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annotate summa/latin/sth3034.html @ 125:183bfdf5ca5c

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catch up through FS_vi A108
author ht
date Sat, 10 Sep 2022 10:03:58 +0000
parents 03759e5c1080
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1 <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "file:///c:/cygwin/usr/local/share/lib/xml/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
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2 <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" lang="LA" xml:lang="LA">
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3 <head>
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4 <meta name="generator" content="HTML Tidy for Windows (vers 1st February 2005), see www.w3.org"/>
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5 <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=us-ascii"/>
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6 <meta http-equiv="Content-Style-Type" content="text/css"/>
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7 <meta http-equiv="Content-Script-Type" content="text/javascript"/>
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8 <meta name="keywords" content="Thomas de Aquino, Summa Theologiae, Corpus Thomisticum"/>
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9 <meta name="language" content="Latin"/>
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10 <meta name="security" content="public"/>
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11 <meta name="owner" content="ealarcon@unav.es"/>
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12 <meta name="author" content="Enrique Alarcón"/>
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13 <meta name="abstract" content=""/>
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14 <link rel="stylesheet" media="screen" href="vscreen.css" type="text/css"/>
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15 <link rel="stylesheet" media="print" href="vprint.css" type="text/css"/>
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16 <title>Thomas de Aquino, Summa Theologiae, IIª-IIae q.
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17 34-43</title>
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18 </head>
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19 <body><a href="http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/"/><div class="tres">CORPUS THOMISTICUM</div><div class="uno">Sancti Thomae de Aquino</div><div class="uno">Summa Theologiae</div><div class="dos">secunda pars secundae partis a quaestione XXXIV ad
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20 XLIII</div><div class="centro">
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21 <table align="center" summary="Imago">
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22 <tr>
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23 <th><img src="icons/fugit190.jpg" width="275" height="190" border="0" alt="Thomas de Aquino a Filippino Lippi depictus (Cappella Carafa, S. Maria sopra Minerva, Roma)" align="middle"/></th>
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24 </tr>
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25 </table>
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26 <br/>
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27 <span class="tres">Textum Leoninum Romae 1895 editum<br/>
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28 ac automato translatum a Roberto Busa SJ in taenias
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29 magneticas<br/>
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30 denuo recognovit Enrique Alarcón atque instruxit<br/>
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31 <br/></span><br/>
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32 <hr/>
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33 <br/>
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34 <p><a href="sth3027.html"><img src="icons/ageretro.gif" width="19" height="19" align="middle" border="0" alt="age retro"/></a>  
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35 <a href="sth3044.html"><img src="icons/ageultra.gif" width="19" height="19" align="middle" border="0" alt="age ultra"/></a></p>
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36 <script language="JavaScript" type="text/javascript">
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37 //
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38 &lt;!--
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39 // original code by Bill Trefzger 12/12/96; revised by Enrique Alarcon 12/9/2000
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40 function go(){if(document.selecter.select1.options[document.selecter.select1.selectedIndex].value !="none"){location=document.selecter.select1.options[document.selecter.select1.selectedIndex].value}}
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132 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40535"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 36 a. 1 arg. 4');
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133 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40536"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 36 a. 1 s. c.');
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134 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40537"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 36 a. 1 co.');
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135 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40538"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 36 a. 1 ad 1');
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136 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40539"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 36 a. 1 ad 2');
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137 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40540"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 36 a. 1 ad 3');
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138 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40541"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 36 a. 1 ad 4');
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139 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40542"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 36 a. 2 arg. 1');
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140 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40543"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 36 a. 2 arg. 2');
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141 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40544"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 36 a. 2 arg. 3');
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142 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40545"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 36 a. 2 arg. 4');
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143 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40546"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 36 a. 2 s. c.');
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144 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40547"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 36 a. 2 co.');
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145 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40548"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 36 a. 2 ad 1');
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146 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40549"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 36 a. 2 ad 2');
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147 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40550"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 36 a. 2 ad 3');
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148 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40551"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 36 a. 2 ad 4');
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149 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40552"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 36 a. 3 arg. 1');
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150 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40553"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 36 a. 3 arg. 2');
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151 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40554"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 36 a. 3 arg. 3');
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152 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40555"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 36 a. 3 s. c.');
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153 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40556"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 36 a. 3 co.');
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154 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40557"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 36 a. 3 ad 1');
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155 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40558"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 36 a. 3 ad 2');
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156 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40559"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 36 a. 3 ad 3');
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157 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40560"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 36 a. 4 arg. 1');
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158 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40561"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 36 a. 4 arg. 2');
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159 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40562"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 36 a. 4 arg. 3');
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160 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40563"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 36 a. 4 s. c.');
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parents: 28
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161 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40564"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 36 a. 4 co.');
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162 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40565"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 36 a. 4 ad 1');
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163 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40566"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 36 a. 4 ad 2');
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164 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40567"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 36 a. 4 ad 3');
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parents: 28
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165 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40568"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 37 pr.');
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parents: 28
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166 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40569"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 37 a. 1 arg. 1');
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167 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40570"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 37 a. 1 arg. 2');
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168 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40571"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 37 a. 1 arg. 3');
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parents: 28
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169 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40572"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 37 a. 1 s. c.');
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170 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40573"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 37 a. 1 co.');
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171 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40574"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 37 a. 1 ad 1');
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172 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40575"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 37 a. 1 ad 2');
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173 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40576"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 37 a. 1 ad 3');
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174 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40577"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 37 a. 2 arg. 1');
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175 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40578"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 37 a. 2 arg. 2');
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parents: 28
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176 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40579"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 37 a. 2 arg. 3');
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177 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40580"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 37 a. 2 s. c.');
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178 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40581"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 37 a. 2 co.');
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179 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40582"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 37 a. 2 ad 1');
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180 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40583"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 37 a. 2 ad 2');
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181 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40584"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 37 a. 2 ad 3');
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parents: 28
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182 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40585"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 38 pr.');
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183 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40586"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 38 a. 1 arg. 1');
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184 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40587"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 38 a. 1 arg. 2');
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185 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40588"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 38 a. 1 arg. 3');
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parents: 28
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186 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40589"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 38 a. 1 arg. 4');
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parents: 28
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187 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40590"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 38 a. 1 s. c.');
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188 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40591"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 38 a. 1 co.');
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189 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40592"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 38 a. 1 ad 1');
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190 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40593"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 38 a. 1 ad 2');
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191 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40594"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 38 a. 1 ad 3');
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192 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40595"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 38 a. 1 ad 4');
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193 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40596"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 38 a. 2 arg. 1');
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parents: 28
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194 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40597"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 38 a. 2 arg. 2');
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parents: 28
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195 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40598"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 38 a. 2 arg. 3');
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parents: 28
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196 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40599"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 38 a. 2 s. c.');
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parents: 28
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197 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40600"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 38 a. 2 co.');
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198 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40601"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 38 a. 2 ad 1');
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199 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40602"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 38 a. 2 ad 2');
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200 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40603"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 38 a. 2 ad 3');
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parents: 28
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201 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40604"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 39 pr.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
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202 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40605"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 39 a. 1 arg. 1');
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parents: 28
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203 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40606"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 39 a. 1 arg. 2');
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parents: 28
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204 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40607"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 39 a. 1 arg. 3');
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parents: 28
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205 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40608"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 39 a. 1 s. c.');
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parents: 28
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206 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40609"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 39 a. 1 co.');
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207 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40610"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 39 a. 1 ad 1');
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208 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40611"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 39 a. 1 ad 2');
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209 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40612"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 39 a. 1 ad 3');
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parents: 28
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210 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40613"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 39 a. 2 arg. 1');
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parents: 28
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211 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40614"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 39 a. 2 arg. 2');
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parents: 28
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212 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40615"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 39 a. 2 arg. 3');
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parents: 28
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213 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40616"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 39 a. 2 s. c.');
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parents: 28
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214 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40617"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 39 a. 2 co.');
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parents: 28
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215 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40618"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 39 a. 2 ad 1');
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parents: 28
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216 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40619"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 39 a. 2 ad 2');
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217 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40620"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 39 a. 2 ad 3');
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parents: 28
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218 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40621"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 39 a. 3 arg. 1');
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parents: 28
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219 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40622"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 39 a. 3 arg. 2');
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parents: 28
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220 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40623"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 39 a. 3 arg. 3');
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parents: 28
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221 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40624"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 39 a. 3 s. c.');
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parents: 28
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222 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40625"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 39 a. 3 co.');
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parents: 28
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223 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40626"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 39 a. 3 ad');
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parents: 28
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224 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40627"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 39 a. 4 arg. 1');
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parents: 28
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225 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40628"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 39 a. 4 arg. 2');
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parents: 28
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226 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40629"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 39 a. 4 arg. 3');
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parents: 28
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227 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40630"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 39 a. 4 s. c.');
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parents: 28
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228 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40631"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 39 a. 4 co.');
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229 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40632"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 39 a. 4 ad 1');
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230 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40633"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 39 a. 4 ad 2');
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231 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40634"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 39 a. 4 ad 3');
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parents: 28
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232 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40635"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 40 pr.');
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233 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40636"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 40 a. 1 arg. 1');
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234 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40637"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 40 a. 1 arg. 2');
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235 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40638"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 40 a. 1 arg. 3');
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parents: 28
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236 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40639"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 40 a. 1 arg. 4');
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parents: 28
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237 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40640"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 40 a. 1 s. c.');
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parents: 28
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238 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40641"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 40 a. 1 co.');
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239 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40642"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 40 a. 1 ad 1');
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240 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40643"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 40 a. 1 ad 2');
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241 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40644"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 40 a. 1 ad 3');
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242 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40645"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 40 a. 1 ad 4');
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parents: 28
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243 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40646"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 40 a. 2 arg. 1');
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parents: 28
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244 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40647"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 40 a. 2 arg. 2');
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parents: 28
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245 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40648"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 40 a. 2 arg. 3');
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parents: 28
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246 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40649"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 40 a. 2 arg. 4');
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parents: 28
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247 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40650"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 40 a. 2 s. c.');
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parents: 28
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248 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40651"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 40 a. 2 co.');
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249 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40652"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 40 a. 2 ad 1');
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250 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40653"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 40 a. 2 ad 2');
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251 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40654"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 40 a. 2 ad 3');
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252 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40655"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 40 a. 2 ad 4');
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parents: 28
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253 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40656"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 40 a. 3 arg. 1');
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parents: 28
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254 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40657"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 40 a. 3 arg. 2');
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parents: 28
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255 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40658"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 40 a. 3 arg. 3');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
256 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40659"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 40 a. 3 s. c.');
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diff changeset
257 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40660"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 40 a. 3 co.');
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diff changeset
258 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40661"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 40 a. 3 ad');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
259 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40662"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 40 a. 4 arg. 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
260 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40663"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 40 a. 4 arg. 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
261 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40664"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 40 a. 4 arg. 3');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
262 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40665"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 40 a. 4 s. c.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
263 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40666"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 40 a. 4 co.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
264 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40667"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 40 a. 4 ad');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
265 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40668"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 41 pr.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
266 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40669"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 41 a. 1 arg. 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
267 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40670"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 41 a. 1 arg. 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
268 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40671"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 41 a. 1 arg. 3');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
269 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40672"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 41 a. 1 s. c.');
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parents: 28
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270 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40673"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 41 a. 1 co.');
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271 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40674"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 41 a. 1 ad 1');
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272 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40675"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 41 a. 1 ad 2');
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273 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40676"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 41 a. 1 ad 3');
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274 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40677"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 41 a. 2 arg. 1');
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parents: 28
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275 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40678"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 41 a. 2 arg. 2');
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parents: 28
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276 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40679"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 41 a. 2 arg. 3');
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parents: 28
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277 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40680"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 41 a. 2 arg. 4');
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parents: 28
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278 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40681"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 41 a. 2 arg. 5');
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parents: 28
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279 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40682"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 41 a. 2 s. c.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
280 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40683"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 41 a. 2 co.');
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diff changeset
281 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40684"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 41 a. 2 ad 1');
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diff changeset
282 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40685"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 41 a. 2 ad 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
283 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40686"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 41 a. 2 ad 3');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
284 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40687"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 41 a. 2 ad 4');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
285 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40688"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 41 a. 2 ad 5');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
286 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40689"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 42 pr.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
287 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40690"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 42 a. 1 arg. 1');
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parents: 28
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288 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40691"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 42 a. 1 arg. 2');
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parents: 28
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289 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40692"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 42 a. 1 arg. 3');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
290 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40693"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 42 a. 1 s. c.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
291 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40694"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 42 a. 1 co.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
292 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40695"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 42 a. 1 ad 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
293 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40696"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 42 a. 1 ad 2');
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parents: 28
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294 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40697"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 42 a. 1 ad 3');
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parents: 28
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295 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40698"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 42 a. 2 arg. 1');
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parents: 28
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296 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40699"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 42 a. 2 arg. 2');
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parents: 28
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297 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40700"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 42 a. 2 arg. 3');
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parents: 28
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298 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40701"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 42 a. 2 s. c.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
299 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40702"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 42 a. 2 co.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
300 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40703"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 42 a. 2 ad 1');
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parents: 28
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301 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40704"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 42 a. 2 ad 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
302 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40705"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 42 a. 2 ad 3');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
303 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40706"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 43 pr.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
304 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40707"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 43 a. 1 arg. 1');
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parents: 28
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305 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40708"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 43 a. 1 arg. 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
306 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40709"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 43 a. 1 arg. 3');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
307 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40710"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 43 a. 1 arg. 4');
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parents: 28
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308 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40711"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 43 a. 1 arg. 5');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
309 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40712"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 43 a. 1 s. c.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
310 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40713"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 43 a. 1 co.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
311 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40714"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 43 a. 1 ad 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
312 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40715"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 43 a. 1 ad 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
313 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40716"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 43 a. 1 ad 3');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
314 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40717"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 43 a. 1 ad 4');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
315 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40718"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 43 a. 1 ad 5');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
316 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40719"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 43 a. 2 arg. 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
317 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40720"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 43 a. 2 arg. 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
318 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40721"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 43 a. 2 arg. 3');
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parents: 28
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319 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40722"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 43 a. 2 s. c.');
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parents: 28
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320 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40723"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 43 a. 2 co.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
321 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40724"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 43 a. 2 ad 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
322 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40725"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 43 a. 2 ad 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
323 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40726"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 43 a. 2 ad 3');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
324 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40727"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 43 a. 3 arg. 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
325 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40728"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 43 a. 3 arg. 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
326 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40729"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 43 a. 3 arg. 3');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
327 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40730"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 43 a. 3 s. c.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
328 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40731"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 43 a. 3 co.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
329 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40732"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 43 a. 3 ad 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
330 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40733"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 43 a. 3 ad 2');
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parents: 28
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331 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40734"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 43 a. 3 ad 3');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
332 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40735"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 43 a. 4 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
333 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40736"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 43 a. 4 arg. 2');
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parents: 28
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334 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40737"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 43 a. 4 arg. 3');
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parents: 28
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335 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40738"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 43 a. 4 s. c.');
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parents: 28
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336 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40739"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 43 a. 4 co.');
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parents: 28
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337 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40740"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 43 a. 4 ad');
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parents: 28
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338 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40741"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 43 a. 5 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
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339 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40742"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 43 a. 5 arg. 2');
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parents: 28
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340 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40743"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 43 a. 5 arg. 3');
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parents: 28
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341 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40744"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 43 a. 5 s. c.');
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parents: 28
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342 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40745"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 43 a. 5 co.');
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parents: 28
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343 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40746"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 43 a. 5 ad 1');
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parents: 28
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344 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40747"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 43 a. 5 ad 2');
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parents: 28
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345 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40748"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 43 a. 5 ad 3');
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parents: 28
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346 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40749"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 43 a. 6 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
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347 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40750"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 43 a. 6 arg. 2');
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parents: 28
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348 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40751"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 43 a. 6 arg. 3');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
349 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40752"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 43 a. 6 s. c.');
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parents: 28
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350 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40753"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 43 a. 6 co.');
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parents: 28
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351 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40754"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 43 a. 6 ad 1');
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parents: 28
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352 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40755"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 43 a. 6 ad 2');
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parents: 28
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353 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40756"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 43 a. 6 ad 3');
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parents: 28
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354 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40757"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 43 a. 7 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
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355 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40758"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 43 a. 7 arg. 2');
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parents: 28
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356 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40759"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 43 a. 7 arg. 3');
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parents: 28
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357 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40760"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 43 a. 7 arg. 4');
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parents: 28
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358 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40761"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 43 a. 7 arg. 5');
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parents: 28
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359 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40762"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 43 a. 7 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
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360 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40763"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 43 a. 7 co.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
361 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40764"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 43 a. 7 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
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362 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40765"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 43 a. 7 ad 2');
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parents: 28
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363 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40766"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 43 a. 7 ad 3');
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parents: 28
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364 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40767"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 43 a. 7 ad 4');
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parents: 28
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365 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40768"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 43 a. 7 ad 5');
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parents: 28
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366 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40769"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 43 a. 8 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
367 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40770"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 43 a. 8 arg. 2');
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parents: 28
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368 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40771"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 43 a. 8 arg. 3');
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parents: 28
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369 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40772"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 43 a. 8 arg. 4');
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parents: 28
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370 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40773"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 43 a. 8 arg. 5');
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parents: 28
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371 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40774"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 43 a. 8 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
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372 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40775"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 43 a. 8 co.');
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parents: 28
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373 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40776"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 43 a. 8 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
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374 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40777"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 43 a. 8 ad 2');
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parents: 28
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375 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40778"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 43 a. 8 ad 3');
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parents: 28
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376 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40779"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 43 a. 8 ad 4');
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parents: 28
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377 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#40780"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 43 a. 8 ad 5');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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378 document.write('&lt;\/SELECT&gt;');
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379 document.write('&lt;BR&gt;&lt;BR&gt;');
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380 document.write('&lt;INPUT TYPE="button" VALUE="Agedum" ONCLICK="go()"&gt;');
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381 document.write('&lt;\/FORM&gt;');
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382 // --&gt;
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383 //
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384 </script><br/>
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385 <hr/>
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386 <br/></div><div id="q34" class="q"><h2>Quaestio 34</h2><div class="p"><h3>Prooemium</h3><p title="II-II q. 34 pr."><a name="40451"><span class="ref">[40451] IIª-IIae q. 34 pr.</span></a> Deinde
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387 considerandum est de vitiis oppositis caritati. Et primo, de odio,
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388 quod opponitur ipsi dilectioni; secundo, de acedia et invidia, quae
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389 opponuntur gaudio caritatis; tertio, de discordia et schismate,
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390 quae opponuntur paci; quarto, de offensione et scandalo, quae
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391 opponuntur beneficentiae et correctioni fraternae. Circa primum
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392 quaeruntur sex, primo, utrum Deus possit odio haberi. Secundo,
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393 utrum odium Dei sit maximum peccatorum. Tertio, utrum odium proximi
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394 semper sit peccatum. Quarto, utrum sit maximum inter peccata quae
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395 sunt in proximum. Quinto, utrum sit vitium capitale. Sexto, ex quo
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396 capitali vitio oriatur.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 1</h3><p title="II-II q. 34 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="40452"><span class="ref">[40452] IIª-IIae q. 34 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad primum
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397 sic proceditur. Videtur quod Deum nullus odio habere possit. Dicit
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398 enim Dionysius, IV cap. de Div. Nom., quod <i>omnibus amabile et
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399 diligibile est ipsum bonum et pulchrum</i>. Sed Deus est ipsa
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400 bonitas et pulchritudo. Ergo a nullo odio habetur.</p><p title="II-II q. 34 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="40453"><span class="ref">[40453] IIª-IIae q. 34 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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401 in apocryphis Esdrae dicitur quod <i>omnia invocant veritatem, et
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402 benignantur in operibus eius</i>. Sed Deus est ipsa veritas, ut
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403 dicitur Ioan. XIV. Ergo omnes diligunt Deum, et nullus eum odio
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404 habere potest.</p><p title="II-II q. 34 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="40454"><span class="ref">[40454] IIª-IIae q. 34 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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405 odium est aversio quaedam. Sed sicut Dionysius dicit, in IV cap. de
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406 Div. Nom., Deus omnia ad seipsum convertit. Ergo nullus eum odio
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407 habere potest.</p><p title="II-II q. 34 a. 1 s. c."><a name="40455"><span class="ref">[40455] IIª-IIae q. 34 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
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408 est, quod dicitur in Psalm., <i>superbia eorum qui te oderunt
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409 ascendit semper</i>; et Ioan. XV, <i>nunc autem et viderunt et
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410 oderunt me et patrem meum</i>.</p><p title="II-II q. 34 a. 1 co."><a name="40456"><span class="ref">[40456] IIª-IIae q. 34 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
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411 dicendum quod, sicut ex supradictis patet, odium est quidam motus
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412 appetitivae potentiae, quae non movetur nisi ab aliquo apprehenso.
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413 Deus autem dupliciter ab homine apprehendi potest, uno modo,
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414 secundum seipsum, puta cum per essentiam videtur; alio modo, per
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415 effectus suos, cum scilicet <i>invisibilia Dei per ea quae facta
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416 sunt intellecta conspiciuntur</i>. Deus autem per essentiam suam
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417 est ipsa bonitas, quam nullus habere odio potest, quia de ratione
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418 boni est ut ametur. Et ideo impossibile est quod aliquis videns
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419 Deum per essentiam eum odio habeat. Sed effectus eius aliqui sunt
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420 qui nullo modo possunt esse contrarii voluntati humanae, quia esse,
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421 vivere et intelligere est appetibile et amabile omnibus, quae sunt
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422 quidam effectus Dei. Unde etiam secundum quod Deus apprehenditur ut
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423 auctor horum effectuum, non potest odio haberi. Sunt autem quidam
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424 effectus Dei qui repugnant inordinatae voluntati, sicut inflictio
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425 poenae; et etiam cohibitio peccatorum per legem divinam, quae
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426 repugnat voluntati depravatae per peccatum. Et quantum ad
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427 considerationem talium effectuum, ab aliquibus Deus odio haberi
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428 potest, inquantum scilicet apprehenditur peccatorum prohibitor et
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429 poenarum inflictor.</p><p title="II-II q. 34 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="40457"><span class="ref">[40457] IIª-IIae q. 34 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
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430 ergo dicendum quod ratio illa procedit quantum ad illos qui vident
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431 Dei essentiam, quae est ipsa essentia bonitatis.</p><p title="II-II q. 34 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="40458"><span class="ref">[40458] IIª-IIae q. 34 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
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432 dicendum quod ratio illa procedit quantum ad hoc quod apprehenditur
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433 Deus ut causa illorum effectuum qui naturaliter ab hominibus
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434 amantur, inter quos sunt opera veritatis praebentis suam
53
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435 cognitionem hominibus.</p><p title="II-II q. 34 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="40459"><span class="ref">[40459] IIª-IIae q. 34 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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436 dicendum quod Deus convertit omnia ad seipsum inquantum est essendi
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437 principium, quia omnia, inquantum sunt, tendunt in Dei
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438 similitudinem, qui est ipsum esse.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 2</h3><p title="II-II q. 34 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="40460"><span class="ref">[40460] IIª-IIae q. 34 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
28
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439 secundum sic proceditur. Videtur quod odium Dei non sit maximum
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440 peccatorum. Gravissimum enim peccatum est peccatum in spiritum
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441 sanctum, quod est irremissibile, ut dicitur Matth. XII. Sed odium
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442 Dei non computatur inter species peccati in spiritum sanctum; ut ex
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443 supradictis patet. Ergo odium Dei non est gravissimum
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444 peccatorum.</p><p title="II-II q. 34 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="40461"><span class="ref">[40461] IIª-IIae q. 34 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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445 peccatum consistit in elongatione a Deo. Sed magis videtur esse
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446 elongatus a Deo infidelis, qui nec Dei cognitionem habet, quam
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447 fidelis, qui saltem, quamvis Deum odio habet, eum tamen cognoscit.
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448 Ergo videtur quod gravius sit peccatum infidelitatis quam peccatum
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449 odii in Deum.</p><p title="II-II q. 34 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="40462"><span class="ref">[40462] IIª-IIae q. 34 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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450 Deus habetur odio solum ratione suorum effectuum qui repugnant
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451 voluntati, inter quos praecipuum est poena. Sed odire poenam non
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452 est maximum peccatorum. Ergo odium Dei non est maximum
53
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453 peccatorum.</p><p title="II-II q. 34 a. 2 s. c."><a name="40463"><span class="ref">[40463] IIª-IIae q. 34 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
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454 est quod optimo opponitur pessimum; ut patet per philosophum, in
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455 VIII Ethic. Sed odium Dei opponitur dilectioni Dei, in qua
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456 consistit optimum hominis. Ergo odium Dei est pessimum peccatum
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457 hominis.</p><p title="II-II q. 34 a. 2 co."><a name="40464"><span class="ref">[40464] IIª-IIae q. 34 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
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458 dicendum quod defectus peccati consistit in aversione a Deo, ut
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459 supra dictum est. Huiusmodi autem aversio rationem culpae non
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460 haberet nisi voluntaria esset. Unde ratio culpae consistit in
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461 voluntaria aversione a Deo. Haec autem voluntaria aversio a Deo per
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462 se quidem importatur in odio Dei, in aliis autem peccatis quasi
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463 participative et secundum aliud. Sicut enim voluntas per se
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464 inhaeret ei quod amat, ita secundum se refugit id quod odit, unde
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465 quando aliquis odit Deum, voluntas eius secundum se ab eo
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466 avertitur. Sed in aliis peccatis, puta cum aliquis fornicatur, non
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467 avertitur a Deo secundum se, sed secundum aliud, inquantum scilicet
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468 appetit inordinatam delectationem, quae habet annexam aversionem a
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469 Deo. Semper autem id quod est per se est potius eo quod est
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470 secundum aliud. Unde odium Dei inter alia peccata est gravius.</p><p title="II-II q. 34 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="40465"><span class="ref">[40465] IIª-IIae q. 34 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
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471 ergo dicendum quod, sicut Gregorius dicit, XXV Moral., <i>aliud est
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472 bona non facere, aliud est bonorum odisse datorem, sicut aliud est
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473 ex praecipitatione, aliud ex deliberatione peccare</i> ex quo datur
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474 intelligi quod odire Deum, omnium bonorum datorem, sit ex
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475 deliberatione peccare, quod est peccatum in spiritum sanctum. Unde
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476 manifestum est quod odium Dei maxime est peccatum in spiritum
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477 sanctum, secundum quod peccatum in spiritum sanctum nominat aliquod
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478 genus speciale peccati. Ideo tamen non computatur inter species
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479 peccati in spiritum sanctum, quia generaliter invenitur in omni
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480 specie peccati in spiritum sanctum.</p><p title="II-II q. 34 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="40466"><span class="ref">[40466] IIª-IIae q. 34 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
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481 dicendum quod ipsa infidelitas non habet rationem culpae nisi
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482 inquantum est voluntaria. Et ideo tanto est gravior quanto est
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483 magis voluntaria. Quod autem sit voluntaria provenit ex hoc quod
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484 aliquis odio habet veritatem quae proponitur. Unde patet quod ratio
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485 peccati in infidelitate sit ex odio Dei, circa cuius veritatem est
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486 fides. Et ideo, sicut causa est potior effectu, ita odium Dei est
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487 maius peccatum quam infidelitas.</p><p title="II-II q. 34 a. 2 ad 3"><a name="40467"><span class="ref">[40467] IIª-IIae q. 34 a. 2 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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488 dicendum quod non quicumque odit poenas odit Deum, poenarum
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489 auctorem, nam multi odiunt poenas qui tamen patienter eas ferunt ex
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490 reverentia divinae iustitiae. Unde et Augustinus dicit, X Confess.,
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491 quod mala poenalia Deus tolerare iubet, non amari. Sed prorumpere
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492 in odium Dei punientis, hoc est habere odio ipsam Dei iustitiam,
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493 quod est gravissimum peccatum. Unde Gregorius dicit, XXV Moral.,
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494 <i>sicut nonnunquam gravius est peccatum diligere quam perpetrare,
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495 ita nequius est odisse iustitiam quam non fecisse</i>.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 3</h3><p title="II-II q. 34 a. 3 arg. 1"><a name="40468"><span class="ref">[40468] IIª-IIae q. 34 a. 3 arg. 1</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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496 sic proceditur. Videtur quod non omne odium proximi sit peccatum.
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497 Nullum enim peccatum invenitur in praeceptis vel consiliis legis
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498 divinae, secundum illud Prov. VIII. <i>Recti sunt omnes sermones
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499 mei, non est in eis pravum quid nec perversum</i>. Sed Luc. XIV
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500 dicitur, <i>si quis venit ad me et non odit patrem et matrem, non
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501 potest meus esse discipulus</i>. Ergo non omne odium proximi est
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502 peccatum.</p><p title="II-II q. 34 a. 3 arg. 2"><a name="40469"><span class="ref">[40469] IIª-IIae q. 34 a. 3 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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503 nihil potest esse peccatum secundum quod Deum imitamur. Sed
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504 imitando Deum quosdam odio habemus, dicitur enim Rom. I,
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505 <i>detractores, Deo odibiles</i>. Ergo possumus aliquos odio habere
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506 absque peccato.</p><p title="II-II q. 34 a. 3 arg. 3"><a name="40470"><span class="ref">[40470] IIª-IIae q. 34 a. 3 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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507 nihil naturalium est peccatum, quia <i>peccatum est recessus ab eo
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508 quod est secundum naturam</i>, ut Damascenus dicit, in II libro.
