annotate summa/latin/sth3061.html @ 53:d777cc3962f2

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date Mon, 28 Dec 2009 13:00:58 +0000
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1 <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
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2 <!DOCTYPE html
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3 PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "file:///c:/cygwin/usr/local/share/lib/xml/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
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4 <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="LA" lang="LA">
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5 <head>
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6 <meta content="HTML Tidy for Windows (vers 1st February 2005), see www.w3.org" name="generator"/>
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7 <meta content="text/html; charset=us-ascii" http-equiv="Content-Type"/>
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9 <meta content="text/javascript" http-equiv="Content-Script-Type"/>
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10 <meta content="Thomas de Aquino, Summa Theologiae, Corpus Thomisticum" name="keywords"/>
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11 <meta content="Latin" name="language"/>
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12 <meta content="public" name="security"/>
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13 <meta content="ealarcon@unav.es" name="owner"/>
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14 <meta content="Enrique Alarcón" name="author"/>
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15 <meta content="" name="abstract"/>
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17 <link type="text/css" href="vprint.css" media="print" rel="stylesheet"/>
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18 <title>Thomas de Aquino, Summa Theologiae, IIª-IIae q.
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19 61-78</title>
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20 </head>
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21 <body><a href="http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/"/><div class="tres">CORPUS THOMISTICUM</div><div class="uno">Sancti Thomae de Aquino</div><div class="uno">Summa Theologiae</div><div class="dos">secunda pars secundae partis a quaestione LXI ad
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22 LXXVIII</div><div class="centro">
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23 <table summary="Imago" align="center">
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24 <tr>
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25 <th><img align="middle" alt="Thomas de Aquino a Filippino Lippi depictus (Cappella Carafa, S. Maria sopra Minerva, Roma)" border="0" height="190" width="275" src="icons/fugit190.jpg"/></th>
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26 </tr>
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27 </table>
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28 <br/>
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29 <span class="tres">Textum Leoninum Romae 1897 editum<br/>
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30 ac automato translatum a Roberto Busa SJ in taenias
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31 magneticas<br/>
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32 denuo recognovit Enrique Alarcón atque instruxit<br/>
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33 <br/></span><br/>
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34 <hr/>
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35 <br/>
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36 <p><a href="sth3057.html"><img alt="age retro" border="0" align="middle" height="19" width="19" src="icons/ageretro.gif"/></a>  
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37 <a href="sth3079.html"><img alt="age ultra" border="0" align="middle" height="19" width="19" src="icons/ageultra.gif"/></a></p>
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38 <script type="text/javascript" language="JavaScript">
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39 //
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40 &lt;!--
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41 // original code by Bill Trefzger 12/12/96; revised by Enrique Alarcon 12/9/2000
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42 function go(){if(document.selecter.select1.options[document.selecter.select1.selectedIndex].value !="none"){location=document.selecter.select1.options[document.selecter.select1.selectedIndex].value}}
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45 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="none"&gt;------------------------------------------------');
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134 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#41691"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 62 a. 6 s. c.');
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diff changeset
135 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#41692"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 62 a. 6 co.');
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diff changeset
136 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#41693"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 62 a. 6 ad 1');
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diff changeset
137 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#41694"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 62 a. 6 ad 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
138 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#41695"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 62 a. 6 ad 3');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
139 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#41696"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 62 a. 7 arg. 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
140 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#41697"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 62 a. 7 arg. 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
141 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#41698"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 62 a. 7 arg. 3');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
142 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#41699"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 62 a. 7 s. c.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
143 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#41700"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 62 a. 7 co.');
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diff changeset
144 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#41701"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 62 a. 7 ad 1');
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diff changeset
145 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#41702"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 62 a. 7 ad 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
146 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#41703"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 62 a. 7 ad 3');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
147 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#41704"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 62 a. 8 arg. 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
148 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#41705"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 62 a. 8 arg. 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
149 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#41706"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 62 a. 8 arg. 3');
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diff changeset
150 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#41707"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 62 a. 8 s. c.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
151 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#41708"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 62 a. 8 co.');
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diff changeset
152 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#41709"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 62 a. 8 ad 1');
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diff changeset
153 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#41710"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 62 a. 8 ad 2');
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diff changeset
154 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#41711"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 62 a. 8 ad 3');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
155 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#41712"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 63 pr.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
156 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#41713"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 63 a. 1 arg. 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
157 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#41714"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 63 a. 1 arg. 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
158 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#41715"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 63 a. 1 arg. 3');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
159 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#41716"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 63 a. 1 s. c.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
160 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#41717"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 63 a. 1 co.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
161 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#41718"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 63 a. 1 ad 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
162 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#41719"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 63 a. 1 ad 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
163 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#41720"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 63 a. 1 ad 3');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
164 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#41721"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 63 a. 2 arg. 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
165 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#41722"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 63 a. 2 arg. 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
166 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#41723"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 63 a. 2 arg. 3');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
167 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#41724"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 63 a. 2 arg. 4');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
168 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#41725"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 63 a. 2 s. c.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
169 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#41726"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 63 a. 2 co.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
170 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#41727"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 63 a. 2 ad 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
171 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#41728"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 63 a. 2 ad 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
172 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#41729"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 63 a. 2 ad 3');
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parents: 28
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173 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#41730"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 63 a. 2 ad 4');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
174 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#41731"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 63 a. 3 arg. 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
175 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#41732"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 63 a. 3 arg. 2');
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parents: 28
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176 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#41733"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 63 a. 3 arg. 3');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
177 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#41734"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 63 a. 3 s. c.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
178 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#41735"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 63 a. 3 co.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
179 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#41736"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 63 a. 3 ad');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
180 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#41737"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 63 a. 4 arg. 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
181 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#41738"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 63 a. 4 arg. 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
182 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#41739"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 63 a. 4 arg. 3');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
183 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#41740"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 63 a. 4 s. c.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
184 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#41741"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 63 a. 4 co.');
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parents: 28
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185 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#41742"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 63 a. 4 ad 1');
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parents: 28
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186 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#41743"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 63 a. 4 ad 2');
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parents: 28
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187 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#41744"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 63 a. 4 ad 3');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
188 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#41745"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 64 pr.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
189 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#41746"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 64 a. 1 arg. 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
190 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#41747"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 64 a. 1 arg. 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
191 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#41748"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 64 a. 1 arg. 3');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
192 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#41749"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 64 a. 1 s. c.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
193 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#41750"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 64 a. 1 co.');
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parents: 28
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194 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#41751"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 64 a. 1 ad 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
195 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#41752"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 64 a. 1 ad 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
196 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#41753"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 64 a. 1 ad 3');
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parents: 28
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197 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#41754"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 64 a. 2 arg. 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
198 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#41755"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 64 a. 2 arg. 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
199 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#41756"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 64 a. 2 arg. 3');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
200 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#41757"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 64 a. 2 s. c.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
201 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#41758"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 64 a. 2 co.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
202 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#41759"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 64 a. 2 ad 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
203 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#41760"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 64 a. 2 ad 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
204 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#41761"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 64 a. 2 ad 3');
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parents: 28
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205 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#41762"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 64 a. 3 arg. 1');
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parents: 28
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206 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#41763"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 64 a. 3 arg. 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
207 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#41764"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 64 a. 3 arg. 3');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
208 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#41765"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 64 a. 3 s. c.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
209 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#41766"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 64 a. 3 co.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
210 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#41767"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 64 a. 3 ad 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
211 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#41768"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 64 a. 3 ad 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
212 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#41769"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 64 a. 3 ad 3');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
213 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#41770"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 64 a. 4 arg. 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
214 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#41771"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 64 a. 4 arg. 2');
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parents: 28
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215 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#41772"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 64 a. 4 arg. 3');
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parents: 28
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216 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#41773"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 64 a. 4 s. c.');
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parents: 28
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217 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#41774"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 64 a. 4 co.');
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parents: 28
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218 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#41775"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 64 a. 4 ad 1');
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parents: 28
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219 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#41776"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 64 a. 4 ad 2');
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parents: 28
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220 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#41777"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 64 a. 4 ad 3');
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parents: 28
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221 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#41778"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 64 a. 5 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
222 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#41779"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 64 a. 5 arg. 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
223 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#41780"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 64 a. 5 arg. 3');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
224 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#41781"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 64 a. 5 arg. 4');
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parents: 28
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225 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#41782"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 64 a. 5 arg. 5');
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parents: 28
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226 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#41783"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 64 a. 5 s. c.');
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parents: 28
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227 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#41784"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 64 a. 5 co.');
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parents: 28
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228 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#41785"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 64 a. 5 ad 1');
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parents: 28
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229 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#41786"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 64 a. 5 ad 2');
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parents: 28
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230 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#41787"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 64 a. 5 ad 3');
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parents: 28
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231 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#41788"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 64 a. 5 ad 4');
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parents: 28
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232 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#41789"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 64 a. 5 ad 5');
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parents: 28
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233 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#41790"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 64 a. 6 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
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234 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#41791"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 64 a. 6 arg. 2');
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parents: 28
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235 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#41792"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 64 a. 6 arg. 3');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
236 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#41793"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 64 a. 6 s. c.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
237 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#41794"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 64 a. 6 co.');
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parents: 28
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238 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#41795"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 64 a. 6 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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diff changeset
239 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#41796"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 64 a. 6 ad 2');
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parents: 28
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240 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#41797"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 64 a. 6 ad 3');
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parents: 28
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241 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#41798"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 64 a. 7 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
242 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#41799"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 64 a. 7 arg. 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
243 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#41800"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 64 a. 7 arg. 3');
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parents: 28
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244 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#41801"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 64 a. 7 arg. 4');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
245 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#41802"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 64 a. 7 arg. 5');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
246 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#41803"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 64 a. 7 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
247 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#41804"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 64 a. 7 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
248 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#41805"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 64 a. 7 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
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249 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#41806"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 64 a. 7 ad 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
250 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#41807"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 64 a. 7 ad 3');
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parents: 28
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251 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#41808"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 64 a. 7 ad 4');
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parents: 28
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252 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#41809"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 64 a. 7 ad 5');
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parents: 28
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253 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#41810"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 64 a. 8 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
254 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#41811"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 64 a. 8 arg. 2');
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parents: 28
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255 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#41812"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 64 a. 8 arg. 3');
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parents: 28
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256 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#41813"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 64 a. 8 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
257 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#41814"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 64 a. 8 co.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
258 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#41815"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 64 a. 8 ad 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
259 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#41816"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 64 a. 8 ad 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
260 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#41817"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 64 a. 8 ad 3');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
261 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#41818"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 65 pr.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
262 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#41819"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 65 a. 1 arg. 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
263 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#41820"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 65 a. 1 arg. 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
264 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#41821"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 65 a. 1 arg. 3');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
265 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#41822"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 65 a. 1 s. c.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
266 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#41823"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 65 a. 1 co.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
267 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#41824"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 65 a. 1 ad 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
268 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#41825"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 65 a. 1 ad 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
269 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#41826"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 65 a. 1 ad 3');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
270 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#41827"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 65 a. 2 arg. 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
271 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#41828"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 65 a. 2 arg. 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
272 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#41829"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 65 a. 2 arg. 3');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
273 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#41830"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 65 a. 2 s. c.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
274 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#41831"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 65 a. 2 co.');
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parents: 28
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275 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#41832"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 65 a. 2 ad 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
276 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#41833"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 65 a. 2 ad 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
277 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#41834"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 65 a. 2 ad 3');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
278 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#41835"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 65 a. 3 arg. 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
279 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#41836"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 65 a. 3 arg. 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
280 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#41837"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 65 a. 3 arg. 3');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
281 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#41838"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 65 a. 3 s. c.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
282 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#41839"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 65 a. 3 co.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
283 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#41840"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 65 a. 3 ad 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
284 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#41841"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 65 a. 3 ad 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
285 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#41842"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 65 a. 3 ad 3');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
286 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#41843"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 65 a. 4 arg. 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
287 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#41844"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 65 a. 4 arg. 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
288 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#41845"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 65 a. 4 arg. 3');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
289 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#41846"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 65 a. 4 s. c.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
290 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#41847"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 65 a. 4 co.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
291 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#41848"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 65 a. 4 ad 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
292 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#41849"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 65 a. 4 ad 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
293 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#41850"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 65 a. 4 ad 3');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
294 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#41851"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 66 pr.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
295 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#41852"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 66 a. 1 arg. 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
296 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#41853"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 66 a. 1 arg. 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
297 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#41854"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 66 a. 1 arg. 3');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
298 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#41855"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 66 a. 1 s. c.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
299 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#41856"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 66 a. 1 co.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
300 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#41857"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 66 a. 1 ad 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
301 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#41858"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 66 a. 1 ad 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
302 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#41859"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 66 a. 1 ad 3');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
303 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#41860"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 66 a. 2 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
304 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#41861"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 66 a. 2 arg. 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
305 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#41862"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 66 a. 2 arg. 3');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
306 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#41863"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 66 a. 2 s. c.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
307 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#41864"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 66 a. 2 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
308 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#41865"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 66 a. 2 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
309 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#41866"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 66 a. 2 ad 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
310 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#41867"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 66 a. 2 ad 3');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
311 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#41868"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 66 a. 3 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
312 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#41869"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 66 a. 3 arg. 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
313 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#41870"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 66 a. 3 arg. 3');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
314 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#41871"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 66 a. 3 s. c.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
315 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#41872"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 66 a. 3 co.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
316 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#41873"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 66 a. 3 ad 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
317 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#41874"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 66 a. 3 ad 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
318 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#41875"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 66 a. 3 ad 3');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
319 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#41876"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 66 a. 4 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
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320 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#41877"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 66 a. 4 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
321 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#41878"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 66 a. 4 arg. 3');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
322 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#41879"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 66 a. 4 s. c.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
323 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#41880"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 66 a. 4 co.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
324 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#41881"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 66 a. 4 ad 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
325 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#41882"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 66 a. 4 ad 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
326 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#41883"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 66 a. 4 ad 3');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
327 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#41884"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 66 a. 5 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
328 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#41885"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 66 a. 5 arg. 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
329 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#41886"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 66 a. 5 arg. 3');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
330 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#41887"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 66 a. 5 s. c.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
331 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#41888"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 66 a. 5 co.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
332 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#41889"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 66 a. 5 ad 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
333 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#41890"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 66 a. 5 ad 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
334 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#41891"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 66 a. 5 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
335 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#41892"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 66 a. 6 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
336 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#41893"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 66 a. 6 arg. 2');
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parents: 28
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337 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#41894"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 66 a. 6 arg. 3');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
338 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#41895"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 66 a. 6 s. c.');
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parents: 28
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339 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#41896"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 66 a. 6 co.');
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parents: 28
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340 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#41897"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 66 a. 6 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
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341 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#41898"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 66 a. 6 ad 2');
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parents: 28
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342 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#41899"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 66 a. 6 ad 3');
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parents: 28
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343 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#41900"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 66 a. 7 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
344 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#41901"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 66 a. 7 arg. 2');
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parents: 28
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345 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#41902"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 66 a. 7 arg. 3');
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parents: 28
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346 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#41903"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 66 a. 7 s. c.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
347 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#41904"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 66 a. 7 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
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348 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#41905"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 66 a. 7 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
349 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#41906"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 66 a. 7 ad 2');
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parents: 28
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350 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#41907"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 66 a. 7 ad 3');
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parents: 28
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351 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#41908"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 66 a. 8 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
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352 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#41909"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 66 a. 8 arg. 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
353 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#41910"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 66 a. 8 arg. 3');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
354 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#41911"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 66 a. 8 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
355 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#41912"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 66 a. 8 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
356 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#41913"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 66 a. 8 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
357 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#41914"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 66 a. 8 ad 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
358 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#41915"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 66 a. 8 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
359 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#41916"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 66 a. 9 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
360 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#41917"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 66 a. 9 arg. 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
361 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#41918"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 66 a. 9 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
362 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#41919"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 66 a. 9 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
363 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#41920"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 66 a. 9 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
364 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#41921"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 66 a. 9 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
365 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#41922"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 66 a. 9 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
366 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#41923"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 66 a. 9 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
367 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#41924"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 67 pr.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
368 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#41925"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 67 a. 1 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
369 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#41926"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 67 a. 1 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
370 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#41927"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 67 a. 1 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
371 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#41928"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 67 a. 1 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
372 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#41929"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 67 a. 1 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
373 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#41930"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 67 a. 1 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
374 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#41931"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 67 a. 1 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
375 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#41932"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 67 a. 1 ad 3');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
376 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#41933"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 67 a. 2 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
377 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#41934"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 67 a. 2 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
378 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#41935"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 67 a. 2 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
379 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#41936"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 67 a. 2 arg. 4');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
380 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#41937"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 67 a. 2 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
381 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#41938"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 67 a. 2 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
382 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#41939"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 67 a. 2 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
383 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#41940"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 67 a. 2 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
384 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#41941"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 67 a. 2 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
385 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#41942"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 67 a. 2 ad 4');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
386 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#41943"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 67 a. 3 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
387 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#41944"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 67 a. 3 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
388 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#41945"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 67 a. 3 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
389 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#41946"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 67 a. 3 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
390 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#41947"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 67 a. 3 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
391 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#41948"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 67 a. 3 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
392 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#41949"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 67 a. 3 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
393 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#41950"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 67 a. 3 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
394 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#41951"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 67 a. 4 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
395 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#41952"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 67 a. 4 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
396 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#41953"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 67 a. 4 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
397 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#41954"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 67 a. 4 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
398 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#41955"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 67 a. 4 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
399 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#41956"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 67 a. 4 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
400 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#41957"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 67 a. 4 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
401 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#41958"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 67 a. 4 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
402 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#41959"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 68 pr.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
403 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#41960"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 68 a. 1 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
404 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#41961"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 68 a. 1 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
405 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#41962"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 68 a. 1 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
406 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#41963"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 68 a. 1 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
407 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#41964"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 68 a. 1 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
408 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#41965"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 68 a. 1 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
409 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#41966"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 68 a. 1 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
410 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#41967"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 68 a. 1 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
411 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#41968"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 68 a. 2 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
412 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#41969"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 68 a. 2 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
413 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#41970"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 68 a. 2 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
414 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#41971"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 68 a. 2 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
415 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#41972"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 68 a. 2 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
416 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#41973"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 68 a. 2 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
417 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#41974"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 68 a. 2 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
418 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#41975"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 68 a. 2 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
419 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#41976"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 68 a. 3 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
420 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#41977"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 68 a. 3 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
421 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#41978"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 68 a. 3 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
422 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#41979"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 68 a. 3 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
423 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#41980"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 68 a. 3 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
424 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#41981"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 68 a. 3 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
425 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#41982"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 68 a. 3 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
426 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#41983"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 68 a. 3 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
427 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#41984"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 68 a. 4 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
428 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#41985"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 68 a. 4 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
429 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#41986"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 68 a. 4 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
430 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#41987"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 68 a. 4 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
431 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#41988"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 68 a. 4 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
432 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#41989"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 68 a. 4 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
433 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#41990"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 68 a. 4 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
434 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#41991"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 68 a. 4 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
435 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#41992"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 69 pr.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
436 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#41993"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 69 a. 1 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
437 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#41994"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 69 a. 1 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
438 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#41995"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 69 a. 1 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
439 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#41996"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 69 a. 1 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
440 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#41997"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 69 a. 1 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
441 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#41998"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 69 a. 1 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
442 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#41999"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 69 a. 1 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
443 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#42000"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 69 a. 1 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
444 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#42001"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 69 a. 2 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
445 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#42002"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 69 a. 2 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
446 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#42003"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 69 a. 2 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
447 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#42004"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 69 a. 2 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
448 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#42005"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 69 a. 2 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
449 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#42006"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 69 a. 2 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
450 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#42007"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 69 a. 2 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
451 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#42008"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 69 a. 2 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
452 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#42009"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 69 a. 3 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
453 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#42010"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 69 a. 3 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
454 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#42011"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 69 a. 3 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
455 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#42012"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 69 a. 3 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
456 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#42013"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 69 a. 3 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
457 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#42014"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 69 a. 3 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
458 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#42015"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 69 a. 3 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
459 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#42016"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 69 a. 3 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
460 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#42017"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 69 a. 4 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
461 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#42018"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 69 a. 4 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
462 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#42019"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 69 a. 4 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
463 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#42020"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 69 a. 4 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
464 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#42021"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 69 a. 4 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
465 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#42022"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 69 a. 4 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
466 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#42023"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 69 a. 4 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
467 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#42024"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 69 a. 4 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
468 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#42025"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 70 pr.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
469 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#42026"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 70 a. 1 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
470 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#42027"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 70 a. 1 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
471 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#42028"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 70 a. 1 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
472 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#42029"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 70 a. 1 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
473 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#42030"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 70 a. 1 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
474 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#42031"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 70 a. 1 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
475 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#42032"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 70 a. 1 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
476 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#42033"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 70 a. 1 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
477 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#42034"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 70 a. 2 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
478 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#42035"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 70 a. 2 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
479 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#42036"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 70 a. 2 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
480 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#42037"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 70 a. 2 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
481 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#42038"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 70 a. 2 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
482 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#42039"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 70 a. 2 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
483 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#42040"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 70 a. 2 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
484 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#42041"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 70 a. 2 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
485 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#42042"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 70 a. 3 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
486 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#42043"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 70 a. 3 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
487 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#42044"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 70 a. 3 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
488 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#42045"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 70 a. 3 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
489 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#42046"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 70 a. 3 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
490 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#42047"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 70 a. 3 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
491 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#42048"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 70 a. 3 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
492 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#42049"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 70 a. 3 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
493 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#42050"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 70 a. 4 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
494 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#42051"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 70 a. 4 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
495 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#42052"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 70 a. 4 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
496 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#42053"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 70 a. 4 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
497 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#42054"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 70 a. 4 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
498 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#42055"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 70 a. 4 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
499 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#42056"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 70 a. 4 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
500 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#42057"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 70 a. 4 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
501 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#42058"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 71 pr.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
502 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#42059"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 71 a. 1 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
503 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#42060"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 71 a. 1 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
504 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#42061"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 71 a. 1 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
505 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#42062"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 71 a. 1 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
506 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#42063"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 71 a. 1 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
507 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#42064"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 71 a. 1 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
508 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#42065"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 71 a. 1 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
509 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#42066"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 71 a. 1 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
510 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#42067"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 71 a. 2 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
511 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#42068"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 71 a. 2 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
512 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#42069"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 71 a. 2 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
513 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#42070"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 71 a. 2 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
514 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#42071"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 71 a. 2 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
515 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#42072"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 71 a. 2 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
516 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#42073"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 71 a. 2 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
517 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#42074"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 71 a. 2 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
518 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#42075"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 71 a. 3 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
519 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#42076"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 71 a. 3 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
520 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#42077"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 71 a. 3 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
521 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#42078"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 71 a. 3 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
522 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#42079"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 71 a. 3 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
523 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#42080"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 71 a. 3 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
524 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#42081"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 71 a. 3 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
525 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#42082"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 71 a. 3 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
526 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#42083"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 71 a. 4 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
527 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#42084"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 71 a. 4 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
528 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#42085"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 71 a. 4 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
529 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#42086"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 71 a. 4 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
530 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#42087"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 71 a. 4 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
531 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#42088"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 71 a. 4 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
532 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#42089"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 71 a. 4 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
533 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#42090"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 71 a. 4 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
534 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#42091"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 72 pr.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
535 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#42092"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 72 a. 1 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
536 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#42093"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 72 a. 1 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
537 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#42094"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 72 a. 1 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
538 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#42095"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 72 a. 1 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
539 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#42096"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 72 a. 1 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
540 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#42097"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 72 a. 1 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
541 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#42098"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 72 a. 1 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
542 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#42099"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 72 a. 1 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
543 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#42100"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 72 a. 2 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
544 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#42101"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 72 a. 2 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
545 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#42102"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 72 a. 2 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
546 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#42103"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 72 a. 2 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
547 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#42104"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 72 a. 2 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
548 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#42105"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 72 a. 2 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
549 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#42106"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 72 a. 2 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
550 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#42107"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 72 a. 2 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
551 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#42108"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 72 a. 3 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
552 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#42109"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 72 a. 3 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
553 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#42110"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 72 a. 3 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
554 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#42111"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 72 a. 3 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
555 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#42112"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 72 a. 3 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
556 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#42113"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 72 a. 3 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
557 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#42114"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 72 a. 3 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
558 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#42115"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 72 a. 3 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
559 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#42116"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 72 a. 4 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
560 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#42117"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 72 a. 4 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
561 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#42118"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 72 a. 4 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
562 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#42119"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 72 a. 4 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
563 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#42120"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 72 a. 4 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
564 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#42121"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 72 a. 4 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
565 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#42122"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 72 a. 4 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
566 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#42123"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 72 a. 4 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
567 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#42124"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 73 pr.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
568 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#42125"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 73 a. 1 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
569 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#42126"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 73 a. 1 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
570 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#42127"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 73 a. 1 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
571 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#42128"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 73 a. 1 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
572 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#42129"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 73 a. 1 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
573 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#42130"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 73 a. 1 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
574 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#42131"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 73 a. 1 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
575 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#42132"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 73 a. 1 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
576 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#42133"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 73 a. 2 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
577 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#42134"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 73 a. 2 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
578 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#42135"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 73 a. 2 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
579 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#42136"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 73 a. 2 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
580 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#42137"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 73 a. 2 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
581 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#42138"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 73 a. 2 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
582 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#42139"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 73 a. 2 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
583 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#42140"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 73 a. 2 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
584 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#42141"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 73 a. 3 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
585 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#42142"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 73 a. 3 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
586 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#42143"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 73 a. 3 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
587 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#42144"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 73 a. 3 arg. 4');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
588 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#42145"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 73 a. 3 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
589 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#42146"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 73 a. 3 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
590 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#42147"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 73 a. 3 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
591 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#42148"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 73 a. 3 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
592 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#42149"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 73 a. 3 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
593 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#42150"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 73 a. 3 ad 4');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
594 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#42151"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 73 a. 4 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
595 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#42152"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 73 a. 4 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
596 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#42153"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 73 a. 4 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
597 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#42154"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 73 a. 4 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
598 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#42155"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 73 a. 4 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
599 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#42156"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 73 a. 4 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
600 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#42157"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 73 a. 4 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
601 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#42158"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 73 a. 4 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
602 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#42159"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 74 pr.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
603 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#42160"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 74 a. 1 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
604 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#42161"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 74 a. 1 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
605 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#42162"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 74 a. 1 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
606 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#42163"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 74 a. 1 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
607 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#42164"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 74 a. 1 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
608 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#42165"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 74 a. 1 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
609 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#42166"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 74 a. 1 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
610 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#42167"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 74 a. 1 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
611 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#42168"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 74 a. 2 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
612 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#42169"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 74 a. 2 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
613 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#42170"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 74 a. 2 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
614 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#42171"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 74 a. 2 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
615 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#42172"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 74 a. 2 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
616 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#42173"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 74 a. 2 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
617 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#42174"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 74 a. 2 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
618 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#42175"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 74 a. 2 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
619 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#42176"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 75 pr.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
620 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#42177"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 75 a. 1 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
621 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#42178"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 75 a. 1 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
622 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#42179"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 75 a. 1 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
623 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#42180"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 75 a. 1 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
624 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#42181"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 75 a. 1 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
625 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#42182"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 75 a. 1 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
626 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#42183"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 75 a. 1 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
627 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#42184"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 75 a. 1 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
628 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#42185"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 75 a. 2 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
629 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#42186"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 75 a. 2 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
630 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#42187"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 75 a. 2 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
631 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#42188"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 75 a. 2 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
632 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#42189"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 75 a. 2 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
633 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#42190"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 75 a. 2 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
634 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#42191"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 75 a. 2 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
635 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#42192"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 75 a. 2 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
636 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#42193"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 76 pr.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
637 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#42194"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 76 a. 1 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
638 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#42195"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 76 a. 1 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
639 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#42196"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 76 a. 1 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
640 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#42197"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 76 a. 1 arg. 4');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
641 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#42198"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 76 a. 1 arg. 5');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
642 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#42199"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 76 a. 1 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
643 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#42200"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 76 a. 1 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
644 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#42201"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 76 a. 1 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
645 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#42202"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 76 a. 1 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
646 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#42203"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 76 a. 1 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
647 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#42204"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 76 a. 1 ad 4');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
648 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#42205"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 76 a. 1 ad 5');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
649 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#42206"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 76 a. 2 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
650 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#42207"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 76 a. 2 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
651 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#42208"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 76 a. 2 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
652 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#42209"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 76 a. 2 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
653 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#42210"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 76 a. 2 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
654 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#42211"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 76 a. 2 ad');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
655 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#42212"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 76 a. 3 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
656 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#42213"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 76 a. 3 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
657 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#42214"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 76 a. 3 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
658 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#42215"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 76 a. 3 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
659 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#42216"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 76 a. 3 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
660 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#42217"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 76 a. 3 ad');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
661 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#42218"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 76 a. 4 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
662 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#42219"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 76 a. 4 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
663 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#42220"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 76 a. 4 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
664 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#42221"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 76 a. 4 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
665 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#42222"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 76 a. 4 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
666 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#42223"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 76 a. 4 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
667 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#42224"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 76 a. 4 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
668 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#42225"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 76 a. 4 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
669 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#42226"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 77 pr.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
670 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#42227"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 77 a. 1 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
671 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#42228"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 77 a. 1 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
672 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#42229"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 77 a. 1 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
673 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#42230"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 77 a. 1 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
674 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#42231"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 77 a. 1 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
675 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#42232"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 77 a. 1 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
676 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#42233"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 77 a. 1 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
677 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#42234"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 77 a. 1 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
678 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#42235"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 77 a. 2 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
679 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#42236"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 77 a. 2 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
680 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#42237"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 77 a. 2 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
681 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#42238"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 77 a. 2 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
682 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#42239"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 77 a. 2 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
683 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#42240"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 77 a. 2 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
684 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#42241"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 77 a. 2 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
685 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#42242"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 77 a. 2 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
686 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#42243"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 77 a. 3 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
687 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#42244"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 77 a. 3 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
688 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#42245"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 77 a. 3 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
689 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#42246"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 77 a. 3 arg. 4');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
690 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#42247"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 77 a. 3 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
691 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#42248"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 77 a. 3 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
692 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#42249"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 77 a. 3 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
693 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#42250"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 77 a. 3 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
694 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#42251"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 77 a. 3 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
695 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#42252"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 77 a. 3 ad 4');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
696 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#42253"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 77 a. 4 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
697 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#42254"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 77 a. 4 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
698 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#42255"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 77 a. 4 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
699 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#42256"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 77 a. 4 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
700 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#42257"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 77 a. 4 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
701 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#42258"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 77 a. 4 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
702 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#42259"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 77 a. 4 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
703 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#42260"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 77 a. 4 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
704 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#42261"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 78 pr.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
705 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#42262"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 78 a. 1 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
706 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#42263"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 78 a. 1 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
707 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#42264"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 78 a. 1 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
708 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#42265"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 78 a. 1 arg. 4');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
709 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#42266"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 78 a. 1 arg. 5');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
710 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#42267"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 78 a. 1 arg. 6');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
711 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#42268"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 78 a. 1 arg. 7');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
712 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#42269"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 78 a. 1 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
713 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#42270"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 78 a. 1 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
714 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#42271"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 78 a. 1 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
715 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#42272"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 78 a. 1 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
716 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#42273"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 78 a. 1 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
717 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#42274"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 78 a. 1 ad 4');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
718 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#42275"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 78 a. 1 ad 5');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
719 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#42276"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 78 a. 1 ad 6');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
720 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#42277"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 78 a. 1 ad 7');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
721 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#42278"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 78 a. 2 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
722 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#42279"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 78 a. 2 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
723 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#42280"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 78 a. 2 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
724 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#42281"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 78 a. 2 arg. 4');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
725 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#42282"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 78 a. 2 arg. 5');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
726 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#42283"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 78 a. 2 arg. 6');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
727 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#42284"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 78 a. 2 arg. 7');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
728 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#42285"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 78 a. 2 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
729 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#42286"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 78 a. 2 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
730 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#42287"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 78 a. 2 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
731 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#42288"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 78 a. 2 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
732 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#42289"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 78 a. 2 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
733 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#42290"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 78 a. 2 ad 4');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
734 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#42291"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 78 a. 2 ad 5');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
735 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#42292"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 78 a. 2 ad 6');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
736 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#42293"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 78 a. 2 ad 7');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
737 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#42294"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 78 a. 3 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
738 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#42295"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 78 a. 3 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
739 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#42296"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 78 a. 3 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
740 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#42297"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 78 a. 3 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
741 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#42298"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 78 a. 3 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
742 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#42299"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 78 a. 3 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
743 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#42300"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 78 a. 3 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
744 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#42301"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 78 a. 3 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
745 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#42302"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 78 a. 4 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
746 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#42303"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 78 a. 4 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
747 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#42304"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 78 a. 4 arg. 3');
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748 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#42305"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 78 a. 4 s. c.');
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diff changeset
749 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#42306"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 78 a. 4 co.');
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diff changeset
750 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#42307"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 78 a. 4 ad 1');
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diff changeset
751 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#42308"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 78 a. 4 ad 2');
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752 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#42309"&gt;II&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 78 a. 4 ad 3');
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diff changeset
753 document.write('&lt;\/SELECT&gt;');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
754 document.write('&lt;BR&gt;&lt;BR&gt;');
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diff changeset
755 document.write('&lt;INPUT TYPE="button" VALUE="Agedum" ONCLICK="go()"&gt;');
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diff changeset
756 document.write('&lt;\/FORM&gt;');
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diff changeset
757 // --&gt;
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diff changeset
758 //
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759 </script><br/>
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diff changeset
760 <hr/>
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761 <br/></div><div class="q" id="q61"><h2>Quaestio 61</h2><div class="p"><h3>Prooemium</h3><p title="II-II q. 61 pr."><a name="41607"><span class="ref">[41607] IIª-IIae q. 61 pr.</span></a> Deinde
28
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diff changeset
762 considerandum est de partibus iustitiae. Et primo, de partibus
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diff changeset
763 subiectivis, quae sunt species iustitiae, scilicet distributiva et
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diff changeset
764 commutativa; secundo, de partibus quasi integralibus; tertio, de
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parents: 26
diff changeset
765 partibus quasi potentialibus, scilicet de virtutibus adiunctis.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
766 Circa primum occurrit duplex consideratio, prima, de ipsis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
767 iustitiae partibus; secunda, de vitiis oppositis. Et quia
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parents: 26
diff changeset
768 restitutio videtur esse actus commutativae iustitiae, primo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
769 considerandum est de distinctione iustitiae commutativae et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
770 distributivae, secundo, de restitutione. Circa primum quaeruntur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
771 quatuor. Primo, utrum sint duae species iustitiae, iustitia
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diff changeset
772 distributiva et commutativa. Secundo, utrum eodem modo in eis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
773 medium accipiatur. Tertio, utrum sit earum uniformis vel multiplex
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parents: 26
diff changeset
774 materia. Quarto, utrum secundum aliquam earum specierum iustum sit
53
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775 idem quod contrapassum.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 1</h3><p title="II-II q. 61 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="41608"><span class="ref">[41608] IIª-IIae q. 61 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
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diff changeset
776 sic proceditur. Videtur quod inconvenienter ponantur duae species
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parents: 26
diff changeset
777 iustitiae, iustitia distributiva et commutativa. Non enim potest
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parents: 26
diff changeset
778 esse iustitiae species quod multitudini nocet, cum iustitia ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
779 bonum commune ordinetur. Sed distribuere bona communia in multos
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parents: 26
diff changeset
780 nocet bono communi multitudinis, tum quia exhauriuntur opes
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
781 communes; tum etiam quia mores hominum corrumpuntur; dicit enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
782 Tullius, in libro de Offic., <i>fit deterior qui accipit, et ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
783 idem semper expectandum paratior</i>. Ergo distributio non pertinet
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
784 ad aliquam iustitiae speciem.</p><p title="II-II q. 61 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="41609"><span class="ref">[41609] IIª-IIae q. 61 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
785 iustitiae actus est reddere unicuique quod suum est, ut supra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
786 habitum est. Sed in distributione non redditur alicui quod suum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
787 erat, sed de novo appropriatur sibi id quod erat commune. Ergo hoc
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
788 ad iustitiam non pertinet.</p><p title="II-II q. 61 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="41610"><span class="ref">[41610] IIª-IIae q. 61 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
789 iustitia non solum est in principe, sed etiam in subiectis, ut
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parents: 26
diff changeset
790 supra habitum est. Sed distribuere semper pertinet ad principem.
53
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diff changeset
791 Ergo distributiva non pertinet ad iustitiam.</p><p title="II-II q. 61 a. 1 arg. 4"><a name="41611"><span class="ref">[41611] IIª-IIae q. 61 a. 1 arg. 4</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
792 distributivum iustum est bonorum communium, ut dicitur in V Ethic.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
793 sed communia pertinent ad iustitiam legalem. Ergo iustitia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
794 distributiva non est species iustitiae particularis, sed iustitiae
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
795 legalis.</p><p title="II-II q. 61 a. 1 arg. 5"><a name="41612"><span class="ref">[41612] IIª-IIae q. 61 a. 1 arg. 5</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
796 unum et multa non diversificant speciem virtutis. Sed iustitia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
797 commutativa consistit in hoc quod aliquid redditur uni; iustitia
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parents: 26
diff changeset
798 vero distributiva in hoc quod aliquid datur multis. Ergo non sunt
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
799 diversae species iustitiae.</p><p title="II-II q. 61 a. 1 s. c."><a name="41613"><span class="ref">[41613] IIª-IIae q. 61 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
800 est quod philosophus, in V Ethic., ponit duas partes iustitiae, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
801 dicit quod <i>una est directiva in distributionibus, alia in
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
802 commutationibus</i>.</p><p title="II-II q. 61 a. 1 co."><a name="41614"><span class="ref">[41614] IIª-IIae q. 61 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
803 dicendum quod, sicut dictum est, iustitia particularis ordinatur ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
804 aliquam privatam personam, quae comparatur ad communitatem sicut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
805 pars ad totum. Potest autem ad aliquam partem duplex ordo attendi.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
806 Unus quidem partis ad partem, cui similis est ordo unius privatae
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parents: 26
diff changeset
807 personae ad aliam. Et hunc ordinem dirigit commutativa iustitia,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
808 quae consistit in his quae mutuo fiunt inter duas personas ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
809 invicem. Alius ordo attenditur totius ad partes, et huic ordini
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parents: 26
diff changeset
810 assimilatur ordo eius quod est commune ad singulas personas. Quem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
811 quidem ordinem dirigit iustitia distributiva, quae est distributiva
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parents: 26
diff changeset
812 communium secundum proportionalitatem. Et ideo duae sunt iustitiae
53
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diff changeset
813 species, scilicet commutativa et distributiva.</p><p title="II-II q. 61 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="41615"><span class="ref">[41615] IIª-IIae q. 61 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
814 ergo dicendum quod sicut in largitionibus privatarum personarum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
815 commendatur moderatio, effusio vero culpatur; ita etiam in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
816 distributione communium bonorum est moderatio servanda, in quo
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
817 dirigit iustitia distributiva.</p><p title="II-II q. 61 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="41616"><span class="ref">[41616] IIª-IIae q. 61 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
818 dicendum quod sicut pars et totum quodammodo sunt idem, ita id quod
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parents: 26
diff changeset
819 est totius quodammodo est partis. Et ita cum ex bonis communibus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
820 aliquid in singulos distribuitur, quilibet aliquo modo recipit quod
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
821 suum est.</p><p title="II-II q. 61 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="41617"><span class="ref">[41617] IIª-IIae q. 61 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
822 dicendum quod actus distributionis quae est communium bonorum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
823 pertinet solum ad praesidentem communibus bonis, sed tamen iustitia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
824 distributiva est et in subditis, quibus distribuitur, inquantum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
825 scilicet sunt contenti iusta distributione. Quamvis etiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
826 distributio quandoque fiat bonorum communium non quidem civitati,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
827 sed uni familiae, quorum distributio fieri potest auctoritate
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
828 alicuius privatae personae.</p><p title="II-II q. 61 a. 1 ad 4"><a name="41618"><span class="ref">[41618] IIª-IIae q. 61 a. 1 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
829 dicendum quod motus accipiunt speciem a termino ad quem. Et ideo ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
830 iustitiam legalem pertinet ordinare ea quae sunt privatarum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
831 personarum in bonum commune, sed ordinare e converso bonum commune
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parents: 26
diff changeset
832 ad personas particulares per distributionem est iustitiae
53
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diff changeset
833 particularis.</p><p title="II-II q. 61 a. 1 ad 5"><a name="41619"><span class="ref">[41619] IIª-IIae q. 61 a. 1 ad 5</span></a> Ad quintum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
834 dicendum quod iustitia distributiva et commutativa non solum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
835 distinguuntur secundum unum et multa, sed secundum diversam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
836 rationem debiti, alio enim modo debetur alicui id quod est commune,
53
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diff changeset
837 alio modo id quod est proprium.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 2</h3><p title="II-II q. 61 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="41620"><span class="ref">[41620] IIª-IIae q. 61 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
838 secundum sic proceditur. Videtur quod medium eodem modo accipiatur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
839 in iustitia distributiva et commutativa. Utraque enim sub iustitia
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parents: 26
diff changeset
840 particulari continetur, ut dictum est. Sed in omnibus temperantiae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
841 vel fortitudinis partibus accipitur uno modo medium. Ergo etiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
842 eodem modo est accipiendum medium in iustitia distributiva et
53
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diff changeset
843 commutativa.</p><p title="II-II q. 61 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="41621"><span class="ref">[41621] IIª-IIae q. 61 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
844 forma virtutis moralis in medio consistit quod secundum rationem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
845 determinatur. Cum ergo unius virtutis sit una forma, videtur quod
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
846 in utraque sit eodem modo medium accipiendum.</p><p title="II-II q. 61 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="41622"><span class="ref">[41622] IIª-IIae q. 61 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
847 in iustitia distributiva accipitur medium attendendo diversam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
848 dignitatem personarum. Sed dignitas personarum attenditur etiam in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
849 commutativa iustitia, sicut in punitionibus, plus enim punitur qui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
850 percussit principem quam qui percussit privatam personam. Ergo
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
851 eodem modo accipitur medium in utraque iustitia.</p><p title="II-II q. 61 a. 2 s. c."><a name="41623"><span class="ref">[41623] IIª-IIae q. 61 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
852 est quod philosophus dicit, in V Ethic., quod in iustitia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
853 distributiva accipitur medium secundum geometricam
53
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diff changeset
854 proportionalitatem, in commutativa autem secundum arithmeticam.</p><p title="II-II q. 61 a. 2 co."><a name="41624"><span class="ref">[41624] IIª-IIae q. 61 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
855 dicendum quod, sicut dictum est, in distributiva iustitia datur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
856 aliquid alicui privatae personae inquantum id quod est totius est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
857 debitum parti. Quod quidem tanto maius est quanto ipsa pars maiorem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
858 principalitatem habet in toto. Et ideo in distributiva iustitia
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parents: 26
diff changeset
859 tanto plus alicui de bonis communibus datur quanto illa persona
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parents: 26
diff changeset
860 maiorem principalitatem habet in communitate. Quae quidem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
861 principalitas in aristocratica communitate attenditur secundum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
862 virtutem, in oligarchica secundum divitias, in democratica secundum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
863 libertatem, et in aliis aliter. Et ideo in iustitia distributiva
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parents: 26
diff changeset
864 non accipitur medium secundum aequalitatem rei ad rem, sed secundum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
865 proportionem rerum ad personas, ut scilicet, sicut una persona
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parents: 26
diff changeset
866 excedit aliam, ita etiam res quae datur uni personae excedit rem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
867 quae datur alii. Et ideo dicit philosophus quod tale medium est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
868 secundum geometricam proportionalitatem, in qua attenditur aequale
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parents: 26
diff changeset
869 non secundum quantitatem, sed secundum proportionem. Sicut si
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parents: 26
diff changeset
870 dicamus quod sicut se habent sex ad quatuor, ita se habent tria ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
871 duo, quia utrobique est sesquialtera proportio, in qua maius habet
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parents: 26
diff changeset
872 totum minus et mediam partem eius, non autem est aequalitas
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parents: 26
diff changeset
873 excessus secundum quantitatem, quia sex excedunt quatuor in duobus,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
874 tria vero excedunt duo in uno. Sed in commutationibus redditur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
875 aliquid alicui singulari personae propter rem eius quae accepta
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parents: 26
diff changeset
876 est, ut maxime patet in emptione et venditione, in quibus primo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
877 invenitur ratio commutationis. Et ideo oportet adaequare rem rei,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
878 ut quanto iste plus habet quam suum sit de eo quod est alterius,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
879 tantundem restituat ei cuius est. Et sic fit aequalitas secundum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
880 arithmeticam medietatem, quae attenditur secundum parem quantitatis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
881 excessum, sicut quinque est medium inter sex et quatuor, in unitate
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parents: 26
diff changeset
882 enim excedit et exceditur. Si ergo a principio uterque habebat
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parents: 26
diff changeset
883 quinque, et unus eorum accepit unum de eo quod est alterius; unus,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
884 scilicet accipiens, habebit sex, et alii relinquentur quatuor. Erit
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parents: 26
diff changeset
885 ergo iustitia si uterque reducatur ad medium, ut accipiatur unum ab
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parents: 26
diff changeset
886 eo qui habet sex, et detur ei qui habet quatuor, sic enim uterque
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
887 habebit quinque, quod est medium.</p><p title="II-II q. 61 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="41625"><span class="ref">[41625] IIª-IIae q. 61 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
888 ergo dicendum quod in aliis virtutibus moralibus accipitur medium
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parents: 26
diff changeset
889 secundum rationem, et non secundum rem. Sed in iustitia accipitur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
890 medium rei, et ideo secundum diversitatem rerum diversimode medium
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
891 accipitur.</p><p title="II-II q. 61 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="41626"><span class="ref">[41626] IIª-IIae q. 61 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
892 dicendum quod generalis forma iustitiae est aequalitas, in qua
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parents: 26
diff changeset
893 convenit iustitia distributiva cum commutativa. In una tamen
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parents: 26
diff changeset
894 invenitur aequalitas secundum proportionalitatem geometricam, in
53
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diff changeset
895 alia secundum arithmeticam.</p><p title="II-II q. 61 a. 2 ad 3"><a name="41627"><span class="ref">[41627] IIª-IIae q. 61 a. 2 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
896 dicendum quod in actionibus et passionibus conditio personae facit
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parents: 26
diff changeset
897 ad quantitatem rei, maior enim est iniuria si percutiatur princeps
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parents: 26
diff changeset
898 quam si percutiatur privata persona. Et ita conditio personae in
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parents: 26
diff changeset
899 distributiva iustitia attenditur secundum se, in commutativa autem
53
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diff changeset
900 secundum quod per hoc diversificatur res.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 3</h3><p title="II-II q. 61 a. 3 arg. 1"><a name="41628"><span class="ref">[41628] IIª-IIae q. 61 a. 3 arg. 1</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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diff changeset
901 sic proceditur. Videtur quod materia utriusque iustitiae non sit
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diff changeset
902 diversa. Diversitas enim materiae facit diversitatem virtutis, ut
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parents: 26
diff changeset
903 patet in temperantia et fortitudine. Si igitur distributivae
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parents: 26
diff changeset
904 iustitiae et commutativae sit diversa materia, videtur quod non
53
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diff changeset
905 contineantur sub una virtute, scilicet sub iustitia.</p><p title="II-II q. 61 a. 3 arg. 2"><a name="41629"><span class="ref">[41629] IIª-IIae q. 61 a. 3 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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diff changeset
906 distributio, quae pertinet ad distributivam iustitiam, <i>est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
907 pecuniae vel honoris vel aliorum quaecumque dispertiri possunt
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parents: 26
diff changeset
908 inter eos qui communitate communicant</i>; ut dicitur in V Ethic.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
909 Quorum etiam est commutatio inter personas ad invicem, quae
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parents: 26
diff changeset
910 pertinet ad commutativam iustitiam. Ergo non est diversa materia
53
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diff changeset
911 distributivae et commutativae iustitiae.</p><p title="II-II q. 61 a. 3 arg. 3"><a name="41630"><span class="ref">[41630] IIª-IIae q. 61 a. 3 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
912 si sit alia materia distributivae iustitiae et alia materia
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parents: 26
diff changeset
913 commutativae propter hoc quod differunt specie, ubi non erit
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parents: 26
diff changeset
914 differentia speciei, non debebit esse materiae diversitas. Sed
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parents: 26
diff changeset
915 philosophus ponit unam speciem commutativae iustitiae, quae tamen
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parents: 26
diff changeset
916 habet multiplicem materiam. Non ergo videtur esse multiplex materia
53
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diff changeset
917 harum specierum.</p><p title="II-II q. 61 a. 3 s. c."><a name="41631"><span class="ref">[41631] IIª-IIae q. 61 a. 3 s. c.</span></a> In
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
918 contrarium est quod dicitur in V Ethic., quod una species iustitiae
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diff changeset
919 <i>est directiva in distributionibus, alia in
53
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diff changeset
920 commutationibus</i>.</p><p title="II-II q. 61 a. 3 co."><a name="41632"><span class="ref">[41632] IIª-IIae q. 61 a. 3 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
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921 dicendum quod, sicut supra dictum est, iustitia est circa quasdam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
922 operationes exteriores, scilicet distributionem et commutationem,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
923 quae quidem sunt usus quorundam exteriorum, vel rerum vel
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diff changeset
924 personarum vel etiam operum, rerum quidem, sicut cum aliquis vel
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diff changeset
925 aufert vel restituit alteri suam rem; personarum autem, sicut cum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
926 aliquis in ipsam personam hominis iniuriam facit, puta percutiendo
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diff changeset
927 vel conviciando, aut etiam cum reverentiam exhibet; operum autem,
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diff changeset
928 sicut cum quis iuste ab alio exigit vel alteri reddit aliquod opus.
