et repentina non sint magis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1179 terribilia. Sicut enim spes est de bono, ita timor est de malo. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1180 experientia facit ad augmentum spei in bonis. Ergo etiam facit ad
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1181 augmentum timoris in malis.</p><p title="I-II q. 42 a. 5 arg. 2"><a name="35363"><span class="ref">[35363] Iª-IIae q. 42 a. 5 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1182 philosophus dicit, in II Rhetoric., quod magis timentur non qui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1183 acutae sunt irae, sed mites et astuti. Constat autem quod illi qui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1184 acutae irae sunt, magis habent subitos motus. Ergo ea quae sunt
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1185 subita, sunt minus terribilia.</p><p title="I-II q. 42 a. 5 arg. 3"><a name="35364"><span class="ref">[35364] Iª-IIae q. 42 a. 5 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1186 quae sunt subita, minus considerari possunt. Sed tanto aliqua magis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1187 timentur, quanto magis considerantur, unde philosophus dicit, in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1188 III Ethic., quod <i>aliqui videntur fortes propter ignorantiam,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1189 qui, si cognoverint quod aliud sit quam suspicantur, fugiunt</i>.
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1190 Ergo repentina minus timentur.</p><p title="I-II q. 42 a. 5 s. c."><a name="35365"><span class="ref">[35365] Iª-IIae q. 42 a. 5 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1191 est quod Augustinus dicit, in II Confess., <i>timor insolita et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1192 repentina exhorrescit, rebus quae amantur adversantia, dum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1193 praecavet securitati</i>.</p><p title="I-II q. 42 a. 5 co."><a name="35366"><span class="ref">[35366] Iª-IIae q. 42 a. 5 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1194 dicendum quod, sicut supra dictum est, obiectum timoris est malum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1195 imminens quod non de facili repelli potest. Hoc autem ex duobus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1196 contingit, scilicet ex magnitudine mali, et ex debilitate timentis.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1197 Ad utrumque autem horum operatur quod aliquid sit insolitum et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1198 repentinum. Primo quidem, facit ad hoc quod malum imminens maius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1199 appareat. Omnia enim corporalia, et bona et mala, quanto magis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1200 considerantur, minora apparent. Et ideo, sicut propter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1201 diuturnitatem dolor praesentis mali mitigatur, ut patet per Tullium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1202 in III de Tusculanis quaest.; ita etiam ex praemeditatione minuitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1203 timor futuri mali. Secundo, aliquid esse insolitum et repentinum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1204 facit ad debilitatem timentis, inquantum subtrahit remedia quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1205 homo potest praeparare ad repellendum futurum malum, quae esse non
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1206 possunt quando ex improviso malum occurrit.</p><p title="I-II q. 42 a. 5 ad 1"><a name="35367"><span class="ref">[35367] Iª-IIae q. 42 a. 5 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1207 ergo dicendum quod obiectum spei est bonum quod quis potest
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1208 adipisci. Et ideo ea quae augmentant potestatem hominis, nata sunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1209 augere spem, et eadem ratione, diminuere timorem, quia timor est de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1210 malo cui non de facili potest resisti. Quia igitur experientia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1211 facit hominem magis potentem ad operandum, ideo, sicut auget spem,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1212 ita diminuit timorem.</p><p title="I-II q. 42 a. 5 ad 2"><a name="35368"><span class="ref">[35368] Iª-IIae q. 42 a. 5 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1213 dicendum quod illi qui habent iram acutam, non occultant eam, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1214 ideo nocumenta ab eis illata non ita sunt repentina, quin
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1215 praevideantur. Sed homines mites et astuti occultant iram, et ideo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1216 nocumentum quod ab eis imminet, non potest praevideri, sed ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1217 improviso advenit. Et propter hoc philosophus dicit quod tales
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1218 magis timentur.</p><p title="I-II q. 42 a. 5 ad 3"><a name="35369"><span class="ref">[35369] Iª-IIae q. 42 a. 5 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1219 dicendum quod, per se loquendo, bona vel mala corporalia in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1220 principio maiora apparent. Cuius ratio est, quia unumquodque magis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1221 apparet, contrario iuxta se posito. Unde cum aliquis statim a
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1222 paupertate ad divitias transit, propter paupertatem praeexistentem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1223 divitias magis aestimat, et e contrario divites statim ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1224 paupertatem devenientes, eam magis horrent. Et propter hoc, malum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1225 repentinum magis timetur, quia magis videtur esse malum. Sed potest
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1226 propter aliquod accidens contingere quod magnitudo alicuius mali
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1227 lateat, puta cum hostes se insidiose occultant. Et tunc verum est
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1228 quod malum ex diligenti consideratione fit terribilius.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 6</h3><p title="I-II q. 42 a. 6 arg. 1"><a name="35370"><span class="ref">[35370] Iª-IIae q. 42 a. 6 arg. 1</span></a> Ad sextum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1229 sic proceditur. Videtur quod ea quae non habent remedium, non sint
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1230 magis timenda. Ad timorem enim requiritur quod remaneat aliqua spes
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1231 salutis, ut supra dictum est. Sed in malis quae non habent
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1232 remedium, nulla remanet spes salutis. Ergo talia mala nullo modo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1233 timentur.</p><p title="I-II q. 42 a. 6 arg. 2"><a name="35371"><span class="ref">[35371] Iª-IIae q. 42 a. 6 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1234 malo mortis nullum remedium adhiberi potest, non enim, secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1235 naturam, potest esse reditus a morte ad vitam. Non tamen mors
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1236 maxime timetur, ut dicit philosophus, in II Rhetoric. Non ergo ea
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1237 magis timentur quae remedium non habent.</p><p title="I-II q. 42 a. 6 arg. 3"><a name="35372"><span class="ref">[35372] Iª-IIae q. 42 a. 6 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1238 philosophus dicit, in I Ethic., quod <i>non est magis bonum quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1239 est diuturnius, eo quod est unius diei, neque quod est perpetuum,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1240 eo quod non est perpetuum</i>. Ergo, eadem ratione, neque maius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1241 malum. Sed ea quae non habent remedium, non videntur differre ab
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1242 aliis nisi propter diuturnitatem vel perpetuitatem. Ergo propter
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1243 hoc non sunt peiora, vel magis timenda.</p><p title="I-II q. 42 a. 6 s. c."><a name="35373"><span class="ref">[35373] Iª-IIae q. 42 a. 6 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1244 est quod philosophus dicit, in II Rhetoric., quod <i>omnia timenda
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1245 sunt terribiliora quaecumque, si peccaverint, corrigi non
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1246 contingit; aut quorum auxilia non sunt; aut non facilia</i>.</p><p title="I-II q. 42 a. 6 co."><a name="35374"><span class="ref">[35374] Iª-IIae q. 42 a. 6 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1247 dicendum quod obiectum timoris est malum, unde illud quod facit ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1248 augmentum mali, facit ad augmentum timoris. Malum autem augetur non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1249 solum secundum speciem ipsius mali, sed etiam secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1250 circumstantias, ut ex supra dictis apparet. Inter ceteras autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1251 circumstantias, diuturnitas, vel etiam perpetuitas, magis videtur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1252 facere ad augmentum mali. Ea enim quae sunt in tempore, secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1253 durationem temporis quodammodo mensurantur, unde si pati aliquid in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1254 tanto tempore est malum, pati idem in duplo tempore apprehenditur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1255 ut duplatum. Et secundum hanc rationem, pati idem in infinito
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1256 tempore, quod est perpetuo pati, habet quodammodo infinitum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1257 augmentum. Mala autem quae, postquam advenerint, non possunt habere
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1258 remedium, vel non de facili, accipiuntur ut perpetua vel diuturna.
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1259 Et ideo maxime redduntur timenda.</p><p title="I-II q. 42 a. 6 ad 1"><a name="35375"><span class="ref">[35375] Iª-IIae q. 42 a. 6 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1260 ergo dicendum quod remedium mali est duplex. Unum, per quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1261 impeditur futurum malum, ne adveniat. Et tali remedio sublato,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1262 aufertur spes, et per consequens timor. Unde de tali remedio nunc
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1263 non loquimur. Aliud remedium mali est, quo malum iam praesens
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1264 removetur. Et de tali remedio nunc loquimur.</p><p title="I-II q. 42 a. 6 ad 2"><a name="35376"><span class="ref">[35376] Iª-IIae q. 42 a. 6 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1265 dicendum quod, licet mors sit irremediabile malum, tamen, quia non
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1266 imminet de prope, non timetur, ut supra dictum est.</p><p title="I-II q. 42 a. 6 ad 3"><a name="35377"><span class="ref">[35377] Iª-IIae q. 42 a. 6 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1267 dicendum quod philosophus ibi loquitur de per se bono, quod est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1268 bonum secundum speciem suam. Sic autem non fit aliquid magis bonum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1269 propter diuturnitatem vel perpetuitatem, sed propter naturam ipsius
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1270 boni.</p></div></div><div class="q" id="q43"><h2>Quaestio 43</h2><div class="p"><h3>Prooemium</h3><p title="I-II q. 43 pr."><a name="35378"><span class="ref">[35378]
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1271 Iª-IIae q. 43 pr.</span></a> Deinde considerandum est de causa
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1272 timoris. Et circa hoc quaeruntur duo. Primo, utrum causa timoris
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1273 sit amor. Secundo, utrum causa timoris sit defectus.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 1</h3><p title="I-II q. 43 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="35379"><span class="ref">[35379] Iª-IIae q. 43 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1274 sic proceditur. Videtur quod amor non sit causa timoris. Illud enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1275 quod introducit aliquid, est causa eius. Sed timor introducit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1276 amorem caritatis, ut Augustinus dicit, super canonicam Ioan. Ergo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1277 timor est causa amoris, et non e converso.</p><p title="I-II q. 43 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="35380"><span class="ref">[35380] Iª-IIae q. 43 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1278 philosophus dicit, in II Rhetoric., quod <i>illi maxime timentur, a
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1279 quibus expectamus imminere nobis aliqua mala</i>. Sed per hoc quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1280 ab aliquo expectamus malum, magis provocamur ad odium eius quam ad
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1281 amorem. Ergo timor magis causatur ab odio quam ab amore.</p><p title="I-II q. 43 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="35381"><span class="ref">[35381] Iª-IIae q. 43 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1282 supra dictum est quod ea quae sunt a nobis ipsis, non habent
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1283 rationem terribilium. Sed ea quae sunt ex amore, maxime proveniunt
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1284 ex intimo cordis. Ergo timor ex amore non causatur.</p><p title="I-II q. 43 a. 1 s. c."><a name="35382"><span class="ref">[35382] Iª-IIae q. 43 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1285 est quod Augustinus dicit, in libro octoginta trium quaest.,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1286 <i>nulli dubium est non aliam esse metuendi causam, nisi ne id quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1287 amamus, aut adeptum amittamus, aut non adipiscamur speratum</i>.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1288 Omnis ergo timor causatur ex hoc quod aliquid amamus. Amor igitur
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1289 est causa timoris.</p><p title="I-II q. 43 a. 1 co."><a name="35383"><span class="ref">[35383] Iª-IIae q. 43 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1290 dicendum quod obiecta passionum animae se habent ad eas tanquam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1291 formae ad res naturales vel artificiales, quia passiones animae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1292 speciem recipiunt ab obiectis, sicut res praedictae a suis formis.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1293 Sicut igitur quidquid est causa formae, est causa rei constitutae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1294 per ipsam; ita etiam quidquid, et quocumque modo, est causa
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1295 obiecti, est causa passionis. Contingit autem aliquid esse causam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1296 obiecti vel per modum causae efficientis, vel per modum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1297 dispositionis materialis. Sicut obiectum delectationis est bonum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1298 apparens conveniens coniunctum, cuius causa efficiens est illud
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1299 quod facit coniunctionem, vel quod facit convenientiam vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1300 bonitatem, vel apparentiam huiusmodi boni; causa autem per modum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1301 dispositionis materialis, est habitus, vel quaecumque dispositio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1302 secundum quam fit alicui conveniens aut apparens illud bonum quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1303 est ei coniunctum. Sic igitur, in proposito, obiectum timoris est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1304 aestimatum malum futurum propinquum cui resisti de facili non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1305 potest. Et ideo illud quod potest inferre tale malum, est causa
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1306 effectiva obiecti timoris, et per consequens ipsius timoris. Illud
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1307 autem per quod aliquis ita disponitur ut aliquid sit ei tale, est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1308 causa timoris, et obiecti eius, per modum dispositionis materialis.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1309 Et hoc modo amor est causa timoris, ex hoc enim quod aliquis amat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1310 aliquod bonum, sequitur quod privativum talis boni sit ei malum, et
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1311 per consequens quod timeat ipsum tanquam malum.</p><p title="I-II q. 43 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="35384"><span class="ref">[35384] Iª-IIae q. 43 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1312 ergo dicendum quod, sicut supra dictum est, timor per se et primo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1313 respicit ad malum, quod refugit, quod opponitur alicui bono amato.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1314 Et sic per se timor nascitur ex amore. Secundario vero respicit ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1315 id per quod provenit tale malum. Et sic per accidens quandoque
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1316 timor inducit amorem, inquantum scilicet homo qui timet puniri a
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1317 Deo, servat mandata eius, et sic incipit sperare, et spes
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1318 introducit amorem, ut supra dictum est.</p><p title="I-II q. 43 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="35385"><span class="ref">[35385] Iª-IIae q. 43 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1319 dicendum quod ille a quo expectantur mala, primo quidem odio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1320 habetur, sed postquam ab ipso iam incipiunt sperari bona, tunc
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1321 incipit amari. Bonum autem cui contrariatur malum quod timetur, a
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1322 principio amabatur.</p><p title="I-II q. 43 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="35386"><span class="ref">[35386] Iª-IIae q. 43 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1323 dicendum quod ratio illa procedit de eo quod est causa mali
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1324 terribilis per modum efficientis. Amor autem est causa eius per
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1325 modum materialis dispositionis, ut dictum est.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 2</h3><p title="I-II q. 43 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="35387"><span class="ref">[35387] Iª-IIae q. 43 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1326 sic proceditur. Videtur quod defectus non sit causa timoris. Illi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1327 enim qui potentiam habent, maxime timentur. Sed defectus
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1328 contrariatur potentiae. Ergo defectus non est causa timoris.</p><p title="I-II q. 43 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="35388"><span class="ref">[35388] Iª-IIae q. 43 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1329 illi qui iam decapitantur, maxime sunt in defectu. Sed tales non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1330 timent. Ut dicitur in II Rhetoric. Ergo defectus non est causa
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1331 timoris.</p><p title="I-II q. 43 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="35389"><span class="ref">[35389] Iª-IIae q. 43 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1332 decertare ex fortitudine provenit, non ex defectu. <i>Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1333 decertantes timent eos qui pro eisdem decertant</i>, ut dicitur in
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1334 II Rhetoric. Ergo defectus non est causa timoris.</p><p title="I-II q. 43 a. 2 s. c."><a name="35390"><span class="ref">[35390] Iª-IIae q. 43 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1335 contrariorum contrariae sunt causae. Sed <i>divitiae, et robur, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1336 multitudo amicorum, et potestas, excludunt timorem</i>, ut dicitur
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1337 in II Rhetoric. Ergo ex defectu horum timor causatur.</p><p title="I-II q. 43 a. 2 co."><a name="35391"><span class="ref">[35391] Iª-IIae q. 43 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1338 dicendum quod, sicut supra dictum est, duplex causa timoris accipi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1339 potest, una quidem per modum materialis dispositionis, ex parte
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1340 eius qui timet; alia per modum causae efficientis, ex parte eius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1341 qui timetur. Quantum igitur ad primum, defectus, per se loquendo,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1342 est causa timoris, ex aliquo enim defectu virtutis contingit quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1343 non possit aliquis de facili repellere imminens malum. Sed tamen ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1344 causandum timorem requiritur defectus cum aliqua mensura. Minor
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1345 enim est defectus qui causat timorem futuri mali, quam defectus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1346 consequens malum praesens, de quo est tristitia. Et adhuc esset
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1347 maior defectus, si totaliter sensus mali auferretur, vel amor boni
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1348 cuius contrarium timetur. Quantum vero ad secundum, virtus et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1349 robur, per se loquendo, est causa timoris, ex hoc enim quod aliquid
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1350 quod apprehenditur ut nocivum, est virtuosum, contingit quod eius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1351 effectus repelli non potest. Contingit tamen per accidens quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1352 aliquis defectus ex ista parte causat timorem, inquantum ex aliquo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1353 defectu contingit quod aliquis velit nocumentum inferre, puta
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1354 propter iniustitiam, vel quia ante laesus fuit, vel quia timet
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1355 laedi.</p><p title="I-II q. 43 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="35392"><span class="ref">[35392] Iª-IIae q. 43 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1356 ergo dicendum quod ratio illa procedit de causa timoris ex parte
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1357 causae efficientis.</p><p title="I-II q. 43 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="35393"><span class="ref">[35393] Iª-IIae q. 43 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1358 dicendum quod illi qui iam decapitantur, sunt in passione
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1359 praesentis mali. Et ideo iste defectus excedit mensuram
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1360 timoris.</p><p title="I-II q. 43 a. 2 ad 3"><a name="35394"><span class="ref">[35394] Iª-IIae q. 43 a. 2 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1361 dicendum quod decertantes timent non propter potentiam, qua
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1362 decertare possunt, sed propter defectum potentiae, ex quo contingit
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1363 quod se superaturos non confidunt.</p></div></div><div class="q" id="q44"><h2>Quaestio 44</h2><div class="p"><h3>Prooemium</h3><p title="I-II q. 44 pr."><a name="35395"><span class="ref">[35395]
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1364 Iª-IIae q. 44 pr.</span></a> Deinde considerandum est de
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1365 effectibus timoris. Et circa hoc quaeruntur quatuor. Primo, utrum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1366 timor faciat contractionem. Secundo, utrum faciat consiliativos.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1367 Tertio, utrum faciat tremorem. Quarto, utrum impediat
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1368 operationem.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 1</h3><p title="I-II q. 44 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="35396"><span class="ref">[35396] Iª-IIae q. 44 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1369 sic proceditur. Videtur quod timor non faciat contractionem.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1370 Contractione enim facta, calor et spiritus ad interiora revocantur.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1371 Sed ex multitudine caloris et spirituum in interioribus,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1372 magnificatur cor ad audacter aliquid aggrediendum, ut patet in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1373 iratis, cuius contrarium in timore accidit. Non ergo timor facit