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509 Sed naturale est unicuique rei quod odiat id quod est sibi
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510 contrarium et quod nitatur ad eius corruptionem. Ergo videtur non
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511 esse peccatum quod aliquis habeat odio inimicum suum.</p><p title="II-II q. 34 a. 3 s. c."><a name="40471"><span class="ref">[40471] IIª-IIae q. 34 a. 3 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
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512 est quod dicitur I Ioan. II, <i>qui fratrem suum odit in tenebris
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513 est</i>. Sed tenebrae spirituales sunt peccata. Ergo odium proximi
53
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514 non potest esse sine peccato.</p><p title="II-II q. 34 a. 3 co."><a name="40472"><span class="ref">[40472] IIª-IIae q. 34 a. 3 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
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515 dicendum quod odium amori opponitur, ut supra dictum est. Unde
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516 tantum habet odium de ratione mali quantum amor habet de ratione
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517 boni. Amor autem debetur proximo secundum id quod a Deo habet,
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518 idest secundum naturam et gratiam, non autem debetur ei amor
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519 secundum id quod habet a seipso et Diabolo, scilicet secundum
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520 peccatum et iustitiae defectum. Et ideo licet habere odio in fratre
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521 peccatum et omne illud quod pertinet ad defectum divinae iustitiae,
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522 sed ipsam naturam et gratiam fratris non potest aliquis habere odio
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diff changeset
523 sine peccato. Hoc autem ipsum quod in fratre odimus culpam et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
524 defectum boni, pertinet ad fratris amorem, eiusdem enim rationis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
525 est quod velimus bonum alicuius et quod odimus malum ipsius. Unde,
53
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diff changeset
526 simpliciter accipiendo odium fratris, semper est cum peccato.</p><p title="II-II q. 34 a. 3 ad 1"><a name="40473"><span class="ref">[40473] IIª-IIae q. 34 a. 3 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
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diff changeset
527 ergo dicendum quod parentes, quantum ad naturam et affinitatem qua
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parents: 26
diff changeset
528 nobis coniunguntur, sunt a nobis secundum praeceptum Dei honorandi,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
529 ut patet Exod. XX. Odiendi autem sunt quantum ad hoc quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
530 impedimentum praestant nobis accedendi ad perfectionem divinae
53
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diff changeset
531 iustitiae.</p><p title="II-II q. 34 a. 3 ad 2"><a name="40474"><span class="ref">[40474] IIª-IIae q. 34 a. 3 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
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diff changeset
532 dicendum quod Deus in detractoribus odio habet culpam, non naturam.
53
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diff changeset
533 Et sic sine culpa possumus odio detractores habere.</p><p title="II-II q. 34 a. 3 ad 3"><a name="40475"><span class="ref">[40475] IIª-IIae q. 34 a. 3 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
534 dicendum quod homines secundum bona quae habent a Deo non sunt
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parents: 26
diff changeset
535 nobis contrarii, unde quantum ad hoc sunt amandi. Contrariantur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
536 autem nobis secundum quod contra nos inimicitias exercent, quod ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
537 eorum culpam pertinet, et quantum ad hoc sunt odio habendi. Hoc
53
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diff changeset
538 enim in eis debemus habere odio, quod nobis sunt inimici.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 4</h3><p title="II-II q. 34 a. 4 arg. 1"><a name="40476"><span class="ref">[40476] IIª-IIae q. 34 a. 4 arg. 1</span></a> Ad quartum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
539 sic proceditur. Videtur quod odium proximi sit gravissimum peccatum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
540 eorum quae in proximo committuntur. Dicitur enim I Ioan. III,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
541 <i>omnis qui odit fratrem suum homicida est</i>. Sed homicidium est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
542 gravissimum peccatorum quae committuntur in proximum. Ergo et
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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diff changeset
543 odium.</p><p title="II-II q. 34 a. 4 arg. 2"><a name="40477"><span class="ref">[40477] IIª-IIae q. 34 a. 4 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
544 pessimum opponitur optimo. Sed optimum eorum quae proximo exhibemus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
545 est amor, omnia enim alia ad dilectionem referuntur. Ergo et
59
03759e5c1080 fix multi-para s.c.
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parents: 53
diff changeset
546 pessimum est odium.</p><div class="sc"><p title="II-II q. 34 a. 4 s. c. 1"><a name="40478"><span class="ref">[40478] IIª-IIae q. 34 a. 4 s. c. 1</span></a> Sed
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
547 contra, malum dicitur quod nocet; secundum Augustinum, in Enchirid.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
548 Sed plus aliquis nocet proximo per alia peccata quam per odium,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
549 puta per furtum et homicidium et adulterium. Ergo odium non est
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
550 gravissimum peccatum.</p><p title="II-II q. 34 a. 4 s. c. 2"><a name="40479"><span class="ref">[40479] IIª-IIae q. 34 a. 4 s. c. 2</span></a>
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
551 Praeterea, Chrysostomus, exponens illud Matth., <i>qui solverit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
552 unum de mandatis istis minimis</i>, dicit, <i>mandata Moysi, non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
553 occides, non adulterabis, in remuneratione modica sunt, in peccato
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
554 autem magna, mandata autem Christi, idest non irascaris, non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
555 concupiscas, in remuneratione magna sunt, in peccato autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
556 minima</i>. Odium autem pertinet ad interiorem motum, sicut et ira
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
557 et concupiscentia. Ergo odium proximi est minus peccatum quam
59
03759e5c1080 fix multi-para s.c.
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diff changeset
558 homicidium.</p></div><p title="II-II q. 34 a. 4 co."><a name="40480"><span class="ref">[40480] IIª-IIae q. 34 a. 4 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
559 dicendum quod peccatum quod committitur in proximum habet rationem
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diff changeset
560 mali ex duobus, uno quidem modo, ex deordinatione eius qui peccat;
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parents: 26
diff changeset
561 alio modo, ex nocumento quod infertur ei contra quem peccatur.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
562 Primo ergo modo odium est maius peccatum quam exteriores actus qui
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diff changeset
563 sunt in proximi nocumentum, quia scilicet per odium deordinatur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
564 voluntas hominis, quae est potissimum in homine, et ex qua est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
565 radix peccati. Unde etiam si exteriores actus inordinati essent
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parents: 26
diff changeset
566 absque inordinatione voluntatis, non essent peccata, puta cum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
567 aliquis ignoranter vel zelo iustitiae hominem occidit. Et si quid
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parents: 26
diff changeset
568 culpae est in exterioribus peccatis quae contra proximum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
569 committuntur, totum est ex interiori odio. Sed quantum ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
570 nocumentum quod proximo infertur peiora sunt exteriora peccata quam
53
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diff changeset
571 interius odium.</p><p title="II-II q. 34 a. 4 ad arg."><a name="40481"><span class="ref">[40481] IIª-IIae q. 34 a. 4 ad arg.</span></a> Et per
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
572 hoc patet responsio ad obiecta.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 5</h3><p title="II-II q. 34 a. 5 arg. 1"><a name="40482"><span class="ref">[40482] IIª-IIae q. 34 a. 5 arg. 1</span></a> Ad quintum
28
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diff changeset
573 sic proceditur. Videtur quod odium sit vitium capitale. Odium enim
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parents: 26
diff changeset
574 directe opponitur caritati. Sed caritas est principalissima
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
575 virtutum et mater aliarum. Ergo odium est maxime vitium capitale,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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diff changeset
576 et principium omnium aliorum.</p><p title="II-II q. 34 a. 5 arg. 2"><a name="40483"><span class="ref">[40483] IIª-IIae q. 34 a. 5 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
577 peccata oriuntur in nobis secundum inclinationem passionum,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
578 secundum illud ad Rom. VII, <i>passiones peccatorum operabantur in
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parents: 26
diff changeset
579 membris nostris, ut fructificarent morti</i>. Sed in passionibus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
580 animae ex amore et odio videntur omnes aliae sequi, ut ex
53
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diff changeset
581 supradictis patet. Ergo odium debet poni inter vitia capitalia.</p><p title="II-II q. 34 a. 5 arg. 3"><a name="40484"><span class="ref">[40484] IIª-IIae q. 34 a. 5 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
582 vitium est malum morale. Sed odium principalius respicit malum quam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
583 alia passio. Ergo videtur quod odium debet poni vitium
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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diff changeset
584 capitale.</p><p title="II-II q. 34 a. 5 s. c."><a name="40485"><span class="ref">[40485] IIª-IIae q. 34 a. 5 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
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diff changeset
585 est quod Gregorius, XXXI Moral., non enumerat odium inter septem
53
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diff changeset
586 vitia capitalia.</p><p title="II-II q. 34 a. 5 co."><a name="40486"><span class="ref">[40486] IIª-IIae q. 34 a. 5 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
587 dicendum quod, sicut supra dictum est, vitium capitale est ex quo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
588 ut frequentius alia vitia oriuntur. Vitium autem est contra naturam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
589 hominis inquantum est animal rationale. In his autem quae contra
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parents: 26
diff changeset
590 naturam fiunt paulatim id quod est naturae corrumpitur. Unde
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parents: 26
diff changeset
591 oportet quod primo recedatur ab eo quod est minus secundum naturam,
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diff changeset
592 et ultimo ab eo quod est maxime secundum naturam, quia id quod est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
593 primum in constructione est ultimum in resolutione. Id autem quod
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parents: 26
diff changeset
594 est maxime et primo naturale homini est quod diligat bonum, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
595 praecipue bonum divinum et bonum proximi. Et ideo odium, quod huic
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
596 dilectioni opponitur, non est primum in deletione virtutis, quae
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parents: 26
diff changeset
597 fit per vitia, sed ultimum. Et ideo odium non est vitium
53
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diff changeset
598 capitale.</p><p title="II-II q. 34 a. 5 ad 1"><a name="40487"><span class="ref">[40487] IIª-IIae q. 34 a. 5 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
599 ergo dicendum quod, sicut dicitur in VII Physic., <i>virtus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
600 uniuscuiusque rei consistit in hoc quod sit bene disposita secundum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
601 suam naturam</i>. Et ideo in virtutibus oportet esse primum et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
602 principale quod est primum et principale in ordine naturali. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
603 propter hoc caritas ponitur principalissima virtutum. Et eadem
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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diff changeset
604 ratione odium non potest esse primum in vitiis, ut dictum est.</p><p title="II-II q. 34 a. 5 ad 2"><a name="40488"><span class="ref">[40488] IIª-IIae q. 34 a. 5 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
605 dicendum quod odium mali quod contrariatur naturali bono est primum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
606 inter passiones animae, sicut et amor naturalis boni. Sed odium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
607 boni connaturalis non potest esse primum, sed habet rationem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
608 ultimi, quia tale odium attestatur corruptioni naturae iam factae,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
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diff changeset
609 sicut et amor extranei boni.</p><p title="II-II q. 34 a. 5 ad 3"><a name="40489"><span class="ref">[40489] IIª-IIae q. 34 a. 5 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
610 dicendum quod duplex est malum. Quoddam verum, quia scilicet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
611 repugnat naturali bono, et huius mali odium potest habere rationem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
612 prioritatis inter passiones. Est autem aliud malum non verum, sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
613 apparens, quod scilicet est verum bonum et connaturale, sed
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parents: 26
diff changeset
614 aestimatur ut malum propter corruptionem naturae. Et huiusmodi mali
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
615 odium oportet quod sit in ultimo. Hoc autem odium est vitiosum, non
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
616 autem primum.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 6</h3><p title="II-II q. 34 a. 6 arg. 1"><a name="40490"><span class="ref">[40490] IIª-IIae q. 34 a. 6 arg. 1</span></a> Ad sextum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
617 sic proceditur. Videtur quod odium non oriatur ex invidia. Invidia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
618 enim est tristitia quaedam de alienis bonis. Odium autem non oritur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
619 ex tristitia, sed potius e converso, tristamur enim de praesentia
53
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diff changeset
620 malorum quae odimus. Ergo odium non oritur ex invidia.</p><p title="II-II q. 34 a. 6 arg. 2"><a name="40491"><span class="ref">[40491] IIª-IIae q. 34 a. 6 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
621 odium dilectioni opponitur. Sed dilectio proximi refertur ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
622 dilectionem Dei, ut supra habitum est. Ergo et odium proximi
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parents: 26
diff changeset
623 refertur ad odium Dei. Sed odium Dei non causatur ex invidia, non
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diff changeset
624 enim invidemus his qui maxime a nobis distant, sed his qui
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parents: 26
diff changeset
625 propinqui videntur, ut patet per philosophum, in II Rhet. Ergo
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
626 odium non causatur ex invidia.</p><p title="II-II q. 34 a. 6 arg. 3"><a name="40492"><span class="ref">[40492] IIª-IIae q. 34 a. 6 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
627 unius effectus una est causa. Sed odium causatur ex ira, dicit enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
628 Augustinus, in regula, quod ira crescit in odium. Non ergo causatur
53
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diff changeset
629 odium ex invidia.</p><p title="II-II q. 34 a. 6 s. c."><a name="40493"><span class="ref">[40493] IIª-IIae q. 34 a. 6 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
630 est quod Gregorius dicit, XXXI Moral., quod de invidia oritur
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
631 odium.</p><p title="II-II q. 34 a. 6 co."><a name="40494"><span class="ref">[40494] IIª-IIae q. 34 a. 6 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
632 dicendum quod, sicut dictum est, odium proximi est ultimum in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
633 progressu peccati, eo quod opponitur dilectioni qua naturaliter
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parents: 26
diff changeset
634 proximus diligitur. Quod autem aliquis recedat ab eo quod est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
635 naturale, contingit ex hoc quod intendit vitare aliquid quod est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
636 naturaliter fugiendum. Naturaliter autem omne animal fugit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
637 tristitiam, sicut et appetit delectationem; sicut patet per
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parents: 26
diff changeset
638 philosophum, in VII et X Ethic. Et ideo sicut ex delectatione
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
639 causatur amor, ita ex tristitia causatur odium, sicut enim movemur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
640 ad diligendum ea quae nos delectant, inquantum ex hoc ipso
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
641 accipiuntur sub ratione boni; ita movemur ad odiendum ea quae nos
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
642 contristant, inquantum ex hoc ipso accipiuntur sub ratione mali.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
643 Unde cum invidia sit tristitia de bono proximi, sequitur quod bonum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
644 proximi reddatur nobis odiosum. Et inde est quod ex invidia oritur
53
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diff changeset
645 odium.</p><p title="II-II q. 34 a. 6 ad 1"><a name="40495"><span class="ref">[40495] IIª-IIae q. 34 a. 6 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
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diff changeset
646 ergo dicendum quod quia vis appetitiva, sicut et apprehensiva,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
647 reflectitur super suos actus, sequitur quod in motibus appetitivae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
648 virtutis sit quaedam circulatio. Secundum igitur primum processum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
649 appetitivi motus, ex amore consequitur desiderium, ex quo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
650 consequitur delectatio, cum quis consecutus fuerit quod
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parents: 26
diff changeset
651 desiderabat. Et quia hoc ipsum quod est delectari in bono amato
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
652 habet quandam rationem boni, sequitur quod delectatio causet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
653 amorem. Et secundum eandem rationem sequitur quod tristitia causet
53
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diff changeset
654 odium.</p><p title="II-II q. 34 a. 6 ad 2"><a name="40496"><span class="ref">[40496] IIª-IIae q. 34 a. 6 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
655 dicendum quod alia ratio est de dilectione et odio. Nam dilectionis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
656 obiectum est bonum, quod a Deo in creaturas derivatur, et ideo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
657 dilectio per prius est Dei, et per posterius est proximi. Sed odium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
658 est mali, quod non habet locum in ipso Deo, sed in eius effectibus,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
659 unde etiam supra dictum est quod Deus non habetur odio nisi
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parents: 26
diff changeset
660 inquantum apprehenditur secundum suos effectus. Et ideo per prius
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parents: 26
diff changeset
661 est odium proximi quam odium Dei. Unde, cum invidia ad proximum sit
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parents: 26
diff changeset
662 mater odii quod est ad proximum, fit per consequens causa odii quod
53
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diff changeset
663 est in Deum.</p><p title="II-II q. 34 a. 6 ad 3"><a name="40497"><span class="ref">[40497] IIª-IIae q. 34 a. 6 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
664 dicendum quod nihil prohibet secundum diversas rationes aliquid
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parents: 26
diff changeset
665 oriri ex diversis causis. Et secundum hoc odium potest oriri et ex
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diff changeset
666 ira et ex invidia. Directius tamen oritur ex invidia, per quam
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667 ipsum bonum proximi redditur contristabile et per consequens
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668 odibile. Sed ex ira oritur odium secundum quoddam augmentum. Nam
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diff changeset
669 primo per iram appetimus malum proximi secundum quandam mensuram,
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diff changeset
670 prout scilicet habet rationem vindictae, postea autem per
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diff changeset
671 continuitatem irae pervenitur ad hoc quod homo malum proximi
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672 absolute desideret, quod pertinet ad rationem odii. Unde patet quod
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673 odium ex invidia causatur formaliter secundum rationem obiecti; ex
59
03759e5c1080 fix multi-para s.c.
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674 ira autem dispositive.</p></div></div><div id="q35" class="q"><h2>Quaestio 35</h2><div class="p"><h3>Prooemium</h3><p title="II-II q. 35 pr."><a name="40498"><span class="ref">[40498] IIª-IIae q. 35 pr.</span></a> Deinde
28
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675 considerandum est de vitiis oppositis gaudio caritatis. Quod quidem
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diff changeset
676 est et de bono divino, cui gaudio opponitur acedia; et de bono
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diff changeset
677 proximi, cui gaudio opponitur invidia. Unde primo considerandum est
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diff changeset
678 de acedia; secundo, de invidia. Circa primum quaeruntur quatuor.
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diff changeset
679 Primo, utrum acedia sit peccatum. Secundo, utrum sit speciale
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diff changeset
680 vitium. Tertio, utrum sit mortale peccatum. Quarto, utrum sit
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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diff changeset
681 vitium capitale.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 1</h3><p title="II-II q. 35 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="40499"><span class="ref">[40499] IIª-IIae q. 35 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
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682 sic proceditur. Videtur quod acedia non sit peccatum.
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diff changeset
683 <i>Passionibus enim non laudamur neque vituperamur</i>; secundum
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diff changeset
684 philosophum, in II Ethic. Sed acedia est quaedam passio, est enim
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diff changeset
685 species tristitiae, ut Damascenus dicit, et supra habitum est. Ergo
53
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diff changeset
686 acedia non est peccatum.</p><p title="II-II q. 35 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="40500"><span class="ref">[40500] IIª-IIae q. 35 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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diff changeset
687 nullus defectus corporalis qui statutis horis accidit habet
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diff changeset
688 rationem peccati. Sed acedia est huiusmodi, dicit enim Cassianus,
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diff changeset
689 in X Lib. de institutis monasteriorum, <i>maxime acedia circa horam
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diff changeset
690 sextam monachum inquietat, ut quaedam febris ingruens tempore
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parents: 26
diff changeset
691 praestituto, ardentissimos aestus accensionum suarum solitis ac
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diff changeset
692 statutis horis animae inferens aegrotanti</i>. Ergo acedia non est
53
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diff changeset
693 peccatum.</p><p title="II-II q. 35 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="40501"><span class="ref">[40501] IIª-IIae q. 35 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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diff changeset
694 illud quod ex radice bona procedit non videtur esse peccatum. Sed
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parents: 26
diff changeset
695 acedia ex bona radice procedit, dicit enim Cassianus, in eodem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
696 libro, quod acedia provenit ex hoc quod aliquis <i>ingemiscit se
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diff changeset
697 fructum spiritualem non habere, et absentia longeque posita
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diff changeset
698 magnificat monasteria</i>; quod videtur ad humilitatem pertinere.
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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diff changeset
699 Ergo acedia non est peccatum.</p><p title="II-II q. 35 a. 1 arg. 4"><a name="40502"><span class="ref">[40502] IIª-IIae q. 35 a. 1 arg. 4</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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diff changeset
700 omne peccatum est fugiendum, secundum illud Eccli. XXI, <i>quasi a
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diff changeset
701 facie colubri, fuge peccatum</i>. Sed Cassianus dicit, in eodem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
702 libro, <i>experimento probatum est acediae impugnationem non
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diff changeset
703 declinando fugiendam, sed resistendo superandam</i>. Ergo acedia
53
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diff changeset
704 non est peccatum.</p><p title="II-II q. 35 a. 1 s. c."><a name="40503"><span class="ref">[40503] IIª-IIae q. 35 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra,
28
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diff changeset
705 illud quod interdicitur in sacra Scriptura est peccatum. Sed acedia
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diff changeset
706 est huiusmodi, dicitur enim Eccli. VI, subiice humerum tuum et
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diff changeset
707 porta illam, idest spiritualem sapientiam, et non acedieris in
53
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diff changeset
708 vinculis eius. Ergo acedia est peccatum.</p><p title="II-II q. 35 a. 1 co."><a name="40504"><span class="ref">[40504] IIª-IIae q. 35 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
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diff changeset
709 dicendum quod acedia, secundum Damascenum, est quaedam tristitia
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diff changeset
710 aggravans, quae scilicet ita deprimit animum hominis ut nihil ei
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diff changeset
711 agere libeat; sicuti ea quae sunt acida etiam frigida sunt. Et ideo
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diff changeset
712 acedia importat quoddam taedium operandi, ut patet per hoc quod
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diff changeset
713 dicitur in Glossa super illud Psalm., <i>omnem escam abominata est
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diff changeset
714 anima eorum</i>; et a quibusdam dicitur quod acedia est torpor
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diff changeset
715 mentis bona negligentis inchoare. Huiusmodi autem tristitia semper
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diff changeset
716 est mala, quandoque quidem etiam secundum seipsam; quandoque vero
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diff changeset
717 secundum effectum. Tristitia enim secundum se mala est quae est de
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diff changeset
718 eo quod est apparens malum et vere bonum, sicut e contrario
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diff changeset
719 delectatio mala est quae est de eo quod est apparens bonum et vere
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diff changeset
720 malum. Cum igitur spirituale bonum sit vere bonum, tristitia quae
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diff changeset
721 est de spirituali bono est secundum se mala. Sed etiam tristitia
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diff changeset
722 quae est de vere malo mala est secundum effectum si sic hominem
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diff changeset
723 aggravet ut eum totaliter a bono opere retrahat, unde et apostolus,
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diff changeset
724 II ad Cor. II, non vult ut poenitens maiori tristitia de peccato
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diff changeset
725 absorbeatur. Quia igitur acedia, secundum quod hic sumitur, nominat
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diff changeset
726 tristitiam spiritualis boni, est dupliciter mala, et secundum se et
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diff changeset
727 secundum effectum. Et ideo acedia est peccatum, malum enim in
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diff changeset
728 motibus appetitivis dicimus esse peccatum, ut ex supradictis
53
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diff changeset
729 patet.</p><p title="II-II q. 35 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="40505"><span class="ref">[40505] IIª-IIae q. 35 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
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730 ergo dicendum quod passiones secundum se non sunt peccata, sed
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diff changeset
731 secundum quod applicantur ad aliquod malum, vituperantur; sicut et
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diff changeset
732 laudantur ex hoc quod applicantur ad aliquod bonum. Unde tristitia
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diff changeset
733 secundum se non nominat nec aliquid laudabile nec vituperabile, sed
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diff changeset
734 tristitia de malo vero moderata nominat aliquid laudabile;
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735 tristitia autem de bono, et iterum tristitia immoderata, nominat
53
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diff changeset
736 aliquid vituperabile. Et secundum hoc acedia ponitur peccatum.</p><p title="II-II q. 35 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="40506"><span class="ref">[40506] IIª-IIae q. 35 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
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diff changeset
737 dicendum quod passiones appetitus sensitivi et in se possunt esse
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diff changeset
738 peccata venialia, et inclinant animam ad peccatum mortale. Et quia
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diff changeset
739 appetitus sensitivus habet organum corporale, sequitur quod per
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diff changeset
740 aliquam corporalem transmutationem homo fit habilior ad aliquod
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diff changeset
741 peccatum. Et ideo potest contingere quod secundum aliquas
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diff changeset
742 transmutationes corporales certis temporibus provenientes aliqua
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diff changeset
743 peccata nos magis impugnent. Omnis autem corporalis defectus de se
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diff changeset
744 ad tristitiam disponit. Et ideo ieiunantes, circa meridiem, quando
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diff changeset
745 iam incipiunt sentire defectum cibi et urgeri ab aestibus solis,
53
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diff changeset
746 magis ab acedia impugnantur.</p><p title="II-II q. 35 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="40507"><span class="ref">[40507] IIª-IIae q. 35 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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diff changeset
747 dicendum quod ad humilitatem pertinet ut homo, defectus proprios
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diff changeset
748 considerans, seipsum non extollat. Sed hoc non pertinet ad
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diff changeset
749 humilitatem, sed potius ad ingratitudinem, quod bona quae quis a
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diff changeset
750 Deo possidet contemnat. Et ex tali contemptu sequitur acedia, de
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diff changeset
751 his enim tristamur quae quasi mala vel vilia reputamus. Sic igitur
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diff changeset
752 necesse est ut aliquis aliorum bona extollat quod tamen bona sibi
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diff changeset
753 divinitus provisa non contemnat, quia sic ei tristia
53
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diff changeset
754 redderentur.</p><p title="II-II q. 35 a. 1 ad 4"><a name="40508"><span class="ref">[40508] IIª-IIae q. 35 a. 1 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
28
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diff changeset
755 dicendum quod peccatum semper est fugiendum, sed impugnatio peccati
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diff changeset
756 quandoque est vincenda fugiendo, quandoque resistendo. Fugiendo
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diff changeset
757 quidem, quando continua cogitatio auget peccati incentivum, sicut
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diff changeset
758 est in luxuria, unde dicitur I ad Cor. VI, <i>fugite
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diff changeset
759 fornicationem</i>. Resistendo autem, quando cogitatio perseverans
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parents: 26
diff changeset
760 tollit incentivum peccati, quod provenit ex aliqua levi
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parents: 26
diff changeset
761 apprehensione. Et hoc contingit in acedia, quia quanto magis
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diff changeset
762 cogitamus de bonis spiritualibus, tanto magis nobis placentia
53
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diff changeset
763 redduntur; ex quo cessat acedia.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 2</h3><p title="II-II q. 35 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="40509"><span class="ref">[40509] IIª-IIae q. 35 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
28
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diff changeset
764 secundum sic proceditur. Videtur quod acedia non sit speciale
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diff changeset
765 vitium. Illud enim quod convenit omni vitio non constituit
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parents: 26
diff changeset
766 specialis vitii rationem. Sed quodlibet vitium facit hominem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
767 tristari de bono spirituali opposito, nam luxuriosus tristatur de
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parents: 26
diff changeset
768 bono continentiae, et gulosus de bono abstinentiae. Cum ergo acedia
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diff changeset
769 sit tristitia de bono spirituali, sicut dictum est, videtur quod
53
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diff changeset
770 acedia non sit speciale peccatum.</p><p title="II-II q. 35 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="40510"><span class="ref">[40510] IIª-IIae q. 35 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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diff changeset
771 acedia, cum sit tristitia quaedam, gaudio opponitur. Sed gaudium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
772 non ponitur una specialis virtus. Ergo neque acedia debet poni
53
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diff changeset
773 speciale vitium.</p><p title="II-II q. 35 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="40511"><span class="ref">[40511] IIª-IIae q. 35 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
774 spirituale bonum, cum sit quoddam commune obiectum quod virtus
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diff changeset
775 appetit et vitium refugit, non constituit specialem rationem
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diff changeset
776 virtutis aut vitii nisi per aliquid additum contrahatur. Sed nihil
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parents: 26
diff changeset
777 videtur quod contrahat ipsum ad acediam, si sit vitium speciale,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
778 nisi labor, ex hoc enim aliqui refugiunt spiritualia bona quia sunt
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parents: 26
diff changeset
779 laboriosa; unde et acedia taedium quoddam est. Refugere autem
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diff changeset
780 labores, et quaerere quietem corporalem, ad idem pertinere videtur,
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diff changeset
781 scilicet ad pigritiam. Ergo acedia nihil aliud esset quam pigritia.
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diff changeset
782 Quod videtur esse falsum, nam pigritia sollicitudini opponitur,
53
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diff changeset
783 acediae autem gaudium. Non ergo acedia est speciale vitium.</p><p title="II-II q. 35 a. 2 s. c."><a name="40512"><span class="ref">[40512] IIª-IIae q. 35 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
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diff changeset
784 est quod Gregorius, XXXI Moral., distinguit acediam ab aliis
53
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diff changeset
785 vitiis. Ergo est speciale peccatum.</p><p title="II-II q. 35 a. 2 co."><a name="40513"><span class="ref">[40513] IIª-IIae q. 35 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
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diff changeset
786 dicendum quod, cum acedia sit tristitia de spirituali bono, si
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diff changeset
787 accipiatur spirituale bonum communiter, non habebit acedia rationem
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diff changeset
788 specialis vitii, quia sicut dictum est, omne vitium refugit
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diff changeset
789 spirituale bonum virtutis oppositae. Similiter etiam non potest
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diff changeset
790 dici quod sit speciale vitium acedia inquantum refugit spirituale
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diff changeset
791 bonum prout est laboriosum vel molestum corpori, aut delectationis
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diff changeset
792 eius impeditivum, quia hoc etiam non separaret acediam a vitiis
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diff changeset
793 carnalibus, quibus aliquis quietem et delectationem corporis
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diff changeset
794 quaerit. Et ideo dicendum est quod in spiritualibus bonis est
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diff changeset
795 quidam ordo, nam omnia spiritualia bona quae sunt in actibus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
796 singularum virtutum ordinantur ad unum spirituale bonum quod est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
797 bonum divinum, circa quod est specialis virtus, quae est caritas.
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diff changeset
798 Unde ad quamlibet virtutem pertinet gaudere de proprio spirituali
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parents: 26
diff changeset
799 bono, quod consistit in proprio actu, sed ad caritatem pertinet
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parents: 26
diff changeset
800 specialiter illud gaudium spirituale quo quis gaudet de bono
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parents: 26
diff changeset
801 divino. Et similiter illa tristitia qua quis tristatur de bono
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parents: 26
diff changeset
802 spirituali quod est in actibus singularum virtutum non pertinet ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
803 aliquod vitium speciale, sed ad omnia vitia. Sed tristari de bono
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diff changeset
804 divino, de quo caritas gaudet, pertinet ad speciale vitium, quod
53
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805 acedia vocatur.</p><p title="II-II q. 35 a. 2 ad arg."><a name="40514"><span class="ref">[40514] IIª-IIae q. 35 a. 2 ad arg.</span></a> Et per
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806 hoc patet responsio ad obiecta.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 3</h3><p title="II-II q. 35 a. 3 arg. 1"><a name="40515"><span class="ref">[40515] IIª-IIae q. 35 a. 3 arg. 1</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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diff changeset
807 sic proceditur. Videtur quod acedia non sit peccatum mortale. Omne
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diff changeset
808 enim peccatum mortale contrariatur praecepto legis Dei. Sed acedia
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diff changeset
809 nulli praecepto contrariari videtur, ut patet discurrenti per
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diff changeset
810 singula praecepta Decalogi. Ergo acedia non est peccatum
53
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diff changeset
811 mortale.</p><p title="II-II q. 35 a. 3 arg. 2"><a name="40516"><span class="ref">[40516] IIª-IIae q. 35 a. 3 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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diff changeset
812 peccatum operis in eodem genere non est minus quam peccatum cordis.