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diff changeset
929 Si igitur accipiamus ut materiam utriusque iustitiae ea quorum
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diff changeset
930 operationes sunt usus, eadem est materia distributivae et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
931 commutativae iustitiae, nam et res distribui possunt a communi in
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diff changeset
932 singulos, et commutari de uno in alium; et etiam est quaedam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
933 distributio laboriosorum operum, et recompensatio. Si autem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
934 accipiamus ut materiam utriusque iustitiae actiones ipsas
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parents: 26
diff changeset
935 principales quibus utimur personis, rebus et operibus, sic
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parents: 26
diff changeset
936 invenitur utrobique alia materia. Nam distributiva iustitia est
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diff changeset
937 directiva distributionis, commutativa vero iustitia est directiva
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diff changeset
938 commutationum quae attendi possunt inter duas personas. Quarum
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diff changeset
939 quaedam sunt involuntariae; quaedam vero voluntariae. Involuntariae
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diff changeset
940 quidem, quando aliquis utitur re alterius vel persona vel opere, eo
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diff changeset
941 invito. Quod quidem contingit quandoque occulte per fraudem;
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diff changeset
942 quandoque etiam manifeste per violentiam. Utrumque autem contingit
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diff changeset
943 aut in rem aut in personam propriam, aut in personam coniunctam. In
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diff changeset
944 rem quidem, si occulte unus rem alterius accipiat, vocatur furtum;
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diff changeset
945 si autem manifeste, vocatur rapina. In personam autem propriam, vel
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diff changeset
946 quantum ad ipsam consistentiam personae; vel quantum ad dignitatem
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diff changeset
947 ipsius. Si autem quantum ad consistentiam personae, sic laeditur
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diff changeset
948 aliquis occulte per dolosam occisionem seu percussionem, et per
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diff changeset
949 veneni exhibitionem; manifeste autem per occisionem manifestam, aut
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diff changeset
950 per incarcerationem aut verberationem seu membri mutilationem.
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diff changeset
951 Quantum autem ad dignitatem personae, laeditur aliquis occulte
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diff changeset
952 quidem per falsa testimonia seu detractiones, quibus aliquis aufert
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diff changeset
953 famam suam, et per alia huiusmodi; manifeste autem per accusationem
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diff changeset
954 in iudicio, seu per convicii illationem. Quantum autem ad personam
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diff changeset
955 coniunctam, laeditur aliquis in uxore, ut in pluribus occulte, per
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diff changeset
956 adulterium; in servo autem, cum aliquis servum seducit, ut a domino
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diff changeset
957 discedat; et haec etiam manifeste fieri possunt. Et eadem ratio est
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diff changeset
958 de aliis personis coniunctis, in quas etiam possunt omnibus modis
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959 iniuriae committi sicut et in personam principalem. Sed adulterium
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960 et servi seductio sunt proprie iniuriae circa has personas, tamen,
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diff changeset
961 quia servus est possessio quaedam, hoc refertur ad furtum.
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962 Voluntariae autem commutationes dicuntur quando aliquis voluntarie
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963 transfert rem suam in alterum. Et si quidem simpliciter in alterum
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diff changeset
964 transferat rem suam absque debito, sicut in donatione, non est
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diff changeset
965 actus iustitiae, sed liberalitatis. Intantum autem ad iustitiam
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diff changeset
966 voluntaria translatio pertinet inquantum est ibi aliquid de ratione
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967 debiti. Quod quidem contingit tripliciter. Uno modo, quando aliquis
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diff changeset
968 transfert simpliciter rem suam in alterum pro recompensatione
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diff changeset
969 alterius rei, sicut accidit in venditione et emptione. Secundo
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diff changeset
970 modo, quando aliquis tradit rem suam alteri concedens ei usum rei
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diff changeset
971 cum debito recuperandi rem. Et si quidem gratis concedit usum rei,
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diff changeset
972 vocatur ususfructus in rebus quae aliquid fructificant; vel
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diff changeset
973 simpliciter mutuum seu accommodatum in rebus quae non fructificant,
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diff changeset
974 sicut sunt denarii, vasa et huiusmodi. Si vero nec ipse usus gratis
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diff changeset
975 conceditur, vocatur locatio et conductio. Tertio modo aliquis
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diff changeset
976 tradit rem suam ut recuperandam, non ratione usus, sed vel ratione
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diff changeset
977 conservationis, sicut in deposito; vel ratione obligationis, sicut
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diff changeset
978 cum quis rem suam pignori obligat, seu cum aliquis pro alio
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diff changeset
979 fideiubet. In omnibus autem huiusmodi actionibus, sive voluntariis
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diff changeset
980 sive involuntariis, est eadem ratio accipiendi medium secundum
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diff changeset
981 aequalitatem recompensationis. Et ideo omnes istae actiones ad unam
53
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diff changeset
982 speciem iustitiae pertinent, scilicet ad commutativam.</p><p title="II-II q. 61 a. 3 ad arg."><a name="41633"><span class="ref">[41633] IIª-IIae q. 61 a. 3 ad arg.</span></a> Et per
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983 hoc patet responsio ad obiecta.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 4</h3><p title="II-II q. 61 a. 4 arg. 1"><a name="41634"><span class="ref">[41634] IIª-IIae q. 61 a. 4 arg. 1</span></a> Ad quartum
28
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984 sic proceditur. Videtur quod iustum sit simpliciter idem quod
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diff changeset
985 contrapassum. Iudicium enim divinum est simpliciter iustum. Sed
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diff changeset
986 haec est forma divini iudicii, ut secundum quod aliquis fecit,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
987 patiatur, secundum illud Matth. VII, <i>in quo iudicio
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parents: 26
diff changeset
988 iudicaveritis, iudicabimini, et in qua mensura mensi fueritis,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
989 remetietur vobis</i>. Ergo iustum est simpliciter idem quod
53
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diff changeset
990 contrapassum.</p><p title="II-II q. 61 a. 4 arg. 2"><a name="41635"><span class="ref">[41635] IIª-IIae q. 61 a. 4 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
991 in utraque iustitiae specie datur aliquid alicui secundum quandam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
992 aequalitatem, in respectu quidem ad dignitatem personae in iustitia
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parents: 26
diff changeset
993 distributiva, quae quidem personae dignitas maxime videtur attendi
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parents: 26
diff changeset
994 secundum opera quibus aliquis communitati servivit; in respectu
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diff changeset
995 autem ad rem in qua quis damnificatus est, in iustitia commutativa.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
996 Secundum autem utramque aequalitatem aliquis contrapatitur secundum
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diff changeset
997 quod fecit. Ergo videtur quod iustum simpliciter sit idem quod
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
998 contrapassum.</p><p title="II-II q. 61 a. 4 arg. 3"><a name="41636"><span class="ref">[41636] IIª-IIae q. 61 a. 4 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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diff changeset
999 maxime videtur quod non oporteat aliquem contrapati secundum quod
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1000 fecit, propter differentiam voluntarii et involuntarii, qui enim
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1001 involuntarie fecit iniuriam, minus punitur. Sed voluntarium et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1002 involuntarium, quae accipiuntur ex parte nostra, non diversificant
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1003 medium iustitiae, quod est medium rei et non quoad nos. Ergo iustum
53
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diff changeset
1004 simpliciter idem esse videtur quod contrapassum.</p><p title="II-II q. 61 a. 4 s. c."><a name="41637"><span class="ref">[41637] IIª-IIae q. 61 a. 4 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1005 est quod philosophus, in V Ethic., probat non quodlibet iustum esse
53
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diff changeset
1006 contrapassum.</p><p title="II-II q. 61 a. 4 co."><a name="41638"><span class="ref">[41638] IIª-IIae q. 61 a. 4 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1007 dicendum quod hoc quod dicitur contrapassum importat aequalem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1008 recompensationem passionis ad actionem praecedentem. Quod quidem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1009 propriissime dicitur in passionibus iniuriosis quibus aliquis
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diff changeset
1010 personam proximi laedit, puta, si percutit, quod repercutiatur. Et
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diff changeset
1011 hoc quidem iustum determinatur in lege, Exod. XXI, <i>reddet animam
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diff changeset
1012 pro anima, oculum pro oculo,</i> et cetera. Et quia etiam auferre
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diff changeset
1013 rem alterius est quoddam facere, ideo secundario etiam in his
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diff changeset
1014 dicitur contrapassum, prout scilicet aliquis qui damnum intulit, in
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diff changeset
1015 re sua ipse etiam damnificatur. Et hoc etiam iustum continetur in
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diff changeset
1016 lege, Exod. XXII, <i>si quis furatus fuerit bovem aut ovem, et
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diff changeset
1017 occiderit vel vendiderit, quinque boves pro uno bove restituet, et
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diff changeset
1018 quatuor oves pro una ove</i>. Tertio vero transfertur nomen
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diff changeset
1019 contrapassi ad voluntarias commutationes, in quibus utrinque est
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diff changeset
1020 actio et passio, sed voluntarium diminuit de ratione passionis, ut
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diff changeset
1021 dictum est. In omnibus autem his debet fieri, secundum rationem
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diff changeset
1022 iustitiae commutativae, recompensatio secundum aequalitatem, ut
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diff changeset
1023 scilicet passio recompensata sit aequalis actioni. Non autem semper
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diff changeset
1024 esset aequalis si idem specie aliquis pateretur quod fecit. Nam
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diff changeset
1025 primo quidem, cum quis iniuriose laedat alterius personam maiorem,
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diff changeset
1026 maior est actio quam passio eiusdem speciei quam ipse pateretur. Et
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diff changeset
1027 ideo ille qui percutit principem non solum repercutitur, sed multo
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1028 gravius punitur. Similiter etiam cum quis aliquem involuntarium in
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diff changeset
1029 re sua damnificat, maior est actio quam esset passio si sibi sola
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diff changeset
1030 res illa auferretur, quia ipse qui damnificavit alium, in re sua
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diff changeset
1031 nihil damnificaretur. Et ideo punitur in hoc quod multiplicius
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diff changeset
1032 restituat, quia etiam non solum damnificavit personam privatam, sed
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diff changeset
1033 rempublicam, eius tutelae securitatem infringendo. Similiter etiam
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diff changeset
1034 nec in commutationibus voluntariis semper esset aequalis passio si
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1035 aliquis daret rem suam, accipiens rem alterius, quia forte res
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diff changeset
1036 alterius est multo maior quam sua. Et ideo oportet secundum quandam
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diff changeset
1037 proportionatam commensurationem adaequare passionem actioni in
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1038 commutationibus, ad quod inventa sunt numismata. Et sic
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1039 contrapassum est commutativum iustum. In distributiva autem
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diff changeset
1040 iustitia locum non habet. Quia in distributiva iustitia non
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diff changeset
1041 attenditur aequalitas secundum proportionem rei ad rem, vel
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diff changeset
1042 passionis ad actionem, unde dicitur contrapassum, sed secundum
53
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1043 proportionalitatem rerum ad personas, ut supra dictum est.</p><p title="II-II q. 61 a. 4 ad 1"><a name="41639"><span class="ref">[41639] IIª-IIae q. 61 a. 4 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
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1044 ergo dicendum quod illa forma divini iudicii attenditur secundum
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1045 rationem commutativae iustitiae, prout scilicet recompensat praemia
53
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1046 meritis et supplicia peccatis.</p><p title="II-II q. 61 a. 4 ad 2"><a name="41640"><span class="ref">[41640] IIª-IIae q. 61 a. 4 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
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1047 dicendum quod si alicui qui communitati servisset retribueretur
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1048 aliquid pro servitio impenso, non esset hoc distributivae
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1049 iustitiae, sed commutativae. In distributiva enim iustitia non
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diff changeset
1050 attenditur aequalitas eius quod quis accipit ad id quod ipse
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1051 impendit, sed ad id quod alius accipit, secundum modum utriusque
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diff changeset
1052 personae.</p><p title="II-II q. 61 a. 4 ad 3"><a name="41641"><span class="ref">[41641] IIª-IIae q. 61 a. 4 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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diff changeset
1053 dicendum quod quando actio iniuriosa est voluntaria, excedit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1054 iniuria, et sic accipitur ut maior res. Unde oportet maiorem poenam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1055 ei recompensari non secundum differentiam quoad nos, sed secundum
53
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diff changeset
1056 differentiam rei.</p></div></div><div class="q" id="q62"><h2>Quaestio 62</h2><div class="p"><h3>Prooemium</h3><p title="II-II q. 62 pr."><a name="41642"><span class="ref">[41642] IIª-IIae q. 62 pr.</span></a> Deinde
28
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diff changeset
1057 considerandum est de restitutione. Et circa hoc quaeruntur octo.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1058 Primo, cuius actus sit. Secundo, utrum necesse sit ad salutem omne
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1059 ablatum restitui. Tertio, utrum oporteat multiplicatum illud
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1060 restituere. Quarto, utrum oporteat restitui id quod quis non
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1061 accepit. Quinto, utrum oporteat restitui ei a quo acceptum est.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1062 Sexto, utrum oporteat restituere eum qui accepit. Septimo, utrum
53
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diff changeset
1063 aliquem alium. Octavo, utrum sit statim restituendum.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 1</h3><p title="II-II q. 62 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="41643"><span class="ref">[41643] IIª-IIae q. 62 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1064 sic proceditur. Videtur quod restitutio non sit actus iustitiae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1065 commutativae. Iustitia enim respicit rationem debiti. Sed sicut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1066 donatio potest esse eius quod non debetur, ita etiam et restitutio.
53
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diff changeset
1067 Ergo restitutio non est actus alicuius partis iustitiae.</p><p title="II-II q. 62 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="41644"><span class="ref">[41644] IIª-IIae q. 62 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1068 illud quod iam transiit et non est, restitui non potest. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1069 iustitia et iniustitia sunt circa quasdam actiones et passiones,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1070 quae non manent, sed transeunt. Ergo restitutio non videtur esse
53
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diff changeset
1071 actus alicuius partis iustitiae.</p><p title="II-II q. 62 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="41645"><span class="ref">[41645] IIª-IIae q. 62 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1072 restitutio est quasi quaedam recompensatio eius quod subtractum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1073 est. Sed aliquid potest homini subtrahi non solum in commutatione,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1074 sed etiam in distributione, puta cum aliquis distribuens minus dat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1075 alicui quam debeat habere. Ergo restitutio non magis est actus
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1076 commutativae iustitiae quam distributivae.</p><p title="II-II q. 62 a. 1 s. c."><a name="41646"><span class="ref">[41646] IIª-IIae q. 62 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra,
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1077 restitutio ablationi opponitur. Sed ablatio rei alienae est actus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1078 iniustitiae circa commutationes. Ergo restitutio eius est actus
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1079 iustitiae quae est in commutationibus directiva.</p><p title="II-II q. 62 a. 1 co."><a name="41647"><span class="ref">[41647] IIª-IIae q. 62 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1080 dicendum quod restituere nihil aliud esse videtur quam iterato
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1081 aliquem statuere in possessionem vel dominium rei suae. Et ita in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1082 restitutione attenditur aequalitas iustitiae secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1083 recompensationem rei ad rem, quae pertinet ad iustitiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1084 commutativam. Et ideo restitutio est actus commutativae iustitiae,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1085 quando scilicet res unius ab alio habetur, vel per voluntatem eius,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1086 sicut in mutuo vel deposito; vel contra voluntatem eius, sicut in
53
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diff changeset
1087 rapina vel furto.</p><p title="II-II q. 62 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="41648"><span class="ref">[41648] IIª-IIae q. 62 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1088 ergo dicendum quod illud quod alteri non debetur non est, proprie
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1089 loquendo, eius, etsi aliquando eius fuerit. Et ideo magis videtur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1090 esse nova donatio quam restitutio cum quis alteri reddit quod ei
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1091 non debet. Habet tamen aliquam similitudinem restitutionis, quia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1092 res materialiter est eadem. Non tamen est eadem secundum formalem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1093 rationem quam respicit iustitia, quod est esse suum alicuius. Unde
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1094 nec proprie restitutio dicitur.</p><p title="II-II q. 62 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="41649"><span class="ref">[41649] IIª-IIae q. 62 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1095 dicendum quod nomen restitutionis, inquantum importat iterationem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1096 quandam, supponit rei identitatem. Et ideo secundum primam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1097 impositionem nominis, restitutio videtur locum habere praecipue in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1098 rebus exterioribus, quae manentes eaedem et secundum substantiam et
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1099 secundum ius dominii, ab uno possunt ad alium devenire. Sed sicut
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1100 ab huiusmodi rebus nomen commutationis translatum est ad actiones
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1101 vel passiones quae pertinent ad reverentiam vel iniuriam alicuius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1102 personae, seu nocumentum vel profectum; ita etiam nomen
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1103 restitutionis ad haec derivatur quae, licet realiter non maneant,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1104 tamen manent in effectu, vel corporali, puta cum ex percussione
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1105 laeditur corpus; vel qui est in opinione hominum, sicut cum aliquis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1106 verbo opprobrioso remanet homo infamatus, vel etiam minoratus in
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1107 suo honore.</p><p title="II-II q. 62 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="41650"><span class="ref">[41650] IIª-IIae q. 62 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1108 dicendum quod recompensatio quam facit distribuens ei cui dedit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1109 minus quam debuit, fit secundum comparationem rei ad rem, ut si
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1110 quanto minus habuit quam debuit, tanto plus ei detur. Et ideo iam
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1111 pertinet ad iustitiam commutativam.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 2</h3><p title="II-II q. 62 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="41651"><span class="ref">[41651] IIª-IIae q. 62 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1112 secundum sic proceditur. Videtur quod non sit necessarium ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1113 salutem quod fiat restitutio eius quod ablatum est. Quod enim est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1114 impossibile non est de necessitate salutis. Sed aliquando
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1115 impossibile est restituere id quod est ablatum, puta cum aliquis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1116 abstulit alicui membrum vel vitam. Ergo non videtur esse de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1117 necessitate salutis quod aliquis restituat quod alteri
53
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ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1118 abstulit.</p><p title="II-II q. 62 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="41652"><span class="ref">[41652] IIª-IIae q. 62 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1119 committere aliquod peccatum non est de necessitate salutis, quia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1120 sic homo esset perplexus. Sed quandoque illud quod aufertur non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1121 potest restitui sine peccato, puta cum aliquis alicui famam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1122 abstulit verum dicendo. Ergo restituere ablatum non est de
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1123 necessitate salutis.</p><p title="II-II q. 62 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="41653"><span class="ref">[41653] IIª-IIae q. 62 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1124 quod factum est non potest fieri ut factum non fuerit. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1125 aliquando alicui aufertur honor suae personae ex hoc ipso quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1126 passus est aliquo iniuste eum vituperante. Ergo non potest sibi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1127 restitui quod ablatum est. Et ita non est de necessitate salutis
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1128 restituere ablatum.</p><p title="II-II q. 62 a. 2 arg. 4"><a name="41654"><span class="ref">[41654] IIª-IIae q. 62 a. 2 arg. 4</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1129 ille qui impedit aliquem ab aliquo bono consequendo videtur ei
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1130 auferre, quia <i>quod modicum deest, quasi nihil deesse
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1131 videtur</i>, ut philosophus dicit, in II Physic. Sed cum aliquis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1132 impedit aliquem ne consequatur praebendam vel aliquid huiusmodi,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1133 non videtur quod teneatur ei ad restitutionem praebendae, quia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1134 quandoque non posset. Non ergo restituere ablatum est de
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1135 necessitate salutis.</p><p title="II-II q. 62 a. 2 s. c."><a name="41655"><span class="ref">[41655] IIª-IIae q. 62 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1136 est quod Augustinus dicit, <i>non dimittitur peccatum, nisi
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1137 restituatur ablatum</i>.</p><p title="II-II q. 62 a. 2 co."><a name="41656"><span class="ref">[41656] IIª-IIae q. 62 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1138 dicendum quod restitutio, sicut dictum est, est actus iustitiae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1139 commutativae, quae in quadam aequalitate consistit. Et ideo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1140 restituere importat redditionem illius rei quae iniuste ablata est,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1141 sic enim per iteratam eius exhibitionem aequalitas reparatur. Si
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1142 vero iuste ablatum sit, inaequalitas erit ut ei restituatur, quia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1143 iustitia in aequalitate consistit. Cum igitur servare iustitiam sit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1144 de necessitate salutis, consequens est quod restituere id quod
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1145 iniuste ablatum est alicui, sit de necessitate salutis.</p><p title="II-II q. 62 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="41657"><span class="ref">[41657] IIª-IIae q. 62 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1146 ergo dicendum quod in quibus non potest recompensari aequivalens,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1147 sufficit quod recompensetur quod possibile est, sicut patet de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1148 honoribus qui sunt ad Deum et ad parentes, ut philosophus dicit, in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1149 VIII Ethic. Et ideo quando id quod est ablatum non est restituibile
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1150 per aliquid aequale, debet fieri recompensatio qualis possibilis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1151 est. Puta, cum aliquis alicui abstulit membrum, debet ei
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1152 recompensare vel in pecunia vel in aliquo honore, considerata
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1153 conditione utriusque personae, secundum arbitrium probi viri.</p><p title="II-II q. 62 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="41658"><span class="ref">[41658] IIª-IIae q. 62 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1154 dicendum quod aliquis potest alicui famam tripliciter auferre. Uno
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1155 modo, verum dicendo et iuste, puta cum aliquis crimen alicuius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1156 prodit ordine debito servato. Et tunc non tenetur ad restitutionem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1157 famae. Alio modo, falsum dicendo et iniuste. Et tunc tenetur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1158 restituere famam confitendo se falsum dixisse. Tertio modo, verum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1159 dicendo sed iniuste, puta cum aliquis prodit crimen alterius contra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1160 ordinem debitum. Et tunc tenetur ad restitutionem famae quantum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1161 potest, sine mendacio tamen, utpote quod dicat se male dixisse, vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1162 quod iniuste eum diffamaverit. Vel, si non possit famam restituere,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1163 debet ei aliter recompensare, sicut et in aliis dictum est.</p><p title="II-II q. 62 a. 2 ad 3"><a name="41659"><span class="ref">[41659] IIª-IIae q. 62 a. 2 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1164 dicendum quod actio contumeliam inferentis non potest fieri ut non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1165 fuerit. Potest tamen fieri ut eius effectus, scilicet diminutio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1166 dignitatis personae in opinione hominum, reparetur per exhibitionem
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1167 reverentiae.</p><p title="II-II q. 62 a. 2 ad 4"><a name="41660"><span class="ref">[41660] IIª-IIae q. 62 a. 2 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1168 dicendum quod aliquis potest impedire aliquem ne habeat praebendam,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1169 multipliciter. Uno modo, iuste, puta si, intendens honorem Dei vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1170 utilitatem Ecclesiae, procuret quod detur alicui personae digniori.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1171 Et tunc nullo modo tenetur ad restitutionem vel ad aliquam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1172 recompensationem faciendam. Alio modo, iniuste, puta si intendat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1173 eius nocumentum quem impedit, propter odium vel vindictam aut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1174 aliquid huiusmodi. Et tunc, si impedit ne praebenda detur digno,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1175 consulens quod non detur, antequam sit firmatum quod ei detur;
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1176 tenetur quidem ad aliquam recompensationem, pensatis conditionibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1177 personarum et negotii, secundum arbitrium sapientis; non tamen
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1178 tenetur ad aequale, quia ille nondum fuerat adeptus et poterat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1179 multipliciter impediri. Si vero iam firmatum sit quod alicui detur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1180 praebenda, et aliquis propter causam indebitam procuret quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1181 revocetur, idem est ac si iam habitam ei auferret. Et ideo tenetur
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1182 ad restitutionem aequalis, tamen secundum suam facultatem.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 3</h3><p title="II-II q. 62 a. 3 arg. 1"><a name="41661"><span class="ref">[41661] IIª-IIae q. 62 a. 3 arg. 1</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1183 sic proceditur. Videtur quod non sufficiat restituere simplum quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1184 iniuste ablatum est. Dicitur enim Exod. XXII, <i>si quis furatus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1185 fuerit bovem aut ovem, et occiderit vel vendiderit, quinque boves
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1186 pro uno bove restituet, et quatuor oves pro una ove</i>. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1187 quilibet tenetur mandatum divinae legis observare. Ergo ille qui
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1188 furatur tenetur restituere quadruplum vel quintuplum.</p><p title="II-II q. 62 a. 3 arg. 2"><a name="41662"><span class="ref">[41662] IIª-IIae q. 62 a. 3 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1189 <i>ea quae scripta sunt, ad nostram doctrinam scripta sunt</i>, ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1190 dicitur ad Rom. XV. Sed Luc. XIX Zachaeus dicit ad dominum, <i>si
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1191 quem defraudavi, reddo quadruplum</i>. Ergo homo debet restituere
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1192 multiplicatum id quod iniuste accepit.</p><p title="II-II q. 62 a. 3 arg. 3"><a name="41663"><span class="ref">[41663] IIª-IIae q. 62 a. 3 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1193 nulli potest iuste auferri id quod dare non debet. Sed iudex iuste
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1194 aufert ab eo qui furatus est plus quam furatus est, pro emenda.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1195 Ergo homo debet illud solvere. Et ita non sufficit reddere
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1196 simplum.</p><p title="II-II q. 62 a. 3 s. c."><a name="41664"><span class="ref">[41664] IIª-IIae q. 62 a. 3 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1197 est quia restitutio reducit ad aequalitatem quod inaequaliter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1198 ablatum est. Sed aliquis reddendo quod accepit simplum, reducit ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1199 aequalitatem. Ergo solum tenetur tantum restituere quantum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1200 accepit.</p><p title="II-II q. 62 a. 3 co."><a name="41665"><span class="ref">[41665] IIª-IIae q. 62 a. 3 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1201 dicendum quod cum aliquis iniuste accipit rem alienam, duo sunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1202 ibi. Quorum unum est inaequalitas ex parte rei, quae quandoque est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1203 sine iniustitia, ut patet in mutuis. Aliud autem est iniustitiae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1204 culpa, quae potest esse etiam cum aequalitate rei, puta cum aliquis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1205 intendat inferre violentiam sed non praevalet. Quantum ergo ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1206 primum adhibetur remedium per restitutionem, inquantum per eam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1207 aequalitas reparatur, ad quod sufficit quod restituat tantum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1208 quantum habuit de alieno. Sed quantum ad culpam adhibetur remedium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1209 per poenam, cuius inflictio pertinet ad iudicem. Et ideo antequam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1210 sit condemnatus per iudicium non tenetur plus restituere quam
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1211 accepit, sed postquam condemnatus est, tenetur poenam solvere.</p><p title="II-II q. 62 a. 3 ad 1"><a name="41666"><span class="ref">[41666] IIª-IIae q. 62 a. 3 ad 1</span></a> Et per hoc
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1212 patet responsio ad primum, quia lex illa determinativa est poenae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1213 per iudicem infligendae. Et quamvis ad observantiam iudicialis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1214 praecepti nullus teneatur post Christi adventum, ut supra habitum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1215 est; potest tamen idem vel simile statui in lege humana, de qua
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1216 erit eadem ratio.</p><p title="II-II q. 62 a. 3 ad 2"><a name="41667"><span class="ref">[41667] IIª-IIae q. 62 a. 3 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1217 dicendum quod Zachaeus id dixit quasi supererogare volens. Unde et
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1218 praemiserat, <i>ecce dimidium bonorum meorum do pauperibus</i>.</p><p title="II-II q. 62 a. 3 ad 3"><a name="41668"><span class="ref">[41668] IIª-IIae q. 62 a. 3 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1219 dicendum quod iudex, condemnando, iuste potest accipere aliquid
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1220 amplius, loco emendae, quod tamen, antequam condemnaretur, non
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1221 debebat.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 4</h3><p title="II-II q. 62 a. 4 arg. 1"><a name="41669"><span class="ref">[41669] IIª-IIae q. 62 a. 4 arg. 1</span></a> Ad quartum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1222 sic proceditur. Videtur quod aliquis debeat restituere quod non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1223 abstulit. Ille enim qui damnum alicui infert tenetur damnum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1224 removere. Sed quandoque aliquis damnificat aliquem ultra id quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1225 accepit, puta cum aliquis effodit semina, damnificat eum qui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1226 seminavit in tota messe futura; et sic videtur quod teneatur ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1227 eius restitutionem. Ergo aliquis tenetur ad restitutionem eius quod
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1228 non abstulit.</p><p title="II-II q. 62 a. 4 arg. 2"><a name="41670"><span class="ref">[41670] IIª-IIae q. 62 a. 4 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1229 ille qui detinet pecuniam creditoris ultra terminum praefixum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1230 videtur eum damnificare in toto eo quod lucrari de pecunia posset.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1231 Quod tamen ipse non aufert. Ergo videtur quod aliquis teneatur
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1232 restituere quod non abstulit.</p><p title="II-II q. 62 a. 4 arg. 3"><a name="41671"><span class="ref">[41671] IIª-IIae q. 62 a. 4 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1233 iustitia humana derivatur a iustitia divina. Sed Deo debet aliquis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1234 restituere plus quam ab eo accepit, secundum illud Matth. XXV,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1235 <i>sciebas quod meto ubi non semino, et congrego ubi non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1236 sparsi</i>. Ergo iustum est ut etiam restituat homini aliquid quod
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1237 non accepit.</p><p title="II-II q. 62 a. 4 s. c."><a name="41672"><span class="ref">[41672] IIª-IIae q. 62 a. 4 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1238 est quod recompensatio ad iustitiam pertinet inquantum aequalitatem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1239 facit. Sed si aliquis restitueret quod non accepit, hoc non esset
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1240 aequale. Ergo talis restitutio non est iustum quod fiat.</p><p title="II-II q. 62 a. 4 co."><a name="41673"><span class="ref">[41673] IIª-IIae q. 62 a. 4 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1241 dicendum quod quicumque damnificat aliquem videtur ei auferre id in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1242 quo ipsum damnificat, damnum enim dicitur ex eo quod aliquis minus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1243 habet quam debet habere, secundum philosophum, in V Ethic. Et ideo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1244 homo tenetur ad restitutionem eius in quo aliquem damnificavit. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1245 aliquis damnificatur dupliciter. Uno modo, quia aufertur ei id quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1246 actu habebat. Et tale damnum semper est restituendum secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1247 recompensationem aequalis, puta si aliquis damnificet aliquem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1248 diruens domum eius, tenetur ad tantum quantum valet domus. Alio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1249 modo damnificat aliquis aliquem impediendo ne adipiscatur quod erat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1250 in via habendi. Et tale damnum non oportet recompensare ex aequo.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1251 Quia minus est habere aliquid virtute quam habere actu. Qui autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1252 est in via adipiscendi aliquid habet illud solum secundum virtutem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1253 vel potentiam. Et ideo si redderetur ei ut haberet hoc in actu,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1254 restitueretur ei quod est ablatum non simplum, sed multiplicatum,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1255 quod non est de necessitate restitutionis, ut dictum est. Tenetur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1256 tamen aliquam recompensationem facere, secundum conditionem
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1257 personarum et negotiorum.</p><p title="II-II q. 62 a. 4 ad 1"><a name="41674"><span class="ref">[41674] IIª-IIae q. 62 a. 4 ad 1</span></a> Et per hoc
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1258 patet responsio ad primum et secundum. Nam ille qui semen sparsit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1259 in agro nondum habet messem in actu, sed solum in virtute; et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1260 similiter ille qui habet pecuniam nondum habet lucrum in actu, sed
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1261 solum virtute; et utrumque potest multipliciter impediri.</p><p title="II-II q. 62 a. 4 ad 3"><a name="41675"><span class="ref">[41675] IIª-IIae q. 62 a. 4 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1262 dicendum quod Deus nihil requirit ab homine nisi bonum quod ipse in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1263 nobis seminavit. Et ideo verbum illud vel intelligitur secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1264 pravam existimationem servi pigri, qui existimavit se ab alio non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1265 accepisse. Vel intelligitur quantum ad hoc quod Deus requirit a
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1266 nobis fructus donorum, qui sunt et ab eo et a nobis, quamvis ipsa
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1267 dona a Deo sint sine nobis.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 5</h3><p title="II-II q. 62 a. 5 arg. 1"><a name="41676"><span class="ref">[41676] IIª-IIae q. 62 a. 5 arg. 1</span></a> Ad quintum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1268 sic proceditur. Videtur quod non oporteat restitutionem facere
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1269 semper ei a quo acceptum est aliquid. Nulli enim debemus nocere.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1270 Sed aliquando esset in nocumentum hominis si redderetur quod ab eo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1271 acceptum est; vel etiam in nocumentum aliorum, puta si aliquis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1272 redderet gladium depositum furioso. Ergo non semper est
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1273 restituendum ei a quo acceptum est.</p><p title="II-II q. 62 a. 5 arg. 2"><a name="41677"><span class="ref">[41677] IIª-IIae q. 62 a. 5 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1274 ille qui illicite aliquid dedit non meretur illud recuperare. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1275 quandoque aliquis illicite dat quod alius etiam illicite accipit,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1276 sicut apparet in dante et recipiente aliquid simoniace. Ergo non
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1277 semper restituendum est ei a quo acceptum est.</p><p title="II-II q. 62 a. 5 arg. 3"><a name="41678"><span class="ref">[41678] IIª-IIae q. 62 a. 5 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1278 nullus tenetur ad impossibile. Sed quandoque est impossibile
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1279 restituere ei a quo acceptum est, vel quia est mortuus, vel quia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1280 nimis distat, vel quia est ignotus. Ergo non semper facienda est
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1281 restitutio ei a quo acceptum est.</p><p title="II-II q. 62 a. 5 arg. 4"><a name="41679"><span class="ref">[41679] IIª-IIae q. 62 a. 5 arg. 4</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1282 magis debet homo recompensare ei a quo maius beneficium accepit.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1283 Sed ab aliis personis homo plus accepit beneficii quam ab illo qui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1284 mutuavit vel deposuit, sicut a parentibus. Ergo magis subveniendum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1285 est quandoque alicui personae alteri quam restituendum ei a quo est
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1286 acceptum.</p><p title="II-II q. 62 a. 5 arg. 5"><a name="41680"><span class="ref">[41680] IIª-IIae q. 62 a. 5 arg. 5</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1287 vanum est restituere illud quod ad manum restituentis per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1288 restitutionem pervenit. Sed si praelatus iniuste aliquid Ecclesiae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1289 subtraxit et ei restituat, ad manus eius deveniet, quia ipse est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1290 rerum Ecclesiae conservator. Ergo non debet restituere Ecclesiae a
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1291 qua abstulit. Et sic non semper restituendum est ei a quo est
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1292 ablatum.</p><p title="II-II q. 62 a. 5 s. c."><a name="41681"><span class="ref">[41681] IIª-IIae q. 62 a. 5 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1293 est quod dicitur Rom. XIII, <i>reddite omnibus debita, cui
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1294 tributum, tributum; cui vectigal, vectigal</i>.</p><p title="II-II q. 62 a. 5 co."><a name="41682"><span class="ref">[41682] IIª-IIae q. 62 a. 5 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1295 dicendum quod per restitutionem fit reductio ad aequalitatem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1296 commutativae iustitiae, quae consistit in rerum adaequatione, sicut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1297 dictum est. Huiusmodi autem rerum adaequatio fieri non posset nisi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1298 ei qui minus habet quam quod suum est, suppleretur quod deest. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1299 ad hanc suppletionem faciendam necesse est ut ei fiat restitutio a
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1300 quo acceptum est.</p><p title="II-II q. 62 a. 5 ad 1"><a name="41683"><span class="ref">[41683] IIª-IIae q. 62 a. 5 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1301 ergo dicendum quod quando res restituenda apparet esse graviter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1302 noxia ei cui restitutio facienda est vel alteri, non ei debet tunc
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1303 restitui, quia restitutio ordinatur ad utilitatem eius cui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1304 restituitur; omnia enim quae possidentur sub ratione utilis cadunt.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1305 Nec tamen debet ille qui detinet rem alienam, sibi appropriare, sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1306 vel reservare ut congruo tempore restituat, vel etiam alibi tradere
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1307 tutius conservandam.</p><p title="II-II q. 62 a. 5 ad 2"><a name="41684"><span class="ref">[41684] IIª-IIae q. 62 a. 5 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1308 dicendum quod aliquis dupliciter aliquid illicite dat uno modo,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1309 quia ipsa datio est illicita et contra legem, sicut patet in eo qui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1310 simoniace aliquid dedit. Talis meretur amittere quod dedit, unde
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1311 non debet ei restitutio fieri de his. Et quia etiam ille qui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1312 accepit contra legem accepit, non debet sibi retinere, sed debet in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1313 pios usus convertere. Alio modo aliquis illicite dat quia propter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1314 rem illicitam dat, licet ipsa datio non sit illicita, sicut cum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1315 quis dat meretrici propter fornicationem. Unde et mulier potest
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1316 sibi retinere quod ei datum est, et si superflue aliquid per
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1317 fraudem vel dolum extorsisset, tenetur eidem restituere.</p><p title="II-II q. 62 a. 5 ad 3"><a name="41685"><span class="ref">[41685] IIª-IIae q. 62 a. 5 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1318 dicendum quod si ille cui debet fieri restitutio sit omnino
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1319 ignotus, debet homo restituere secundum quod potest, scilicet dando
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1320 in eleemosynas pro salute ipsius, sive sit mortuus sive sit vivus;
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1321 praemissa tamen diligenti inquisitione de persona eius cui est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1322 restitutio facienda. Si vero sit mortuus ille cui est restitutio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1323 facienda, debet restitui heredi eius, qui computatur quasi una
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1324 persona cum ipso. Si vero sit multum distans, debet sibi transmitti
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1325 quod ei debetur, et praecipue si sit res magni valoris, et possit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1326 commode transmitti. Alioquin debet in aliquo loco tuto deponi ut
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1327 pro eo conservetur, et domino significari.</p><p title="II-II q. 62 a. 5 ad 4"><a name="41686"><span class="ref">[41686] IIª-IIae q. 62 a. 5 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1328 dicendum quod aliquis de hoc quod est sibi proprium debet magis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1329 satisfacere parentibus vel his a quibus accepit maiora beneficia.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1330 Non autem debet aliquis recompensare benefactori de alieno, quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1331 contingeret si quod debet uni alteri restitueret, nisi forte in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1332 casu extremae necessitatis, in quo posset et deberet aliquis etiam
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1333 auferre aliena ut patri subveniret.</p><p title="II-II q. 62 a. 5 ad 5"><a name="41687"><span class="ref">[41687] IIª-IIae q. 62 a. 5 ad 5</span></a> Ad quintum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1334 dicendum quod praelatus potest rem Ecclesiae surripere tripliciter.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1335 Uno modo, si rem Ecclesiae non sibi deputatam, sed alteri, sibi
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1336 usurparet, puta si episcopus usurparet sibi rem capituli. Et tunc
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1337 planum est quod debet restituere ponendo in manus eorum ad quos de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1338 iure pertinet. Alio modo, si rem Ecclesiae suae custodiae deputatam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1339 in alterius dominium transferat, puta consanguinei vel amici. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1340 tunc debet Ecclesiae restituere, et sub sua cura habere ut ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1341 successorem perveniat. Alio modo potest praelatus surripere rem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1342 Ecclesiae solo animo, dum scilicet incipit habere animum possidendi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1343 eam ut suam, et non nomine Ecclesiae. Et tunc debet restituere
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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diff changeset
1344 talem animum deponendo.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 6</h3><p title="II-II q. 62 a. 6 arg. 1"><a name="41688"><span class="ref">[41688] IIª-IIae q. 62 a. 6 arg. 1</span></a> Ad sextum
28
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diff changeset
1345 sic proceditur. Videtur quod non teneatur semper restituere ille
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1346 qui accepit. Per restitutionem enim reparatur aequalitas iustitiae,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1347 quae consistit in hoc quod subtrahatur ei qui plus habet et detur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1348 ei qui minus habet. Sed contingit quandoque quod ille qui rem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1349 aliquam subtraxit alicui non habet eam, sed devenit ad manus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1350 alterius. Ergo non tenetur ille restituere qui accepit, sed alius
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1351 qui rem habet.</p><p title="II-II q. 62 a. 6 arg. 2"><a name="41689"><span class="ref">[41689] IIª-IIae q. 62 a. 6 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1352 nullus tenetur crimen suum detegere. Sed aliquando aliquis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1353 restitutionem faciendo crimen suum detegit, ut patet in furto. Ergo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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diff changeset
1354 non semper tenetur ille qui abstulit restituere.</p><p title="II-II q. 62 a. 6 arg. 3"><a name="41690"><span class="ref">[41690] IIª-IIae q. 62 a. 6 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1355 eiusdem rei non est multoties restitutio facienda. Sed quandoque
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1356 multi simul aliquam rem surripiunt et unus eorum eam integre
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1357 restituit. Ergo non semper ille qui accepit tenetur ad
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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diff changeset
1358 restituendum.</p><p title="II-II q. 62 a. 6 s. c."><a name="41691"><span class="ref">[41691] IIª-IIae q. 62 a. 6 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra,
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1359 ille qui peccavit tenetur satisfacere. Sed restitutio ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1360 satisfactionem pertinet. Ergo ille qui abstulit tenetur
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1361 restituere.</p><p title="II-II q. 62 a. 6 co."><a name="41692"><span class="ref">[41692] IIª-IIae q. 62 a. 6 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1362 dicendum quod circa illum qui rem alienam accepit duo sunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1363 consideranda, scilicet ipsa res accepta, et ipsa acceptio. Ratione
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1364 autem rei tenetur eam restituere quandiu eam apud se habet, quia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1365 quod habet ultra id quod suum est, debet ei subtrahi et dari ei cui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1366 deest, secundum formam commutativae iustitiae. Sed ipsa acceptio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1367 rei alienae potest tripliciter se habere. Quandoque enim est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1368 iniuriosa, scilicet contra voluntatem existens eius qui est rei
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1369 dominus, ut patet in furto et rapina. Et tunc tenetur ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1370 restitutionem non solum ratione rei, sed etiam ratione iniuriosae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1371 actionis, etiam si res apud ipsum non remaneat. Sicut enim qui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1372 percutit aliquem tenetur recompensare iniuriam passo, quamvis nihil
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1373 apud ipsum maneat; ita etiam qui furatur vel rapit tenetur ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1374 recompensationem damni illati, etiam si nihil inde habeat; et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1375 ulterius pro iniuria illata debet puniri. Alio modo aliquis accipit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1376 rem alterius in utilitatem suam absque iniuria, cum voluntate
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1377 scilicet eius cuius est res, sicut patet in mutuis. Et tunc ille
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1378 qui accepit tenetur ad restitutionem eius quod accepit non solum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1379 ratione rei, sed etiam ratione acceptionis, etiam si rem amiserit,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1380 tenetur enim recompensare ei qui gratiam fecit, quod non fiet si
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1381 per hoc damnum incurrat. Tertio modo aliquis accipit rem alterius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1382 absque iniuria non pro sua utilitate, sicut patet in depositis. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1383 ideo ille qui sic accepit in nullo tenetur ratione acceptionis,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1384 quinimmo accipiendo impendit obsequium, tenetur autem ratione rei.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1385 Et propter hoc, si ei subtrahatur res absque sua culpa, non tenetur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1386 ad restitutionem. Secus autem esset si cum magna sua culpa rem
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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diff changeset
1387 depositam amitteret.</p><p title="II-II q. 62 a. 6 ad 1"><a name="41693"><span class="ref">[41693] IIª-IIae q. 62 a. 6 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1388 ergo dicendum quod restitutio non ordinatur principaliter ad hoc
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1389 quod ille qui plus habet quam debet, habere desinat, sed ad hoc
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1390 quod illi qui minus habet suppleatur. Unde in his rebus quae unus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1391 potest ab alio accipere sine eius detrimento, non habet locum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1392 restitutio, puta cum aliquis accipit lumen a candela alterius. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1393 ideo quamvis ille qui abstulit non habeat id quod accepit, sed in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1394 alium sit translatum; quia tamen alter privatur re sua, tenetur ei
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1395 ad restitutionem et ille qui rem abstulit, ratione iniuriosae
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1396 actionis; et ille qui rem habet, ratione ipsius rei.</p><p title="II-II q. 62 a. 6 ad 2"><a name="41694"><span class="ref">[41694] IIª-IIae q. 62 a. 6 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1397 dicendum quod homo, etsi non teneatur crimen suum detegere
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1398 hominibus, tenetur tamen crimen suum detegere Deo in confessione.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1399 Et ita per sacerdotem cui confitetur potest restitutionem facere
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1400 rei alienae.</p><p title="II-II q. 62 a. 6 ad 3"><a name="41695"><span class="ref">[41695] IIª-IIae q. 62 a. 6 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1401 dicendum quod quia restitutio principaliter ordinatur ad removendum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1402 damnum eius a quo est aliquid iniuste ablatum, ideo postquam ei