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1374 contractionem.</p><p title="I-II q. 44 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="35397"><span class="ref">[35397] Iª-IIae q. 44 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1375 multiplicatis spiritibus et calore in interioribus per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1376 contractionem, sequitur quod homo in vocem prorumpat, ut patet in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1377 dolentibus. Sed timentes non emittunt vocem, sed magis redduntur
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1378 taciturni. Ergo timor non facit contractionem.</p><p title="I-II q. 44 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="35398"><span class="ref">[35398] Iª-IIae q. 44 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1379 verecundia est quaedam species timoris, ut supra dictum est. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1380 verecundati rubescunt, ut dicit Tullius, IV de Tusculanis quaest.,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1381 et philosophus in IV Ethic. Rubor autem faciei non attestatur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1382 contractioni, sed contrario. Non ergo contractio est effectus
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1383 timoris.</p><p title="I-II q. 44 a. 1 s. c."><a name="35399"><span class="ref">[35399] Iª-IIae q. 44 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1384 est quod Damascenus dicit, in III libro, quod timor est virtus
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1385 secundum systolen, idest secundum contractionem.</p><p title="I-II q. 44 a. 1 co."><a name="35400"><span class="ref">[35400] Iª-IIae q. 44 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1386 dicendum quod, sicut supra dictum est, in passionibus animae est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1387 sicut formale ipse motus appetitivae potentiae, sicut autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1388 materiale transmutatio corporalis, quorum unum alteri
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1389 proportionatur. Unde secundum similitudinem et rationem appetitivi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1390 motus, sequitur corporalis transmutatio. Quantum autem ad animalem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1391 motum appetitus, timor contractionem quandam importat. Cuius ratio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1392 est, quia timor provenit ex phantasia alicuius mali imminentis quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1393 difficile repelli potest, ut supra dictum est. Quod autem aliquid
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1394 difficile possit repelli, provenit ex debilitate virtutis, ut supra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1395 dictum est. Virtus autem, quanto est debilior, tanto ad pauciora se
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1396 potest extendere. Et ideo ex ipsa imaginatione quae causat timorem,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1397 sequitur quaedam contractio in appetitu. Sicut etiam videmus in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1398 morientibus quod natura retrahitur ad interiora, propter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1399 debilitatem virtutis, et videmus etiam in civitatibus quod, quando
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1400 cives timent, retrahunt se ab exterioribus, et recurrunt, quantum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1401 possunt, ad interiora. Et secundum similitudinem huius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1402 contractionis, quae pertinet ad appetitum animalem, sequitur etiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1403 in timore ex parte corporis, contractio caloris et spirituum ad
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1404 interiora.</p><p title="I-II q. 44 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="35401"><span class="ref">[35401] Iª-IIae q. 44 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1405 ergo dicendum quod, sicut philosophus dicit in libro de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1406 problematibus, licet in timentibus retrahantur spiritus ab
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1407 exterioribus ad interiora, non tamen est idem motus spirituum in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1408 iratis et timentibus. Nam in iratis, propter calorem et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1409 subtilitatem spirituum, quae proveniunt ex appetitu vindictae,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1410 interius fit spirituum motus ab inferioribus ad superiora, et ideo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1411 congregantur spiritus et calor circa cor. Ex quo sequitur quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1412 irati redduntur prompti et audaces ad invadendum. Sed in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1413 timentibus, propter frigiditatem ingrossantem, spiritus moventur a
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1414 superioribus ad inferiora, quae quidem frigiditas contingit ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1415 imaginatione defectus virtutis. Et ideo non multiplicantur calor et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1416 spiritus circa cor, sed magis a corde refugiunt. Et propter hoc,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1417 timentes non prompte invadunt, sed magis refugiunt.</p><p title="I-II q. 44 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="35402"><span class="ref">[35402] Iª-IIae q. 44 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1418 dicendum quod naturale est cuilibet dolenti, sive homini sive
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1419 animali, quod utatur quocumque auxilio potest, ad repellendum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1420 nocivum praesens quod infert dolorem, unde videmus quod animalia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1421 dolentia percutiunt vel faucibus vel cornibus. Maximum autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1422 auxilium ad omnia in animalibus est calor et spiritus. Et ideo in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1423 dolore natura conservat calorem et spiritum interius, ut hoc utatur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1424 ad repellendum nocivum. Et ideo philosophus dicit, in libro de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1425 problematibus, quod multiplicatis introrsum spiritibus et calore,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1426 necesse est quod emittantur per vocem. Et propter hoc, dolentes vix
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1427 se possunt continere quin clament. Sed in timentibus fit motus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1428 interioris caloris et spirituum a corde ad inferiora, ut dictum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1429 est. Et ideo timor contrariatur formationi vocis, quae fit per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1430 emissionem spirituum ad superiora per os. Et propter hoc, timor
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1431 tacentes facit. Et inde est etiam quod timor trementes facit, ut
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1432 dicit philosophus, in libro de problematibus.</p><p title="I-II q. 44 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="35403"><span class="ref">[35403] Iª-IIae q. 44 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1433 dicendum quod pericula mortis non solum contrariantur appetitui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1434 animali, sed etiam contrariantur naturae. Et propter hoc, in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1435 huiusmodi timore non solum fit contractio ex parte appetitus, sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1436 etiam ex parte naturae corporalis, sic enim disponitur animal ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1437 imaginatione mortis contrahens calorem ad interiora, sicut quando
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1438 naturaliter mors imminet. Et inde est quod timentes mortem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1439 pallescunt, ut dicitur in IV Ethic. Sed malum quod timet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1440 verecundia, non opponitur naturae, sed solum appetitui animali. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1441 ideo fit quidem contractio secundum appetitum animalem, non autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1442 secundum naturam corporalem, sed magis anima, quasi in se
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1443 contracta, vacat ad motionem spirituum et caloris, unde fit eorum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1444 diffusio ad exteriora. Et propter hoc, verecundati rubescunt.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 2</h3><p title="I-II q. 44 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="35404"><span class="ref">[35404] Iª-IIae q. 44 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1445 sic proceditur. Videtur quod timor non faciat consiliativos. Non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1446 enim est eiusdem consiliativos facere, et consilium impedire. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1447 timor consilium impedit, omnis enim passio perturbat quietem, quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1448 requiritur ad bonum usum rationis. Ergo timor non facit
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1449 consiliativos.</p><p title="I-II q. 44 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="35405"><span class="ref">[35405] Iª-IIae q. 44 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1450 consilium est actus rationis de futuris cogitantis et deliberantis.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1451 Sed aliquis timor est <i>excutiens cogitata, et mentem a suo loco
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1452 removet</i>, ut Tullius dicit, in IV de Tusculanis quaest. Ergo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1453 timor non facit consiliativos, sed magis impedit consilium.</p><p title="I-II q. 44 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="35406"><span class="ref">[35406] Iª-IIae q. 44 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1454 sicut consilium adhibetur ad vitanda mala, ita etiam adhibetur ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1455 consequenda bona. Sed sicut timor est de malis vitandis, ita spes
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1456 est de bonis consequendis. Ergo timor non facit magis consiliativos
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1457 quam spes.</p><p title="I-II q. 44 a. 2 s. c."><a name="35407"><span class="ref">[35407] Iª-IIae q. 44 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1458 est quod philosophus dicit, in II Rhetoric., quod timor
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1459 consiliativos facit.</p><p title="I-II q. 44 a. 2 co."><a name="35408"><span class="ref">[35408] Iª-IIae q. 44 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1460 dicendum quod aliquis potest dici consiliativus dupliciter. Uno
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1461 modo, a voluntate seu sollicitudine consiliandi. Et sic timor
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1462 consiliativos facit. Quia, ut philosophus in III Ethic. dicit,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1463 <i>consiliamur de magnis, in quibus quasi nobis ipsis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1464 discredimus</i>. Ea autem quae timorem incutiunt, non sunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1465 simpliciter mala, sed habent quandam magnitudinem, tum ex eo quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1466 apprehenduntur ut quae difficiliter repelli possunt; tum etiam quia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1467 apprehenduntur ut de prope existentia, sicut iam dictum est. Unde
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1468 homines maxime in timoribus quaerunt consiliari. Alio modo dicitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1469 aliquis consiliativus, a facultate bene consiliandi. Et sic nec
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1470 timor, nec aliqua passio consiliativos facit. Quia homini affecto
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1471 secundum aliquam passionem, videtur aliquid vel maius vel minus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1472 quam sit secundum rei veritatem, sicut amanti videntur ea quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1473 amat, meliora; et timenti, ea quae timet, terribiliora. Et sic ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1474 defectu rectitudinis iudicii, quaelibet passio, quantum est de se,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1475 impedit facultatem bene consiliandi.</p><p title="I-II q. 44 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="35409"><span class="ref">[35409] Iª-IIae q. 44 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Et per hoc
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1476 patet responsio ad primum.</p><p title="I-II q. 44 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="35410"><span class="ref">[35410] Iª-IIae q. 44 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1477 dicendum quod quanto aliqua passio est fortior, tanto magis homo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1478 secundum ipsam affectus, impeditur. Et ideo quando timor fuerit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1479 fortis, vult quidem homo consiliari, sed adeo perturbatur in suis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1480 cogitationibus, quod consilium adinvenire non potest. Si autem sit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1481 parvus timor, qui sollicitudinem consiliandi inducat, nec multum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1482 rationem conturbet; potest etiam conferre ad facultatem bene
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1483 consiliandi, ratione sollicitudinis consequentis.</p><p title="I-II q. 44 a. 2 ad 3"><a name="35411"><span class="ref">[35411] Iª-IIae q. 44 a. 2 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1484 dicendum quod etiam spes facit consiliativos, quia, ut in II
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1485 Rhetoric. philosophus dicit, <i>nullus consiliatur de his de quibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1486 desperat</i>; sicut nec de impossibilibus, ut dicitur in III Ethic.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1487 Timor tamen facit magis consiliativos quam spes. Quia spes est de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1488 bono, prout possumus ipsum consequi, timor autem de malo, prout vix
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1489 repelli potest, et ita magis respicit rationem difficilis timor
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1490 quam spes. In difficilibus autem, maxime in quibus nobis non
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1491 confidimus, consiliamur, sicut dictum est.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 3</h3><p title="I-II q. 44 a. 3 arg. 1"><a name="35412"><span class="ref">[35412] Iª-IIae q. 44 a. 3 arg. 1</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1492 sic proceditur. Videtur quod tremor non sit effectus timoris.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1493 Tremor enim ex frigore accidit, videmus enim infrigidatos tremere.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1494 Timor autem non videtur causare frigus, sed magis calorem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1495 desiccantem, cuius signum est quod timentes sitiunt, et praecipue
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1496 in maximis timoribus, sicut patet in illis qui ad mortem ducuntur.
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1497 Ergo timor non causat tremorem.</p><p title="I-II q. 44 a. 3 arg. 2"><a name="35413"><span class="ref">[35413] Iª-IIae q. 44 a. 3 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1498 emissio superfluitatum ex calore accidit, unde, ut plurimum,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1499 medicinae laxativae sunt calidae. Sed huiusmodi emissiones
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1500 superfluitatum ex timore frequenter contingunt. Ergo timor videtur
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1501 causare calorem. Et sic non causat tremorem.</p><p title="I-II q. 44 a. 3 arg. 3"><a name="35414"><span class="ref">[35414] Iª-IIae q. 44 a. 3 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1502 in timore calor ab exterioribus ad interiora revocatur. Si igitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1503 propter huiusmodi revocationem caloris, in exterioribus homo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1504 tremit; videtur quod similiter in omnibus exterioribus membris
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1505 deberet causari tremor ex timore. Hoc autem non videtur. Non ergo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1506 tremor corporis est effectus timoris.</p><p title="I-II q. 44 a. 3 s. c."><a name="35415"><span class="ref">[35415] Iª-IIae q. 44 a. 3 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1507 est quod Tullius dicit, in IV de Tusculanis quaest., quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1508 <i>terrorem sequitur tremor, et pallor, et dentium
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1509 crepitus</i>.</p><p title="I-II q. 44 a. 3 co."><a name="35416"><span class="ref">[35416] Iª-IIae q. 44 a. 3 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1510 dicendum quod, sicut supra dictum est, in timore fit quaedam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1511 contractio ab exterioribus ad interiora, et ideo exteriora frigida
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1512 remanent. Et propter hoc in eis accidit tremor, qui causatur ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1513 debilitate virtutis continentis membra, ad huiusmodi autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1514 debilitatem maxime facit defectus caloris, qui est instrumentum quo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1515 anima movet, ut dicitur in II de anima.</p><p title="I-II q. 44 a. 3 ad 1"><a name="35417"><span class="ref">[35417] Iª-IIae q. 44 a. 3 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1516 ergo dicendum quod, calore ab exterioribus ad interiora revocato,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1517 multiplicatur calor interius, et maxime versus inferiora, idest
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1518 circa nutritivam. Et ideo, consumpto humido, consequitur sitis, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1519 etiam interdum solutio ventris, et urinae emissio, et quandoque
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1520 etiam seminis. Vel huiusmodi emissio superfluitatum accidit propter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1521 contractionem ventris et testiculorum, ut philosophus dicit, in
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1522 libro de problematibus.</p><p title="I-II q. 44 a. 3 ad 2"><a name="35418"><span class="ref">[35418] Iª-IIae q. 44 a. 3 ad 2</span></a> Unde patet
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1523 solutio ad secundum.</p><p title="I-II q. 44 a. 3 ad 3"><a name="35419"><span class="ref">[35419] Iª-IIae q. 44 a. 3 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1524 dicendum quod, quia in timore calor deserit cor, a superioribus ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1525 inferiora tendens, ideo timentibus maxime tremit cor, et membra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1526 quae habent aliquam connexionem ad pectus, ubi est cor. Unde
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1527 timentes maxime tremunt in voce, propter vicinitatem vocalis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1528 arteriae ad cor. Tremit etiam labium inferius, et tota inferior
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1529 mandibula, propter continuationem ad cor, unde et crepitus dentium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1530 sequitur. Et eadem ratione brachia et manus tremunt. Vel etiam quia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1531 huiusmodi membra sunt magis mobilia. Propter quod et genua tremunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1532 timentibus; secundum illud Isaiae XXXV, <i>confortate manus
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1533 dissolutas, et genua trementia roborate</i>.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 4</h3><p title="I-II q. 44 a. 4 arg. 1"><a name="35420"><span class="ref">[35420] Iª-IIae q. 44 a. 4 arg. 1</span></a> Ad quartum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1534 sic proceditur. Videtur quod timor impediat operationem. Operatio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1535 enim maxime impeditur ex perturbatione rationis, quae dirigit in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1536 opere. Sed timor perturbat rationem, ut dictum est. Ergo timor
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1537 impedit operationem.</p><p title="I-II q. 44 a. 4 arg. 2"><a name="35421"><span class="ref">[35421] Iª-IIae q. 44 a. 4 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1538 illi qui faciunt aliquid cum timore, facilius in operando
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1539 deficiunt, sicut si aliquis incedat super trabem in alto positam,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1540 propter timorem de facili cadit; non autem caderet, si incederet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1541 super eandem trabem in imo positam, propter defectum timoris. Ergo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1542 timor impedit operationem.</p><p title="I-II q. 44 a. 4 arg. 3"><a name="35422"><span class="ref">[35422] Iª-IIae q. 44 a. 4 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1543 pigritia, sive segnities, est quaedam species timoris. Sed pigritia
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1544 impedit operationem. Ergo et timor.</p><p title="I-II q. 44 a. 4 s. c."><a name="35423"><span class="ref">[35423] Iª-IIae q. 44 a. 4 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1545 est quod apostolus dicit, ad Philipp. II, <i>cum metu et tremore
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1546 vestram salutem operamini</i>, quod non diceret, si timor bonam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1547 operationem impediret. Timor ergo non impedit bonam
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1548 operationem.</p><p title="I-II q. 44 a. 4 co."><a name="35424"><span class="ref">[35424] Iª-IIae q. 44 a. 4 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1549 dicendum quod operatio hominis exterior causatur quidem ab anima
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1550 sicut a primo movente, sed a membris corporeis sicut ab
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1551 instrumentis. Contingit autem operationem impediri et propter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1552 defectum instrumenti, et propter defectum principalis moventis. Ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1553 parte igitur instrumentorum corporalium, timor, quantum est de se,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1554 semper natus est impedire exteriorem operationem, propter defectum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1555 caloris qui ex timore accidit in exterioribus membris. Sed ex parte
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1556 animae, si sit timor moderatus, non multum rationem perturbans;
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1557 confert ad bene operandum, inquantum causat quandam sollicitudinem,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1558 et facit hominem attentius consiliari et operari. Si vero timor
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1559 tantum increscat quod rationem perturbet, impedit operationem etiam
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1560 ex parte animae. Sed de tali timore apostolus non loquitur.</p><p title="I-II q. 44 a. 4 ad 1"><a name="35425"><span class="ref">[35425] Iª-IIae q. 44 a. 4 ad 1</span></a> Et per haec
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1561 patet responsio ad primum.</p><p title="I-II q. 44 a. 4 ad 2"><a name="35426"><span class="ref">[35426] Iª-IIae q. 44 a. 4 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1562 dicendum quod illi qui cadunt de trabe in alto posita, patiuntur
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1563 perturbationem imaginationis, propter timorem casus imaginati.</p><p title="I-II q. 44 a. 4 ad 3"><a name="35427"><span class="ref">[35427] Iª-IIae q. 44 a. 4 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1564 dicendum quod omnis timens refugit id quod timet, et ideo, cum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1565 pigritia sit timor de ipsa operatione, inquantum est laboriosa,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1566 impedit operationem, quia retrahit voluntatem ab ipsa. Sed timor
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1567 qui est de aliis rebus, intantum adiuvat operationem, inquantum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1568 inclinat voluntatem ad operandum ea per quae homo effugit id quod
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1569 timet.</p></div></div><div class="q" id="q45"><h2>Quaestio 45</h2><div class="p"><h3>Prooemium</h3><p title="I-II q. 45 pr."><a name="35428"><span class="ref">[35428]
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1570 Iª-IIae q. 45 pr.</span></a> Deinde considerandum est de
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1571 audacia. Et circa hoc quaeruntur quatuor. Primo, utrum audacia sit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1572 contraria timori. Secundo, quomodo audacia se habeat ad spem.