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diff changeset
813 Sed recedere opere ab aliquo spirituali bono in Deum ducente non
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814 est peccatum mortale, alioquin mortaliter peccaret quicumque
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diff changeset
815 consilia non observaret. Ergo recedere corde per tristitiam ab
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diff changeset
816 huiusmodi spiritualibus operibus non est peccatum mortale. Non ergo
53
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817 acedia est peccatum mortale.</p><p title="II-II q. 35 a. 3 arg. 3"><a name="40517"><span class="ref">[40517] IIª-IIae q. 35 a. 3 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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818 nullum peccatum mortale in viris perfectis invenitur. Sed acedia
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diff changeset
819 invenitur in viris perfectis, dicit enim Cassianus, in Lib. X de
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diff changeset
820 institutis coenobiorum, quod <i>acedia est solitariis magis
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diff changeset
821 experta, et in eremo commorantibus infestior hostis ac
53
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822 frequens</i>. Ergo acedia non est peccatum mortale.</p><p title="II-II q. 35 a. 3 s. c."><a name="40518"><span class="ref">[40518] IIª-IIae q. 35 a. 3 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
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823 est quod dicitur II ad Cor. VII, tristitia saeculi mortem operatur.
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diff changeset
824 Sed huiusmodi est acedia, non enim est tristitia secundum Deum,
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diff changeset
825 quae contra tristitiam saeculi dividitur, quae mortem operatur.
53
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826 Ergo est peccatum mortale.</p><p title="II-II q. 35 a. 3 co."><a name="40519"><span class="ref">[40519] IIª-IIae q. 35 a. 3 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
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827 dicendum quod, sicut supra dictum est, peccatum mortale dicitur
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diff changeset
828 quod tollit spiritualem vitam, quae est per caritatem, secundum
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diff changeset
829 quam Deus nos inhabitat, unde illud peccatum ex suo genere est
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diff changeset
830 mortale quod de se, secundum propriam rationem, contrariatur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
831 caritati. Huiusmodi autem est acedia. Nam proprius effectus
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diff changeset
832 caritatis est gaudium de Deo, ut supra dictum est, acedia autem est
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diff changeset
833 tristitia de bono spirituali inquantum est bonum divinum. Unde
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diff changeset
834 secundum suum genus acedia est peccatum mortale. Sed considerandum
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diff changeset
835 est in omnibus peccatis quae sunt secundum suum genus mortalia quod
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diff changeset
836 non sunt mortalia nisi quando suam perfectionem consequuntur. Est
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diff changeset
837 autem consummatio peccati in consensu rationis, loquimur enim nunc
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diff changeset
838 de peccato humano, quod in actu humano consistit, cuius principium
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parents: 26
diff changeset
839 est ratio. Unde si sit inchoatio peccati in sola sensualitate, et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
840 non pertingat usque ad consensum rationis, propter imperfectionem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
841 actus est peccatum veniale. Sicut in genere adulterii
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parents: 26
diff changeset
842 concupiscentia quae consistit in sola sensualitate est peccatum
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diff changeset
843 veniale; si tamen pervenitur usque ad consensum rationis, est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
844 peccatum mortale. Ita etiam et motus acediae in sola sensualitate
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parents: 26
diff changeset
845 quandoque est, propter repugnantiam carnis ad spiritum, et tunc est
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diff changeset
846 peccatum veniale. Quandoque vero pertingit usque ad rationem, quae
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diff changeset
847 consentit in fugam et horrorem et detestationem boni divini, carne
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diff changeset
848 omnino contra spiritum praevalente. Et tunc manifestum est quod
53
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diff changeset
849 acedia est peccatum mortale.</p><p title="II-II q. 35 a. 3 ad 1"><a name="40520"><span class="ref">[40520] IIª-IIae q. 35 a. 3 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
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850 ergo dicendum quod acedia contrariatur praecepto de sanctificatione
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parents: 26
diff changeset
851 sabbati, in quo, secundum quod est praeceptum morale, praecipitur
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diff changeset
852 quies mentis in Deo, cui contrariatur tristitia mentis de bono
53
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diff changeset
853 divino.</p><p title="II-II q. 35 a. 3 ad 2"><a name="40521"><span class="ref">[40521] IIª-IIae q. 35 a. 3 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
854 dicendum quod acedia non est recessus mentalis a quocumque
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parents: 26
diff changeset
855 spirituali bono, sed a bono divino, cui oportet mentem inhaerere ex
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parents: 26
diff changeset
856 necessitate. Unde si aliquis contristetur de hoc quod aliquis cogit
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diff changeset
857 eum implere opera virtutis quae facere non tenetur, non est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
858 peccatum acediae, sed quando contristatur in his quae ei imminent
53
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diff changeset
859 facienda propter Deum.</p><p title="II-II q. 35 a. 3 ad 3"><a name="40522"><span class="ref">[40522] IIª-IIae q. 35 a. 3 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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diff changeset
860 dicendum quod in viris sanctis inveniuntur aliqui imperfecti motus
53
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diff changeset
861 acediae, qui tamen non pertingunt usque ad consensum rationis.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 4</h3><p title="II-II q. 35 a. 4 arg. 1"><a name="40523"><span class="ref">[40523] IIª-IIae q. 35 a. 4 arg. 1</span></a> Ad quartum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
862 sic proceditur. Videtur quod acedia non debeat poni vitium
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parents: 26
diff changeset
863 capitale. Vitium enim capitale dicitur quod movet ad actus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
864 peccatorum, ut supra habitum est. Sed acedia non movet ad agendum,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
865 sed magis retrahit ab agendo. Ergo non debet poni vitium
53
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diff changeset
866 capitale.</p><p title="II-II q. 35 a. 4 arg. 2"><a name="40524"><span class="ref">[40524] IIª-IIae q. 35 a. 4 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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diff changeset
867 vitium capitale habet filias sibi deputatas. Assignat autem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
868 Gregorius, XXXI Moral., sex filias acediae, quae sunt <i>malitia,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
869 rancor, pusillanimitas, desperatio, torpor circa praecepta, vagatio
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parents: 26
diff changeset
870 mentis circa illicita</i>, quae non videntur convenienter oriri ex
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parents: 26
diff changeset
871 acedia. Nam rancor idem esse videtur quod odium, quod oritur ex
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parents: 26
diff changeset
872 invidia, ut supra dictum est. Malitia autem est genus ad omnia
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parents: 26
diff changeset
873 vitia, et similiter vagatio mentis circa illicita, et in omnibus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
874 vitiis inveniuntur. Torpor autem circa praecepta idem videtur esse
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parents: 26
diff changeset
875 quod acedia. Pusillanimitas autem et desperatio ex quibuscumque
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parents: 26
diff changeset
876 peccatis oriri possunt. Non ergo convenienter ponitur acedia esse
53
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diff changeset
877 vitium capitale.</p><p title="II-II q. 35 a. 4 arg. 3"><a name="40525"><span class="ref">[40525] IIª-IIae q. 35 a. 4 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
878 Isidorus, in libro de summo bono, distinguit vitium acediae a vitio
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parents: 26
diff changeset
879 tristitiae, dicens tristitiam esse inquantum recedit a graviori et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
880 laborioso ad quod tenetur; acediam inquantum se convertit ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
881 quietem indebitam. Et dicit de tristitia oriri rancorem,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
882 pusillanimitatem, amaritudinem, desperationem, de acedia vero dicit
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parents: 26
diff changeset
883 oriri septem, quae sunt otiositas, somnolentia, importunitas
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parents: 26
diff changeset
884 mentis, inquietudo corporis, instabilitas, verbositas, curiositas.
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diff changeset
885 Ergo videtur quod vel a Gregorio vel ab Isidoro male assignetur
53
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diff changeset
886 acedia vitium capitale cum suis filiabus.</p><p title="II-II q. 35 a. 4 s. c."><a name="40526"><span class="ref">[40526] IIª-IIae q. 35 a. 4 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
887 est quod Gregorius dicit, XXXI Moral., acediam esse vitium capitale
53
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diff changeset
888 et habere praedictas filias.</p><p title="II-II q. 35 a. 4 co."><a name="40527"><span class="ref">[40527] IIª-IIae q. 35 a. 4 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
889 dicendum quod, sicut supra dictum est, vitium capitale dicitur ex
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parents: 26
diff changeset
890 quo promptum est ut alia vitia oriantur secundum rationem causae
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parents: 26
diff changeset
891 finalis. Sicut autem homines multa operantur propter delectationem,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
892 tum ut ipsam consequantur, tum etiam ex eius impetu ad aliquid
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parents: 26
diff changeset
893 agendum permoti; ita etiam propter tristitiam multa operantur, vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
894 ut ipsam evitent, vel ex eius pondere in aliqua agenda proruentes.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
895 Unde cum acedia sit tristitia quaedam, ut supra dictum est,
53
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diff changeset
896 convenienter ponitur vitium capitale.</p><p title="II-II q. 35 a. 4 ad 1"><a name="40528"><span class="ref">[40528] IIª-IIae q. 35 a. 4 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
897 ergo dicendum quod acedia, aggravando animum, impedit hominem ab
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parents: 26
diff changeset
898 illis operibus quae tristitiam causant. Sed tamen inducit animum ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
899 aliqua agenda vel quae sunt tristitiae consona, sicut ad plorandum;
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
900 vel etiam ad aliqua per quae tristitia evitatur.</p><p title="II-II q. 35 a. 4 ad 2"><a name="40529"><span class="ref">[40529] IIª-IIae q. 35 a. 4 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
901 dicendum quod Gregorius convenienter assignat filias acediae. Quia
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parents: 26
diff changeset
902 enim, ut philosophus dicit, in VIII Ethic., <i>nullus diu absque
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parents: 26
diff changeset
903 delectatione potest manere cum tristitia</i>, necesse est quod ex
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parents: 26
diff changeset
904 tristitia aliquid dupliciter oriatur, uno modo, ut homo recedat a
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parents: 26
diff changeset
905 contristantibus; alio modo, ut ad alia transeat in quibus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
906 delectatur, sicut illi qui non possunt gaudere in spiritualibus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
907 delectationibus transferunt se ad corporales, secundum philosophum,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
908 in X Ethic. In fuga autem tristitiae talis processus attenditur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
909 quod primo homo fugit contristantia; secundo, etiam impugnat ea
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parents: 26
diff changeset
910 quae tristitiam ingerunt. Spiritualia autem bona, de quibus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
911 tristatur acedia, sunt et finis et id quod est ad finem. Fuga autem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
912 finis fit per desperationem. Fuga autem bonorum quae sunt ad finem,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
913 quantum ad ardua, quae subsunt consiliis, fit per pusillanimitatem;
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parents: 26
diff changeset
914 quantum autem ad ea quae pertinent ad communem iustitiam, fit per
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parents: 26
diff changeset
915 torporem circa praecepta. Impugnatio autem contristantium bonorum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
916 spiritualium quandoque quidem est contra homines qui ad bona
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parents: 26
diff changeset
917 spiritualia inducunt, et hoc est rancor; quandoque vero se extendit
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parents: 26
diff changeset
918 ad ipsa spiritualia bona, in quorum detestationem aliquis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
919 adducitur, et hoc proprie est malitia. Inquantum autem propter
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parents: 26
diff changeset
920 tristitiam a spiritualibus aliquis transfert se ad delectabilia
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parents: 26
diff changeset
921 exteriora, ponitur filia acediae evagatio circa illicita. Per quod
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parents: 26
diff changeset
922 patet responsio ad ea quae circa singulas filias obiiciebantur. Nam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
923 malitia non accipitur hic secundum quod est genus vitiorum, sed
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parents: 26
diff changeset
924 sicut dictum est. Rancor etiam non accipitur hic communiter pro
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parents: 26
diff changeset
925 odio, sed pro quadam indignatione, sicut dictum est. Et idem
53
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diff changeset
926 dicendum est de aliis.</p><p title="II-II q. 35 a. 4 ad 3"><a name="40530"><span class="ref">[40530] IIª-IIae q. 35 a. 4 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
927 dicendum quod etiam Cassianus, in libro de institutis Coenob.,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
928 distinguit tristitiam ab acedia, sed convenientius Gregorius
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parents: 26
diff changeset
929 acediam tristitiam nominat. Quia sicut supra dictum est, tristitia
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parents: 26
diff changeset
930 non est vitium ab aliis distinctum secundum quod aliquis recedit a
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parents: 26
diff changeset
931 gravi et laborioso opere, vel secundum quascumque alias causas
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parents: 26
diff changeset
932 aliquis tristetur, sed solum secundum quod contristatur de bono
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parents: 26
diff changeset
933 divino. Quod pertinet ad rationem acediae, quae intantum convertit
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parents: 26
diff changeset
934 ad quietem indebitam inquantum aspernatur bonum divinum. Illa autem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
935 quae Isidorus ponit oriri ex tristitia et acedia reducuntur ad ea
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parents: 26
diff changeset
936 quae Gregorius ponit. Nam amaritudo, quam ponit Isidorus oriri ex
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parents: 26
diff changeset
937 tristitia, est quidam effectus rancoris. Otiositas autem et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
938 somnolentia reducuntur ad torporem circa praecepta, circa quae est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
939 aliquis otiosus, omnino ea praetermittens et somnolentus, ea
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parents: 26
diff changeset
940 negligenter implens. Omnia autem alia quinque quae ponit ex acedia
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parents: 26
diff changeset
941 oriri pertinent ad evagationem mentis circa illicita. Quae quidem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
942 secundum quod in ipsa arce mentis residet volentis importune ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
943 diversa se diffundere, vocatur importunitas mentis; secundum autem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
944 quod pertinet ad cognitivam, dicitur curiositas; quantum autem ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
945 locutionem, dicitur verbositas; quantum autem ad corpus in eodem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
946 loco non manens, dicitur inquietudo corporis, quando scilicet
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parents: 26
diff changeset
947 aliquis per inordinatos motus membrorum vagationem indicat mentis;
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parents: 26
diff changeset
948 quantum autem ad diversa loca, dicitur instabilitas. Vel potest
59
03759e5c1080 fix multi-para s.c.
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parents: 53
diff changeset
949 accipi instabilitas secundum mutabilitatem propositi.</p></div></div><div id="q36" class="q"><h2>Quaestio 36</h2><div class="p"><h3>Prooemium</h3><p title="II-II q. 36 pr."><a name="40531"><span class="ref">[40531] IIª-IIae q. 36 pr.</span></a> Deinde
28
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diff changeset
950 considerandum est de invidia. Et circa hoc quaeruntur quatuor.
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diff changeset
951 Primo, quid sit invidia. Secundo, utrum sit peccatum. Tertio, utrum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
952 sit peccatum mortale. Quarto, utrum sit vitium capitale, et de
53
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diff changeset
953 filiabus eius.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 1</h3><p title="II-II q. 36 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="40532"><span class="ref">[40532] IIª-IIae q. 36 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
954 sic proceditur. Videtur quod invidia non sit tristitia. Obiectum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
955 enim tristitiae est malum. Sed obiectum invidiae est bonum, dicit
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parents: 26
diff changeset
956 enim Gregorius, in V Moral., de invido loquens, <i>tabescentem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
957 mentem sua poena sauciat, quam felicitas torquet aliena</i>. Ergo
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
958 invidia non est tristitia.</p><p title="II-II q. 36 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="40533"><span class="ref">[40533] IIª-IIae q. 36 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
959 similitudo non est causa tristitiae, sed magis delectationis. Sed
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parents: 26
diff changeset
960 similitudo est causa invidiae, dicit enim philosophus, in II Rhet.,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
961 <i>invidebunt tales quibus sunt aliqui similes aut secundum genus,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
962 aut secundum cognationem, aut secundum staturam, aut secundum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
963 habitum, aut secundum opinionem</i>. Ergo invidia non est
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
964 tristitia.</p><p title="II-II q. 36 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="40534"><span class="ref">[40534] IIª-IIae q. 36 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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diff changeset
965 tristitia ex aliquo defectu causatur, unde illi qui sunt in magno
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
966 defectu sunt ad tristitiam proni, ut supra dictum est, cum de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
967 passionibus ageretur. Sed illi quibus modicum deficit, et qui sunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
968 amatores honoris, et qui reputantur sapientes, sunt invidi; ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
969 patet per philosophum, in II Rhet. Ergo invidia non est
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
970 tristitia.</p><p title="II-II q. 36 a. 1 arg. 4"><a name="40535"><span class="ref">[40535] IIª-IIae q. 36 a. 1 arg. 4</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
971 tristitia delectationi opponitur. Oppositorum autem non est eadem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
972 causa. Ergo, cum memoria bonorum habitorum sit causa delectationis,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
973 ut supra dictum est, non erit causa tristitiae. Est autem causa
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
974 invidiae, dicit enim philosophus, in II Rhet., quod his aliqui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
975 invident qui habent aut possederunt quae ipsis conveniebant aut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
976 quae ipsi quandoque possidebant. Ergo invidia non est
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
977 tristitia.</p><p title="II-II q. 36 a. 1 s. c."><a name="40536"><span class="ref">[40536] IIª-IIae q. 36 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
978 est quod Damascenus, in II libro, ponit invidiam speciem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
979 tristitiae, et dicit quod invidia est tristitia in alienis
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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diff changeset
980 bonis.</p><p title="II-II q. 36 a. 1 co."><a name="40537"><span class="ref">[40537] IIª-IIae q. 36 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
981 dicendum quod obiectum tristitiae est malum proprium. Contingit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
982 autem id quod est alienum bonum apprehendi ut malum proprium. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
983 secundum hoc de bono alieno potest esse tristitia. Sed hoc
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
984 contingit dupliciter. Uno modo, quando quis tristatur de bono
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
985 alicuius inquantum imminet sibi ex hoc periculum alicuius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
986 nocumenti, sicut cum homo tristatur de exaltatione inimici sui,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
987 timens ne eum laedat. Et talis tristitia non est invidia, sed magis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
988 timoris effectus; ut philosophus dicit, in II Rhet. Alio modo bonum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
989 alterius aestimatur ut malum proprium inquantum est diminutivum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
990 propriae gloriae vel excellentiae. Et hoc modo de bono alterius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
991 tristatur invidia. Et ideo praecipue de illis bonis homines
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
992 invident in quibus est gloria, et in quibus homines amant honorari
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
993 et in opinione esse; ut philosophus dicit, in II Rhet.</p><p title="II-II q. 36 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="40538"><span class="ref">[40538] IIª-IIae q. 36 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
994 ergo dicendum quod nihil prohibet id quod est bonum uni apprehendi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
995 ut malum alteri. Et secundum hoc tristitia aliqua potest esse de
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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diff changeset
996 bono, ut dictum est.</p><p title="II-II q. 36 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="40539"><span class="ref">[40539] IIª-IIae q. 36 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
997 dicendum quod quia invidia est de gloria alterius inquantum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
998 diminuit gloriam quam quis appetit, consequens est ut ad illos
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
999 tantum invidia habeatur quibus homo vult se aequare vel praeferre
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1000 in gloria. Hoc autem non est respectu multum a se distantium,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1001 nullus enim, nisi insanus, studet se aequare vel praeferre in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1002 gloria his qui sunt multo eo maiores, puta plebeius homo regi; vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1003 etiam rex plebeio, quem multum excedit. Et ideo his qui multum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1004 distant vel loco vel tempore vel statu homo non invidet, sed his
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1005 qui sunt propinqui, quibus se nititur aequare vel praeferre. Nam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1006 cum illi excedunt in gloria, accidit hoc contra nostram utilitatem,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1007 et inde causatur tristitia. Similitudo autem delectationem causat
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1008 inquantum concordat voluntati.</p><p title="II-II q. 36 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="40540"><span class="ref">[40540] IIª-IIae q. 36 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1009 dicendum quod nullus conatur ad ea in quibus est multum deficiens.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1010 Et ideo cum aliquis in hoc eum excedat, non invidet. Sed si modicum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1011 deficiat, videtur quod ad hoc pertingere possit, et sic ad hoc
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1012 conatur. Unde si frustraretur eius conatus propter excessum gloriae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1013 alterius, tristatur. Et inde est quod amatores honoris sunt magis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1014 invidi. Et similiter etiam pusillanimes sunt invidi, quia omnia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1015 reputant magna, et quidquid boni alicui accidat, reputant se in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1016 magno superatos esse. Unde et Iob V dicitur, <i>parvulum occidit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1017 invidia</i>. Et dicit Gregorius, in V Moral., quod <i>invidere non
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1018 possumus nisi eis quos nobis in aliquo meliores putamus</i>.</p><p title="II-II q. 36 a. 1 ad 4"><a name="40541"><span class="ref">[40541] IIª-IIae q. 36 a. 1 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1019 dicendum quod memoria praeteritorum bonorum, inquantum fuerunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1020 habita, delectationem causat, sed inquantum sunt amissa, causant
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1021 tristitiam. Et inquantum ab aliis habentur, causant invidiam, quia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1022 hoc maxime videtur gloriae propriae derogare. Et ideo dicit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1023 philosophus, in II Rhet., quod <i>senes invident iunioribus; et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1024 illi qui multa expenderunt ad aliquid consequendum invident his qui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1025 parvis expensis illud sunt consecuti</i>; dolent enim de amissione
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1026 suorum bonorum, et de hoc quod alii consecuti sunt bona.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 2</h3><p title="II-II q. 36 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="40542"><span class="ref">[40542] IIª-IIae q. 36 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1027 secundum sic proceditur. Videtur quod invidia non sit peccatum.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1028 Dicit enim Hieronymus, ad Laetam, de Instruct. filiae, <i>habeat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1029 socias cum quibus discat, quibus invideat, quarum laudibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1030 mordeatur</i>. Sed nullus est sollicitandus ad peccandum. Ergo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1031 invidia non est peccatum.</p><p title="II-II q. 36 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="40543"><span class="ref">[40543] IIª-IIae q. 36 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1032 invidia est tristitia de alienis bonis, ut Damascenus dicit. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1033 hoc quandoque laudabiliter fit, dicitur enim Prov. XXIX, <i>cum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1034 impii sumpserint principatum, gemet populus</i>. Ergo invidia non
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1035 semper est peccatum.</p><p title="II-II q. 36 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="40544"><span class="ref">[40544] IIª-IIae q. 36 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1036 invidia zelum quendam nominat. Sed zelus quidam est bonus, <i>zelus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1037 domus tuae comedit me</i>. Secundum illud Psalm., ergo invidia non
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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diff changeset
1038 semper est peccatum.</p><p title="II-II q. 36 a. 2 arg. 4"><a name="40545"><span class="ref">[40545] IIª-IIae q. 36 a. 2 arg. 4</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1039 poena dividitur contra culpam. Sed invidia est quaedam poena, dicit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1040 enim Gregorius, V Moral., <i>cum devictum cor livoris putredo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1041 corruperit, ipsa quoque exteriora indicant quam graviter animum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1042 vesania instigat, color quippe pallore afficitur, oculi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1043 deprimuntur, mens accenditur, membra frigescunt, fit in cogitatione
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1044 rabies, in dentibus stridor</i>. Ergo invidia non est peccatum.</p><p title="II-II q. 36 a. 2 s. c."><a name="40546"><span class="ref">[40546] IIª-IIae q. 36 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
1045 est quod dicitur ad Gal. V, <i>non efficiamur inanis gloriae
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1046 cupidi, invicem provocantes, invicem invidentes</i>.</p><p title="II-II q. 36 a. 2 co."><a name="40547"><span class="ref">[40547] IIª-IIae q. 36 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1047 dicendum quod, sicut dictum est, invidia est tristitia de alienis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1048 bonis. Sed haec tristitia potest contingere quatuor modis. Uno
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1049 quidem modo, quando aliquis dolet de bono alicuius inquantum ex eo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1050 timetur nocumentum vel sibi ipsi vel etiam aliis bonis. Et talis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1051 tristitia non est invidia, ut dictum est; et potest esse sine
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1052 peccato. Unde Gregorius, XXII Moral., ait, <i>evenire plerumque
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1053 solet ut, non amissa caritate, et inimici nos ruina laetificet, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1054 rursum eius gloria sine invidiae culpa contristet, cum et ruente eo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1055 quosdam bene erigi credimus, et proficiente illo plerosque iniuste
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1056 opprimi formidamus</i>. Alio modo potest aliquis tristari de bono
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1057 alterius, non ex eo quod ipse habet bonum, sed ex eo quod nobis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1058 deest bonum illud quod ipse habet. Et hoc proprie est zelus; ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1059 philosophus dicit, in II Rhet. Et si iste zelus sit circa bona
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1060 honesta, laudabilis est, secundum illud I ad Cor. XIV,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1061 <i>aemulamini spiritualia</i>. Si autem sit de bonis temporalibus,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1062 potest esse cum peccato, et sine peccato. Tertio modo aliquis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1063 tristatur de bono alterius inquantum ille cui accidit bonum est eo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1064 indignus. Quae quidem tristitia non potest oriri ex bonis honestis,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1065 ex quibus aliquis iustus efficitur; sed sicut philosophus dicit, in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1066 II Rhet., est de divitiis et de talibus, quae possunt provenire
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1067 dignis et indignis. Et haec tristitia, secundum ipsum, vocatur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1068 Nemesis, et pertinet ad bonos mores. Sed hoc ideo dicit quia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1069 considerabat ipsa bona temporalia secundum se, prout possunt magna
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1070 videri non respicientibus ad aeterna. Sed secundum doctrinam fidei,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1071 temporalia bona quae indignis proveniunt ex iusta Dei ordinatione
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1072 disponuntur vel ad eorum correctionem vel ad eorum damnationem, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1073 huiusmodi bona quasi nihil sunt in comparatione ad bona futura,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1074 quae servantur bonis. Et ideo huiusmodi tristitia prohibetur in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1075 Scriptura sacra, secundum illud Psalm., <i>noli aemulari in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1076 malignantibus, neque zelaveris facientes iniquitatem</i>. Et alibi,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1077 <i>pene effusi sunt gressus mei, quia zelavi super iniquos, pacem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1078 peccatorum videns</i>. Quarto aliquis tristatur de bonis alicuius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1079 inquantum alter excedit ipsum in bonis. Et hoc proprie est invidia.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1080 Et istud semper est pravum, ut etiam philosophus dicit, in II
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1081 Rhet., quia dolet de eo de quo est gaudendum, scilicet de bono
53
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diff changeset
1082 proximi.</p><p title="II-II q. 36 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="40548"><span class="ref">[40548] IIª-IIae q. 36 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
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diff changeset
1083 ergo dicendum quod ibi sumitur invidia pro zelo quo quis debet
53
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diff changeset
1084 incitari ad proficiendum cum melioribus.</p><p title="II-II q. 36 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="40549"><span class="ref">[40549] IIª-IIae q. 36 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1085 dicendum quod ratio illa procedit de tristitia alienorum bonorum
53
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diff changeset
1086 secundum primum modum.</p><p title="II-II q. 36 a. 2 ad 3"><a name="40550"><span class="ref">[40550] IIª-IIae q. 36 a. 2 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1087 dicendum quod invidia differt a zelo, sicut dictum est. Unde zelus
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1088 aliquis potest esse bonus, sed invidia semper est mala.</p><p title="II-II q. 36 a. 2 ad 4"><a name="40551"><span class="ref">[40551] IIª-IIae q. 36 a. 2 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1089 dicendum quod nihil prohibet aliquod peccatum, ratione alicuius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1090 adiuncti, poenale esse; ut supra dictum est, cum de peccatis
53
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diff changeset
1091 ageretur.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 3</h3><p title="II-II q. 36 a. 3 arg. 1"><a name="40552"><span class="ref">[40552] IIª-IIae q. 36 a. 3 arg. 1</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1092 sic proceditur. Videtur quod invidia non sit peccatum mortale.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1093 Invidia enim, cum sit tristitia, est passio appetitus sensitivi.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1094 Sed in sensualitate non est peccatum mortale, sed solum in ratione;
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1095 ut patet per Augustinum, XII de Trin. Ergo invidia non est peccatum
53
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diff changeset
1096 mortale.</p><p title="II-II q. 36 a. 3 arg. 2"><a name="40553"><span class="ref">[40553] IIª-IIae q. 36 a. 3 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1097 in infantibus non potest esse peccatum mortale. Sed in eis potest
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1098 esse invidia, dicit enim Augustinus, in I Confess., <i>vidi ego et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1099 expertus sum zelantem puerum, nondum loquebatur, et intuebatur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1100 pallidus amaro aspectu collactaneum suum</i>. Ergo invidia non est
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1101 peccatum mortale.</p><p title="II-II q. 36 a. 3 arg. 3"><a name="40554"><span class="ref">[40554] IIª-IIae q. 36 a. 3 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1102 omne peccatum mortale alicui virtuti contrariatur. Sed invidia non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1103 contrariatur alicui virtuti, sed Nemesi, quae est quaedam passio;
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1104 ut patet per philosophum, in II Rhet. Ergo invidia non est peccatum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1105 mortale.</p><p title="II-II q. 36 a. 3 s. c."><a name="40555"><span class="ref">[40555] IIª-IIae q. 36 a. 3 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1106 est quod dicitur Iob V, <i>parvulum occidit invidia</i>. Nihil
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diff changeset
1107 autem occidit spiritualiter nisi peccatum mortale. Ergo invidia est
53
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diff changeset
1108 peccatum mortale.</p><p title="II-II q. 36 a. 3 co."><a name="40556"><span class="ref">[40556] IIª-IIae q. 36 a. 3 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
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diff changeset
1109 dicendum quod invidia ex genere suo est peccatum mortale. Genus
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diff changeset
1110 enim peccati ex obiecto consideratur. Invidia autem, secundum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1111 rationem sui obiecti, contrariatur caritati, per quam est vita
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1112 animae spiritualis, secundum illud I Ioan. III, <i>nos scimus
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diff changeset
1113 quoniam translati sumus de morte ad vitam, quoniam diligimus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1114 fratres</i>. Utriusque enim obiectum, et caritatis et invidiae, est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1115 bonum proximi, sed secundum contrarium motum, nam caritas gaudet de
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1116 bono proximi, invidia autem de eodem tristatur, ut ex dictis patet.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1117 Unde manifestum est quod invidia ex suo genere est peccatum
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diff changeset
1118 mortale. Sed sicut supra dictum est, in quolibet genere peccati
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1119 mortalis inveniuntur aliqui imperfecti motus in sensualitate
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1120 existentes qui sunt peccata venialia, sicut in genere adulterii
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1121 primus motus concupiscentiae, et in genere homicidii primus motus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1122 irae. Ita etiam et in genere invidiae inveniuntur aliqui primi
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1123 motus quandoque etiam in viris perfectis, qui sunt peccata
53
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diff changeset
1124 venialia.</p><p title="II-II q. 36 a. 3 ad 1"><a name="40557"><span class="ref">[40557] IIª-IIae q. 36 a. 3 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
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diff changeset
1125 ergo dicendum quod motus invidiae secundum quod est passio
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diff changeset
1126 sensualitatis, est quoddam imperfectum in genere actuum humanorum,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1127 quorum principium est ratio. Unde talis invidia non est peccatum
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diff changeset
1128 mortale. Et similis est ratio de invidia parvulorum, in quibus non
53
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diff changeset
1129 est usus rationis.</p><p title="II-II q. 36 a. 3 ad 2"><a name="40558"><span class="ref">[40558] IIª-IIae q. 36 a. 3 ad 2</span></a> Unde patet
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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diff changeset
1130 responsio ad secundum.</p><p title="II-II q. 36 a. 3 ad 3"><a name="40559"><span class="ref">[40559] IIª-IIae q. 36 a. 3 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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diff changeset
1131 dicendum quod invidia, secundum philosophum, in II Rhet. opponitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1132 et Nemesi et misericordiae, sed secundum diversa. Nam misericordiae
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1133 opponitur directe, secundum contrarietatem principalis obiecti,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1134 invidus enim tristatur de bono proximi; misericors autem tristatur
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diff changeset
1135 de malo proximi. Unde invidi non sunt misericordes, sicut ibidem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1136 dicitur, nec e converso. Ex parte vero eius de cuius bono tristatur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1137 invidus, opponitur invidia Nemesi, Nemeseticus enim tristatur de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1138 bono indigne agentium, secundum illud Psalm., <i>zelavi super
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1139 iniquos, pacem peccatorum videns</i>; invidus autem tristatur de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1140 bono eorum qui sunt digni. Unde patet quod prima contrarietas est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1141 magis directa quam secunda. Misericordia autem quaedam virtus est,
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diff changeset
1142 et caritatis proprius effectus. Unde invidia misericordiae
53
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diff changeset
1143 opponitur et caritati.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 4</h3><p title="II-II q. 36 a. 4 arg. 1"><a name="40560"><span class="ref">[40560] IIª-IIae q. 36 a. 4 arg. 1</span></a> Ad quartum
28
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diff changeset
1144 sic proceditur. Videtur quod invidia non sit vitium capitale. Vitia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1145 enim capitalia distinguuntur contra filias capitalium vitiorum. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1146 invidia est filia inanis gloriae, dicit enim philosophus, in II
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1147 Rhet., quod <i>amatores honoris et gloriae magis invident</i>. Ergo
53
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diff changeset
1148 invidia non est vitium capitale.</p><p title="II-II q. 36 a. 4 arg. 2"><a name="40561"><span class="ref">[40561] IIª-IIae q. 36 a. 4 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1149 vitia capitalia videntur esse leviora quam alia quae ex eis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1150 oriuntur, dicit enim Gregorius, XXXI Moral., <i>prima vitia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1151 deceptae menti quasi sub quadam ratione se ingerunt, sed quae
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1152 sequuntur, dum mentem ad omnem insaniam protrahunt, quasi bestiali
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1153 clamore mentem confundunt</i>. Sed invidia videtur esse gravissimum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1154 peccatum, dicit enim Gregorius, V Moral., <i>quamvis per omne
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1155 vitium quod perpetratur humano cordi antiqui hostis virus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1156 infunditur, in hac tamen nequitia tota sua viscera serpens
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1157 concutit, et imprimendae malitiae pestem vomit</i>. Ergo invidia
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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diff changeset
1158 non est vitium capitale.</p><p title="II-II q. 36 a. 4 arg. 3"><a name="40562"><span class="ref">[40562] IIª-IIae q. 36 a. 4 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1159 videtur quod inconvenienter eius filiae assignentur a Gregorio,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1160 XXXI Moral., ubi dicit quod <i>de invidia oritur odium, susurratio,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1161 detractio, exultatio in adversis proximi et afflictio in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1162 prosperis</i>. Exultatio enim in adversis proximi, et afflictio in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1163 prosperis, idem videtur esse quod invidia, ut ex praemissis patet.