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1403 restitutio sufficiens facta est per unum, alii non tenentur ei
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1404 ulterius restituere, sed magis refusionem facere ei qui restituit,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1405 qui tamen potest condonare.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 7</h3><p title="II-II q. 62 a. 7 arg. 1"><a name="41696"><span class="ref">[41696] IIª-IIae q. 62 a. 7 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1406 septimum sic proceditur. Videtur quod illi qui non acceperunt non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1407 teneantur restituere. Restitutio enim quaedam poena est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1408 accipientis. Sed nullus debet puniri nisi qui peccavit. Ergo nullus
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1409 debet restituere nisi qui accepit.</p><p title="II-II q. 62 a. 7 arg. 2"><a name="41697"><span class="ref">[41697] IIª-IIae q. 62 a. 7 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1410 iustitia non obligat aliquem ad hoc quod rem alterius augeat. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1411 si ad restitutionem teneretur non solum ille qui accepit, sed etiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1412 illi qui qualitercumque cooperantur, augeretur ex hoc res illius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1413 cui est aliquid subtractum, tum quia sibi multoties restitutio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1414 fieret; tum etiam quia quandoque aliqui operam dant ad hoc quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1415 aliqua res alicui auferatur, quae tamen ei non aufertur. Ergo non
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1416 tenentur alii ad restitutionem.</p><p title="II-II q. 62 a. 7 arg. 3"><a name="41698"><span class="ref">[41698] IIª-IIae q. 62 a. 7 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1417 nullus tenetur se periculo exponere ad hoc quod rem alterius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1418 salvet. Sed aliquando, manifestando latronem vel ei resistendo,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1419 aliquis periculo mortis se exponeret. Non ergo tenetur aliquis ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1420 restitutionem propter hoc quod non manifestat latronem, vel non ei
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1421 resistit.</p><p title="II-II q. 62 a. 7 s. c."><a name="41699"><span class="ref">[41699] IIª-IIae q. 62 a. 7 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1422 est quod dicitur Rom. I, <i>digni sunt morte non solum qui faciunt,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1423 sed etiam qui consentiunt facientibus</i>. Ergo, pari ratione,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1424 etiam consentientes debent restituere.</p><p title="II-II q. 62 a. 7 co."><a name="41700"><span class="ref">[41700] IIª-IIae q. 62 a. 7 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1425 dicendum quod, sicut dictum est, ad restitutionem tenetur aliquis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1426 non solum ratione rei alienae quam accepit, sed etiam ratione
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1427 iniuriosae acceptionis. Et ideo quicumque est causa iniustae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1428 acceptionis tenetur ad restitutionem quod quidem contingit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1429 dupliciter, directe scilicet, et indirecte. Directe quidem, quando
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1430 inducit aliquis alium ad accipiendum. Et hoc quidem tripliciter.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1431 Primo quidem, movendo ad ipsam acceptionem, quod quidem fit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1432 praecipiendo, consulendo, consentiendo expresse, et laudando
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1433 aliquem quasi strenuum de hoc quod aliena accipit. Alio modo, ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1434 parte ipsius accipientis, quia scilicet eum receptat, vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1435 qualitercumque ei auxilium fert. Tertio modo, ex parte rei
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1436 acceptae, quia scilicet est particeps furti vel rapinae, quasi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1437 socius maleficii. Indirecte vero, quando aliquis non impedit, cum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1438 possit et debeat impedire, vel quia subtrahit praeceptum sive
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1439 consilium impediens furtum sive rapinam; vel quia subtrahit suum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1440 auxilium, quo posset obsistere; vel quia occultat post factum. Quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1441 his versibus comprehenduntur, <i>iussio, consilium, consensus,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1442 palpo, recursus, participans, mutus, non obstans, non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1443 manifestans</i>. Sciendum tamen quod quinque praemissorum semper
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1444 obligant ad restitutionem. Primo, iussio, quia scilicet ille qui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1445 iubet est principaliter movens; unde ipse principaliter tenetur ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1446 restituendum. Secundo, consensus, in eo scilicet sine quo rapina
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1447 fieri non potest. Tertio, recursus, quando scilicet aliquis est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1448 receptator latronum et eis patrocinium praestat. Quarto,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1449 participatio, quando scilicet aliquis participat in crimine
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1450 latrocinii et in praeda. Quinto, tenetur ille qui non obstat, cum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1451 obstare teneatur, sicut principes, qui tenentur custodire iustitiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1452 in terra, si per eorum defectum latrones increscant, ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1453 restitutionem tenentur; quia redditus quos habent sunt quasi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1454 stipendia ad hoc instituta ut iustitiam conservent in terra. In
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1455 aliis autem casibus enumeratis non semper obligatur aliquis ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1456 restituendum. Non enim semper consilium vel adulatio, vel aliquid
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1457 huiusmodi, est efficax causa rapinae. Unde tunc solum tenetur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1458 consiliator aut palpo, idest adulator, ad restitutionem, quando
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1459 probabiliter aestimari potest quod ex huiusmodi causis fuerit
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1460 iniusta acceptio subsecuta.</p><p title="II-II q. 62 a. 7 ad 1"><a name="41701"><span class="ref">[41701] IIª-IIae q. 62 a. 7 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1461 ergo dicendum quod non solum peccat ille qui peccatum exequitur,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1462 sed etiam qui quocumque modo peccati est causa sive consiliando,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1463 sive praecipiendo, sive quovis alio modo.</p><p title="II-II q. 62 a. 7 ad 2"><a name="41702"><span class="ref">[41702] IIª-IIae q. 62 a. 7 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1464 dicendum quod principaliter tenetur restituere ille qui est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1465 principalis in facto, principaliter quidem praecipiens, secundario
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1466 exequens, et consequenter alii per ordinem. Uno tamen restituente
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1467 illi qui passus est damnum, alius eidem restituere non tenetur, sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1468 illi qui sunt principales in facto, et ad quos res pervenit,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1469 tenentur aliis restituere qui restituerunt. Quando autem aliquis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1470 praecipit iniustam acceptionem quae non subsequitur, non est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1471 restitutio facienda, cum restitutio principaliter ordinetur ad
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1472 reintegrandam rem eius qui iniuste est damnificatus.</p><p title="II-II q. 62 a. 7 ad 3"><a name="41703"><span class="ref">[41703] IIª-IIae q. 62 a. 7 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1473 dicendum quod non semper ille qui non manifestat latronem tenetur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1474 ad restitutionem, aut qui non obstat, vel qui non reprehendit, sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1475 solum quando incumbit alicui ex officio, sicut principibus terrae.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1476 Quibus ex hoc non multum imminet periculum, propter hoc enim
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1477 potestate publica potiuntur, ut sint iustitiae custodes.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 8</h3><p title="II-II q. 62 a. 8 arg. 1"><a name="41704"><span class="ref">[41704] IIª-IIae q. 62 a. 8 arg. 1</span></a> Ad octavum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1478 sic proceditur. Videtur quod non teneatur aliquis statim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1479 restituere, sed potius licite possit restitutionem differre.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1480 Praecepta enim affirmativa non obligant ad semper. Sed necessitas
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1481 restituendi imminet ex praecepto affirmativo. Ergo non obligatur
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1482 homo ad statim restituendum.</p><p title="II-II q. 62 a. 8 arg. 2"><a name="41705"><span class="ref">[41705] IIª-IIae q. 62 a. 8 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1483 nullus tenetur ad impossibile. Sed quandoque aliquis non potest
53
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diff changeset
1484 statim restituere. Ergo nullus tenetur ad statim restituendum.</p><p title="II-II q. 62 a. 8 arg. 3"><a name="41706"><span class="ref">[41706] IIª-IIae q. 62 a. 8 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1485 restitutio est quidam actus virtutis, scilicet iustitiae. Tempus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1486 autem est una de circumstantiis quae requiruntur ad actus virtutum.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1487 Cum igitur aliae circumstantiae non sint determinatae in actibus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1488 virtutum, sed determinabiles secundum rationem prudentiae; videtur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1489 quod nec in restitutione sit tempus determinatum, ut scilicet
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1490 aliquis teneatur ad statim restituendum.</p><p title="II-II q. 62 a. 8 s. c."><a name="41707"><span class="ref">[41707] IIª-IIae q. 62 a. 8 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1491 est quod eadem ratio esse videtur in omnibus quae sunt restituenda.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1492 Sed ille qui conducit opera mercenarii non potest differre
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1493 restitutionem, ut patet per illud quod habetur Levit. XIX <i>non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1494 morabitur opus mercenarii tui apud te usque mane</i>. Ergo neque in
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1495 aliis restitutionibus faciendis potest fieri dilatio, sed statim
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1496 restituere oportet.</p><p title="II-II q. 62 a. 8 co."><a name="41708"><span class="ref">[41708] IIª-IIae q. 62 a. 8 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1497 dicendum quod sicut accipere rem alienam est peccatum contra
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1498 iustitiam, ita etiam detinere eam, quia per hoc quod aliquis
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1499 detinet rem alienam invito domino, impedit eum ab usu rei suae, et
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1500 sic ei facit iniuriam. Manifestum est autem quod nec per modicum
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1501 tempus licet in peccato morari, sed quilibet tenetur statim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1502 peccatum deserere, secundum illud Eccli. XXI, <i>quasi a facie
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1503 colubri fuge peccatum</i>. Et ideo quilibet tenetur statim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1504 restituere, vel petere dilationem ab eo qui potest usum rei
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1505 concedere.</p><p title="II-II q. 62 a. 8 ad 1"><a name="41709"><span class="ref">[41709] IIª-IIae q. 62 a. 8 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1506 ergo dicendum quod praeceptum de restitutione facienda, quamvis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1507 secundum formam sit affirmativum, implicat tamen in se negativum
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1508 praeceptum, quo prohibemur rem alterius detinere.</p><p title="II-II q. 62 a. 8 ad 2"><a name="41710"><span class="ref">[41710] IIª-IIae q. 62 a. 8 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1509 dicendum quod quando aliquis non potest statim restituere, ipsa
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1510 impotentia absolvit eum ab instanti restitutione facienda, sicut
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1511 etiam totaliter a restitutione absolvitur si omnino sit impotens.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1512 Debet tamen remissionem vel dilationem petere ab eo cui debet, aut
53
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ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1513 per se aut per alium.</p><p title="II-II q. 62 a. 8 ad 3"><a name="41711"><span class="ref">[41711] IIª-IIae q. 62 a. 8 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1514 dicendum quod cuiuscumque circumstantiae omissio contrariatur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1515 virtuti, pro determinata est habenda, et oportet illam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1516 circumstantiam observare. Et quia per dilationem restitutionis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1517 committitur peccatum iniustae detentionis, quod iustitiae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1518 opponitur, ideo necesse est tempus esse determinatum, ut statim
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1519 restitutio fiat.</p></div></div><div class="q" id="q63"><h2>Quaestio 63</h2><div class="p"><h3>Prooemium</h3><p title="II-II q. 63 pr."><a name="41712"><span class="ref">[41712] IIª-IIae q. 63 pr.</span></a> Deinde
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1520 considerandum est de vitiis oppositis praedictis iustitiae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1521 partibus. Et primo, de acceptione personarum, quae opponitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1522 iustitiae distributivae; secundo, de peccatis quae opponuntur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1523 iustitiae commutativae. Circa primum quaeruntur quatuor. Primo,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1524 utrum personarum acceptio sit peccatum. Secundo, utrum habeat locum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1525 in dispensatione spiritualium. Tertio, utrum in exhibitione
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1526 honorum. Quarto, utrum in iudiciis.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 1</h3><p title="II-II q. 63 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="41713"><span class="ref">[41713] IIª-IIae q. 63 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1527 sic proceditur. Videtur quod personarum acceptio non sit peccatum.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1528 In nomine enim personae intelligitur personae dignitas. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1529 considerare dignitates personarum pertinet ad distributivam
53
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ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1530 iustitiam. Ergo personarum acceptio non est peccatum.</p><p title="II-II q. 63 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="41714"><span class="ref">[41714] IIª-IIae q. 63 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1531 in rebus humanis personae sunt principaliores quam res, quia res
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1532 sunt propter personas, et non e converso. Sed rerum acceptio non
53
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ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1533 est peccatum. Ergo multo minus acceptio personarum.</p><p title="II-II q. 63 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="41715"><span class="ref">[41715] IIª-IIae q. 63 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1534 apud Deum nulla potest esse iniquitas vel peccatum. Sed Deus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1535 videtur personas accipere, quia interdum duorum hominum unius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1536 conditionis unum assumit per gratiam, et alterum relinquit in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1537 peccato, secundum illud Matth. XXIV, <i>duo erunt in lecto, unus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1538 assumetur et alius relinquetur</i>. Ergo acceptio personarum non
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1539 est peccatum.</p><p title="II-II q. 63 a. 1 s. c."><a name="41716"><span class="ref">[41716] IIª-IIae q. 63 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra,
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1540 nihil prohibetur in lege divina nisi peccatum. Sed personarum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1541 acceptio prohibetur Deut. I, ubi dicitur, <i>non accipietis
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1542 cuiusquam personam</i>. Ergo personarum acceptio est peccatum.</p><p title="II-II q. 63 a. 1 co."><a name="41717"><span class="ref">[41717] IIª-IIae q. 63 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1543 dicendum quod personarum acceptio opponitur distributivae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1544 iustitiae. Consistit enim aequalitas distributivae iustitiae in hoc
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1545 quod diversis personis diversa tribuuntur secundum proportionem ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1546 dignitates personarum. Si ergo aliquis consideret illam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1547 proprietatem personae propter quam id quod ei confertur est ei
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1548 debitum, non erit acceptio personae, sed causae, unde Glossa, super
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1549 illud ad Ephes. VI, <i>non est personarum acceptio apud Deum</i>,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1550 dicit quod iudex iustus causas discernit, non personas. Puta si
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1551 aliquis promoveat aliquem ad magisterium propter sufficientiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1552 scientiae, hic attenditur causa debita, non persona, si autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1553 aliquis consideret in eo cui aliquid confert, non id propter quod
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1554 id quod ei datur esset ei proportionatum vel debitum, sed solum hoc
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1555 quod est iste homo, puta Petrus vel Martinus, est hic acceptio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1556 personae, quia non attribuitur ei aliquid propter aliquam causam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1557 quae faciat eum dignum, sed simpliciter attribuitur personae. Ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1558 personam autem refertur quaecumque conditio non faciens ad causam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1559 propter quam sit dignus hoc dono, puta si aliquis promoveat aliquem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1560 ad praelationem vel magisterium quia est dives, vel quia est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1561 consanguineus suus, est acceptio personae. Contingit tamen aliquam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1562 conditionem personae facere eam dignam respectu unius rei, et non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1563 respectu alterius, sicut consanguinitas facit aliquem dignum ad hoc
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1564 quod instituatur heres patrimonii, non autem ad hoc quod conferatur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1565 ei praelatio ecclesiastica. Et ideo eadem conditio personae in uno
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1566 negotio considerata facit acceptionem personae, in alio autem non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1567 facit. Sic ergo patet quod personarum acceptio opponitur iustitiae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1568 distributivae in hoc quod praeter proportionem agitur. Nihil autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1569 opponitur virtuti nisi peccatum. Unde consequens est quod
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1570 personarum acceptio sit peccatum.</p><p title="II-II q. 63 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="41718"><span class="ref">[41718] IIª-IIae q. 63 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1571 ergo dicendum quod in distributiva iustitia considerantur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1572 conditiones personarum quae faciunt ad causam dignitatis vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1573 debiti. Sed in acceptione personarum considerantur conditiones quae
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1574 non faciunt ad causam, ut dictum est.</p><p title="II-II q. 63 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="41719"><span class="ref">[41719] IIª-IIae q. 63 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1575 dicendum quod personae proportionantur et dignae redduntur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1576 aliquibus quae eis distribuuntur, propter aliquas res quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1577 pertinent ad conditionem personae, et ideo huiusmodi conditiones
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1578 sunt attendendae tanquam propriae causae. Cum autem considerantur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1579 ipsae personae, attenditur non causa ut causa. Et ideo patet quod,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1580 quamvis personae sint digniores simpliciter, non tamen sunt
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1581 digniores quoad hoc.</p><p title="II-II q. 63 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="41720"><span class="ref">[41720] IIª-IIae q. 63 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1582 dicendum quod duplex est datio. Una quidem pertinens ad iustitiam,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1583 qua scilicet aliquis dat alicui quod ei debetur. Et circa tales
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1584 dationes attenditur personarum acceptio. Alia est datio ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1585 liberalitatem pertinens, qua scilicet gratis datur alicui quod ei
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1586 non debetur. Et talis est collatio munerum gratiae, per quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1587 peccatores assumuntur a Deo. Et in hac donatione non habet locum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1588 personarum acceptio, quia quilibet potest absque iniustitia de suo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1589 dare quantum vult et cui vult, secundum illud Matth. XX, <i>an non
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1590 licet mihi quod volo facere? Tolle quod tuum est, et vade</i>.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 2</h3><p title="II-II q. 63 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="41721"><span class="ref">[41721] IIª-IIae q. 63 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1591 secundum sic proceditur. Videtur quod in dispensatione spiritualium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1592 locum non habeat personarum acceptio. Conferre enim dignitatem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1593 ecclesiasticam seu beneficium alicui propter consanguinitatem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1594 videtur ad acceptionem personarum pertinere, quia consanguinitas
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1595 non est causa faciens hominem dignum ecclesiastico beneficio. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1596 hoc non videtur esse peccatum, cum hoc ex consuetudine praelati
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1597 Ecclesiae faciant. Ergo peccatum personarum acceptionis non videtur
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1598 locum habere in dispensatione spiritualium.</p><p title="II-II q. 63 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="41722"><span class="ref">[41722] IIª-IIae q. 63 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1599 praeferre divitem pauperi videtur ad acceptionem personarum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1600 pertinere, ut patet Iac. II. Sed facilius dispensatur cum divitibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1601 et potentibus quod contrahant matrimonium in gradu prohibito, quam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1602 cum aliis. Ergo peccatum personarum acceptionis non videtur locum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1603 habere circa dispensationem spiritualium.</p><p title="II-II q. 63 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="41723"><span class="ref">[41723] IIª-IIae q. 63 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1604 secundum iura sufficit eligere bonum, non autem requiritur quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1605 aliquis eligat meliorem. Sed eligere minus bonum ad aliquid altius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1606 videtur ad acceptionem personarum pertinere. Ergo personarum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1607 acceptio non est peccatum in spiritualibus.</p><p title="II-II q. 63 a. 2 arg. 4"><a name="41724"><span class="ref">[41724] IIª-IIae q. 63 a. 2 arg. 4</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1608 secundum statuta Ecclesiae eligendus est aliquis de gremio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1609 Ecclesiae. Sed hoc videtur ad acceptionem personarum pertinere,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1610 quia quandoque sufficientiores alibi invenirentur. Ergo personarum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1611 acceptio non est peccatum in spiritualibus.</p><p title="II-II q. 63 a. 2 s. c."><a name="41725"><span class="ref">[41725] IIª-IIae q. 63 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1612 est quod dicitur Iac. II, <i>nolite in personarum acceptione habere
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1613 fidem domini nostri Iesu Christi</i>. Ubi dicit Glossa Augustini,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1614 <i>quis ferat si quis divitem eligat ad sedem honoris Ecclesiae,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1615 contempto paupere instructiore et sanctiore?</i></p><p title="II-II q. 63 a. 2 co."><a name="41726"><span class="ref">[41726] IIª-IIae q. 63 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1616 dicendum quod, sicut dictum est, acceptio personarum est peccatum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1617 inquantum contrariatur iustitiae. Quanto autem in maioribus aliquis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1618 iustitiam transgreditur, tanto gravius peccat. Unde cum spiritualia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1619 sint temporalibus potiora, gravius peccatum est personas accipere
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1620 in dispensatione spiritualium quam in dispensatione temporalium. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1621 quia personarum acceptio est cum aliquid personae attribuitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1622 praeter proportionem dignitatis ipsius, considerare oportet quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1623 dignitas alicuius personae potest attendi dupliciter. Uno modo,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1624 simpliciter et secundum se, et sic maioris dignitatis est ille qui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1625 magis abundat in spiritualibus gratiae donis. Alio modo, per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1626 comparationem ad bonum commune, contingit enim quandoque quod ille
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1627 qui est minus sanctus et minus sciens, potest maius conferre ad
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1628 bonum commune, propter potentiam vel industriam saecularem, vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1629 propter aliquid huiusmodi. Et quia dispensationes spiritualium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1630 principalius ordinantur ad utilitatem communem, secundum illud I ad
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1631 Cor. XII, <i>unicuique datur manifestatio spiritus ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1632 utilitatem</i>; ideo quandoque absque acceptione personarum in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1633 dispensatione spiritualium illi qui sunt simpliciter minus boni,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1634 melioribus praeferuntur, sicut etiam et Deus gratias gratis datas
53
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diff changeset
1635 quandoque concedit minus bonis.</p><p title="II-II q. 63 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="41727"><span class="ref">[41727] IIª-IIae q. 63 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1636 ergo dicendum quod circa consanguineos praelati distinguendum est.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1637 Quia quandoque sunt minus digni et simpliciter, et per respectum ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1638 bonum commune. Et sic si dignioribus praeferantur, est peccatum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1639 personarum acceptionis in dispensatione spiritualium, quorum
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1640 praelatus ecclesiasticus non est dominus, ut possit ea dare pro
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1641 libito, sed dispensator, secundum illud I ad Cor. IV, <i>sic nos
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1642 existimet homo ut ministros Christi, et dispensatores mysteriorum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1643 Dei</i>. Quandoque vero consanguinei praelati ecclesiastici sunt
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1644 aeque digni ut alii. Et sic licite potest, absque personarum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1645 acceptione, consanguineos suos praeferre, quia saltem in hoc
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1646 praeeminent, quod de ipsis magis confidere potest ut unanimiter
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1647 secum negotia Ecclesiae tractent. Esset tamen hoc propter scandalum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1648 dimittendum, si ex hoc aliqui exemplum sumerent, etiam praeter
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1649 dignitatem, bona Ecclesiae consanguineis dandi.</p><p title="II-II q. 63 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="41728"><span class="ref">[41728] IIª-IIae q. 63 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1650 dicendum quod dispensatio matrimonii contrahendi principaliter
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1651 fieri consuevit propter foedus pacis firmandum, quod quidem magis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1652 est necessarium communi utilitati circa personas excellentes. Ideo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1653 cum eis facilius dispensatur absque peccato acceptionis
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1654 personarum.</p><p title="II-II q. 63 a. 2 ad 3"><a name="41729"><span class="ref">[41729] IIª-IIae q. 63 a. 2 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1655 dicendum quod quantum ad hoc quod electio impugnari non possit in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1656 foro iudiciali, sufficit eligere bonum, nec oportet eligere
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1657 meliorem, quia sic omnis electio posset habere calumniam. Sed
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1658 quantum ad conscientiam eligentis, necesse est eligere meliorem vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1659 simpliciter, vel in comparatione ad bonum commune. Quia si potest
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1660 haberi aliquis magis idoneus erga aliquam dignitatem et alius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1661 praeferatur, oportet quod hoc sit propter aliquam causam. Quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1662 quidem si pertineat ad negotium, quantum ad hoc erit ille qui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1663 eligitur magis idoneus. Si vero non pertineat ad negotium id quod
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1664 consideratur ut causa, erit manifeste acceptio personae.</p><p title="II-II q. 63 a. 2 ad 4"><a name="41730"><span class="ref">[41730] IIª-IIae q. 63 a. 2 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1665 dicendum quod ille qui de gremio Ecclesiae assumitur, ut in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1666 pluribus consuevit esse utilior quantum ad bonum commune, quia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1667 magis diligit Ecclesiam in qua est nutritus. Et propter hoc etiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1668 mandatur Deut. XVII, <i>non poteris alterius gentis facere regem,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1669 qui non sit frater tuus</i>.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 3</h3><p title="II-II q. 63 a. 3 arg. 1"><a name="41731"><span class="ref">[41731] IIª-IIae q. 63 a. 3 arg. 1</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1670 sic proceditur. Videtur quod in exhibitione honoris et reverentiae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1671 non habeat locum peccatum acceptionis personarum. Honor enim nihil
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1672 aliud esse videtur quam reverentia quaedam alicui exhibita in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1673 testimonium virtutis, ut patet per philosophum, in I Ethic. Sed
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1674 praelati et principes sunt honorandi, etiam si sint mali; sicut
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1675 etiam et parentes, de quibus mandatur Exod. XX, honora patrem tuum
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1676 et matrem tuam; et etiam domini sunt a servis honorandi, etiam si
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1677 sint mali, secundum illud I ad Tim. VI, <i>quicumque sunt sub iugo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1678 servi, dominos suos honore dignos arbitrentur</i>. Ergo videtur
53
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diff changeset
1679 quod acceptio personae non sit peccatum in exhibitione honoris.</p><p title="II-II q. 63 a. 3 arg. 2"><a name="41732"><span class="ref">[41732] IIª-IIae q. 63 a. 3 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1680 Levit. XIX praecipitur, <i>coram cano capite consurge, et honora
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1681 personam senis</i>. Sed hoc videtur ad acceptionem personarum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1682 pertinere, quia quandoque senes non sunt virtuosi, secundum illud
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1683 Dan. XIII, <i>egressa est iniquitas a senioribus populi</i>. Ergo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1684 acceptio personarum non est peccatum in exhibitione honoris.</p><p title="II-II q. 63 a. 3 arg. 3"><a name="41733"><span class="ref">[41733] IIª-IIae q. 63 a. 3 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1685 super illud Iac. II, <i>nolite in personarum acceptione habere</i>
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1686 etc., dicit Glossa Augustini, <i>si hoc quod Iacobus dicit, si
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1687 introierit in conventum vestrum vir habens anulum aureum etc.,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1688 intelligatur de quotidianis consessibus quis hic non peccat, si
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1689 tamen peccat?</i> Sed haec est acceptio personarum, divites propter
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1690 divitias honorare, dicit enim Gregorius, in quadam homilia,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1691 <i>superbia nostra retunditur, quia in hominibus non naturam, qua
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1692 ad imaginem Dei facti sunt, sed divitias honoramus</i>; et sic, cum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1693 divitiae non sint debita causa honoris, pertinebit hoc ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1694 personarum acceptionem. Ergo personarum acceptio non est peccatum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1695 circa exhibitionem honoris.</p><p title="II-II q. 63 a. 3 s. c."><a name="41734"><span class="ref">[41734] IIª-IIae q. 63 a. 3 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1696 est quod dicitur in Glossa Iac. II, <i>quicumque divitem propter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1697 divitias honorat, peccat</i>. Et pari ratione, si aliquis honoretur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1698 propter alias causas quae non faciunt dignum honore, quod pertinet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1699 ad acceptionem personarum. Ergo acceptio personarum in exhibitione
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1700 honoris est peccatum.</p><p title="II-II q. 63 a. 3 co."><a name="41735"><span class="ref">[41735] IIª-IIae q. 63 a. 3 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1701 dicendum quod honor est quoddam testimonium de virtute eius qui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1702 honoratur, et ideo sola virtus est debita causa honoris. Sciendum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1703 tamen quod aliquis potest honorari non solum propter virtutem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1704 propriam, sed etiam propter virtutem alterius. Sicut principes et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1705 praelati honorantur etiam si sint mali, inquantum gerunt personam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1706 Dei et communitatis cui praeficiuntur, secundum illud Prov. XXVI,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1707 <i>sicut qui immittit lapides in acervum Mercurii, ita qui tribuit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1708 insipienti honorem</i>. Quia gentiles rationem attribuebant
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1709 Mercurio, acervus Mercurii dicitur cumulus ratiocinii, in quo
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1710 mercator quandoque mittit unum lapillum loco centum marcarum, ita
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1711 etiam honoratur insipiens, quia ponitur loco Dei et loco totius
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1712 communitatis. Et eadem ratione parentes et domini sunt honorandi,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1713 propter participationem divinae dignitatis, qui est omnium pater et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1714 dominus. Senes autem sunt honorandi propter signum virtutis, quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1715 est senectus, licet hoc signum quandoque deficiat. Unde, ut dicitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1716 Sap. IV, <i>senectus vere honoranda est non diuturna neque annorum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1717 numero computata, cani autem sunt sensus hominis, et aetas
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1718 senectutis vita est immaculata</i>. Divites autem honorandi sunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1719 propter hoc quod maiorem locum in communitatibus obtinent. Si autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1720 solum intuitu divitiarum honorentur, erit peccatum acceptionis
53
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ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1721 personarum.</p><p title="II-II q. 63 a. 3 ad arg."><a name="41736"><span class="ref">[41736] IIª-IIae q. 63 a. 3 ad arg.</span></a> Et per
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1722 hoc patet responsio ad obiecta.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 4</h3><p title="II-II q. 63 a. 4 arg. 1"><a name="41737"><span class="ref">[41737] IIª-IIae q. 63 a. 4 arg. 1</span></a> Ad quartum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1723 sic proceditur. Videtur quod in iudiciis locum non habeat peccatum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1724 acceptionis personarum. Acceptio enim personarum opponitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1725 distributivae iustitiae, ut dictum est. Sed iudicia maxime videntur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1726 ad iustitiam commutativam pertinere. Ergo personarum acceptio non
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1727 habet locum in iudiciis.</p><p title="II-II q. 63 a. 4 arg. 2"><a name="41738"><span class="ref">[41738] IIª-IIae q. 63 a. 4 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1728 poenae secundum aliquod iudicium infliguntur. Sed in poenis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1729 accipiuntur personae absque peccato, quia gravius puniuntur qui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1730 inferunt iniuriam in personas principum quam qui in personas
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1731 aliorum. Ergo personarum acceptio non habet locum in iudiciis.</p><p title="II-II q. 63 a. 4 arg. 3"><a name="41739"><span class="ref">[41739] IIª-IIae q. 63 a. 4 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1732 Eccli. IV dicitur, <i>in iudicando esto pupillis misericors</i>.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1733 Sed hoc videtur accipere personam pauperis. Ergo acceptio personae
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1734 in iudiciis non est peccatum.</p><p title="II-II q. 63 a. 4 s. c."><a name="41740"><span class="ref">[41740] IIª-IIae q. 63 a. 4 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1735 est quod dicitur Prov. XVIII, <i>accipere personam in iudicio non
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1736 est bonum</i>.</p><p title="II-II q. 63 a. 4 co."><a name="41741"><span class="ref">[41741] IIª-IIae q. 63 a. 4 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1737 dicendum quod, sicut supra dictum est, iudicium est actus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1738 iustitiae, prout iudex ad aequalitatem iustitiae reducit ea quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1739 inaequalitatem oppositam facere possunt. Personarum autem acceptio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1740 inaequalitatem quandam habet, inquantum attribuitur alicui personae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1741 praeter proportionem suam, in qua consistit aequalitas iustitiae.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1742 Et ideo manifestum est quod per personarum acceptionem iudicium
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1743 corrumpitur.</p><p title="II-II q. 63 a. 4 ad 1"><a name="41742"><span class="ref">[41742] IIª-IIae q. 63 a. 4 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1744 ergo dicendum quod iudicium dupliciter potest considerari. Uno
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1745 modo, quantum ad ipsam rem iudicatam. Et sic iudicium se habet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1746 communiter ad commutativam et ad distributivam iustitiam, potest
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1747 enim iudicio definiri qualiter aliquid commune sit distribuendum in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1748 multos, et qualiter unus alteri restituat quod ab eo accepit. Alio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1749 modo potest considerari quantum ad ipsam formam iudicii, prout
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1750 scilicet iudex, etiam in ipsa commutativa iustitia, ab uno accipit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1751 et alteri dat. Et hoc pertinet ad distributivam iustitiam. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1752 secundum hoc in quolibet iudicio locum habere potest personarum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1753 acceptio.</p><p title="II-II q. 63 a. 4 ad 2"><a name="41743"><span class="ref">[41743] IIª-IIae q. 63 a. 4 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1754 dicendum quod cum punitur gravius aliquis propter iniuriam in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1755 maiorem personam commissam, non est personarum acceptio, quia ipsa
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1756 diversitas personae facit, quantum ad hoc, diversitatem rei, ut
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1757 supra dictum est.</p><p title="II-II q. 63 a. 4 ad 3"><a name="41744"><span class="ref">[41744] IIª-IIae q. 63 a. 4 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1758 dicendum quod homo in iudicio debet pauperi subvenire quantum fieri
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1759 potest, tamen sine laesione iustitiae. Alioquin habet locum illud
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1760 quod dicitur Exod. XXIII, <i>pauperis quoque non misereberis in
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1761 iudicio</i>.</p></div></div><div class="q" id="q64"><h2>Quaestio 64</h2><div class="p"><h3>Prooemium</h3><p title="II-II q. 64 pr."><a name="41745"><span class="ref">[41745] IIª-IIae q. 64 pr.</span></a> Deinde
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1762 considerandum est de vitiis oppositis commutativae iustitiae. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1763 primo considerandum est de peccatis quae committuntur circa
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1764 involuntarias commutationes; secundo, de peccatis quae committuntur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1765 circa commutationes voluntarias. Committuntur autem peccata circa
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1766 involuntarias commutationes per hoc quod aliquod nocumentum proximo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1767 infertur contra eius voluntatem, quod quidem potest fieri
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1768 dupliciter, scilicet facto, et verbo. Facto quidem, cum proximus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1769 laeditur vel in persona propria; vel in persona coniuncta; vel in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1770 propriis rebus. De his ergo per ordinem considerandum est. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1771 primo, de homicidio, per quod maxime nocetur proximo. Et circa hoc
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1772 quaeruntur octo. Primo, utrum occidere animalia bruta, vel etiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1773 plantas, sit peccatum. Secundo, utrum occidere peccatorem sit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1774 licitum. Tertio, utrum hoc liceat privatae personae, vel solum
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1775 publicae. Quarto, utrum hoc liceat clerico. Quinto, utrum liceat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1776 alicui occidere seipsum. Sexto, utrum liceat occidere hominem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1777 iustum. Septimo, utrum liceat alicui occidere hominem seipsum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1778 defendendo. Octavo, utrum homicidium casuale sit peccatum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1779 mortale.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 1</h3><p title="II-II q. 64 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="41746"><span class="ref">[41746] IIª-IIae q. 64 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1780 sic proceditur. Videtur quod occidere quaecumque viventia sit
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1781 illicitum. Dicit enim apostolus, ad Rom. XIII, <i>qui ordinationi
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1782 Dei resistit, ipse sibi damnationem acquirit</i>. Sed per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1783 ordinationem divinae providentiae omnia viventia conservantur,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1784 secundum illud Psalm., <i>qui producit in montibus faenum, et dat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1785 iumentis escam ipsorum</i>. Ergo mortificare quaecumque viventia
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1786 videtur esse illicitum.</p><p title="II-II q. 64 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="41747"><span class="ref">[41747] IIª-IIae q. 64 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1787 homicidium est peccatum ex eo quod homo privatur vita. Sed vita
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1788 communis est omnibus animalibus et plantis. Ergo eadem ratione
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1789 videtur esse peccatum occidere bruta animalia et plantas.</p><p title="II-II q. 64 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="41748"><span class="ref">[41748] IIª-IIae q. 64 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1790 in lege divina non determinatur specialis poena nisi peccato. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1791 occidenti ovem vel bovem alterius statuitur poena determinata in
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1792 lege divina, ut patet Exod. XXII. Ergo occisio brutorum animalium
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1793 est peccatum.</p><p title="II-II q. 64 a. 1 s. c."><a name="41749"><span class="ref">[41749] IIª-IIae q. 64 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1794 est quod Augustinus dicit, in I de Civ. Dei, <i>cum audimus, non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1795 occides, non accipimus hoc dictum esse de fructetis, quia nullus
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1796 eis est sensus, nec de irrationalibus animalibus, quia nulla nobis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1797 ratione sociantur. Restat ergo ut de homine intelligamus quod
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1798 dictum est, non occides</i>.</p><p title="II-II q. 64 a. 1 co."><a name="41750"><span class="ref">[41750] IIª-IIae q. 64 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1799 dicendum quod nullus peccat ex hoc quod utitur re aliqua ad hoc ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1800 quod est. In rerum autem ordine imperfectiora sunt propter
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1801 perfectiora, sicut etiam in generationis via natura ab imperfectis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1802 ad perfecta procedit. Et inde est quod sicut in generatione hominis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1803 prius est vivum, deinde animal, ultimo autem homo; ita etiam ea
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1804 quae tantum vivunt, ut plantae, sunt communiter propter omnia
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1805 animalia, et animalia sunt propter hominem. Et ideo si homo utatur
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1806 plantis ad utilitatem animalium, et animalibus ad utilitatem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1807 hominum, non est illicitum, ut etiam per philosophum patet, in I
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1808 Polit. Inter alios autem usus maxime necessarius esse videtur ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1809 animalia plantis utantur in cibum, et homines animalibus, quod sine
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1810 mortificatione eorum fieri non potest. Et ideo licitum est et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1811 plantas mortificare in usum animalium, et animalia in usum hominum,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1812 ex ipsa ordinatione divina, dicitur enim Gen. I, <i>ecce, dedi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1813 vobis omnem herbam et universa ligna, ut sint vobis in escam et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1814 cunctis animantibus</i>. Et Gen. IX dicitur, <i>omne quod movetur
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1815 et vivit, erit vobis in cibum</i>.</p><p title="II-II q. 64 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="41751"><span class="ref">[41751] IIª-IIae q. 64 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1816 ergo dicendum quod ex ordinatione divina conservatur vita animalium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1817 et plantarum non propter seipsam, sed propter hominem. Unde ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1818 Augustinus dicit, in I de Civ. Dei, <i>iustissima ordinatione
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1819 creatoris et vita et mors eorum nostris usibus subditur</i>.</p><p title="II-II q. 64 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="41752"><span class="ref">[41752] IIª-IIae q. 64 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1820 dicendum quod animalia bruta et plantae non habent vitam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1821 rationalem, per quam a seipsis agantur, sed semper aguntur quasi ab
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1822 alio, naturali quodam impulsu. Et hoc est signum quod sunt
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1823 naturaliter serva, et aliorum usibus accommodata.</p><p title="II-II q. 64 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="41753"><span class="ref">[41753] IIª-IIae q. 64 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1824 dicendum quod ille qui occidit bovem alterius peccat quidem, non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1825 quia occidit bovem, sed quia damnificat hominem in re sua. Unde non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1826 continetur sub peccato homicidii, sed sub peccato furti vel
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1827 rapinae.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 2</h3><p title="II-II q. 64 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="41754"><span class="ref">[41754] IIª-IIae q. 64 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1828 secundum sic proceditur. Videtur quod non sit licitum occidere
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1829 homines peccatores. Dominus enim, Matth. XIII, in parabola,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1830 prohibuit extirpare zizania, qui sunt filii nequam, ut ibidem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1831 dicitur. Sed omne quod est prohibitum a Deo est peccatum. Ergo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1832 occidere peccatorem est peccatum.</p><p title="II-II q. 64 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="41755"><span class="ref">[41755] IIª-IIae q. 64 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1833 iustitia humana conformatur iustitiae divinae. Sed secundum divinam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1834 iustitiam peccatores ad poenitentiam reservantur, secundum illud
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1835 Ezech. XVIII, <i>nolo mortem peccatoris, sed ut convertatur et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1836 vivat</i>. Ergo videtur esse omnino iniustum quod peccatores
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1837 occidantur.</p><p title="II-II q. 64 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="41756"><span class="ref">[41756] IIª-IIae q. 64 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1838 illud quod est secundum se malum nullo bono fine fieri licet, ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1839 patet per Augustinum, in libro contra mendacium, et per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1840 philosophum, in II Ethic. Sed occidere hominem secundum se est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1841 malum, quia ad omnes homines debemus caritatem habere; amicos autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1842 volumus vivere et esse, ut dicitur in IX Ethic. Ergo nullo modo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1843 licet hominem peccatorem interficere.</p><p title="II-II q. 64 a. 2 s. c."><a name="41757"><span class="ref">[41757] IIª-IIae q. 64 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1844 est quod dicitur Exod. XXII, <i>maleficos non patieris vivere</i>;
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1845 et in Psalm., <i>in matutino interficiebam omnes peccatores
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1846 terrae</i>.</p><p title="II-II q. 64 a. 2 co."><a name="41758"><span class="ref">[41758] IIª-IIae q. 64 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1847 dicendum quod, sicut dictum est, licitum est occidere animalia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1848 bruta inquantum ordinantur naturaliter ad hominum usum, sicut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1849 imperfectum ordinatur ad perfectum. Omnis autem pars ordinatur ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1850 totum ut imperfectum ad perfectum. Et ideo omnis pars naturaliter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1851 est propter totum. Et propter hoc videmus quod si saluti totius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1852 corporis humani expediat praecisio alicuius membri, puta cum est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1853 putridum et corruptivum aliorum, laudabiliter et salubriter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1854 abscinditur. Quaelibet autem persona singularis comparatur ad totam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1855 communitatem sicut pars ad totum. Et ideo si aliquis homo sit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1856 periculosus communitati et corruptivus ipsius propter aliquod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1857 peccatum, laudabiliter et salubriter occiditur, ut bonum commune
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1858 conservetur, modicum enim fermentum totam massam corrumpit, ut
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1859 dicitur I ad Cor. V.</p><p title="II-II q. 64 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="41759"><span class="ref">[41759] IIª-IIae q. 64 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1860 ergo dicendum quod dominus abstinendum mandavit ab eradicatione
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1861 zizaniorum ut tritico parceretur, idest bonis. Quod quidem fit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1862 quando non possunt occidi mali quin simul occidantur et boni, vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1863 quia latent inter bonos; vel quia habent multos sequaces, ita quod
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1864 sine bonorum periculo interfici non possunt; ut Augustinus dicit,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1865 contra Parmen. Unde dominus docet magis esse sinendum malos vivere,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1866 et ultionem reservandum usque ad extremum iudicium, quam quod boni
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1867 simul occidantur. Quando vero ex occisione malorum non imminet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1868 periculum bonis, sed magis tutela et salus, tunc licite possunt
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1869 mali occidi.</p><p title="II-II q. 64 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="41760"><span class="ref">[41760] IIª-IIae q. 64 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1870 dicendum quod Deus, secundum ordinem suae sapientiae, quandoque
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1871 statim peccatores occidit, ad liberationem bonorum; quandoque autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1872 eis poenitendi tempus concedit; secundum quod ipse novit suis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1873 electis expedire. Et hoc etiam humana iustitia imitatur pro posse,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1874 illos enim qui sunt perniciosi in alios, occidit; eos vero qui
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1875 peccant aliis graviter non nocentes, ad poenitentiam reservat.</p><p title="II-II q. 64 a. 2 ad 3"><a name="41761"><span class="ref">[41761] IIª-IIae q. 64 a. 2 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1876 dicendum quod homo peccando ab ordine rationis recedit, et ideo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1877 decidit a dignitate humana, prout scilicet homo est naturaliter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1878 liber et propter seipsum existens, et incidit quodammodo in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1879 servitutem bestiarum, ut scilicet de ipso ordinetur secundum quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1880 est utile aliis; secundum illud Psalm., <i>homo, cum in honore
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1881 esset, non intellexit, comparatus est iumentis insipientibus, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1882 similis factus est illis</i>; et Prov. XI dicitur, <i>qui stultus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1883 est serviet sapienti</i>. Et ideo quamvis hominem in sua dignitate
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1884 manentem occidere sit secundum se malum, tamen hominem peccatorem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1885 occidere potest esse bonum, sicut occidere bestiam, peior enim est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1886 malus homo bestia, et plus nocet, ut philosophus dicit, in I Polit.