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1573 Tertio, de causa audaciae. Quarto, de effectus ipsius.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 1</h3><p title="I-II q. 45 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="35429"><span class="ref">[35429] Iª-IIae q. 45 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1574 sic proceditur. Videtur quod audacia non contrarietur timori. Dicit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1575 enim Augustinus, in libro octoginta trium quaest., quod audacia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1576 vitium est. Vitium autem virtuti contrariatur. Cum ergo timor non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1577 sit virtus, sed passio, videtur quod timori non contrarietur
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1578 audacia.</p><p title="I-II q. 45 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="35430"><span class="ref">[35430] Iª-IIae q. 45 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1579 uni unum est contrarium. Sed timori contrariatur spes. Non ergo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1580 contrariatur ei audacia.</p><p title="I-II q. 45 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="35431"><span class="ref">[35431] Iª-IIae q. 45 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1581 unaquaeque passio excludit passionem oppositam. Sed id quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1582 excluditur per timorem, est securitas, dicit enim Augustinus, II
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1583 Confess., quod timor securitati praecavet ergo securitas
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1584 contrariatur timori. Non ergo audacia.</p><p title="I-II q. 45 a. 1 s. c."><a name="35432"><span class="ref">[35432] Iª-IIae q. 45 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1585 est quod philosophus dicit, in II Rhetoric., quod <i>audacia est
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1586 timori contraria</i>.</p><p title="I-II q. 45 a. 1 co."><a name="35433"><span class="ref">[35433] Iª-IIae q. 45 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1587 dicendum quod de ratione contrariorum est quod maxime a se distent,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1588 ut dicitur in X Metaphys. Illud autem quod maxime distat a timore,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1589 est audacia, timor enim refugit nocumentum futurum, propter eius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1590 victoriam super ipsum timentem; sed audacia aggreditur periculum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1591 imminens, propter victoriam sui supra ipsum periculum. Unde
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1592 manifeste timori contrariatur audacia.</p><p title="I-II q. 45 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="35434"><span class="ref">[35434] Iª-IIae q. 45 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1593 ergo dicendum quod ira et audacia, et omnium passionum nomina,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1594 dupliciter accipi possunt. Uno modo, secundum quod important
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1595 absolute motus appetitus sensitivi in aliquod obiectum bonum vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1596 malum, et sic sunt nomina passionum. Alio modo, secundum quod simul
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1597 cum huiusmodi motu important recessum ab ordine rationis, et sic
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1598 sunt nomina vitiorum. Et hoc modo loquitur Augustinus de audacia,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1599 sed nos loquimur nunc de audacia secundum primum modum.</p><p title="I-II q. 45 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="35435"><span class="ref">[35435] Iª-IIae q. 45 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1600 dicendum quod uni secundum idem, non sunt plura contraria, sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1601 secundum diversa, nihil prohibet uni plura contrariari. Et sic
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1602 dictum est supra quod passiones irascibilis habent duplicem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1603 contrarietatem, unam secundum oppositionem boni et mali, et sic
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1604 timor contrariatur spei; aliam secundum oppositionem accessus et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1605 recessus, et sic timori contrariatur audacia, spei vero
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1606 desperatio.</p><p title="I-II q. 45 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="35436"><span class="ref">[35436] Iª-IIae q. 45 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1607 dicendum quod securitas non significat aliquid contrarium timori,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1608 sed solam timoris exclusionem, ille enim dicitur esse securus, qui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1609 non timet. Unde securitas opponitur timori sicut privatio, audacia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1610 autem sicut contrarium. Et sicut contrarium includit in se
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1611 privationem, ita audacia securitatem.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 2</h3><p title="I-II q. 45 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="35437"><span class="ref">[35437] Iª-IIae q. 45 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1612 sic proceditur. Videtur quod audacia non consequatur spem. Audacia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1613 enim est respectu malorum et terribilium, ut dicitur in III Ethic.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1614 Spes autem respicit bonum. Ut supra dictum est. Ergo habent diversa
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1615 obiecta, et non sunt unius ordinis. Non ergo audacia consequitur
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1616 spem.</p><p title="I-II q. 45 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="35438"><span class="ref">[35438] Iª-IIae q. 45 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1617 sicut audacia contrariatur timori, ita desperatio spei. Sed timor
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1618 non sequitur desperationem, quinimmo desperatio excludit timorem.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1619 Ut philosophus dicit, in II Rhetoric. Ergo audacia non consequitur
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1620 spem.</p><p title="I-II q. 45 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="35439"><span class="ref">[35439] Iª-IIae q. 45 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1621 audacia intendit quoddam bonum, scilicet victoriam. Sed tendere in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1622 bonum arduum pertinet ad spem. Ergo audacia est idem spei. Non ergo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1623 consequitur ad spem.</p><p title="I-II q. 45 a. 2 s. c."><a name="35440"><span class="ref">[35440] Iª-IIae q. 45 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1624 est quod philosophus dicit, in III Ethic., quod <i>illi qui sunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1625 bonae spei, sunt audaces</i>. Videtur ergo audacia consequi
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1626 spem.</p><p title="I-II q. 45 a. 2 co."><a name="35441"><span class="ref">[35441] Iª-IIae q. 45 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1627 dicendum quod, sicut iam pluries dictum est, omnes huiusmodi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1628 passiones animae ad appetitivam potentiam pertinent. Omnis autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1629 motus appetitivae potentiae reducitur ad prosecutionem vel fugam.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1630 Prosecutio autem vel fuga est alicuius et per se, et per accidens,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1631 per se quidem est prosecutio boni, fuga vero mali; per accidens
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1632 autem potest prosecutio esse mali, propter aliquod bonum adiunctum,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1633 et fuga boni, propter aliquod malum adiunctum. Quod autem est per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1634 accidens, sequitur ad id quod est per se. Et ideo prosecutio mali,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1635 sequitur prosecutionem boni, sicut et fuga boni sequitur fugam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1636 mali. Haec autem quatuor pertinent ad quatuor passiones, nam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1637 prosecutio boni pertinet ad spem, fuga mali ad timorem, insecutio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1638 mali terribilis pertinet ad audaciam, fuga vero boni pertinet ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1639 desperationem. Unde sequitur quod audacia consequitur ad spem, ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1640 hoc enim quod aliquis sperat superare terribile imminens, ex hoc
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1641 audacter insequitur ipsum. Ad timorem vero sequitur desperatio,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1642 ideo enim aliquis desperat, quia timet difficultatem quae est circa
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1643 bonum sperandum.</p><p title="I-II q. 45 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="35442"><span class="ref">[35442] Iª-IIae q. 45 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1644 ergo dicendum quod ratio sequeretur, si bonum et malum essent
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1645 obiecta non habentia ordinem ad invicem. Sed quia malum habet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1646 aliquem ordinem ad bonum, est enim posterius bono, sicut privatio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1647 habitu; ideo audacia, quae insequitur malum, est post spem, quae
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1648 insequitur bonum.</p><p title="I-II q. 45 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="35443"><span class="ref">[35443] Iª-IIae q. 45 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1649 dicendum quod, etsi bonum simpliciter sit prius quam malum, tamen
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1650 fuga per prius debetur malo quam bono, sicut insecutio per prius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1651 debetur bono quam malo. Et ideo sicut spes est prior quam audacia,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1652 ita timor est prior quam desperatio. Et sicut ex timore non semper
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1653 sequitur desperatio, sed quando fuerit intensus; ita ex spe non
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1654 semper sequitur audacia, sed quando fuerit vehemens.</p><p title="I-II q. 45 a. 2 ad 3"><a name="35444"><span class="ref">[35444] Iª-IIae q. 45 a. 2 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1655 dicendum quod audacia, licet sit circa malum cui coniunctum est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1656 bonum victoriae secundum aestimationem audacis, tamen respicit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1657 malum, bonum vero adiunctum respicit spes. Et similiter desperatio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1658 respicit bonum directe, quod refugit, malum vero adiunctum respicit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1659 timor. Unde, proprie loquendo, audacia non est pars spei, sed eius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1660 effectus, sicut nec desperatio est pars timoris, sed eius effectus.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1661 Et propter hoc etiam audacia principalis passio esse non
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1662 potest.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 3</h3><p title="I-II q. 45 a. 3 arg. 1"><a name="35445"><span class="ref">[35445] Iª-IIae q. 45 a. 3 arg. 1</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1663 sic proceditur. Videtur quod defectus aliquis sit causa audaciae.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1664 Dicit enim philosophus, in libro de problematibus, quod <i>amatores
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1665 vini sunt fortes et audaces</i>. Sed ex vino sequitur defectus
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1666 ebrietatis. Ergo audacia causatur ex aliquo defectu.</p><p title="I-II q. 45 a. 3 arg. 2"><a name="35446"><span class="ref">[35446] Iª-IIae q. 45 a. 3 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1667 philosophus dicit, in II Rhetoric., quod <i>inexperti periculorum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1668 sunt audaces</i>. Sed inexperientia defectus quidam est. Ergo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1669 audacia ex defectu causatur.</p><p title="I-II q. 45 a. 3 arg. 3"><a name="35447"><span class="ref">[35447] Iª-IIae q. 45 a. 3 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1670 iniusta passi audaciores esse solent; sicut etiam bestiae cum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1671 percutiuntur, ut dicitur in III Ethic. Sed iniustum pati ad
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1672 defectum pertinet. Ergo audacia ex aliquo defectu causatur.</p><p title="I-II q. 45 a. 3 s. c."><a name="35448"><span class="ref">[35448] Iª-IIae q. 45 a. 3 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1673 est quod philosophus dicit, in II Rhetoric., quod causa audaciae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1674 est, <i>cum in phantasia spes fuerit salutarium ut prope
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1675 existentium, timendorum autem aut non entium, aut longe entium</i>.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1676 Sed id quod pertinet ad defectum, vel pertinet ad salutarium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1677 remotionem, vel ad terribilium propinquitatem. Ergo nihil quod ad
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1678 defectum pertinet, est causa audaciae.</p><p title="I-II q. 45 a. 3 co."><a name="35449"><span class="ref">[35449] Iª-IIae q. 45 a. 3 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1679 dicendum quod, sicut supra dictum est, audacia consequitur spem, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1680 contrariatur timori, unde quaecumque nata sunt causare spem, vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1681 excludere timorem, sunt causa audaciae. Quia vero timor et spes, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1682 etiam audacia, cum sint passiones quaedam, consistunt in motu
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1683 appetitus et in quadam transmutatione corporali; dupliciter potest
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1684 accipi causa audaciae, sive quantum ad provocationem spei, sive
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1685 quantum ad exclusionem timoris, uno modo quidem, ex parte
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1686 appetitivi motus; alio vero modo, ex parte transmutationis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1687 corporalis. Ex parte quidem appetitivi motus, qui sequitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1688 apprehensionem, provocatur spes causans audaciam, per ea quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1689 faciunt nos aestimare quod possibile sit adipisci victoriam; vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1690 secundum propriam potentiam, sicut fortitudo corporis, experientia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1691 in periculis, multitudo pecuniarum, et alia huiusmodi; sive per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1692 potentiam aliorum, sicut multitudo amicorum vel quorumcumque
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1693 auxiliantium, et praecipue si homo confidat de auxilio divino;
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1694 <i>unde illi qui se bene habent ad divina, audaciores sunt</i>, ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1695 etiam philosophus dicit, in II Rhetoric. Timor autem excluditur,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1696 secundum istum modum, per remotionem terribilium appropinquantium,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1697 puta quia homo non habet inimicos, quia nulli nocuit, quia non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1698 videt aliquod periculum imminere; illis enim videntur maxime
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1699 pericula imminere, qui aliis nocuerunt. Ex parte vero
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1700 transmutationis corporalis, causatur audacia per provocationem spei
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1701 et exclusionem timoris, ex his quae faciunt caliditatem circa cor.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1702 Unde philosophus dicit, in libro de partibus animalium, quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1703 <i>illi qui habent parvum cor secundum quantitatem, sunt magis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1704 audaces; et animalia habentia magnum cor secundum quantitatem, sunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1705 timida, quia calor naturalis non tantum potest calefacere magnum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1706 cor; sicut parvum, sicut ignis non tantum potest calefacere magnam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1707 domum, sicut parvam</i>. Et in libro de problematibus dicit quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1708 <i>habentes pulmonem sanguineum, sunt audaciores, propter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1709 caliditatem cordis exinde consequentem</i>. Et ibidem dicit quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1710 <i>vini amatores sunt magis audaces, propter caliditatem vini</i>,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1711 unde et supra dictum est quod ebrietas facit ad bonitatem spei,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1712 caliditas enim cordis repellit timorem, et causat spem, propter
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1713 cordis extensionem et amplificationem.</p><p title="I-II q. 45 a. 3 ad 1"><a name="35450"><span class="ref">[35450] Iª-IIae q. 45 a. 3 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1714 ergo dicendum quod ebrietas causat audaciam, non inquantum est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1715 defectus, sed inquantum facit cordis dilatationem, et inquantum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1716 etiam facit aestimationem cuiusdam magnitudinis.</p><p title="I-II q. 45 a. 3 ad 2"><a name="35451"><span class="ref">[35451] Iª-IIae q. 45 a. 3 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1717 dicendum quod illi qui sunt inexperti periculorum, sunt audaciores,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1718 non propter defectum, sed per accidens, inquantum scilicet, propter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1719 inexperientiam, neque debilitatem suam cognoscunt, neque
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1720 praesentiam periculorum. Et ita, per subtractionem causae timoris,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1721 sequitur audacia.</p><p title="I-II q. 45 a. 3 ad 3"><a name="35452"><span class="ref">[35452] Iª-IIae q. 45 a. 3 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1722 dicendum quod, sicut philosophus dicit in II Rhetoric., <i>iniustum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1723 passi redduntur audaciores, quia aestimant quod Deus iniustum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1724 passis auxilium ferat</i>. Et sic patet quod nullus defectus causat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1725 audaciam nisi per accidens, inquantum scilicet habet adiunctam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1726 aliquam excellentiam, vel veram vel aestimatam, vel ex parte sui
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1727 vel ex parte alterius.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 4</h3><p title="I-II q. 45 a. 4 arg. 1"><a name="35453"><span class="ref">[35453] Iª-IIae q. 45 a. 4 arg. 1</span></a> Ad quartum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1728 sic proceditur. Videtur quod audaces non sint promptiores in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1729 principio quam in ipsis periculis. Tremor enim ex timore causatur,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1730 qui contrariatur audaciae, ut ex dictis patet. Sed audaces
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1731 quandoque in principio tremunt, ut philosophus dicit, in libro de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1732 problematibus. Ergo non sunt promptiores in principio quam in ipsis
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1733 periculis existentes.</p><p title="I-II q. 45 a. 4 arg. 2"><a name="35454"><span class="ref">[35454] Iª-IIae q. 45 a. 4 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1734 per augmentum obiecti augetur passio, sicut si bonum est amabile,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1735 et magis bonum est magis amabile. Sed arduum est obiectum audaciae.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1736 Augmentato ergo arduo, augmentatur audacia. Sed magis fit arduum et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1737 difficile periculum, quando est praesens. Ergo debet tunc magis
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1738 crescere audacia.</p><p title="I-II q. 45 a. 4 arg. 3"><a name="35455"><span class="ref">[35455] Iª-IIae q. 45 a. 4 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1739 ex vulneribus inflictis provocatur ira. Sed ira causat audaciam,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1740 dicit enim philosophus, in II Rhetoric., quod ira est ausivum. Ergo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1741 quando iam sunt in ipsis periculis, et percutiuntur, videtur quod
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1742 magis audaces reddantur.</p><p title="I-II q. 45 a. 4 s. c."><a name="35456"><span class="ref">[35456] Iª-IIae q. 45 a. 4 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1743 est quod dicitur in III Ethic., quod <i>audaces praevolantes sunt
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1744 et volentes ante pericula, in ipsis autem discedunt</i>.</p><p title="I-II q. 45 a. 4 co."><a name="35457"><span class="ref">[35457] Iª-IIae q. 45 a. 4 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1745 dicendum quod audacia, cum sit quidam motus appetitus sensitivi,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1746 sequitur apprehensionem sensitivae virtutis. Virtus autem sensitiva
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1747 non est collativa nec inquisitiva singulorum quae circumstant rem,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1748 sed subitum habet iudicium. Contingit autem quandoque quod secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1749 subitam apprehensionem non possunt cognosci omnia quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1750 difficultatem in aliquo negotio afferunt, unde surgit audaciae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1751 motus ad aggrediendum periculum. Unde quando iam experiuntur ipsum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1752 periculum, sentiunt maiorem difficultatem quam aestimaverunt. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1753 ideo deficiunt. Sed ratio est discussiva omnium quae afferunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1754 difficultatem negotio. Et ideo fortes, qui ex iudicio rationis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1755 aggrediuntur pericula, in principio videntur remissi, quia non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1756 passi, sed cum deliberatione debita aggrediuntur. Quando autem sunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1757 in ipsis periculis, non experiuntur aliquid improvisum; sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1758 quandoque minora illis quae praecogitaverunt. Et ideo magis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1759 persistunt. Vel etiam quia propter bonum virtutis pericula
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1760 aggrediuntur, cuius boni voluntas in eis perseverat, quantacumque
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1761 sint pericula. Audaces autem, propter solam aestimationem facientem
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1762 spem et excludentem timorem, sicut dictum est.</p><p title="I-II q. 45 a. 4 ad 1"><a name="35458"><span class="ref">[35458] Iª-IIae q. 45 a. 4 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1763 ergo dicendum quod etiam in audacibus accidit tremor, propter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1764 revocationem caloris ab exterioribus ad interiora, sicut etiam in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1765 timentibus. Sed in audacibus revocatur calor ad cor, in timentibus
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1766 autem, ad inferiora.</p><p title="I-II q. 45 a. 4 ad 2"><a name="35459"><span class="ref">[35459] Iª-IIae q. 45 a. 4 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1767 dicendum quod obiectum amoris est simpliciter bonum, unde
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1768 augmentatum simpliciter augmentat amorem. Sed obiectum audaciae est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1769 compositum ex bono et malo; et motus audaciae in malum,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1770 praesupponit motum spei in bonum. Et ideo si tantum addatur de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1771 arduitate ad periculum quod excedat spem, non sequetur motus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1772 audaciae, sed diminuetur. Si tamen sit motus audaciae, quanto maius
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1773 est periculum, tanto maior audacia reputatur.</p><p title="I-II q. 45 a. 4 ad 3"><a name="35460"><span class="ref">[35460] Iª-IIae q. 45 a. 4 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1774 dicendum quod ex laesione non causatur ira, nisi supposita aliqua
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1775 spe, ut infra dicetur. Et ideo si fuerit tantum periculum quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1776 excedat spem victoriae, non sequetur ira. Sed verum est quod, si
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1777 ira sequatur, audacia augebitur.</p></div></div><div class="q" id="q46"><h2>Quaestio 46</h2><div class="p"><h3>Prooemium</h3><p title="I-II q. 46 pr."><a name="35461"><span class="ref">[35461]
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1778 Iª-IIae q. 46 pr.</span></a> Deinde considerandum est de ira.