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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diff changeset
1164 Non ergo ista debent poni ut filiae invidiae.</p><p title="II-II q. 36 a. 4 s. c."><a name="40563"><span class="ref">[40563] IIª-IIae q. 36 a. 4 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
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diff changeset
1165 est auctoritas Gregorii, XXXI Moral., qui ponit invidiam vitium
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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diff changeset
1166 capitale, et ei praedictas filias assignat.</p><p title="II-II q. 36 a. 4 co."><a name="40564"><span class="ref">[40564] IIª-IIae q. 36 a. 4 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
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diff changeset
1167 dicendum quod sicut acedia est tristitia de bono spirituali divino,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1168 ita invidia est tristitia de bono proximi. Dictum est autem supra
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1169 acediam esse vitium capitale, ea ratione quia ex acedia homo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1170 impellitur ad aliqua facienda vel ut fugiat tristitiam vel ut
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1171 tristitiae satisfaciat. Unde eadem ratione invidia ponitur vitium
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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diff changeset
1172 capitale.</p><p title="II-II q. 36 a. 4 ad 1"><a name="40565"><span class="ref">[40565] IIª-IIae q. 36 a. 4 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1173 ergo dicendum quod, sicut Gregorius dicit, in XXXI Moral.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1174 <i>capitalia vitia tanta sibi coniunctione coniunguntur ut non nisi
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1175 unum de altero proferatur. Prima namque superbiae soboles inanis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1176 est gloria, quae dum oppressam mentem corruperit, mox invidiam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1177 gignit, quia dum vani nominis potentiam appetit, ne quis hanc alius
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1178 adipisci valeat, tabescit</i>. Non est ergo contra rationem vitii
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1179 capitalis quod ipsum ex alio oriatur, sed quod non habeat aliquam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1180 principalem rationem producendi ex se multa genera peccatorum.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1181 Forte tamen propter hoc quod invidia manifeste ex inani gloria
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diff changeset
1182 nascitur, non ponitur vitium capitale neque ab Isidoro, in libro de
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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diff changeset
1183 summo bono, neque a Cassiano, in libro de Instit. Coenob.</p><p title="II-II q. 36 a. 4 ad 2"><a name="40566"><span class="ref">[40566] IIª-IIae q. 36 a. 4 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
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diff changeset
1184 dicendum quod ex verbis illis non habetur quod invidia sit maximum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1185 peccatorum, sed quod quando Diabolus invidiam suggerit, ad hoc
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1186 hominem inducit quod ipse principaliter in corde habet; quia sicut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1187 ibi inducitur consequenter, <i>invidia Diaboli mors introivit in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1188 orbem terrarum</i>. Est tamen quaedam invidia quae inter gravissima
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1189 peccata computatur, scilicet invidentia fraternae gratiae, secundum
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diff changeset
1190 quod aliquis dolet de ipso augmento gratiae Dei, non solum de bono
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diff changeset
1191 proximi. Unde ponitur peccatum in spiritum sanctum, quia per hanc
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diff changeset
1192 invidentiam homo quodammodo invidet spiritui sancto, qui in suis
53
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diff changeset
1193 operibus glorificatur.</p><p title="II-II q. 36 a. 4 ad 3"><a name="40567"><span class="ref">[40567] IIª-IIae q. 36 a. 4 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1194 dicendum quod numerus filiarum invidiae sic potest sumi. Quia in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1195 conatu invidiae est aliquid tanquam principium, et aliquid tanquam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1196 medium, et aliquid tanquam terminus. Principium quidem est ut
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1197 aliquis diminuat gloriam alterius vel in occulto, et sic est
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diff changeset
1198 susurratio; vel manifeste, et sic est detractio. Medium autem est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1199 quia aliquis intendens diminuere gloriam alterius aut potest, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1200 sic est exultatio in adversis; aut non potest, et sic est afflictio
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1201 in prosperis. Terminus autem est in ipso odio, quia sicut bonum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1202 delectans causat amorem, ita tristitia causat odium, ut supra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1203 dictum est. Afflictio autem in prosperis proximi uno modo est ipsa
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1204 invidia, inquantum scilicet aliquis tristatur de prosperis alicuius
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1205 secundum quod habent quandam gloriam. Alio vero modo est filia
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1206 invidiae, secundum quod prospera proximi eveniunt contra conatum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1207 invidentis, qui nititur impedire. Exultatio autem in adversis non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1208 est directe idem quod invidia, sed ex ea sequitur, nam ex tristitia
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diff changeset
1209 de bono proximi, quae est invidia, sequitur exultatio de malo
59
03759e5c1080 fix multi-para s.c.
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parents: 53
diff changeset
1210 eiusdem.</p></div></div><div id="q37" class="q"><h2>Quaestio 37</h2><div class="p"><h3>Prooemium</h3><p title="II-II q. 37 pr."><a name="40568"><span class="ref">[40568] IIª-IIae q. 37 pr.</span></a> Deinde
28
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diff changeset
1211 considerandum est de peccatis quae opponuntur paci. Et primo, de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1212 discordia, quae est in corde; secundo, de contentione, quae est in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1213 ore; tertio, de his quae pertinent ad opus, scilicet, de schismate,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1214 rixa et bello. Circa primum quaeruntur duo, primo, utrum discordia
53
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diff changeset
1215 sit peccatum. Secundo, utrum sit filia inanis gloriae.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 1</h3><p title="II-II q. 37 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="40569"><span class="ref">[40569] IIª-IIae q. 37 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
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diff changeset
1216 sic proceditur. Videtur quod discordia non sit peccatum. Discordare
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1217 enim ab aliquo est recedere ab alterius voluntate. Sed hoc non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1218 videtur esse peccatum, quia voluntas proximi non est regula
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
1219 voluntatis nostrae, sed sola voluntas divina. Ergo discordia non
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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diff changeset
1220 est peccatum.</p><p title="II-II q. 37 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="40570"><span class="ref">[40570] IIª-IIae q. 37 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1221 quicumque inducit aliquem ad peccandum, et ipse peccat. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1222 inducere inter aliquos discordiam non videtur esse peccatum,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1223 dicitur enim Act. XXIII, quod <i>sciens Paulus quia una pars esset
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1224 Sadducaeorum et altera Pharisaeorum, exclamavit in Concilio, viri
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1225 fratres, ego Pharisaeus sum, filius Pharisaeorum, de spe et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1226 resurrectione mortuorum ego iudicor. Et cum haec dixisset, facta
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1227 est dissensio inter Pharisaeos et Sadducaeos</i>. Ergo discordia
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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diff changeset
1228 non est peccatum.</p><p title="II-II q. 37 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="40571"><span class="ref">[40571] IIª-IIae q. 37 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1229 peccatum, praecipue mortale, in sanctis viris non invenitur. Sed in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1230 sanctis viris invenitur discordia, dicitur enim Act. XV, <i>facta
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1231 est dissensio inter Paulum et Barnabam, ita ut discederent ab
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1232 invicem</i>. Ergo discordia non est peccatum, et maxime
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1233 mortale.</p><p title="II-II q. 37 a. 1 s. c."><a name="40572"><span class="ref">[40572] IIª-IIae q. 37 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1234 est quod ad Gal. V dissensiones, idest discordiae, ponuntur inter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1235 opera carnis, de quibus subditur, <i>qui talia agunt, regnum Dei
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1236 non consequuntur</i>. Nihil autem excludit a regno Dei nisi
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1237 peccatum mortale. Ergo discordia est peccatum mortale.</p><p title="II-II q. 37 a. 1 co."><a name="40573"><span class="ref">[40573] IIª-IIae q. 37 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1238 dicendum quod discordia concordiae opponitur. Concordia autem, ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1239 supra dictum est, ex caritate causatur, inquantum scilicet caritas
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1240 multorum corda coniungit in aliquid unum, quod est principaliter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1241 quidem bonum divinum, secundario autem bonum proximi. Discordia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1242 igitur ea ratione est peccatum, inquantum huiusmodi concordiae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1243 contrariatur. Sed sciendum quod haec concordia per discordiam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1244 tollitur dupliciter, uno quidem modo, per se; alio vero modo, per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1245 accidens. Per se quidem in humanis actibus et motibus dicitur esse
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1246 id quod est secundum intentionem. Unde per se discordat aliquis a
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1247 proximo quando scienter et ex intentione dissentit a bono divino et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1248 a proximi bono, in quo debet consentire. Et hoc est peccatum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1249 mortale ex suo genere, propter contrarietatem ad caritatem, licet
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1250 primi motus huius discordiae, propter imperfectionem actus, sint
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1251 peccata venialia. Per accidens autem in humanis actibus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1252 consideratur ex hoc quod aliquid est praeter intentionem. Unde cum
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diff changeset
1253 intentio aliquorum est ad aliquod bonum quod pertinet ad honorem
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diff changeset
1254 Dei vel utilitatem proximi, sed unus aestimat hoc esse bonum, alius
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diff changeset
1255 autem habet contrariam opinionem, discordia tunc est per accidens
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1256 contra bonum divinum vel proximi. Et talis discordia non est
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diff changeset
1257 peccatum, nec repugnat caritati, nisi huiusmodi discordia sit vel
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diff changeset
1258 cum errore circa ea quae sunt de necessitate salutis, vel
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1259 pertinacia indebite adhibeatur, cum etiam supra dictum est quod
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1260 concordia quae est caritatis effectus est unio voluntatum, non unio
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1261 opinionum. Ex quo patet quod discordia quandoque est ex peccato
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1262 unius tantum, puta cum unus vult bonum, cui alius scienter
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1263 resistit, quandoque autem est cum peccato utriusque, puta cum
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diff changeset
1264 uterque dissentit a bono alterius, et uterque diligit bonum
53
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1265 proprium.</p><p title="II-II q. 37 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="40574"><span class="ref">[40574] IIª-IIae q. 37 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
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diff changeset
1266 ergo dicendum quod voluntas unius hominis secundum se considerata
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diff changeset
1267 non est regula voluntatis alterius. Sed inquantum voluntas proximi
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1268 inhaeret voluntati Dei, fit per consequens regula regulata secundum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1269 primam regulam. Et ideo discordare a tali voluntate est peccatum,
53
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diff changeset
1270 quia per hoc discordatur a regula divina.</p><p title="II-II q. 37 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="40575"><span class="ref">[40575] IIª-IIae q. 37 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
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diff changeset
1271 dicendum quod sicut voluntas hominis adhaerens Deo est quaedam
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diff changeset
1272 regula recta, a qua peccatum est discordare; ita etiam voluntas
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1273 hominis Deo contraria est quaedam perversa regula, a qua bonum est
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diff changeset
1274 discordare. Facere ergo discordiam per quam tollitur bona concordia
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1275 quam caritas facit, est grave peccatum, unde dicitur Prov. VI,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1276 <i>sex sunt quae odit dominus, et septimum detestatur anima
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1277 eius</i>, et hoc septimum ponit eum qui seminat inter fratres
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1278 discordias. Sed causare discordiam per quam tollitur mala
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1279 concordia, scilicet in mala voluntate, est laudabile. Et hoc modo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1280 laudabile fuit quod Paulus dissensionem posuit inter eos qui erant
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diff changeset
1281 concordes in malo, nam et dominus de se dicit, Matth. X, <i>non
53
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diff changeset
1282 veni pacem mittere, sed gladium</i>.</p><p title="II-II q. 37 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="40576"><span class="ref">[40576] IIª-IIae q. 37 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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diff changeset
1283 dicendum quod discordia quae fuit inter Paulum et Barnabam fuit per
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diff changeset
1284 accidens et non per se, uterque enim intendebat bonum, sed uni
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1285 videbatur hoc esse bonum, alii aliud. Quod ad defectum humanum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1286 pertinebat, non enim erat talis controversia in his quae sunt de
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1287 necessitate salutis. Quamvis hoc ipsum fuerit ex divina providentia
53
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diff changeset
1288 ordinatum, propter utilitatem inde consequentem.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 2</h3><p title="II-II q. 37 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="40577"><span class="ref">[40577] IIª-IIae q. 37 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
28
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diff changeset
1289 secundum sic proceditur. Videtur quod discordia non sit filia
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1290 inanis gloriae. Ira enim est aliud vitium ab inani gloria. Sed
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diff changeset
1291 discordia videtur esse filia irae, secundum illud Prov. XV, <i>vir
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1292 iracundus provocat rixas</i>. Ergo non est filia inanis
53
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diff changeset
1293 gloriae.</p><p title="II-II q. 37 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="40578"><span class="ref">[40578] IIª-IIae q. 37 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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diff changeset
1294 Augustinus dicit, super Ioan., exponens illud quod habetur Ioan.
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diff changeset
1295 VII, <i>nondum erat spiritus datus, livor separat, caritas
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diff changeset
1296 iungit</i>. Sed discordia nihil est aliud quam quaedam separatio
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diff changeset
1297 voluntatum. Ergo discordia procedit ex livore, idest invidia, magis
53
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diff changeset
1298 quam ex inani gloria.</p><p title="II-II q. 37 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="40579"><span class="ref">[40579] IIª-IIae q. 37 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1299 illud ex quo multa mala oriuntur videtur esse vitium capitale. Sed
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diff changeset
1300 discordia est huiusmodi, quia super illud Matth. XII, <i>omne
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1301 regnum contra se divisum desolabitur</i>, dicit Hieronymus, <i>quo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1302 modo concordia parvae res crescunt, sic discordia maximae
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1303 dilabuntur</i>. Ergo ipsa discordia debet poni vitium capitale,
53
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diff changeset
1304 magis quam filia inanis gloriae.</p><p title="II-II q. 37 a. 2 s. c."><a name="40580"><span class="ref">[40580] IIª-IIae q. 37 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
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diff changeset
1305 est auctoritas Gregorii, XXXI Moral.</p><p title="II-II q. 37 a. 2 co."><a name="40581"><span class="ref">[40581] IIª-IIae q. 37 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1306 dicendum quod discordia importat quandam disgregationem voluntatum,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1307 inquantum scilicet voluntas unius stat in uno, et voluntas alterius
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1308 stat in altero. Quod autem voluntas alicuius in proprio sistat,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1309 provenit ex hoc quod aliquis ea quae sunt sua praefert his quae
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diff changeset
1310 sunt aliorum. Quod cum inordinate fit, pertinet ad superbiam et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1311 inanem gloriam. Et ideo discordia, per quam unusquisque sequitur
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diff changeset
1312 quod suum est et recedit ab eo quod est alterius, ponitur filia
53
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diff changeset
1313 inanis gloriae.</p><p title="II-II q. 37 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="40582"><span class="ref">[40582] IIª-IIae q. 37 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
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diff changeset
1314 ergo dicendum quod rixa non est idem quod discordia. Nam rixa
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1315 consistit in exteriori opere, unde convenienter causatur ab ira,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1316 quae movet animum ad nocendum proximo. Sed discordia consistit in
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diff changeset
1317 disiunctione motuum voluntatis, quam facit superbia vel inanis
53
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diff changeset
1318 gloria, ratione iam dicta.</p><p title="II-II q. 37 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="40583"><span class="ref">[40583] IIª-IIae q. 37 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1319 dicendum quod in discordia consideratur quidem ut terminus a quo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1320 recessus a voluntate alterius, et quantum ad hoc causatur ex
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1321 invidia. Ut terminus autem ad quem, accessus ad id quod est sibi
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1322 proprium, et quantum ad hoc causatur ex inani gloria. Et quia in
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1323 quolibet motu terminus ad quem est potior termino a quo (finis enim
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diff changeset
1324 est potior principio), potius ponitur discordia filia inanis
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diff changeset
1325 gloriae quam invidiae, licet ex utraque oriri possit secundum
53
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diff changeset
1326 diversas rationes, ut dictum est.</p><p title="II-II q. 37 a. 2 ad 3"><a name="40584"><span class="ref">[40584] IIª-IIae q. 37 a. 2 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1327 dicendum quod ideo concordia magnae res crescunt et per discordiam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1328 dilabuntur, quia virtus quanto est magis unita, tanto est fortior,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1329 et per separationem diminuitur; ut dicitur in libro de causis. Unde
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diff changeset
1330 patet quod hoc pertinet ad proprium effectum discordiae, quae est
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diff changeset
1331 divisio voluntatum, non autem pertinet ad originem diversorum
59
03759e5c1080 fix multi-para s.c.
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1332 vitiorum a discordia, per quod habeat rationem vitii capitalis.</p></div></div><div id="q38" class="q"><h2>Quaestio 38</h2><div class="p"><h3>Prooemium</h3><p title="II-II q. 38 pr."><a name="40585"><span class="ref">[40585] IIª-IIae q. 38 pr.</span></a> Deinde
28
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1333 considerandum est de contentione. Et circa hoc quaeruntur duo.
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1334 Primo, utrum contentio sit peccatum mortale. Secundo, utrum sit
53
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diff changeset
1335 filia inanis gloriae.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 1</h3><p title="II-II q. 38 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="40586"><span class="ref">[40586] IIª-IIae q. 38 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
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diff changeset
1336 sic proceditur. Videtur quod contentio non sit peccatum mortale.
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diff changeset
1337 Peccatum enim mortale in viris spiritualibus non invenitur. In
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diff changeset
1338 quibus tamen invenitur contentio, secundum illud Luc. XXII,
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diff changeset
1339 <i>facta est contentio inter discipulos Iesu, quis eorum esset
53
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diff changeset
1340 maior</i>. Ergo contentio non est peccatum mortale.</p><p title="II-II q. 38 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="40587"><span class="ref">[40587] IIª-IIae q. 38 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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diff changeset
1341 nulli bene disposito debet placere peccatum mortale in proximo. Sed
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diff changeset
1342 dicit apostolus, ad Philipp. I, <i>quidam ex contentione Christum
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diff changeset
1343 annuntiant</i>; et postea subdit, <i>et in hoc gaudeo, sed et
53
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diff changeset
1344 gaudebo</i>. Ergo contentio non est peccatum mortale.</p><p title="II-II q. 38 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="40588"><span class="ref">[40588] IIª-IIae q. 38 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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diff changeset
1345 contingit quod aliqui vel in iudicio vel in disputatione contendunt
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1346 non aliquo animo malignandi, sed potius intendentes ad bonum, sicut
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1347 illi qui contra haereticos disputando contendunt. Unde super illud,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1348 I Reg. XIV, <i>accidit quadam die</i> etc., dicit Glossa,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1349 <i>Catholici contra haereticos contentiones commovent, ubi prius ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1350 certamen convocantur</i>. Ergo contentio non est peccatum
53
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diff changeset
1351 mortale.</p><p title="II-II q. 38 a. 1 arg. 4"><a name="40589"><span class="ref">[40589] IIª-IIae q. 38 a. 1 arg. 4</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1352 Iob videtur cum Deo contendisse, secundum illud Iob XXXIX,
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diff changeset
1353 <i>numquid qui contendit cum Deo tam facile conquiescit?</i> Et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1354 tamen Iob non peccavit mortaliter, quia dominus de eo dicit, <i>non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
1355 estis locuti recte coram me, sicut servus meus Iob</i>, ut habetur
53
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diff changeset
1356 Iob ult. Ergo contentio non semper est peccatum mortale.</p><p title="II-II q. 38 a. 1 s. c."><a name="40590"><span class="ref">[40590] IIª-IIae q. 38 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1357 est quod contrariatur praecepto apostoli, qui dicit II ad Tim. II,
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diff changeset
1358 <i>noli verbis contendere</i>. Et Gal. V contentio numeratur inter
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1359 opera carnis, <i>quae qui agunt, regnum Dei non possident</i>, ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1360 ibidem dicitur. Sed omne quod excludit a regno Dei, et quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1361 contrariatur praecepto, est peccatum mortale. Ergo contentio est
53
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diff changeset
1362 peccatum mortale.</p><p title="II-II q. 38 a. 1 co."><a name="40591"><span class="ref">[40591] IIª-IIae q. 38 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1363 dicendum quod contendere est contra aliquem tendere. Unde sicut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1364 discordia contrarietatem quandam importat in voluntate, ita
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1365 contentio contrarietatem quandam importat in locutione. Et propter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1366 hoc etiam cum oratio alicuius per contraria se diffundit, vocatur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1367 contentio, quae ponitur unus color rhetoricus a Tullio, qui dicit,
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diff changeset
1368 <i>contentio est cum ex contrariis rebus oratio efficitur, hoc
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1369 pacto, habet assentatio iucunda principia, eadem exitus amarissimos
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1370 affert</i>. Contrarietas autem locutionis potest attendi
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1371 dupliciter, uno modo, quantum ad intentionem contendentis; alio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1372 modo, quantum ad modum. In intentione quidem considerandum est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1373 utrum aliquis contrarietur veritati, quod est vituperabile, vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1374 falsitati, quod est laudabile. In modo autem considerandum est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1375 utrum talis modus contrariandi conveniat et personis et negotiis,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1376 quia hoc est laudabile (unde et Tullius dicit, in III Rhet.,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1377 <i>quod contentio est oratio acris ad confirmandum et confutandum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1378 accommodata</i>), vel excedat convenientiam personarum et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1379 negotiorum, et sic contentio est vituperabilis. Si ergo accipiatur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1380 contentio secundum quod importat impugnationem veritatis et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1381 inordinatum modum, sic est peccatum mortale. Et hoc modo definit
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1382 Ambrosius contentionem, dicens, <i>contentio est impugnatio
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1383 veritatis cum confidentia clamoris</i>. Si autem contentio dicatur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1384 impugnatio falsitatis cum debito modo acrimoniae, sic contentio est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1385 laudabilis. Si autem accipiatur contentio secundum quod importat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1386 impugnationem falsitatis cum inordinato modo, sic potest esse
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1387 peccatum veniale, nisi forte tanta inordinatio fiat in contendendo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1388 quod ex hoc generetur scandalum aliorum. Unde et apostolus, cum
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diff changeset
1389 dixisset, II ad Tim. II, <i>noli verbis contendere</i>, subdit,
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diff changeset
1390 <i>ad nihil enim utile est, nisi ad subversionem
53
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diff changeset
1391 audientium</i>.</p><p title="II-II q. 38 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="40592"><span class="ref">[40592] IIª-IIae q. 38 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
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diff changeset
1392 ergo dicendum quod in discipulis Christi non erat contentio cum
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diff changeset
1393 intentione impugnandi veritatem, quia unusquisque defendebat quod
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diff changeset
1394 sibi verum videbatur. Erat tamen in eorum contentione inordinatio,
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diff changeset
1395 quia contendebant de quo non erat contendendum, scilicet de primatu
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diff changeset
1396 honoris; nondum enim erant spirituales, sicut Glossa ibidem dicit.
53
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diff changeset
1397 Unde et dominus eos consequenter compescuit.</p><p title="II-II q. 38 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="40593"><span class="ref">[40593] IIª-IIae q. 38 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
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diff changeset
1398 dicendum quod illi qui ex contentione Christum praedicabant
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diff changeset
1399 reprehensibiles erant, quia quamvis non impugnarent veritatem
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diff changeset
1400 fidei, sed eam praedicarent, impugnabant tamen veritatem quantum ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1401 hoc quod putabant se suscitare pressuram apostolo veritatem fidei
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1402 praedicanti. Unde apostolus non gaudebat de eorum contentione, sed
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1403 de fructu qui ex hoc proveniebat, scilicet quod Christus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1404 annuntiabatur, quia ex malis etiam occasionaliter subsequuntur
53
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diff changeset
1405 bona.</p><p title="II-II q. 38 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="40594"><span class="ref">[40594] IIª-IIae q. 38 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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diff changeset
1406 dicendum quod secundum completam rationem contentionis prout est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1407 peccatum mortale, ille in iudicio contendit qui impugnat veritatem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1408 iustitiae, et in disputatione contendit qui intendit impugnare
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1409 veritatem doctrinae. Et secundum hoc Catholici non contendunt
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1410 contra haereticos, sed potius e converso. Si autem accipiatur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1411 contentio in iudicio vel disputatione secundum imperfectam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1412 rationem, scilicet secundum quod importat quandam acrimoniam
53
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diff changeset
1413 locutionis, sic non semper est peccatum mortale.</p><p title="II-II q. 38 a. 1 ad 4"><a name="40595"><span class="ref">[40595] IIª-IIae q. 38 a. 1 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
28
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diff changeset
1414 dicendum quod contentio ibi sumitur communiter pro disputatione.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1415 Dixerat enim Iob, XIII cap., <i>ad omnipotentem loquar, et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1416 disputare cum Deo cupio</i>, non tamen intendens neque veritatem
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diff changeset
1417 impugnare, sed exquirere; neque circa hanc inquisitionem aliqua
53
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diff changeset
1418 inordinatione vel animi vel vocis uti.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 2</h3><p title="II-II q. 38 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="40596"><span class="ref">[40596] IIª-IIae q. 38 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
28
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diff changeset
1419 secundum sic proceditur. Videtur quod contentio non sit filia
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1420 inanis gloriae. Contentio enim affinitatem habet ad zelum, unde
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1421 dicitur I ad Cor. III, <i>cum sit inter vos zelus et contentio,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1422 nonne carnales estis, et secundum hominem ambulatis?</i> Zelus
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diff changeset
1423 autem ad invidiam pertinet. Ergo contentio magis ex invidia
53
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diff changeset
1424 oritur.</p><p title="II-II q. 38 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="40597"><span class="ref">[40597] IIª-IIae q. 38 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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diff changeset
1425 contentio cum clamore quodam est. Sed clamor ex ira oritur; ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1426 patet per Gregorium, XXXI Moral. Ergo etiam contentio oritur ex
53
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diff changeset
1427 ira.</p><p title="II-II q. 38 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="40598"><span class="ref">[40598] IIª-IIae q. 38 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1428 inter alia scientia praecipue videtur esse materia superbiae et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1429 inanis gloriae, secundum illud I ad Cor. VIII, <i>scientia
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1430 inflat</i>. Sed contentio provenit plerumque ex defectu scientiae,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1431 per quam veritas cognoscitur, non impugnatur. Ergo contentio non
53
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diff changeset
1432 est filia inanis gloriae.</p><p title="II-II q. 38 a. 2 s. c."><a name="40599"><span class="ref">[40599] IIª-IIae q. 38 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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diff changeset
1433 est auctoritas Gregorii, XXXI Moral.</p><p title="II-II q. 38 a. 2 co."><a name="40600"><span class="ref">[40600] IIª-IIae q. 38 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1434 dicendum quod, sicut supra dictum est, discordia est filia inanis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1435 gloriae, eo quod discordantium uterque in suo proprio stat, et unus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1436 alteri non acquiescit; proprium autem superbiae est et inanis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1437 gloriae propriam excellentiam quaerere. Sicut autem discordantes
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1438 aliqui sunt ex hoc quod stant corde in propriis, ita contendentes
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1439 sunt aliqui ex hoc quod unusquisque verbo id quod sibi videtur
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diff changeset
1440 defendit. Et ideo eadem ratione ponitur contentio filia inanis
53
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diff changeset
1441 gloriae sicut et discordia.</p><p title="II-II q. 38 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="40601"><span class="ref">[40601] IIª-IIae q. 38 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
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diff changeset
1442 ergo dicendum quod contentio, sicut et discordia, habet affinitatem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1443 cum invidia quantum ad recessum eius a quo aliquis discordat vel
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1444 cum quo contendit. Sed quantum ad id in quo sistit ille qui
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1445 contendit, habet convenientiam cum superbia et inani gloria,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1446 inquantum scilicet in proprio sensu statur, ut supra dictum
53
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diff changeset
1447 est.</p><p title="II-II q. 38 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="40602"><span class="ref">[40602] IIª-IIae q. 38 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1448 dicendum quod clamor assumitur in contentione de qua loquimur ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1449 finem impugnandae veritatis. Unde non est principale in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1450 contentione. Et ideo non oportet quod contentio ex eodem derivetur
53
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diff changeset
1451 ex quo derivatur clamor.</p><p title="II-II q. 38 a. 2 ad 3"><a name="40603"><span class="ref">[40603] IIª-IIae q. 38 a. 2 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1452 dicendum quod superbia et inanis gloria occasionem sumunt praecipue
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1453 a bonis, etiam sibi contrariis, puta cum de humilitate aliquis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1454 superbit, est enim huiusmodi derivatio non per se, sed per
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1455 accidens, secundum quem modum nihil prohibet contrarium a contrario
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1456 oriri. Et ideo nihil prohibet ea quae ex superbia vel inani gloria
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1457 per se et directe oriuntur causari ex contrariis eorum ex quibus
59
03759e5c1080 fix multi-para s.c.