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1887 et in VII Ethic.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 3</h3><p title="II-II q. 64 a. 3 arg. 1"><a name="41762"><span class="ref">[41762] IIª-IIae q. 64 a. 3 arg. 1</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1888 sic proceditur. Videtur quod occidere hominem peccatorem liceat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1889 privatae personae. In lege enim divina nihil illicitum mandatur.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1890 Sed Exod. XXXII praecepit Moyses, <i>occidat unusquisque proximum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1891 suum, fratrem et amicum suum</i>, pro peccato vituli conflatilis.
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1892 Ergo etiam privatis personis licet peccatorem occidere.</p><p title="II-II q. 64 a. 3 arg. 2"><a name="41763"><span class="ref">[41763] IIª-IIae q. 64 a. 3 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1893 homo propter peccatum bestiis comparatur, ut dictum est. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1894 occidere bestiam sylvestrem, maxime nocentem, cuilibet privatae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1895 personae licet. Ergo, pari ratione, occidere hominem
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1896 peccatorem.</p><p title="II-II q. 64 a. 3 arg. 3"><a name="41764"><span class="ref">[41764] IIª-IIae q. 64 a. 3 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1897 laudabile est quod homo, etiam si sit privata persona, operetur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1898 quod est utile bono communi. Sed occisio maleficorum est utilis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1899 bono communi, ut dictum est. Ergo laudabile est si etiam privatae
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1900 personae malefactores occidant.</p><p title="II-II q. 64 a. 3 s. c."><a name="41765"><span class="ref">[41765] IIª-IIae q. 64 a. 3 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1901 est quod Augustinus dicit, in I de Civ. Dei, <i>qui sine aliqua
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1902 publica administratione maleficum interfecerit, velut homicida
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1903 iudicabitur, et tanto amplius quanto sibi potestatem a Deo non
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1904 concessam usurpare non timuit</i>.</p><p title="II-II q. 64 a. 3 co."><a name="41766"><span class="ref">[41766] IIª-IIae q. 64 a. 3 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1905 dicendum quod, sicut dictum est, occidere malefactorem licitum est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1906 inquantum ordinatur ad salutem totius communitatis. Et ideo ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1907 illum solum pertinet cui committitur cura communitatis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1908 conservandae, sicut ad medicum pertinet praecidere membrum putridum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1909 quando ei commissa fuerit cura salutis totius corporis. Cura autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1910 communis boni commissa est principibus habentibus publicam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1911 auctoritatem. Et ideo eis solum licet malefactores occidere, non
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1912 autem privatis personis.</p><p title="II-II q. 64 a. 3 ad 1"><a name="41767"><span class="ref">[41767] IIª-IIae q. 64 a. 3 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1913 ergo dicendum quod ille aliquid facit cuius auctoritate fit, ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1914 patet per Dionysium, XIII cap. Cael. Hier. Et ideo, ut Augustinus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1915 dicit, in I de Civ. Dei, <i>non ipse occidit qui ministerium debet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1916 iubenti sicut adminiculum gladius utenti</i>. Unde illi qui
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1917 occiderunt proximos et amicos ex mandato domini, non hoc fecisse
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1918 ipsi videntur, sed potius ille cuius auctoritate fecerunt, sicut et
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1919 miles interficit hostem auctoritate principis, et minister latronem
53
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1920 auctoritate iudicis.</p><p title="II-II q. 64 a. 3 ad 2"><a name="41768"><span class="ref">[41768] IIª-IIae q. 64 a. 3 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
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1921 dicendum quod bestia naturaliter est distincta ab homine. Unde
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1922 super hoc non requiritur aliquod iudicium an sit occidenda, si sit
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1923 sylvestris. Si vero sit domestica, requiretur iudicium non propter
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1924 ipsam, sed propter damnum domini. Sed homo peccator non est
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1925 naturaliter distinctus ab hominibus iustis. Et ideo indiget publico
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diff changeset
1926 iudicio, ut discernatur an sit occidendus propter communem
53
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1927 salutem.</p><p title="II-II q. 64 a. 3 ad 3"><a name="41769"><span class="ref">[41769] IIª-IIae q. 64 a. 3 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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1928 dicendum quod facere aliquid ad utilitatem communem quod nulli
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diff changeset
1929 nocet, hoc est licitum cuilibet privatae personae. Sed si sit cum
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diff changeset
1930 nocumento alterius, hoc non debet fieri nisi secundum iudicium eius
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1931 ad quem pertinet existimare quid sit subtrahendum partibus pro
53
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1932 salute totius.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 4</h3><p title="II-II q. 64 a. 4 arg. 1"><a name="41770"><span class="ref">[41770] IIª-IIae q. 64 a. 4 arg. 1</span></a> Ad quartum
28
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1933 sic proceditur. Videtur quod occidere malefactores liceat clericis.
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1934 Clerici enim praecipue debent implere quod apostolus dicit, I ad
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1935 Cor. IV, <i>imitatores mei estote, sicut et ego Christi</i>, per
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1936 quod nobis indicitur ut Deum et sanctos eius imitemur. Sed ipse
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diff changeset
1937 Deus, quem colimus, occidit malefactores, secundum illud Psalm.,
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diff changeset
1938 <i>qui percussit Aegyptum cum primogenitis eorum</i>. Moyses etiam
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diff changeset
1939 a Levitis fecit interfici viginti tria millia hominum propter
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1940 adorationem vituli, ut habetur Exod. XXXII. Et Phinees, sacerdos,
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1941 interfecit Israelitem coeuntem cum Madianitide, ut habetur Num.
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diff changeset
1942 XXV. Samuel etiam interfecit Agag, regem Amalec; et Elias
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diff changeset
1943 sacerdotes Baal; et Mathathias eum qui ad sacrificandum accesserat;
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1944 et in novo testamento, Petrus Ananiam et Saphiram. Ergo videtur
53
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1945 quod etiam clericis liceat occidere malefactores.</p><p title="II-II q. 64 a. 4 arg. 2"><a name="41771"><span class="ref">[41771] IIª-IIae q. 64 a. 4 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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1946 potestas spiritualis est maior quam temporalis, et Deo coniunctior.
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diff changeset
1947 Sed potestas temporalis licite malefactores occidit tanquam Dei
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diff changeset
1948 minister, ut dicitur Rom. XIII. Ergo multo magis clerici, qui sunt
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diff changeset
1949 Dei ministri spiritualem potestatem habentes, licite possunt
53
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1950 malefactores occidere.</p><p title="II-II q. 64 a. 4 arg. 3"><a name="41772"><span class="ref">[41772] IIª-IIae q. 64 a. 4 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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1951 quicumque licite suscipit aliquod officium, licite potest ea
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diff changeset
1952 exercere quae ad officium illud pertinent. Sed officium principis
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1953 terrae est malefactores occidere, ut dictum est. Ergo clerici qui
53
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1954 sunt terrarum principes, licite possunt occidere malefactores.</p><p title="II-II q. 64 a. 4 s. c."><a name="41773"><span class="ref">[41773] IIª-IIae q. 64 a. 4 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
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1955 est quod dicitur I ad Tim. III, <i>oportet episcopum sine crimine
53
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1956 esse, non vinolentum, non percussorem</i>.</p><p title="II-II q. 64 a. 4 co."><a name="41774"><span class="ref">[41774] IIª-IIae q. 64 a. 4 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
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1957 dicendum quod non licet clericis occidere, duplici ratione. Primo
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diff changeset
1958 quidem, quia sunt electi ad altaris ministerium, in quo
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diff changeset
1959 repraesentatur passio Christi occisi, <i>qui cum percuteretur, non
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diff changeset
1960 repercutiebat</i>, ut dicitur I Pet. II. Et ideo non competit ut
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1961 clerici sint percussores aut occisores, debent enim ministri suum
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diff changeset
1962 dominum imitari, secundum illud Eccli. X, <i>secundum iudicem
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diff changeset
1963 populi, sic et ministri eius</i>. Alia ratio est quia clericis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1964 committitur ministerium novae legis, in qua non determinatur poena
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diff changeset
1965 occisionis vel mutilationis corporalis. Et ideo, ut sint idonei
53
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1966 ministri novi testamenti, debent a talibus abstinere.</p><p title="II-II q. 64 a. 4 ad 1"><a name="41775"><span class="ref">[41775] IIª-IIae q. 64 a. 4 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
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1967 ergo dicendum quod Deus universaliter in omnibus operatur quae
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1968 recta sunt, in unoquoque tamen secundum eius congruentiam. Et ideo
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diff changeset
1969 unusquisque debet Deum imitari in hoc quod sibi specialiter
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1970 congruit. Unde licet Deus corporaliter etiam malefactores occidat,
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diff changeset
1971 non tamen oportet quod omnes in hoc eum imitentur. Petrus autem non
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diff changeset
1972 propria auctoritate vel manu Ananiam et Saphiram interfecit, sed
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diff changeset
1973 magis divinam sententiam de eorum morte promulgavit. Sacerdotes
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diff changeset
1974 autem vel Levitae veteris testamenti erant ministri veteris legis,
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1975 secundum quam poenae corporales infligebantur, et ideo etiam eis
53
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1976 occidere propria manu congruebat.</p><p title="II-II q. 64 a. 4 ad 2"><a name="41776"><span class="ref">[41776] IIª-IIae q. 64 a. 4 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
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diff changeset
1977 dicendum quod ministerium clericorum est in melioribus ordinatum
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diff changeset
1978 quam sint corporales occisiones, scilicet in his quae pertinent ad
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diff changeset
1979 salutem spiritualem. Et ideo non congruit eis quod minoribus se
53
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1980 ingerant.</p><p title="II-II q. 64 a. 4 ad 3"><a name="41777"><span class="ref">[41777] IIª-IIae q. 64 a. 4 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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diff changeset
1981 dicendum quod praelati Ecclesiarum accipiunt officia principum
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diff changeset
1982 terrae non ut ipsi iudicium sanguinis exerceant per seipsos, sed
53
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1983 quod eorum auctoritate per alios exerceatur.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 5</h3><p title="II-II q. 64 a. 5 arg. 1"><a name="41778"><span class="ref">[41778] IIª-IIae q. 64 a. 5 arg. 1</span></a> Ad quintum
28
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1984 sic proceditur. Videtur quod alicui liceat seipsum occidere.
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diff changeset
1985 Homicidium enim est peccatum inquantum iustitiae contrariatur. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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1986 nullus potest sibi ipsi iniustitiam facere, ut probatur in V Ethic.
53
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1987 Ergo nullus peccat occidendo seipsum.</p><p title="II-II q. 64 a. 5 arg. 2"><a name="41779"><span class="ref">[41779] IIª-IIae q. 64 a. 5 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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diff changeset
1988 occidere malefactores licet habenti publicam potestatem. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
1989 quandoque ille qui habet publicam potestatem est malefactor. Ergo
53
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1990 licet ei occidere seipsum.</p><p title="II-II q. 64 a. 5 arg. 3"><a name="41780"><span class="ref">[41780] IIª-IIae q. 64 a. 5 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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diff changeset
1991 licitum est quod aliquis spontanee minus periculum subeat ut maius
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diff changeset
1992 periculum vitet, sicut licitum est quod aliquis etiam sibi ipsi
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diff changeset
1993 amputet membrum putridum ut totum corpus salvetur. Sed quandoque
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diff changeset
1994 aliquis per occisionem sui ipsius vitat maius malum, vel miseram
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
1995 vitam vel turpitudinem alicuius peccati. Ergo licet alicui occidere
53
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diff changeset
1996 seipsum.</p><p title="II-II q. 64 a. 5 arg. 4"><a name="41781"><span class="ref">[41781] IIª-IIae q. 64 a. 5 arg. 4</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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diff changeset
1997 Samson seipsum interfecit, ut habetur Iudic. XVI, qui tamen
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
1998 connumeratur inter sanctos, ut patet Heb. XI. Ergo licitum est
53
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1999 alicui occidere seipsum.</p><p title="II-II q. 64 a. 5 arg. 5"><a name="41782"><span class="ref">[41782] IIª-IIae q. 64 a. 5 arg. 5</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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diff changeset
2000 II Machab. XIV dicitur quod Razias quidam seipsum interfecit,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2001 eligens nobiliter mori potius quam <i>subditus fieri peccatoribus
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diff changeset
2002 et contra natales suos iniuriis agi</i>. Sed nihil quod nobiliter
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diff changeset
2003 fit et fortiter, est illicitum. Ergo occidere seipsum non est
53
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diff changeset
2004 illicitum.</p><p title="II-II q. 64 a. 5 s. c."><a name="41783"><span class="ref">[41783] IIª-IIae q. 64 a. 5 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
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diff changeset
2005 est quod Augustinus dicit, in I de Civ. Dei, <i>restat ut de homine
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
2006 intelligamus quod dictum est, non occides. Nec alterum ergo, nec
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
2007 te. Neque enim aliud quam hominem occidit qui seipsum
53
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diff changeset
2008 occidit</i>.</p><p title="II-II q. 64 a. 5 co."><a name="41784"><span class="ref">[41784] IIª-IIae q. 64 a. 5 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
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diff changeset
2009 dicendum quod seipsum occidere est omnino illicitum triplici
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diff changeset
2010 ratione. Primo quidem, quia naturaliter quaelibet res seipsam amat,
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diff changeset
2011 et ad hoc pertinet quod quaelibet res naturaliter conservat se in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
2012 esse et corrumpentibus resistit quantum potest. Et ideo quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
2013 aliquis seipsum occidat est contra inclinationem naturalem, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2014 contra caritatem, qua quilibet debet seipsum diligere. Et ideo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2015 occisio sui ipsius semper est peccatum mortale, utpote contra
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2016 naturalem legem et contra caritatem existens. Secundo, quia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
2017 quaelibet pars id quod est, est totius. Quilibet autem homo est
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diff changeset
2018 pars communitatis, et ita id quod est, est communitatis. Unde in
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diff changeset
2019 hoc quod seipsum interficit, iniuriam communitati facit, ut patet
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diff changeset
2020 per philosophum, in V Ethic. Tertio, quia vita est quoddam donum
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diff changeset
2021 divinitus homini attributum, et eius potestati subiectum qui
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diff changeset
2022 occidit et vivere facit. Et ideo qui seipsum vita privat in Deum
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diff changeset
2023 peccat, sicut qui alienum servum interficit peccat in dominum cuius
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diff changeset
2024 est servus; et sicut peccat ille qui usurpat sibi iudicium de re
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diff changeset
2025 sibi non commissa. Ad solum enim Deum pertinet iudicium mortis et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
2026 vitae, secundum illud Deut. XXXII, <i>ego occidam, et vivere
53
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diff changeset
2027 faciam</i>.</p><p title="II-II q. 64 a. 5 ad 1"><a name="41785"><span class="ref">[41785] IIª-IIae q. 64 a. 5 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
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diff changeset
2028 ergo dicendum quod homicidium est peccatum non solum quia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
2029 contrariatur iustitiae, sed etiam quia contrariatur caritati quam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2030 habere debet aliquis ad seipsum. Et ex hac parte occisio sui ipsius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2031 est peccatum per comparationem ad seipsum. Per comparationem autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
2032 ad communitatem et ad Deum, habet rationem peccati etiam per
53
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diff changeset
2033 oppositionem ad iustitiam.</p><p title="II-II q. 64 a. 5 ad 2"><a name="41786"><span class="ref">[41786] IIª-IIae q. 64 a. 5 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
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diff changeset
2034 dicendum quod ille qui habet publicam potestatem potest licite
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diff changeset
2035 malefactorem occidere per hoc quod potest de ipso iudicare. Nullus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2036 autem est iudex sui ipsius. Unde non licet habenti publicam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
2037 potestatem seipsum occidere propter quodcumque peccatum. Licet
53
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2038 tamen ei se committere iudicio aliorum.</p><p title="II-II q. 64 a. 5 ad 3"><a name="41787"><span class="ref">[41787] IIª-IIae q. 64 a. 5 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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diff changeset
2039 dicendum quod homo constituitur dominus sui ipsius per liberum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
2040 arbitrium. Et ideo licite potest homo de seipso disponere quantum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2041 ad ea quae pertinent ad hanc vitam, quae hominis libero arbitrio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
2042 regitur. Sed transitus de hac vita ad aliam feliciorem non subiacet
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diff changeset
2043 libero arbitrio hominis, sed potestati divinae. Et ideo non licet
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diff changeset
2044 homini seipsum interficere ut ad feliciorem transeat vitam.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2045 Similiter etiam nec ut miserias quaslibet praesentis vitae evadat.
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diff changeset
2046 Quia ultimum malorum huius vitae et maxime terribile est mors, ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
2047 patet per philosophum, in III Ethic. Et ita inferre sibi mortem ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2048 alias huius vitae miserias evadendas est maius malum assumere ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2049 minoris mali vitationem. Similiter etiam non licet seipsum occidere
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2050 propter aliquod peccatum commissum. Tum quia in hoc sibi maxime
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
2051 nocet quod sibi adimit necessarium poenitentiae tempus. Tum etiam
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diff changeset
2052 quia malefactorem occidere non licet nisi per iudicium publicae
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diff changeset
2053 potestatis. Similiter etiam non licet mulieri seipsam occidere ne
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diff changeset
2054 ab alio corrumpatur. Quia non debet in se committere crimen
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diff changeset
2055 maximum, quod est sui ipsius occisio, ut vitet minus crimen alienum
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diff changeset
2056 (non enim est crimen mulieris per violentiam violatae, si consensus
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diff changeset
2057 non adsit, quia non inquinatur corpus nisi de consensu mentis, ut
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diff changeset
2058 Lucia dixit). Constat autem minus esse peccatum fornicationem vel
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diff changeset
2059 adulterium quam homicidium, et praecipue sui ipsius, quod est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2060 gravissimum, quia sibi ipsi nocet, cui maximam dilectionem debet.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2061 Est etiam periculosissimum, quia non restat tempus ut per
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2062 poenitentiam expietur. Similiter etiam nulli licet seipsum occidere
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2063 ob timorem ne consentiat in peccatum. Quia <i>non sunt facienda
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2064 mala ut veniant bona</i>, vel ut vitentur mala, praesertim minora
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2065 et minus certa. Incertum enim est an aliquis in futurum consentiat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2066 in peccatum, potens est enim Deus hominem, quacumque tentatione
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2067 superveniente, liberare a peccato.</p><p title="II-II q. 64 a. 5 ad 4"><a name="41788"><span class="ref">[41788] IIª-IIae q. 64 a. 5 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2068 dicendum quod, sicut Augustinus dicit, in I de Civ. Dei, <i>nec
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2069 Samson aliter excusatur quod seipsum cum hostibus ruina domus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2070 oppressit, nisi quia latenter spiritus hoc iusserat, qui per illum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2071 miracula faciebat</i>. Et eandem rationem assignat de quibusdam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2072 sanctis feminis quae tempore persecutionis seipsas occiderunt,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2073 quarum memoria in Ecclesia celebratur.</p><p title="II-II q. 64 a. 5 ad 5"><a name="41789"><span class="ref">[41789] IIª-IIae q. 64 a. 5 ad 5</span></a> Ad quintum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2074 dicendum quod ad fortitudinem pertinet quod aliquis ab alio mortem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2075 pati non refugiat propter bonum virtutis, et ut vitet peccatum. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2076 quod aliquis sibi ipsi inferat mortem ut vitet mala poenalia, habet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2077 quidem quandam speciem fortitudinis, propter quod quidam seipsos
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2078 interfecerunt aestimantes se fortiter agere, de quorum numero
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2079 Razias fuit, non tamen est vera fortitudo, sed magis quaedam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2080 mollities animi non valentis mala poenalia sustinere, ut patet per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2081 philosophum, in III Ethic., et per Augustinum, in I de Civ.
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2082 Dei.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 6</h3><p title="II-II q. 64 a. 6 arg. 1"><a name="41790"><span class="ref">[41790] IIª-IIae q. 64 a. 6 arg. 1</span></a> Ad sextum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2083 sic proceditur. Videtur quod liceat in aliquo casu interficere
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2084 innocentem. Divinus enim timor non manifestatur per peccatum, quin
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2085 magis <i>timor domini expellit peccatum</i>, ut dicitur Eccli. I.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2086 Sed Abraham commendatus est quod timuerit dominum, quia voluit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2087 interficere filium innocentem. Ergo potest aliquis innocentem
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2088 interficere sine peccato.</p><p title="II-II q. 64 a. 6 arg. 2"><a name="41791"><span class="ref">[41791] IIª-IIae q. 64 a. 6 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2089 in genere peccatorum quae contra proximum committuntur, tanto
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2090 videtur aliquid esse maius peccatum quanto maius nocumentum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2091 infertur ei in quem peccatur. Sed occisio plus nocet peccatori quam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2092 innocenti, qui de miseria huius vitae ad caelestem gloriam transit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2093 per mortem. Cum ergo liceat in aliquo casu peccatorem occidere,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2094 multo magis licet occidere innocentem vel iustum.</p><p title="II-II q. 64 a. 6 arg. 3"><a name="41792"><span class="ref">[41792] IIª-IIae q. 64 a. 6 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2095 illud quod fit secundum ordinem iustitiae non est peccatum. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2096 quandoque cogitur aliquis secundum ordinem iustitiae occidere
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2097 innocentem, puta cum iudex, qui debet secundum allegata iudicare,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2098 condemnat ad mortem eum quem scit innocentem, per falsos testes
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2099 convictum; et similiter minister qui iniuste condemnatum occidit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2100 obediens iudici. Ergo absque peccato potest aliquis occidere
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2101 innocentem.</p><p title="II-II q. 64 a. 6 s. c."><a name="41793"><span class="ref">[41793] IIª-IIae q. 64 a. 6 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2102 est quod dicitur Exod. XXIII, <i>innocentem et iustum non
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2103 occides</i>.</p><p title="II-II q. 64 a. 6 co."><a name="41794"><span class="ref">[41794] IIª-IIae q. 64 a. 6 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2104 dicendum quod aliquis homo dupliciter considerari potest, uno modo,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2105 secundum se; alio modo, per comparationem ad aliud. Secundum se
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2106 quidem considerando hominem, nullum occidere licet, quia in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2107 quolibet, etiam peccatore, debemus amare naturam, quam Deus fecit,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2108 quae per occisionem corrumpitur. Sed sicut supra dictum est,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2109 occisio peccatoris fit licita per comparationem ad bonum commune,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2110 quod per peccatum corrumpitur. Vita autem iustorum est conservativa
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2111 et promotiva boni communis, quia ipsi sunt principalior pars
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2112 multitudinis. Et ideo nullo modo licet occidere innocentem.</p><p title="II-II q. 64 a. 6 ad 1"><a name="41795"><span class="ref">[41795] IIª-IIae q. 64 a. 6 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2113 ergo dicendum quod Deus habet dominium mortis et vitae, eius enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2114 ordinatione moriuntur et peccatores et iusti. Et ideo ille qui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2115 mandato Dei occidit innocentem, talis non peccat, sicut nec Deus,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2116 cuius est executor, et ostenditur Deum timere, eius mandatis
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2117 obediens.</p><p title="II-II q. 64 a. 6 ad 2"><a name="41796"><span class="ref">[41796] IIª-IIae q. 64 a. 6 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2118 dicendum quod in pensanda gravitate peccati magis est considerandum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2119 illud quod est per se quam illud quod est per accidens. Unde ille
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2120 qui occidit iustum gravius peccat quam ille qui occidit peccatorem.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2121 Primo quidem, quia nocet ei quem plus debet diligere, et ita magis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2122 contra caritatem agit. Secundo, quia iniuriam infert ei qui est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2123 minus dignus, et ita magis contra iustitiam agit. Tertio, quia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2124 privat communitatem maiori bono. Quarto, quia magis Deum contemnit,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2125 secundum illud Luc. X, <i>qui vos spernit, me spernit</i>. Quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2126 autem iustus occisus ad gloriam perducatur a Deo, per accidens se
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2127 habet ad occisionem.</p><p title="II-II q. 64 a. 6 ad 3"><a name="41797"><span class="ref">[41797] IIª-IIae q. 64 a. 6 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2128 dicendum quod iudex, si scit aliquem esse innocentem qui falsis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2129 testibus convincitur, debet diligentius examinare testes, ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2130 inveniat occasionem liberandi innoxium, sicut Daniel fecit. Si
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2131 autem hoc non potest, debet eum ad superiorem remittere iudicandum.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2132 Si autem nec hoc potest, non peccat secundum allegata sententiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2133 ferens, quia non ipse occidit innocentem, sed illi qui eum asserunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2134 nocentem. Minister autem iudicis condemnantis innocentem, si
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2135 sententia intolerabilem errorem contineat, non debet obedire, alias
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2136 excusarentur carnifices qui martyres occiderunt. Si vero non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2137 contineat manifestam iniustitiam, non peccat praeceptum exequendo,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2138 quia ipse non habet discutere superioris sententiam; nec ipse
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2139 occidit innocentem, sed iudex, cui ministerium adhibet.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 7</h3><p title="II-II q. 64 a. 7 arg. 1"><a name="41798"><span class="ref">[41798] IIª-IIae q. 64 a. 7 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2140 septimum sic proceditur. Videtur quod nulli liceat occidere aliquem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2141 se defendendo. Dicit enim Augustinus, ad Publicolam, <i>de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2142 occidendis hominibus ne ab eis quisquam occidatur, non mihi placet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2143 consilium, nisi forte sit miles, aut publica functione teneatur, ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2144 non pro se hoc faciat sed pro aliis, accepta legitima potestate, si
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2145 eius congruat personae</i>. Sed ille qui se defendendo occidit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2146 aliquem, ad hoc eum occidit ne ipse ab eo occidatur. Ergo hoc
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2147 videtur esse illicitum.</p><p title="II-II q. 64 a. 7 arg. 2"><a name="41799"><span class="ref">[41799] IIª-IIae q. 64 a. 7 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2148 in I de Lib. Arb. dicitur, <i>quomodo apud divinam providentiam a
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2149 peccato liberi sunt qui pro his rebus quas contemni oportet, humana
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2150 caede polluti sunt?</i> Eas autem res dicit esse contemnendas quas
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2151 homines inviti amittere possunt, ut ex praemissis patet. Horum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2152 autem est vita corporalis. Ergo pro conservanda vita corporali
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2153 nulli licitum est hominem occidere.</p><p title="II-II q. 64 a. 7 arg. 3"><a name="41800"><span class="ref">[41800] IIª-IIae q. 64 a. 7 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2154 Nicolaus Papa dicit, et habetur in decretis, dist. l, <i>de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2155 clericis pro quibus consuluisti, scilicet qui se defendendo Paganum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2156 occiderunt, si postea per poenitentiam possent ad pristinum statum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2157 redire aut ad altiorem ascendere, scito nos nullam occasionem dare,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2158 nec ullam tribuere licentiam eis quemlibet hominem quolibet modo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2159 occidendi</i>. Sed ad praecepta moralia servanda tenentur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2160 communiter clerici et laici. Ergo etiam laicis non est licitum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2161 occidere aliquem se defendendo.</p><p title="II-II q. 64 a. 7 arg. 4"><a name="41801"><span class="ref">[41801] IIª-IIae q. 64 a. 7 arg. 4</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2162 homicidium est gravius peccatum quam simplex fornicatio vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2163 adulterium. Sed nulli licet committere simplicem fornicationem vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2164 adulterium, vel quodcumque aliud peccatum mortale, pro
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2165 conservatione propriae vitae, quia vita spiritualis praeferenda est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2166 corporali. Ergo nulli licet, defendendo seipsum, alium occidere ut
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2167 propriam vitam conservet.</p><p title="II-II q. 64 a. 7 arg. 5"><a name="41802"><span class="ref">[41802] IIª-IIae q. 64 a. 7 arg. 5</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2168 si arbor est mala, et fructus, ut dicitur Matth. VII. Sed ipsa
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2169 defensio sui videtur esse illicita, secundum illud Rom. XII, <i>non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2170 vos defendentes, carissimi</i>. Ergo et occisio hominis exinde
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2171 procedens est illicita.</p><p title="II-II q. 64 a. 7 s. c."><a name="41803"><span class="ref">[41803] IIª-IIae q. 64 a. 7 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2172 est quod Exod. XXII dicitur, <i>si effringens fur domum sive
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2173 suffodiens fuerit inventus, et, accepto vulnere, mortuus fuerit,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2174 percussor non erit reus sanguinis</i>. Sed multo magis licitum est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2175 defendere propriam vitam quam propriam domum. Ergo etiam si aliquis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2176 occidat aliquem pro defensione vitae suae, non erit reus
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2177 homicidii.</p><p title="II-II q. 64 a. 7 co."><a name="41804"><span class="ref">[41804] IIª-IIae q. 64 a. 7 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2178 dicendum quod nihil prohibet unius actus esse duos effectus, quorum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2179 alter solum sit in intentione, alius vero sit praeter intentionem.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2180 Morales autem actus recipiunt speciem secundum id quod intenditur,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2181 non autem ab eo quod est praeter intentionem, cum sit per accidens,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2182 ut ex supradictis patet. Ex actu igitur alicuius seipsum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2183 defendentis duplex effectus sequi potest, unus quidem conservatio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2184 propriae vitae; alius autem occisio invadentis. Actus igitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2185 huiusmodi ex hoc quod intenditur conservatio propriae vitae, non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2186 habet rationem illiciti, cum hoc sit cuilibet naturale quod se
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2187 conservet in esse quantum potest. Potest tamen aliquis actus ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2188 bona intentione proveniens illicitus reddi si non sit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2189 proportionatus fini. Et ideo si aliquis ad defendendum propriam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2190 vitam utatur maiori violentia quam oporteat, erit illicitum. Si
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2191 vero moderate violentiam repellat, erit licita defensio, nam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2192 secundum iura, <i>vim vi repellere licet cum moderamine inculpatae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2193 tutelae</i>. Nec est necessarium ad salutem ut homo actum moderatae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2194 tutelae praetermittat ad evitandum occisionem alterius, quia plus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2195 tenetur homo vitae suae providere quam vitae alienae. Sed quia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2196 occidere hominem non licet nisi publica auctoritate propter bonum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2197 commune, ut ex supradictis patet; illicitum est quod homo intendat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2198 occidere hominem ut seipsum defendat, nisi ei qui habet publicam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2199 auctoritatem, qui, intendens hominem occidere ad sui defensionem,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2200 refert hoc ad publicum bonum, ut patet in milite pugnante contra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2201 hostes, et in ministro iudicis pugnante contra latrones. Quamvis et
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2202 isti etiam peccent si privata libidine moveantur.</p><p title="II-II q. 64 a. 7 ad 1"><a name="41805"><span class="ref">[41805] IIª-IIae q. 64 a. 7 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2203 ergo dicendum quod auctoritas Augustini intelligenda est in eo casu
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2204 quo quis intendit occidere hominem ut seipsum a morte liberet.</p><p title="II-II q. 64 a. 7 ad 2"><a name="41806"><span class="ref">[41806] IIª-IIae q. 64 a. 7 ad 2</span></a> In quo etiam
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2205 casu intelligitur auctoritas inducta ex libro de libero arbitrio.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2206 Unde signanter dicitur, pro his rebus, in quo designatur intentio.
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2207 Et per hoc patet responsio ad secundum.</p><p title="II-II q. 64 a. 7 ad 3"><a name="41807"><span class="ref">[41807] IIª-IIae q. 64 a. 7 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2208 dicendum quod irregularitas consequitur actum homicidii etiam si
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2209 sit absque peccato, ut patet in iudice qui iuste aliquem condemnat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2210 ad mortem. Et propter hoc clericus, etiam si se defendendo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2211 interficiat aliquem, irregularis est, quamvis non intendat
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2212 occidere, sed seipsum defendere.</p><p title="II-II q. 64 a. 7 ad 4"><a name="41808"><span class="ref">[41808] IIª-IIae q. 64 a. 7 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2213 dicendum quod actus fornicationis vel adulterii non ordinatur ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2214 conservationem propriae vitae ex necessitate, sicut actus ex quo
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2215 quandoque sequitur homicidium.</p><p title="II-II q. 64 a. 7 ad 5"><a name="41809"><span class="ref">[41809] IIª-IIae q. 64 a. 7 ad 5</span></a> Ad quintum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2216 dicendum quod ibi prohibetur defensio quae est cum livore
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2217 vindictae. Unde Glossa dicit, <i>non vos defendentes, idest, non
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2218 sitis referientes adversarios</i>.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 8</h3><p title="II-II q. 64 a. 8 arg. 1"><a name="41810"><span class="ref">[41810] IIª-IIae q. 64 a. 8 arg. 1</span></a> Ad octavum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2219 sic proceditur. Videtur quod aliquis casualiter occidens hominem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2220 incurrat homicidii reatum. Legitur enim Gen. IV quod Lamech,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2221 credens interficere bestiam, interfecit hominem, et reputatum est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2222 ei ad homicidium. Ergo reatum homicidii incurrit qui casualiter
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2223 hominem occidit.</p><p title="II-II q. 64 a. 8 arg. 2"><a name="41811"><span class="ref">[41811] IIª-IIae q. 64 a. 8 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2224 Exod. XXI dicitur quod <i>si quis percusserit mulierem praegnantem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2225 et aborsum fecerit, si mors eius fuerit subsecuta, reddet animam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2226 pro anima</i>. Sed hoc potest fieri absque intentione occisionis.