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1779 Et primo, de ira secundum se; secundo, de causa factiva irae, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1780 remedio eius; tertio, de effectu eius. Circa primum quaeruntur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1781 octo. Primo, utrum ira sit passio specialis. Secundo, utrum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1782 obiectum irae sit bonum, an malum. Tertio, utrum ira sit in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1783 concupiscibili. Quarto, utrum ira sit cum ratione. Quinto, utrum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1784 ira sit naturalior quam concupiscentia. Sexto, utrum ira sit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1785 gravior quam odium. Septimo, utrum ira solum sit ad illos ad quos
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1786 est iustitia. Octavo, de speciebus irae.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 1</h3><p title="I-II q. 46 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="35462"><span class="ref">[35462] Iª-IIae q. 46 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1787 sic proceditur. Videtur quod ira non sit passio specialis. Ab ira
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1788 enim denominatur potentia irascibilis. Sed huius potentiae non est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1789 una tantum passio, sed multae. Ergo ira non est una passio
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1790 specialis.</p><p title="I-II q. 46 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="35463"><span class="ref">[35463] Iª-IIae q. 46 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1791 cuilibet passioni speciali est aliquid contrarium; ut patet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1792 inducenti per singula. Sed irae non est aliqua passio contraria, ut
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1793 supra dictum est. Ergo ira non est passio specialis.</p><p title="I-II q. 46 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="35464"><span class="ref">[35464] Iª-IIae q. 46 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1794 una specialis passio non includit aliam. Sed ira includit multas
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1795 passiones, est enim cum tristitia, et cum delectatione, et cum spe,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1796 ut patet per philosophum, in II Rhetoric. Ergo ira non est passio
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1797 specialis.</p><p title="I-II q. 46 a. 1 s. c."><a name="35465"><span class="ref">[35465] Iª-IIae q. 46 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1798 est quod Damascenus ponit iram specialem passionem. Et similiter
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1799 Tullius, IV de Tusculanis quaest.</p><p title="I-II q. 46 a. 1 co."><a name="35466"><span class="ref">[35466] Iª-IIae q. 46 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1800 dicendum quod aliquid dicitur generale dupliciter. Uno modo, per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1801 praedicationem, sicut animal est generale ad omnia animalia. Alio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1802 modo, per causam, sicut sol est causa generalis omnium quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1803 generantur in his inferioribus, secundum Dionysium, in IV cap. de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1804 Div. Nom. Sicut enim genus continet multas differentias potestate,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1805 secundum similitudinem materiae; ita causa agens continet multos
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1806 effectus secundum virtutem activam. Contingit autem aliquem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1807 effectum ex concursu diversarum causarum produci, et quia omnis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1808 causa aliquo modo in effectu manet, potest etiam dici, tertio modo,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1809 quod effectus ex congregatione multarum causarum productus, habet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1810 quandam generalitatem, inquantum continet multas causas quodammodo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1811 in actu. Primo ergo modo, ira non est passio generalis, sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1812 condivisa aliis passionibus, ut supra dictum est. Similiter autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1813 nec secundo modo. Non est enim causa aliarum passionum, sed per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1814 hunc modum potest dici generalis passio amor, ut patet per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1815 Augustinum, in XIV libro de Civ. Dei; amor enim est prima radix
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1816 omnium passionum, ut supra dictum est. Sed tertio modo potest ira
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1817 dici passio generalis, inquantum ex concursu multarum passionum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1818 causatur. Non enim insurgit motus irae nisi propter aliquam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1819 tristitiam illatam et nisi adsit desiderium et spes ulciscendi,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1820 quia, ut philosophus dicit in II Rhetoric., <i>iratus habet spem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1821 puniendi; appetit enim vindictam ut sibi possibilem</i>. Unde si
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1822 fuerit multum excellens persona quae nocumentum intulit, non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1823 sequitur ira, sed solum tristitia, ut Avicenna dicit, in libro de
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1824 anima.</p><p title="I-II q. 46 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="35467"><span class="ref">[35467] Iª-IIae q. 46 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1825 ergo dicendum quod, vis irascibilis denominatur ab ira, non quia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1826 omnis motus huius potentiae sit ira, sed quia ad iram terminantur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1827 omnes motus huius potentiae; et inter alios eius motus, iste est
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1828 manifestior.</p><p title="I-II q. 46 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="35468"><span class="ref">[35468] Iª-IIae q. 46 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1829 dicendum quod ex hoc ipso quod ira causatur ex contrariis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1830 passionibus, scilicet a spe, quae est boni, et a tristitia, quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1831 est mali, includit in seipsa contrarietatem, et ideo non habet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1832 contrarium extra se. Sicut etiam in mediis coloribus non invenitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1833 contrarietas, nisi quae est simplicium colorum, ex quibus
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1834 causantur.</p><p title="I-II q. 46 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="35469"><span class="ref">[35469] Iª-IIae q. 46 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1835 dicendum quod ira includit multas passiones, non quidem sicut genus
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1836 species, sed magis secundum continentiam causae et effectus.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 2</h3><p title="I-II q. 46 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="35470"><span class="ref">[35470] Iª-IIae q. 46 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1837 sic proceditur. Videtur quod obiectum irae sit malum. Dicit enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1838 Gregorius Nyssenus quod ira est quasi armigera concupiscentiae,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1839 inquantum scilicet impugnat id quod concupiscentiam impedit. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1840 omne impedimentum habet rationem mali. Ergo ira respicit malum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1841 tanquam obiectum.</p><p title="I-II q. 46 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="35471"><span class="ref">[35471] Iª-IIae q. 46 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1842 ira et odium conveniunt in effectu, utriusque enim est inferre
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1843 nocumentum alteri. Sed odium respicit malum tanquam obiectum, ut
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1844 supra dictum est. Ergo etiam et ira.</p><p title="I-II q. 46 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="35472"><span class="ref">[35472] Iª-IIae q. 46 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1845 ira causatur ex tristitia, unde philosophus dicit, in VII Ethic.,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1846 quod ira operatur cum tristitia. Sed tristitiae obiectum est malum.
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1847 Ergo et irae.</p><p title="I-II q. 46 a. 2 s. c. 1"><a name="35473"><span class="ref">[35473] Iª-IIae q. 46 a. 2 s. c. 1</span></a> Sed contra
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1848 est quod Augustinus dicit, in II Confess., quod ira appetit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1849 vindictam. Sed appetitus vindictae est appetitus boni, cum vindicta
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1850 ad iustitiam pertineat. Ergo obiectum irae est bonum.</p><p title="I-II q. 46 a. 2 s. c. 2"><a name="35474"><span class="ref">[35474] Iª-IIae q. 46 a. 2 s. c. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1851 ira semper est cum spe, unde et delectationem causat, ut dicit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1852 philosophus, in II Rhetoric. Sed spei et delectationis obiectum est
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1853 bonum. Ergo et irae.</p><p title="I-II q. 46 a. 2 co."><a name="35475"><span class="ref">[35475] Iª-IIae q. 46 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1854 dicendum quod motus appetitivae virtutis sequitur actum virtutis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1855 apprehensivae. Vis autem apprehensiva dupliciter aliquid
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1856 apprehendit, uno modo, per modum incomplexi, sicut cum intelligimus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1857 quid est homo; alio modo, per modum complexi, sicut cum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1858 intelligimus album inesse homini. Unde utroque modo vis appetitiva
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1859 potest tendere in bonum et malum. Per modum quidem simplicis et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1860 incomplexi, cum appetitus simpliciter sequitur vel inhaeret bono,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1861 vel refugit malum. Et tales motus sunt desiderium et spes,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1862 delectatio et tristitia, et alia huiusmodi. Per modum autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1863 complexi, sicut cum appetitus fertur in hoc quod aliquod bonum vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1864 malum insit vel fiat circa alterum, vel tendendo in hoc, vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1865 refugiendo ab hoc. Sicut manifeste apparet in amore et odio, amamus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1866 enim aliquem, inquantum volumus ei inesse aliquod bonum; odimus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1867 autem aliquem, inquantum volumus ei inesse aliquod malum. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1868 similiter est in ira, quicumque enim irascitur, quaerit vindicari
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1869 de aliquo. Et sic motus irae tendit in duo, scilicet in ipsam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1870 vindictam, quam appetit et sperat sicut quoddam bonum, unde et de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1871 ipsa delectatur, tendit etiam in illum de quo quaerit vindictam,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1872 sicut in contrarium et nocivum, quod pertinet ad rationem mali. Est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1873 tamen duplex differentia attendenda circa hoc, irae ad odium et ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1874 amorem. Quarum prima est, quod ira semper respicit duo obiecta,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1875 amor vero et odium quandoque respiciunt unum obiectum tantum, sicut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1876 cum dicitur aliquis amare vinum vel aliquid huiusmodi, aut etiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1877 odire. Secunda est, quia utrumque obiectorum quod respicit amor,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1878 est bonum, vult enim amans bonum alicui, tanquam sibi convenienti.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1879 Utrumque vero eorum quae respicit odium, habet rationem mali, vult
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1880 enim odiens malum alicui, tamquam cuidam inconvenienti. Sed ira
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1881 respicit unum obiectum secundum rationem boni, scilicet vindictam,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1882 quam appetit, et aliud secundum rationem mali, scilicet hominem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1883 nocivum, de quo vult vindicari. Et ideo est passio quodammodo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1884 composita ex contrariis passionibus.</p><p title="I-II q. 46 a. 2 ad arg."><a name="35476"><span class="ref">[35476] Iª-IIae q. 46 a. 2 ad arg.</span></a> Et per hoc
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1885 patet responsio ad obiecta.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 3</h3><p title="I-II q. 46 a. 3 arg. 1"><a name="35477"><span class="ref">[35477] Iª-IIae q. 46 a. 3 arg. 1</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1886 sic proceditur. Videtur quod ira sit in concupiscibili. Dicit enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1887 Tullius, in IV de Tusculanis quaest., quod ira est libido quaedam.
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1888 Sed libido est in concupiscibili. Ergo et ira.</p><p title="I-II q. 46 a. 3 arg. 2"><a name="35478"><span class="ref">[35478] Iª-IIae q. 46 a. 3 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1889 Augustinus dicit, in regula, quod ira crescit in odium. Et Tullius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1890 dicit, in eodem libro, quod odium est ira inveterata. Sed odium est
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1891 in concupiscibili, sicut amor. Ergo ira est in concupiscibili.</p><p title="I-II q. 46 a. 3 arg. 3"><a name="35479"><span class="ref">[35479] Iª-IIae q. 46 a. 3 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1892 Damascenus et Gregorius Nyssenus dicunt quod ira componitur ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1893 tristitia et desiderio. Sed utrumque horum est in concupiscibili.