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diff changeset
1458 occasionaliter superbia oritur.</p></div></div><div id="q39" class="q"><h2>Quaestio 39</h2><div class="p"><h3>Prooemium</h3><p title="II-II q. 39 pr."><a name="40604"><span class="ref">[40604] IIª-IIae q. 39 pr.</span></a> Deinde
28
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diff changeset
1459 considerandum est de vitiis oppositis paci pertinentibus ad opus;
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1460 quae sunt schisma, rixa, seditio et bellum. Primo ergo circa
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1461 schisma quaeruntur quatuor. Primo, utrum schisma sit speciale
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1462 peccatum. Secundo, utrum sit gravius infidelitate. Tertio, de
53
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diff changeset
1463 potestate schismaticorum. Quarto, de poena eorum.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 1</h3><p title="II-II q. 39 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="40605"><span class="ref">[40605] IIª-IIae q. 39 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
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diff changeset
1464 sic proceditur. Videtur quod schisma non sit peccatum speciale.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1465 Schisma enim, ut Pelagius Papa dicit, scissuram sonat. Sed omne
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1466 peccatum scissuram quandam facit, secundum illud Isaiae LIX,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1467 <i>peccata vestra diviserunt inter vos et Deum vestrum</i>. Ergo
53
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diff changeset
1468 schisma non est speciale peccatum.</p><p title="II-II q. 39 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="40606"><span class="ref">[40606] IIª-IIae q. 39 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1469 illi videntur esse schismatici qui Ecclesiae non obediunt. Sed per
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diff changeset
1470 omne peccatum fit homo inobediens praeceptis Ecclesiae, quia
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diff changeset
1471 peccatum, secundum Ambrosium, est caelestium inobedientia
53
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diff changeset
1472 mandatorum. Ergo omne peccatum est schisma.</p><p title="II-II q. 39 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="40607"><span class="ref">[40607] IIª-IIae q. 39 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1473 haeresis etiam dividit hominem ab unitate fidei. Si ergo schismatis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1474 nomen divisionem importat, videtur quod non differat a peccato
53
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diff changeset
1475 infidelitatis quasi speciale peccatum.</p><p title="II-II q. 39 a. 1 s. c."><a name="40608"><span class="ref">[40608] IIª-IIae q. 39 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1476 est quod Augustinus, contra Faustum, distinguit inter schisma et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1477 haeresim, dicens quod <i>schisma est eadem opinantem atque eodem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1478 ritu colentem quo ceteri, solo congregationis delectari dissidio,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1479 haeresis vero diversa opinatur ab his quae Catholica credit
53
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diff changeset
1480 Ecclesia</i>. Ergo schisma non est generale peccatum.</p><p title="II-II q. 39 a. 1 co."><a name="40609"><span class="ref">[40609] IIª-IIae q. 39 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1481 dicendum quod, sicut Isidorus dicit, in libro Etymol., nomen
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1482 schismatis a scissura animorum vocatum est. Scissio autem unitati
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1483 opponitur. Unde peccatum schismatis dicitur quod directe et per se
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1484 opponitur unitati, sicut enim in rebus naturalibus id quod est per
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1485 accidens non constituit speciem, ita etiam nec in rebus moralibus.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1486 In quibus id quod est intentum est per se, quod autem sequitur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1487 praeter intentionem est quasi per accidens. Et ideo peccatum
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1488 schismatis proprie est speciale peccatum ex eo quod intendit se ab
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1489 unitate separare quam caritas facit. Quae non solum alteram
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1490 personam alteri unit spirituali dilectionis vinculo, sed etiam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1491 totam Ecclesiam in unitate spiritus. Et ideo proprie schismatici
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1492 dicuntur qui propria sponte et intentione se ab unitate Ecclesiae
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1493 separant, quae est unitas principalis, nam unitas particularis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1494 aliquorum ad invicem ordinatur ad unitatem Ecclesiae, sicut
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1495 compositio singulorum membrorum in corpore naturali ordinatur ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1496 totius corporis unitatem. Ecclesiae autem unitas in duobus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1497 attenditur, scilicet in connexione membrorum Ecclesiae ad invicem,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1498 seu communicatione; et iterum in ordine omnium membrorum Ecclesiae
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1499 ad unum caput; secundum illud ad Coloss. II, <i>inflatus sensu
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1500 carnis suae, et non tenens caput, ex quo totum corpus, per nexus et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1501 coniunctiones subministratum et constructum, crescit in augmentum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1502 Dei</i>. Hoc autem caput est ipse Christus, cuius vicem in Ecclesia
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1503 gerit summus pontifex. Et ideo schismatici dicuntur qui subesse
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1504 renuunt summo pontifici, et qui membris Ecclesiae ei subiectis
53
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diff changeset
1505 communicare recusant.</p><p title="II-II q. 39 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="40610"><span class="ref">[40610] IIª-IIae q. 39 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1506 ergo dicendum quod divisio hominis a Deo per peccatum non est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1507 intenta a peccante, sed praeter intentionem eius accidit ex
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1508 inordinata conversione ipsius ad commutabile bonum. Et ideo non est
53
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diff changeset
1509 schisma, per se loquendo.</p><p title="II-II q. 39 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="40611"><span class="ref">[40611] IIª-IIae q. 39 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1510 dicendum quod non obedire praeceptis cum rebellione quadam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1511 constituit schismatis rationem. Dico autem cum rebellione, cum et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1512 pertinaciter praecepta Ecclesiae contemnit, et iudicium eius subire
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1513 recusat. Hoc autem non facit quilibet peccator. Unde non omne
53
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diff changeset
1514 peccatum est schisma.</p><p title="II-II q. 39 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="40612"><span class="ref">[40612] IIª-IIae q. 39 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1515 dicendum quod haeresis et schisma distinguuntur secundum ea quibus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1516 utrumque per se et directe opponitur. Nam haeresis per se opponitur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1517 fidei, schisma autem per se opponitur unitati ecclesiasticae
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1518 caritatis. Et ideo sicut fides et caritas sunt diversae virtutes,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1519 quamvis quicumque careat fide careat caritate; ita etiam schisma et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1520 haeresis sunt diversa vitia, quamvis quicumque est haereticus sit
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1521 etiam schismaticus, sed non convertitur. Et hoc est quod Hieronymus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1522 dicit, in Epist. ad Gal., <i>inter schisma et haeresim hoc
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1523 interesse arbitror, quod haeresis perversum dogma habet, schisma ab
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1524 Ecclesia separat</i>. Et tamen sicut amissio caritatis est via ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1525 amittendum fidem, secundum illud I ad Tim. I, <i>a quibus quidam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1526 aberrantes</i>, scilicet a caritate et aliis huiusmodi, conversi
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1527 sunt in vaniloquium; ita etiam schisma est via ad haeresim. Unde
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1528 Hieronymus ibidem subdit quod <i>schisma a principio aliqua in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1529 parte potest intelligi diversum ab haeresi, ceterum nullum schisma
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1530 est, nisi sibi aliquam haeresim confingat, ut recte ab Ecclesia
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1531 recessisse videatur</i>.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 2</h3><p title="II-II q. 39 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="40613"><span class="ref">[40613] IIª-IIae q. 39 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
28
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diff changeset
1532 secundum sic proceditur. Videtur quod schisma gravius peccatum sit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1533 quam infidelitas. Maius enim peccatum graviori poena punitur,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1534 secundum illud Deut. XXV, <i>pro mensura peccati erit et plagarum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1535 modus</i>. Sed peccatum schismatis gravius invenitur punitum quam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1536 etiam peccatum infidelitatis sive idololatriae. Legitur enim Exod.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1537 XXXII quod propter idololatriam sunt aliqui humana manu gladio
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1538 interfecti, de peccato autem schismatis legitur Num. XVI, <i>si
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1539 novam rem fecerit dominus, ut aperiens terra os suum deglutiat eos
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1540 et omnia quae ad illos pertinent, descenderintque viventes in
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1541 Infernum, scietis quod blasphemaverunt dominum</i>. Decem etiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1542 tribus, quae vitio schismatis a regno David recesserunt, sunt
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1543 gravissime punitae, ut habetur IV Reg. XVII. Ergo peccatum
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1544 schismatis est gravius peccato infidelitatis.</p><p title="II-II q. 39 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="40614"><span class="ref">[40614] IIª-IIae q. 39 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1545 <i>bonum multitudinis est maius et divinius quam bonum unius</i>;
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1546 ut patet per philosophum, in I Ethic. Sed schisma est contra bonum
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1547 multitudinis, idest contra ecclesiasticam unitatem, infidelitas
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1548 autem est contra bonum particulare unius, quod est fides unius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1549 hominis singularis. Ergo videtur quod schisma sit gravius peccatum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1550 quam infidelitas.</p><p title="II-II q. 39 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="40615"><span class="ref">[40615] IIª-IIae q. 39 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1551 maiori malo maius bonum opponitur; ut patet per philosophum, in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1552 VIII Ethic. Sed schisma opponitur caritati, quae est maior virtus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1553 quam fides, cui opponitur infidelitas, ut ex praemissis patet. Ergo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1554 schisma est gravius peccatum quam infidelitas.</p><p title="II-II q. 39 a. 2 s. c."><a name="40616"><span class="ref">[40616] IIª-IIae q. 39 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra,
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1555 quod se habet ex additione ad alterum potius est vel in bono vel in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1556 malo. Sed haeresis se habet per additionem ad schisma, addit enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1557 perversum dogma, ut patet ex auctoritate Hieronymi supra inducta.
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1558 Ergo schisma est minus peccatum quam infidelitas.</p><p title="II-II q. 39 a. 2 co."><a name="40617"><span class="ref">[40617] IIª-IIae q. 39 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1559 dicendum quod gravitas peccati dupliciter potest considerari, uno
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1560 modo, secundum suam speciem; alio modo, secundum circumstantias. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1561 quia circumstantiae particulares sunt et infinitis modis variari
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1562 possunt, cum quaeritur in communi de duobus peccatis quod sit
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1563 gravius, intelligenda est quaestio de gravitate quae attenditur
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1564 secundum genus peccati. Genus autem seu species peccati attenditur
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1565 ex obiecto; sicut ex supradictis patet. Et ideo illud peccatum quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1566 maiori bono contrariatur est ex suo genere gravius, sicut peccatum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1567 in Deum quam peccatum in proximum. Manifestum est autem quod
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1568 infidelitas est peccatum contra ipsum Deum, secundum quod in se est
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1569 veritas prima, cui fides innititur. Schisma autem est contra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1570 ecclesiasticam unitatem, quae est quoddam bonum participatum, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1571 minus quam sit ipse Deus. Unde manifestum est quod peccatum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1572 infidelitatis ex suo genere est gravius quam peccatum schismatis,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1573 licet possit contingere quod aliquis schismaticus gravius peccet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1574 quam quidam infidelis, vel propter maiorem contemptum, vel propter
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1575 maius periculum quod inducit, vel propter aliquid huiusmodi.</p><p title="II-II q. 39 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="40618"><span class="ref">[40618] IIª-IIae q. 39 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1576 ergo dicendum quod populo illi manifestum erat iam per legem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1577 susceptam quod erat unus Deus et quod non erant alii dii colendi,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1578 et hoc erat apud eos per multiplicia signa confirmatum. Et ideo non
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1579 oportebat quod peccantes contra hanc fidem per idololatriam
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1580 punirentur inusitata aliqua et insolita poena, sed solum communi.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1581 Sed non erat sic notum apud eos quod Moyses deberet esse semper
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1582 eorum princeps. Et ideo rebellantes eius principatui oportebat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1583 miraculosa et insueta poena puniri. Vel potest dici quod peccatum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1584 schismatis quandoque gravius est punitum in populo illo quia erat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1585 ad seditiones et schismata promptus, dicitur enim I Esdr. IV,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1586 <i>civitas illa a diebus antiquis adversus regem rebellat, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1587 seditiones et praelia concitantur in ea</i>. Poena autem maior
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1588 quandoque infligitur pro peccato magis consueto, ut supra habitum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1589 est, nam poenae sunt medicinae quaedam ad arcendum homines a
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1590 peccato; unde ubi est maior pronitas ad peccandum, debet severior
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1591 poena adhiberi. Decem autem tribus non solum fuerunt punitae pro
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1592 peccato schismatis, sed etiam pro peccato idololatriae, ut ibidem
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1593 dicitur.</p><p title="II-II q. 39 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="40619"><span class="ref">[40619] IIª-IIae q. 39 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1594 dicendum quod sicut bonum multitudinis est maius quam bonum unius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1595 qui est de multitudine, ita est minus quam bonum extrinsecum ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1596 quod multitudo ordinatur, sicut bonum ordinis exercitus est minus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1597 quam bonum ducis. Et similiter bonum ecclesiasticae unitatis, cui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1598 opponitur schisma, est minus quam bonum veritatis divinae, cui
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1599 opponitur infidelitas.</p><p title="II-II q. 39 a. 2 ad 3"><a name="40620"><span class="ref">[40620] IIª-IIae q. 39 a. 2 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1600 dicendum quod caritas habet duo obiecta, unum principale, scilicet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1601 bonitatem divinam; et aliud secundarium, scilicet bonum proximi.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1602 Schisma autem et alia peccata quae fiunt in proximum opponuntur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1603 caritati quantum ad secundarium bonum, quod est minus quam obiectum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1604 fidei, quod est ipse Deus. Et ideo ista peccata sunt minora quam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1605 infidelitas. Sed odium Dei, quod opponitur caritati quantum ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1606 principale obiectum, non est minus. Tamen inter peccata quae sunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1607 in proximum, peccatum schismatis videtur esse maximum, quia est
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1608 contra spirituale bonum multitudinis.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 3</h3><p title="II-II q. 39 a. 3 arg. 1"><a name="40621"><span class="ref">[40621] IIª-IIae q. 39 a. 3 arg. 1</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1609 sic proceditur. Videtur quod schismatici habeant aliquam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1610 potestatem. Dicit enim Augustinus, in libro contra Donatist.,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1611 <i>sicut redeuntes ad Ecclesiam qui priusquam recederent baptizati
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1612 sunt non rebaptizantur, ita redeuntes qui priusquam recederent
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1613 ordinati sunt non utique rursus ordinantur</i>. Sed ordo est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1614 potestas quaedam. Ergo schismatici habent aliquam potestatem, quia
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1615 retinent ordinem.</p><p title="II-II q. 39 a. 3 arg. 2"><a name="40622"><span class="ref">[40622] IIª-IIae q. 39 a. 3 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1616 Augustinus dicit, in libro de Unic. Bapt., <i>potest sacramentum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1617 tradere separatus, sicut potest habere separatus</i>. Sed potestas
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1618 tradendi sacramenta est maxima potestas. Ergo schismatici, qui sunt
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1619 ab Ecclesia separati, habent potestatem spiritualem.</p><p title="II-II q. 39 a. 3 arg. 3"><a name="40623"><span class="ref">[40623] IIª-IIae q. 39 a. 3 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1620 Urbanus Papa dicit quod <i>ab episcopis quondam Catholice ordinatis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1621 sed in schismate a Romana Ecclesia separatis qui consecrati sunt,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1622 eos, cum ad Ecclesiae unitatem redierint, servatis propriis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1623 ordinibus, misericorditer suscipi iubemus, si eos vita et scientia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1624 commendat</i>. Sed hoc non esset nisi spiritualis potestas apud
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1625 schismaticos remaneret. Ergo schismatici habent spiritualem
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1626 potestatem.</p><p title="II-II q. 39 a. 3 s. c."><a name="40624"><span class="ref">[40624] IIª-IIae q. 39 a. 3 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1627 est quod Cyprianus dicit in quadam epistola, et habetur VII, qu. I,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1628 Can. Novatianus, <i>qui nec unitatem, inquit, spiritus nec
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1629 conventionis pacem observat, et se ab Ecclesiae vinculo atque a
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1630 sacerdotum collegio separat, nec episcopi potestatem habere potest
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1631 nec honorem</i>.</p><p title="II-II q. 39 a. 3 co."><a name="40625"><span class="ref">[40625] IIª-IIae q. 39 a. 3 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1632 dicendum quod duplex est spiritualis potestas, una quidem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1633 sacramentalis; alia iurisdictionalis. Sacramentalis quidem potestas
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1634 est quae per aliquam consecrationem confertur. Omnes autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1635 consecrationes Ecclesiae sunt immobiles, manente re quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1636 consecratur, sicut patet etiam in rebus inanimatis, nam altare
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1637 semel consecratum non consecratur iterum nisi fuerit dissipatum. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1638 ideo talis potestas secundum suam essentiam remanet in homine qui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1639 per consecrationem eam est adeptus quandiu vivit, sive in schisma
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1640 sive in haeresim labatur, quod patet ex hoc quod rediens ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1641 Ecclesiam non iterum consecratur. Sed quia potestas inferior non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1642 debet exire in actum nisi secundum quod movetur a potestate
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1643 superiori, ut etiam in rebus naturalibus patet; inde est quod tales
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1644 usum potestatis amittunt, ita scilicet quod non liceat eis sua
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1645 potestate uti. Si tamen usi fuerint, eorum potestas effectum habet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1646 in sacramentalibus, quia in his homo non operatur nisi sicut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1647 instrumentum Dei; unde effectus sacramentales non excluduntur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1648 propter culpam quamcumque conferentis sacramentum. Potestas autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1649 iurisdictionalis est quae ex simplici iniunctione hominis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1650 confertur. Et talis potestas non immobiliter adhaeret. Unde in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1651 schismaticis et haereticis non manet. Unde non possunt nec
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1652 absolvere nec excommunicare nec indulgentias facere, aut aliquid
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1653 huiusmodi, quod si fecerint, nihil est actum. Cum ergo dicitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1654 tales non habere potestatem spiritualem, intelligendum est vel de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1655 potestate secunda, vel, si referatur ad primam potestatem, non est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1656 referendum ad ipsam essentiam potestatis, sed ad legitimum usum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1657 eius.</p><p title="II-II q. 39 a. 3 ad arg."><a name="40626"><span class="ref">[40626] IIª-IIae q. 39 a. 3 ad arg.</span></a> Et per
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1658 hoc patet responsio ad obiecta.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 4</h3><p title="II-II q. 39 a. 4 arg. 1"><a name="40627"><span class="ref">[40627] IIª-IIae q. 39 a. 4 arg. 1</span></a> Ad quartum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1659 sic proceditur. Videtur quod poena schismaticorum non sit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1660 conveniens ut excommunicentur. Excommunicatio enim maxime separat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1661 hominem a communione sacramentorum. Sed Augustinus dicit, in libro
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1662 contra Donatist., quod Baptisma potest recipi a schismatico. Ergo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1663 videtur quod excommunicatio non est conveniens poena
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1664 schismatis.</p><p title="II-II q. 39 a. 4 arg. 2"><a name="40628"><span class="ref">[40628] IIª-IIae q. 39 a. 4 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1665 ad fideles Christi pertinet ut eos qui sunt dispersi reducant, unde
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1666 contra quosdam dicitur Ezech. XXXIV, <i>quod abiectum est non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1667 reduxistis, quod perierat non quaesistis</i>. Sed schismatici
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1668 convenientius reducuntur per aliquos qui eis communicent. Ergo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1669 videtur quod non sint excommunicandi.</p><p title="II-II q. 39 a. 4 arg. 3"><a name="40629"><span class="ref">[40629] IIª-IIae q. 39 a. 4 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1670 pro eodem peccato non infligitur duplex poena, secundum illud Nahum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1671 I, <i>non iudicabit Deus bis in idipsum</i>. Sed pro peccato
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1672 schismatis aliqui poena temporali puniuntur, ut habetur XXIII, qu.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1673 V, ubi dicitur, <i>divinae et mundanae leges statuerunt ut ab
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1674 Ecclesiae unitate divisi, et eius pacem perturbantes, a
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1675 saecularibus potestatibus comprimantur</i>. Non ergo sunt puniendi
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1676 per excommunicationem.</p><p title="II-II q. 39 a. 4 s. c."><a name="40630"><span class="ref">[40630] IIª-IIae q. 39 a. 4 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1677 est quod Num. XVI dicitur, <i>recedite a tabernaculis hominum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1678 impiorum</i>, qui scilicet schisma fecerant, <i>et nolite tangere
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1679 quae ad eos pertinent, ne involvamini in peccatis eorum</i>.</p><p title="II-II q. 39 a. 4 co."><a name="40631"><span class="ref">[40631] IIª-IIae q. 39 a. 4 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1680 dicendum quod per quae peccat quis, per ea debet puniri, ut dicitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1681 Sap. XI. Schismaticus autem, ut ex dictis patet, in duobus peccat.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1682 In uno quidem, quia separat se a communione membrorum Ecclesiae. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1683 quantum ad hoc conveniens poena schismaticorum est ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1684 excommunicentur. In alio vero, quia subdi recusant capiti
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1685 Ecclesiae. Et ideo, quia coerceri nolunt per spiritualem potestatem
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1686 Ecclesiae, iustum est ut potestate temporali coerceantur.</p><p title="II-II q. 39 a. 4 ad 1"><a name="40632"><span class="ref">[40632] IIª-IIae q. 39 a. 4 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1687 ergo dicendum quod Baptismum a schismaticis recipere non licet nisi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1688 in articulo necessitatis, quia melius est de hac vita cum signo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1689 Christi exire, a quocumque detur, etiam si sit Iudaeus vel Paganus,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1690 quam sine hoc signo, quod per Baptismum confertur.</p><p title="II-II q. 39 a. 4 ad 2"><a name="40633"><span class="ref">[40633] IIª-IIae q. 39 a. 4 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1691 dicendum quod per excommunicationem non interdicitur illa
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1692 communicatio per quam aliquis salubribus monitis divisos reducit ad
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1693 Ecclesiae unitatem. Tamen et ipsa separatio quodammodo eos reducit,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1694 dum, de sua separatione confusi, quandoque ad poenitentiam
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1695 adducuntur.</p><p title="II-II q. 39 a. 4 ad 3"><a name="40634"><span class="ref">[40634] IIª-IIae q. 39 a. 4 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1696 dicendum quod poenae praesentis vitae sunt medicinales; et ideo
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1697 quando una poena non sufficit ad coercendum hominem, superadditur
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1698 altera, sicut et medici diversas medicinas corporales apponunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1699 quando una non est efficax et ita Ecclesia, quando aliqui per
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1700 excommunicationem non sufficienter reprimuntur, adhibet coercionem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1701 brachii saecularis. Sed si una poena sit sufficiens, non debet alia
59
03759e5c1080 fix multi-para s.c.
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parents: 53
diff changeset
1702 adhiberi.</p></div></div><div id="q40" class="q"><h2>Quaestio 40</h2><div class="p"><h3>Prooemium</h3><p title="II-II q. 40 pr."><a name="40635"><span class="ref">[40635] IIª-IIae q. 40 pr.</span></a> Deinde
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1703 considerandum est de bello. Et circa hoc quaeruntur quatuor. Primo,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1704 utrum aliquod bellum sit licitum. Secundo, utrum clericis sit
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1705 licitum bellare. Tertio, utrum liceat bellantibus uti insidiis.