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2227 Ergo homicidium casuale habet homicidii reatum.</p><p title="II-II q. 64 a. 8 arg. 3"><a name="41812"><span class="ref">[41812] IIª-IIae q. 64 a. 8 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2228 in decretis, dist. l, inducuntur plures canones in quibus casualia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2229 homicidia puniuntur. Sed poena non debetur nisi culpae. Ergo ille
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2230 qui casualiter occidit hominem, incurrit homicidii culpam.</p><p title="II-II q. 64 a. 8 s. c."><a name="41813"><span class="ref">[41813] IIª-IIae q. 64 a. 8 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2231 est quod Augustinus dicit, ad Publicolam, <i>absit ut ea quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2232 propter bonum ac licitum facimus, si quid per haec, praeter nostram
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2233 voluntatem, cuiquam mali acciderit, nobis imputetur</i>. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2234 contingit quandoque ut propter bonum aliquid facientibus homicidium
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2235 consequatur casualiter. Ergo non imputatur facienti ad culpam.</p><p title="II-II q. 64 a. 8 co."><a name="41814"><span class="ref">[41814] IIª-IIae q. 64 a. 8 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2236 dicendum quod, secundum philosophum, in II Physic., casus est causa
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2237 agens praeter intentionem. Et ideo ea quae casualia sunt,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2238 simpliciter loquendo, non sunt intenta neque voluntaria. Et quia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2239 omne peccatum est voluntarium, secundum Augustinum, consequens est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2240 quod casualia, inquantum huiusmodi, non sunt peccata. Contingit
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2241 tamen id quod non est actu et per se volitum vel intentum, esse per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2242 accidens volitum et intentum, secundum quod causa per accidens
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2243 dicitur removens prohibens. Unde ille qui non removet ea ex quibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2244 sequitur homicidium, si debeat removere, erit quodammodo homicidium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2245 voluntarium. Hoc autem contingit dupliciter, uno modo, quando dans
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2246 operam rebus illicitis, quas vitare debebat, homicidium incurrit;
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2247 alio modo, quando non adhibet debitam sollicitudinem. Et ideo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2248 secundum iura, si aliquis det operam rei licitae, debitam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2249 diligentiam adhibens, et ex hoc homicidium sequatur, non incurrit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2250 homicidii reatum, si vero det operam rei illicitae, vel etiam det
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2251 operam rei licitae non adhibens diligentiam debitam, non evadit
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2252 homicidii reatum si ex eius opere mors hominis consequatur.</p><p title="II-II q. 64 a. 8 ad 1"><a name="41815"><span class="ref">[41815] IIª-IIae q. 64 a. 8 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2253 ergo dicendum quod Lamech non adhibuit sufficientem diligentiam ad
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2254 homicidium vitandum, et ideo reatum homicidii non evasit.</p><p title="II-II q. 64 a. 8 ad 2"><a name="41816"><span class="ref">[41816] IIª-IIae q. 64 a. 8 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2255 dicendum quod ille qui percutit mulierem praegnantem dat operam rei
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2256 illicitae. Et ideo si sequatur mors vel mulieris vel puerperii
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2257 animati, non effugiet homicidii crimen, praecipue cum ex tali
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2258 percussione in promptu sit quod mors sequatur.</p><p title="II-II q. 64 a. 8 ad 3"><a name="41817"><span class="ref">[41817] IIª-IIae q. 64 a. 8 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2259 dicendum quod secundum canones imponitur poena his qui casualiter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2260 occidunt dantes operam rei illicitae, vel non adhibentes
53
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ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2261 diligentiam debitam.</p></div></div><div class="q" id="q65"><h2>Quaestio 65</h2><div class="p"><h3>Prooemium</h3><p title="II-II q. 65 pr."><a name="41818"><span class="ref">[41818] IIª-IIae q. 65 pr.</span></a> Deinde
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2262 considerandum est de peccatis aliarum iniuriarum quae in personam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2263 committuntur. Et circa hoc quaeruntur quatuor. Primo, de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2264 mutilatione membrorum. Secundo, de verberatione. Tertio, de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2265 incarceratione. Quarto, utrum peccatum huiusmodi iniuriarum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2266 aggravetur ex hoc quod committitur in personam coniunctam
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2267 aliis.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 1</h3><p title="II-II q. 65 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="41819"><span class="ref">[41819] IIª-IIae q. 65 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2268 sic proceditur. Videtur quod mutilare aliquem membro in nullo casu
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2269 possit esse licitum. Damascenus enim dicit, in II libro, quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2270 peccatum committitur per hoc quod receditur <i>ab eo quod est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2271 secundum naturam in id quod est contra naturam</i>. Sed secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2272 naturam a Deo institutam est quod corpus hominis sit integrum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2273 membris; contra naturam autem est quod sit membro diminutum. Ergo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2274 mutilare aliquem membro semper videtur esse peccatum.</p><p title="II-II q. 65 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="41820"><span class="ref">[41820] IIª-IIae q. 65 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2275 sicut se habet tota anima ad totum corpus, ita se habent partes
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2276 animae ad partes corporis, ut dicitur in II de anima. Sed non licet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2277 aliquem privare anima occidendo ipsum, nisi publica potestate. Ergo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2278 etiam non licet aliquem mutilare membro, nisi forte secundum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2279 publicam potestatem.</p><p title="II-II q. 65 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="41821"><span class="ref">[41821] IIª-IIae q. 65 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2280 salus animae praeferenda est saluti corporali. Sed non licet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2281 aliquem mutilare se membro propter salutem animae, puniuntur enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2282 secundum statuta Nicaeni Concilii qui se castraverunt propter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2283 castitatem servandam. Ergo propter nullam aliam causam licet
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2284 aliquem membro mutilare.</p><p title="II-II q. 65 a. 1 s. c."><a name="41822"><span class="ref">[41822] IIª-IIae q. 65 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2285 est quod dicitur Exod. XXI, <i>oculum pro oculo, dentem pro dente,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2286 manum pro manu, pedem pro pede</i>.</p><p title="II-II q. 65 a. 1 co."><a name="41823"><span class="ref">[41823] IIª-IIae q. 65 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2287 dicendum quod cum membrum aliquod sit pars totius humani corporis,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2288 est propter totum, sicut imperfectum propter perfectum. Unde
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2289 disponendum est de membro humani corporis secundum quod expedit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2290 toti. Membrum autem humani corporis per se quidem utile est ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2291 bonum totius corporis, per accidens tamen potest contingere quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2292 sit nocivum, puta cum membrum putridum est totius corporis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2293 corruptivum. Si ergo membrum sanum fuerit et in sua naturali
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2294 dispositione consistens, non potest praecidi absque totius hominis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2295 detrimento. Sed quia ipse totus homo ordinatur ut ad finem ad totam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2296 communitatem cuius est pars, ut supra dictum est; potest contingere
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2297 quod abscisio membri, etsi vergat in detrimentum totius corporis,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2298 ordinatur tamen ad bonum communitatis, inquantum alicui infertur in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2299 poenam ad cohibitionem peccatorum. Et ideo sicut per publicam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2300 potestatem aliquis licite privatur totaliter vita propter aliquas
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2301 maiores culpas, ita etiam privatur membro propter aliquas culpas
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2302 minores. Hoc autem non est licitum alicui privatae personae, etiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2303 volente illo cuius est membrum, quia per hoc fit iniuria
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2304 communitati, cuius est ipse homo et omnes partes eius. Si vero
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2305 membrum propter putredinem sit totius corporis corruptivum, tunc
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2306 licitum est, de voluntate eius cuius est membrum, putridum membrum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2307 praescindere propter salutem totius corporis, quia unicuique
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2308 commissa est cura propriae salutis. Et eadem ratio est si fiat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2309 voluntate eius ad quem pertinet curare de salute eius qui habet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2310 membrum corruptum. Aliter autem aliquem membro mutilare est omnino
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2311 illicitum.</p><p title="II-II q. 65 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="41824"><span class="ref">[41824] IIª-IIae q. 65 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2312 ergo dicendum quod nihil prohibet id quod est contra particularem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2313 naturam esse secundum naturam universalem, sicut mors et corruptio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2314 in rebus naturalibus est contra particularem naturam eius quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2315 corrumpitur, cum tamen sit secundum naturam universalem. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2316 similiter mutilare aliquem membro, etsi sit contra naturam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2317 particularem corporis eius qui mutilatur, est tamen secundum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2318 naturalem rationem in comparatione ad bonum commune.</p><p title="II-II q. 65 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="41825"><span class="ref">[41825] IIª-IIae q. 65 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2319 dicendum quod totius hominis vita non ordinatur ad aliquid proprium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2320 ipsius hominis, sed ad ipsam potius omnia quae sunt hominis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2321 ordinantur. Et ideo privare aliquem vita in nullo casu pertinet ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2322 aliquem nisi ad publicam potestatem, cui committitur procuratio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2323 boni communis. Sed praecisio membri potest ordinari ad propriam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2324 salutem unius hominis. Et ideo in aliquo casu potest ad ipsum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2325 pertinere.</p><p title="II-II q. 65 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="41826"><span class="ref">[41826] IIª-IIae q. 65 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2326 dicendum quod membrum non est praecidendum propter corporalem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2327 salutem totius nisi quando aliter toti subveniri non potest. Saluti
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2328 autem spirituali semper potest aliter subveniri quam per membri
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2329 praecisionem, quia peccatum subiacet voluntati. Et ideo in nullo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2330 casu licet membrum praecidere propter quodcumque peccatum vitandum.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2331 Unde Chrysostomus, exponens illud Matth. XIX, <i>sunt eunuchi qui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2332 seipsos castraverunt propter regnum caelorum, dicit, non membrorum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2333 abscisionem, sed malarum cogitationum interemptionem. Maledictioni
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2334 enim est obnoxius qui membrum abscidit, etenim quae homicidarum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2335 sunt talis praesumit</i>. Et postea subdit, <i>neque concupiscentia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2336 mansuetior ita fit, sed molestior. Aliunde enim habet fontes sperma
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2337 quod in nobis est, et praecipue a proposito incontinenti et mente
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2338 negligente, nec ita abscisio membri comprimit tentationes, ut
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2339 cogitationis frenum</i>.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 2</h3><p title="II-II q. 65 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="41827"><span class="ref">[41827] IIª-IIae q. 65 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2340 secundum sic proceditur. Videtur quod non liceat patribus verberare
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2341 filios, aut dominis servos. Dicit enim apostolus, ad Ephes. VI,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2342 <i>vos, patres, nolite ad iracundiam provocare filios vestros</i>.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2343 Et infra subdit, <i>et vos, domini, eadem facite servis,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2344 remittentes minas</i>. Sed propter verbera aliqui ad iracundiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2345 provocantur. Sunt etiam minis graviora. Ergo neque patres filios,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2346 neque domini servos debent verberare.</p><p title="II-II q. 65 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="41828"><span class="ref">[41828] IIª-IIae q. 65 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2347 philosophus dicit, in X Ethic., quod <i>sermo paternus habet solum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2348 monitionem, non autem coactionem</i>. Sed quaedam coactio est per
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2349 verbera. Ergo parentibus non licet filios verberare.</p><p title="II-II q. 65 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="41829"><span class="ref">[41829] IIª-IIae q. 65 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2350 unicuique licet alteri disciplinam impendere, hoc enim pertinet ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2351 eleemosynas spirituales, ut supra dictum est. Si ergo parentibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2352 licet propter disciplinam filios verberare, pari ratione cuilibet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2353 licebit quemlibet verberare. Quod patet esse falsum. Ergo et
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2354 primum.</p><p title="II-II q. 65 a. 2 s. c."><a name="41830"><span class="ref">[41830] IIª-IIae q. 65 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2355 est quod dicitur Prov. XIII, <i>qui parcit virgae, odit filium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2356 suum</i>; et infra XXIII, <i>noli subtrahere a puero disciplinam.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2357 Si enim percusseris eum virga, non morietur, tu virga percuties
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2358 eum, et animam eius de Inferno liberabis</i>. Et Eccli. XXXIII
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2359 dicitur, <i>servo malevolo tortura et compedes</i>.</p><p title="II-II q. 65 a. 2 co."><a name="41831"><span class="ref">[41831] IIª-IIae q. 65 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2360 dicendum quod per verberationem nocumentum quoddam infertur corpori
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2361 eius qui verberatur, aliter tamen quam in mutilatione, nam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2362 mutilatio tollit corporis integritatem, verberatio vero tantummodo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2363 afficit sensum dolore. Unde multo minus nocumentum est quam membri
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2364 mutilatio. Nocumentum autem inferre alicui non licet nisi per modum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2365 poenae propter iustitiam. Nullus autem iuste punit aliquem nisi sit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2366 eius ditioni subiectus. Et ideo verberare aliquem non licet nisi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2367 habenti potestatem aliquam super illum qui verberatur. Et quia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2368 filius subditur potestati patris, et servus potestati domini,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2369 licite potest verberare pater filium et dominus servum, causa
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2370 correctionis et disciplinae.</p><p title="II-II q. 65 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="41832"><span class="ref">[41832] IIª-IIae q. 65 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2371 ergo dicendum quod, cum ira sit appetitus vindictae, praecipue
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2372 concitatur ira cum aliquis se reputat laesum iniuste, ut patet per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2373 philosophum, in II Rhet. Et ideo per hoc quod patribus interdicitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2374 ne filios ad iracundiam provocent, non prohibetur quin filios
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2375 verberent causa disciplinae, sed quod non immoderate eos affligant
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2376 verberibus. Quod vero inducitur dominis quod remittant minas,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2377 potest dupliciter intelligi. Uno modo, ut remisse minis utantur,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2378 quod pertinet ad moderationem disciplinae. Alio modo, ut aliquis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2379 non semper impleat quod comminatus est, quod pertinet ad hoc quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2380 iudicium quo quis comminatus est poenam, quandoque per remissionis
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2381 misericordiam temperetur.</p><p title="II-II q. 65 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="41833"><span class="ref">[41833] IIª-IIae q. 65 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2382 dicendum quod maior potestas maiorem debet habere coactionem. Sicut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2383 autem civitas est perfecta communitas, ita princeps civitatis habet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2384 perfectam potestatem coercendi, et ideo potest infligere poenas
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2385 irreparabiles, scilicet occisionis vel mutilationis. Pater autem et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2386 dominus, qui praesunt familiae domesticae, quae est imperfecta
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2387 communitas, habent imperfectam potestatem coercendi secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2388 leviores poenas, quae non inferunt irreparabile nocumentum. Et
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2389 huiusmodi est verberatio.</p><p title="II-II q. 65 a. 2 ad 3"><a name="41834"><span class="ref">[41834] IIª-IIae q. 65 a. 2 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2390 dicendum quod exhibere disciplinam volenti cuilibet licet. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2391 disciplinam nolenti adhibere est solum eius cui alterius cura
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2392 committitur. Et ad hoc pertinet aliquem verberibus castigare.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 3</h3><p title="II-II q. 65 a. 3 arg. 1"><a name="41835"><span class="ref">[41835] IIª-IIae q. 65 a. 3 arg. 1</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2393 sic proceditur. Videtur quod non liceat aliquem hominem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2394 incarcerare. Actus enim est malus ex genere qui cadit supra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2395 indebitam materiam, ut supra dictum est. Sed homo, habens naturalem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2396 arbitrii libertatem, est indebita materia incarcerationis, quae
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2397 libertati repugnat. Ergo illicitum est aliquem incarcerare.</p><p title="II-II q. 65 a. 3 arg. 2"><a name="41836"><span class="ref">[41836] IIª-IIae q. 65 a. 3 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2398 humana iustitia regulari debet ex divina. Sed sicut dicitur Eccli.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2399 XV, <i>Deus reliquit hominem in manu consilii sui</i>. Ergo videtur
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2400 quod non est aliquis coercendus vinculis vel carcere.</p><p title="II-II q. 65 a. 3 arg. 3"><a name="41837"><span class="ref">[41837] IIª-IIae q. 65 a. 3 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2401 nullus est cohibendus nisi ab opere malo, a quo quilibet licite
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2402 potest alium impedire. Si ergo incarcerare aliquem esset licitum ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2403 hoc quod cohiberetur a malo, cuilibet esset licitum aliquem
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2404 incarcerare. Quod patet esse falsum. Ergo et primum.</p><p title="II-II q. 65 a. 3 s. c."><a name="41838"><span class="ref">[41838] IIª-IIae q. 65 a. 3 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2405 est quod Levit. XXIV legitur quendam missum fuisse in carcerem
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2406 propter peccatum blasphemiae.</p><p title="II-II q. 65 a. 3 co."><a name="41839"><span class="ref">[41839] IIª-IIae q. 65 a. 3 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2407 dicendum quod in bonis corporis tria per ordinem considerantur.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2408 Primo quidem, integritas corporalis substantiae, cui detrimentum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2409 affertur per occisionem vel mutilationem. Secundo, delectatio vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2410 quies sensus, cui opponitur verberatio, vel quidlibet sensum dolore
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2411 afficiens. Tertio, motus et usus membrorum, qui impeditur per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2412 ligationem vel incarcerationem, seu quamcumque detentionem. Et ideo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2413 incarcerare aliquem, vel qualitercumque detinere, est illicitum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2414 nisi fiat secundum ordinem iustitiae, aut in poenam aut ad cautelam
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2415 alicuius mali vitandi.</p><p title="II-II q. 65 a. 3 ad 1"><a name="41840"><span class="ref">[41840] IIª-IIae q. 65 a. 3 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2416 ergo dicendum quod homo qui abutitur potestate sibi data, meretur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2417 eam amittere. Et ideo homo qui peccando abusus est libero usu
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2418 suorum membrorum, conveniens est incarcerationis materia.</p><p title="II-II q. 65 a. 3 ad 2"><a name="41841"><span class="ref">[41841] IIª-IIae q. 65 a. 3 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2419 dicendum quod Deus quandoque, secundum ordinem suae sapientiae,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2420 peccatores cohibet ne possint peccata implere, secundum illud Iob
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2421 V, <i>qui dissipat cogitationes malignorum, ne possint implere
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2422 manus eorum quod coeperant</i>. Quandoque vero eos permittit quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2423 volunt agere. Et similiter secundum humanam iustitiam non pro
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2424 qualibet culpa homines incarcerantur, sed pro aliquibus.</p><p title="II-II q. 65 a. 3 ad 3"><a name="41842"><span class="ref">[41842] IIª-IIae q. 65 a. 3 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2425 dicendum quod detinere hominem ad horam ab aliquo opere illicito
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2426 statim perpetrando, cuilibet licet, sicut cum aliquis detinet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2427 aliquem ne se praecipitet, vel ne alium feriat. Sed simpliciter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2428 aliquem includere vel ligare ad eum solum pertinet qui habet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2429 disponere universaliter de actibus et vita alterius, quia per hoc
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2430 impeditur non solum a malis, sed etiam a bonis agendis.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 4</h3><p title="II-II q. 65 a. 4 arg. 1"><a name="41843"><span class="ref">[41843] IIª-IIae q. 65 a. 4 arg. 1</span></a> Ad quartum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2431 sic proceditur. Videtur quod peccatum non aggravetur ex hoc quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2432 praedictae iniuriae inferuntur in personas aliis coniunctas.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2433 Huiusmodi enim iniuriae habent rationem peccati prout nocumentum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2434 alicui infertur contra eius voluntatem. Sed magis est contra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2435 hominis voluntatem malum quod in personam propriam infertur quam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2436 quod infertur in personam coniunctam. Ergo iniuria illata in
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2437 personam coniunctam est minor.</p><p title="II-II q. 65 a. 4 arg. 2"><a name="41844"><span class="ref">[41844] IIª-IIae q. 65 a. 4 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2438 in sacra Scriptura praecipue reprehenduntur qui pupillis et viduis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2439 iniurias inferunt, unde dicitur Eccli. XXXV, <i>non despiciet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2440 preces pupilli, nec viduam, si effundat loquelam gemitus</i>. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2441 vidua et pupillus non sunt personae aliis coniunctae. Ergo ex hoc
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2442 quod infertur iniuria personis coniunctis non aggravatur
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2443 peccatum.</p><p title="II-II q. 65 a. 4 arg. 3"><a name="41845"><span class="ref">[41845] IIª-IIae q. 65 a. 4 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2444 persona coniuncta habet propriam voluntatem, sicut et principalis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2445 persona. Potest ergo aliquid ei esse voluntarium quod est contra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2446 voluntatem principalis personae, ut patet in adulterio, quod placet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2447 uxori et displicet viro. Sed huiusmodi iniuriae habent rationem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2448 peccati prout consistunt in involuntaria commutatione. Ergo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2449 huiusmodi iniuriae minus habent de ratione peccati.</p><p title="II-II q. 65 a. 4 s. c."><a name="41846"><span class="ref">[41846] IIª-IIae q. 65 a. 4 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2450 est quod Deut. XXVIII, ad quandam exaggerationem dicitur, <i>filii
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2451 tui et filiae tuae tradentur alteri populo videntibus oculis
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2452 tuis</i>.</p><p title="II-II q. 65 a. 4 co."><a name="41847"><span class="ref">[41847] IIª-IIae q. 65 a. 4 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2453 dicendum quod quanto aliqua iniuria in plures redundat, ceteris
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2454 paribus, tanto gravius est peccatum. Et inde est quod gravius est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2455 peccatum si aliquis percutiat principem quam personam privatam,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2456 quia redundat in iniuriam totius multitudinis, ut supra dictum est.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2457 Cum autem infertur iniuria in aliquam personam coniunctam alteri
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2458 qualitercumque, iniuria illa pertinet ad duas personas. Et ideo,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2459 ceteris paribus, ex hoc ipso aggravatur peccatum. Potest tamen
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2460 contingere quod secundum aliquas circumstantias sit gravius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2461 peccatum quod fit contra personam nulli coniunctam, vel propter
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2462 dignitatem personae, vel propter magnitudinem nocumenti.</p><p title="II-II q. 65 a. 4 ad 1"><a name="41848"><span class="ref">[41848] IIª-IIae q. 65 a. 4 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2463 ergo dicendum quod iniuria illata in personam coniunctam minus est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2464 nociva personae cui coniungitur quam si in ipsam immediate
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2465 inferretur, et ex hac parte est minus peccatum. Sed hoc totum quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2466 pertinet ad iniuriam personae cui coniungitur, superadditur peccato
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2467 quod quis incurrit ex eo quod aliam personam secundum se
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2468 laedit.</p><p title="II-II q. 65 a. 4 ad 2"><a name="41849"><span class="ref">[41849] IIª-IIae q. 65 a. 4 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2469 dicendum quod iniuriae illatae in viduas et pupillos magis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2470 exaggerantur, tum quia magis opponuntur misericordiae. Tum quia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2471 idem nocumentum huiusmodi personis inflictum est eis gravius, quia
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2472 non habent relevantem.</p><p title="II-II q. 65 a. 4 ad 3"><a name="41850"><span class="ref">[41850] IIª-IIae q. 65 a. 4 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2473 dicendum quod per hoc quod uxor voluntarie consentit in adulterium,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2474 minoratur quidem peccatum et iniuria ex parte ipsius mulieris,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2475 gravius enim esset si adulter violenter eam opprimeret. Non tamen
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2476 per hoc tollitur iniuria ex parte viri, quia <i>uxor non habet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2477 potestatem sui corporis, sed vir</i>, ut dicitur I ad Cor. VII. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2478 eadem ratio est de similibus. De adulterio tamen, quod non solum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2479 iustitiae, sed etiam castitati opponitur, erit locus infra agendi
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2480 in tractatu de temperantia.</p></div></div><div class="q" id="q66"><h2>Quaestio 66</h2><div class="p"><h3>Prooemium</h3><p title="II-II q. 66 pr."><a name="41851"><span class="ref">[41851] IIª-IIae q. 66 pr.</span></a> Deinde
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2481 considerandum est de peccatis iustitiae oppositis per quae infertur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2482 nocumentum proximo in rebus, scilicet de furto et rapina. Et circa
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2483 hoc quaeruntur novem. Primo, utrum naturalis sit homini possessio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2484 exteriorum rerum. Secundo, utrum licitum sit quod aliquis rem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2485 aliquam possideat quasi propriam. Tertio, utrum furtum sit occulta
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2486 acceptio rei alienae. Quarto, utrum rapina sit peccatum specie
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2487 differens a furto. Quinto, utrum omne furtum sit peccatum. Sexto,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2488 utrum furtum sit peccatum mortale. Septimo, utrum liceat furari in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2489 necessitate. Octavo, utrum omnis rapina sit peccatum mortale. Nono,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2490 utrum rapina sit gravius peccatum quam furtum.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 1</h3><p title="II-II q. 66 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="41852"><span class="ref">[41852] IIª-IIae q. 66 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2491 sic proceditur. Videtur quod non sit naturalis homini possessio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2492 exteriorum rerum. Nullus enim debet sibi attribuere quod Dei est.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2493 Sed dominium omnium creaturarum est proprie Dei, secundum illud
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2494 Psalm., <i>domini est terra</i> et cetera. Ergo non est naturalis
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2495 homini rerum possessio.</p><p title="II-II q. 66 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="41853"><span class="ref">[41853] IIª-IIae q. 66 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2496 Basilius, exponens verbum divitis dicentis, Luc. XII, <i>congregabo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2497 omnia quae nata sunt mihi et bona mea</i>, dicit, <i>dic mihi, quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2498 tua? Unde ea sumens in vitam tulisti?</i> Sed illa quae homo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2499 possidet naturaliter, potest aliquis convenienter dicere esse sua.
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2500 Ergo homo non possidet naturaliter exteriora bona.</p><p title="II-II q. 66 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="41854"><span class="ref">[41854] IIª-IIae q. 66 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2501 sicut Ambrosius dicit, in libro de Trin., dominus nomen est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2502 potestatis. Sed homo non habet potestatem super res exteriores,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2503 nihil enim potest circa earum naturam immutare. Ergo possessio
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2504 exteriorum rerum non est homini naturalis.</p><p title="II-II q. 66 a. 1 s. c."><a name="41855"><span class="ref">[41855] IIª-IIae q. 66 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2505 est quod dicitur in Psalm., omnia subiecisti sub pedibus eius,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2506 scilicet hominis.</p><p title="II-II q. 66 a. 1 co."><a name="41856"><span class="ref">[41856] IIª-IIae q. 66 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2507 dicendum quod res exterior potest dupliciter considerari. Uno modo,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2508 quantum ad eius naturam, quae non subiacet humanae potestati, sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2509 solum divinae, cui omnia ad nutum obediunt. Alio modo, quantum ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2510 usum ipsius rei. Et sic habet homo naturale dominium exteriorum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2511 rerum, quia per rationem et voluntatem potest uti rebus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2512 exterioribus ad suam utilitatem, quasi propter se factis; semper
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2513 enim imperfectiora sunt propter perfectiora, ut supra habitum est.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2514 Et ex hac ratione philosophus probat, in I Polit., quod possessio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2515 rerum exteriorum est homini naturalis. Hoc autem naturale dominium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2516 super ceteras creaturas, quod competit homini secundum rationem, in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2517 qua imago Dei consistit, manifestatur in ipsa hominis creatione,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2518 Gen. I, ubi dicitur, <i>faciamus hominem ad similitudinem et
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2519 imaginem nostram, et praesit piscibus maris,</i> et cetera.</p><p title="II-II q. 66 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="41857"><span class="ref">[41857] IIª-IIae q. 66 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2520 ergo dicendum quod Deus habet principale dominium omnium rerum. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2521 ipse secundum suam providentiam ordinavit res quasdam ad corporalem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2522 hominis sustentationem. Et propter hoc homo habet naturale rerum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2523 dominium quantum ad potestatem utendi ipsis.</p><p title="II-II q. 66 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="41858"><span class="ref">[41858] IIª-IIae q. 66 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2524 dicendum quod dives ille reprehenditur ex hoc quod putabat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2525 exteriora bona esse principaliter sua, quasi non accepisset ea ab
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2526 alio, scilicet a Deo.</p><p title="II-II q. 66 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="41859"><span class="ref">[41859] IIª-IIae q. 66 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2527 dicendum quod ratio illa procedit de dominio exteriorum rerum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2528 quantum ad naturas ipsarum, quod quidem dominium soli Deo convenit,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2529 ut dictum est.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 2</h3><p title="II-II q. 66 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="41860"><span class="ref">[41860] IIª-IIae q. 66 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2530 secundum sic proceditur. Videtur quod non liceat alicui rem aliquam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2531 quasi propriam possidere. Omne enim quod est contra ius naturale
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2532 est illicitum. Sed secundum ius naturale omnia sunt communia, cui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2533 quidem communitati contrariatur possessionum proprietas. Ergo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2534 illicitum est cuilibet homini appropriare sibi aliquam rem
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2535 exteriorem.</p><p title="II-II q. 66 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="41861"><span class="ref">[41861] IIª-IIae q. 66 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2536 Basilius dicit, exponens praedictum verbum divitis, <i>sicut qui,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2537 praeveniens ad spectacula, prohiberet advenientes, sibi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2538 appropriando quod ad communem usum ordinatur; similes sunt divites
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2539 qui communia, quae praeoccupaverunt, aestimant sua esse</i>. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2540 illicitum esset praecludere viam aliis ad potiendum communibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2541 bonis. Ergo illicitum est appropriare sibi aliquam rem
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2542 communem.</p><p title="II-II q. 66 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="41862"><span class="ref">[41862] IIª-IIae q. 66 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2543 Ambrosius dicit, et habetur in decretis, dist. XLVII, Can. sicut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2544 hi, proprium nemo dicat quod est commune. Appellat autem communes
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2545 res exteriores, sicut patet ex his quae praemittit. Ergo videtur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2546 illicitum esse quod aliquis appropriet sibi aliquam rem
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2547 exteriorem.</p><p title="II-II q. 66 a. 2 s. c."><a name="41863"><span class="ref">[41863] IIª-IIae q. 66 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2548 est quod Augustinus dicit, in libro de Haeres., <i>apostolici
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2549 dicuntur qui se hoc nomine arrogantissime vocaverunt, eo quod in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2550 suam communionem non acciperent utentes coniugibus, et res proprias
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2551 possidentes, quales habet Catholica Ecclesia et monachos et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2552 clericos plurimos</i>. Sed ideo isti haeretici sunt quoniam, se ab
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2553 Ecclesia separantes, nullam spem putant eos habere qui utuntur his
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2554 rebus, quibus ipsi carent. Est ergo erroneum dicere quod non liceat
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2555 homini propria possidere.</p><p title="II-II q. 66 a. 2 co."><a name="41864"><span class="ref">[41864] IIª-IIae q. 66 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2556 dicendum quod circa rem exteriorem duo competunt homini. Quorum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2557 unum est potestas procurandi et dispensandi. Et quantum ad hoc
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2558 licitum est quod homo propria possideat. Et est etiam necessarium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2559 ad humanam vitam, propter tria. Primo quidem, quia magis sollicitus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2560 est unusquisque ad procurandum aliquid quod sibi soli competit quam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2561 aliquid quod est commune omnium vel multorum, quia unusquisque,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2562 laborem fugiens, relinquit alteri id quod pertinet ad commune;
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2563 sicut accidit in multitudine ministrorum. Alio modo, quia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2564 ordinatius res humanae tractantur si singulis immineat propria cura
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2565 alicuius rei procurandae, esset autem confusio si quilibet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2566 indistincte quaelibet procuraret. Tertio, quia per hoc magis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2567 pacificus status hominum conservatur, dum unusquisque re sua
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2568 contentus est. Unde videmus quod inter eos qui communiter et ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2569 indiviso aliquid possident, frequentius iurgia oriuntur. Aliud vero
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2570 quod competit homini circa res exteriores est usus ipsarum. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2571 quantum ad hoc non debet homo habere res exteriores ut proprias,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2572 sed ut communes, ut scilicet de facili aliquis ea communicet in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2573 necessitates aliorum. Unde apostolus dicit, I ad Tim. ult.,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2574 <i>divitibus huius saeculi praecipe facile tribuere,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2575 communicare</i>.</p><p title="II-II q. 66 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="41865"><span class="ref">[41865] IIª-IIae q. 66 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2576 ergo dicendum quod communitas rerum attribuitur iuri naturali, non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2577 quia ius naturale dictet omnia esse possidenda communiter et nihil
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2578 esse quasi proprium possidendum, sed quia secundum ius naturale non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2579 est distinctio possessionum, sed magis secundum humanum condictum,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2580 quod pertinet ad ius positivum, ut supra dictum est. Unde
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2581 proprietas possessionum non est contra ius naturale; sed iuri
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2582 naturali superadditur per adinventionem rationis humanae.</p><p title="II-II q. 66 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="41866"><span class="ref">[41866] IIª-IIae q. 66 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2583 dicendum quod ille qui, praeveniens ad spectacula, praepararet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2584 aliis viam, non illicite ageret, sed ex hoc illicite agit quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2585 alios prohibet. Et similiter dives non illicite agit si,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2586 praeoccupans possessionem rei quae a principio erat communis, aliis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2587 communicat, peccat autem si alios ab usu illius rei indiscrete
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2588 prohibeat. Unde Basilius ibidem dicit, <i>cur tu abundas, ille vero
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2589 mendicat, nisi ut tu bonae dispensationis merita consequaris, ille
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2590 vero patientiae praemiis coronetur?</i></p><p title="II-II q. 66 a. 2 ad 3"><a name="41867"><span class="ref">[41867] IIª-IIae q. 66 a. 2 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2591 dicendum quod cum dicit Ambrosius, <i>nemo proprium dicat quod est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2592 commune</i>, loquitur de proprietate quantum ad usum. Unde subdit,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2593 <i>plus quam sufficeret sumptui, violenter obtentum est</i>.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 3</h3><p title="II-II q. 66 a. 3 arg. 1"><a name="41868"><span class="ref">[41868] IIª-IIae q. 66 a. 3 arg. 1</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2594 sic proceditur. Videtur quod non sit de ratione furti occulte
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2595 accipere rem alienam. Illud enim quod diminuit peccatum non videtur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2596 ad rationem peccati pertinere. Sed in occulto peccare pertinet ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2597 diminutionem peccati, sicut e contrario ad exaggerandum peccatum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2598 quorundam dicitur Isaiae III, <i>peccatum suum quasi Sodoma
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2599 praedicaverunt, nec absconderunt</i>. Ergo non est de ratione furti
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2600 occulta acceptio rei alienae.</p><p title="II-II q. 66 a. 3 arg. 2"><a name="41869"><span class="ref">[41869] IIª-IIae q. 66 a. 3 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2601 Ambrosius dicit, et habetur in decretis, dist. XLVII, <i>neque
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2602 minus est criminis habenti tollere quam, cum possis et abundas,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2603 indigentibus denegare</i>. Ergo sicut furtum consistit in
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2604 acceptione rei alienae, ita et in detentione ipsius.</p><p title="II-II q. 66 a. 3 arg. 3"><a name="41870"><span class="ref">[41870] IIª-IIae q. 66 a. 3 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2605 homo potest furtim ab alio accipere etiam quod suum est puta rem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2606 quam apud alium deposuit, vel quae est ab eo iniuste ablata. Non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2607 est ergo de ratione furti quod sit occulta acceptio rei
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2608 alienae.</p><p title="II-II q. 66 a. 3 s. c."><a name="41871"><span class="ref">[41871] IIª-IIae q. 66 a. 3 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2609 est quod Isidorus dicit, in libro Etymol., <i>fur a furvo dictus
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2610 est, idest a fusco, nam noctis utitur tempore</i>.</p><p title="II-II q. 66 a. 3 co."><a name="41872"><span class="ref">[41872] IIª-IIae q. 66 a. 3 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2611 dicendum quod ad rationem furti tria concurrunt. Quorum primum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2612 convenit sibi secundum quod contrariatur iustitiae, quae unicuique
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2613 tribuit quod suum est. Et ex hoc competit ei quod usurpat alienum.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2614 Secundum vero pertinet ad rationem furti prout distinguitur a
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2615 peccatis quae sunt contra personam, sicut ab homicidio et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2616 adulterio. Et secundum hoc competit furto quod sit circa rem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2617 possessam. Si quis enim accipiat id quod est alterius non quasi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2618 possessio, sed quasi pars, sicut si amputet membrum; vel sicut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2619 persona coniuncta, ut si auferat filiam vel uxorem, non habet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2620 proprie rationem furti. Tertia differentia est quae complet furti
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2621 rationem, ut scilicet occulte usurpetur alienum. Et secundum hoc
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2622 propria ratio furti est ut sit occulta acceptio rei alienae.</p><p title="II-II q. 66 a. 3 ad 1"><a name="41873"><span class="ref">[41873] IIª-IIae q. 66 a. 3 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2623 ergo dicendum quod occultatio quandoque quidem est causa peccati,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2624 puta cum quis utitur occultatione ad peccandum, sicut accidit in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2625 fraude et dolo. Et hoc modo non diminuit, sed constituit speciem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2626 peccati. Et ita est in furto. Alio modo occultatio est simplex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2627 circumstantia peccati. Et sic diminuit peccatum, tum quia est
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2628 signum verecundiae; tum quia tollit scandalum.</p><p title="II-II q. 66 a. 3 ad 2"><a name="41874"><span class="ref">[41874] IIª-IIae q. 66 a. 3 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2629 dicendum quod detinere id quod alteri debetur eandem rationem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2630 nocumenti habet cum acceptione. Et ideo sub iniusta acceptione
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2631 intelligitur etiam iniusta detentio.</p><p title="II-II q. 66 a. 3 ad 3"><a name="41875"><span class="ref">[41875] IIª-IIae q. 66 a. 3 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2632 dicendum quod nihil prohibet id quod est simpliciter unius,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2633 secundum quid esse alterius. Sicut res deposita est simpliciter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2634 quidem deponentis, sed est eius apud quem deponitur quantum ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2635 custodiam. Et id quod est per rapinam ablatum est rapientis, non
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2636 simpliciter, sed quantum ad detentionem.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 4</h3><p title="II-II q. 66 a. 4 arg. 1"><a name="41876"><span class="ref">[41876] IIª-IIae q. 66 a. 4 arg. 1</span></a> Ad quartum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2637 sic proceditur. Videtur quod furtum et rapina non sint peccata
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2638 differentia specie. Furtum enim et rapina differunt secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2639 occultum et manifestum, furtum enim importat occultam acceptionem,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2640 rapina vero violentam et manifestam. Sed in aliis generibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2641 peccatorum occultum et manifestum non diversificant speciem. Ergo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2642 furtum et rapina non sunt peccata specie diversa.</p><p title="II-II q. 66 a. 4 arg. 2"><a name="41877"><span class="ref">[41877] IIª-IIae q. 66 a. 4 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2643 moralia recipiunt speciem a fine, ut supra dictum est. Sed furtum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2644 et rapina ordinantur ad eundem finem, scilicet ad habendum aliena.
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2645 Ergo non differunt specie.</p><p title="II-II q. 66 a. 4 arg. 3"><a name="41878"><span class="ref">[41878] IIª-IIae q. 66 a. 4 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2646 sicut rapitur aliquid ad possidendum, ita rapitur mulier ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2647 delectandum, unde et Isidorus dicit, in libro Etymol., quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2648 <i>raptor dicitur corruptor, et rapta corrupta</i>. Sed raptus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2649 dicitur sive mulier auferatur publice, sive occulte. Ergo et res
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2650 possessa rapi dicitur sive occulte, sive publice rapiatur. Ergo non
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2651 differunt furtum et rapina.</p><p title="II-II q. 66 a. 4 s. c."><a name="41879"><span class="ref">[41879] IIª-IIae q. 66 a. 4 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2652 est quod philosophus, in V Ethic., distinguit furtum a rapina,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2653 ponens furtum occultum, rapinam vero violentam.</p><p title="II-II q. 66 a. 4 co."><a name="41880"><span class="ref">[41880] IIª-IIae q. 66 a. 4 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2654 dicendum quod furtum et rapina sunt vitia iustitiae opposita,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2655 inquantum aliquis alter facit iniustum. Nullus autem patitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2656 iniustum volens, ut probatur in V Ethic. Et ideo furtum et rapina
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2657 ex hoc habent rationem peccati quod acceptio est involuntaria ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2658 parte eius cui aliquid subtrahitur. Involuntarium autem dupliciter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2659 dicitur, scilicet per ignorantiam, et violentiam, ut habetur in III
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2660 Ethic. Et ideo aliam rationem peccati habet rapina, et aliam
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2661 furtum. Et propter hoc differunt specie.</p><p title="II-II q. 66 a. 4 ad 1"><a name="41881"><span class="ref">[41881] IIª-IIae q. 66 a. 4 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2662 ergo dicendum quod in aliis generibus peccatorum non attenditur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2663 ratio peccati ex aliquo involuntario, sicut attenditur in peccatis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2664 oppositis iustitiae. Et ideo ubi occurrit diversa ratio
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2665 involuntarii, est diversa species peccati.</p><p title="II-II q. 66 a. 4 ad 2"><a name="41882"><span class="ref">[41882] IIª-IIae q. 66 a. 4 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2666 dicendum quod finis remotus est idem rapinae et furti, sed hoc non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2667 sufficit ad identitatem speciei, quia est diversitas in finibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2668 proximis. Raptor enim vult per propriam potestatem obtinere, fur
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2669 vero per astutiam.</p><p title="II-II q. 66 a. 4 ad 3"><a name="41883"><span class="ref">[41883] IIª-IIae q. 66 a. 4 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2670 dicendum quod raptus mulieris non potest esse occultus ex parte
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2671 mulieris quae rapitur. Et ideo etiam si sit occultus ex parte
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2672 aliorum, quibus rapitur, adhuc remanet ratio rapinae ex parte
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2673 mulieris, cui violentia infertur.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 5</h3><p title="II-II q. 66 a. 5 arg. 1"><a name="41884"><span class="ref">[41884] IIª-IIae q. 66 a. 5 arg. 1</span></a> Ad quintum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2674 sic proceditur. Videtur quod furtum non semper sit peccatum. Nullum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2675 enim peccatum cadit sub praecepto divino, dicitur enim Eccli. XV,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2676 <i>nemini mandavit impie agere</i>. Sed Deus invenitur praecepisse
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2677 furtum, dicitur enim Exod. XII, <i>fecerunt filii Israel sicut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2678 praeceperat dominus Moysi, et expoliaverunt Aegyptios</i>. Ergo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2679 furtum non semper est peccatum.</p><p title="II-II q. 66 a. 5 arg. 2"><a name="41885"><span class="ref">[41885] IIª-IIae q. 66 a. 5 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2680 ille qui invenit rem non suam, si eam accipiat, videtur furtum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2681 committere, quia accipit rem alienam. Sed hoc videtur esse licitum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2682 secundum naturalem aequitatem; ut iuristae dicunt. Ergo videtur
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2683 quod furtum non semper sit peccatum.</p><p title="II-II q. 66 a. 5 arg. 3"><a name="41886"><span class="ref">[41886] IIª-IIae q. 66 a. 5 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2684 ille qui accipit rem suam non videtur peccare, cum non agat contra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2685 iustitiam, cuius aequalitatem non tollit. Sed furtum committitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2686 etiam si aliquis rem suam occulte accipiat ab altero detentam vel
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2687 custoditam. Ergo videtur quod furtum non semper sit peccatum.</p><p title="II-II q. 66 a. 5 s. c."><a name="41887"><span class="ref">[41887] IIª-IIae q. 66 a. 5 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2688 est quod dicitur Exod. XX, <i>non furtum facies</i>.</p><p title="II-II q. 66 a. 5 co."><a name="41888"><span class="ref">[41888] IIª-IIae q. 66 a. 5 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2689 dicendum quod si quis consideret furti rationem, duas rationes
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2690 peccati in eo inveniet. Primo quidem, propter contrarietatem ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2691 iustitiam, quae reddit unicuique quod suum est. Et sic furtum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2692 iustitiae opponitur, inquantum furtum est acceptio rei alienae.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2693 Secundo, ratione doli seu fraudis, quam fur committit occulte et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2694 quasi ex insidiis rem alienam usurpando. Unde manifestum est quod
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2695 omne furtum est peccatum.</p><p title="II-II q. 66 a. 5 ad 1"><a name="41889"><span class="ref">[41889] IIª-IIae q. 66 a. 5 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2696 ergo dicendum quod accipere rem alienam vel occulte vel manifeste
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2697 auctoritate iudicis hoc decernentis, non est furtum, quia iam fit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2698 sibi debitum per hoc quod sententialiter sibi est adiudicatum. Unde
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2699 multo minus furtum fuit quod filii Israel tulerunt spolia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2700 Aegyptiorum de praecepto domini hoc decernentis pro afflictionibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2701 quibus Aegyptii eos sine causa afflixerant. Et ideo signanter
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2702 dicitur Sap. X, <i>iusti tulerunt spolia impiorum</i>.</p><p title="II-II q. 66 a. 5 ad 2"><a name="41890"><span class="ref">[41890] IIª-IIae q. 66 a. 5 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2703 dicendum quod circa res inventas est distinguendum. Quaedam enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2704 sunt quae nunquam fuerunt in bonis alicuius, sicut lapilli et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2705 gemmae quae inveniuntur in littore maris, et talia occupanti
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2706 conceduntur. Et eadem ratio est de thesauris antiquo tempore sub
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2707 terra occultatis, quorum non est aliquis possessor, nisi quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2708 secundum leges civiles tenetur inventor medietatem dare domino
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2709 agri, si in alieno agro invenerit; propter quod in parabola
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2710 Evangelii dicitur, Matth. XIII, de inventore thesauri absconditi in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2711 agro, quod emit agrum, quasi ut haberet ius possidendi totum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2712 thesaurum. Quaedam vero res inventae fuerunt de propinquo in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2713 alicuius bonis. Et tunc, si quis eas accipiat non animo retinendi,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2714 sed animo restituendi domino, qui eas pro derelictis non habet, non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2715 committit furtum. Et similiter si pro derelictis habeantur, et hoc
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2716 credat inventor, licet sibi retineat, non committit furtum. Alias
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2717 autem committitur peccatum furti. Unde Augustinus dicit, in quadam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2718 homilia, et habetur XIV, qu. V, <i>si quid invenisti et non
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2719 reddidisti, rapuisti</i>.</p><p title="II-II q. 66 a. 5 ad 3"><a name="41891"><span class="ref">[41891] IIª-IIae q. 66 a. 5 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2720 dicendum quod ille qui furtim accipit rem suam apud alium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2721 depositam, gravat depositarium, quia tenetur ad restituendum, vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2722 ad ostendendum se esse innoxium. Unde manifestum est quod peccat,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2723 et tenetur ad relevandum gravamen depositarii. Qui vero furtim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2724 accipit rem suam apud alium iniuste detentam, peccat quidem, non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2725 quia gravet eum qui detinet, et ideo non tenetur ad restituendum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2726 aliquid vel ad recompensandum, sed peccat contra communem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2727 iustitiam, dum ipse sibi usurpat suae rei iudicium, iuris ordine
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2728 praetermisso. Et ideo tenetur Deo satisfacere, et dare operam ut
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2729 scandalum proximorum, si inde exortum fuerit, sedetur.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 6</h3><p title="II-II q. 66 a. 6 arg. 1"><a name="41892"><span class="ref">[41892] IIª-IIae q. 66 a. 6 arg. 1</span></a> Ad sextum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2730 sic proceditur. Videtur quod furtum non sit peccatum mortale.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2731 Dicitur enim Prov. VI, <i>non grandis est culpae cum quis furatus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2732 fuerit</i>. Sed omne peccatum mortale est grandis culpae. Ergo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2733 furtum non est peccatum mortale.</p><p title="II-II q. 66 a. 6 arg. 2"><a name="41893"><span class="ref">[41893] IIª-IIae q. 66 a. 6 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2734 peccato mortali mortis poena debetur. Sed pro furto non infligitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2735 in lege poena mortis, sed solum poena damni, secundum illud Exod.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2736 XXII, <i>si quis furatus fuerit bovem aut ovem, quinque boves pro
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2737 uno bove restituet, et quatuor oves pro una ove</i>. Ergo furtum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2738 non est peccatum mortale.</p><p title="II-II q. 66 a. 6 arg. 3"><a name="41894"><span class="ref">[41894] IIª-IIae q. 66 a. 6 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2739 furtum potest committi in parvis rebus, sicut et in magnis. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2740 inconveniens videtur quod pro furto alicuius parvae rei, puta unius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2741 acus vel unius pennae, aliquis puniatur morte aeterna. Ergo furtum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2742 non est peccatum mortale.</p><p title="II-II q. 66 a. 6 s. c."><a name="41895"><span class="ref">[41895] IIª-IIae q. 66 a. 6 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2743 est quod nullus damnatur secundum divinum iudicium nisi pro peccato
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2744 mortali. Condemnatur autem aliquis pro furto, secundum illud Zach.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2745 V, <i>haec est maledictio quae egreditur super faciem omnis terrae,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2746 quia omnis fur sicut ibi scriptum est condemnatur</i>. Ergo furtum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2747 est peccatum mortale.</p><p title="II-II q. 66 a. 6 co."><a name="41896"><span class="ref">[41896] IIª-IIae q. 66 a. 6 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2748 dicendum quod, sicut supra habitum est, peccatum mortale est quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2749 contrariatur caritati, secundum quam est spiritualis animae vita.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2750 Caritas autem consistit quidem principaliter in dilectione Dei,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2751 secundario vero in dilectione proximi, ad quam pertinet ut proximo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2752 bonum velimus et operemur. Per furtum autem homo infert nocumentum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2753 proximo in suis rebus, et si passim homines sibi invicem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2754 furarentur, periret humana societas. Unde furtum, tanquam
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2755 contrarium caritati, est peccatum mortale.</p><p title="II-II q. 66 a. 6 ad 1"><a name="41897"><span class="ref">[41897] IIª-IIae q. 66 a. 6 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2756 ergo dicendum quod furtum dicitur non esse grandis culpae duplici
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2757 ratione. Primo quidem, propter necessitatem inducentem ad furandum,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2758 quae diminuit vel totaliter tollit culpam, ut infra patebit. Unde
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2759 subdit, <i>furatur enim ut esurientem impleat animam</i>. Alio modo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2760 dicitur furtum non esse grandis culpae per comparationem ad reatum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2761 adulterii, quod punitur morte. Unde subditur de fure quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2762 <i>deprehensus reddet septuplum, qui autem adulter est, perdet
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2763 animam suam</i>.</p><p title="II-II q. 66 a. 6 ad 2"><a name="41898"><span class="ref">[41898] IIª-IIae q. 66 a. 6 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2764 dicendum quod poenae praesentis vitae magis sunt medicinales quam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2765 retributivae, retributio enim reservatur divino iudicio, quod est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2766 secundum veritatem in peccantes. Et ideo secundum iudicium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2767 praesentis vitae non pro quolibet peccato mortali infligitur poena
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2768 mortis, sed solum pro illis quae inferunt irreparabile nocumentum,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2769 vel etiam pro illis quae habent aliquam horribilem deformitatem. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2770 ideo pro furto, quod reparabile damnum infert, non infligitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2771 secundum praesens iudicium poena mortis, nisi furtum aggravetur per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2772 aliquam gravem circumstantiam, sicut patet de sacrilegio, quod est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2773 furtum rei sacrae, et de peculatu, quod est furtum rei communis, ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2774 patet per Augustinum, super Ioan.; et de plagio, quod est furtum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2775 hominis, pro quo quis morte punitur, ut patet Exod. XXI.</p><p title="II-II q. 66 a. 6 ad 3"><a name="41899"><span class="ref">[41899] IIª-IIae q. 66 a. 6 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2776 dicendum quod illud quod modicum est ratio apprehendit quasi nihil.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2777 Et ideo in his quae minima sunt homo non reputat sibi nocumentum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2778 inferri, et ille qui accipit potest praesumere hoc non esse contra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2779 voluntatem eius cuius est res. Et pro tanto si quis furtive
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2780 huiusmodi res minimas accipiat, potest excusari a peccato mortali.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2781 Si tamen habeat animum furandi et inferendi nocumentum proximo,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2782 etiam in talibus minimis potest esse peccatum mortale, sicut et in
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2783 solo cogitatu per consensum.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 7</h3><p title="II-II q. 66 a. 7 arg. 1"><a name="41900"><span class="ref">[41900] IIª-IIae q. 66 a. 7 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2784 septimum sic proceditur. Videtur quod non liceat alicui furari
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2785 propter necessitatem. Non enim imponitur poenitentia nisi peccanti.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2786 Sed extra, de furtis, dicitur, <i>si quis per necessitatem famis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2787 aut nuditatis furatus fuerit cibaria, vestem vel pecus, poeniteat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2788 hebdomadas tres</i>. Ergo non licet furari propter
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2789 necessitatem.</p><p title="II-II q. 66 a. 7 arg. 2"><a name="41901"><span class="ref">[41901] IIª-IIae q. 66 a. 7 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2790 philosophus dicit, in II Ethic., quod <i>quaedam confestim nominata
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2791 convoluta sunt cum malitia</i>, inter quae ponit furtum. Sed illud
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2792 quod est secundum se malum non potest propter aliquem bonum finem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2793 bonum fieri. Ergo non potest aliquis licite furari ut necessitati
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2794 suae subveniat.</p><p title="II-II q. 66 a. 7 arg. 3"><a name="41902"><span class="ref">[41902] IIª-IIae q. 66 a. 7 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2795 homo debet diligere proximum sicut seipsum. Sed non licet furari ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2796 hoc quod aliquis per eleemosynam proximo subveniat; ut Augustinus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2797 dicit, in libro contra mendacium. Ergo etiam non licet furari ad
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2798 subveniendum propriae necessitati.</p><p title="II-II q. 66 a. 7 s. c."><a name="41903"><span class="ref">[41903] IIª-IIae q. 66 a. 7 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2799 est quod in necessitate sunt omnia communia. Et ita non videtur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2800 esse peccatum si aliquis rem alterius accipiat, propter
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2801 necessitatem sibi factam communem.</p><p title="II-II q. 66 a. 7 co."><a name="41904"><span class="ref">[41904] IIª-IIae q. 66 a. 7 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2802 dicendum quod ea quae sunt iuris humani non possunt derogare iuri
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2803 naturali vel iuri divino. Secundum autem naturalem ordinem ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2804 divina providentia institutum, res inferiores sunt ordinatae ad hoc
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2805 quod ex his subveniatur hominum necessitati. Et ideo per rerum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2806 divisionem et appropriationem, de iure humano procedentem, non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2807 impeditur quin hominis necessitati sit subveniendum ex huiusmodi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2808 rebus. Et ideo res quas aliqui superabundanter habent, ex naturali
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2809 iure debentur pauperum sustentationi. Unde Ambrosius dicit, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2810 habetur in decretis, dist. XLVII, <i>esurientium panis est quem tu
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2811 detines; nudorum indumentum est quod tu recludis; miserorum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2812 redemptio et absolutio est pecunia quam tu in terram defodis</i>.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2813 Sed quia multi sunt necessitatem patientes, et non potest ex eadem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2814 re omnibus subveniri, committitur arbitrio uniuscuiusque
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2815 dispensatio propriarum rerum, ut ex eis subveniat necessitatem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2816 patientibus. Si tamen adeo sit urgens et evidens necessitas ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2817 manifestum sit instanti necessitati de rebus occurrentibus esse
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2818 subveniendum, puta cum imminet personae periculum et aliter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2819 subveniri non potest; tunc licite potest aliquis ex rebus alienis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2820 suae necessitati subvenire, sive manifeste sive occulte sublatis.
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2821 Nec hoc proprie habet rationem furti vel rapinae.</p><p title="II-II q. 66 a. 7 ad 1"><a name="41905"><span class="ref">[41905] IIª-IIae q. 66 a. 7 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2822 ergo dicendum quod decretalis illa loquitur in casu in quo non est
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2823 urgens necessitas.</p><p title="II-II q. 66 a. 7 ad 2"><a name="41906"><span class="ref">[41906] IIª-IIae q. 66 a. 7 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2824 dicendum quod uti re aliena occulte accepta in casu necessitatis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2825 extremae non habet rationem furti, proprie loquendo. Quia per talem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2826 necessitatem efficitur suum illud quod quis accipit ad sustentandam
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2827 propriam vitam.</p><p title="II-II q. 66 a. 7 ad 3"><a name="41907"><span class="ref">[41907] IIª-IIae q. 66 a. 7 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2828 dicendum quod in casu similis necessitatis etiam potest aliquis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2829 occulte rem alienam accipere ut subveniat proximo sic
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2830 indigenti.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 8</h3><p title="II-II q. 66 a. 8 arg. 1"><a name="41908"><span class="ref">[41908] IIª-IIae q. 66 a. 8 arg. 1</span></a> Ad octavum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2831 sic proceditur. Videtur quod rapina possit fieri sine peccato.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2832 Praeda enim per violentiam accipitur; quod videtur ad rationem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2833 rapinae pertinere, secundum praedicta. Sed praedam accipere ab
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2834 hostibus licitum est, dicit enim Ambrosius, in libro de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2835 patriarchis, <i>cum praeda fuerit in potestate victoris, decet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2836 militarem disciplinam ut regi serventur omnia</i>, scilicet ad
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2837 distribuendum. Ergo rapina in aliquo casu est licita.</p><p title="II-II q. 66 a. 8 arg. 2"><a name="41909"><span class="ref">[41909] IIª-IIae q. 66 a. 8 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2838 licitum est auferre ab aliquo id quod non est eius. Sed res quas
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2839 infideles habent non sunt eorum, dicit enim Augustinus, in epistola
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2840 ad Vinc. Donatist., <i>res falso appellatis vestras, quas nec iuste
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2841 possidetis, et secundum leges terrenorum regum amittere iussi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2842 estis</i>. Ergo videtur quod ab infidelibus aliquis licite rapere
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2843 posset.</p><p title="II-II q. 66 a. 8 arg. 3"><a name="41910"><span class="ref">[41910] IIª-IIae q. 66 a. 8 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2844 terrarum principes multa a suis subditis violenter extorquent; quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2845 videtur ad rationem rapinae pertinere. Grave autem videtur dicere
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2846 quod in hoc peccent, quia sic fere omnes principes damnarentur.