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1894 Ergo ira est in concupiscibili.</p><p title="I-II q. 46 a. 3 s. c."><a name="35480"><span class="ref">[35480] Iª-IIae q. 46 a. 3 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1895 vis concupiscibilis est alia ab irascibili. Si igitur ira esset in
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1896 concupiscibili, non denominaretur ab ea vis irascibilis.</p><p title="I-II q. 46 a. 3 co."><a name="35481"><span class="ref">[35481] Iª-IIae q. 46 a. 3 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1897 dicendum quod, sicut supra dictum est, passiones irascibilis in hoc
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1898 differunt a passionibus concupiscibilis, quod obiecta passionum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1899 concupiscibilis sunt bonum et malum absolute; obiecta autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1900 passionum irascibilis sunt bonum et malum cum quadam elevatione vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1901 arduitate. Dictum est autem quod ira respicit duo obiecta, scilicet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1902 vindictam, quam appetit; et eum de quo vindictam quaerit. Et circa
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1903 utrumque quandam arduitatem ira requirit, non enim insurgit motus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1904 irae, nisi aliqua magnitudine circa utrumque existente;
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1905 <i>quaecumque enim nihil sunt, aut modica valde nullo digna
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1906 aestimamus</i>, ut dicit philosophus, in II Rhetoric. Unde
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1907 manifestum est quod ira non est in concupiscibili, sed in
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1908 irascibili.</p><p title="I-II q. 46 a. 3 ad 1"><a name="35482"><span class="ref">[35482] Iª-IIae q. 46 a. 3 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1909 ergo dicendum quod Tullius libidinem nominat appetitum cuiuscumque
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1910 boni futuri non habita discretione ardui vel non ardui. Et secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1911 hoc, ponit iram sub libidine, inquantum est appetitus vindictae.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1912 Sic autem libido communis est ad irascibilem et
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1913 concupiscibilem.</p><p title="I-II q. 46 a. 3 ad 2"><a name="35483"><span class="ref">[35483] Iª-IIae q. 46 a. 3 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1914 dicendum quod ira dicitur crescere in odium, non quod eadem numero
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1915 passio quae prius fuit ira, postmodum fiat odium per quandam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1916 inveterationem, sed per quandam causalitatem. Ira enim, per
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1917 diuturnitatem, causat odium.</p><p title="I-II q. 46 a. 3 ad 3"><a name="35484"><span class="ref">[35484] Iª-IIae q. 46 a. 3 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1918 dicendum quod ira dicitur componi ex tristitia et desiderio, non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1919 sicut ex partibus, sed sicut ex causis. Dictum est autem supra quod
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1920 passiones concupiscibilis sunt causae passionum irascibilis.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 4</h3><p title="I-II q. 46 a. 4 arg. 1"><a name="35485"><span class="ref">[35485] Iª-IIae q. 46 a. 4 arg. 1</span></a> Ad quartum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1921 sic proceditur. Videtur quod ira non sit cum ratione. Ira enim, cum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1922 sit passio quaedam, est in appetitu sensitivo. Sed appetitus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1923 sensitivus non sequitur rationis apprehensionem, sed sensitivae
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1924 partis. Ergo ira non est cum ratione.</p><p title="I-II q. 46 a. 4 arg. 2"><a name="35486"><span class="ref">[35486] Iª-IIae q. 46 a. 4 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1925 animalia bruta carent ratione. Et tamen in eis invenitur ira. Ergo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1926 ira non est cum ratione.</p><p title="I-II q. 46 a. 4 arg. 3"><a name="35487"><span class="ref">[35487] Iª-IIae q. 46 a. 4 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1927 ebrietas ligat rationem. Adiuvat autem ad iram. Ergo ira non est
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1928 cum ratione.</p><p title="I-II q. 46 a. 4 s. c."><a name="35488"><span class="ref">[35488] Iª-IIae q. 46 a. 4 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1929 est quod philosophus dicit, in VII Ethic., quod <i>ira consequitur
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1930 rationem aliqualiter</i>.</p><p title="I-II q. 46 a. 4 co."><a name="35489"><span class="ref">[35489] Iª-IIae q. 46 a. 4 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1931 dicendum quod, sicut supra dictum est, ira est appetitus vindictae.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1932 Haec autem collationem importat poenae infligendae ad nocumentum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1933 sibi illatum, unde, in VII Ethic., dicit philosophus quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1934 <i>syllogizans quoniam oportet talem oppugnare, irascitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1935 confestim</i>. Conferre autem et syllogizare est rationis. Et ideo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1936 ira est quodammodo cum ratione.</p><p title="I-II q. 46 a. 4 ad 1"><a name="35490"><span class="ref">[35490] Iª-IIae q. 46 a. 4 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1937 ergo dicendum quod motus appetitivae virtutis potest esse cum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1938 ratione dupliciter. Uno modo, cum ratione praecipiente, et sic
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1939 voluntas est cum ratione; unde et dicitur appetitus rationalis.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1940 Alio modo, cum ratione denuntiante, et sic ira est cum ratione.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1941 Dicit enim philosophus, in libro de Problemat., quod ira est cum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1942 ratione, <i>non sicut praecipiente ratione, sed ut manifestante
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1943 iniuriam</i>. Appetitus enim sensitivus immediate rationi non
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1944 obedit, sed mediante voluntate.</p><p title="I-II q. 46 a. 4 ad 2"><a name="35491"><span class="ref">[35491] Iª-IIae q. 46 a. 4 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1945 dicendum quod bruta animalia habent instinctum naturalem ex divina
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1946 ratione eis inditum, per quem habent motus interiores et exteriores
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1947 similes motibus rationis, sicut supra dictum est.</p><p title="I-II q. 46 a. 4 ad 3"><a name="35492"><span class="ref">[35492] Iª-IIae q. 46 a. 4 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1948 dicendum quod, sicut dicitur in VII Ethic., ira audit aliqualiter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1949 rationem, sicut nuntiantem quod iniuriatum est ei, sed non perfecte
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1950 audit, quia non observat regulam rationis in rependendo vindictam.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1951 Ad iram ergo requiritur aliquis actus rationis; et additur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1952 impedimentum rationis. Unde philosophus dicit, in libro de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1953 Problemat., quod illi qui sunt multum ebrii, tanquam nihil habentes
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1954 de iudicio rationis, non irascuntur, sed quando sunt parum ebrii,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1955 irascuntur, tanquam habentes iudicium rationis, sed impeditum.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 5</h3><p title="I-II q. 46 a. 5 arg. 1"><a name="35493"><span class="ref">[35493] Iª-IIae q. 46 a. 5 arg. 1</span></a> Ad quintum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1956 sic proceditur. Videtur quod ira non sit naturalior quam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1957 concupiscentia. Proprium enim hominis dicitur quod sit animal
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1958 mansuetum natura. Sed mansuetudo opponitur irae, ut dicit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1959 philosophus, in II Rhetoric. Ergo ira non est naturalior quam
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1960 concupiscentia, sed omnino videtur esse contra hominis naturam.</p><p title="I-II q. 46 a. 5 arg. 2"><a name="35494"><span class="ref">[35494] Iª-IIae q. 46 a. 5 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1961 ratio contra naturam dividitur, ea enim quae secundum rationem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1962 agunt, non dicimus secundum naturam agere. Sed ira est cum ratione,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1963 concupiscentia autem sine ratione, ut dicitur in VII Ethic. Ergo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1964 concupiscentia est naturalior quam ira.</p><p title="I-II q. 46 a. 5 arg. 3"><a name="35495"><span class="ref">[35495] Iª-IIae q. 46 a. 5 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1965 ira est appetitus vindictae, concupiscentia autem maxime est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1966 appetitus delectabilium secundum tactum, scilicet ciborum et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1967 venereorum. Haec autem sunt magis naturalia homini quam vindicta.
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1968 Ergo concupiscentia est naturalior quam ira.</p><p title="I-II q. 46 a. 5 s. c."><a name="35496"><span class="ref">[35496] Iª-IIae q. 46 a. 5 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1969 est quod philosophus dicit, in VII Ethic., quod <i>ira est
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1970 naturalior quam concupiscentia</i>.</p><p title="I-II q. 46 a. 5 co."><a name="35497"><span class="ref">[35497] Iª-IIae q. 46 a. 5 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1971 dicendum quod naturale dicitur illud quod causatur a natura, ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1972 patet in II Physic. Unde utrum aliqua passio sit magis vel minus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1973 naturalis, considerari non potest nisi ex causa sua. Causa autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1974 passionis, ut supra dictum est, dupliciter accipi potest, uno modo,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1975 ex parte obiecti; alio modo, ex parte subiecti. Si ergo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1976 consideretur causa irae et concupiscentiae ex parte obiecti, sic
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1977 concupiscentia, et maxime ciborum et venereorum, naturalior est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1978 quam ira, inquantum ista sunt magis naturalia quam vindicta. Si
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1979 autem consideretur causa irae ex parte subiecti, sic quodammodo ira
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1980 est naturalior, et quodammodo concupiscentia. Potest enim natura
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1981 alicuius hominis considerari vel secundum naturam generis, vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1982 secundum naturam speciei, vel secundum complexionem propriam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1983 individui. Si igitur consideretur natura generis, quae est natura
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1984 huius hominis inquantum est animal; sic naturalior est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1985 concupiscentia quam ira, quia ex ipsa natura communi habet homo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1986 quandam inclinationem ad appetendum ea quae sunt conservativa
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1987 vitae, vel secundum speciem vel secundum individuum. Si autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1988 consideremus naturam hominis ex parte speciei, scilicet inquantum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1989 est rationalis; sic ira est magis naturalis homini quam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1990 concupiscentia, inquantum ira est cum ratione magis quam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1991 concupiscentia. Unde philosophus dicit, in IV Ethic., quod humanius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1992 est punire, quod pertinet ad iram, quam mansuetum esse, unumquodque
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1993 enim naturaliter insurgit contra contraria et nociva. Si vero
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1994 consideretur natura huius individui secundum propriam complexionem,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1995 sic ira naturalior est quam concupiscentia, quia scilicet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1996 habitudinem naturalem ad irascendum, quae est ex complexione, magis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1997 de facili sequitur ira, quam concupiscentia vel aliqua alia passio.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1998 Est enim homo dispositus ad irascendum, secundum quod habet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1999 cholericam complexionem, cholera autem, inter alios humores, citius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2000 movetur; assimilatur enim igni. Et ideo magis est in promptu ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2001 ille qui est dispositus secundum naturalem complexionem ad iram,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2002 irascatur; quam de eo qui est dispositus ad concupiscendum, quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2003 concupiscat. Et propter hoc philosophus dicit, in VII Ethic., quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2004 ira magis traducitur a parentibus in filios, quam
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2005 concupiscentia.</p><p title="I-II q. 46 a. 5 ad 1"><a name="35498"><span class="ref">[35498] Iª-IIae q. 46 a. 5 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2006 ergo dicendum quod in homine considerari potest et naturalis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2007 complexio ex parte corporis, quae est temperata; et ipsa ratio. Ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2008 parte igitur complexionis corporalis, naturaliter homo, secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2009 suam speciem, est non habens superexcellentiam neque irae neque
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2010 alicuius alterius passionis, propter temperamentum suae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2011 complexionis. Alia vero animalia, secundum quod recedunt ab hac
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2012 qualitate complexionis ad dispositionem alicuius complexionis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2013 extremae, secundum hoc etiam naturaliter disponuntur ad excessum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2014 alicuius passionis, ut leo ad audaciam, canis ad iram, lepus ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2015 timorem, et sic de aliis. Ex parte vero rationis, est naturale
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2016 homini et irasci et mansuetum esse, secundum quod ratio quodammodo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2017 causat iram, inquantum nuntiat causam irae; et quodammodo sedat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2018 iram, inquantum iratus non totaliter audit imperium rationis, ut
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2019 supra dictum est.</p><p title="I-II q. 46 a. 5 ad 2"><a name="35499"><span class="ref">[35499] Iª-IIae q. 46 a. 5 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2020 dicendum quod ipsa ratio pertinet ad naturam hominis. Unde ex hoc
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2021 ipso quod ira est cum ratione, sequitur quod secundum aliquem modum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2022 sit homini naturalis.</p><p title="I-II q. 46 a. 5 ad 3"><a name="35500"><span class="ref">[35500] Iª-IIae q. 46 a. 5 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2023 dicendum quod ratio illa procedit de ira et concupiscentia, ex
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2024 parte obiecti.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 6</h3><p title="I-II q. 46 a. 6 arg. 1"><a name="35501"><span class="ref">[35501] Iª-IIae q. 46 a. 6 arg. 1</span></a> Ad sextum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2025 sic proceditur. Videtur quod ira sit gravior quam odium. Dicitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2026 enim Prov. XXVII, quod <i>ira non habet misericordiam, nec erumpens
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2027 furor</i>. Odium autem quandoque habet misericordiam. Ergo ira est
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2028 gravior quam odium.</p><p title="I-II q. 46 a. 6 arg. 2"><a name="35502"><span class="ref">[35502] Iª-IIae q. 46 a. 6 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2029 maius est pati malum et de malo dolere, quam simpliciter pati. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2030 illi qui habet aliquem odio, sufficit quod ille quem odit, patiatur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2031 malum, irato autem non sufficit, sed quaerit quod cognoscat illud
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2032 et de illo doleat, ut dicit philosophus, in II Rhetoric. Ergo ira
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2033 est gravior quam odium.</p><p title="I-II q. 46 a. 6 arg. 3"><a name="35503"><span class="ref">[35503] Iª-IIae q. 46 a. 6 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2034 quanto ad constitutionem alicuius plura concurrunt, tanto videtur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2035 esse stabilius, sicut habitus permanentior est qui ex pluribus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2036 actibus causatur. Sed ira causatur ex concursu plurium passionum,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2037 ut supra dictum est, non autem odium. Ergo ira est stabilior et
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2038 gravior quam odium.</p><p title="I-II q. 46 a. 6 s. c."><a name="35504"><span class="ref">[35504] Iª-IIae q. 46 a. 6 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2039 est quod Augustinus, in regula, odium comparat trabi, iram vero
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2040 festucae.</p><p title="I-II q. 46 a. 6 co."><a name="35505"><span class="ref">[35505] Iª-IIae q. 46 a. 6 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2041 dicendum quod species passionis, et ratio ipsius, ex obiecto
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2042 pensatur. Est autem obiectum irae et odii idem subiecto, nam sicut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2043 odiens appetit malum ei quem odit, ita iratus ei contra quem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2044 irascitur. Sed non eadem ratione, sed odiens appetit malum inimici,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2045 inquantum est malum; iratus autem appetit malum eius contra quem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2046 irascitur, non inquantum est malum, sed inquantum habet quandam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2047 rationem boni, scilicet prout aestimat illud esse iustum, inquantum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2048 est vindicativum. Unde etiam supra dictum est quod odium est per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2049 applicationem mali ad malum; ira autem per applicationem boni ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2050 malum. Manifestum est autem quod appetere malum sub ratione iusti,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2051 minus habet de ratione mali quam velle malum alicuius simpliciter.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2052 Velle enim malum alicuius sub ratione iusti, potest esse etiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2053 secundum virtutem iustitiae, si praecepto rationis obtemperetur,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2054 sed ira in hoc solum deficit, quod non obedit rationis praecepto in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2055 ulciscendo. Unde manifestum est quod odium est multo deterius et
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2056 gravius quam ira.</p><p title="I-II q. 46 a. 6 ad 1"><a name="35506"><span class="ref">[35506] Iª-IIae q. 46 a. 6 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2057 ergo dicendum quod in ira et odio duo possunt considerari, scilicet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2058 ipsum quod desideratur, et intensio desiderii. Quantum igitur ad id
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2059 quod desideratur, ira habet magis misericordiam quam odium. Quia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2060 enim odium appetit malum alterius secundum se, nulla mensura mali
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2061 satiatur, ea enim quae secundum se appetuntur, sine mensura
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2062 appetuntur, ut philosophus dicit I Politic., sicut avarus divitias.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2063 Unde dicitur Eccli. XII, <i>inimicus si invenerit tempus, non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2064 satiabitur sanguine</i>. Sed ira non appetit malum nisi sub ratione
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2065 iusti vindicativi. Unde quando malum illatum excedit mensuram
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2066 iustitiae, secundum aestimationem irascentis, tunc miseretur. Unde
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2067 philosophus dicit, in II Rhetoric., quod <i>iratus, si fiant multa,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2068 miserebitur, odiens autem pro nullo</i>. Quantum vero ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2069 intensionem desiderii, ira magis excludit misericordiam quam odium,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2070 quia motus irae est impetuosior, propter cholerae inflammationem.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2071 Unde statim subditur, <i>impetum concitati spiritus ferre quis
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2072 poterit?</i></p><p title="I-II q. 46 a. 6 ad 2"><a name="35507"><span class="ref">[35507] Iª-IIae q. 46 a. 6 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2073 dicendum quod, sicut dictum est, iratus appetit malum alicuius,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2074 inquantum habet rationem iusti vindicativi. Vindicta autem fit per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2075 illationem poenae. Est autem de ratione poenae quod sit contraria
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2076 voluntati, et quod sit afflictiva, et quod pro aliqua culpa
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2077 inferatur. Et ideo iratus hoc appetit, ut ille cui nocumentum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2078 infert, percipiat, et doleat, et quod cognoscat propter iniuriam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2079 illatam sibi hoc provenire. Sed odiens de hoc nihil curat, quia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2080 appetit malum alterius inquantum huiusmodi. Non est autem verum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2081 quod id de quo quis tristatur, sit peius, iniustitia enim et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2082 imprudentia, cum sint mala, quia tamen sunt voluntaria, non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2083 contristant eos quibus insunt, ut dicit philosophus, in II