53
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diff changeset
1706 Quarto, utrum liceat in diebus festis bellare.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 1</h3><p title="II-II q. 40 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="40636"><span class="ref">[40636] IIª-IIae q. 40 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1707 sic proceditur. Videtur quod bellare semper sit peccatum. Poena
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1708 enim non infligitur nisi pro peccato. Sed bellantibus a domino
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1709 indicitur poena, secundum illud Matth. XXVI, <i>omnis qui acceperit
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1710 gladium gladio peribit</i>. Ergo omne bellum est illicitum.</p><p title="II-II q. 40 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="40637"><span class="ref">[40637] IIª-IIae q. 40 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1711 quidquid contrariatur divino praecepto est peccatum. Sed bellare
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1712 contrariatur divino praecepto, dicitur enim Matth. V, <i>ego dico
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1713 vobis non resistere malo</i>; et Rom. XII dicitur, <i>non vos
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1714 defendentes, carissimi, sed date locum irae</i>. Ergo bellare
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1715 semper est peccatum.</p><p title="II-II q. 40 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="40638"><span class="ref">[40638] IIª-IIae q. 40 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1716 nihil contrariatur actui virtutis nisi peccatum. Sed bellum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1717 contrariatur paci. Ergo bellum semper est peccatum.</p><p title="II-II q. 40 a. 1 arg. 4"><a name="40639"><span class="ref">[40639] IIª-IIae q. 40 a. 1 arg. 4</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1718 omne exercitium ad rem licitam licitum est, sicut patet in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1719 exercitiis scientiarum. Sed exercitia bellorum, quae fiunt in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1720 torneamentis, prohibentur ab Ecclesia, quia morientes in huiusmodi
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1721 tyrociniis ecclesiastica sepultura privantur. Ergo bellum videtur
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1722 esse simpliciter peccatum.</p><p title="II-II q. 40 a. 1 s. c."><a name="40640"><span class="ref">[40640] IIª-IIae q. 40 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1723 est quod Augustinus dicit, in sermone de puero centurionis, <i>si
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1724 Christiana disciplina omnino bella culparet, hoc potius consilium
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1725 salutis petentibus in Evangelio daretur, ut abiicerent arma, seque
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1726 militiae omnino subtraherent. Dictum est autem eis, neminem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1727 concutiatis; estote contenti stipendiis vestris. Quibus proprium
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1728 stipendium sufficere praecepit, militare non prohibuit</i>.</p><p title="II-II q. 40 a. 1 co."><a name="40641"><span class="ref">[40641] IIª-IIae q. 40 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1729 dicendum quod ad hoc quod aliquod bellum sit iustum, tria
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1730 requiruntur. Primo quidem, auctoritas principis, cuius mandato
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1731 bellum est gerendum. Non enim pertinet ad personam privatam bellum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1732 movere, quia potest ius suum in iudicio superioris prosequi.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1733 Similiter etiam quia convocare multitudinem, quod in bellis oportet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1734 fieri, non pertinet ad privatam personam. Cum autem cura
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1735 reipublicae commissa sit principibus, ad eos pertinet rem publicam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1736 civitatis vel regni seu provinciae sibi subditae tueri. Et sicut
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1737 licite defendunt eam materiali gladio contra interiores quidem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1738 perturbatores, dum malefactores puniunt, secundum illud apostoli,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1739 ad Rom. XIII, <i>non sine causa gladium portat, minister enim Dei
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1740 est, vindex in iram ei qui male agit</i>; ita etiam gladio bellico
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1741 ad eos pertinet rempublicam tueri ab exterioribus hostibus. Unde et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1742 principibus dicitur in Psalm., <i>eripite pauperem, et egenum de
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1743 manu peccatoris liberate</i>. Unde Augustinus dicit, contra Faust.,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1744 <i>ordo naturalis, mortalium paci accommodatus, hoc poscit, ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1745 suscipiendi belli auctoritas atque consilium penes principes
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1746 sit</i>. Secundo, requiritur causa iusta, ut scilicet illi qui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1747 impugnantur propter aliquam culpam impugnationem mereantur. Unde
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1748 Augustinus dicit, in libro quaest., <i>iusta bella solent definiri
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1749 quae ulciscuntur iniurias, si gens vel civitas plectenda est quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1750 vel vindicare neglexerit quod a suis improbe factum est, vel
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1751 reddere quod per iniuriam ablatum est</i>. Tertio, requiritur ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1752 sit intentio bellantium recta, qua scilicet intenditur vel ut bonum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1753 promoveatur, vel ut malum vitetur. Unde Augustinus, in libro de
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1754 verbis Dom., <i>apud veros Dei cultores etiam illa bella pacata
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1755 sunt quae non cupiditate aut crudelitate, sed pacis studio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1756 geruntur, ut mali coerceantur et boni subleventur</i>. Potest autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1757 contingere quod etiam si sit legitima auctoritas indicentis bellum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1758 et causa iusta, nihilominus propter pravam intentionem bellum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1759 reddatur illicitum. Dicit enim Augustinus, in libro contra Faust.,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1760 <i>nocendi cupiditas, ulciscendi crudelitas, implacatus et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1761 implacabilis animus, feritas rebellandi, libido dominandi, et si
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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diff changeset
1762 qua sunt similia, haec sunt quae in bellis iure culpantur</i>.</p><p title="II-II q. 40 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="40642"><span class="ref">[40642] IIª-IIae q. 40 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1763 ergo dicendum quod, sicut Augustinus dicit, in II Lib. contra
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1764 Manich., <i>ille accipit gladium qui, nulla superiori aut legitima
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1765 potestate aut iubente vel concedente, in sanguinem alicuius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1766 armatur</i>. Qui vero ex auctoritate principis vel iudicis, si sit
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1767 persona privata; vel ex zelo iustitiae, quasi ex auctoritate Dei,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1768 si sit persona publica, gladio utitur, non ipse accipit gladium,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1769 sed ab alio sibi commisso utitur. Unde ei poena non debetur. Nec
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1770 tamen illi etiam qui cum peccato gladio utuntur semper gladio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1771 occiduntur. Sed ipso suo gladio semper pereunt, quia pro peccato
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1772 gladii aeternaliter puniuntur, nisi poeniteant.</p><p title="II-II q. 40 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="40643"><span class="ref">[40643] IIª-IIae q. 40 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1773 dicendum quod huiusmodi praecepta, sicut Augustinus dicit, in libro
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1774 de Serm. Dom. in monte, semper sunt servanda in praeparatione
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1775 animi, ut scilicet semper homo sit paratus non resistere vel non se
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1776 defendere si opus fuerit. Sed quandoque est aliter agendum propter
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1777 commune bonum, et etiam illorum cum quibus pugnatur. Unde
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1778 Augustinus dicit, in Epist. ad Marcellinum, <i>agenda sunt multa
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1779 etiam cum invitis benigna quadam asperitate plectendis. Nam cui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1780 licentia iniquitatis eripitur, utiliter vincitur, quoniam nihil est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1781 infelicius felicitate peccantium, qua poenalis nutritur impunitas,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1782 et mala voluntas, velut hostis interior, roboratur</i>.</p><p title="II-II q. 40 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="40644"><span class="ref">[40644] IIª-IIae q. 40 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1783 dicendum quod etiam illi qui iusta bella gerunt pacem intendunt. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1784 ita paci non contrariantur nisi malae, quam dominus non venit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1785 mittere in terram, ut dicitur Matth. X. Unde Augustinus dicit, ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1786 Bonifacium, <i>non quaeritur pax ut bellum exerceatur, sed bellum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1787 geritur ut pax acquiratur. Esto ergo bellando pacificus, ut eos
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1788 quos expugnas ad pacis utilitatem vincendo perducas</i>.</p><p title="II-II q. 40 a. 1 ad 4"><a name="40645"><span class="ref">[40645] IIª-IIae q. 40 a. 1 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1789 dicendum quod exercitia hominum ad res bellicas non sunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1790 universaliter prohibita, sed inordinata exercitia et periculosa, ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1791 quibus occisiones et depraedationes proveniunt. Apud antiquos autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1792 exercitationes ad bella sine huiusmodi periculis erant, et ideo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1793 vocabantur meditationes armorum, vel bella sine sanguine, ut per
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1794 Hieronymum patet, in quadam epistola.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 2</h3><p title="II-II q. 40 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="40646"><span class="ref">[40646] IIª-IIae q. 40 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1795 secundum sic proceditur. Videtur quod clericis et episcopis liceat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1796 pugnare. Bella enim intantum sunt licita et iusta, sicut dictum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1797 est, inquantum tuentur pauperes et totam rempublicam ab hostium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1798 iniuriis. Sed hoc maxime videtur ad praelatos pertinere, dicit enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1799 Gregorius, in quadam homilia, <i>lupus super oves venit, cum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1800 quilibet iniustus et raptor fideles quosque atque humiles opprimit.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1801 Sed is qui pastor videbatur esse et non erat, relinquit oves et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1802 fugit, quia dum sibi ab eo periculum metuit, resistere eius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1803 iniustitiae non praesumit</i>. Ergo praelatis et clericis licitum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1804 est pugnare.</p><p title="II-II q. 40 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="40647"><span class="ref">[40647] IIª-IIae q. 40 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1805 XXIII, qu. VIII, Leo Papa scribit, <i>cum saepe adversa a
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1806 Saracenorum partibus pervenerint nuntia, quidam in Romanorum portum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1807 Saracenos clam furtiveque venturos esse dicebant. Pro quo nostrum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1808 congregari praecepimus populum, maritimumque ad littus descendere
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1809 decrevimus</i>. Ergo episcopis licet ad bella procedere.</p><p title="II-II q. 40 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="40648"><span class="ref">[40648] IIª-IIae q. 40 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1810 eiusdem rationis esse videtur quod homo aliquid faciat, et quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1811 facienti consentiat, secundum illud Rom. I, <i>non solum digni sunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1812 morte qui faciunt, sed et qui consentiunt facientibus</i>. Maxime
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1813 autem consentit qui ad aliquid faciendum alios inducit. Licitum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1814 autem est episcopis et clericis inducere alios ad bellandum,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1815 dicitur enim XXIII, qu. VIII, quod <i>hortatu et precibus Adriani
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1816 Romanae urbis episcopi, Carolus bellum contra Longobardos
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1817 suscepit</i>. Ergo etiam eis licet pugnare.</p><p title="II-II q. 40 a. 2 arg. 4"><a name="40649"><span class="ref">[40649] IIª-IIae q. 40 a. 2 arg. 4</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1818 illud quod est secundum se honestum et meritorium non est illicitum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1819 praelatis et clericis. Sed bellare est quandoque et honestum et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1820 meritorium, dicitur enim XXIII, qu. VIII, quod <i>si aliquis pro
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1821 veritate fidei et salvatione patriae ac defensione Christianorum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1822 mortuus fuerit, a Deo caeleste praemium consequetur</i>. Ergo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1823 licitum est episcopis et clericis bellare.</p><p title="II-II q. 40 a. 2 s. c."><a name="40650"><span class="ref">[40650] IIª-IIae q. 40 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1824 est quod Petro, in persona episcoporum et clericorum, dicitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1825 Matth. XXVI, <i>converte gladium tuum in vaginam</i>. Non ergo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1826 licet eis pugnare.</p><p title="II-II q. 40 a. 2 co."><a name="40651"><span class="ref">[40651] IIª-IIae q. 40 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1827 dicendum quod ad bonum societatis humanae plura sunt necessaria.
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1828 Diversa autem a diversis melius et expeditius aguntur quam ab uno;
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1829 ut patet per philosophum, in sua politica. Et quaedam negotia sunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1830 adeo sibi repugnantia ut convenienter simul exerceri non possint.
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1831 Et ideo illis qui maioribus deputantur prohibentur minora, sicut
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1832 secundum leges humanas militibus, qui deputantur ad exercitia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1833 bellica, negotiationes interdicuntur. Bellica autem exercitia
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diff changeset
1834 maxime repugnant illis officiis quibus episcopi et clerici
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diff changeset
1835 deputantur, propter duo. Primo quidem, generali ratione, quia
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diff changeset
1836 bellica exercitia maximas inquietudines habent; unde multum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1837 impediunt animum a contemplatione divinorum et laude Dei et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1838 oratione pro populo, quae ad officium pertinent clericorum. Et ideo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1839 sicut negotiationes, propter hoc quod nimis implicant animum,
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diff changeset
1840 interdicuntur clericis, ita et bellica exercitia, secundum illud II
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diff changeset
1841 ad Tim. II, <i>nemo militans Deo implicat se saecularibus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1842 negotiis</i>. Secundo, propter specialem rationem. Nam omnes
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1843 clericorum ordines ordinantur ad altaris ministerium, in quo sub
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1844 sacramento repraesentatur passio Christi, secundum illud I ad Cor.
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diff changeset
1845 XI, <i>quotiescumque manducabitis panem hunc et calicem bibetis,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1846 mortem domini annuntiabitis, donec veniat</i>. Et ideo non competit
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1847 eis occidere vel effundere sanguinem, sed magis esse paratos ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1848 propriam sanguinis effusionem pro Christo, ut imitentur opere quod
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1849 gerunt ministerio. Et propter hoc est institutum ut effundentes
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1850 sanguinem, etiam sine peccato, sint irregulares. Nulli autem qui
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1851 est deputatus ad aliquod officium licet id per quod suo officio
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1852 incongruus redditur. Unde clericis omnino non licet bella gerere,
53
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diff changeset
1853 quae ordinantur ad sanguinis effusionem.</p><p title="II-II q. 40 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="40652"><span class="ref">[40652] IIª-IIae q. 40 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
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diff changeset
1854 ergo dicendum quod praelati debent resistere non solum lupis qui
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diff changeset
1855 spiritualiter interficiunt gregem, sed etiam raptoribus et tyrannis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1856 qui corporaliter vexant, non autem materialibus armis in propria
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1857 persona utendo, sed spiritualibus; secundum illud apostoli, II ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1858 Cor. X, <i>arma militiae nostrae non sunt carnalia, sed
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1859 spiritualia</i>. Quae quidem sunt salubres admonitiones, devotae
53
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diff changeset
1860 orationes, contra pertinaces excommunicationis sententia.</p><p title="II-II q. 40 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="40653"><span class="ref">[40653] IIª-IIae q. 40 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
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1861 dicendum quod praelati et clerici, ex auctoritate superioris,
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diff changeset
1862 possunt interesse bellis, non quidem ut ipsi propria manu pugnent,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1863 sed ut iuste pugnantibus spiritualiter subveniant suis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1864 exhortationibus et absolutionibus et aliis huiusmodi spiritualibus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1865 subventionibus. Sicut et in veteri lege mandabatur, Ios. VI, quod
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diff changeset
1866 sacerdotes sacris tubis in bellis clangerent. Et ad hoc primo fuit
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diff changeset
1867 concessum quod episcopi vel clerici ad bella procederent. Quod
53
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diff changeset
1868 autem aliqui propria manu pugnent, abusionis est.</p><p title="II-II q. 40 a. 2 ad 3"><a name="40654"><span class="ref">[40654] IIª-IIae q. 40 a. 2 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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diff changeset
1869 dicendum quod, sicut supra habitum est, omnis potentia vel ars vel
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diff changeset
1870 virtus ad quam pertinet finis habet disponere de his quae sunt ad
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diff changeset
1871 finem. Bella autem carnalia in populo fideli sunt referenda, sicut
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1872 ad finem, ad bonum spirituale divinum, cui clerici deputantur. Et
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diff changeset
1873 ideo ad clericos pertinet disponere et inducere alios ad bellandum
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diff changeset
1874 bella iusta. Non enim interdicitur eis bellare quia peccatum sit,
53
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diff changeset
1875 sed quia tale exercitium eorum personae non congruit.</p><p title="II-II q. 40 a. 2 ad 4"><a name="40655"><span class="ref">[40655] IIª-IIae q. 40 a. 2 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
28
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diff changeset
1876 dicendum quod, licet exercere bella iusta sit meritorium, tamen
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1877 illicitum redditur clericis propter hoc quod sunt ad opera magis
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diff changeset
1878 meritoria deputati. Sicut matrimonialis actus potest esse
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diff changeset
1879 meritorius, et tamen virginitatem voventibus damnabilis redditur,
53
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diff changeset
1880 propter obligationem eorum ad maius bonum.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 3</h3><p title="II-II q. 40 a. 3 arg. 1"><a name="40656"><span class="ref">[40656] IIª-IIae q. 40 a. 3 arg. 1</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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diff changeset
1881 sic proceditur. Videtur quod non sit licitum in bellis uti
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diff changeset
1882 insidiis. Dicitur enim Deut. XVI, <i>iuste quod iustum est
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diff changeset
1883 exequeris</i>. Sed insidiae, cum sint fraudes quaedam, videntur ad
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diff changeset
1884 iniustitiam pertinere. Ergo non est utendum insidiis etiam in
53
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diff changeset
1885 bellis iustis.</p><p title="II-II q. 40 a. 3 arg. 2"><a name="40657"><span class="ref">[40657] IIª-IIae q. 40 a. 3 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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diff changeset
1886 insidiae et fraudes fidelitati videntur opponi, sicut et mendacia.
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diff changeset
1887 Sed quia ad omnes fidem debemus servare, nulli homini est
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diff changeset
1888 mentiendum; ut patet per Augustinum, in libro contra mendacium. Cum
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diff changeset
1889 ergo fides hosti servanda sit, ut Augustinus dicit, ad Bonifacium,
53
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diff changeset
1890 videtur quod non sit contra hostes insidiis utendum.</p><p title="II-II q. 40 a. 3 arg. 3"><a name="40658"><span class="ref">[40658] IIª-IIae q. 40 a. 3 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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diff changeset
1891 Matth. VII dicitur, <i>quae vultis ut faciant vobis homines, et vos
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diff changeset
1892 facite illis</i>, et hoc est observandum ad omnes proximos. Inimici
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diff changeset
1893 autem sunt proximi. Cum ergo nullus sibi velit insidias vel fraudes
53
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diff changeset
1894 parari, videtur quod nullus ex insidiis debeat gerere bella.</p><p title="II-II q. 40 a. 3 s. c."><a name="40659"><span class="ref">[40659] IIª-IIae q. 40 a. 3 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
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diff changeset
1895 est quod Augustinus dicit, in libro quaest., <i>cum iustum bellum
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diff changeset
1896 suscipitur, utrum aperte pugnet aliquis an ex insidiis, nihil ad
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diff changeset
1897 iustitiam interest</i>. Et hoc probat auctoritate domini, qui
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diff changeset
1898 mandavit Iosue ut insidias poneret habitatoribus civitatis hai, ut
53
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1899 habetur Ios. VIII.</p><p title="II-II q. 40 a. 3 co."><a name="40660"><span class="ref">[40660] IIª-IIae q. 40 a. 3 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
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diff changeset
1900 dicendum quod insidiae ordinantur ad fallendum hostes. Dupliciter
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diff changeset
1901 autem aliquis potest falli ex facto vel dicto alterius uno modo, ex
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diff changeset
1902 eo quod ei dicitur falsum, vel non servatur promissum. Et istud
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diff changeset
1903 semper est illicitum. Et hoc modo nullus debet hostes fallere, sunt
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diff changeset
1904 enim quaedam iura bellorum et foedera etiam inter ipsos hostes
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diff changeset
1905 servanda, ut Ambrosius dicit, in libro de officiis. Alio modo
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diff changeset
1906 potest aliquis falli ex dicto vel facto nostro, quia ei propositum
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diff changeset
1907 aut intellectum non aperimus. Hoc autem semper facere non tenemur,
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diff changeset
1908 quia etiam in doctrina sacra multa sunt occultanda, maxime
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diff changeset
1909 infidelibus, ne irrideant, secundum illud Matth. VII, <i>nolite
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diff changeset
1910 sanctum dare canibus</i>. Unde multo magis ea quae ad impugnandum
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diff changeset
1911 inimicos paramus sunt eis occultanda. Unde inter cetera documenta
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diff changeset
1912 rei militaris hoc praecipue ponitur de occultandis consiliis ne ad
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diff changeset
1913 hostes perveniant; ut patet in libro stratagematum Frontini. Et
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diff changeset
1914 talis occultatio pertinet ad rationem insidiarum quibus licitum est
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diff changeset
1915 uti in bellis iustis. Nec proprie huiusmodi insidiae vocantur
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diff changeset
1916 fraudes; nec iustitiae repugnant; nec ordinatae voluntati, esset
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1917 enim inordinata voluntas si aliquis vellet nihil sibi ab aliis
53
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1918 occultari.</p><p title="II-II q. 40 a. 3 ad arg."><a name="40661"><span class="ref">[40661] IIª-IIae q. 40 a. 3 ad arg.</span></a> Et per
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1919 hoc patet responsio ad obiecta.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 4</h3><p title="II-II q. 40 a. 4 arg. 1"><a name="40662"><span class="ref">[40662] IIª-IIae q. 40 a. 4 arg. 1</span></a> Ad quartum
28
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1920 sic proceditur. Videtur quod in diebus festis non liceat bellare.
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diff changeset
1921 Festa enim sunt ordinata ad vacandum divinis, unde intelliguntur
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diff changeset
1922 per observationem sabbati, quae praecipitur Exod. XX; sabbatum enim
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1923 interpretatur requies. Sed bella maximam inquietudinem habent. Ergo
53
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1924 nullo modo est in diebus festis pugnandum.</p><p title="II-II q. 40 a. 4 arg. 2"><a name="40663"><span class="ref">[40663] IIª-IIae q. 40 a. 4 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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diff changeset
1925 Isaiae LVIII reprehenduntur quidam quod in diebus ieiunii
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1926 <i>repetunt debita et committunt lites, pugno percutientes</i>.
53
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1927 Ergo multo magis in diebus festis illicitum est bellare.</p><p title="II-II q. 40 a. 4 arg. 3"><a name="40664"><span class="ref">[40664] IIª-IIae q. 40 a. 4 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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1928 nihil est inordinate agendum ad vitandum incommodum temporale. Sed
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diff changeset
1929 bellare in die festo, hoc videtur esse secundum se inordinatum.
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diff changeset
1930 Ergo pro nulla necessitate temporalis incommodi vitandi debet
53
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diff changeset
1931 aliquis in die festo bellare.</p><p title="II-II q. 40 a. 4 s. c."><a name="40665"><span class="ref">[40665] IIª-IIae q. 40 a. 4 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
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diff changeset
1932 est quod I Machab. II dicitur, <i>cogitaverunt laudabiliter Iudaei,
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diff changeset
1933 dicentes, omnis homo quicumque venerit ad nos in bello in die
53
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1934 sabbatorum, pugnemus adversus eum</i>.</p><p title="II-II q. 40 a. 4 co."><a name="40666"><span class="ref">[40666] IIª-IIae q. 40 a. 4 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
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diff changeset
1935 dicendum quod observatio festorum non impedit ea quae ordinantur ad
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diff changeset
1936 hominis salutem etiam corporalem. Unde dominus arguit Iudaeos,
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diff changeset
1937 dicens, Ioan. VII, <i>mihi indignamini quia totum hominem salvum
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diff changeset
1938 feci in sabbato?</i> Et inde est quod medici licite possunt
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diff changeset
1939 medicari homines in die festo. Multo autem magis est conservanda
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diff changeset
1940 salus reipublicae, per quam impediuntur occisiones plurimorum et
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diff changeset
1941 innumera mala et temporalia et spiritualia, quam salus corporalis
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diff changeset
1942 unius hominis. Et ideo pro tuitione reipublicae fidelium licitum
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diff changeset
1943 est iusta bella exercere in diebus festis, si tamen hoc necessitas
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diff changeset
1944 exposcat, hoc enim esset tentare Deum, si quis, imminente tali
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diff changeset
1945 necessitate, a bello vellet abstinere. Sed necessitate cessante,
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diff changeset
1946 non est licitum bellare in diebus festis, propter rationes
53
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1947 inductas.</p><p title="II-II q. 40 a. 4 ad arg."><a name="40667"><span class="ref">[40667] IIª-IIae q. 40 a. 4 ad arg.</span></a> Et per
59
03759e5c1080 fix multi-para s.c.
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diff changeset
1948 hoc patet responsio ad obiecta.</p></div></div><div id="q41" class="q"><h2>Quaestio 41</h2><div class="p"><h3>Prooemium</h3><p title="II-II q. 41 pr."><a name="40668"><span class="ref">[40668] IIª-IIae q. 41 pr.</span></a> Deinde
28
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diff changeset
1949 considerandum est de rixa. Et circa hoc quaeruntur duo. Primo,
53
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diff changeset
1950 utrum rixa sit peccatum. Secundo, utrum sit filia irae.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 1</h3><p title="II-II q. 41 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="40669"><span class="ref">[40669] IIª-IIae q. 41 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
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diff changeset
1951 sic proceditur. Videtur quod rixa non semper sit peccatum. Rixa
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diff changeset
1952 enim videtur esse contentio quaedam, dicit enim Isidorus, in libro
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diff changeset
1953 Etymol., quod <i>rixosus est a rictu canino dictus, semper enim ad
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diff changeset
1954 contradicendum paratus est, et iurgio delectatur, et provocat
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diff changeset
1955 contendentem</i>. Sed contentio non semper est peccatum. Ergo neque
53
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diff changeset
1956 rixa.</p><p title="II-II q. 41 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="40670"><span class="ref">[40670] IIª-IIae q. 41 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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diff changeset
1957 Gen. XXVI dicitur quod <i>servi Isaac foderunt alium puteum, et pro
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diff changeset
1958 illo quoque rixati sunt</i>. Sed non est credendum quod familia
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diff changeset
1959 Isaac rixaretur publice, eo non contradicente, si hoc esset
53
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diff changeset
1960 peccatum. Ergo rixa non est peccatum.</p><p title="II-II q. 41 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="40671"><span class="ref">[40671] IIª-IIae q. 41 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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diff changeset
1961 rixa videtur esse quoddam particulare bellum. Sed bellum non semper
53
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diff changeset
1962 est peccatum. Ergo rixa non semper est peccatum.</p><p title="II-II q. 41 a. 1 s. c."><a name="40672"><span class="ref">[40672] IIª-IIae q. 41 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
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diff changeset
1963 est quod ad Gal. V rixae ponuntur inter opera carnis, <i>quae qui
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diff changeset
1964 agunt regnum Dei non consequuntur</i>. Ergo rixae non solum sunt
53
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1965 peccata, sed etiam sunt peccata mortalia.</p><p title="II-II q. 41 a. 1 co."><a name="40673"><span class="ref">[40673] IIª-IIae q. 41 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
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diff changeset
1966 dicendum quod sicut contentio importat quandam contradictionem
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diff changeset
1967 verborum, ita etiam rixa importat quandam contradictionem in
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diff changeset
1968 factis, unde super illud Gal. V dicit Glossa quod rixae sunt quando
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diff changeset
1969 ex ira invicem se percutiunt. Et ideo rixa videtur esse quoddam
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diff changeset
1970 privatum bellum, quod inter privatas personas agitur non ex aliqua
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diff changeset
1971 publica auctoritate, sed magis ex inordinata voluntate. Et ideo
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diff changeset
1972 rixa semper importat peccatum. Et in eo quidem qui alterum invadit
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diff changeset
1973 iniuste est peccatum mortale, inferre enim nocumentum proximo etiam
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diff changeset
1974 opere manuali non est absque mortali peccato. In eo autem qui se
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diff changeset
1975 defendit potest esse sine peccato, et quandoque cum peccato
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diff changeset
1976 veniali, et quandoque etiam cum mortali, secundum diversum motum
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diff changeset
1977 animi eius, et diversum modum se defendendi. Nam si solo animo
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diff changeset
1978 repellendi iniuriam illatam, et cum debita moderatione se defendat,
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diff changeset
1979 non est peccatum, nec proprie potest dici rixa ex parte eius. Si
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diff changeset
1980 vero cum animo vindictae vel odii, vel cum excessu debitae
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1981 moderationis se defendat, semper est peccatum, sed veniale quidem
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diff changeset
1982 quando aliquis levis motus odii vel vindictae se immiscet, vel cum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1983 non multum excedat moderatam defensionem; mortale autem quando
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1984 obfirmato animo in impugnantem insurgit ad eum occidendum vel
53
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1985 graviter laedendum.</p><p title="II-II q. 41 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="40674"><span class="ref">[40674] IIª-IIae q. 41 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
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diff changeset
1986 ergo dicendum quod rixa non simpliciter nominat contentionem, sed
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diff changeset
1987 tria in praemissis verbis Isidori ponuntur quae inordinationem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1988 rixae declarant. Primo quidem, promptitudinem animi ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1989 contendendum, quod significat cum dicit, semper ad contradicendum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1990 paratus, scilicet sive alius bene aut male dicat aut faciat.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1991 Secundo, quia in ipsa contradictione delectatur, unde sequitur, et
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diff changeset
1992 in iurgio delectatur. Tertio, quia ipse alios provocat ad
53
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diff changeset
1993 contradictiones, unde sequitur, et provocat contendentem.</p><p title="II-II q. 41 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="40675"><span class="ref">[40675] IIª-IIae q. 41 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
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diff changeset
1994 dicendum quod ibi non intelligitur quod servi Isaac sint rixati,
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diff changeset
1995 sed quod incolae terrae rixati sunt contra eos. Unde illi
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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diff changeset
1996 peccaverunt, non autem servi Isaac, qui calumniam patiebantur.</p><p title="II-II q. 41 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="40676"><span class="ref">[40676] IIª-IIae q. 41 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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diff changeset
1997 dicendum quod ad hoc quod iustum sit bellum, requiritur quod fiat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1998 auctoritate publicae potestatis, sicut supra dictum est. Rixa autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1999 fit ex privato affectu irae vel odii. Si enim minister principis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2000 aut iudicis publica potestate aliquos invadat qui se defendant, non
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2001 dicuntur ipsi rixari, sed illi qui publicae potestati resistunt. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2002 sic illi qui invadunt non rixantur neque peccant, sed illi qui se
53
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diff changeset
2003 inordinate defendunt.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 2</h3><p title="II-II q. 41 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="40677"><span class="ref">[40677] IIª-IIae q. 41 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
28
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diff changeset
2004 secundum sic proceditur. Videtur quod rixa non sit filia irae.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2005 Dicitur enim Iac. IV, <i>unde bella et lites in vobis? Nonne ex
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2006 concupiscentiis quae militant in membris vestris?</i> Sed ira non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2007 pertinet ad concupiscibilem. Ergo rixa non est filia irae, sed
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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diff changeset
2008 magis concupiscentiae.</p><p title="II-II q. 41 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="40678"><span class="ref">[40678] IIª-IIae q. 41 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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diff changeset
2009 Prov. XXVIII dicitur, <i>qui se iactat et dilatat iurgia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2010 concitat</i>. Sed idem videtur esse rixa quod iurgium. Ergo videtur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2011 quod rixa sit filia superbiae vel inanis gloriae, ad quam pertinet
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2012 se iactare et dilatare.</p><p title="II-II q. 41 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="40679"><span class="ref">[40679] IIª-IIae q. 41 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2013 Prov. XVIII dicitur, <i>labia stulti immiscent se rixis</i>. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2014 stultitia differt ab ira, non enim opponitur mansuetudini, sed
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2015 magis sapientiae vel prudentiae. Ergo rixa non est filia irae.</p><p title="II-II q. 41 a. 2 arg. 4"><a name="40680"><span class="ref">[40680] IIª-IIae q. 41 a. 2 arg. 4</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2016 Prov. X dicitur, <i>odium suscitat rixas</i>. Sed odium oritur ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2017 invidia; ut Gregorius dicit, XXXI Moral. Ergo rixa non est filia
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2018 irae, sed invidiae.</p><p title="II-II q. 41 a. 2 arg. 5"><a name="40681"><span class="ref">[40681] IIª-IIae q. 41 a. 2 arg. 5</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2019 Prov. XVII dicitur, <i>qui meditatur discordias seminat rixas</i>.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2020 Sed discordia est filia inanis gloriae, ut supra dictum est. Ergo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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diff changeset
2021 et rixa.</p><p title="II-II q. 41 a. 2 s. c."><a name="40682"><span class="ref">[40682] IIª-IIae q. 41 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
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diff changeset
2022 est quod Gregorius dicit, XXXI Moral., quod ex ira oritur rixa. Et
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2023 Prov. XV et XXIX dicitur, <i>vir iracundus provocat rixas</i>.</p><p title="II-II q. 41 a. 2 co."><a name="40683"><span class="ref">[40683] IIª-IIae q. 41 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2024 dicendum quod, sicut dictum est, rixa importat quandam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2025 contradictionem usque ad facta pervenientem, dum unus alterum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2026 laedere molitur. Dupliciter autem unus alium laedere intendit. Uno
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2027 modo, quasi intendens absolute malum ipsius. Et talis laesio
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2028 pertinet ad odium, cuius intentio est ad laedendum inimicum vel in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2029 manifesto vel in occulto. Alio modo aliquis intendit alium laedere
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2030 eo sciente et repugnante, quod importatur nomine rixae. Et hoc
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2031 proprie pertinet ad iram, quae est appetitus vindictae, non enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2032 sufficit irato quod latenter noceat ei contra quem irascitur, sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2033 vult quod ipse sentiat, et quod contra voluntatem suam aliquid
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2034 patiatur in vindictam eius quod fecit, ut patet per ea quae supra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2035 dicta sunt de passione irae. Et ideo rixa proprie oritur ex
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2036 ira.</p><p title="II-II q. 41 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="40684"><span class="ref">[40684] IIª-IIae q. 41 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2037 ergo dicendum quod, sicut supra dictum est, omnes passiones
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2038 irascibilis ex passionibus concupiscibilis oriuntur. Et secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2039 hoc, illud quod proxime oritur ex ira, oritur etiam ex
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2040 concupiscentia sicut ex prima radice.</p><p title="II-II q. 41 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="40685"><span class="ref">[40685] IIª-IIae q. 41 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2041 dicendum quod iactatio et dilatatio sui, quae fit per superbiam vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2042 inanem gloriam, non directe concitat iurgium aut rixam, sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2043 occasionaliter, inquantum scilicet ex hoc concitatur ira, dum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2044 aliquis sibi ad iniuriam reputat quod alter ei se praeferat; et sic
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2045 ex ira sequuntur iurgia et rixae.</p><p title="II-II q. 41 a. 2 ad 3"><a name="40686"><span class="ref">[40686] IIª-IIae q. 41 a. 2 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2046 dicendum quod ira, sicut supra dictum est, impedit iudicium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2047 rationis, unde habet similitudinem cum stultitia. Et ex hoc
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2048 sequitur quod habeant communem effectum, ex defectu enim rationis
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2049 contingit quod aliquis inordinate alium laedere molitur.</p><p title="II-II q. 41 a. 2 ad 4"><a name="40687"><span class="ref">[40687] IIª-IIae q. 41 a. 2 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2050 dicendum quod rixa, etsi quandoque ex odio oriatur, non tamen est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2051 proprius effectus odii. Quia praeter intentionem odientis est quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2052 rixose et manifeste inimicum laedat, quandoque enim etiam occulte
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2053 laedere quaerit; sed quando videt se praevalere cum rixa et iurgio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2054 laesionem intendit. Sed rixose aliquem laedere est proprius
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2055 effectus irae, ratione iam dicta.</p><p title="II-II q. 41 a. 2 ad 5"><a name="40688"><span class="ref">[40688] IIª-IIae q. 41 a. 2 ad 5</span></a> Ad quintum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2056 dicendum quod ex rixis sequitur odium et discordia in cordibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2057 rixantium. Et ideo ille qui meditatur, idest qui intendit inter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2058 aliquos seminare discordias, procurat quod ad invicem rixantur,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2059 sicut quodlibet peccatum potest imperare actum alterius peccati,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2060 ordinando illum in suum finem. Sed ex hoc non sequitur quod rixa
59
03759e5c1080 fix multi-para s.c.
ht
parents: 53
diff changeset
2061 sit filia inanis gloriae proprie et directe.</p></div></div><div id="q42" class="q"><h2>Quaestio 42</h2><div class="p"><h3>Prooemium</h3><p title="II-II q. 42 pr."><a name="40689"><span class="ref">[40689] IIª-IIae q. 42 pr.</span></a> Deinde
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2062 considerandum est de seditione. Et circa hoc quaeruntur duo primo,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2063 utrum sit speciale peccatum. Secundo, utrum sit mortale
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2064 peccatum.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 1</h3><p title="II-II q. 42 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="40690"><span class="ref">[40690] IIª-IIae q. 42 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2065 sic proceditur. Videtur quod seditio non sit speciale peccatum ab
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2066 aliis distinctum. Quia ut Isidorus dicit, in libro Etymol.,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2067 <i>seditiosus est qui dissensionem animorum facit et discordias
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2068 gignit</i>. Sed ex hoc quod aliquis aliquod peccatum procurat, non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2069 peccat alio peccati genere nisi illo quod procurat. Ergo videtur
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2070 quod seditio non sit speciale peccatum a discordia distinctum.</p><p title="II-II q. 42 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="40691"><span class="ref">[40691] IIª-IIae q. 42 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2071 seditio divisionem quandam importat. Sed nomen etiam schismatis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2072 sumitur a scissura, ut supra dictum est. Ergo peccatum seditionis
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2073 non videtur esse distinctum a peccato schismatis.</p><p title="II-II q. 42 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="40692"><span class="ref">[40692] IIª-IIae q. 42 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2074 omne peccatum speciale ab aliis distinctum vel est vitium capitale,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2075 aut ex aliquo vitio capitali oritur. Sed seditio neque computatur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2076 inter vitia capitalia, neque inter vitia quae ex capitalibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2077 oriuntur, ut patet in XXXI Moral., ubi utraque vitia numerantur.