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2847 Ergo rapina in aliquo casu est licita.</p><p title="II-II q. 66 a. 8 s. c."><a name="41911"><span class="ref">[41911] IIª-IIae q. 66 a. 8 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2848 est quod de quolibet licite accepto potest fieri Deo sacrificium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2849 vel oblatio. Non autem potest fieri de rapina, secundum illud
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2850 Isaiae LXI, <i>ego dominus diligens iudicium, et odio habens
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2851 rapinam in holocaustum</i>. Ergo per rapinam aliquid accipere non
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2852 est licitum.</p><p title="II-II q. 66 a. 8 co."><a name="41912"><span class="ref">[41912] IIª-IIae q. 66 a. 8 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2853 dicendum quod rapina quandam violentiam et coactionem importat per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2854 quam, contra iustitiam, alicui aufertur quod suum est. In societate
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2855 autem hominum nullus habet coactionem nisi per publicam potestatem.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2856 Et ideo quicumque per violentiam aliquid alteri aufert, si sit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2857 privata persona non utens publica potestate, illicite agit et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2858 rapinam committit, sicut patet in latronibus. Principibus vero
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2859 publica potestas committitur ad hoc quod sint iustitiae custodes.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2860 Et ideo non licet eis violentia et coactione uti nisi secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2861 iustitiae tenorem, et hoc vel contra hostes pugnando, vel contra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2862 cives malefactores puniendo. Et quod per talem violentiam aufertur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2863 non habet rationem rapinae, cum non sit contra iustitiam. Si vero
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2864 contra iustitiam aliqui per publicam potestatem violenter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2865 abstulerint res aliorum, illicite agunt et rapinam committunt, et
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2866 ad restitutionem tenentur.</p><p title="II-II q. 66 a. 8 ad 1"><a name="41913"><span class="ref">[41913] IIª-IIae q. 66 a. 8 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2867 ergo dicendum quod circa praedam distinguendum est. Quia si illi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2868 qui depraedantur hostes habeant bellum iustum, ea quae per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2869 violentiam in bello acquirunt eorum efficiuntur. Et hoc non habet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2870 rationem rapinae, unde nec ad restitutionem tenentur. Quamvis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2871 possint in acceptione praedae iustum bellum habentes peccare per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2872 cupiditatem ex prava intentione, si scilicet non propter iustitiam,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2873 sed propter praedam principaliter pugnent, dicit enim Augustinus,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2874 in libro de Verb. Dom., quod <i>propter praedam militare peccatum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2875 est</i>. Si vero illi qui praedam accipiunt habeant bellum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2876 iniustum, rapinam committunt, et ad restitutionem tenentur.</p><p title="II-II q. 66 a. 8 ad 2"><a name="41914"><span class="ref">[41914] IIª-IIae q. 66 a. 8 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2877 dicendum quod intantum aliqui infideles iniuste res suas possident,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2878 inquantum eas secundum leges terrenorum principum amittere iussi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2879 sunt. Et ideo ab eis possunt per violentiam subtrahi, non privata
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2880 auctoritate, sed publica.</p><p title="II-II q. 66 a. 8 ad 3"><a name="41915"><span class="ref">[41915] IIª-IIae q. 66 a. 8 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2881 dicendum quod si principes a subditis exigant quod eis secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2882 iustitiam debetur propter bonum commune conservandum, etiam si
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2883 violentia adhibeatur, non est rapina. Si vero aliquid principes
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2884 indebite extorqueant per violentiam, rapina est, sicut et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2885 latrocinium. Unde dicit Augustinus, in IV de Civ. Dei, <i>remota
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2886 iustitia, quid sunt regna nisi magna latrocinia? Quia et latrocinia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2887 quid sunt nisi parva regna?</i> Et Ezech. XXII dicitur,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2888 <i>principes eius in medio eius quasi lupi rapientes praedam</i>.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2889 Unde et ad restitutionem tenentur, sicut et latrones. Et tanto
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2890 gravius peccant quam latrones, quanto periculosius et communius
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2891 contra publicam iustitiam agunt, cuius custodes sunt positi.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 9</h3><p title="II-II q. 66 a. 9 arg. 1"><a name="41916"><span class="ref">[41916] IIª-IIae q. 66 a. 9 arg. 1</span></a> Ad nonum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2892 sic proceditur. Videtur quod furtum sit gravius peccatum quam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2893 rapina. Furtum enim, super acceptionem rei alienae, habet adiunctam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2894 fraudem et dolum, quod non est in rapina. Sed fraus et dolus de se
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2895 habent rationem peccati, ut supra habitum est. Ergo furtum videtur
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2896 esse gravius peccatum quam rapina.</p><p title="II-II q. 66 a. 9 arg. 2"><a name="41917"><span class="ref">[41917] IIª-IIae q. 66 a. 9 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2897 verecundia est timor de turpi actu, ut dicitur in IV Ethic. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2898 magis verecundantur homines de furto quam de rapina. Ergo furtum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2899 est turpius quam rapina.</p><p title="II-II q. 66 a. 9 arg. 3"><a name="41918"><span class="ref">[41918] IIª-IIae q. 66 a. 9 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2900 quanto aliquod peccatum pluribus nocet, tanto gravius esse videtur.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2901 Sed per furtum potest nocumentum inferri et magnis et parvis, per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2902 rapinam autem solum impotentibus, quibus potest violentia inferri.
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2903 Ergo gravius videtur esse peccatum furti quam rapinae.</p><p title="II-II q. 66 a. 9 s. c."><a name="41919"><span class="ref">[41919] IIª-IIae q. 66 a. 9 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2904 est quod secundum leges gravius punitur rapina quam furtum.</p><p title="II-II q. 66 a. 9 co."><a name="41920"><span class="ref">[41920] IIª-IIae q. 66 a. 9 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2905 dicendum quod rapina et furtum habent rationem peccati, sicut supra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2906 dictum est, propter involuntarium quod est ex parte eius cui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2907 aliquid aufertur; ita tamen quod in furto est involuntarium per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2908 ignorantiam, in rapina autem involuntarium per violentiam. Magis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2909 est autem aliquid involuntarium per violentiam quam per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2910 ignorantiam, quia violentia directius opponitur voluntati quam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2911 ignorantia. Et ideo rapina est gravius peccatum quam furtum. Est et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2912 alia ratio. Quia per rapinam non solum infertur alicui damnum in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2913 rebus, sed etiam vergit in quandam personae ignominiam sive
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2914 iniuriam. Et hoc praeponderat fraudi vel dolo, quae pertinent ad
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2915 furtum.</p><p title="II-II q. 66 a. 9 ad 1"><a name="41921"><span class="ref">[41921] IIª-IIae q. 66 a. 9 ad 1</span></a> Unde patet
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2916 responsio ad primum.</p><p title="II-II q. 66 a. 9 ad 2"><a name="41922"><span class="ref">[41922] IIª-IIae q. 66 a. 9 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2917 dicendum quod homines sensibilibus inhaerentes magis gloriantur de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2918 virtute exteriori, quae manifestatur in rapina, quam de virtute
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2919 interiori, quae tollitur per peccatum. Et ideo minus verecundantur
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2920 de rapina quam de furto.</p><p title="II-II q. 66 a. 9 ad 3"><a name="41923"><span class="ref">[41923] IIª-IIae q. 66 a. 9 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2921 dicendum quod licet pluribus possit noceri per furtum quam per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2922 rapinam, tamen graviora nocumenta possunt inferri per rapinam quam
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2923 per furtum. Unde ex hoc etiam rapina est detestabilior.</p></div></div><div class="q" id="q67"><h2>Quaestio 67</h2><div class="p"><h3>Prooemium</h3><p title="II-II q. 67 pr."><a name="41924"><span class="ref">[41924] IIª-IIae q. 67 pr.</span></a> Deinde
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2924 considerandum est de vitiis oppositis commutativae iustitiae quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2925 consistunt in verbis in quibus laeditur proximus. Et primo, de his
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2926 quae pertinent ad iudicium; secundo, de nocumentis verborum quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2927 fiunt extra iudicium. Circa primum quinque consideranda occurrunt,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2928 primo quidem, de iniustitia iudicis in iudicando; secundo, de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2929 iniustitia accusatoris in accusando; tertio, de iniustitia ex parte
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2930 rei in sua defensione; quarto, de iniustitia testis in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2931 testificando; quinto, de iniustitia advocati in patrocinando. Circa
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2932 primum quaeruntur quatuor. Primo, utrum aliquis possit iuste
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2933 iudicare eum qui non est sibi subditus. Secundo, utrum liceat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2934 iudicium ferre contra veritatem quam novit, propter ea quae sibi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2935 proponuntur. Tertio, utrum iudex possit aliquem iuste condemnare
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2936 non accusatum. Quarto, utrum licite possit poenam relaxare.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 1</h3><p title="II-II q. 67 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="41925"><span class="ref">[41925] IIª-IIae q. 67 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2937 sic proceditur. Videtur quod aliquis possit iuste iudicare eum qui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2938 non est sibi subditus. Dicitur enim Dan. XIII quod Daniel seniores
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2939 de falso testimonio convictos suo iudicio condemnavit. Sed illi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2940 seniores non erant subditi Danieli, quinimmo ipsi erant iudices
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2941 populi. Ergo aliquis potest licite iudicare sibi non subditum.</p><p title="II-II q. 67 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="41926"><span class="ref">[41926] IIª-IIae q. 67 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2942 Christus non erat alicuius hominis subditus, quinimmo ipse erat rex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2943 regum et dominus dominantium. Sed ipse exhibuit se iudicio hominis.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2944 Ergo videtur quod aliquis licite possit iudicare aliquem qui non
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2945 est subditus eius.</p><p title="II-II q. 67 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="41927"><span class="ref">[41927] IIª-IIae q. 67 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2946 secundum iura quilibet sortitur forum secundum rationem delicti.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2947 Sed quandoque ille qui delinquit non est subditus eius ad quem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2948 pertinet forum illius loci, puta cum est alterius dioecesis, vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2949 cum est exemptus. Ergo videtur quod aliquis possit iudicare eum qui
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2950 non est sibi subditus.</p><p title="II-II q. 67 a. 1 s. c."><a name="41928"><span class="ref">[41928] IIª-IIae q. 67 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2951 est quod Gregorius dicit, super illud Deut. XXIII, <i>si intraveris
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2952 segetem et cetera. Falcem iudicii mittere non potest in eam rem
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2953 quae alteri videtur esse commissa</i>.</p><p title="II-II q. 67 a. 1 co."><a name="41929"><span class="ref">[41929] IIª-IIae q. 67 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2954 dicendum quod sententia iudicis est quasi quaedam particularis lex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2955 in aliquo particulari facto. Et ideo sicut lex generalis debet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2956 habere vim coactivam, ut patet per philosophum, in X Ethic.; ita
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2957 etiam et sententia iudicis debet habere vim coactivam, per quam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2958 constringatur utraque pars ad servandam sententiam iudicis,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2959 alioquin iudicium non esset efficax. Potestatem autem coactivam non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2960 habet licite in rebus humanis nisi ille qui fungitur publica
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2961 potestate. Et qui ea funguntur superiores reputantur respectu eorum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2962 in quos, sicut in subditos, potestatem accipiunt, sive habeant
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2963 ordinarie, sive per commissionem. Et ideo manifestum est quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2964 nullus potest iudicare aliquem nisi sit aliquo modo subditus eius,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2965 vel per commissionem vel per potestatem ordinariam.</p><p title="II-II q. 67 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="41930"><span class="ref">[41930] IIª-IIae q. 67 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2966 ergo dicendum quod Daniel accepit potestatem ad iudicandum illos
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2967 seniores quasi commissam ex instinctu divino. Quod significatur per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2968 hoc quod ibi dicitur, quod <i>suscitavit dominus spiritum pueri
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2969 iunioris</i>.</p><p title="II-II q. 67 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="41931"><span class="ref">[41931] IIª-IIae q. 67 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2970 dicendum quod in rebus humanis aliqui propria sponte possunt se
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2971 subiicere aliorum iudicio, quamvis non sint eis superiores, sicut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2972 patet in his qui compromittunt in aliquos arbitros. Et inde est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2973 quod necesse est arbitrium poena vallari, quia arbitri, qui non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2974 sunt superiores, non habent de se plenam potestatem coercendi. Sic
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2975 igitur et Christus propria sponte humano iudicio se subdidit, sicut
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2976 etiam et Leo Papa iudicio imperatoris se subdidit.</p><p title="II-II q. 67 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="41932"><span class="ref">[41932] IIª-IIae q. 67 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2977 dicendum quod episcopus in cuius dioecesi aliquis delinquit,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2978 efficitur superior eius ratione delicti, etiam si sit exemptus,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2979 nisi forte delinquat in re aliqua exempta, puta in administratione
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2980 bonorum alicuius monasterii exempti. Sed si aliquis exemptus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2981 committat furtum vel homicidium vel aliquid huiusmodi, potest per
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2982 ordinarium iuste condemnari.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 2</h3><p title="II-II q. 67 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="41933"><span class="ref">[41933] IIª-IIae q. 67 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2983 secundum sic proceditur. Videtur quod iudici non liceat iudicare
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2984 contra veritatem quam novit, propter ea quae in contrarium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2985 proponuntur. Dicitur enim Deut. XVII, <i>venies ad sacerdotes
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2986 levitici generis, et ad iudicem qui fuerit in illo tempore,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2987 quaeresque ab eis, qui indicabunt tibi iudicii veritatem</i>. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2988 quandoque aliqua proponuntur contra veritatem, sicut cum aliquid
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2989 per falsos testes probatur. Ergo non licet iudici iudicare secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2990 ea quae proponuntur et probantur, contra veritatem quam ipse
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2991 novit.</p><p title="II-II q. 67 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="41934"><span class="ref">[41934] IIª-IIae q. 67 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2992 homo in iudicando debet divino iudicio conformari, quia Dei
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2993 iudicium est, ut dicitur Deut. I. Sed iudicium Dei est secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2994 veritatem, ut dicitur Rom. II, et Isaiae XI praedicitur de Christo,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2995 <i>non secundum visionem oculorum iudicabit, neque secundum auditum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2996 aurium arguet, sed iudicabit in iustitia pauperes, et arguet in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2997 aequitate pro mansuetis terrae</i>. Ergo iudex non debet, secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2998 ea quae coram ipso probantur, sententiam ferre contra ea quae ipse
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2999 novit.</p><p title="II-II q. 67 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="41935"><span class="ref">[41935] IIª-IIae q. 67 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3000 idcirco in iudicio probationes requiruntur ut fides fiat iudici de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3001 rei veritate, unde in his quae sunt notoria non requiritur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3002 iudicialis ordo, secundum illud I ad Tim. V, <i>quorundam hominum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3003 peccata manifesta sunt, praecedentia ad iudicium</i>. Si ergo iudex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3004 per se cognoscat veritatem, non debet attendere ad ea quae
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3005 probantur, sed sententiam ferre secundum veritatem quam novit.</p><p title="II-II q. 67 a. 2 arg. 4"><a name="41936"><span class="ref">[41936] IIª-IIae q. 67 a. 2 arg. 4</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3006 nomen conscientiae importat applicationem scientiae ad aliquid
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3007 agibile, ut in primo habitum est. Sed facere contra conscientiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3008 est peccatum. Ergo iudex peccat si sententiam ferat, secundum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3009 allegata, contra conscientiam veritatis quam habet.</p><p title="II-II q. 67 a. 2 s. c."><a name="41937"><span class="ref">[41937] IIª-IIae q. 67 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3010 est quod Augustinus dicit, super Psalt., <i>bonus iudex nihil ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3011 arbitrio suo facit, sed secundum leges et iura pronuntiat</i>. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3012 hoc est iudicare secundum ea quae in iudicio proponuntur et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3013 probantur. Ergo iudex debet secundum huiusmodi iudicare, et non
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3014 secundum proprium arbitrium.</p><p title="II-II q. 67 a. 2 co."><a name="41938"><span class="ref">[41938] IIª-IIae q. 67 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3015 dicendum quod, sicut dictum est, iudicare pertinet ad iudicem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3016 secundum quod fungitur publica potestate. Et ideo informari debet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3017 in iudicando non secundum id quod ipse novit tanquam privata
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3018 persona, sed secundum id quod sibi innotescit tanquam personae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3019 publicae. Hoc autem innotescit sibi et in communi, et in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3020 particulari. In communi quidem, per leges publicas vel divinas vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3021 humanas, contra quas nullas probationes admittere debet. In
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3022 particulari autem negotio aliquo, per instrumenta et testes et alia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3023 huiusmodi legitima documenta, quae debet sequi in iudicando magis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3024 quam id quod ipse novit tanquam privata persona. Ex quo tamen ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3025 hoc adiuvari potest ut districtius discutiat probationes inductas,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3026 ut possit earum defectum investigare. Quod si eas non possit de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3027 iure repellere, debet, sicut dictum est, eas in iudicando
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3028 sequi.</p><p title="II-II q. 67 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="41939"><span class="ref">[41939] IIª-IIae q. 67 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3029 ergo dicendum quod ideo praemittitur in verbis illis de quaestione
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3030 iudicibus facienda, ut intelligatur quod iudices debent veritatem
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3031 iudicare secundum ea quae fuerunt sibi proposita.</p><p title="II-II q. 67 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="41940"><span class="ref">[41940] IIª-IIae q. 67 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3032 dicendum quod Deo competit iudicare secundum propriam potestatem.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3033 Et ideo in iudicando informatur secundum veritatem quam ipse
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3034 cognoscit, non secundum hoc quod ab aliis accipit. Et eadem ratio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3035 est de Christo, qui est verus Deus et homo. Alii autem iudices non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3036 iudicant secundum propriam potestatem. Et ideo non est similis
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3037 ratio.</p><p title="II-II q. 67 a. 2 ad 3"><a name="41941"><span class="ref">[41941] IIª-IIae q. 67 a. 2 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3038 dicendum quod apostolus loquitur in casu quando aliquid non solum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3039 est manifestum iudici, sed sibi et aliis, ita quod reus nullo modo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3040 crimen infitiari potest, sed statim ex ipsa evidentia facti
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3041 convincitur. Si autem sit manifestum iudici et non aliis, vel aliis
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3042 et non iudici, tunc est necessaria iudicii discussio.</p><p title="II-II q. 67 a. 2 ad 4"><a name="41942"><span class="ref">[41942] IIª-IIae q. 67 a. 2 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3043 dicendum quod homo in his quae ad propriam personam pertinent,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3044 debet informare conscientiam suam ex propria scientia. Sed in his
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3045 quae pertinent ad publicam potestatem, debet informare conscientiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3046 suam secundum ea quae in publico iudicio sciri possunt, et
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3047 cetera.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 3</h3><p title="II-II q. 67 a. 3 arg. 1"><a name="41943"><span class="ref">[41943] IIª-IIae q. 67 a. 3 arg. 1</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3048 sic proceditur. Videtur quod iudex possit aliquem iudicare etiam si
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3049 non sit alius accusator. Humana enim iustitia derivatur a iustitia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3050 divina. Sed Deus peccatores iudicat etiam si nullus sit accusator.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3051 Ergo videtur quod homo possit in iudicio alium condemnare etiam si
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3052 non adsit accusator.</p><p title="II-II q. 67 a. 3 arg. 2"><a name="41944"><span class="ref">[41944] IIª-IIae q. 67 a. 3 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3053 accusator requiritur in iudicio ad hoc quod deferat crimen ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3054 iudicem. Sed quandoque potest crimen ad iudicem devenire alio modo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3055 quam per accusationem, sicut per denuntiationem vel per infamiam,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3056 vel etiam si ipse iudex videat. Ergo iudex potest aliquem
53
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ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3057 condemnare absque accusatore.</p><p title="II-II q. 67 a. 3 arg. 3"><a name="41945"><span class="ref">[41945] IIª-IIae q. 67 a. 3 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3058 facta sanctorum in Scripturis narrantur quasi quaedam exemplaria
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3059 humanae vitae. Sed Daniel simul fuit accusator et iudex contra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3060 iniquos senes, ut patet Dan. XIII. Ergo non est contra iustitiam si
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3061 aliquis aliquem damnet tanquam iudex, et ipsemet sit accusator.</p><p title="II-II q. 67 a. 3 s. c."><a name="41946"><span class="ref">[41946] IIª-IIae q. 67 a. 3 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3062 est quod, I ad Cor. V, Ambrosius, exponens sententiam apostoli de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3063 fornicatore, dicit quod <i>iudicis non est sine accusatore damnare,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3064 quia dominus Iudam, cum fuisset fur, quia non est accusatus, minime
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
3065 abiecit</i>.</p><p title="II-II q. 67 a. 3 co."><a name="41947"><span class="ref">[41947] IIª-IIae q. 67 a. 3 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3066 dicendum quod iudex est interpres iustitiae, unde sicut philosophus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3067 dicit, in V Ethic., <i>ad iudicem confugiunt sicut ad quandam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3068 iustitiam animatam</i>. Iustitia autem, sicut supra habitum est,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3069 non est ad seipsum, sed ad alterum. Et ideo oportet quod iudex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3070 inter aliquos duos diiudicet, quod quidem fit cum unus est actor et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3071 alius est reus. Et ideo in criminibus non potest aliquem iudicio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3072 condemnare iudex nisi habeat accusatorem, secundum illud Act. XXV,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3073 <i>non est consuetudo Romanis damnare aliquem hominem prius quam is
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3074 qui accusatur praesentes habeat accusatores, locumque defendendi
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
3075 accipiat ad abluenda crimina quae ei obiiciebantur</i>.</p><p title="II-II q. 67 a. 3 ad 1"><a name="41948"><span class="ref">[41948] IIª-IIae q. 67 a. 3 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3076 ergo dicendum quod Deus in suo iudicio utitur conscientia peccantis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3077 quasi accusatore, secundum illud Rom. II, <i>inter se invicem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3078 cogitationum accusantium, aut etiam defendentium</i>. Vel etiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3079 evidentia facti quantum ad ipsum, secundum illud Gen. IV <i>vox
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3080 sanguinis fratris tui Abel clamat ad me de terra</i>.</p><p title="II-II q. 67 a. 3 ad 2"><a name="41949"><span class="ref">[41949] IIª-IIae q. 67 a. 3 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3081 dicendum quod publica infamia habet locum accusatoris. Unde super
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3082 illud Gen. IV, <i>vox sanguinis fratris tui</i> etc., dicit Glossa,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3083 <i>evidentia patrati sceleris accusatore non eget</i>. In
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3084 denuntiatione vero, sicut supra dictum est, non intenditur punitio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3085 peccantis, sed emendatio, et ideo nihil agitur contra eum cuius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3086 peccatum denuntiatur, sed pro eo. Et ideo non est ibi necessarius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3087 accusator. Poena autem infertur propter rebellionem ad Ecclesiam,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3088 quae, quia est manifesta, tenet locum accusatoris. Ex eo autem quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3089 ipse iudex videt, non potest procedere ad sententiam ferendam, nisi
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3090 secundum ordinem publici iudicii.</p><p title="II-II q. 67 a. 3 ad 3"><a name="41950"><span class="ref">[41950] IIª-IIae q. 67 a. 3 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3091 dicendum quod Deus in suo iudicio procedit ex propria notitia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3092 veritatis, non autem homo, ut supra dictum est. Et ideo homo non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3093 potest esse simul accusator, iudex et testis, sicut Deus. Daniel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3094 autem accusator fuit simul et iudex quasi divini iudicii executor,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3095 cuius instinctu movebatur, ut dictum est.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 4</h3><p title="II-II q. 67 a. 4 arg. 1"><a name="41951"><span class="ref">[41951] IIª-IIae q. 67 a. 4 arg. 1</span></a> Ad quartum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3096 sic proceditur. Videtur quod iudex licite possit poenam relaxare.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3097 Dicitur enim Iac. II, <i>iudicium sine misericordia ei qui non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3098 facit misericordiam</i>. Sed nullus punitur propter hoc quod non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3099 facit illud quod licite facere non potest. Ergo quilibet iudex
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3100 potest licite misericordiam facere, relaxando poenam.</p><p title="II-II q. 67 a. 4 arg. 2"><a name="41952"><span class="ref">[41952] IIª-IIae q. 67 a. 4 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3101 iudicium humanum debet imitari iudicium divinum. Sed Deus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3102 poenitentibus relaxat poenam, quia non vult mortem peccatoris, ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3103 dicitur Ezech. XVIII. Ergo etiam homo iudex potest poenitenti
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3104 licite laxare poenam.</p><p title="II-II q. 67 a. 4 arg. 3"><a name="41953"><span class="ref">[41953] IIª-IIae q. 67 a. 4 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3105 unicuique licet facere quod alicui prodest et nulli nocet. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3106 absolvere reum a poena prodest ei et nulli nocet. Ergo iudex licite
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3107 potest reum a poena absolvere.</p><p title="II-II q. 67 a. 4 s. c."><a name="41954"><span class="ref">[41954] IIª-IIae q. 67 a. 4 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3108 est quod dicitur Deut. XIII de eo qui persuadet servire diis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3109 alienis, <i>non parcat ei oculus tuus ut miserearis et occultes
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3110 eum, sed statim interficies eum</i>. Et de homicida dicitur Deut.
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3111 XIX, <i>morietur, nec misereberis eius</i>.</p><p title="II-II q. 67 a. 4 co."><a name="41955"><span class="ref">[41955] IIª-IIae q. 67 a. 4 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3112 dicendum quod, sicut ex dictis patet, duo sunt, quantum ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3113 propositum pertinet, circa iudicem consideranda, quorum unum est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3114 quod ipse habet iudicare inter accusatorem et reum; aliud autem est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3115 quod ipse non fert iudicii sententiam quasi ex propria, sed quasi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3116 ex publica potestate. Duplici ergo ratione impeditur iudex ne reum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3117 a poena absolvere possit. Primo quidem, ex parte accusatoris, ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3118 cuius ius quandoque pertinet ut reus puniatur, puta propter aliquam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3119 iniuriam in ipsum commissam, cuius relaxatio non est in arbitrio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3120 alicuius iudicis, quia quilibet iudex tenetur ius suum reddere
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3121 unicuique. Alio modo impeditur ex parte reipublicae, cuius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3122 potestate fungitur, ad cuius bonum pertinet quod malefactores
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3123 puniantur. Sed tamen quantum ad hoc differt inter inferiores
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3124 iudices et supremum iudicem, scilicet principem, cui est plenarie
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3125 potestas publica commissa. Iudex enim inferior non habet potestatem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3126 absolvendi reum a poena, contra leges a superiore sibi impositas.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3127 Unde super illud Ioan. XIX, <i>non haberes adversum me potestatem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3128 ullam</i>, dicit Augustinus, <i>talem Deus dederat Pilato
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3129 potestatem ut esset sub Caesaris potestate, ne ei omnino liberum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3130 esset accusatum absolvere</i>. Sed princeps, qui habet plenariam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3131 potestatem in republica, si ille qui passus est iniuriam velit eam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3132 remittere, poterit reum licite absolvere, si hoc publicae utilitati
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3133 viderit non esse nocivum.</p><p title="II-II q. 67 a. 4 ad 1"><a name="41956"><span class="ref">[41956] IIª-IIae q. 67 a. 4 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3134 ergo dicendum quod misericordia iudicis habet locum in his quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3135 arbitrio iudicis relinquuntur, in quibus <i>boni viri est ut sit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3136 diminutivus poenarum</i>, sicut philosophus dicit, in V Ethic. In
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3137 his autem quae sunt determinata secundum legem divinam vel humanam,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3138 non est suum misericordiam facere.</p><p title="II-II q. 67 a. 4 ad 2"><a name="41957"><span class="ref">[41957] IIª-IIae q. 67 a. 4 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3139 dicendum quod Deus habet supremam potestatem iudicandi, et ad ipsum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3140 pertinet quidquid contra aliquem peccatur. Et ideo liberum est ei
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3141 poenam remittere, praecipue cum peccato ex hoc poena maxime
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3142 debeatur quod est contra ipsum. Non tamen remittit poenam nisi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3143 secundum quod decet suam bonitatem, quae est omnium legum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3144 radix.</p><p title="II-II q. 67 a. 4 ad 3"><a name="41958"><span class="ref">[41958] IIª-IIae q. 67 a. 4 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3145 dicendum quod iudex, si inordinate poenam remitteret, nocumentum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3146 inferret et communitati, cui expedit ut maleficia puniantur, ad hoc
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3147 quod peccata vitentur, unde Deut. XIII, post poenam seductoris,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3148 subditur, <i>ut omnis Israel, audiens, timeat, et nequaquam ultra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3149 faciat quispiam huius rei simile</i>. Nocet etiam personae cui est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3150 illata iniuria, quae recompensationem accipit per quandam
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3151 restitutionem honoris in poena iniuriantis.</p></div></div><div class="q" id="q68"><h2>Quaestio 68</h2><div class="p"><h3>Prooemium</h3><p title="II-II q. 68 pr."><a name="41959"><span class="ref">[41959] IIª-IIae q. 68 pr.</span></a> Deinde
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3152 considerandum est de his quae pertinent ad iniustam accusationem.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3153 Et circa hoc quaeruntur quatuor. Primo, utrum homo accusare
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3154 teneatur. Secundo, utrum accusatio sit facienda in scriptis.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3155 Tertio, quomodo accusatio sit vitiosa. Quarto, qualiter male
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3156 accusantes sint puniendi.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 1</h3><p title="II-II q. 68 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="41960"><span class="ref">[41960] IIª-IIae q. 68 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3157 sic proceditur. Videtur quod homo non teneatur accusare. Nullus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3158 enim excusatur ab impletione divini praecepti propter peccatum,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3159 quia iam ex suo peccato commodum reportaret. Sed aliqui propter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3160 peccatum redduntur inhabiles ad accusandum, sicut excommunicati,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3161 infames, et illi qui sunt de maioribus criminibus accusati prius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3162 quam innoxii demonstrentur. Ergo homo non tenetur ex praecepto
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3163 divino ad accusandum.</p><p title="II-II q. 68 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="41961"><span class="ref">[41961] IIª-IIae q. 68 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3164 omne debitum ex caritate dependet, quae est finis praecepti, unde
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3165 dicitur Rom. XIII, <i>nemini quidquam debeatis, nisi ut invicem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3166 diligatis</i>. Sed illud quod est caritatis homo debet omnibus,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3167 maioribus et minoribus, subditis et praelatis. Cum igitur subditi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3168 non debeant praelatos accusare, nec minores suos maiores, ut per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3169 plura capitula probatur II, qu. VII; videtur quod nullus ex debito
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3170 teneatur accusare.</p><p title="II-II q. 68 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="41962"><span class="ref">[41962] IIª-IIae q. 68 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3171 nullus tenetur contra fidelitatem agere quam debet amico, quia non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3172 debet alteri facere quod sibi non vult fieri. Sed accusare aliquem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3173 quandoque est contra fidelitatem quam quis debet amico, dicitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3174 enim Prov. XI, <i>qui ambulat fraudulenter revelat arcana, qui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3175 autem fidelis est celat amici commissum</i>. Ergo homo non tenetur
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3176 ad accusandum.</p><p title="II-II q. 68 a. 1 s. c."><a name="41963"><span class="ref">[41963] IIª-IIae q. 68 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3177 est quod dicitur Levit. V, <i>si peccaverit anima, et audierit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3178 vocem iurantis, testisque fuerit quod aut ipse vidit aut conscius
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3179 est, nisi indicaverit, portabit iniquitatem suam</i>.</p><p title="II-II q. 68 a. 1 co."><a name="41964"><span class="ref">[41964] IIª-IIae q. 68 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3180 dicendum quod, sicut supra dictum est, haec est differentia inter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3181 denuntiationem et accusationem, quod in denuntiatione attenditur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3182 emendatio fratris, in accusatione autem attenditur punitio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3183 criminis. Poenae autem praesentis vitae non per se expetuntur, quia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3184 non est hic ultimum retributionis tempus, sed inquantum sunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3185 medicinales, conferentes vel ad emendationem personae peccantis,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3186 vel ad bonum reipublicae, cuius quies procuratur per punitionem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3187 peccantium. Quorum primum intenditur in denuntiatione, ut dictum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3188 est, secundum autem proprie pertinet ad accusationem. Et ideo si
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3189 crimen fuerit tale quod vergat in detrimentum reipublicae, tenetur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3190 homo ad accusationem, dummodo sufficienter possit probare, quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3191 pertinet ad officium accusatoris, puta cum peccatum alicuius vergit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3192 in multitudinis corruptelam corporalem seu spiritualem. Si autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3193 non fuerit tale peccatum quod in multitudinem redundet, vel etiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3194 si sufficientem probationem adhibere non possit, non tenetur ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3195 intentandum accusationem, quia ad hoc nullus tenetur quod non
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3196 potest debito modo perficere.</p><p title="II-II q. 68 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="41965"><span class="ref">[41965] IIª-IIae q. 68 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3197 ergo dicendum quod nihil prohibet per peccatum reddi aliquem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3198 impotentem ad ea quae homines facere tenentur, sicut ad merendum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3199 vitam aeternam, et ad assumendum ecclesiastica sacramenta. Nec
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3200 tamen ex hoc homo reportat commodum, quinimmo deficere ab his quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3201 tenetur facere est gravissima poena, quia virtuosi actus sunt
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3202 quaedam hominis perfectiones.</p><p title="II-II q. 68 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="41966"><span class="ref">[41966] IIª-IIae q. 68 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3203 dicendum quod subditi praelatos suos accusare prohibentur <i>qui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3204 non affectione caritatis, sed sua pravitate vitam eorum diffamare
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3205 et reprehendere quaerunt</i>; vel etiam si subditi accusare
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3206 volentes, fuerint criminosi; ut habetur II, qu. VII. Alioquin, si
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3207 fuerint alias idonei ad accusandum, licet subditis ex caritate suos
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3208 praelatos accusare.</p><p title="II-II q. 68 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="41967"><span class="ref">[41967] IIª-IIae q. 68 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3209 dicendum quod revelare secreta in malum personae, est contra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3210 fidelitatem, non autem si revelentur propter bonum commune, quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3211 semper praeferendum est bono privato. Et ideo contra bonum commune
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3212 nullum secretum licet recipere. Nec tamen est omnino secretum quod
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3213 per sufficientes testes potest probari.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 2</h3><p title="II-II q. 68 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="41968"><span class="ref">[41968] IIª-IIae q. 68 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3214 secundum sic proceditur. Videtur quod non sit necessarium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3215 accusationem in scriptis fieri. Scriptura enim adinventa est ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3216 subveniendum humanae memoriae circa praeterita. Sed accusatio in
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3217 praesenti agitur. Ergo accusatio Scriptura non indiget.</p><p title="II-II q. 68 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="41969"><span class="ref">[41969] IIª-IIae q. 68 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3218 II, qu. VIII, dicitur, <i>nullus absens accusare potest, nec ab
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3219 aliquo accusari</i>. Sed Scriptura ad hoc videtur esse utilis ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3220 absentibus aliquid significetur, ut patet per Augustinum, X de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3221 Trin. Ergo in accusatione non est necessaria Scriptura, praesertim
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3222 cum canon dicat quod per scripta nullius accusatio suscipiatur.</p><p title="II-II q. 68 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="41970"><span class="ref">[41970] IIª-IIae q. 68 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3223 sicut crimen alicuius manifestatur per accusationem, ita per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3224 denuntiationem. Sed in denuntiatione non est Scriptura necessaria.