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2084 Rhetoric.</p><p title="I-II q. 46 a. 6 ad 3"><a name="35508"><span class="ref">[35508] Iª-IIae q. 46 a. 6 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2085 dicendum quod id quod ex pluribus causis causatur, tunc est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2086 stabilius, quando causae accipiuntur unius rationis, sed una causa
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2087 potest praevalere multis aliis. Odium autem provenit ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2088 permanentiori causa quam ira. Nam ira provenit ex aliqua commotione
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2089 animi propter laesionem illatam, sed odium procedit ex aliqua
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2090 dispositione hominis, secundum quam reputat sibi contrarium et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2091 nocivum id quod odit. Et ideo sicut passio citius transit quam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2092 dispositio vel habitus, ita ira citius transit quam odium; quamvis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2093 etiam odium sit passio ex tali dispositione proveniens. Et propter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2094 hoc philosophus dicit, in II Rhetoric., quod <i>odium est magis
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2095 insanabile quam ira</i>.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 7</h3><p title="I-II q. 46 a. 7 arg. 1"><a name="35509"><span class="ref">[35509] Iª-IIae q. 46 a. 7 arg. 1</span></a> Ad septimum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2096 sic proceditur. Videtur quod ira non solum sit ad illos ad quos est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2097 iustitia. Non enim est iustitia hominis ad res irrationales. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2098 tamen homo quandoque irascitur rebus irrationalibus, puta cum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2099 scriptor ex ira proiicit pennam, vel eques percutit equum. Ergo ira
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2100 non solum est ad illos ad quos est iustitia.</p><p title="I-II q. 46 a. 7 arg. 2"><a name="35510"><span class="ref">[35510] Iª-IIae q. 46 a. 7 arg. 2</span></a>
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2101 <i>Praeterea, non est iustitia hominis ad seipsum, nec ad ea quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2102 sui ipsius sunt</i>, ut dicitur in V Ethic. Sed homo quandoque sibi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2103 ipsi irascitur, sicut poenitens propter peccatum, unde dicitur in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2104 Psalmo IV, <i>irascimini, et nolite peccare</i>. Ergo ira non solum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2105 est ad quos est iustitia.</p><p title="I-II q. 46 a. 7 arg. 3"><a name="35511"><span class="ref">[35511] Iª-IIae q. 46 a. 7 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2106 iustitia et iniustitia potest esse alicuius ad totum aliquod genus,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2107 vel ad totam aliquam communitatem, puta cum civitas aliquem laesit.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2108 Sed ira non est ad aliquod genus, sed solum ad aliquod singularium,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2109 ut dicit philosophus, in II Rhetoric. Ergo ira non proprie est ad
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2110 quos est iustitia et iniustitia.</p><p title="I-II q. 46 a. 7 s. c."><a name="35512"><span class="ref">[35512] Iª-IIae q. 46 a. 7 s. c.</span></a> Sed
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2111 contrarium accipi potest a philosopho in II Rhetoric.</p><p title="I-II q. 46 a. 7 co."><a name="35513"><span class="ref">[35513] Iª-IIae q. 46 a. 7 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2112 dicendum quod, sicut supra dictum est, ira appetit malum, inquantum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2113 habet rationem iusti vindicativi. Et ideo ad eosdem est ira, ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2114 quos est iustitia et iniustitia. Nam inferre vindictam ad iustitiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2115 pertinet, laedere autem aliquem pertinet ad iniustitiam. Unde tam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2116 ex parte causae, quae est laesio illata ab altero; quam etiam ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2117 parte vindictae, quam appetit iratus; manifestum est quod ad eosdem
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2118 pertinet ira, ad quos iustitia et iniustitia.</p><p title="I-II q. 46 a. 7 ad 1"><a name="35514"><span class="ref">[35514] Iª-IIae q. 46 a. 7 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2119 ergo dicendum quod, sicut supra dictum est, ira, quamvis sit cum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2120 ratione, potest tamen etiam esse in brutis animalibus, quae ratione
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2121 carent, inquantum naturali instinctu per imaginationem moventur ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2122 aliquid simile operibus rationis. Sic igitur, cum in homine sit et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2123 ratio et imaginatio, dupliciter in homine potest motus irae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2124 insurgere. Uno modo, ex sola imaginatione nuntiante laesionem. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2125 sic insurgit aliquis motus irae etiam ad res irrationales et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2126 inanimatas, secundum similitudinem illius motus qui est in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2127 animalibus contra quodlibet nocivum. Alio modo, ex ratione
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2128 nuntiante laesionem. Et sic, ut philosophus dicit II Rhetoric.,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2129 <i>nullo modo potest esse ira ad res insensibiles, neque ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2130 mortuos</i>. Tum quia non dolent, quod maxime quaerunt irati in eis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2131 quibus irascuntur. Tum etiam quia non est ad eos vindicta, cum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2132 eorum non sit iniuriam facere.</p><p title="I-II q. 46 a. 7 ad 2"><a name="35515"><span class="ref">[35515] Iª-IIae q. 46 a. 7 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2133 dicendum quod, sicut philosophus dicit in V Ethic., <i>quaedam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2134 metaphorica iustitia et iniustitia est hominis ad seipsum</i>,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2135 inquantum scilicet ratio regit irascibilem et concupiscibilem. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2136 secundum hoc etiam homo dicitur de seipso vindictam facere, et per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2137 consequens sibi ipsi irasci. Proprie autem et per se, non contingit
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2138 aliquem sibi ipsi irasci.</p><p title="I-II q. 46 a. 7 ad 3"><a name="35516"><span class="ref">[35516] Iª-IIae q. 46 a. 7 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2139 dicendum quod philosophus, in II Rhetoric., assignat unam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2140 differentiam inter odium et iram, quod <i>odium potest esse ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2141 aliquod genus, sicut habemus odio omne latronum genus, sed ira non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2142 est nisi ad aliquod singulare</i>. Cuius ratio est, quia odium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2143 causatur ex hoc quod qualitas alicuius rei apprehenditur ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2144 dissonans nostrae dispositioni, et hoc potest esse vel in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2145 universali, vel in particulari. Sed ira causatur ex hoc quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2146 aliquis nos laesit per suum actum. Actus autem omnes sunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2147 singularium. Et ideo ira semper est circa aliquod singulare. Cum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2148 autem tota civitas nos laeserit, tota civitas computatur sicut unum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2149 singulare.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 8</h3><p title="I-II q. 46 a. 8 arg. 1"><a name="35517"><span class="ref">[35517] Iª-IIae q. 46 a. 8 arg. 1</span></a> Ad octavum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2150 sic proceditur. Videtur quod Damascenus inconvenienter assignet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2151 tres species irae, scilicet fel, maniam et furorem. Nullius enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2152 generis species diversificantur secundum aliquod accidens. Sed ista
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2153 tria diversificantur secundum aliquod accidens, <i>principium enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2154 motus irae fel vocatur; ira autem permanens dicitur mania; furor
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2155 autem est ira observans tempus in vindictam</i>. Ergo non sunt
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2156 diversae species irae.</p><p title="I-II q. 46 a. 8 arg. 2"><a name="35518"><span class="ref">[35518] Iª-IIae q. 46 a. 8 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2157 Tullius, in IV de Tusculanis quaest., dicit quod <i>excandescentia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2158 Graece dicitur thymosis; et est ira modo nascens et modo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2159 desistens</i>. Thymosis autem secundum Damascenum, est idem quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2160 furor. Non ergo furor tempus quaerit ad vindictam, sed tempore
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2161 deficit.</p><p title="I-II q. 46 a. 8 arg. 3"><a name="35519"><span class="ref">[35519] Iª-IIae q. 46 a. 8 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2162 Gregorius, XXI Moral., ponit tres gradus irae, scilicet <i>iram
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2163 sine voce, et iram cum voce, et iram cum verbo expresso</i>,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2164 secundum illa tria quae dominus ponit Matth. V, qui irascitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2165 fratri suo, ubi tangitur ira sine voce; et postea subdit, qui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2166 dixerit fratri suo, raca, ubi tangitur ira cum voce, sed necdum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2167 pleno verbo formata; et postea dicit, qui autem dixerit fratri suo,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2168 fatue, ubi expletur vox perfectione sermonis. Ergo insufficienter
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2169 divisit Damascenus iram, nihil ponens ex parte vocis.</p><p title="I-II q. 46 a. 8 s. c."><a name="35520"><span class="ref">[35520] Iª-IIae q. 46 a. 8 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2170 est auctoritas Damasceni et Gregorii Nysseni.</p><p title="I-II q. 46 a. 8 co."><a name="35521"><span class="ref">[35521] Iª-IIae q. 46 a. 8 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2171 dicendum quod tres species irae quas Damascenus ponit, et etiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2172 Gregorius Nyssenus, sumuntur secundum ea quae dant irae aliquod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2173 augmentum. Quod quidem contingit tripliciter. Uno modo, ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2174 facilitate ipsius motus, et talem iram vocat fel, quia cito
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2175 accenditur. Alio modo, ex parte tristitiae causantis iram, quae diu
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2176 in memoria manet, et haec pertinet ad maniam, quae a manendo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2177 dicitur. Tertio, ex parte eius quod iratus appetit, scilicet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2178 vindictae, et haec pertinet ad furorem, qui nunquam quiescit donec
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2179 puniat. Unde philosophus, in IV Ethic., quosdam irascentium vocat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2180 acutos, quia cito irascuntur; quosdam amaros, quia diu retinent
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2181 iram; quosdam difficiles, quia nunquam quiescunt nisi puniant.</p><p title="I-II q. 46 a. 8 ad 1"><a name="35522"><span class="ref">[35522] Iª-IIae q. 46 a. 8 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2182 ergo dicendum quod omnia illa per quae ira recipit aliquam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2183 perfectionem, non omnino per accidens se habent ad iram. Et ideo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2184 nihil prohibet secundum ea species irae assignari.</p><p title="I-II q. 46 a. 8 ad 2"><a name="35523"><span class="ref">[35523] Iª-IIae q. 46 a. 8 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2185 dicendum quod excandescentia, quam Tullius ponit, magis videtur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2186 pertinere ad primam speciem irae, quae perficitur secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2187 velocitatem irae, quam ad furorem. Nihil autem prohibet ut thymosis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2188 Graece, quod Latine furor dicitur, utrumque importet, et
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2189 velocitatem ad irascendum et firmitatem propositi ad puniendum.</p><p title="I-II q. 46 a. 8 ad 3"><a name="35524"><span class="ref">[35524] Iª-IIae q. 46 a. 8 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2190 dicendum quod gradus illi irae distinguuntur secundum effectum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2191 irae, non autem secundum diversam perfectionem ipsius motus
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2192 irae.</p></div></div><div class="q" id="q47"><h2>Quaestio 47</h2><div class="p"><h3>Prooemium</h3><p title="I-II q. 47 pr."><a name="35525"><span class="ref">[35525]
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2193 Iª-IIae q. 47 pr.</span></a> Deinde considerandum est de causa
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2194 effectiva irae, et de remediis eius. Et circa hoc quaeruntur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2195 quatuor. Primo, utrum semper motivum irae sit aliquid factum contra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2196 eum qui irascitur. Secundo, utrum sola parvipensio vel despectio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2197 sit motivum irae. Tertio, de causa irae ex parte irascentis.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2198 Quarto, de causa irae ex parte eius contra quem aliquis
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2199 irascitur.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 1</h3><p title="I-II q. 47 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="35526"><span class="ref">[35526] Iª-IIae q. 47 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2200 sic proceditur. Videtur quod non semper aliquis irascatur propter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2201 aliquid contra se factum. Homo enim, peccando, nihil contra Deum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2202 facere potest, dicitur enim Iob XXXV, <i>si multiplicatae fuerint
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2203 iniquitates tuae, quid facies contra illum?</i> Dicitur tamen Deus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2204 irasci contra homines propter peccata; secundum illud Psalmi CV,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2205 <i>iratus est furore dominus in populum suum</i>. Ergo non semper
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2206 aliquis irascitur propter aliquid contra se factum.</p><p title="I-II q. 47 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="35527"><span class="ref">[35527] Iª-IIae q. 47 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2207 ira est appetitus vindictae. Sed aliquis appetit vindictam facere
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2208 etiam de his quae contra alios fiunt. Ergo non semper motivum irae
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2209 est aliquid contra nos factum.</p><p title="I-II q. 47 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="35528"><span class="ref">[35528] Iª-IIae q. 47 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2210 sicut philosophus dicit, in II Rhetoric., homines irascuntur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2211 praecipue contra eos qui despiciunt <i>ea circa quae ipsi maxime
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2212 student, sicut qui student in philosophia, irascuntur contra eos
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2213 qui philosophiam despiciunt</i>, et simile est in aliis. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2214 despicere philosophiam non est nocere ipsi studenti. Non ergo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2215 semper irascimur propter id quod contra nos fit.</p><p title="I-II q. 47 a. 1 arg. 4"><a name="35529"><span class="ref">[35529] Iª-IIae q. 47 a. 1 arg. 4</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2216 ille qui tacet contra contumeliantem, magis ipsum ad iram provocat,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2217 ut dicit Chrysostomus. Sed in hoc contra ipsum nihil agit, quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2218 tacet. Ergo non semper ira alicuius provocatur propter aliquid quod
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2219 contra ipsum fit.</p><p title="I-II q. 47 a. 1 s. c."><a name="35530"><span class="ref">[35530] Iª-IIae q. 47 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2220 est quod philosophus dicit, in II Rhetoric., quod <i>ira fit semper
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2221 ex his quae ad seipsum. Inimicitia autem et sine his quae ad ipsum,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2222 si enim putemus talem esse odimus</i>.</p><p title="I-II q. 47 a. 1 co."><a name="35531"><span class="ref">[35531] Iª-IIae q. 47 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2223 dicendum quod, sicut supra dictum est, ira est appetitus nocendi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2224 alteri sub ratione iusti vindicativi. Vindicta autem locum non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2225 habet nisi ubi praecessit iniuria. Nec iniuria omnis ad vindictam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2226 provocat, sed illa sola quae ad eum pertinet qui appetit vindictam,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2227 sicut enim unumquodque naturaliter appetit proprium bonum, ita
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2228 etiam naturaliter repellit proprium malum. Iniuria autem ab aliquo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2229 facta non pertinet ad aliquem, nisi aliquid fecerit quod aliquo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2230 modo sit contra ipsum. Unde sequitur quod motivum irae alicuius
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2231 semper sit aliquid contra ipsum factum.</p><p title="I-II q. 47 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="35532"><span class="ref">[35532] Iª-IIae q. 47 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2232 ergo dicendum quod ira non dicitur in Deo secundum passionem animi,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2233 sed secundum iudicium iustitiae, prout vult vindictam facere de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2234 peccato. Peccator enim, peccando, Deo nihil nocere effective
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2235 potest, tamen ex parte sua dupliciter contra Deum agit. Primo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2236 quidem, inquantum eum in suis mandatis contemnit. Secundo,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2237 inquantum nocumentum aliquod infert alicui, vel sibi vel alteri,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2238 quod ad Deum pertinet, prout ille cui nocumentum infertur, sub Dei
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2239 providentia et tutela continetur.</p><p title="I-II q. 47 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="35533"><span class="ref">[35533] Iª-IIae q. 47 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2240 dicendum quod irascimur contra illos qui aliis nocent et vindictam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2241 appetimus, inquantum illi quibus nocetur, aliquo modo ad nos
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2242 pertinent, vel per aliquam affinitatem, vel per amicitiam, vel
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2243 saltem per communionem naturae.</p><p title="I-II q. 47 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="35534"><span class="ref">[35534] Iª-IIae q. 47 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2244 dicendum quod id in quo maxime studemus, reputamus esse bonum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2245 nostrum. Et ideo, cum illud despicitur, reputamus nos quoque
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2246 despici, et arbitramur nos laesos.</p><p title="I-II q. 47 a. 1 ad 4"><a name="35535"><span class="ref">[35535] Iª-IIae q. 47 a. 1 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2247 dicendum quod tunc aliquis tacens ad iram provocat iniuriantem,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2248 quando videtur ex contemptu tacere, quasi parvipendat alterius
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2249 iram. Ipsa autem parvipensio quidam actus est.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 2</h3><p title="I-II q. 47 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="35536"><span class="ref">[35536] Iª-IIae q. 47 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2250 sic proceditur. Videtur quod non sola parvipensio vel despectio sit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2251 motivum irae. Dicit enim Damascenus quod <i>iniuriam passi, vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2252 aestimantes pati, irascimur</i>. Sed homo potest iniuriam pati
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2253 etiam absque despectu vel parvipensione. Ergo non sola parvipensio
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2254 est irae motivum.</p><p title="I-II q. 47 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="35537"><span class="ref">[35537] Iª-IIae q. 47 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2255 eiusdem est appetere honorem, et contristari de parvipensione. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2256 bruta animalia non appetunt honorem. Ergo non contristantur de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2257 parvipensione. Et tamen in eis provocatur ira propter hoc quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2258 vulnerantur, ut dicit philosophus, in III Ethic. Ergo non sola
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2259 parvipensio videtur esse motivum irae.</p><p title="I-II q. 47 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="35538"><span class="ref">[35538] Iª-IIae q. 47 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2260 philosophus, in II Rhetoric., ponit multas alias causas irae, puta