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2078 Ergo seditio non est speciale peccatum ab aliis distinctum.</p><p title="II-II q. 42 a. 1 s. c."><a name="40693"><span class="ref">[40693] IIª-IIae q. 42 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2079 est quod II ad Cor. XII seditiones ab aliis peccatis
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2080 distinguuntur.</p><p title="II-II q. 42 a. 1 co."><a name="40694"><span class="ref">[40694] IIª-IIae q. 42 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2081 dicendum quod seditio est quoddam peccatum speciale, quod quantum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2082 ad aliquid convenit cum bello et rixa, quantum autem ad aliquid
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2083 differt ab eis. Convenit quidem cum eis in hoc quod importat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2084 quandam contradictionem. Differt autem ab eis in duobus. Primo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2085 quidem, quia bellum et rixa important mutuam impugnationem in actu,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2086 sed seditio potest dici sive fiat huiusmodi impugnatio in actu,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2087 sive sit praeparatio ad talem impugnationem. Unde Glossa II ad Cor.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2088 XII dicit quod seditiones sunt tumultus ad pugnam, cum scilicet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2089 aliqui se praeparant et intendunt pugnare. Secundo differunt, quia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2090 bellum proprie est contra extraneos et hostes, quasi multitudinis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2091 ad multitudinem; rixa autem est unius ad unum, vel paucorum ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2092 paucos; seditio autem proprie est inter partes unius multitudinis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2093 inter se dissentientes, puta cum una pars civitatis excitatur in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2094 tumultum contra aliam. Et ideo seditio, quia habet speciale bonum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2095 cui opponitur, scilicet unitatem et pacem multitudinis, ideo est
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2096 speciale peccatum.</p><p title="II-II q. 42 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="40695"><span class="ref">[40695] IIª-IIae q. 42 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2097 ergo dicendum quod seditiosus dicitur qui seditionem excitat. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2098 quia seditio quandam discordiam importat, ideo seditiosus est qui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2099 discordiam facit non quamcumque, sed inter partes alicuius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2100 multitudinis. Peccatum autem seditionis non solum est in eo qui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2101 discordiam seminat, sed etiam in eis qui inordinate ab invicem
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2102 dissentiunt.</p><p title="II-II q. 42 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="40696"><span class="ref">[40696] IIª-IIae q. 42 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2103 dicendum quod seditio differt a schismate in duobus. Primo quidem,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2104 quia schisma opponitur spirituali unitati multitudinis, scilicet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2105 unitati ecclesiasticae, seditio autem opponitur temporali vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2106 saeculari multitudinis unitati, puta civitatis vel regni. Secundo,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2107 quia schisma non importat aliquam praeparationem ad pugnam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2108 corporalem, sed solum importat dissensionem spiritualem, seditio
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2109 autem importat praeparationem ad pugnam corporalem.</p><p title="II-II q. 42 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="40697"><span class="ref">[40697] IIª-IIae q. 42 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2110 dicendum quod seditio, sicut et schisma, sub discordia continetur.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
2111 Utrumque enim est discordia quaedam, non unius ad unum, sed partium
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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diff changeset
2112 multitudinis ad invicem.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 2</h3><p title="II-II q. 42 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="40698"><span class="ref">[40698] IIª-IIae q. 42 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2113 secundum sic proceditur. Videtur quod seditio non semper sit
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2114 peccatum mortale. Seditio enim importat tumultum ad pugnam; ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2115 patet per Glossam supra inductam. Sed pugna non semper est peccatum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2116 mortale, sed quandoque est iusta et licita, ut supra habitum est.
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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diff changeset
2117 Ergo multo magis seditio potest esse sine peccato mortali.</p><p title="II-II q. 42 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="40699"><span class="ref">[40699] IIª-IIae q. 42 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2118 seditio est discordia quaedam, ut dictum est. Sed discordia potest
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2119 esse sine peccato mortali, et quandoque etiam sine omni peccato.
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2120 Ergo etiam seditio.</p><p title="II-II q. 42 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="40700"><span class="ref">[40700] IIª-IIae q. 42 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2121 laudantur qui multitudinem a potestate tyrannica liberant. Sed hoc
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2122 non de facili potest fieri sine aliqua dissensione multitudinis,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2123 dum una pars multitudinis nititur retinere tyrannum, alia vero
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2124 nititur eum abiicere. Ergo seditio potest fieri sine peccato.</p><p title="II-II q. 42 a. 2 s. c."><a name="40701"><span class="ref">[40701] IIª-IIae q. 42 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2125 est quod apostolus, II ad Cor. XII, prohibet seditiones inter alia
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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diff changeset
2126 quae sunt peccata mortalia. Ergo seditio est peccatum mortale.</p><p title="II-II q. 42 a. 2 co."><a name="40702"><span class="ref">[40702] IIª-IIae q. 42 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2127 dicendum quod, sicut dictum est, seditio opponitur unitati
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2128 multitudinis, idest populi, civitatis vel regni. Dicit autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2129 Augustinus, II de Civ. Dei, quod <i>populum determinant sapientes
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2130 non omnem coetum multitudinis, sed coetum iuris consensu et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2131 utilitatis communione sociatum</i>. Unde manifestum est unitatem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2132 cui opponitur seditio esse unitatem iuris et communis utilitatis.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2133 Manifestum est ergo quod seditio opponitur et iustitiae et communi
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2134 bono. Et ideo ex suo genere est peccatum mortale, et tanto gravius
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2135 quanto bonum commune, quod impugnatur per seditionem, est maius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2136 quam bonum privatum, quod impugnatur per rixam. Peccatum autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2137 seditionis primo quidem et principaliter pertinet ad eos qui
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2138 seditionem procurant, qui gravissime peccant. Secundo autem, ad eos
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2139 qui eos sequuntur, perturbantes bonum commune. Illi vero qui bonum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2140 commune defendunt, eis resistentes, non sunt dicendi seditiosi,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2141 sicut nec illi qui se defendunt dicuntur rixosi, ut supra dictum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2142 est.</p><p title="II-II q. 42 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="40703"><span class="ref">[40703] IIª-IIae q. 42 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2143 ergo dicendum quod pugna quae est licita fit pro communi utilitate,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2144 sicut supra dictum est. Sed seditio fit contra commune bonum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2145 multitudinis. Unde semper est peccatum mortale.</p><p title="II-II q. 42 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="40704"><span class="ref">[40704] IIª-IIae q. 42 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2146 dicendum quod discordia ab eo quod non est manifeste bonum potest
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2147 esse sine peccato. Sed discordia ab eo quod est manifeste bonum non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2148 potest esse sine peccato. Et talis discordia est seditio, quae
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2149 opponitur utilitati multitudinis, quae est manifeste bonum.</p><p title="II-II q. 42 a. 2 ad 3"><a name="40705"><span class="ref">[40705] IIª-IIae q. 42 a. 2 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2150 dicendum quod regimen tyrannicum non est iustum, quia non ordinatur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2151 ad bonum commune, sed ad bonum privatum regentis, ut patet per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2152 philosophum, in III Polit. et in VIII Ethic. Et ideo perturbatio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2153 huius regiminis non habet rationem seditionis, nisi forte quando
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2154 sic inordinate perturbatur tyranni regimen quod multitudo subiecta
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2155 maius detrimentum patitur ex perturbatione consequenti quam ex
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2156 tyranni regimine. Magis autem tyrannus seditiosus est, qui in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2157 populo sibi subiecto discordias et seditiones nutrit, ut tutius
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2158 dominari possit. Hoc enim tyrannicum est, cum sit ordinatum ad
59
03759e5c1080 fix multi-para s.c.
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parents: 53
diff changeset
2159 bonum proprium praesidentis cum multitudinis nocumento.</p></div></div><div id="q43" class="q"><h2>Quaestio 43</h2><div class="p"><h3>Prooemium</h3><p title="II-II q. 43 pr."><a name="40706"><span class="ref">[40706] IIª-IIae q. 43 pr.</span></a> Deinde
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2160 considerandum restat de vitiis quae beneficentiae opponuntur. Inter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2161 quae alia quidem pertinent ad rationem iustitiae, illa scilicet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2162 quibus aliquis iniuste proximum laedit, sed contra caritatem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2163 specialiter scandalum esse videtur. Et ideo considerandum est hic
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2164 de scandalo. Circa quod quaeruntur octo. Primo, quid sit scandalum.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2165 Secundo, utrum scandalum sit peccatum. Tertio, utrum sit peccatum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2166 speciale. Quarto, utrum sit peccatum mortale. Quinto, utrum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2167 perfectorum sit scandalizari. Sexto, utrum eorum sit scandalizare.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2168 Septimo, utrum spiritualia bona sint dimittenda propter scandalum.
53
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diff changeset
2169 Octavo, utrum sint propter scandalum temporalia dimittenda.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 1</h3><p title="II-II q. 43 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="40707"><span class="ref">[40707] IIª-IIae q. 43 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2170 sic proceditur. Videtur quod scandalum inconvenienter definiatur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2171 esse <i>dictum vel factum minus rectum praebens occasionem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2172 ruinae</i>. Scandalum enim peccatum est, ut post dicetur. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2173 secundum Augustinum, XXII contra Faust., <i>peccatum est dictum vel
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2174 factum vel concupitum contra legem Dei</i>. Ergo praedicta
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2175 definitio est insufficiens, quia praetermittitur cogitatum sive
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2176 concupitum.</p><p title="II-II q. 43 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="40708"><span class="ref">[40708] IIª-IIae q. 43 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2177 cum inter actus virtuosos vel rectos unus sit virtuosior vel
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2178 rectior altero, illud solum videtur non esse minus rectum quod est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2179 rectissimum. Si igitur scandalum sit dictum vel factum minus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2180 rectum, sequetur quod omnis actus virtuosus praeter optimum sit
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2181 scandalum.</p><p title="II-II q. 43 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="40709"><span class="ref">[40709] IIª-IIae q. 43 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2182 occasio nominat causam per accidens. Sed id quod est per accidens
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2183 non debet poni in definitione, quia non dat speciem. Ergo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2184 inconvenienter in definitione scandali ponitur occasio.</p><p title="II-II q. 43 a. 1 arg. 4"><a name="40710"><span class="ref">[40710] IIª-IIae q. 43 a. 1 arg. 4</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2185 ex quolibet facto alterius potest aliquis sumere occasionem ruinae,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2186 quia causae per accidens sunt indeterminatae. Si igitur scandalum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2187 est quod praebet alteri occasionem ruinae, quodlibet factum vel
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2188 dictum poterit esse scandalum. Quod videtur inconveniens.</p><p title="II-II q. 43 a. 1 arg. 5"><a name="40711"><span class="ref">[40711] IIª-IIae q. 43 a. 1 arg. 5</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2189 occasio ruinae datur proximo quando offenditur aut infirmatur. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2190 scandalum dividitur contra offensionem et infirmitatem, dicit enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2191 apostolus, ad Rom. XIV, <i>bonum est non manducare carnem et non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2192 bibere vinum, neque in quo frater tuus offenditur aut scandalizatur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2193 aut infirmatur</i>. Ergo praedicta definitio scandali non est
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2194 conveniens.</p><p title="II-II q. 43 a. 1 s. c."><a name="40712"><span class="ref">[40712] IIª-IIae q. 43 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2195 est quod Hieronymus, exponens illud quod habetur Matth. XV, <i>scis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2196 quia Pharisaei, audito hoc verbo</i>, etc., dicit, <i>quando
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2197 legimus, quicumque scandalizaverit, hoc intelligimus, qui dicto vel
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2198 facto occasionem ruinae dederit</i>.</p><p title="II-II q. 43 a. 1 co."><a name="40713"><span class="ref">[40713] IIª-IIae q. 43 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2199 dicendum quod, sicut Hieronymus ibidem dicit, <i>quod Graece
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2200 scandalon dicitur, nos offensionem vel ruinam et impactionem pedis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2201 possumus dicere</i>. Contingit enim quod quandoque aliquis obex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2202 ponitur alicui in via corporali, cui impingens disponitur ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2203 ruinam, et talis obex dicitur scandalum. Et similiter in processu
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2204 viae spiritualis contingit aliquem disponi ad ruinam spiritualem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2205 per dictum vel factum alterius, inquantum scilicet aliquis sua
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2206 admonitione vel inductione aut exemplo alterum trahit ad peccandum.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2207 Et hoc proprie dicitur scandalum. Nihil autem secundum propriam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2208 rationem disponit ad spiritualem ruinam nisi quod habet aliquem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2209 defectum rectitudinis, quia id quod est perfecte rectum magis munit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2210 hominem contra casum quam ad ruinam inducat. Et ideo convenienter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2211 dicitur quod dictum vel factum minus rectum praebens occasionem
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2212 ruinae sit scandalum.</p><p title="II-II q. 43 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="40714"><span class="ref">[40714] IIª-IIae q. 43 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2213 ergo dicendum quod cogitatio vel concupiscentia mali latet in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2214 corde, unde non proponitur alteri ut obex disponens ad ruinam. Et
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2215 propter hoc non potest habere scandali rationem.</p><p title="II-II q. 43 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="40715"><span class="ref">[40715] IIª-IIae q. 43 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2216 dicendum quod minus rectum hic non dicitur quod ab aliquo alio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2217 superatur in rectitudine, sed quod habet aliquem rectitudinis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2218 defectum, vel quia est secundum se malum, sicut peccata; vel quia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2219 habet speciem mali, sicut cum aliquis recumbit in idolio. Quamvis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2220 enim hoc secundum se non sit peccatum, si aliquis hoc non corrupta
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2221 intentione faciat; tamen quia habet quandam speciem vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2222 similitudinem venerationis idoli, potest alteri praebere occasionem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2223 ruinae. Et ideo apostolus monet, I ad Thess. V, <i>ab omni specie
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2224 mala abstinete vos</i>. Et ideo convenienter dicitur minus rectum,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2225 ut comprehendantur tam illa quae sunt secundum se peccata, quam
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2226 illa quae habent speciem mali.</p><p title="II-II q. 43 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="40716"><span class="ref">[40716] IIª-IIae q. 43 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2227 dicendum quod, sicut supra habitum est, nihil potest esse homini
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2228 sufficiens causa peccati, quod est spiritualis ruina, nisi propria
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2229 voluntas. Et ideo dicta vel facta alterius hominis possunt esse
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2230 solum causa imperfecta, aliqualiter inducens ad ruinam. Et propter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2231 hoc non dicitur, dans causam ruinae, sed, dans occasionem, quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2232 significat causam imperfectam, et non semper causam per accidens.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2233 Et tamen nihil prohibet in quibusdam definitionibus poni id quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2234 est per accidens, quia id quod est secundum accidens uni potest per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2235 se alteri convenire, sicut in definitione fortunae ponitur causa
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2236 per accidens, in II Physic.</p><p title="II-II q. 43 a. 1 ad 4"><a name="40717"><span class="ref">[40717] IIª-IIae q. 43 a. 1 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2237 dicendum quod dictum vel factum alterius potest esse alteri causa
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2238 peccandi dupliciter, uno modo, per se; alio modo, per accidens. Per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2239 se quidem, quando aliquis suo malo verbo vel facto intendit alium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2240 ad peccandum inducere; vel, etiam si ipse hoc non intendat, ipsum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2241 factum est tale quod de sui ratione habet ut sit inductivum ad
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2242 peccandum, puta quod aliquis publice facit peccatum vel quod habet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2243 similitudinem peccati. Et tunc ille qui huiusmodi actum facit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2244 proprie dat occasionem ruinae, unde vocatur scandalum activum. Per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2245 accidens autem aliquod verbum vel factum unius est alteri causa
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2246 peccandi, quando etiam praeter intentionem operantis, et praeter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2247 conditionem operis, aliquis male dispositus ex huiusmodi opere
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2248 inducitur ad peccandum, puta cum aliquis invidet bonis aliorum. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2249 tunc ille qui facit huiusmodi actum rectum non dat occasionem,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2250 quantum in se est, sed alius sumit occasionem, secundum illud ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2251 Rom. VII, <i>occasione autem accepta,</i> et cetera. Et ideo hoc
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2252 est scandalum passivum sine activo, quia ille qui recte agit,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2253 quantum est de se, non dat occasionem ruinae quam alter patitur.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2254 Quandoque ergo contingit quod et sit simul scandalum activum in uno
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2255 et passivum in altero, puta cum ad inductionem unius alius peccat.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2256 Quandoque vero est scandalum activum sine passivo, puta cum aliquis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2257 inducit verbo vel facto alium ad peccandum, et ille non consentit.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2258 Quandoque vero est scandalum passivum sine activo, sicut iam dictum
53
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diff changeset
2259 est.</p><p title="II-II q. 43 a. 1 ad 5"><a name="40718"><span class="ref">[40718] IIª-IIae q. 43 a. 1 ad 5</span></a> Ad quintum
28
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diff changeset
2260 dicendum quod infirmitas nominat promptitudinem ad scandalum;
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2261 offensio autem nominat indignationem alicuius contra eum qui
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2262 peccat, quae potest esse quandoque sine ruina; scandalum autem
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2263 importat ipsam impactionem ad ruinam.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 2</h3><p title="II-II q. 43 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="40719"><span class="ref">[40719] IIª-IIae q. 43 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2264 secundum sic proceditur. Videtur quod scandalum non sit peccatum.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2265 Peccata enim non eveniunt ex necessitate, quia omne peccatum est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2266 voluntarium, ut supra habitum est. Sed Matth. XVIII dicitur,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2267 <i>necesse est ut veniant scandala</i>. Ergo scandalum non est
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2268 peccatum.</p><p title="II-II q. 43 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="40720"><span class="ref">[40720] IIª-IIae q. 43 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2269 nullum peccatum procedit ex pietatis affectu, quia <i>non potest
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2270 arbor bona fructus malos facere</i>, ut dicitur Matth. VII. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2271 aliquod scandalum est ex pietatis affectu, dicit enim dominus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2272 Petro, Matth. XVI, <i>scandalum mihi es</i>; ubi dicit Hieronymus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2273 quod <i>error apostoli, de pietatis affectu veniens, nunquam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2274 incentivum videtur esse Diaboli</i>. Ergo non omne scandalum est
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2275 peccatum.</p><p title="II-II q. 43 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="40721"><span class="ref">[40721] IIª-IIae q. 43 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2276 scandalum impactionem quandam importat. Sed non quicumque impingit,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2277 cadit. Ergo scandalum potest esse sine peccato, quod est
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2278 spiritualis casus.</p><p title="II-II q. 43 a. 2 s. c."><a name="40722"><span class="ref">[40722] IIª-IIae q. 43 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2279 est quod scandalum est dictum vel factum minus rectum. Ex hoc autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2280 habet aliquid rationem peccati quod a rectitudine deficit. Ergo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2281 scandalum semper est cum peccato.</p><p title="II-II q. 43 a. 2 co."><a name="40723"><span class="ref">[40723] IIª-IIae q. 43 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2282 dicendum quod, sicut iam supra dictum est, duplex est scandalum,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2283 scilicet passivum, in eo qui scandalizatur; et activum, in eo qui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2284 scandalizat, dans occasionem ruinae. Scandalum igitur passivum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2285 semper est peccatum in eo qui scandalizatur, non enim scandalizatur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2286 nisi inquantum aliqualiter ruit spirituali ruina, quae est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2287 peccatum. Potest tamen esse scandalum passivum sine peccato eius ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2288 cuius facto aliquis scandalizatur, sicut cum aliquis scandalizatur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2289 de his quae alius bene facit. Similiter etiam scandalum activum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2290 semper est peccatum in eo qui scandalizat. Quia vel ipsum opus quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2291 facit est peccatum, vel etiam, si habeat speciem peccati,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2292 dimittendum est semper propter proximi caritatem, ex qua
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2293 unusquisque conatur saluti proximi providere; et sic qui non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2294 dimittit contra caritatem agit. Potest tamen esse scandalum activum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2295 sine peccato alterius qui scandalizatur, sicut supra dictum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2296 est.</p><p title="II-II q. 43 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="40724"><span class="ref">[40724] IIª-IIae q. 43 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2297 ergo dicendum quod hoc quod dicitur, necesse est ut veniant
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2298 scandala, non est intelligendum de necessitate absoluta, sed de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2299 necessitate conditionali, qua scilicet necesse est praescita vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2300 praenuntiata a Deo evenire, si tamen coniunctim accipiatur, ut in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2301 primo libro dictum est. Vel necesse est evenire scandala
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2302 necessitate finis, quia utilia sunt ad hoc quod qui probati sunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2303 manifesti fiant. Vel necesse est evenire scandala secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2304 conditionem hominum, qui sibi a peccatis non cavent. Sicut si
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2305 aliquis medicus, videns aliquos indebita diaeta utentes, dicat,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2306 necesse est tales infirmari, quod intelligendum est sub hac
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2307 conditione, si diaetam non mutent. Et similiter necesse est evenire
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2308 scandala si homines conversationem malam non mutent.</p><p title="II-II q. 43 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="40725"><span class="ref">[40725] IIª-IIae q. 43 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2309 dicendum quod scandalum ibi large ponitur pro quolibet impedimento.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2310 Volebat enim Petrus Christi passionem impedire, quodam pietatis
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2311 affectu ad Christum.</p><p title="II-II q. 43 a. 2 ad 3"><a name="40726"><span class="ref">[40726] IIª-IIae q. 43 a. 2 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2312 dicendum quod nullus impingit spiritualiter nisi retardetur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2313 aliqualiter a processu in via Dei, quod fit saltem per peccatum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2314 veniale.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 3</h3><p title="II-II q. 43 a. 3 arg. 1"><a name="40727"><span class="ref">[40727] IIª-IIae q. 43 a. 3 arg. 1</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2315 sic proceditur. Videtur quod scandalum non sit speciale peccatum.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2316 Scandalum enim est dictum vel factum minus rectum. Sed omne
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2317 peccatum est huiusmodi. Ergo omne peccatum est scandalum. Non ergo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2318 scandalum est speciale peccatum.</p><p title="II-II q. 43 a. 3 arg. 2"><a name="40728"><span class="ref">[40728] IIª-IIae q. 43 a. 3 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2319 omne speciale peccatum, sive omnis specialis iniustitia, invenitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2320 separatim ab aliis; ut dicitur in V Ethic. Sed scandalum non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2321 invenitur separatim ab aliis peccatis. Ergo scandalum non est
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2322 speciale peccatum.</p><p title="II-II q. 43 a. 3 arg. 3"><a name="40729"><span class="ref">[40729] IIª-IIae q. 43 a. 3 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2323 omne speciale peccatum constituitur secundum aliquid quod dat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2324 speciem morali actui. Sed ratio scandali constituitur per hoc quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2325 coram aliis peccatur. In manifesto autem peccare, etsi sit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2326 circumstantia aggravans, non videtur constituere peccati speciem.