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3225 Ergo videtur quod neque etiam in accusatione.</p><p title="II-II q. 68 a. 2 s. c."><a name="41971"><span class="ref">[41971] IIª-IIae q. 68 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3226 est quod dicitur II, qu. VIII, <i>accusatorum personae sine scripto
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3227 nunquam recipiantur</i>.</p><p title="II-II q. 68 a. 2 co."><a name="41972"><span class="ref">[41972] IIª-IIae q. 68 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3228 dicendum quod, sicut supra dictum est, quando in criminibus per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3229 modum accusationis agitur, accusator constituitur pars, ita quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3230 iudex inter accusatorem et eum qui accusatur medius constituitur ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3231 examen iustitiae, in quo oportet, quantum possibile est, secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3232 certitudinem procedere. Quia vero ea quae verbotenus dicuntur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3233 facile labuntur a memoria, non posset iudici esse certum quid et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3234 qualiter dictum sit, cum debet proferre sententiam, nisi esset in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3235 scriptis redactum. Et ideo rationabiliter institutum est ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3236 accusatio, sicut et alia quae in iudicio aguntur, redigantur in
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3237 scriptis.</p><p title="II-II q. 68 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="41973"><span class="ref">[41973] IIª-IIae q. 68 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3238 ergo dicendum quod difficile est singula verba, propter eorum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3239 multitudinem et varietatem, retinere, cuius signum est quod multi,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3240 eadem verba audientes, si interrogentur, non referent ea similiter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3241 etiam post modicum tempus. Et tamen modica verborum differentia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3242 sensum variat. Et ideo, etiam si post modicum tempus debeat iudicis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3243 sententia promulgari, expedit tamen ad certitudinem iudicii ut
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3244 accusatio redigatur in scriptis.</p><p title="II-II q. 68 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="41974"><span class="ref">[41974] IIª-IIae q. 68 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3245 dicendum quod Scriptura non solum necessaria est propter absentiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3246 personae quae significat vel cui est aliquid significandum, sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3247 etiam propter dilationem temporis, ut dictum est. Et ideo cum dicit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3248 canon, per scripta nullius accusatio suscipiatur, intelligendum est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3249 ab absente, qui per epistolam accusationem mittat. Non tamen
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3250 excluditur quin, si praesens fuerit, necessaria sit Scriptura.</p><p title="II-II q. 68 a. 2 ad 3"><a name="41975"><span class="ref">[41975] IIª-IIae q. 68 a. 2 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3251 dicendum quod denuntiator non obligat se ad probandum, unde nec
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3252 punitur si probare nequiverit. Et propter hoc in denuntiatione non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3253 est necessaria Scriptura, sed sufficit si aliquis verbo denuntiet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3254 Ecclesiae, quae ex officio suo procedet ad fratris
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3255 emendationem.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 3</h3><p title="II-II q. 68 a. 3 arg. 1"><a name="41976"><span class="ref">[41976] IIª-IIae q. 68 a. 3 arg. 1</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3256 sic proceditur. Videtur quod accusatio non reddatur iniusta per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3257 calumniam, praevaricationem et tergiversationem. Quia sicut dicitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3258 II, qu. III, calumniari est falsa crimina intendere. Sed quandoque
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3259 aliquis alteri falsum crimen obiicit ex ignorantia facti, quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3260 excusat. Ergo videtur quod non semper reddatur iniusta accusatio si
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3261 sit calumniosa.</p><p title="II-II q. 68 a. 3 arg. 2"><a name="41977"><span class="ref">[41977] IIª-IIae q. 68 a. 3 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3262 ibidem dicitur quod praevaricari est vera crimina abscondere. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3263 hoc non videtur esse illicitum, quia homo non tenetur ad omnia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3264 crimina detegenda, ut supra dictum est. Ergo videtur quod accusatio
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3265 non reddatur iniusta ex praevaricatione.</p><p title="II-II q. 68 a. 3 arg. 3"><a name="41978"><span class="ref">[41978] IIª-IIae q. 68 a. 3 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3266 sicut ibidem dicitur, <i>tergiversari est in universo ab
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3267 accusatione desistere</i>. Sed hoc absque iniustitia fieri potest,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3268 dicitur enim ibidem, <i>si quem poenituerit criminaliter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3269 accusationem et inscriptionem fecisse de eo quod probare non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3270 potuerit, si ei cum accusato innocente convenerit, invicem se
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3271 absolvant</i>. Ergo accusatio non redditur iniusta per
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3272 tergiversationem.</p><p title="II-II q. 68 a. 3 s. c."><a name="41979"><span class="ref">[41979] IIª-IIae q. 68 a. 3 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3273 est quod ibidem dicitur, <i>accusatorum temeritas tribus modis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3274 detegitur, aut enim calumniantur, aut praevaricantur, aut
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3275 tergiversantur</i>.</p><p title="II-II q. 68 a. 3 co."><a name="41980"><span class="ref">[41980] IIª-IIae q. 68 a. 3 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3276 dicendum quod, sicut dictum est, accusatio ordinatur ad bonum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3277 commune, quod intenditur per cognitionem criminis. Nullus autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3278 debet alicui nocere iniuste ut bonum commune promoveat. Et ideo in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3279 accusatione duplici ratione contingit esse peccatum. Uno modo, ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3280 eo quod iniuste agit contra eum qui accusatur, falsa crimina ei
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3281 imponendo, quod est calumniari. Alio modo, ex parte reipublicae,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3282 cuius bonum principaliter intenditur in accusatione, dum aliquis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3283 impedit malitiose punitionem peccati. Quod iterum dupliciter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3284 contingit. Uno modo, fraudem in accusatione adhibendo. Et hoc
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3285 pertinet ad praevaricationem, <i>nam praevaricator est quasi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3286 varicator, qui adversam partem adiuvat, prodita causa sua</i>. Alio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3287 modo, totaliter ab accusatione desistendo. Quod est tergiversari,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3288 in hoc enim quod desistit ab hoc quod coeperat, quasi tergum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3289 vertere videtur.</p><p title="II-II q. 68 a. 3 ad 1"><a name="41981"><span class="ref">[41981] IIª-IIae q. 68 a. 3 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3290 ergo dicendum quod homo non debet ad accusationem procedere nisi de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3291 re sibi omnino certa, in quo ignorantia facti locum non habeat. Nec
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3292 tamen qui falsum crimen alicui imponit calumniatur, sed solum qui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3293 ex malitia in falsam accusationem prorumpit. Contingit enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3294 quandoque ex animi levitate ad accusationem procedere, quia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3295 scilicet aliquis nimis faciliter credit quod audivit, et hoc
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3296 temeritatis est. Aliquando autem ex iusto errore movetur aliquis ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3297 accusandum. Quae omnia secundum prudentiam iudicis debent discerni,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3298 ut non prorumpat eum calumniatum fuisse qui vel ex levitate animi
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3299 vel ex iusto errore in falsam accusationem prorupit.</p><p title="II-II q. 68 a. 3 ad 2"><a name="41982"><span class="ref">[41982] IIª-IIae q. 68 a. 3 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3300 dicendum quod non quicumque abscondit vera crimina praevaricatur,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3301 sed solum si fraudulenter abscondit ea de quibus accusationem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3302 proponit, colludens cum reo, proprias probationes dissimulando, et
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3303 falsas excusationes admittendo.</p><p title="II-II q. 68 a. 3 ad 3"><a name="41983"><span class="ref">[41983] IIª-IIae q. 68 a. 3 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3304 dicendum quod tergiversari est ab accusatione desistere omnino
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3305 animum accusandi deponendo, non qualitercumque, sed inordinate.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3306 Contingit autem aliquem ab accusatione desistere ordinate absque
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3307 vitio, dupliciter. Uno modo, si in ipso accusationis processu
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3308 cognoverit falsum esse id de quo accusabat, et si pari consensu se
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3309 absolvunt accusator et reus. Alio modo, si princeps, ad quem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3310 pertinet cura boni communis, quod per accusationem intenditur,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3311 accusationem aboleverit.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 4</h3><p title="II-II q. 68 a. 4 arg. 1"><a name="41984"><span class="ref">[41984] IIª-IIae q. 68 a. 4 arg. 1</span></a> Ad quartum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3312 sic proceditur. Videtur quod accusator qui in probatione defecerit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3313 non teneatur ad poenam talionis. Contingit enim quandoque aliquem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3314 ex iusto errore ad accusationem procedere, in quo casu iudex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3315 accusatorem absolvit, ut dicitur II, qu. III. Non ergo accusator
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3316 qui in probatione defecerit tenetur ad poenam talionis.</p><p title="II-II q. 68 a. 4 arg. 2"><a name="41985"><span class="ref">[41985] IIª-IIae q. 68 a. 4 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3317 si poena talionis ei qui iniuste accusat sit iniungenda, hoc erit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3318 propter iniuriam in aliquem commissam. Sed non propter iniuriam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3319 commissam in personam accusati, quia sic princeps non posset hanc
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3320 poenam remittere. Nec etiam propter iniuriam illatam in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3321 rempublicam, quia sic accusatus non posset eum absolvere. Ergo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3322 poena talionis non debetur ei qui in accusatione defecerit.</p><p title="II-II q. 68 a. 4 arg. 3"><a name="41986"><span class="ref">[41986] IIª-IIae q. 68 a. 4 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3323 eidem peccato non debetur duplex poena, secundum illud Nahum I,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3324 <i>non iudicabit Deus bis in idipsum</i>. Sed ille qui in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3325 probatione deficit incurrit poenam infamiae, quam etiam Papa non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3326 videtur posse remittere, secundum illud Gelasii Papae, <i>quanquam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3327 animas per poenitentiam salvare possimus, infamiam tamen abolere
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3328 non possumus</i>. Non ergo tenetur ad poenam talionis.</p><p title="II-II q. 68 a. 4 s. c."><a name="41987"><span class="ref">[41987] IIª-IIae q. 68 a. 4 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3329 est quod Hadrianus Papa dicit, qui <i>non probaverit quod obiecit,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3330 poenam quam intulerit ipse patiatur</i>.</p><p title="II-II q. 68 a. 4 co."><a name="41988"><span class="ref">[41988] IIª-IIae q. 68 a. 4 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3331 dicendum quod, sicut supra dictum est, accusator in causa
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3332 accusationis constituitur pars intendens ad poenam accusati. Ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3333 iudicem autem pertinet ut inter eos iustitiae aequalitatem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3334 constituat. Iustitiae autem aequalitas hoc requirit, ut nocumentum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3335 quod quis alteri intentat, ipse patiatur, secundum illud Exod. XXI,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3336 <i>oculum pro oculo, dentem pro dente</i>. Et ideo iustum est ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3337 ille qui per accusationem aliquem in periculum gravis poenae
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3338 inducit, ipse etiam similem poenam patiatur.</p><p title="II-II q. 68 a. 4 ad 1"><a name="41989"><span class="ref">[41989] IIª-IIae q. 68 a. 4 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3339 ergo dicendum quod, sicut philosophus dicit, in V Ethic., in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3340 iustitia non semper competit contrapassum simpliciter, quia multum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3341 differt an aliquis voluntarie an involuntarie alium laedat.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3342 Voluntarium autem meretur poenam, sed involuntario debetur venia.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3343 Et ideo quando iudex cognoverit aliquem de falso accusasse non
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3344 voluntate nocendi, sed involuntarie propter ignorantiam ex iusto
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
3345 errore, non imponit poenam talionis.</p><p title="II-II q. 68 a. 4 ad 2"><a name="41990"><span class="ref">[41990] IIª-IIae q. 68 a. 4 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3346 dicendum quod ille qui male accusat peccat et contra personam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3347 accusati, et contra rempublicam. Unde propter utrumque punitur. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3348 hoc est quod dicitur Deut. XIX, <i>cumque, diligentissime
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3349 perscrutantes, invenerint falsum testem dixisse contra fratrem suum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3350 mendacium, reddent ei sicut fratri suo facere cogitavit</i>, quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3351 pertinet ad iniuriam personae, et postea, quantum ad iniuriam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3352 reipublicae, subditur, <i>et auferes malum de medio tui, ut
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3353 audientes ceteri timorem habeant, et nequaquam talia audeant
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3354 facere</i>. Specialiter tamen personae accusati facit iniuriam si
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3355 de falso accuset, et ideo accusatus, si innocens fuerit, potest ei
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3356 iniuriam suam remittere; maxime si non calumniose accusaverit, sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3357 ex animi levitate. Si vero ab accusatione innocentis desistat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3358 propter aliquam collusionem cum adversario, facit iniuriam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3359 reipublicae, et hoc non potest ei remitti ab eo qui accusatur, sed
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
3360 potest ei remitti per principem, qui curam reipublicae gerit.</p><p title="II-II q. 68 a. 4 ad 3"><a name="41991"><span class="ref">[41991] IIª-IIae q. 68 a. 4 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3361 dicendum quod poenam talionis meretur accusator in recompensationem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3362 nocumenti quod proximo inferre intentat, sed poena infamiae ei
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3363 debetur propter malitiam ex qua calumniose alium accusat. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3364 quandoque quidem princeps remittit poenam, et non abolet infamiam,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3365 quandoque autem etiam infamiam abolet. Unde et Papa potest
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3366 huiusmodi infamiam abolere, et quod dicit Papa Gelasius,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3367 <i>infamiam abolere non possumus</i>, intelligendum est vel de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3368 infamia facti, vel quia eam abolere aliquando non expedit. Vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3369 etiam loquitur de infamia irrogata per iudicem civilem, sicut dicit
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
3370 Gratianus.</p></div></div><div class="q" id="q69"><h2>Quaestio 69</h2><div class="p"><h3>Prooemium</h3><p title="II-II q. 69 pr."><a name="41992"><span class="ref">[41992] IIª-IIae q. 69 pr.</span></a> Deinde
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3371 considerandum est de peccatis quae sunt contra iustitiam ex parte
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3372 rei. Et circa hoc quaeruntur quatuor. Primo, utrum peccet aliquis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3373 mortaliter veritatem negando per quam condemnaretur. Secundo, utrum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3374 liceat alicui se calumniose defendere. Tertio, utrum liceat alicui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3375 iudicium subterfugere appellando. Quarto, utrum liceat alicui
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
3376 condemnato per violentiam se defendere, si adsit facultas.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 1</h3><p title="II-II q. 69 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="41993"><span class="ref">[41993] IIª-IIae q. 69 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3377 sic proceditur. Videtur quod absque peccato mortali possit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3378 accusatus veritatem negare per quam condemnaretur. Dicit enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3379 Chrysostomus, <i>non tibi dico ut te prodas in publicum, neque apud
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3380 alium accuses</i>. Sed si veritatem confiteretur in iudicio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3381 accusatus, seipsum proderet et accusaret. Non ergo tenetur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3382 veritatem dicere. Et ita non peccat mortaliter si in iudicio
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3383 mentiatur.</p><p title="II-II q. 69 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="41994"><span class="ref">[41994] IIª-IIae q. 69 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3384 sicut mendacium officiosum est quando aliquis mentitur ut alium a
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3385 morte liberet, ita mendacium officiosum esse videtur quando aliquis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3386 mentitur ut se liberet a morte, quia plus sibi tenetur quam alteri.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3387 Mendacium autem officiosum non ponitur esse peccatum mortale, sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3388 veniale. Ergo si accusatus veritatem in iudicio neget ut se a morte
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
3389 liberet, non peccat mortaliter.</p><p title="II-II q. 69 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="41995"><span class="ref">[41995] IIª-IIae q. 69 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3390 omne peccatum mortale est contra caritatem, ut supra dictum est.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3391 Sed quod accusatus mentiatur excusando se a peccato sibi imposito,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3392 non contrariatur caritati, neque quantum ad dilectionem Dei neque
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3393 quantum ad dilectionem proximi. Ergo huiusmodi mendacium non est
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3394 peccatum mortale.</p><p title="II-II q. 69 a. 1 s. c."><a name="41996"><span class="ref">[41996] IIª-IIae q. 69 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra,
28
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3395 omne quod est contrarium divinae gloriae est peccatum mortale, quia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3396 ex praecepto tenemur omnia in gloriam Dei facere, <i>ut patet I ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3397 Cor. X</i>. Sed quod reus id quod contra se est confiteatur,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3398 pertinet ad gloriam Dei, ut patet per id quod Iosue dixit ad Achar,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3399 <i>fili mi, da gloriam domino Deo Israel, et confitere atque indica
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3400 mihi quid feceris, ne abscondas</i>, ut habetur Iosue VII. Ergo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
3401 mentiri ad excusandum peccatum est peccatum mortale.</p><p title="II-II q. 69 a. 1 co."><a name="41997"><span class="ref">[41997] IIª-IIae q. 69 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3402 dicendum quod quicumque facit contra debitum iustitiae, mortaliter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3403 peccat, sicut supra dictum est. Pertinet autem ad debitum iustitiae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3404 quod aliquis obediat suo superiori in his ad quae ius praelationis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3405 se extendit. Iudex autem, ut supra dictum est, superior est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3406 respectu eius qui iudicatur. Et ideo ex debito tenetur accusatus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3407 iudici veritatem exponere quam ab eo secundum formam iuris exigit.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3408 Et ideo si confiteri noluerit veritatem quam dicere tenetur, vel si
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3409 eam mendaciter negaverit, mortaliter peccat. Si vero iudex hoc
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3410 exquirat quod non potest secundum ordinem iuris, non tenetur ei
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3411 accusatus respondere, sed potest vel per appellationem vel aliter
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3412 licite subterfugere, mendacium tamen dicere non licet.</p><p title="II-II q. 69 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="41998"><span class="ref">[41998] IIª-IIae q. 69 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3413 ergo dicendum quod quando aliquis secundum ordinem iuris a iudice
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3414 interrogatur, non ipse se prodit, sed ab alio proditur, dum ei
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3415 necessitas respondendi imponitur per eum cui obedire tenetur.</p><p title="II-II q. 69 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="41999"><span class="ref">[41999] IIª-IIae q. 69 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3416 dicendum quod mentiri ad liberandum aliquem a morte cum iniuria
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3417 alterius, non est mendacium simpliciter officiosum, sed habet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3418 aliquid de pernicioso admixtum. Cum autem aliquis mentitur in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3419 iudicio ad excusationem sui, iniuriam facit ei cui obedire tenetur,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3420 dum sibi denegat quod ei debet, scilicet confessionem
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3421 veritatis.</p><p title="II-II q. 69 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="42000"><span class="ref">[42000] IIª-IIae q. 69 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3422 dicendum quod ille qui mentitur in iudicio se excusando, facit et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3423 contra dilectionem Dei, cuius est iudicium; et contra dilectionem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3424 proximi, tum ex parte iudicis, cui debitum negat; tum ex parte
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3425 accusatoris, qui punitur si in probatione deficiat. Unde et in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3426 Psalm. dicitur, <i>ne declines cor meum in verba malitiae, ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3427 excusandas excusationes in peccatis</i>, ubi dicit Glossa, <i>haec
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3428 est consuetudo impudentium, ut deprehensi per aliqua falsa se
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3429 excusent</i>. Et Gregorius, XXII Moral., exponens illud Iob XXXI,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3430 si abscondi quasi homo peccatum meum, dicit, <i>usitatum humani
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3431 generis vitium est et latendo peccatum committere, et commissum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3432 negando abscondere, et convictum defendendo multiplicare</i>.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 2</h3><p title="II-II q. 69 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="42001"><span class="ref">[42001] IIª-IIae q. 69 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3433 secundum sic proceditur. Videtur quod accusato liceat calumniose se
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3434 defendere. Quia secundum iura civilia, in causa sanguinis licitum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3435 est cuilibet adversarium corrumpere. Sed hoc maxime est calumniose
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3436 se defendere. Ergo non peccat accusatus in causa sanguinis si
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3437 calumniose se defendat.</p><p title="II-II q. 69 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="42002"><span class="ref">[42002] IIª-IIae q. 69 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3438 accusator cum accusato colludens poenam recipit legibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3439 constitutam, ut habetur, II, qu. III, non autem imponitur poena
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3440 accusato propter hoc quod cum accusatore colludit. Ergo videtur
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3441 quod liceat accusato calumniose se defendere.</p><p title="II-II q. 69 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="42003"><span class="ref">[42003] IIª-IIae q. 69 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3442 Prov. XIV dicitur, <i>sapiens timet et declinat a malo, stultus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3443 transilit et confidit</i>. Sed illud quod fit per sapientiam non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3444 est peccatum. Ergo si aliquis qualitercumque se liberet a malo, non
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3445 peccat.</p><p title="II-II q. 69 a. 2 s. c."><a name="42004"><span class="ref">[42004] IIª-IIae q. 69 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3446 est quod etiam in causa criminali iuramentum de calumnia est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3447 praestandum, ut habetur extra, de iuramento Calum., inhaerentes.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3448 Quod non esset si calumniose defendere se liceret. Ergo non est
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3449 licitum accusato calumniose se defendere.</p><p title="II-II q. 69 a. 2 co."><a name="42005"><span class="ref">[42005] IIª-IIae q. 69 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3450 dicendum quod aliud est veritatem tacere, aliud est falsitatem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3451 proponere. Quorum primum in aliquo casu licet. Non enim aliquis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3452 tenetur omnem veritatem confiteri, sed illam solum quam ab eo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3453 potest et debet requirere iudex secundum ordinem iuris, puta cum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3454 praecessit infamia super aliquo crimine, vel aliqua expressa
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3455 indicia apparuerunt, vel etiam cum praecessit probatio semiplena.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3456 Falsitatem tamen proponere in nullo casu licet alicui. Ad id autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3457 quod licitum est potest aliquis procedere vel per vias licitas et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3458 fini intento accommodas, quod pertinet ad prudentiam, vel per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3459 aliquas vias illicitas et proposito fini incongruas, quod pertinet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3460 ad astutiam, quae exercetur per fraudem et dolum, ut ex supradictis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3461 patet. Quorum primum est laudabile; secundum vero vitiosum. Sic
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3462 igitur reo qui accusatur licet se defendere veritatem occultando
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3463 quam confiteri non tenetur, per aliquos convenientes modos, puta
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3464 quod non respondeat ad quae respondere non tenetur. Hoc autem non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3465 est calumniose se defendere, sed magis prudenter evadere. Non autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3466 licet ei vel falsitatem dicere, vel veritatem tacere quam confiteri
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3467 tenetur; neque etiam aliquam fraudem vel dolum adhibere, quia fraus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3468 et dolus vim mendacii habent. Et hoc est calumniose se
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3469 defendere.</p><p title="II-II q. 69 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="42006"><span class="ref">[42006] IIª-IIae q. 69 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3470 ergo dicendum quod multa secundum leges humanas impunita
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3471 relinquuntur quae secundum divinum iudicium sunt peccata, sicut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3472 patet in simplici fornicatione, quia lex humana non exigit ab
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3473 homine omnimodam virtutem, quae paucorum est, et non potest
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3474 inveniri in tanta multitudine populi quantam lex humana sustinere
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3475 habet necesse. Quod autem aliquis non velit aliquod peccatum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3476 committere ut mortem corporalem evadat, cuius periculum in causa
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3477 sanguinis imminet reo, est perfectae virtutis, quia <i>omnium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3478 temporalium maxime terribile est mors</i>, ut dicitur in III Ethic.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3479 Et ideo si reus in causa sanguinis corrumpat adversarium suum,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3480 peccat quidem inducendo eum ad illicitum, non autem huic peccato
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3481 lex civilis adhibet poenam. Et pro tanto licitum esse dicitur.</p><p title="II-II q. 69 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="42007"><span class="ref">[42007] IIª-IIae q. 69 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3482 dicendum quod accusator, si colludat cum reo qui noxius, est,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3483 poenam incurrit, ex quo patet quod peccat. Unde, cum inducere
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3484 aliquem ad peccandum sit peccatum, vel qualitercumque peccati
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3485 participem esse, cum apostolus dicat dignos morte eos qui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3486 peccantibus consentiunt, manifestum est quod etiam reus peccat cum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3487 adversario colludendo. Non tamen secundum leges humanas imponitur
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3488 sibi poena, propter rationem iam dictam.</p><p title="II-II q. 69 a. 2 ad 3"><a name="42008"><span class="ref">[42008] IIª-IIae q. 69 a. 2 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3489 dicendum quod sapiens non abscondit se calumniose, sed
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3490 prudenter.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 3</h3><p title="II-II q. 69 a. 3 arg. 1"><a name="42009"><span class="ref">[42009] IIª-IIae q. 69 a. 3 arg. 1</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3491 sic proceditur. Videtur quod reo non liceat iudicium declinare per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3492 appellationem. Dicit enim apostolus, Rom. XIII, <i>omnis anima
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3493 potestatibus sublimioribus subdita sit</i>. Sed reus appellando
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3494 recusat subiici potestati superiori, scilicet iudici. Ergo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3495 peccat.</p><p title="II-II q. 69 a. 3 arg. 2"><a name="42010"><span class="ref">[42010] IIª-IIae q. 69 a. 3 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3496 maius est vinculum ordinariae potestatis quam propriae electionis.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3497 Sed sicut legitur II, qu. VI, <i>a iudicibus quos communis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3498 consensus elegerit non liceat provocari</i>. Ergo multo minus licet
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3499 appellare a iudicibus ordinariis.</p><p title="II-II q. 69 a. 3 arg. 3"><a name="42011"><span class="ref">[42011] IIª-IIae q. 69 a. 3 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3500 illud quod semel est licitum, semper est licitum. Sed non est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3501 licitum appellare post decimum diem, neque tertio super eodem. Ergo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3502 videtur quod appellatio non sit secundum se licita.</p><p title="II-II q. 69 a. 3 s. c."><a name="42012"><span class="ref">[42012] IIª-IIae q. 69 a. 3 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3503 est quod Paulus Caesarem appellavit, ut habetur Act. XXV.</p><p title="II-II q. 69 a. 3 co."><a name="42013"><span class="ref">[42013] IIª-IIae q. 69 a. 3 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3504 dicendum quod duplici de causa contingit aliquem appellare. Uno
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3505 quidem modo, confidentia iustae causae, quia videlicet iniuste a
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3506 iudice gravatur. Et sic licitum est appellare, hoc enim est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3507 prudenter evadere. Unde II, qu. VI, dicitur, <i>omnis oppressus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3508 libere sacerdotum si voluerit appellet iudicium, et a nullo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3509 prohibeatur</i>. Alio modo aliquis appellat causa afferendae morae,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3510 ne contra eum iusta sententia proferatur. Et hoc est calumniose se
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3511 defendere, quod est illicitum, sicut dictum est, facit enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3512 iniuriam et iudici, cuius officium impedit, et adversario suo,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3513 cuius iustitiam, quantum potest, perturbat. Et ideo sicut dicitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3514 II, qu. VI, <i>omni modo puniendus est cuius iniusta appellatio
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3515 pronuntiatur</i>.</p><p title="II-II q. 69 a. 3 ad 1"><a name="42014"><span class="ref">[42014] IIª-IIae q. 69 a. 3 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3516 ergo dicendum quod potestati inferiori intantum aliquis subiici
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3517 debet inquantum ordinem superioris servat, a quo si exorbitaverit,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3518 ei subiici non oportet, puta si aliud iusserit proconsul, et aliud
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3519 imperator, ut patet per Glossam Rom. XIII. Cum autem iudex iniuste
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3520 aliquem gravat, quantum ad hoc relinquit ordinem superioris
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3521 potestatis, secundum quam necessitas sibi iuste iudicandi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3522 imponitur. Et ideo licitum est ei qui contra iustitiam gravatur, ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3523 directionem superioris potestatis recurrere appellando, vel ante
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3524 sententiam vel post. Et quia non praesumitur esse rectitudo ubi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3525 vera fides non est, ideo non licet Catholico ad infidelem iudicem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3526 appellare, secundum illud II, qu. VI, <i>Catholicus qui causam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3527 suam, sive iustam sive iniustam, ad iudicium alterius fidei iudicis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3528 provocaverit, excommunicetur</i>. Nam et apostolus arguit eos qui
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3529 iudicio contendebant apud infideles.</p><p title="II-II q. 69 a. 3 ad 2"><a name="42015"><span class="ref">[42015] IIª-IIae q. 69 a. 3 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3530 dicendum quod ex proprio defectu vel negligentia procedit quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3531 aliquis sua sponte se alterius iudicio subiiciat de cuius iustitia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3532 non confidit. Levis etiam animi esse videtur ut quis non permaneat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3533 in eo quod semel approbavit. Et ideo rationabiliter denegatur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3534 subsidium appellationis a iudicibus arbitrariis, qui non habent
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3535 potestatem nisi ex consensu litigantium. Sed potestas iudicis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3536 ordinarii non dependet ex consensu illius qui eius iudicio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3537 subditur, sed ex auctoritate regis et principis, qui eum instituit.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3538 Et ideo contra eius iniustum gravamen lex tribuit appellationis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3539 subsidium, ita quod, etiam si sit simul ordinarius et arbitrarius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3540 iudex, potest ab eo appellari; quia videtur ordinaria potestas
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3541 occasio fuisse quod arbiter eligeretur; nec debet ad defectum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3542 imputari eius qui consensit sicut in arbitrum in eum quem princeps
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3543 iudicem ordinarium dedit.</p><p title="II-II q. 69 a. 3 ad 3"><a name="42016"><span class="ref">[42016] IIª-IIae q. 69 a. 3 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3544 dicendum quod aequitas iuris ita subvenit uni parti quod altera non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3545 gravetur. Et ideo tempus decem dierum concessit ad appellandum,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3546 quod sufficiens aestimavit ad deliberandum an expediat appellare.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3547 Si vero non esset determinatum tempus in quo appellare liceret,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3548 semper certitudo iudicii remaneret in suspenso, et ita pars altera
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3549 damnaretur. Ideo autem non est concessum ut tertio aliquis appellet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3550 super eodem, quia non est probabile toties iudices a recto iudicio
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3551 declinare.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 4</h3><p title="II-II q. 69 a. 4 arg. 1"><a name="42017"><span class="ref">[42017] IIª-IIae q. 69 a. 4 arg. 1</span></a> Ad quartum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3552 sic proceditur. Videtur quod liceat condemnato ad mortem se
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3553 defendere, si possit. Illud enim ad quod natura inclinat semper est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3554 licitum, quasi de iure naturali existens. Sed naturae inclinatio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3555 est ad resistendum corrumpentibus, non solum in hominibus et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3556 animalibus, sed etiam in insensibilibus rebus. Ergo licet reo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3557 condemnato resistere, si potest, ne tradatur in mortem.</p><p title="II-II q. 69 a. 4 arg. 2"><a name="42018"><span class="ref">[42018] IIª-IIae q. 69 a. 4 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3558 sicut aliquis sententiam mortis contra se latam subterfugit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3559 resistendo, ita etiam fugiendo. Sed licitum esse videtur quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3560 aliquis se a morte per fugam liberet, secundum illud Eccli. IX,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3561 <i>longe esto ab homine potestatem habente occidendi et non
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3562 vivificandi</i>. Ergo etiam licitum est resistere.</p><p title="II-II q. 69 a. 4 arg. 3"><a name="42019"><span class="ref">[42019] IIª-IIae q. 69 a. 4 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3563 Prov. XXIV dicitur, <i>erue eos qui ducuntur ad mortem, et eos qui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3564 trahuntur ad interitum liberare ne cesses</i>. Sed plus tenetur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3565 aliquis sibi quam alteri. Ergo licitum est quod aliquis condemnatus
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3566 seipsum defendat ne in mortem tradatur.</p><p title="II-II q. 69 a. 4 s. c."><a name="42020"><span class="ref">[42020] IIª-IIae q. 69 a. 4 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3567 est quod dicit apostolus, Rom. XIII, <i>qui potestati resistit, Dei
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3568 ordinationi resistit, et ipse sibi damnationem acquirit</i>. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3569 condemnatus se defendendo potestati resistit quantum ad hoc in quo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3570 est divinitus instituta ad vindictam malefactorum, laudem vero
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3571 bonorum. Ergo peccat se defendendo.</p><p title="II-II q. 69 a. 4 co."><a name="42021"><span class="ref">[42021] IIª-IIae q. 69 a. 4 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3572 dicendum quod aliquis damnatur ad mortem dupliciter. Uno modo,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3573 iuste. Et sic non licet condemnato se defendere, licitum enim est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3574 iudici eum resistentem impugnare; unde relinquitur quod ex parte
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3575 eius sit bellum iniustum. Unde indubitanter peccat. Alio modo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3576 condemnatur aliquis iniuste. Et tale iudicium simile est violentiae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3577 latronum, secundum illud Ezech. XXII, <i>principes eius in medio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3578 eius quasi lupi rapientes praedam ad effundendum sanguinem</i>. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3579 ideo sicut licet resistere latronibus, ita licet resistere in tali
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3580 casu malis principibus, nisi forte propter scandalum vitandum, cum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3581 ex hoc aliqua gravis turbatio timeretur.</p><p title="II-II q. 69 a. 4 ad 1"><a name="42022"><span class="ref">[42022] IIª-IIae q. 69 a. 4 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3582 ergo dicendum quod ideo homini data est ratio, ut ea ad quae natura
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3583 inclinat non passim, sed secundum rationis ordinem exequatur. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3584 ideo non quaelibet defensio sui est licita, sed quae fit cum debito
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3585 moderamine.</p><p title="II-II q. 69 a. 4 ad 2"><a name="42023"><span class="ref">[42023] IIª-IIae q. 69 a. 4 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3586 dicendum quod nullus ita condemnatur quod ipse sibi inferat mortem,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3587 sed quod ipse mortem patiatur. Et ideo non tenetur facere id unde
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3588 mors sequatur, quod est manere in loco unde ducatur ad mortem.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3589 Tenetur tamen non resistere agenti, quin patiatur quod iustum est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3590 eum pati. Sicut etiam si aliquis sit condemnatus ut fame moriatur,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3591 non peccat si cibum sibi occulte ministratum sumat, quia non sumere
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3592 esset seipsum occidere.</p><p title="II-II q. 69 a. 4 ad 3"><a name="42024"><span class="ref">[42024] IIª-IIae q. 69 a. 4 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3593 dicendum quod per illud dictum sapientis non inducitur aliquis ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3594 liberandum alium a morte contra ordinem iustitiae. Unde nec seipsum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3595 contra iustitiam resistendo aliquis debet liberare a morte.</p></div></div><div class="q" id="q70"><h2>Quaestio 70</h2><div class="p"><h3>Prooemium</h3><p title="II-II q. 70 pr."><a name="42025"><span class="ref">[42025] IIª-IIae q. 70 pr.</span></a> Deinde
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3596 considerandum est de iniustitia pertinente ad personam testis. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3597 circa hoc quaeruntur quatuor. Primo, utrum homo teneatur ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3598 testimonium ferendum. Secundo, utrum duorum vel trium testimonium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3599 sufficiat. Tertio, utrum alicuius testimonium repellatur absque
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3600 eius culpa. Quarto, utrum perhibere falsum testimonium sit peccatum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3601 mortale.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 1</h3><p title="II-II q. 70 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="42026"><span class="ref">[42026] IIª-IIae q. 70 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3602 sic proceditur. Videtur quod homo non teneatur ad testimonium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3603 ferendum. Dicit enim Augustinus, in quaest. Gen., quod Abraham
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3604 dicens de uxore sua, soror mea est, veritatem celari voluit, non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3605 mendacium dici. Sed veritatem celando aliquis a testificando
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3606 abstinet. Ergo non tenetur aliquis ad testificandum.</p><p title="II-II q. 70 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="42027"><span class="ref">[42027] IIª-IIae q. 70 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3607 nullus tenetur fraudulenter agere. Sed Prov. XI dicitur, <i>qui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3608 ambulat fraudulenter revelat arcana, qui autem fidelis est celat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3609 amici commissum</i>. Ergo non tenetur homo semper ad testificandum,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3610 praesertim super his quae sunt sibi in secreto ab amico
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3611 commissa.</p><p title="II-II q. 70 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="42028"><span class="ref">[42028] IIª-IIae q. 70 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3612 ad ea quae sunt de necessitate salutis maxime tenentur clerici et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3613 sacerdotes. Sed clericis et sacerdotibus prohibetur ferre
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3614 testimonium in causa sanguinis. Ergo testificari non est de
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3615 necessitate salutis.</p><p title="II-II q. 70 a. 1 s. c."><a name="42029"><span class="ref">[42029] IIª-IIae q. 70 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3616 est quod Augustinus dicit, <i>qui veritatem occultat, et qui prodit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3617 mendacium, uterque reus est, ille quia prodesse non vult, iste quia
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3618 nocere desiderat</i>.</p><p title="II-II q. 70 a. 1 co."><a name="42030"><span class="ref">[42030] IIª-IIae q. 70 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3619 dicendum quod in testimonio ferendo distinguendum est. Quia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3620 aliquando requiritur testimonium alicuius, aliquando non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3621 requiritur. Si requiritur testimonium alicuius subditi auctoritate
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3622 superioris cui in his quae ad iustitiam pertinent obedire tenetur,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3623 non est dubium quin teneatur testimonium ferre in his in quibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3624 secundum ordinem iuris testimonium ab eo exigitur, puta in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3625 manifestis, et in his de quibus infamia praecessit. Si autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3626 exigatur ab eo testimonium in aliis, puta in occultis et de quibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3627 infamia non praecessit, non tenetur ad testificandum. Si vero
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3628 requiratur eius testimonium non auctoritate superioris cui obedire
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3629 tenetur, tunc distinguendum est. Quia si testimonium requiratur ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3630 liberandum hominem vel ab iniusta morte seu poena quacumque, vel a
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3631 falsa infamia, vel etiam ab iniquo damno, tunc tenetur homo ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3632 testificandum. Et si eius testimonium non requiratur, tenetur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3633 facere quod in se est ut veritatem denuntiet alicui qui ad hoc
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3634 possit prodesse. Dicitur enim in Psalm., <i>eripite pauperem, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3635 egenum de manu peccatoris liberate</i>; et Prov. XXIV, <i>erue eos
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3636 qui dicuntur ad mortem</i>. Et Rom. I dicitur, <i>digni sunt morte
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3637 non solum qui faciunt, sed etiam qui consentiunt facientibus</i>,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3638 ubi dicit Glossa, <i>consentire est tacere, cum possis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3639 redarguere</i>. Super his vero quae pertinent ad condemnationem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3640 alicuius, non tenetur aliquis ferre testimonium nisi cum a
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3641 superiori compellitur secundum ordinem iuris. Quia si circa hoc
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3642 veritas occultetur, nulli ex hoc speciale damnum nascitur. Vel, si
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3643 immineat periculum accusatori, non est curandum, quia ipse se in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3644 hoc periculum sponte ingessit. Alia autem ratio est de reo, cui
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3645 periculum imminet eo nolente.</p><p title="II-II q. 70 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="42031"><span class="ref">[42031] IIª-IIae q. 70 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3646 ergo dicendum quod Augustinus loquitur de occultatione veritatis in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3647 casu illo quando aliquis non compellitur superioris auctoritate
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3648 veritatem propalare; et quando occultatio veritatis nulli
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3649 specialiter est damnosa.</p><p title="II-II q. 70 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="42032"><span class="ref">[42032] IIª-IIae q. 70 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3650 dicendum quod de illis quae homini sunt commissa in secreto per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3651 confessionem, nullo modo debet testimonium ferre, quia huiusmodi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3652 non scit ut homo, sed tanquam Dei minister, et maius est vinculum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3653 sacramenti quolibet hominis praecepto. Circa ea vero quae aliter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3654 homini sub secreto committuntur, distinguendum est. Quandoque enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3655 sunt talia quae, statim cum ad notitiam hominis venerint, homo ea
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3656 manifestare tenetur, puta si pertineret ad corruptionem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3657 multitudinis spiritualem vel corporalem, vel in grave damnum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3658 alicuius personae, vel si quid aliud est huiusmodi, quod quis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3659 propalare tenetur vel testificando vel denuntiando. Et contra hoc
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3660 debitum obligari non potest per secreti commissum, quia in hoc
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3661 frangeret fidem quam alteri debet. Quandoque vero sunt talia quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3662 quis prodere non tenetur. Unde potest obligari ex hoc quod sibi sub
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3663 secreto committuntur. Et tunc nullo modo tenetur ea prodere, etiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3664 ex praecepto superioris, quia servare fidem est de iure naturali;
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3665 nihil autem potest praecipi homini contra id quod est de iure
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3666 naturali.</p><p title="II-II q. 70 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="42033"><span class="ref">[42033] IIª-IIae q. 70 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3667 dicendum quod operari vel cooperari ad occisionem hominis non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3668 competit ministris altaris, ut supra dictum est. Et ideo secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3669 iuris ordinem compelli non possunt ad ferendum testimonium in causa
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3670 sanguinis.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 2</h3><p title="II-II q. 70 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="42034"><span class="ref">[42034] IIª-IIae q. 70 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3671 secundum sic proceditur. Videtur quod non sufficiat duorum vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3672 trium testimonium. Iudicium enim certitudinem requirit. Sed non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3673 habetur certitudo veritatis per dictum duorum testium, legitur enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3674 III Reg. XXI quod Naboth ad dictum duorum testium falso condemnatus
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3675 est. Ergo duorum vel trium testimonium non sufficit.</p><p title="II-II q. 70 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="42035"><span class="ref">[42035] IIª-IIae q. 70 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3676 testimonium, ad hoc quod sit credibile, debet esse concors. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3677 plerumque duorum vel trium testimonium in aliquo discordat. Ergo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3678 non est efficax ad veritatem in iudicio probandam.</p><p title="II-II q. 70 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="42036"><span class="ref">[42036] IIª-IIae q. 70 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3679 II, qu. IV, dicitur, <i>praesul non damnetur nisi in septuaginta
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3680 duobus testibus. Presbyter autem cardinalis nisi quadraginta
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3681 quatuor testibus non deponatur. Diaconus cardinalis urbis Romae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3682 nisi in viginti octo testibus non condemnabitur. Subdiaconus,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3683 acolythus, exorcista, lector, ostiarius, nisi in septem testibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3684 non condemnabitur</i>. Sed magis est periculosum peccatum eius qui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3685 in maiori dignitate constitutus est, et ita minus est tolerandum.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3686 Ergo nec in aliorum condemnatione sufficit duorum vel trium
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3687 testimonium.</p><p title="II-II q. 70 a. 2 s. c."><a name="42037"><span class="ref">[42037] IIª-IIae q. 70 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3688 est quod dicitur Deut. XVII, <i>in ore duorum vel trium testium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3689 peribit qui interficietur</i>; et infra, XIX, <i>in ore duorum vel
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3690 trium testium stabit omne verbum</i>.</p><p title="II-II q. 70 a. 2 co."><a name="42038"><span class="ref">[42038] IIª-IIae q. 70 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3691 dicendum quod, secundum philosophum, in I Ethic., <i>certitudo non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3692 est similiter quaerenda in omni materia</i>. In actibus enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3693 humanis, super quibus constituuntur iudicia et exiguntur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3694 testimonia, non potest haberi certitudo demonstrativa, eo quod sunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3695 circa contingentia et variabilia. Et ideo sufficit probabilis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3696 certitudo, quae ut in pluribus veritatem attingat, etsi in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3697 paucioribus a veritate deficiat. Est autem probabile quod magis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3698 veritatem contineat dictum multorum quam dictum unius. Et ideo, cum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3699 reus sit unus qui negat, sed multi testes asserunt idem cum actore,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3700 rationabiliter institutum est, iure divino et humano, quod dicto
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3701 testium stetur. Omnis autem multitudo in tribus comprehenditur,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3702 scilicet principio, medio et fine, unde secundum philosophum, in I
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3703 de coelo, omne et totum in tribus ponimus. Ternarius quidem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3704 constituitur asserentium, cum duo testes conveniunt cum actore. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3705 ideo requiritur binarius testium, vel, ad maiorem certitudinem, ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3706 sit ternarius, qui est multitudo perfecta, in ipsis testibus. Unde
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3707 et Eccle. IV dicitur, <i>funiculus triplex difficile rumpitur</i>.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3708 Augustinus autem, super illud Ioan. VIII, <i>duorum hominum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3709 testimonium verum est</i>, dicit quod <i>in hoc est Trinitas
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3710 secundum mysterium commendata</i>, in qua est perpetua firmitas
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3711 veritatis.</p><p title="II-II q. 70 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="42039"><span class="ref">[42039] IIª-IIae q. 70 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3712 ergo dicendum quod, quantacumque multitudo testium determinaretur,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3713 posset quandoque testimonium esse iniquum, cum scriptum sit Exod.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3714 XXIII, <i>ne sequaris turbam ad faciendum malum</i>. Nec tamen,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3715 quia non potest in talibus infallibilis certitudo haberi, debet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3716 negligi certitudo quae probabiliter haberi potest per duos vel tres
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3717 testes, ut dictum est.</p><p title="II-II q. 70 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="42040"><span class="ref">[42040] IIª-IIae q. 70 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3718 dicendum quod discordia testium in aliquibus principalibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3719 circumstantiis, quae variant substantiam facti, puta in tempore vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3720 loco vel in personis de quibus principaliter agitur, aufert
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3721 efficaciam testimonii, quia si discordant in talibus, videntur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3722 singulares esse in suis testimoniis, et de diversis factis loqui;
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3723 puta si unus dicat hoc factum esse tali tempore vel loco, alius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3724 alio tempore vel loco, non videntur de eodem facto loqui. Non tamen
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3725 praeiudicatur testimonio si unus dicat se non recordari, et alius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3726 asserat determinatum tempus vel locum. Et si in talibus omnino
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3727 discordaverint testes actoris et rei, si sint aequales numero et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3728 pares dignitate, statur pro reo, quia facilior debet esse iudex ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3729 absolvendum quam ad condemnandum; nisi forte in causis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3730 favorabilibus, sicut est causa libertatis et huiusmodi. Si vero
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3731 testes eiusdem partis dissenserint, debet iudex ex motu sui animi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3732 percipere cui parti sit standum, vel ex numero testium, vel ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3733 dignitate eorum, vel ex favorabilitate causae, vel ex conditione
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3734 negotii et dictorum. Multo autem magis testimonium unius repellitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3735 si sibi ipsi dissideat interrogatus de visu et scientia. Non autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3736 si dissideat interrogatus de opinione et fama, quia potest secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3737 diversa visa et audita diversimode motus esse ad respondendum. Si
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3738 vero sit discordia testimonii in aliquibus circumstantiis non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3739 pertinentibus ad substantiam facti, puta si tempus fuerit nubilosum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3740 vel serenum, vel si domus fuerit picta aut non, aut aliquid
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3741 huiusmodi, talis discordia non praeiudicat testimonio, quia homines
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3742 non consueverunt circa talia multum sollicitari, unde facile a
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3743 memoria elabuntur. Quinimmo aliqua discordia in talibus facit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3744 testimonium credibilius, ut Chrysostomus dicit, super Matth., quia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3745 si in omnibus concordarent, etiam in minimis, viderentur ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3746 condicto eundem sermonem proferre. Quod tamen prudentiae iudicis
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3747 relinquitur discernendum.</p><p title="II-II q. 70 a. 2 ad 3"><a name="42041"><span class="ref">[42041] IIª-IIae q. 70 a. 2 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3748 dicendum quod illud locum habet specialiter in episcopis,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3749 presbyteris, diaconibus et clericis Ecclesiae Romanae, propter eius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3750 dignitatem. Et hoc triplici ratione. Primo quidem, quia in ea tales
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3751 institui debent quorum sanctitati plus credatur quam multis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3752 testibus. Secundo, quia homines qui habent de aliis iudicare,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3753 saepe, propter iustitiam, multos adversarios habent. Unde non est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3754 passim credendum testibus contra eos, nisi magna multitudo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3755 conveniat. Tertio, quia ex condemnatione alicuius eorum derogaretur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3756 in opinione hominum dignitati illius Ecclesiae et auctoritati. Quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3757 est periculosius quam in ea tolerare aliquem peccatorem, nisi valde
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3758 publicum et manifestum, de quo grave scandalum oriretur.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 3</h3><p title="II-II q. 70 a. 3 arg. 1"><a name="42042"><span class="ref">[42042] IIª-IIae q. 70 a. 3 arg. 1</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3759 sic proceditur. Videtur quod alicuius testimonium non sit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3760 repellendum nisi propter culpam. Quibusdam enim in poenam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3761 infligitur quod ad testimonium non admittantur, sicut patet in his
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3762 qui infamia notantur. Sed poena non est inferenda nisi pro culpa.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3763 Ergo videtur quod nullius testimonium debeat repelli nisi propter
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3764 culpam.</p><p title="II-II q. 70 a. 3 arg. 2"><a name="42043"><span class="ref">[42043] IIª-IIae q. 70 a. 3 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3765 <i>de quolibet praesumendum est bonum, nisi appareat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3766 contrarium</i>. Sed ad bonitatem hominis pertinet quod verum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3767 testimonium dicat. Cum ergo non possit constare de contrario nisi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3768 propter aliquam culpam, videtur quod nullius testimonium debeat
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3769 repelli nisi propter culpam.</p><p title="II-II q. 70 a. 3 arg. 3"><a name="42044"><span class="ref">[42044] IIª-IIae q. 70 a. 3 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3770 ad ea quae sunt de necessitate salutis nullus redditur non idoneus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3771 nisi propter peccatum. Sed testificari veritatem est de necessitate
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3772 salutis, ut supra dictum est. Ergo nullus debet excludi a
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3773 testificando nisi propter culpam.</p><p title="II-II q. 70 a. 3 s. c."><a name="42045"><span class="ref">[42045] IIª-IIae q. 70 a. 3 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3774 est quod Gregorius dicit, et habetur II, qu. I, <i>quia a servis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3775 suis accusatus est episcopus, sciendum est quod minime audiri
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3776 debuerunt</i>.</p><p title="II-II q. 70 a. 3 co."><a name="42046"><span class="ref">[42046] IIª-IIae q. 70 a. 3 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3777 dicendum quod testimonium, sicut dictum est, non habet infallibilem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3778 certitudinem, sed probabilem. Et ideo quidquid est quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3779 probabilitatem afferat in contrarium, reddit testimonium inefficax.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3780 Redditur autem probabile quod aliquis in veritate testificanda non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3781 sit firmus, quandoque quidem propter culpam, sicut infideles,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3782 infames, item illi qui publico crimine rei sunt, qui nec accusare
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3783 possunt, quandoque autem absque culpa. Et hoc vel ex defectu
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3784 rationis, sicut patet in pueris, amentibus et mulieribus; vel ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3785 affectu, sicut patet de inimicis et de personis coniunctis et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3786 domesticis; vel etiam ex exteriori conditione, sicut sunt pauperes,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3787 servi et illi quibus imperari potest, de quibus probabile est quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3788 facile possint induci ad testimonium ferendum contra veritatem. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3789 sic patet quod testimonium alicuius repellitur et propter culpam,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3790 et absque culpa.</p><p title="II-II q. 70 a. 3 ad 1"><a name="42047"><span class="ref">[42047] IIª-IIae q. 70 a. 3 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3791 ergo dicendum quod repellere aliquem a testimonio magis pertinet ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3792 cautelam falsi testimonii vitandi quam ad poenam. Unde ratio non
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3793 sequitur.</p><p title="II-II q. 70 a. 3 ad 2"><a name="42048"><span class="ref">[42048] IIª-IIae q. 70 a. 3 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3794 dicendum quod de quolibet praesumendum est bonum nisi appareat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3795 contrarium, dummodo non vergat in periculum alterius. Quia tunc est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3796 adhibenda cautela, ut non de facili unicuique credatur, secundum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3797 illud I Ioan. IV, <i>nolite credere omni spiritui</i>.</p><p title="II-II q. 70 a. 3 ad 3"><a name="42049"><span class="ref">[42049] IIª-IIae q. 70 a. 3 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3798 dicendum quod testificari est de necessitate salutis, supposita
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3799 testis idoneitate et ordine iuris. Unde nihil prohibet aliquos
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3800 excusari a testimonio ferendo, si non reputentur idonei secundum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3801 iura.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 4</h3><p title="II-II q. 70 a. 4 arg. 1"><a name="42050"><span class="ref">[42050] IIª-IIae q. 70 a. 4 arg. 1</span></a> Ad quartum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3802 sic proceditur. Videtur quod falsum testimonium non semper sit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3803 peccatum mortale. Contingit enim aliquem falsum testimonium ferre
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3804 ex ignorantia facti. Sed talis ignorantia excusat a peccato
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3805 mortali. Ergo testimonium falsum non semper est peccatum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3806 mortale.</p><p title="II-II q. 70 a. 4 arg. 2"><a name="42051"><span class="ref">[42051] IIª-IIae q. 70 a. 4 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3807 mendacium quod alicui prodest et nulli nocet, est officiosum, quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3808 non est peccatum mortale. Sed quandoque in falso testimonio est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3809 tale mendacium, puta cum aliquis falsum testimonium perhibet ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3810 aliquem a morte liberet, vel ab iniusta sententia quae intentatur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3811 per alios falsos testes vel per iudicis perversitatem. Ergo tale
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3812 falsum testimonium non est peccatum mortale.</p><p title="II-II q. 70 a. 4 arg. 3"><a name="42052"><span class="ref">[42052] IIª-IIae q. 70 a. 4 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3813 iuramentum a teste requiritur ut timeat peccare mortaliter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3814 deierando. Hoc autem non esset necessarium si ipsum falsum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3815 testimonium esset peccatum mortale. Ergo falsum testimonium non
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3816 semper est peccatum mortale.</p><p title="II-II q. 70 a. 4 s. c."><a name="42053"><span class="ref">[42053] IIª-IIae q. 70 a. 4 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3817 est quod dicitur Prov. XIX, <i>falsus testis non erit
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3818 impunitus</i>.</p><p title="II-II q. 70 a. 4 co."><a name="42054"><span class="ref">[42054] IIª-IIae q. 70 a. 4 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3819 dicendum quod falsum testimonium habet triplicem deformitatem. Uno
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3820 modo, ex periurio, quia testes non admittuntur nisi iurati. Et ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3821 hoc semper est peccatum mortale. Alio modo, ex violatione
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3822 iustitiae. Et hoc modo est peccatum mortale in suo genere, sicut et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3823 quaelibet iniustitia. Et ideo in praecepto Decalogi sub hac forma
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3824 interdicitur falsum testimonium, cum dicitur Exod. XX, <i>non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3825 loquaris contra proximum tuum falsum testimonium</i>, non enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3826 contra aliquem facit qui eum ab iniuria facienda impedit, sed solum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3827 qui ei suam iustitiam tollit. Tertio modo, ex ipsa falsitate,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3828 secundum quod omne mendacium est peccatum. Et ex hoc non habet
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3829 falsum testimonium quod semper sit peccatum mortale.</p><p title="II-II q. 70 a. 4 ad 1"><a name="42055"><span class="ref">[42055] IIª-IIae q. 70 a. 4 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3830 ergo dicendum quod in testimonio ferendo non debet homo pro certo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3831 asserere, quasi sciens, id de quo certus non est, sed dubium debet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3832 sub dubio proferre, et id de quo certus est pro certo asserere. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3833 quia contingit ex labilitate humanae memoriae quod reputat se homo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3834 quandoque certum esse de eo quod falsum est, si aliquis, cum debita
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3835 sollicitudine recogitans, existimet se certum esse de eo quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3836 falsum est, non peccat mortaliter hoc asserens, quia non dicit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3837 falsum testimonium per se et ex intentione, sed per accidens,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3838 contra id quod intendit.</p><p title="II-II q. 70 a. 4 ad 2"><a name="42056"><span class="ref">[42056] IIª-IIae q. 70 a. 4 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3839 dicendum quod iniustum iudicium iudicium non est. Et ideo ex vi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3840 iudicii falsum testimonium in iniusto iudicio prolatum ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3841 iniustitiam impediendam, non habet rationem peccati mortalis, sed
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3842 solum ex iuramento violato.</p><p title="II-II q. 70 a. 4 ad 3"><a name="42057"><span class="ref">[42057] IIª-IIae q. 70 a. 4 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3843 dicendum quod homines maxime abhorrent peccata quae sunt contra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3844 Deum, quasi gravissima, inter quae est periurium. Non autem ita
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3845 abhorrent peccata quae sunt contra proximum. Et ideo ad maiorem
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3846 certitudinem testimonii, requiritur testis iuramentum.</p></div></div><div class="q" id="q71"><h2>Quaestio 71</h2><div class="p"><h3>Prooemium</h3><p title="II-II q. 71 pr."><a name="42058"><span class="ref">[42058] IIª-IIae q. 71 pr.</span></a> Deinde
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3847 considerandum est de iniustitia quae fit in iudicio ex parte
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3848 advocatorum. Et circa hoc quaeruntur quatuor. Primo, utrum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3849 advocatus teneatur praestare patrocinium causae pauperum. Secundo,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3850 utrum aliquis debeat arceri ab officio advocati. Tertio, utrum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3851 advocatus peccet iniustam causam defendendo. Quarto, utrum peccet
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3852 pecuniam accipiendo pro suo patrocinio.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 1</h3><p title="II-II q. 71 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="42059"><span class="ref">[42059] IIª-IIae q. 71 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3853 sic proceditur. Videtur quod advocatus teneatur patrocinium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3854 praestare causae pauperum. Dicitur enim Exod. XXIII, <i>si videris
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3855 asinum odientis te iacere sub onere, non pertransibis, sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3856 sublevabis cum eo</i>. Sed non minus periculum imminet pauperi si
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3857 eius causa contra iustitiam opprimatur, quam si eius asinus iaceat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3858 sub onere. Ergo advocatus tenetur praestare patrocinium causae
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3859 pauperum.</p><p title="II-II q. 71 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="42060"><span class="ref">[42060] IIª-IIae q. 71 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3860 Gregorius dicit, in quadam homilia, <i>habens intellectum curet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3861 omnino ne taceat; habens rerum affluentiam a misericordia non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3862 torpescat; habens artem qua regitur, usum illius cum proximo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3863 partiatur; habens loquendi locum apud divitem, pro pauperibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3864 intercedat, talenti enim nomine cuilibet reputabitur quod vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3865 minimum accepit</i>. Sed talentum commissum non abscondere, sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3866 fideliter dispensare quilibet tenetur, quod patet ex poena servi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3867 abscondentis talentum, Matth. XXV. Ergo advocatus tenetur pro
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3868 pauperibus loqui.</p><p title="II-II q. 71 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="42061"><span class="ref">[42061] IIª-IIae q. 71 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3869 praeceptum de misericordiae operibus adimplendis, cum sit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3870 affirmativum, obligat pro loco et tempore, quod est maxime in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3871 necessitate. Sed tempus necessitatis videtur esse quando alicuius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3872 pauperis causa opprimitur. Ergo in tali casu videtur quod advocatus
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3873 teneatur pauperibus patrocinium praestare.</p><p title="II-II q. 71 a. 1 s. c."><a name="42062"><span class="ref">[42062] IIª-IIae q. 71 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3874 non minor necessitas est indigentis cibo quam indigentis advocato.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3875 Sed ille qui habet potestatem cibandi non semper tenetur pauperem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3876 cibare. Ergo nec advocatus semper tenetur causae pauperum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3877 patrocinium praestare.</p><p title="II-II q. 71 a. 1 co."><a name="42063"><span class="ref">[42063] IIª-IIae q. 71 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3878 dicendum quod cum praestare patrocinium causae pauperum ad opus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3879 misericordiae pertineat, idem est hic dicendum quod et supra de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3880 aliis misericordiae operibus dictum est. Nullus enim sufficit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3881 omnibus indigentibus misericordiae opus impendere. Et ideo sicut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3882 Augustinus dicit, in I de Doct. Christ., <i>cum omnibus prodesse
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3883 non possis, his potissime consulendum est qui pro locorum et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3884 temporum vel quarumlibet rerum opportunitatibus, constrictius tibi,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3885 quasi quadam sorte, iunguntur</i>. Dicit, pro locorum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3886 opportunitatibus, quia non tenetur homo per mundum quaerere
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3887 indigentes quibus subveniat, sed sufficit si eis qui sibi occurrunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3888 misericordiae opus impendat. Unde dicitur Exod. XXIII, <i>si
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3889 occurreris bovi inimici tui aut asino erranti, reduc ad eum</i>.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3890 Addit autem, et temporum, quia non tenetur homo futurae necessitati
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3891 alterius providere, sed sufficit si praesenti necessitati
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3892 succurrat. Unde dicitur I Ioan. III, <i>qui viderit fratrem suum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3893 necessitatem patientem, et clauserit viscera sua ab eo,</i> et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3894 cetera. Subdit autem, vel quarumlibet rerum, quia homo sibi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3895 coniunctis quacumque necessitudine maxime debet curam impendere;
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3896 secundum illud I ad Tim. V, <i>si quis suorum, et maxime
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3897 domesticorum curam non habet, fidem negavit</i>. Quibus tamen
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3898 concurrentibus, considerandum restat utrum aliquis tantam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3899 necessitatem patiatur quod non in promptu appareat quomodo ei
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3900 possit aliter subveniri. Et in tali casu tenetur ei opus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3901 misericordiae impendere. Si autem in promptu appareat quomodo ei
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3902 aliter subveniri possit, vel per seipsum vel per aliam personam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3903 magis coniunctam aut maiorem facultatem habentem, non tenetur ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3904 necessitate indigenti subvenire, ita quod non faciendo peccet,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3905 quamvis, si subvenerit absque tali necessitate, laudabiliter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3906 faciat. Unde advocatus non tenetur semper causae pauperum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3907 patrocinium praestare, sed solum concurrentibus conditionibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3908 praedictis. Alioquin oporteret eum omnia alia negotia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3909 praetermittere, et solis causis pauperum iuvandis intendere. Et
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3910 idem dicendum est de medico, quantum ad curationem pauperum.</p><p title="II-II q. 71 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="42064"><span class="ref">[42064] IIª-IIae q. 71 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3911 ergo dicendum quod quando asinus iacet sub onere, non potest ei
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3912 aliter subveniri in casu isto nisi per advenientes subveniatur, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3913 ideo tenentur iuvare. Non autem tenerentur si posset aliunde
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3914 remedium afferri.</p><p title="II-II q. 71 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="42065"><span class="ref">[42065] IIª-IIae q. 71 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3915 dicendum quod homo talentum sibi creditum tenetur utiliter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3916 dispensare, servata opportunitate locorum et temporum et aliarum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3917 rerum, ut dictum est.</p><p title="II-II q. 71 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="42066"><span class="ref">[42066] IIª-IIae q. 71 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3918 dicendum quod non quaelibet necessitas causat debitum subveniendi,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3919 sed solum illa quae est dicta.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 2</h3><p title="II-II q. 71 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="42067"><span class="ref">[42067] IIª-IIae q. 71 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3920 secundum sic proceditur. Videtur quod inconvenienter aliqui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3921 secundum iura arceantur ab officio advocandi. Ab operibus enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3922 misericordiae nullus debet arceri. Sed patrocinium praestare in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3923 causis ad opera misericordiae pertinet, ut dictum est. Ergo nullus
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3924 debet ab hoc officio arceri.</p><p title="II-II q. 71 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="42068"><span class="ref">[42068] IIª-IIae q. 71 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3925 contrariarum causarum non videtur esse idem effectus. Sed esse
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3926 deditum rebus divinis, et esse deditum peccatis, est contrarium.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3927 Inconvenienter igitur excluduntur ab officio advocati quidam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3928 propter religionem, ut monachi et clerici; quidam autem propter
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3929 culpam, ut infames et haeretici.</p><p title="II-II q. 71 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="42069"><span class="ref">[42069] IIª-IIae q. 71 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3930 homo debet diligere proximum sicut seipsum. Sed ad effectum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3931 dilectionis pertinet quod aliquis advocatus causae alicuius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3932 patrocinetur. Inconvenienter ergo aliqui quibus conceditur pro
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3933 seipsis auctoritas advocationis, prohibentur patrocinari causis
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3934 aliorum.</p><p title="II-II q. 71 a. 2 s. c."><a name="42070"><span class="ref">[42070] IIª-IIae q. 71 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3935 est quod III, qu. VII, multae personae arcentur ab officio
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3936 postulandi.</p><p title="II-II q. 71 a. 2 co."><a name="42071"><span class="ref">[42071] IIª-IIae q. 71 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3937 dicendum quod aliquis impeditur ab aliquo actu duplici ratione, uno
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3938 modo, propter impotentiam; alio modo, propter indecentiam. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3939 impotentia simpliciter excludit aliquem ab actu, indecentia autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3940 non excludit omnino, quia necessitas indecentiam tollere potest.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3941 Sic igitur ab officio advocatorum prohibentur quidam propter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3942 impotentiam, eo quod deficiunt sensu, vel interiori, sicut furiosi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3943 et impuberes; vel exteriori, sicut surdi et muti. Est enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3944 necessaria advocato et interior peritia, qua possit convenienter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3945 iustitiam assumptae causae ostendere, et iterum loquela cum auditu,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3946 ut possit et pronuntiare et audire quod ei dicitur. Unde qui in his
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3947 defectum patiuntur omnino prohibentur ne sint advocati, nec pro se
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3948 nec pro aliis. Decentia autem huius officii exercendi tollitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3949 dupliciter. Uno modo, ex hoc quod aliquis est rebus maioribus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3950 obligatus. Unde monachos et presbyteros non decet in quacumque
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3951 causa advocatos esse, neque clericos in iudicio saeculari, quia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3952 huiusmodi personae sunt rebus divinis adstrictae. Alio modo,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3953 propter personae defectum, vel corporalem, ut patet de caecis, qui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3954 convenienter iudici adstare non possent; vel spiritualem, non enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3955 decet ut alterius iustitiae patronus existat qui in seipso
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3956 iustitiam contempsit. Et ideo infames, infideles et damnati de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3957 gravibus criminibus non decenter sunt advocati. Tamen huiusmodi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3958 indecentiae necessitas praefertur. Et propter hoc huiusmodi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3959 personae possunt pro seipsis, vel pro personis sibi coniunctis, uti
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3960 officio advocati. Unde et clerici pro Ecclesiis suis possunt esse
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3961 advocati, et monachi pro causa monasterii sui, si abbas
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3962 praeceperit.</p><p title="II-II q. 71 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="42072"><span class="ref">[42072] IIª-IIae q. 71 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3963 ergo dicendum quod ab operibus misericordiae interdum aliqui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3964 propter impotentiam, interdum etiam propter indecentiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3965 impediuntur. Non enim omnia opera misericordiae omnes decent, sicut
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3966 stultos non decet consilium dare, neque ignorantes docere.</p><p title="II-II q. 71 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="42073"><span class="ref">[42073] IIª-IIae q. 71 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3967 dicendum quod sicut virtus corrumpitur per superabundantiam et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3968 defectum, ita aliquis fit indecens et per maius et per minus. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3969 propter hoc quidam arcentur a patrocinio praestando in causis quia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3970 sunt maiores tali officio, sicut religiosi et clerici, quidam vero
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3971 quia sunt minores quam ut eis hoc officium competat, sicut infames
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3972 et infideles.</p><p title="II-II q. 71 a. 2 ad 3"><a name="42074"><span class="ref">[42074] IIª-IIae q. 71 a. 2 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3973 dicendum quod non ita imminet homini necessitas patrocinari causis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3974 aliorum sicut propriis, quia alii possunt sibi aliter subvenire.