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2261 <i>oblivionem, et exultationem in infortuniis, denuntiationem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2262 malorum, impedimentum consequendae propriae voluntatis</i>. Non
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2263 ergo sola parvipensio est provocativum irae.</p><p title="I-II q. 47 a. 2 s. c."><a name="35539"><span class="ref">[35539] Iª-IIae q. 47 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2264 est quod philosophus dicit, in II Rhetoric., quod <i>ira est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2265 appetitus cum tristitia punitionis, propter apparentem
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2266 parvipensionem non convenienter factam</i>.</p><p title="I-II q. 47 a. 2 co."><a name="35540"><span class="ref">[35540] Iª-IIae q. 47 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2267 dicendum quod omnes causae irae reducuntur ad parvipensionem. Sunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2268 enim tres species parvipensionis, ut dicitur in II Rhetoric.,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2269 scilicet despectus, epereasmus, idest impedimentum voluntatis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2270 implendae, et contumeliatio, et ad haec tria omnia motiva irae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2271 reducuntur. Cuius ratio potest accipi duplex. Prima est, quia ira
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2272 appetit nocumentum alterius, inquantum habet rationem iusti
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2273 vindicativi, et ideo intantum quaerit vindictam, inquantum videtur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2274 esse iusta. Iusta autem vindicta non fit nisi de eo quod est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2275 iniuste factum, et ideo provocativum ad iram semper est aliquid sub
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2276 ratione iniusti. Unde dicit philosophus, in II Rhetoric., quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2277 <i>si homines putaverint eos qui laeserunt, esse iuste passos, non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2278 irascuntur, non enim fit ira ad iustum</i>. Contingit autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2279 tripliciter nocumentum alicui inferri, scilicet ex ignorantia, ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2280 passione, et ex electione. Tunc autem aliquis maxime iniustum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2281 facit, quando ex electione vel industria, vel ex certa malitia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2282 nocumentum infert, ut dicitur in V Ethic. Et ideo maxime irascimur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2283 contra illos quos putamus ex industria nobis nocuisse. Si enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2284 putemus aliquos vel per ignorantiam, vel ex passione nobis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2285 intulisse iniuriam, vel non irascimur contra eos, vel multo minus,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2286 agere enim aliquid ex ignorantia vel ex passione, diminuit rationem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2287 iniuriae, et est quodammodo provocativum misericordiae et veniae.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2288 Illi autem qui ex industria nocumentum inferunt, ex contemptu
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2289 peccare videntur, et ideo contra eos maxime irascimur. Unde
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2290 philosophus dicit, in II Rhetoric., quod <i>his qui propter iram
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2291 aliquid fecerunt, aut non irascimur, aut minus irascimur, non enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2292 propter parvipensionem videntur egisse</i>. Secunda ratio est, quia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2293 parvipensio excellentiae hominis opponitur, quae enim homines
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2294 putant nullo digna esse, parvipendunt, ut dicitur in II Rhetoric.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2295 Ex omnibus autem bonis nostris aliquam excellentiam quaerimus. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2296 ideo quodcumque nocumentum nobis inferatur, inquantum excellentiae
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2297 derogat, videtur ad parvipensionem pertinere.</p><p title="I-II q. 47 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="35541"><span class="ref">[35541] Iª-IIae q. 47 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2298 ergo dicendum quod ex quacumque alia causa aliquis iniuriam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2299 patiatur quam ex contemptu, illa causa minuit rationem iniuriae.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2300 Sed solus contemptus, vel parvipensio, rationem irae auget. Et ideo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2301 est per se causa irascendi.</p><p title="I-II q. 47 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="35542"><span class="ref">[35542] Iª-IIae q. 47 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2302 dicendum quod, licet animal brutum non appetat honorem sub ratione
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2303 honoris, appetit tamen naturaliter quandam excellentiam, et
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2304 irascitur contra ea quae illi excellentiae derogant.</p><p title="I-II q. 47 a. 2 ad 3"><a name="35543"><span class="ref">[35543] Iª-IIae q. 47 a. 2 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2305 dicendum quod omnes illae causae ad quandam parvipensionem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2306 reducuntur. Oblivio enim parvipensionis est evidens signum, ea enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2307 quae magna aestimamus, magis memoriae infigimus. Similiter ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2308 quadam parvipensione est quod aliquis non vereatur contristare
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2309 aliquem, denuntiando sibi aliqua tristia. Qui etiam in infortuniis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2310 alicuius hilaritatis signa ostendit, videtur parum curare de bono
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2311 vel malo eius. Similiter etiam qui impedit aliquem a sui propositi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2312 assecutione, non propter aliquam utilitatem sibi inde provenientem,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2313 non videtur multum curare de amicitia eius. Et ideo omnia talia,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2314 inquantum sunt signa contemptus, sunt provocativa irae.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 3</h3><p title="I-II q. 47 a. 3 arg. 1"><a name="35544"><span class="ref">[35544] Iª-IIae q. 47 a. 3 arg. 1</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2315 sic proceditur. Videtur quod excellentia alicuius non sit causa
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2316 quod facilius irascatur. Dicit enim philosophus, in II Rhetoric.,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2317 quod <i>maxime aliqui irascuntur cum tristantur, ut infirmi, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2318 egentes, et qui non habent id quod concupiscunt</i>. Sed omnia ista
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2319 ad defectum pertinere videntur. Ergo magis facit pronum ad iram
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2320 defectus quam excellentia.</p><p title="I-II q. 47 a. 3 arg. 2"><a name="35545"><span class="ref">[35545] Iª-IIae q. 47 a. 3 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2321 philosophus dicit ibidem quod <i>tunc aliqui maxime irascuntur,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2322 quando in eis despicitur id de quo potest esse suspicio quod vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2323 non insit eis, vel quod insit eis debiliter, sed cum putant se
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2324 multum excellere in illis in quibus despiciuntur, non curant</i>.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2325 Sed praedicta suspicio ex defectu provenit. Ergo defectus est magis
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2326 causa quod aliquis irascatur, quam excellentia.</p><p title="I-II q. 47 a. 3 arg. 3"><a name="35546"><span class="ref">[35546] Iª-IIae q. 47 a. 3 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2327 ea quae ad excellentiam pertinent, maxime faciunt homines iucundos
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2328 et bonae spei esse. Sed philosophus dicit, in II Rhetoric., quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2329 <i>in ludo, in risu, in festo, in prosperitate, in consummatione
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2330 operum, in delectatione non turpi, et in spe optima, homines non
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2331 irascuntur</i>. Ergo excellentia non est causa irae.</p><p title="I-II q. 47 a. 3 s. c."><a name="35547"><span class="ref">[35547] Iª-IIae q. 47 a. 3 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2332 est quod philosophus, in eodem libro, dicit quod homines propter
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2333 excellentiam indignantur.</p><p title="I-II q. 47 a. 3 co."><a name="35548"><span class="ref">[35548] Iª-IIae q. 47 a. 3 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2334 dicendum quod causa irae in eo qui irascitur, dupliciter accipi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2335 potest. Uno modo, secundum habitudinem ad motivum irae. Et sic
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2336 excellentia est causa ut aliquis de facili irascatur. Est enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2337 motivum irae iniusta parvipensio, ut dictum est. Constat autem quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2338 quanto aliquis est excellentior, iniustius parvipenditur in hoc in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2339 quo excellit. Et ideo illi qui sunt in aliqua excellentia, maxime
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2340 irascuntur, si parvipendantur, puta si dives parvipenditur in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2341 pecunia, et rhetor in loquendo, et sic de aliis. Alio modo potest
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2342 considerari causa irae in eo qui irascitur, ex parte dispositionis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2343 quae in eo relinquitur ex tali motivo. Manifestum est autem quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2344 nihil movet ad iram, nisi nocumentum quod contristat. Ea autem quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2345 ad defectum pertinent, maxime sunt contristantia, quia homines
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2346 defectibus subiacentes facilius laeduntur. Et ista est causa quare
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2347 homines qui sunt infirmi, vel in aliis defectibus, facilius
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2348 irascuntur, quia facilius contristantur.</p><p title="I-II q. 47 a. 3 ad 1"><a name="35549"><span class="ref">[35549] Iª-IIae q. 47 a. 3 ad 1</span></a> Et per hoc
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2349 patet responsio ad primum.</p><p title="I-II q. 47 a. 3 ad 2"><a name="35550"><span class="ref">[35550] Iª-IIae q. 47 a. 3 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2350 dicendum quod ille qui despicitur in eo in quo manifeste multum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2351 excellit, non reputat se aliquam iacturam pati, et ideo non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2352 contristatur, et ex hac parte minus irascitur. Sed ex alia parte,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2353 inquantum indignius despicitur, habet maiorem rationem irascendi.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2354 Nisi forte reputet se non invideri vel subsannari propter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2355 despectum; sed propter ignorantiam, vel propter aliud
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2356 huiusmodi.</p><p title="I-II q. 47 a. 3 ad 3"><a name="35551"><span class="ref">[35551] Iª-IIae q. 47 a. 3 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2357 dicendum quod omnia illa impediunt iram, inquantum impediunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2358 tristitiam. Sed ex alia parte, nata sunt provocare iram, secundum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2359 quod faciunt hominem inconvenientius despici.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 4</h3><p title="I-II q. 47 a. 4 arg. 1"><a name="35552"><span class="ref">[35552] Iª-IIae q. 47 a. 4 arg. 1</span></a> Ad quartum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2360 sic proceditur. Videtur quod defectus alicuius non sit causa ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2361 contra ipsum facilius irascamur. Dicit enim philosophus, in II
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2362 Rhetoric., quod <i>his qui confitentur et poenitent et humiliantur,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2363 non irascimur, sed magis ad eos mitescimus. Unde et canes non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2364 mordent eos qui resident</i>. Sed haec pertinent ad parvitatem et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2365 defectum. Ergo parvitas alicuius est causa ut ei minus
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2366 irascamur.</p><p title="I-II q. 47 a. 4 arg. 2"><a name="35553"><span class="ref">[35553] Iª-IIae q. 47 a. 4 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2367 nullus est maior defectus quam mortis. Sed ad mortuos desinit ira.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2368 Ergo defectus alicuius non est causa provocativa irae contra
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2369 ipsum.</p><p title="I-II q. 47 a. 4 arg. 3"><a name="35554"><span class="ref">[35554] Iª-IIae q. 47 a. 4 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2370 nullus aestimat aliquem parvum ex hoc quod est sibi amicus. Sed ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2371 amicos, si nos offenderint, vel si non iuverint, magis offendimur,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2372 unde dicitur in Psalmo LIV, <i>si inimicus meus maledixisset mihi,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2373 sustinuissem utique</i>. Ergo defectus alicuius non est causa ut
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2374 contra ipsum facilius irascamur.</p><p title="I-II q. 47 a. 4 s. c."><a name="35555"><span class="ref">[35555] Iª-IIae q. 47 a. 4 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2375 est quod philosophus dicit, in II Rhetoric., quod <i>dives
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2376 irascitur contra pauperem, si eum despiciat; et principans contra
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2377 subiectum</i>.</p><p title="I-II q. 47 a. 4 co."><a name="35556"><span class="ref">[35556] Iª-IIae q. 47 a. 4 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2378 dicendum quod, sicut supra dictum est, indigna despectio est maxime
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2379 provocativa irae. Defectus igitur vel parvitas eius contra quem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2380 irascimur, facit ad augmentum irae, inquantum auget indignam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2381 despectionem. Sicut enim quanto aliquis est maior, tanto indignius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2382 despicitur; ita quanto aliquis est minor, tanto indignius despicit.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2383 Et ideo nobiles irascuntur si despiciantur a rusticis, vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2384 sapientes ab insipientibus, vel domini a servis. Si vero parvitas
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2385 vel defectus diminuat despectionem indignam, talis parvitas non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2386 auget, sed diminuit iram. Et hoc modo illi qui poenitent de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2387 iniuriis factis, et confitentur se male fecisse, et humiliantur et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2388 veniam petunt, mitigant iram, secundum illud Prov. XV, <i>responsio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2389 mollis frangit iram</i>, inquantum scilicet tales videntur non
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2390 despicere, sed magis magnipendere eos quibus se humiliant.</p><p title="I-II q. 47 a. 4 ad 1"><a name="35557"><span class="ref">[35557] Iª-IIae q. 47 a. 4 ad 1</span></a> Et per hoc
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2391 patet responsio ad primum.</p><p title="I-II q. 47 a. 4 ad 2"><a name="35558"><span class="ref">[35558] Iª-IIae q. 47 a. 4 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2392 dicendum quod duplex est causa quare ad mortuos cessat ira. Una,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2393 quia non possunt dolere et sentire, quod maxime quaerunt irati in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2394 his quibus irascuntur. Alio modo, quia iam videntur ad ultimum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2395 malorum pervenisse. Unde etiam ad quoscumque graviter laesos cessat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2396 ira, inquantum eorum malum excedit mensuram iustae
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2397 retributionis.</p><p title="I-II q. 47 a. 4 ad 3"><a name="35559"><span class="ref">[35559] Iª-IIae q. 47 a. 4 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2398 dicendum quod etiam despectio quae est ab amicis, videtur esse
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2399 magis indigna. Et ideo ex simili causa magis irascimur contra eos,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2400 si despiciant, vel nocendo vel non iuvando, sicut et contra
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2401 minores.</p></div></div><div class="q" id="q48"><h2>Quaestio 48</h2><div class="p"><h3>Prooemium</h3><p title="I-II q. 48 pr."><a name="35560"><span class="ref">[35560]
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2402 Iª-IIae q. 48 pr.</span></a> Deinde considerandum est de
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2403 effectibus irae. Et circa hoc quaeruntur quatuor. Primo, utrum ira
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2404 causet delectationem. Secundo, utrum maxime causet fervorem in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2405 corde. Tertio, utrum maxime impediat rationis usum. Quarto, utrum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2406 causet taciturnitatem.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 1</h3><p title="I-II q. 48 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="35561"><span class="ref">[35561] Iª-IIae q. 48 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2407 sic proceditur. Videtur quod ira non causet delectationem.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2408 Tristitia enim delectationem excludit. Sed ira est semper cum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2409 tristitia, quia, ut dicitur in VII Ethic., <i>omnis qui facit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2410 aliquid per iram, facit tristatus</i>. Ergo ira non causat
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2411 delectationem.</p><p title="I-II q. 48 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="35562"><span class="ref">[35562] Iª-IIae q. 48 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2412 philosophus dicit, in IV Ethic., quod <i>punitio quietat impetum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2413 irae, delectationem pro tristitia faciens</i>, ex quo potest accipi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2414 quod delectatio irato provenit ex punitione, punitio autem excludit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2415 iram. Ergo, adveniente delectatione, ira tollitur. Non est ergo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2416 effectus delectationi coniunctus.</p><p title="I-II q. 48 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="35563"><span class="ref">[35563] Iª-IIae q. 48 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2417 nullus effectus impedit causam suam, cum sit suae causae conformis.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2418 Sed delectationes impediunt iram, ut dicitur in II Rhetoric. Ergo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2419 delectatio non est effectus irae.</p><p title="I-II q. 48 a. 1 s. c."><a name="35564"><span class="ref">[35564] Iª-IIae q. 48 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2420 est quod philosophus, in eodem libro, inducit proverbium, quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2421 <i>ira multo dulcior melle distillante in pectoribus virorum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2422 crescit</i>.</p><p title="I-II q. 48 a. 1 co."><a name="35565"><span class="ref">[35565] Iª-IIae q. 48 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2423 dicendum quod, sicut philosophus dicit in VII Ethic.,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2424 delectationes, maxime sensibiles et corporales, sunt medicinae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2425 quaedam contra tristitiam, et ideo quanto per delectationem contra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2426 maiorem tristitiam vel anxietatem remedium praestatur, tanto
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2427 delectatio magis percipitur; sicut patet quod quando aliquis sitit,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2428 delectabilior fit ei potus. Manifestum est autem ex praedictis quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2429 motus irae insurgit ex aliqua illata iniuria contristante; cui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2430 quidem tristitiae remedium adhibetur per vindictam. Et ideo ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2431 praesentiam vindictae delectatio sequitur, et tanto maior, quanto
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2432 maior fuit tristitia. Si igitur vindicta fuerit praesens realiter,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2433 fit perfecta delectatio, quae totaliter excludit tristitiam, et per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2434 hoc quietat motum irae. Sed antequam vindicta sit praesens
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2435 realiter, fit irascenti praesens dupliciter. Uno modo, per spem,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2436 quia nullus irascitur nisi sperans vindictam, ut supra dictum est.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2437 Alio modo, secundum continuam cogitationem. Unicuique enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2438 concupiscenti est delectabile immorari in cogitatione eorum quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2439 concupiscit, propter quod etiam imaginationes somniorum sunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2440 delectabiles. Et ideo, cum iratus multum in animo suo cogitet de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2441 vindicta, ex hoc delectatur. Tamen delectatio non est perfecta,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2442 quae tollat tristitiam, et per consequens iram.</p><p title="I-II q. 48 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="35566"><span class="ref">[35566] Iª-IIae q. 48 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2443 ergo dicendum quod non de eodem iratus tristatur et gaudet, sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2444 tristatur de illata iniuria, delectatur autem de vindicta cogitata
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2445 et sperata. Unde tristitia se habet ad iram sicut principium, sed