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2327 Ergo scandalum non est speciale peccatum.</p><p title="II-II q. 43 a. 3 s. c."><a name="40730"><span class="ref">[40730] IIª-IIae q. 43 a. 3 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2328 speciali virtuti speciale peccatum opponitur. Sed scandalum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2329 opponitur speciali virtuti, scilicet caritati, dicitur enim Rom.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2330 XIV, <i>si propter cibum frater tuus contristatur, iam non secundum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2331 caritatem ambulas</i>. Ergo scandalum est speciale peccatum.</p><p title="II-II q. 43 a. 3 co."><a name="40731"><span class="ref">[40731] IIª-IIae q. 43 a. 3 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2332 dicendum quod, sicut supra dictum est, duplex est scandalum,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2333 activum scilicet, et passivum. Passivum quidem scandalum non potest
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2334 esse speciale peccatum, quia ex dicto vel facto alterius aliquem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2335 ruere contingit secundum quodcumque genus peccati; nec hoc ipsum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2336 quod est occasionem peccandi sumere ex dicto vel facto alterius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2337 specialem rationem peccati constituit, quia non importat specialem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2338 deformitatem speciali virtuti oppositam. Scandalum autem activum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2339 potest accipi dupliciter, per se scilicet, et per accidens. Per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2340 accidens quidem, quando est praeter intentionem agentis, ut puta
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2341 cum aliquis suo facto vel verbo inordinato non intendit alteri dare
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2342 occasionem ruinae, sed solum suae satisfacere voluntati. Et sic
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2343 etiam scandalum activum non est peccatum speciale, quia quod est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2344 per accidens non constituit speciem. Per se autem est activum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2345 scandalum quando aliquis suo inordinato dicto vel facto intendit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2346 alium trahere ad peccatum. Et sic ex intentione specialis finis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2347 sortitur rationem specialis peccati, finis enim dat speciem in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2348 moralibus, ut supra dictum est. Unde sicut furtum est speciale
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2349 peccatum, aut homicidium, propter speciale nocumentum proximi quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2350 intenditur; ita etiam scandalum est speciale peccatum, propter hoc
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2351 quod intenditur speciale proximi nocumentum. Et opponitur directe
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2352 correctioni fraternae, in qua attenditur specialis nocumenti
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2353 remotio.</p><p title="II-II q. 43 a. 3 ad 1"><a name="40732"><span class="ref">[40732] IIª-IIae q. 43 a. 3 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2354 ergo dicendum quod omne peccatum potest materialiter se habere ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2355 scandalum activum. Sed formalem rationem specialis peccati potest
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2356 habere ex intentione finis, ut dictum est.</p><p title="II-II q. 43 a. 3 ad 2"><a name="40733"><span class="ref">[40733] IIª-IIae q. 43 a. 3 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2357 dicendum quod scandalum activum potest inveniri separatim ab aliis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2358 peccatis, ut puta cum aliquis proximum scandalizat facto quod de se
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2359 non est peccatum, sed habet speciem mali.</p><p title="II-II q. 43 a. 3 ad 3"><a name="40734"><span class="ref">[40734] IIª-IIae q. 43 a. 3 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2360 dicendum quod scandalum non habet rationem specialis peccati ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2361 praedicta circumstantia, sed ex intentione finis, ut dictum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2362 est.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 4</h3><p title="II-II q. 43 a. 4 arg. 1"><a name="40735"><span class="ref">[40735] IIª-IIae q. 43 a. 4 arg. 1</span></a> Ad quartum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2363 sic proceditur. Videtur quod scandalum sit peccatum mortale. Omne
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2364 enim peccatum quod contrariatur caritati est peccatum mortale, ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2365 supra dictum est. Sed scandalum contrariatur caritati, ut dictum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2366 est. Ergo scandalum est peccatum mortale.</p><p title="II-II q. 43 a. 4 arg. 2"><a name="40736"><span class="ref">[40736] IIª-IIae q. 43 a. 4 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2367 nulli peccato debetur poena damnationis aeternae nisi mortali. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2368 scandalo debetur poena damnationis aeternae, secundum illud Matth.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2369 XVIII, <i>qui scandalizaverit unum de pusillis istis qui in me
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2370 credunt, expedit ei ut suspendatur mola asinaria in collo eius et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2371 demergatur in profundum maris</i>. Quia, ut dicit Hieronymus,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2372 <i>multo melius est pro culpa brevem recipere poenam quam aeternis
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2373 servari cruciatibus</i>. Ergo scandalum est peccatum mortale.</p><p title="II-II q. 43 a. 4 arg. 3"><a name="40737"><span class="ref">[40737] IIª-IIae q. 43 a. 4 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2374 omne peccatum quod in Deum committitur est peccatum mortale, quia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2375 solum peccatum mortale avertit hominem a Deo. Sed scandalum est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2376 peccatum in Deum, dicit enim apostolus, I ad Cor. VIII,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2377 <i>percutientes conscientiam fratrum infirmam, in Christum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2378 peccatis</i>. Ergo scandalum semper est peccatum mortale.</p><p title="II-II q. 43 a. 4 s. c."><a name="40738"><span class="ref">[40738] IIª-IIae q. 43 a. 4 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2379 inducere aliquem ad peccandum venialiter potest esse peccatum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2380 veniale. Sed hoc pertinet ad rationem scandali. Ergo scandalum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2381 potest esse peccatum veniale.</p><p title="II-II q. 43 a. 4 co."><a name="40739"><span class="ref">[40739] IIª-IIae q. 43 a. 4 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2382 dicendum quod, sicut supra dictum est, scandalum importat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2383 impactionem quandam, per quam aliquis disponitur ad ruinam. Et ideo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2384 scandalum passivum quandoque quidem potest esse peccatum veniale,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2385 quasi habens impactionem tantum, puta cum aliquis ex inordinato
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2386 dicto vel facto alterius commovetur motu venialis peccati.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2387 Quandoque vero est peccatum mortale, quasi habens cum impactione
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2388 ruinam, puta cum aliquis ex inordinato dicto vel facto alterius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2389 procedit usque ad peccatum mortale. Scandalum autem activum, si sit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2390 quidem per accidens, potest esse quandoque quidem peccatum veniale,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2391 puta cum aliquis vel actum peccati venialis committit; vel actum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2392 qui non est secundum se peccatum sed habet aliquam speciem mali,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2393 cum aliqua levi indiscretione. Quandoque vero est peccatum mortale,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2394 sive quia committit actum peccati mortalis; sive quia contemnit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2395 salutem proximi, ut pro ea conservanda non praetermittat aliquis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2396 facere quod sibi libuerit. Si vero scandalum activum sit per se,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2397 puta cum intendit inducere alium ad peccandum, si quidem intendat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2398 inducere ad peccandum mortaliter, est peccatum mortale. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2399 similiter si intendat inducere ad peccandum venialiter per actum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2400 peccati mortalis. Si vero intendat inducere proximum ad peccandum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2401 venialiter per actum peccati venialis, est peccatum veniale.</p><p title="II-II q. 43 a. 4 ad arg."><a name="40740"><span class="ref">[40740] IIª-IIae q. 43 a. 4 ad arg.</span></a> Et per
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2402 hoc patet responsio ad obiecta.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 5</h3><p title="II-II q. 43 a. 5 arg. 1"><a name="40741"><span class="ref">[40741] IIª-IIae q. 43 a. 5 arg. 1</span></a> Ad quintum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2403 sic proceditur. Videtur quod scandalum passivum possit etiam in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2404 perfectos cadere. Christus enim fuit maxime perfectus. Sed ipse
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2405 dixit Petro, <i>scandalum mihi es</i>. Ergo multo magis alii
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2406 perfecti possunt scandalum pati.</p><p title="II-II q. 43 a. 5 arg. 2"><a name="40742"><span class="ref">[40742] IIª-IIae q. 43 a. 5 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2407 scandalum importat impedimentum aliquod quod alicui opponitur in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2408 vita spirituali. Sed etiam perfecti viri in processibus spiritualis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2409 vitae impediri possunt, secundum illud I ad Thess. II, <i>voluimus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2410 venire ad vos, ego quidem Paulus, semel et iterum, sed impedivit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2411 nos Satanas</i>. Ergo etiam perfecti viri possunt scandalum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2412 pati.</p><p title="II-II q. 43 a. 5 arg. 3"><a name="40743"><span class="ref">[40743] IIª-IIae q. 43 a. 5 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2413 etiam in perfectis viris peccata venialia inveniri possunt,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2414 secundum illud I Ioan. I, <i>si dixerimus quoniam peccatum non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2415 habemus, ipsi nos seducimus</i>. Sed scandalum passivum non semper
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2416 est peccatum mortale, sed quandoque veniale, ut dictum est. Ergo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2417 scandalum passivum potest in perfectis viris inveniri.</p><p title="II-II q. 43 a. 5 s. c."><a name="40744"><span class="ref">[40744] IIª-IIae q. 43 a. 5 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2418 est quod super illud Matth. XVIII, <i>qui scandalizaverit unum de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2419 pusillis istis</i>, dicit Hieronymus, <i>nota quod qui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2420 scandalizatur parvulus est, maiores enim scandala non
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2421 recipiunt</i>.</p><p title="II-II q. 43 a. 5 co."><a name="40745"><span class="ref">[40745] IIª-IIae q. 43 a. 5 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2422 dicendum quod scandalum passivum importat quandam commotionem animi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2423 a bono in eo qui scandalum patitur. Nullus autem commovetur qui rei
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2424 immobili firmiter inhaeret. Maiores autem, sive perfecti, soli Deo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2425 inhaerent, cuius est immutabilis bonitas, quia etsi inhaereant suis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2426 praelatis, non inhaerent eis nisi inquantum illi inhaerent Christo,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2427 secundum illud I ad Cor. IV, <i>imitatores mei estote, sicut et ego
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2428 Christi</i>. Unde quantumcumque videant alios inordinate se habere
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2429 dictis vel factis, ipsi a sua rectitudine non recedunt, secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2430 illud Psalm., <i>qui confidunt in domino, sicut mons Sion, non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2431 commovebitur in aeternum qui habitat in Ierusalem</i>. Et ideo in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2432 his qui perfecte Deo adhaerent per amorem scandalum non invenitur,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2433 secundum illud Psalm., <i>pax multa diligentibus legem tuam, et non
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2434 est illis scandalum</i>.</p><p title="II-II q. 43 a. 5 ad 1"><a name="40746"><span class="ref">[40746] IIª-IIae q. 43 a. 5 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2435 ergo dicendum quod, sicut supra dictum est, scandalum large ponitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2436 ibi pro quolibet impedimento. Unde dominus Petro dicit, scandalum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2437 mihi es, quia nitebatur eius propositum impedire circa passionem
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2438 subeundam.</p><p title="II-II q. 43 a. 5 ad 2"><a name="40747"><span class="ref">[40747] IIª-IIae q. 43 a. 5 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2439 dicendum quod in exterioribus actibus perfecti viri possunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2440 impediri. Sed in interiori voluntate per dicta vel facta aliorum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2441 non impediuntur quominus tendant in Deum, secundum illud Rom. VIII,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2442 <i>neque mors neque vita poterit nos separare a caritate
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2443 Dei</i>.</p><p title="II-II q. 43 a. 5 ad 3"><a name="40748"><span class="ref">[40748] IIª-IIae q. 43 a. 5 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2444 dicendum quod perfecti viri ex infirmitate carnis incidunt interdum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2445 in aliqua peccata venialia, non autem ex aliorum dictis vel factis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2446 scandalizantur secundum veram scandali rationem. Sed potest esse in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2447 eis quaedam appropinquatio ad scandalum, secundum illud Psalm.,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2448 <i>mei pene moti sunt pedes</i>.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 6</h3><p title="II-II q. 43 a. 6 arg. 1"><a name="40749"><span class="ref">[40749] IIª-IIae q. 43 a. 6 arg. 1</span></a> Ad sextum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2449 sic proceditur. Videtur quod scandalum activum possit inveniri in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2450 viris perfectis. Passio enim est effectus actionis. Sed ex dictis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2451 vel factis perfectorum aliqui passive scandalizantur, secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2452 illud Matth. XV, <i>scis quia Pharisaei, audito hoc verbo,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2453 scandalizati sunt?</i> Ergo in perfectis viris potest inveniri
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2454 scandalum activum.</p><p title="II-II q. 43 a. 6 arg. 2"><a name="40750"><span class="ref">[40750] IIª-IIae q. 43 a. 6 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2455 Petrus post acceptum spiritum sanctum in statu perfectorum erat.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2456 Sed postea gentiles scandalizavit, dicitur enim ad Gal. II, <i>cum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2457 vidissem quod non recte ambularent ad veritatem Evangelii</i>, dixi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2458 Cephae, idest Petro, coram omnibus, <i>si tu cum Iudaeus sis,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2459 gentiliter et non Iudaice vivis, quomodo gentes cogis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2460 iudaizare?</i> Ergo scandalum activum potest esse in viris
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2461 perfectis.</p><p title="II-II q. 43 a. 6 arg. 3"><a name="40751"><span class="ref">[40751] IIª-IIae q. 43 a. 6 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2462 scandalum activum quandoque est peccatum veniale. Sed peccata
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2463 venialia possunt etiam esse in viris perfectis. Ergo scandalum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2464 activum potest esse in viris perfectis.</p><p title="II-II q. 43 a. 6 s. c."><a name="40752"><span class="ref">[40752] IIª-IIae q. 43 a. 6 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2465 plus repugnat perfectioni scandalum activum quam passivum. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2466 scandalum passivum non potest esse in viris perfectis. Ergo multo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2467 minus scandalum activum.</p><p title="II-II q. 43 a. 6 co."><a name="40753"><span class="ref">[40753] IIª-IIae q. 43 a. 6 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2468 dicendum quod scandalum activum proprie est cum aliquis tale
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2469 aliquid dicit vel facit quod de se tale est ut alterum natum sit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2470 inducere ad ruinam, quod quidem est solum id quod inordinate fit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2471 vel dicitur. Ad perfectos autem pertinet ea quae agunt secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2472 regulam rationis ordinare, secundum illud I ad Cor. XIV, <i>omnia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2473 honeste et secundum ordinem fiant in vobis</i>. Et praecipue hanc
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2474 cautelam adhibent in his in quibus non solum ipsi offenderent, sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2475 etiam aliis offensionem pararent. Et si quidem in eorum manifestis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2476 dictis vel factis aliquid ab hac moderatione desit, hoc provenit ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2477 infirmitate humana, secundum quam a perfectione deficiunt. Non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2478 tamen intantum deficiunt ut multum ab ordine rationis recedatur,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2479 sed modicum et leviter, quod non est tam magnum ut ex hoc
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2480 rationabiliter possit ab alio sumi peccandi occasio.</p><p title="II-II q. 43 a. 6 ad 1"><a name="40754"><span class="ref">[40754] IIª-IIae q. 43 a. 6 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2481 ergo dicendum quod scandalum passivum semper ab aliquo activo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2482 causatur, sed non semper ab aliquo scandalo activo alterius, sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2483 eiusdem qui scandalizatur; quia scilicet ipse seipsum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2484 scandalizat.</p><p title="II-II q. 43 a. 6 ad 2"><a name="40755"><span class="ref">[40755] IIª-IIae q. 43 a. 6 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2485 dicendum quod Petrus peccavit quidem, et reprehensibilis fuit,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2486 secundum sententiam Augustini et ipsius Pauli, subtrahens se a
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2487 gentilibus ut vitaret scandalum Iudaeorum, quia hoc incaute
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2488 aliqualiter faciebat, ita quod ex hoc gentiles ad fidem conversi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2489 scandalizabantur. Non tamen factum Petri erat tam grave peccatum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2490 quod merito possent alii scandalizari. Unde patiebantur scandalum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2491 passivum, non autem erat in Petro scandalum activum.</p><p title="II-II q. 43 a. 6 ad 3"><a name="40756"><span class="ref">[40756] IIª-IIae q. 43 a. 6 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2492 dicendum quod peccata venialia perfectorum praecipue consistunt in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2493 subitis motibus, qui, cum sint occulti, scandalizare non possunt.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2494 Si qua vero etiam in exterioribus dictis vel factis venialia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2495 peccata committant, tam levia sunt ut de se scandalizandi virtutem
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2496 non habeant.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 7</h3><p title="II-II q. 43 a. 7 arg. 1"><a name="40757"><span class="ref">[40757] IIª-IIae q. 43 a. 7 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2497 septimum sic proceditur. Videtur quod bona spiritualia sint propter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2498 scandalum dimittenda. Augustinus enim, in libro contra epistolam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2499 Parmen., docet quod ubi schismatis periculum timetur, a punitione
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2500 peccatorum cessandum est. Sed punitio peccatorum est quoddam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2501 spirituale, cum sit actus iustitiae. Ergo bonum spirituale est
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2502 propter scandalum dimittendum.</p><p title="II-II q. 43 a. 7 arg. 2"><a name="40758"><span class="ref">[40758] IIª-IIae q. 43 a. 7 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2503 sacra doctrina maxime videtur esse spiritualis. Sed ab ea est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2504 cessandum propter scandalum, secundum illud Matth. VII, <i>nolite
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2505 sanctum dare canibus, neque margaritas vestras spargatis ante
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2506 porcos, ne conversi dirumpant vos</i>. Ergo bonum spirituale est
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2507 dimittendum propter scandalum.</p><p title="II-II q. 43 a. 7 arg. 3"><a name="40759"><span class="ref">[40759] IIª-IIae q. 43 a. 7 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2508 correctio fraterna, cum sit actus caritatis, est quoddam spirituale
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2509 bonum. Sed interdum ex caritate dimittitur, ad vitandum scandalum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2510 aliorum; ut Augustinus dicit, in I de Civ. Dei. Ergo bonum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2511 spirituale est propter scandalum dimittendum.</p><p title="II-II q. 43 a. 7 arg. 4"><a name="40760"><span class="ref">[40760] IIª-IIae q. 43 a. 7 arg. 4</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2512 Hieronymus dicit quod dimittendum est propter scandalum omne quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2513 potest praetermitti salva triplici veritate, scilicet vitae,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2514 iustitiae et doctrinae. Sed impletio consiliorum, et largitio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2515 eleemosynarum, multoties potest praetermitti salva triplici
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2516 veritate praedicta, alioquin semper peccarent omnes qui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2517 praetermittunt. Et tamen haec sunt maxima inter spiritualia opera.
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2518 Ergo spiritualia opera debent praetermitti propter scandalum.</p><p title="II-II q. 43 a. 7 arg. 5"><a name="40761"><span class="ref">[40761] IIª-IIae q. 43 a. 7 arg. 5</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2519 vitatio cuiuslibet peccati est quoddam spirituale bonum, quia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2520 quodlibet peccatum affert peccanti aliquod spirituale detrimentum.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2521 Sed videtur quod pro scandalo proximi vitando debeat aliquis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2522 quandoque peccare venialiter, puta cum peccando venialiter impedit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2523 peccatum mortale alterius, debet enim homo impedire damnationem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2524 proximi quantum potest sine detrimento propriae salutis, quae non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2525 tollitur per peccatum veniale. Ergo aliquod bonum spirituale debet
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2526 homo praetermittere propter scandalum vitandum.</p><p title="II-II q. 43 a. 7 s. c."><a name="40762"><span class="ref">[40762] IIª-IIae q. 43 a. 7 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2527 est quod Gregorius dicit, super Ezech., <i>si de veritate scandalum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2528 sumitur, utilius nasci permittitur scandalum quam veritas
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2529 relinquatur</i>. Sed bona spiritualia maxime pertinent ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2530 veritatem. Ergo bona spiritualia non sunt propter scandalum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2531 dimittenda.</p><p title="II-II q. 43 a. 7 co."><a name="40763"><span class="ref">[40763] IIª-IIae q. 43 a. 7 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2532 dicendum quod, cum duplex sit scandalum, activum scilicet et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2533 passivum, quaestio ista non habet locum de scandalo activo, quia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2534 cum scandalum activum sit dictum vel factum minus rectum, nihil est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2535 cum scandalo activo faciendum. Habet autem locum quaestio si
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2536 intelligatur de scandalo passivo. Considerandum est igitur quid sit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2537 dimittendum ne alius scandalizetur. Est autem in spiritualibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2538 bonis distinguendum. Nam quaedam horum sunt de necessitate salutis,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2539 quae praetermitti non possunt sine peccato mortali. Manifestum est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2540 autem quod nullus debet mortaliter peccare ut alterius peccatum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2541 impediat, quia secundum ordinem caritatis plus debet homo suam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2542 salutem spiritualem diligere quam alterius. Et ideo ea quae sunt de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2543 necessitate salutis praetermitti non debent propter scandalum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2544 vitandum. In his autem spiritualibus bonis quae non sunt de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2545 necessitate salutis videtur distinguendum. Quia scandalum quod ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2546 eis oritur quandoque ex malitia procedit, cum scilicet aliqui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2547 volunt impedire huiusmodi spiritualia bona, scandala concitando, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2548 hoc est scandalum Pharisaeorum, qui de doctrina domini
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2549 scandalizabantur. Quod esse contemnendum dominus docet, Matth. XV.
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diff changeset
2550 Quandoque vero scandalum procedit ex infirmitate vel ignorantia, et
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diff changeset
2551 huiusmodi est scandalum pusillorum. Propter quod sunt spiritualia
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2552 opera vel occultanda, vel etiam interdum differenda, ubi periculum
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diff changeset
2553 non imminet, quousque, reddita ratione, huiusmodi scandalum cesset.
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diff changeset
2554 Si autem post redditam rationem huiusmodi scandalum duret, iam
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diff changeset
2555 videtur ex malitia esse, et sic propter ipsum non sunt huiusmodi
53
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diff changeset
2556 spiritualia opera dimittenda.</p><p title="II-II q. 43 a. 7 ad 1"><a name="40764"><span class="ref">[40764] IIª-IIae q. 43 a. 7 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
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diff changeset
2557 ergo dicendum quod poenarum inflictio non est propter se expetenda,
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diff changeset
2558 sed poenae infliguntur ut medicinae quaedam ad cohibendum peccata.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2559 Et ideo intantum habent rationem iustitiae inquantum per eas
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2560 peccata cohibentur. Si autem per inflictionem poenarum manifestum
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diff changeset
2561 sit plura et maiora peccata sequi, tunc poenarum inflictio non
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diff changeset
2562 continebitur sub iustitia. Et in hoc casu loquitur Augustinus,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2563 quando scilicet ex excommunicatione aliquorum imminet periculum
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diff changeset
2564 schismatis, tunc enim excommunicationem ferre non pertineret ad
53
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diff changeset
2565 veritatem iustitiae.</p><p title="II-II q. 43 a. 7 ad 2"><a name="40765"><span class="ref">[40765] IIª-IIae q. 43 a. 7 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
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diff changeset
2566 dicendum quod circa doctrinam duo sunt consideranda, scilicet
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diff changeset
2567 veritas quae docetur; et ipse actus docendi. Quorum primum est de
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2568 necessitate salutis, ut scilicet contrarium veritati non doceat,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2569 sed veritatem secundum congruentiam temporis et personarum proponat
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2570 ille cui incumbit docendi officium. Et ideo propter nullum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2571 scandalum quod sequi videatur debet homo, praetermissa veritate,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2572 falsitatem docere. Sed ipse actus docendi inter spirituales
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2573 eleemosynas computatur, ut supra dictum est. Et ideo eadem ratio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
2574 est de doctrina et de aliis misericordiae operibus, de quibus
53
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diff changeset
2575 postea dicetur.</p><p title="II-II q. 43 a. 7 ad 3"><a name="40766"><span class="ref">[40766] IIª-IIae q. 43 a. 7 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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diff changeset
2576 dicendum quod correctio fraterna, sicut supra dictum est, ordinatur
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diff changeset
2577 ad emendationem fratris. Et ideo intantum computanda est inter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2578 spiritualia bona inquantum hoc consequi potest. Quod non contingit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2579 si ex correctione frater scandalizetur. Et ideo si propter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
2580 scandalum correctio dimittatur, non dimittitur spirituale
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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diff changeset
2581 bonum.</p><p title="II-II q. 43 a. 7 ad 4"><a name="40767"><span class="ref">[40767] IIª-IIae q. 43 a. 7 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
2582 dicendum quod in veritate vitae, doctrinae et iustitiae non solum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
2583 comprehenditur id quod est de necessitate salutis, sed etiam id per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
2584 quod perfectius pervenitur ad salutem, secundum illud I ad Cor.
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diff changeset
2585 XII, <i>aemulamini charismata meliora</i>. Unde etiam consilia non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2586 sunt simpliciter praetermittenda, nec etiam misericordiae opera,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2587 propter scandalum, sed sunt interdum occultanda vel differenda
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2588 propter scandalum pusillorum, ut dictum est. Quandoque tamen
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2589 consiliorum observatio et impletio operum misericordiae sunt de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2590 necessitate salutis. Quod patet in his qui iam voverunt consilia;
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
2591 et in his quibus ex debito imminet defectibus aliorum subvenire,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2592 vel in temporalibus, puta pascendo esurientem, vel in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
2593 spiritualibus, puta docendo ignorantem; sive huiusmodi fiant debita
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2594 propter iniunctum officium, ut patet in praelatis, sive propter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
2595 necessitatem indigentis. Et tunc eadem ratio est de huiusmodi sicut
53
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diff changeset
2596 de aliis quae sunt de necessitate salutis.</p><p title="II-II q. 43 a. 7 ad 5"><a name="40768"><span class="ref">[40768] IIª-IIae q. 43 a. 7 ad 5</span></a> Ad quintum
28
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diff changeset
2597 dicendum quod quidam dixerunt quod peccatum veniale est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2598 committendum propter vitandum scandalum. Sed hoc implicat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2599 contraria, si enim faciendum est, iam non est malum neque peccatum;
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
2600 nam peccatum non potest esse eligibile. Contingit tamen aliquid
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2601 propter aliquam circumstantiam non esse peccatum veniale quod, illa
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
2602 circumstantia sublata, peccatum veniale esset, sicut verbum iocosum
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diff changeset
2603 est peccatum veniale quando absque utilitate dicitur; si autem ex
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diff changeset
2604 causa rationabili proferatur, non est otiosum neque peccatum.
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diff changeset
2605 Quamvis autem per peccatum veniale gratia non tollatur, per quam
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diff changeset
2606 est hominis salus; inquantum tamen veniale disponit ad mortale,
53
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diff changeset
2607 vergit in detrimentum salutis.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 8</h3><p title="II-II q. 43 a. 8 arg. 1"><a name="40769"><span class="ref">[40769] IIª-IIae q. 43 a. 8 arg. 1</span></a> Ad octavum
28
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diff changeset
2608 sic proceditur. Videtur quod temporalia sint dimittenda propter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
2609 scandalum. Magis enim debemus diligere spiritualem salutem proximi,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
2610 quae impeditur per scandalum, quam quaecumque temporalia bona. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
2611 id quod minus diligimus dimittimus propter id quod magis diligimus.
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diff changeset
2612 Ergo temporalia magis debemus dimittere ad vitandum scandalum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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diff changeset
2613 proximorum.</p><p title="II-II q. 43 a. 8 arg. 2"><a name="40770"><span class="ref">[40770] IIª-IIae q. 43 a. 8 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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diff changeset
2614 secundum regulam Hieronymi, omnia quae possunt praetermitti salva
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
2615 triplici veritate, sunt propter scandalum dimittenda. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
2616 temporalia possunt praetermitti salva triplici veritate. Ergo sunt
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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diff changeset
2617 propter scandalum dimittenda.</p><p title="II-II q. 43 a. 8 arg. 3"><a name="40771"><span class="ref">[40771] IIª-IIae q. 43 a. 8 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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diff changeset
2618 in temporalibus bonis nihil est magis necessarium quam cibus. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
2619 cibus est praetermittendus propter scandalum, secundum illud Rom.
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diff changeset
2620 XIV, <i>noli cibo tuo illum perdere pro quo Christus mortuus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
2621 est</i>. Ergo multo magis omnia alia temporalia sunt propter
53
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diff changeset
2622 scandalum dimittenda.</p><p title="II-II q. 43 a. 8 arg. 4"><a name="40772"><span class="ref">[40772] IIª-IIae q. 43 a. 8 arg. 4</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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diff changeset
2623 temporalia nullo convenientiori modo conservare aut recuperare
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diff changeset
2624 possumus quam per iudicium. Sed iudiciis uti non licet, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
2625 praecipue cum scandalo, dicitur enim Matth. V, <i>ei qui vult tecum
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diff changeset
2626 in iudicio contendere et tunicam tuam tollere, dimitte ei et
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diff changeset
2627 pallium</i>; et I ad Cor. VI, <i>iam quidem omnino delictum est in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
2628 vobis quod iudicia habetis inter vos. Quare non magis iniuriam
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diff changeset
2629 accipitis? Quare non magis fraudem patimini?</i> Ergo videtur quod
53
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diff changeset
2630 temporalia sint propter scandalum dimittenda.</p><p title="II-II q. 43 a. 8 arg. 5"><a name="40773"><span class="ref">[40773] IIª-IIae q. 43 a. 8 arg. 5</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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diff changeset
2631 inter omnia temporalia minus videntur dimittenda quae sunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
2632 spiritualibus annexa. Sed ista sunt propter scandalum dimittenda,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
2633 apostolus enim, seminans spiritualia, temporalia stipendia non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
2634 accepit, ne offendiculum daret Evangelio Christi, ut patet I ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
2635 Cor. IX; et ex simili causa Ecclesia in aliquibus terris non exigit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
2636 decimas, propter scandalum vitandum. Ergo multo magis alia
53
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diff changeset
2637 temporalia sunt propter scandalum dimittenda.</p><p title="II-II q. 43 a. 8 s. c."><a name="40774"><span class="ref">[40774] IIª-IIae q. 43 a. 8 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
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diff changeset
2638 est quod beatus Thomas Cantuariensis repetiit res Ecclesiae cum
53
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diff changeset
2639 scandalo regis.</p><p title="II-II q. 43 a. 8 co."><a name="40775"><span class="ref">[40775] IIª-IIae q. 43 a. 8 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
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diff changeset
2640 dicendum quod circa temporalia bona distinguendum est. Aut enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
2641 sunt nostra, aut sunt nobis ad conservandum pro aliis commissa;
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
2642 sicut bona Ecclesiae committuntur praelatis, et bona communia
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diff changeset
2643 quibuscumque reipublicae rectoribus. Et talium conservatio, sicut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
2644 et depositorum, imminet his quibus sunt commissa ex necessitate. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
2645 ideo non sunt propter scandalum dimittenda, sicut nec alia quae
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diff changeset
2646 sunt de necessitate salutis. Temporalia vero quorum nos sumus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
2647 domini dimittere, ea tribuendo si penes nos ea habeamus, vel non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2648 repetendo si apud alios sint, propter scandalum quandoque quidem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
2649 debemus, quandoque autem non. Si enim scandalum ex hoc oriatur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2650 propter ignorantiam vel infirmitatem aliorum, quod supra diximus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
2651 esse scandalum pusillorum; tunc vel totaliter dimittenda sunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
2652 temporalia; vel aliter scandalum sedandum, scilicet per aliquam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
2653 admonitionem. Unde Augustinus dicit, in libro de Serm. Dom. in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
2654 monte, <i>dandum est quod nec tibi nec alteri noceat, quantum ab
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
2655 homine credi potest. Et cum negaveris quod petit, indicanda est ei
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
2656 iustitia, et melius ei aliquid dabis, cum petentem iniuste
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
2657 correxeris</i>. Aliquando vero scandalum nascitur ex malitia, quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
2658 est scandalum Pharisaeorum. Et propter eos qui sic scandala
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2659 concitant non sunt temporalia dimittenda, quia hoc et noceret bono
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
2660 communi, daretur enim malis rapiendi occasio; et noceret ipsis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
2661 rapientibus, qui retinendo aliena in peccato remanerent. Unde
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diff changeset
2662 Gregorius dicit, in Moral., <i>quidam, dum temporalia nobis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
2663 rapiunt, solummodo sunt tolerandi, quidam vero, servata aequitate,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
2664 prohibendi; non sola cura ne nostra subtrahantur, sed ne rapientes
53
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diff changeset
2665 non sua semetipsos perdant</i>.</p><p title="II-II q. 43 a. 8 ad 1"><a name="40776"><span class="ref">[40776] IIª-IIae q. 43 a. 8 ad 1</span></a> Et per hoc
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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diff changeset
2666 patet solutio ad primum.</p><p title="II-II q. 43 a. 8 ad 2"><a name="40777"><span class="ref">[40777] IIª-IIae q. 43 a. 8 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
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diff changeset
2667 dicendum quod si passim permitteretur malis hominibus ut aliena
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
2668 raperent, vergeret hoc in detrimentum veritatis vitae et iustitiae.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
2669 Et ideo non oportet propter quodcumque scandalum temporalia
53
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diff changeset
2670 dimitti.</p><p title="II-II q. 43 a. 8 ad 3"><a name="40778"><span class="ref">[40778] IIª-IIae q. 43 a. 8 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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diff changeset
2671 dicendum quod non est de intentione apostoli monere quod cibus
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diff changeset
2672 totaliter propter scandalum dimittatur, quia sumere cibum est de
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diff changeset
2673 necessitate salutis. Sed talis cibus est propter scandalum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
2674 dimittendus, secundum illud I ad Cor. VIII, <i>non manducabo carnem
53
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diff changeset
2675 in aeternum, ne fratrem meum scandalizem</i>.</p><p title="II-II q. 43 a. 8 ad 4"><a name="40779"><span class="ref">[40779] IIª-IIae q. 43 a. 8 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
28
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diff changeset
2676 dicendum quod secundum Augustinum, in libro de Serm. Dom. in monte,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
2677 illud praeceptum domini est intelligendum secundum praeparationem
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diff changeset
2678 animi, ut scilicet homo sit paratus prius pati iniuriam vel fraudem
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diff changeset
2679 quam iudicium subire, si hoc expediat. Quandoque tamen non expedit,
53
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diff changeset
2680 ut dictum est. Et similiter intelligendum est verbum apostoli.</p><p title="II-II q. 43 a. 8 ad 5"><a name="40780"><span class="ref">[40780] IIª-IIae q. 43 a. 8 ad 5</span></a> Ad quintum
28
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diff changeset
2681 dicendum quod scandalum quod vitabat apostolus ex ignorantia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
2682 procedebat gentilium, qui hoc non consueverant. Et ideo ad tempus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
2683 abstinendum erat, ut prius instruerentur hoc esse debitum. Et ex
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diff changeset
2684 simili causa Ecclesia abstinet de decimis exigendis in terris in
53
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diff changeset
2685 quibus non est consuetum decimas solvere.</p></div></div><div class="centro"><br/>
59
03759e5c1080 fix multi-para s.c.
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diff changeset
2686 <p><a href="sth3027.html"><img src="icons/ageretro.gif" width="19" height="19" align="middle" border="0" alt="age retro"/></a>  
03759e5c1080 fix multi-para s.c.
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diff changeset
2687 <a href="sth3044.html"><img src="icons/ageultra.gif" width="19" height="19" align="middle" border="0" alt="age ultra"/></a></p>
53
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2688 <br/>
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diff changeset
2689 <hr/>
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2690 <br/>
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2691 <address>© 2006 Fundación Tomás de Aquino quoad
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diff changeset
2692 hanc editionem<br/>
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diff changeset
2693 Iura omnia asservantur<br/>
59
03759e5c1080 fix multi-para s.c.
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diff changeset
2694 OCLC nr. <a href="http://worldcatlibraries.org/wcpa/oclc/49644264" style="text-decoration=none">49644264</a></address>
53
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diff changeset
2695 </div></body>
59
03759e5c1080 fix multi-para s.c.
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diff changeset
2696 </html>