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2446 delectatio sicut effectus vel terminus.</p><p title="I-II q. 48 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="35567"><span class="ref">[35567] Iª-IIae q. 48 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2447 dicendum quod obiectio illa procedit de delectatione quae causatur
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2448 ex reali praesentia vindictae, quae totaliter tollit iram.</p><p title="I-II q. 48 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="35568"><span class="ref">[35568] Iª-IIae q. 48 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2449 dicendum quod delectationes praecedentes impediunt ne sequatur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2450 tristitia; et per consequens impediunt iram. Sed delectatio de
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2451 vindicta consequitur ipsam.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 2</h3><p title="I-II q. 48 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="35569"><span class="ref">[35569] Iª-IIae q. 48 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2452 sic proceditur. Videtur quod fervor non sit maxime effectus irae.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2453 Fervor enim, sicut supra dictum est, pertinet ad amorem. Sed amor,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2454 sicut supra dictum est, principium est et causa omnium passionum.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2455 Cum ergo causa sit potior effectu, videtur quod ira non faciat
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2456 maxime fervorem.</p><p title="I-II q. 48 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="35570"><span class="ref">[35570] Iª-IIae q. 48 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2457 illa quae de se excitant fervorem, per temporis assiduitatem magis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2458 augentur, sicut amor diuturnitate convalescit. Sed ira per tractum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2459 temporis debilitatur, dicit enim philosophus, in II Rhetoric., quod
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2460 tempus quietat iram. Ergo ira non proprie causat fervorem.</p><p title="I-II q. 48 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="35571"><span class="ref">[35571] Iª-IIae q. 48 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2461 fervor additus fervori, augmentat fervorem. <i>Sed maior ira
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2462 superveniens facit iram mitescere</i>, ut philosophus dicit, in II
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2463 Rhetoric. Ergo ira non causat fervorem.</p><p title="I-II q. 48 a. 2 s. c."><a name="35572"><span class="ref">[35572] Iª-IIae q. 48 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2464 est quod Damascenus dicit, quod <i>ira est fervor eius qui circa
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2465 cor est sanguinis, ex evaporatione fellis fiens</i>.</p><p title="I-II q. 48 a. 2 co."><a name="35573"><span class="ref">[35573] Iª-IIae q. 48 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2466 dicendum quod, sicut dictum est, corporalis transmutatio quae est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2467 in passionibus animae, proportionatur motui appetitus. Manifestum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2468 est autem quod quilibet appetitus, etiam naturalis, fortius tendit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2469 in id quod est sibi contrarium, si fuerit praesens, unde videmus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2470 quod aqua calefacta magis congelatur, quasi frigido vehementius in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2471 calidum agente. Motus autem appetitivus irae causatur ex aliqua
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2472 iniuria illata, sicut ex quodam contrario iniacente. Et ideo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2473 appetitus potissime tendit ad repellendum iniuriam per appetitum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2474 vindictae, et ex hoc sequitur magna vehementia et impetuositas in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2475 motu irae. Et quia motus irae non est per modum retractionis, cui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2476 proportionatur frigus; sed magis per modum insecutionis, cui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2477 proportionatur calor; consequenter fit motus irae causativus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2478 cuiusdam fervoris sanguinis et spirituum circa cor, quod est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2479 instrumentum passionum animae. Et exinde est quod, propter magnam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2480 perturbationem cordis quae est in ira, maxime apparent in iratis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2481 indicia quaedam in exterioribus membris. Ut enim Gregorius dicit,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2482 in V Moral., <i>irae suae stimulis accensum cor palpitat, corpus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2483 tremit, lingua se praepedit, facies ignescit, exasperantur oculi,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2484 et nequaquam recognoscuntur noti, ore quidem clamorem format, sed
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2485 sensus quid loquatur, ignorat</i>.</p><p title="I-II q. 48 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="35574"><span class="ref">[35574] Iª-IIae q. 48 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2486 ergo dicendum quod <i>amor ipse non ita sentitur, nisi cum eum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2487 prodit indigentia</i>, ut Augustinus dicit, in X de Trin. Et ideo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2488 quando homo patitur detrimentum amatae excellentiae propter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2489 iniuriam illatam, magis sentitur amor; et ideo ferventius cor
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2490 mutatur ad removendum impedimentum rei amatae; ut sic fervor ipse
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2491 amoris per iram crescat, et magis sentiatur. Et tamen fervor qui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2492 consequitur calorem, alia ratione pertinet ad amorem, et ad iram.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2493 Nam fervor amoris est cum quadam dulcedine et lenitate, est enim in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2494 bonum amatum. Et ideo assimilatur calori aeris et sanguinis,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2495 propter quod, sanguinei sunt magis amativi; et dicitur quod cogit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2496 amare iecur, in quo fit quaedam generatio sanguinis. Fervor autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2497 irae est cum amaritudine, ad consumendum, quia tendit ad punitionem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2498 contrarii. Unde assimilatur calori ignis et cholerae, et propter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2499 hoc Damascenus dicit quod <i>procedit ex evaporatione fellis, et
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2500 fellea nominatur</i>.</p><p title="I-II q. 48 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="35575"><span class="ref">[35575] Iª-IIae q. 48 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2501 dicendum quod omne illud cuius causa per tempus diminuitur, necesse
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2502 est quod tempore debilitetur. Manifestum est autem quod memoria
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2503 tempore diminuitur, quae enim antiqua sunt, a memoria de facili
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2504 excidunt. Ira autem causatur ex memoria iniuriae illatae. Et ideo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2505 causa irae per tempus paulatim diminuitur, quousque totaliter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2506 tollatur. Maior etiam videtur iniuria quando primo sentitur; et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2507 paulatim diminuitur eius aestimatio, secundum quod magis receditur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2508 a praesenti sensu iniuriae. Et similiter etiam est de amore, si
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2509 amoris causa remaneat in sola memoria, unde philosophus dicit, in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2510 VIII Ethic., quod si <i>diuturna fiat amici absentia, videtur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2511 amicitiae oblivionem facere</i>. Sed in praesentia amici, semper
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2512 per tempus multiplicatur causa amicitiae, et ideo amicitia crescit.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2513 Et similiter esset de ira, si continue multiplicaretur causa
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2514 ipsius. Tamen hoc ipsum quod ira cito consumitur, attestatur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2515 vehementi fervori ipsius. Sicut enim ignis magnus cito extinguitur,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2516 consumpta materia; ita etiam ira, propter suam vehementiam, cito
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2517 deficit.</p><p title="I-II q. 48 a. 2 ad 3"><a name="35576"><span class="ref">[35576] Iª-IIae q. 48 a. 2 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2518 dicendum quod omnis virtus divisa in plures partes, diminuitur. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2519 ideo quando aliquis iratus alicui, irascitur postmodum alteri, ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2520 hoc ipso diminuitur ira ad primum. Et praecipue si ad secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2521 fuerit maior ira, nam iniuria quae excitavit iram ad primum,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2522 videbitur, comparatione secundae iniuriae, quae aestimatur maior,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2523 esse parva vel nulla.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 3</h3><p title="I-II q. 48 a. 3 arg. 1"><a name="35577"><span class="ref">[35577] Iª-IIae q. 48 a. 3 arg. 1</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2524 sic proceditur. Videtur quod ira non impediat rationem. Illud enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2525 quod est cum ratione, non videtur esse rationis impedimentum. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2526 ira est cum ratione, ut dicitur in VII Ethic. Ergo ira non impedit
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2527 rationem.</p><p title="I-II q. 48 a. 3 arg. 2"><a name="35578"><span class="ref">[35578] Iª-IIae q. 48 a. 3 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2528 quanto magis impeditur ratio, tanto diminuitur manifestatio. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2529 philosophus dicit in VII Ethic., quod <i>iracundus non est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2530 insidiator, sed manifestus</i>. Ergo ira non videtur impedire usum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2531 rationis, sicut concupiscentia; quae est insidiosa, ut ibidem
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2532 dicitur.</p><p title="I-II q. 48 a. 3 arg. 3"><a name="35579"><span class="ref">[35579] Iª-IIae q. 48 a. 3 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2533 iudicium rationis evidentius fit ex adiunctione contrarii, quia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2534 contraria iuxta se posita magis elucescunt. Sed ex hoc etiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2535 crescit ira, dicit enim philosophus, in II Rhetoric., quod <i>magis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2536 homines irascuntur, si contraria praeexistunt, sicut honorati si
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2537 dehonorentur</i>; et sic de aliis. Ergo ex eodem et ira crescit, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2538 iudicium rationis adiuvatur. Non ergo ira impedit iudicium
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2539 rationis.</p><p title="I-II q. 48 a. 3 s. c."><a name="35580"><span class="ref">[35580] Iª-IIae q. 48 a. 3 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2540 est quod Gregorius dicit, in V Moral., quod <i>ira intelligentiae
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2541 lucem subtrahit, cum mentem permovendo confundit</i>.</p><p title="I-II q. 48 a. 3 co."><a name="35581"><span class="ref">[35581] Iª-IIae q. 48 a. 3 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2542 dicendum quod mens vel ratio quamvis non utatur organo corporali in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2543 suo proprio actu; tamen, quia indiget ad sui actum quibusdam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2544 viribus sensitivis, quorum actus impediuntur corpore perturbato;
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2545 necesse est quod perturbationes corporales etiam iudicium rationis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2546 impediant, sicut patet in ebrietate et somno. Dictum est autem quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2547 ira maxime facit perturbationem corporalem circa cor, ita ut etiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2548 usque ad exteriora membra derivetur. Unde ira, inter ceteras
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2549 passiones, manifestius impedit iudicium rationis; secundum illud
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2550 Psalmi XXX, <i>conturbatus est in ira oculus meus</i>.</p><p title="I-II q. 48 a. 3 ad 1"><a name="35582"><span class="ref">[35582] Iª-IIae q. 48 a. 3 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2551 ergo dicendum quod a ratione est principium irae, quantum ad motum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2552 appetitivum, qui est formalis in ira. Sed perfectum iudicium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2553 rationis passio irae praeoccupat quasi non perfecte rationem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2554 audiens, propter commotionem caloris velociter impellentis, quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2555 est materialis in ira. Et quantum ad hoc, impedit iudicium
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2556 rationis.</p><p title="I-II q. 48 a. 3 ad 2"><a name="35583"><span class="ref">[35583] Iª-IIae q. 48 a. 3 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2557 dicendum quod iracundus dicitur esse manifestus, non quia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2558 manifestum sit sibi quid facere debeat, sed quia manifeste
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2559 operatur, non quaerens aliquam occultationem. Quod partim contingit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2560 propter impedimentum rationis, quae non potest discernere quid sit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2561 occultandum et quid manifestandum, nec etiam excogitare occultandi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2562 vias. Partim vero est ex ampliatione cordis, quae pertinet ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2563 magnanimitatem, quam facit ira, unde et de magnanimo philosophus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2564 dicit, in IV Ethic., quod <i>est manifestus oditor et amator et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2565 manifeste dicit et operatur</i>. Concupiscentia autem dicitur esse
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2566 latens et insidiosa, quia, ut plurimum, delectabilia quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2567 concupiscuntur, habent turpitudinem quandam et mollitiem, in quibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2568 homo vult latere. In his autem quae sunt virilitatis et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2569 excellentiae, cuiusmodi sunt vindictae, quaerit homo manifestus
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2570 esse.</p><p title="I-II q. 48 a. 3 ad 3"><a name="35584"><span class="ref">[35584] Iª-IIae q. 48 a. 3 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2571 dicendum quod, sicut dictum est, motus irae a ratione incipit, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2572 ideo secundum idem appositio contrarii ad contrarium adiuvat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2573 iudicium rationis, et auget iram. Cum enim aliquis habet honorem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2574 vel divitias, et postea incurrit alicuius detrimentum, illud
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2575 detrimentum apparet maius, tum propter vicinitatem contrarii; tum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2576 quia erat inopinatum. Et ideo causat maiorem tristitiam, sicut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2577 etiam magna bona ex inopinato venientia, causant maiorem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2578 delectationem. Et secundum augmentum tristitiae praecedentis,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2579 consequenter augetur et ira.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 4</h3><p title="I-II q. 48 a. 4 arg. 1"><a name="35585"><span class="ref">[35585] Iª-IIae q. 48 a. 4 arg. 1</span></a> Ad quartum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2580 sic proceditur. Videtur quod ira non causet taciturnitatem.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2581 Taciturnitas enim locutioni opponitur. Sed per crementum irae usque
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2582 ad locutionem pervenitur, ut patet per gradus irae quos dominus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2583 assignat, Matth. V, dicens, <i>qui irascitur fratri suo; et, qui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2584 dixerit fratri suo, raca; et, qui dixerit fratri suo, fatue</i>.
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2585 Ergo ira non causat taciturnitatem.</p><p title="I-II q. 48 a. 4 arg. 2"><a name="35586"><span class="ref">[35586] Iª-IIae q. 48 a. 4 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2586 ex hoc quod custodia rationis deficit, contingit quod homo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2587 prorumpat ad verba inordinata, unde dicitur Prov. XXV, <i>sicut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2588 urbs patens et absque murorum ambitu, ita vir qui non potest
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2589 cohibere in loquendo spiritum suum</i>. Sed ira maxime impedit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2590 iudicium rationis, ut dictum est. Ergo facit maxime profluere in
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2591 verba inordinata. Non ergo causat taciturnitatem.</p><p title="I-II q. 48 a. 4 arg. 3"><a name="35587"><span class="ref">[35587] Iª-IIae q. 48 a. 4 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2592 Matth. XII dicitur, ex abundantia cordis os loquitur. Sed per iram
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2593 cor maxime perturbatur, ut dictum est. Ergo maxime causat
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2594 locutionem. Non ergo causat taciturnitatem.</p><p title="I-II q. 48 a. 4 s. c."><a name="35588"><span class="ref">[35588] Iª-IIae q. 48 a. 4 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2595 est quod Gregorius dicit, in V Moral., quod <i>ira per silentium
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2596 clausa, intra mentem vehementius aestuat</i>.</p><p title="I-II q. 48 a. 4 co."><a name="35589"><span class="ref">[35589] Iª-IIae q. 48 a. 4 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2597 dicendum quod ira, sicut iam dictum est, et cum ratione est, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2598 impedit rationem. Et ex utraque parte, potest taciturnitatem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2599 causare. Ex parte quidem rationis, quando iudicium rationis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2600 intantum viget quod, etsi non cohibeat affectum ab inordinato
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2601 appetitu vindictae, cohibet tamen linguam ab inordinata locutione.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2602 Unde Gregorius, in V Moral., dicit, <i>aliquando ira perturbato
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2603 animo, quasi ex iudicio, silentium indicit</i>. Ex parte vero
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2604 impedimenti rationis, quia, sicut dictum est, perturbatio irae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2605 usque ad exteriora membra perducitur; et maxime ad illa membra in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2606 quibus expressius relucet vestigium cordis, sicut in oculis et in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2607 facie et in lingua; unde, sicut dictum est, <i>lingua se praepedit,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2608 facies ignescit, exasperantur oculi</i>. Potest ergo esse tanta
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2609 perturbatio irae, quod omnino impediatur lingua ab usu loquendi. Et
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2610 tunc sequitur taciturnitas.</p><p title="I-II q. 48 a. 4 ad 1"><a name="35590"><span class="ref">[35590] Iª-IIae q. 48 a. 4 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2611 ergo dicendum quod augmentum irae quandoque est usque ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2612 impediendum rationem a cohibitione linguae. Quandoque autem ultra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2613 procedit, usque ad impediendum motum linguae, et aliorum membrorum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2614 exteriorum.</p><p title="I-II q. 48 a. 4 ad 2"><a name="35591"><span class="ref">[35591] Iª-IIae q. 48 a. 4 ad 2</span></a> Et per hoc
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2615 etiam patet solutio ad secundum.</p><p title="I-II q. 48 a. 4 ad 3"><a name="35592"><span class="ref">[35592] Iª-IIae q. 48 a. 4 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2616 dicendum quod perturbatio cordis quandoque potest superabundare
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2617 usque ad hoc, quod per inordinatum motum cordis impediatur motus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2618 exteriorum membrorum. Et tunc causatur taciturnitas, et immobilitas
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2619 exteriorum membrorum, et quandoque etiam mors. Si autem non fuerit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2620 tanta perturbatio, tunc ex abundantia perturbationis cordis,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2621 sequitur oris locutio.</p></div></div><div class="centro"><br/>
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2622 <p><a href="sth2026.html"><img alt="age retro" border="0" align="middle" height="19" width="19" src="icons/ageretro.gif"/></a>  
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2623 <a href="sth2049.html"><img alt="age ultra" border="0" align="middle" height="19" width="19" src="icons/ageultra.gif"/></a></p>
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2624 <br/>
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2625 <hr/>
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2626 <br/>
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2627 <address>© 2006 Fundación Tomás de Aquino quoad
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2628 hanc editionem<br/>
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2629 Iura omnia asservantur<br/>
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2630 OCLC nr. <a style="text-decoration=none" href="http://worldcatlibraries.org/wcpa/oclc/49644264">49644264</a></address>
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2631 </div></body>
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2632 </html>