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3975 Unde non est similis ratio.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 3</h3><p title="II-II q. 71 a. 3 arg. 1"><a name="42075"><span class="ref">[42075] IIª-IIae q. 71 a. 3 arg. 1</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3976 sic proceditur. Videtur quod advocatus non peccet si iniustam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3977 causam defendat. Sicut enim ostenditur peritia medici si
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3978 infirmitatem desperatam sanet, ita etiam ostenditur peritia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3979 advocati si etiam iniustam causam defendere possit. Sed medicus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3980 laudatur si infirmitatem desperatam sanet. Ergo etiam advocatus non
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3981 peccat, sed magis laudandus est, si iniustam causam defendat.</p><p title="II-II q. 71 a. 3 arg. 2"><a name="42076"><span class="ref">[42076] IIª-IIae q. 71 a. 3 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3982 a quolibet peccato licet desistere. Sed advocatus punitur si causam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3983 suam prodiderit, ut habetur II, qu. III. Ergo advocatus non peccat
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3984 iniustam causam defendendo, si eam defendendam susceperit.</p><p title="II-II q. 71 a. 3 arg. 3"><a name="42077"><span class="ref">[42077] IIª-IIae q. 71 a. 3 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3985 maius videtur esse peccatum si iniustitia utatur ad iustam causam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3986 defendendam, puta producendo falsos testes vel allegando falsas
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3987 leges, quam iniustam causam defendendo, quia hoc est peccatum in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3988 forma, illud in materia. Sed videtur advocato licere talibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3989 astutiis uti, sicut militi licet ex insidiis pugnare. Ergo videtur
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3990 quod advocatus non peccat si iniustam causam defendat.</p><p title="II-II q. 71 a. 3 s. c."><a name="42078"><span class="ref">[42078] IIª-IIae q. 71 a. 3 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3991 est quod dicitur II Paralip. XIX, <i>impio praebes auxilium, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3992 idcirco iram domini merebaris</i>. Sed advocatus defendens causam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3993 iniustam impio praebet auxilium. Ergo, peccando, iram domini
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3994 meretur.</p><p title="II-II q. 71 a. 3 co."><a name="42079"><span class="ref">[42079] IIª-IIae q. 71 a. 3 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3995 dicendum quod illicitum est alicui cooperari ad malum faciendum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3996 sive consulendo, sive adiuvando, sive qualitercumque consentiendo,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3997 quia consilians et coadiuvans quodammodo est faciens; et apostolus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3998 dicit, ad Rom. I, quod <i>digni sunt morte non solum qui faciunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3999 peccatum, sed etiam qui consentiunt facientibus</i>. Unde et supra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4000 dictum est quod omnes tales ad restitutionem tenentur. Manifestum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4001 est autem quod advocatus et auxilium et consilium praestat ei cuius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4002 causae patrocinatur. Unde si scienter iniustam causam defendit,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4003 absque dubio graviter peccat; et ad restitutionem tenetur eius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4004 damni quod contra iustitiam per eius auxilium altera pars incurrit.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4005 Si autem ignoranter iniustam causam defendit, putans esse iustam,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4006 excusatur, secundum modum quo ignorantia excusare potest.</p><p title="II-II q. 71 a. 3 ad 1"><a name="42080"><span class="ref">[42080] IIª-IIae q. 71 a. 3 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4007 ergo dicendum quod medicus accipiens in cura infirmitatem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4008 desperatam nulli facit iniuriam. Advocatus autem suscipiens causam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4009 iniustam iniuste laedit eum contra quem patrocinium praestat. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4010 ideo non est similis ratio. Quamvis enim laudabilis videatur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4011 quantum ad peritiam artis, tamen peccat quantum ad iniustitiam
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4012 voluntatis, qua abutitur arte ad malum.</p><p title="II-II q. 71 a. 3 ad 2"><a name="42081"><span class="ref">[42081] IIª-IIae q. 71 a. 3 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4013 dicendum quod advocatus, si in principio credidit causam iustam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4014 esse et postea in processu appareat eam esse iniustam, non debet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4015 eam prodere, ut scilicet aliam partem iuvet, vel secreta suae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4016 causae alteri parti revelet. Potest tamen et debet causam deserere;
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4017 vel eum cuius causam agit ad cedendum inducere, sive ad
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4018 componendum, sine adversarii damno.</p><p title="II-II q. 71 a. 3 ad 3"><a name="42082"><span class="ref">[42082] IIª-IIae q. 71 a. 3 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4019 dicendum quod, sicut supra dictum est, militi vel duci exercitus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4020 licet in bello iusto ex insidiis agere ea quae facere debet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4021 prudenter occultando, non autem falsitatem fraudulenter faciendo,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4022 quia etiam hosti fidem servare oportet, sicut Tullius dicit, in III
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4023 de Offic. Unde et advocato defendenti causam iustam licet prudenter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4024 occultare ea quibus impediri posset processus eius, non autem licet
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4025 ei aliqua falsitate uti.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 4</h3><p title="II-II q. 71 a. 4 arg. 1"><a name="42083"><span class="ref">[42083] IIª-IIae q. 71 a. 4 arg. 1</span></a> Ad quartum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4026 sic proceditur. Videtur quod advocato non liceat pro suo patrocinio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4027 pecuniam accipere. Opera enim misericordiae non sunt intuitu
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4028 humanae remunerationis facienda, secundum illud Luc. XIV, <i>cum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4029 facis prandium aut cenam, noli vocare amicos tuos neque vicinos
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4030 divites, ne forte et ipsi te reinvitent, et fiat tibi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4031 retributio</i>. Sed praestare patrocinium causae alicuius pertinet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4032 ad opera misericordiae, ut dictum est. Ergo non licet advocato
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4033 accipere retributionem pecuniae pro patrocinio praestito.</p><p title="II-II q. 71 a. 4 arg. 2"><a name="42084"><span class="ref">[42084] IIª-IIae q. 71 a. 4 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4034 spirituale non est pro temporali commutandum. Sed patrocinium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4035 praestitum videtur esse quiddam spirituale, cum sit usus scientiae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4036 iuris. Ergo non licet advocato pro patrocinio praestito pecuniam
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4037 accipere.</p><p title="II-II q. 71 a. 4 arg. 3"><a name="42085"><span class="ref">[42085] IIª-IIae q. 71 a. 4 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4038 sicut ad iudicium concurrit persona advocati, ita etiam persona
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4039 iudicis et persona testis. Sed secundum Augustinum, ad Macedonium,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4040 <i>non debet iudex vendere iustum iudicium, nec testis verum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4041 testimonium</i>. Ergo nec advocatus poterit vendere iustum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4042 patrocinium.</p><p title="II-II q. 71 a. 4 s. c."><a name="42086"><span class="ref">[42086] IIª-IIae q. 71 a. 4 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4043 est quod Augustinus dicit ibidem, quod <i>advocatus licite vendit
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4044 iustum patrocinium, et iurisperitus verum consilium</i>.</p><p title="II-II q. 71 a. 4 co."><a name="42087"><span class="ref">[42087] IIª-IIae q. 71 a. 4 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4045 dicendum quod ea quae quis non tenetur alteri exhibere, iuste
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4046 potest pro eorum exhibitione recompensationem accipere. Manifestum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4047 est autem quod advocatus non semper tenetur patrocinium praestare
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4048 aut consilium dare causis aliorum. Et ideo si vendat suum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4049 patrocinium sive consilium, non agit contra iustitiam. Et eadem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4050 ratio est de medico opem ferente ad sanandum, et de omnibus aliis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4051 huiusmodi personis, dum tamen moderate accipiant, considerata
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4052 conditione personarum et negotiorum et laboris, et consuetudine
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4053 patriae. Si autem per improbitatem aliquid immoderate extorqueat,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4054 peccat contra iustitiam. Unde Augustinus dicit, ad Macedonium, quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4055 <i>ab his extorta per immoderatam improbitatem repeti solent, data
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4056 per tolerabilem consuetudinem non solent</i>.</p><p title="II-II q. 71 a. 4 ad 1"><a name="42088"><span class="ref">[42088] IIª-IIae q. 71 a. 4 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4057 ergo dicendum quod non semper quae homo potest misericorditer
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4058 facere, tenetur facere gratis, alioquin nulli liceret aliquam rem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4059 vendere, quia quamlibet rem potest homo misericorditer impendere.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4060 Sed quando eam misericorditer impendit, non humanam, sed divinam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4061 remunerationem quaerere debet. Et similiter advocatus, quando
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4062 causae pauperum misericorditer patrocinatur, non debet intendere
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4063 remunerationem humanam, sed divinam, non tamen semper tenetur
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4064 gratis patrocinium impendere.</p><p title="II-II q. 71 a. 4 ad 2"><a name="42089"><span class="ref">[42089] IIª-IIae q. 71 a. 4 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4065 dicendum quod etsi scientia iuris sit quiddam spirituale, tamen
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4066 usus eius fit opere corporali. Et ideo pro eius recompensatione
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4067 licet pecuniam accipere, alioquin nulli artifici liceret de arte
53
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diff changeset
4068 sua lucrari.</p><p title="II-II q. 71 a. 4 ad 3"><a name="42090"><span class="ref">[42090] IIª-IIae q. 71 a. 4 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4069 dicendum quod iudex et testis communes sunt utrique parti, quia
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4070 iudex tenetur iustam sententiam dare, et testis tenetur verum
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4071 testimonium dicere; iustitia autem et veritas non declinant in unam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4072 partem magis quam in aliam. Et ideo iudicibus de publico sunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4073 stipendia laboris statuta; et testes accipiunt, non quasi pretium
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4074 testimonii, sed quasi stipendium laboris, expensas vel ab utraque
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4075 parte, vel ab ea a qua inducuntur, quia nemo militat stipendiis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4076 suis unquam, ut dicitur I ad Cor. IX. Sed advocatus alteram partem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4077 tantum defendit. Et ideo licite potest pretium accipere a parte
53
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diff changeset
4078 quam adiuvat.</p></div></div><div class="q" id="q72"><h2>Quaestio 72</h2><div class="p"><h3>Prooemium</h3><p title="II-II q. 72 pr."><a name="42091"><span class="ref">[42091] IIª-IIae q. 72 pr.</span></a> Deinde
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4079 considerandum est de iniuriis verborum quae inferuntur extra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4080 iudicium. Et primo, de contumelia; secundo, de detractione; tertio,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4081 de susurratione; quarto, de derisione; quinto, de maledictione.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4082 Circa primum quaeruntur quatuor. Primo, quid sit contumelia.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4083 Secundo, utrum omnis contumelia sit peccatum mortale. Tertio, utrum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4084 oporteat contumeliosos reprimere. Quarto, de origine
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
4085 contumeliae.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 1</h3><p title="II-II q. 72 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="42092"><span class="ref">[42092] IIª-IIae q. 72 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4086 sic proceditur. Videtur quod contumelia non consistat in verbis.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4087 Contumelia enim importat quoddam nocumentum proximo illatum, cum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4088 pertineat ad iniustitiam. Sed verba nullum nocumentum videntur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4089 inferre proximo, nec in rebus nec in persona. Ergo contumelia non
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4090 consistit in verbis.</p><p title="II-II q. 72 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="42093"><span class="ref">[42093] IIª-IIae q. 72 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4091 contumelia videtur ad quandam dehonorationem pertinere. Sed magis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4092 aliquis potest inhonorari seu vituperari factis quam verbis. Ergo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4093 videtur quod contumelia non consistit in verbis, sed magis in
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4094 factis.</p><p title="II-II q. 72 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="42094"><span class="ref">[42094] IIª-IIae q. 72 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4095 dehonoratio quae fit in verbis dicitur convicium vel improperium.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4096 Sed contumelia videtur differre a convicio et improperio. Ergo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4097 contumelia non consistit in verbis.</p><p title="II-II q. 72 a. 1 s. c."><a name="42095"><span class="ref">[42095] IIª-IIae q. 72 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra,
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4098 nihil auditu percipitur nisi verbum. Sed contumelia auditu
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4099 percipitur, secundum illud Ierem. XX, <i>audivi contumelias in
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
4100 circuitu</i>. Ergo contumelia est in verbis.</p><p title="II-II q. 72 a. 1 co."><a name="42096"><span class="ref">[42096] IIª-IIae q. 72 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4101 dicendum quod contumelia importat dehonorationem alicuius. Quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4102 quidem contingit dupliciter. Cum enim honor aliquam excellentiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4103 consequatur, uno modo aliquis alium dehonorat cum privat eum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4104 excellentia propter quam habebat honorem. Quod quidem fit per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4105 peccata factorum, de quibus supra dictum est. Alio modo, cum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4106 aliquis id quod est contra honorem alicuius deducit in notitiam
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4107 eius et aliorum. Et hoc proprie pertinet ad contumeliam. Quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4108 quidem fit per aliqua signa. Sed sicut Augustinus dicit, in II de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4109 Doct. Christ., <i>omnia signa, verbis comparata, paucissima sunt,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4110 verba enim inter homines obtinuerunt principatum significandi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4111 quaecumque animo concipiuntur</i>. Et ideo contumelia, proprie
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4112 loquendo, in verbis consistit. Unde Isidorus dicit, in libro
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4113 Etymol., quod contumeliosus dicitur aliquis <i>quia velox est et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4114 tumet verbis iniuriae</i>. Quia tamen etiam per facta aliqua
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4115 significatur aliquid, quae in hoc quod significant habent vim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4116 verborum significantium; inde est quod contumelia, extenso nomine,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4117 etiam in factis dicitur. Unde Rom. I, super illud,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4118 <i>contumeliosos, superbos</i>, dicit Glossa quod <i>contumeliosi
53
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diff changeset
4119 sunt qui dictis vel factis contumelias et turpia inferunt</i>.</p><p title="II-II q. 72 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="42097"><span class="ref">[42097] IIª-IIae q. 72 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4120 ergo dicendum quod verba secundum suam essentiam, idest inquantum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4121 sunt quidam soni audibiles, nullum nocumentum alteri inferunt, nisi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4122 forte gravando auditum, puta cum aliquis nimis alte loquitur.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4123 Inquantum vero sunt signa repraesentantia aliquid in notitiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4124 aliorum, sic possunt multa damna inferre. Inter quae unum est quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4125 homo damnificatur quantum ad detrimentum honoris sui vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4126 reverentiae sibi ab aliis exhibendae. Et ideo maior est contumelia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4127 si aliquis alicui defectum suum dicat coram multis. Et tamen si
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4128 sibi soli dicat, potest esse contumelia, inquantum ipse qui
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4129 loquitur contra audientis reverentiam agit.</p><p title="II-II q. 72 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="42098"><span class="ref">[42098] IIª-IIae q. 72 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4130 dicendum quod intantum aliquis aliquem factis dehonorat inquantum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4131 illa facta vel faciunt vel significant illud quod est contra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4132 honorem alicuius. Quorum primum non pertinet ad contumeliam, sed ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4133 alias iniustitiae species, de quibus supra dictum est. Secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4134 vero pertinet ad contumeliam inquantum facta habent vim verborum in
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
4135 significando.</p><p title="II-II q. 72 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="42099"><span class="ref">[42099] IIª-IIae q. 72 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4136 dicendum quod convicium et improperium consistunt in verbis, sicut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4137 et contumelia, quia per omnia haec repraesentatur aliquis defectus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4138 alicuius in detrimentum honoris ipsius. Huiusmodi autem defectus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4139 est triplex. Scilicet defectus culpae, qui repraesentatur per verba
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4140 contumeliosa. Et defectus generaliter culpae et poenae, qui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4141 repraesentatur per convitium, quia vitium consuevit dici non solum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4142 animae, sed etiam corporis. Unde si quis alicui iniuriose dicat eum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4143 esse caecum, convicium quidem dicit, sed non contumeliam, si quis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4144 autem dicat alteri quod sit fur, non solum convicium, sed etiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4145 contumeliam infert. Quandoque vero repraesentat aliquis alicui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4146 defectum minorationis sive indigentiae, qui etiam derogat honori
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4147 consequenti quamcumque excellentiam. Et hoc fit per verbum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4148 improperii, quod proprie est quando aliquis iniuriose alteri ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4149 memoriam reducit auxilium quod contulit ei necessitatem patienti.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4150 Unde dicitur Eccli. XX, <i>exigua dabit, et multa improperabit</i>.
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4151 Quandoque tamen unum istorum pro alio ponitur.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 2</h3><p title="II-II q. 72 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="42100"><span class="ref">[42100] IIª-IIae q. 72 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4152 secundum sic proceditur. Videtur quod contumelia, vel convicium,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4153 non sit peccatum mortale. Nullum enim peccatum mortale est actus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4154 alicuius virtutis. Sed conviciari est actus alicuius virtutis,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4155 scilicet eutrapeliae, ad quam pertinet bene conviciari, secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4156 philosophum, in IV Ethic. Ergo convicium, sive contumelia, non est
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4157 peccatum mortale.</p><p title="II-II q. 72 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="42101"><span class="ref">[42101] IIª-IIae q. 72 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4158 peccatum mortale non invenitur in viris perfectis. Qui tamen
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4159 aliquando convicia vel contumelias dicunt, sicut patet de apostolo,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4160 qui, ad Gal. III, dixit, <i>o insensati Galatae</i>. Et dominus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4161 dicit, Luc. ult., <i>o stulti, et tardi corde ad credendum</i>.
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4162 Ergo convicium, sive contumelia, non est peccatum mortale.</p><p title="II-II q. 72 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="42102"><span class="ref">[42102] IIª-IIae q. 72 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4163 quamvis id quod est peccatum veniale ex genere possit fieri
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4164 mortale, non tamen peccatum quod ex genere est mortale potest esse
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4165 veniale, ut supra habitum est. Si ergo dicere convicium vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4166 contumeliam esset peccatum mortale ex genere suo, sequeretur quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4167 semper esset peccatum mortale. Quod videtur esse falsum, ut patet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4168 in eo qui leviter et ex subreptione, vel ex levi ira dicit aliquod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4169 verbum contumeliosum. Non ergo contumelia vel convicium ex genere
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4170 suo est peccatum mortale.</p><p title="II-II q. 72 a. 2 s. c."><a name="42103"><span class="ref">[42103] IIª-IIae q. 72 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4171 nihil meretur poenam aeternam Inferni nisi peccatum mortale. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4172 convicium vel contumelia meretur poenam Inferni, secundum illud
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4173 Matth. V, <i>qui dixerit fratri suo, fatue, reus erit Gehennae
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4174 ignis</i>. Ergo convicium vel contumelia est peccatum mortale.</p><p title="II-II q. 72 a. 2 co."><a name="42104"><span class="ref">[42104] IIª-IIae q. 72 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4175 dicendum quod, sicut supra dictum est, verba inquantum sunt soni
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4176 quidam, non sunt in nocumentum aliorum, sed inquantum significant
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4177 aliquid. Quae quidem significatio ex interiori affectu procedit. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4178 ideo in peccatis verborum maxime considerandum videtur ex quo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4179 affectu aliquis verba proferat. Cum igitur convicium, seu
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4180 contumelia, de sui ratione importet quandam dehonorationem, si
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4181 intentio proferentis ad hoc feratur ut aliquis per verba quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4182 profert honorem alterius auferat, hoc proprie et per se est dicere
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4183 convicium vel contumeliam. Et hoc est peccatum mortale, non minus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4184 quam furtum vel rapina, non enim homo minus amat suum honorem quam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4185 rem possessam. Si vero aliquis verbum convicii vel contumeliae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4186 alteri dixerit, non tamen animo dehonorandi, sed forte propter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4187 correctionem vel propter aliquid huiusmodi, non dicit convicium vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4188 contumeliam formaliter et per se, sed per accidens et materialiter,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4189 inquantum scilicet dicit id quod potest esse convicium, vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4190 contumelia. Unde hoc potest esse quandoque peccatum veniale;
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4191 quandoque autem absque omni peccato. In quo tamen necessaria est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4192 discretio, ut moderate homo talibus verbis utatur. Quia posset esse
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4193 ita grave convicium quod, per incautelam prolatum, auferret honorem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4194 eius contra quem proferretur. Et tunc posset homo peccare
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4195 mortaliter etiam si non intenderet dehonorationem alterius. Sicut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4196 etiam si aliquis, incaute alium ex ludo percutiens, graviter
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4197 laedat, culpa non caret.</p><p title="II-II q. 72 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="42105"><span class="ref">[42105] IIª-IIae q. 72 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4198 ergo dicendum quod ad eutrapelum pertinet dicere aliquod leve
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4199 convicium, non ad dehonorationem vel ad contristationem eius in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4200 quem dicitur, sed magis causa delectationis et ioci. Et hoc potest
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4201 esse sine peccato, si debitae circumstantiae observantur. Si vero
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4202 aliquis non reformidet contristare eum in quem profertur huiusmodi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4203 iocosum convicium, dummodo aliis risum excitet, hoc est vitiosum,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4204 ut ibidem dicitur.</p><p title="II-II q. 72 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="42106"><span class="ref">[42106] IIª-IIae q. 72 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4205 dicendum quod sicut licitum est aliquem verberare vel in rebus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4206 damnificare causa disciplinae, ita etiam et causa disciplinae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4207 potest aliquis alteri, quem debet corrigere, verbum aliquod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4208 conviciosum dicere. Et hoc modo dominus discipulos vocavit stultos,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4209 et apostolus Galatas insensatos. Tamen, sicut dicit Augustinus, in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4210 libro de Serm. Dom. in monte, <i>raro, et ex magna necessitate
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4211 obiurgationes sunt adhibendae, in quibus non nobis, sed ut domino
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4212 serviatur, instemus</i>.</p><p title="II-II q. 72 a. 2 ad 3"><a name="42107"><span class="ref">[42107] IIª-IIae q. 72 a. 2 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4213 dicendum quod, cum peccatum convicii vel contumeliae ex animo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4214 dicentis dependeat, potest contingere quod sit peccatum veniale, si
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4215 sit leve convicium, non multum hominem dehonestans, et proferatur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4216 ex aliqua animi levitate, vel ex levi ira, absque firmo proposito
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4217 aliquem dehonestandi, puta cum aliquis intendit aliquem per
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4218 huiusmodi verbum leviter contristare.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 3</h3><p title="II-II q. 72 a. 3 arg. 1"><a name="42108"><span class="ref">[42108] IIª-IIae q. 72 a. 3 arg. 1</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4219 sic proceditur. Videtur quod aliquis non debeat contumelias sibi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4220 illatas sustinere. Qui enim sustinet contumeliam sibi illatam,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4221 audaciam nutrit conviciantis. Sed hoc non est faciendum. Ergo homo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4222 non debet sustinere contumeliam sibi illatam, sed magis convicianti
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
4223 respondere.</p><p title="II-II q. 72 a. 3 arg. 2"><a name="42109"><span class="ref">[42109] IIª-IIae q. 72 a. 3 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4224 homo debet plus se diligere quam alium. Sed aliquis non debet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4225 sustinere quod alteri convicium inferatur, unde dicitur Prov. XXVI,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4226 <i>qui imponit stulto silentium, iras mitigat</i>. Ergo etiam
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
4227 aliquis non debet sustinere contumelias illatas sibi.</p><p title="II-II q. 72 a. 3 arg. 3"><a name="42110"><span class="ref">[42110] IIª-IIae q. 72 a. 3 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4228 non licet alicui vindicare seipsum, secundum illud, <i>mihi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4229 vindictam, et ego retribuam</i>. Sed aliquis non resistendo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4230 contumeliae se vindicat, secundum illud Chrysostomi, <i>si
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4231 vindicare vis, sile, et funestam ei dedisti plagam</i>. Ergo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4232 aliquis non debet, silendo, sustinere verba contumeliosa, sed magis
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4233 respondere.</p><p title="II-II q. 72 a. 3 s. c."><a name="42111"><span class="ref">[42111] IIª-IIae q. 72 a. 3 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4234 est quod dicitur in Psalm., <i>qui inquirebant mala mihi, locuti
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4235 sunt vanitates</i>; et postea subdit, <i>ego autem tanquam surdus
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4236 non audiebam, et sicut mutus non aperiens os suum</i>.</p><p title="II-II q. 72 a. 3 co."><a name="42112"><span class="ref">[42112] IIª-IIae q. 72 a. 3 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4237 dicendum quod sicut patientia necessaria est in his quae contra nos
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4238 fiunt, ita etiam in his quae contra nos dicuntur. Praecepta autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4239 patientiae in his quae contra nos fiunt, sunt in praeparatione
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4240 animae habenda, sicut Augustinus, in libro de Serm. Dom. in monte,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4241 exponit illud praeceptum domini, <i>si quis percusserit te in una
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4242 maxilla, praebe ei et aliam</i>, ut scilicet homo sit paratus hoc
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4243 facere, si opus fuerit; non tamen hoc semper tenetur facere actu,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4244 quia nec ipse dominus hoc fecit, sed, cum suscepisset alapam,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4245 dixit, quid me caedis? Ut habetur Ioan. XVIII. Et ideo etiam circa
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4246 verba contumeliosa quae contra nos dicuntur, est idem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4247 intelligendum. Tenemur enim habere animum paratum ad contumelias
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4248 tolerandas si expediens fuerit. Quandoque tamen oportet ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4249 contumeliam illatam repellamus, maxime propter duo. Primo quidem,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4250 propter bonum eius qui contumeliam infert, ut videlicet eius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4251 audacia reprimatur, et de cetero talia non attentet; secundum illud
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4252 Prov. XXVI, <i>responde stulto iuxta stultitiam suam, ne sibi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4253 sapiens videatur</i>. Alio modo, propter bonum multorum, quorum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4254 profectus impeditur per contumelias nobis illatas. Unde Gregorius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4255 dicit, super Ezech., Homil. IX, <i>hi quorum vita in exemplo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4256 imitationis est posita, debent, si possunt, detrahentium sibi verba
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4257 compescere, ne eorum praedicationem non audiant qui audire
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4258 poterant, et in pravis moribus remanentes, bene vivere
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4259 contemnant</i>.</p><p title="II-II q. 72 a. 3 ad 1"><a name="42113"><span class="ref">[42113] IIª-IIae q. 72 a. 3 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4260 ergo dicendum quod audaciam conviciantis contumeliosi debet aliquis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4261 moderate reprimere, scilicet propter officium caritatis, non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4262 propter cupiditatem privati honoris. Unde dicitur Prov. XXVI, <i>ne
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4263 respondeas stulto iuxta stultitiam suam, ne ei similis
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4264 efficiaris</i>.</p><p title="II-II q. 72 a. 3 ad 2"><a name="42114"><span class="ref">[42114] IIª-IIae q. 72 a. 3 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4265 dicendum quod in hoc quod aliquis alienas contumelias reprimit, non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4266 ita timetur cupiditas privati honoris sicut cum aliquis repellit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4267 contumelias proprias, magis autem videtur hoc provenire ex
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4268 caritatis affectu.</p><p title="II-II q. 72 a. 3 ad 3"><a name="42115"><span class="ref">[42115] IIª-IIae q. 72 a. 3 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4269 dicendum quod si aliquis hoc animo taceret ut tacendo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4270 contumeliantem ad iracundiam provocaret, pertineret hoc ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4271 vindictam. Sed si aliquis taceat volens dare locum irae, hoc est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4272 laudabile. Unde dicitur Eccli. VIII, <i>non litiges cum homine
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4273 linguato, et non struas in ignem illius ligna</i>.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 4</h3><p title="II-II q. 72 a. 4 arg. 1"><a name="42116"><span class="ref">[42116] IIª-IIae q. 72 a. 4 arg. 1</span></a> Ad quartum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4274 sic proceditur. Videtur quod contumelia non oriatur ex ira. Quia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4275 dicitur Prov. XI, <i>ubi superbia, ibi contumelia</i>. Sed ira est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4276 vitium distinctum a superbia. Ergo contumelia non oritur ex
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4277 ira.</p><p title="II-II q. 72 a. 4 arg. 2"><a name="42117"><span class="ref">[42117] IIª-IIae q. 72 a. 4 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4278 Prov. XX dicitur, <i>omnes stulti miscentur contumeliis</i>. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4279 stultitia est vitium oppositum sapientiae, ut supra habitum est,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4280 ira autem opponitur mansuetudini. Ergo contumelia non oritur ex
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4281 ira.</p><p title="II-II q. 72 a. 4 arg. 3"><a name="42118"><span class="ref">[42118] IIª-IIae q. 72 a. 4 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4282 nullum peccatum diminuitur ex sua causa. Sed peccatum contumeliae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4283 diminuitur si ex ira proferatur, gravius enim peccat qui ex odio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4284 contumeliam infert quam qui ex ira. Ergo contumelia non oritur ex
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4285 ira.</p><p title="II-II q. 72 a. 4 s. c."><a name="42119"><span class="ref">[42119] IIª-IIae q. 72 a. 4 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4286 est quod Gregorius dicit, XXXI Moral., quod ex ira oriuntur
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4287 contumeliae.</p><p title="II-II q. 72 a. 4 co."><a name="42120"><span class="ref">[42120] IIª-IIae q. 72 a. 4 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4288 dicendum quod, cum unum peccatum possit ex diversis oriri, ex illo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4289 tamen dicitur principalius habere originem ex quo frequentius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4290 procedere consuevit, propter propinquitatem ad finem ipsius.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4291 Contumelia autem magnam habet propinquitatem ad finem irae, qui est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4292 vindicta, nulla enim vindicta est irato magis in promptu quam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4293 inferre contumeliam alteri. Et ideo contumelia maxime oritur ex
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4294 ira.</p><p title="II-II q. 72 a. 4 ad 1"><a name="42121"><span class="ref">[42121] IIª-IIae q. 72 a. 4 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4295 ergo dicendum quod contumelia non ordinatur ad finem superbiae, qui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4296 est celsitudo, et ideo non directe contumelia oritur ex superbia.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4297 Disponit tamen superbia ad contumeliam, inquantum illi qui se
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4298 superiores aestimant, facilius alios contemnunt et iniurias eis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4299 irrogant. Facilius etiam irascuntur, utpote reputantes indignum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4300 quidquid contra eorum voluntatem agitur.</p><p title="II-II q. 72 a. 4 ad 2"><a name="42122"><span class="ref">[42122] IIª-IIae q. 72 a. 4 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4301 dicendum quod, secundum philosophum, in VII Ethic., ira non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4302 perfecte audit rationem, et sic iratus patitur rationis defectum,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4303 in quo convenit cum stultitia. Et propter hoc ex stultitia oritur
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4304 contumelia, secundum affinitatem quam habet cum ira.</p><p title="II-II q. 72 a. 4 ad 3"><a name="42123"><span class="ref">[42123] IIª-IIae q. 72 a. 4 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4305 dicendum quod, secundum philosophum, in II Rhet., <i>iratus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4306 intendit manifestam offensam, quod non curat odiens</i>. Et ideo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4307 contumelia, quae importat manifestam iniuriam, magis pertinet ad
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4308 iram quam ad odium.</p></div></div><div class="q" id="q73"><h2>Quaestio 73</h2><div class="p"><h3>Prooemium</h3><p title="II-II q. 73 pr."><a name="42124"><span class="ref">[42124] IIª-IIae q. 73 pr.</span></a> Deinde
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4309 considerandum est de detractione. Et circa hoc quaeruntur quatuor.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4310 Primo, quid sit detractio. Secundo, utrum sit peccatum mortale.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4311 Tertio, de comparatione eius ad alia peccata. Quarto, utrum peccet
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4312 aliquis audiendo detractionem.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 1</h3><p title="II-II q. 73 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="42125"><span class="ref">[42125] IIª-IIae q. 73 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4313 sic proceditur. Videtur quod detractio non sit denigratio alienae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4314 famae per occulta verba, ut a quibusdam definitur. Occultum enim et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4315 manifestum sunt circumstantiae non constituentes speciem peccati,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4316 accidit enim peccato quod a multis sciatur vel a paucis. Sed illud
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4317 quod non constituit speciem peccati non pertinet ad rationem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4318 ipsius, nec debet poni in eius definitione. Ergo ad rationem
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4319 detractionis non pertinet quod fiat per occulta verba.</p><p title="II-II q. 73 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="42126"><span class="ref">[42126] IIª-IIae q. 73 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4320 ad rationem famae pertinet publica notitia. Si igitur per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4321 detractionem denigretur fama alicuius, non poterit hoc fieri per
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4322 verba occulta, sed per verba in manifesto dicta.</p><p title="II-II q. 73 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="42127"><span class="ref">[42127] IIª-IIae q. 73 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4323 ille detrahit qui aliquid subtrahit vel diminuit de eo quod est.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4324 Sed quandoque denigratur fama alicuius etiam si nihil subtrahatur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4325 de veritate, puta cum aliquis vera crimina alicuius pandit. Ergo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4326 non omnis denigratio famae est detractio.</p><p title="II-II q. 73 a. 1 s. c."><a name="42128"><span class="ref">[42128] IIª-IIae q. 73 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4327 est quod dicitur Eccle. X, <i>si mordeat serpens in silentio, nihil
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4328 eo minus habet qui occulte detrahit</i>. Ergo occulte mordere famam
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4329 alicuius est detrahere.</p><p title="II-II q. 73 a. 1 co."><a name="42129"><span class="ref">[42129] IIª-IIae q. 73 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4330 dicendum quod sicut facto aliquis alteri nocet dupliciter,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4331 manifeste quidem sicut in rapina vel quacumque violentia illata,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4332 occulte autem sicut in furto et dolosa percussione; ita etiam verbo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4333 aliquis dupliciter aliquem laedit, uno modo, in manifesto, et hoc
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4334 fit per contumeliam, ut supra dictum est; alio modo, occulte, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4335 hoc fit per detractionem. Ex hoc autem quod aliquis manifeste verba
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4336 contra alium profert, videtur eum parvipendere, unde ex hoc ipso
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4337 exhonoratur, et ideo contumelia detrimentum affert honori eius in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4338 quem profertur. Sed qui verba contra aliquem profert in occulto,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4339 videtur eum vereri magis quam parvipendere, unde non directe infert
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4340 detrimentum honori, sed famae; inquantum, huiusmodi verba occulte
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4341 proferens, quantum in ipso est, eos qui audiunt facit malam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4342 opinionem habere de eo contra quem loquitur. Hoc enim intendere
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4343 videtur, et ad hoc conatur detrahens, ut eius verbis credatur. Unde
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4344 patet quod detractio differt a contumelia dupliciter. Uno modo,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4345 quantum ad modum proponendi verba, quia scilicet contumeliosus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4346 manifeste contra aliquem loquitur, detractor autem occulte. Alio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4347 modo, quantum ad finem intentum, sive quantum ad nocumentum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4348 illatum, quia scilicet contumeliosus derogat honori, detractor
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4349 famae.</p><p title="II-II q. 73 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="42130"><span class="ref">[42130] IIª-IIae q. 73 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4350 ergo dicendum quod in involuntariis commutationibus, ad quas
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4351 reducuntur omnia nocumenta proximo illata verbo vel facto,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4352 diversificat rationem peccati occultum et manifestum, quia alia est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4353 ratio involuntarii per violentiam, et per ignorantiam, ut supra
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4354 dictum est.</p><p title="II-II q. 73 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="42131"><span class="ref">[42131] IIª-IIae q. 73 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4355 dicendum quod verba detractionis dicuntur occulta non simpliciter,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4356 sed per comparationem ad eum de quo dicuntur, quia eo absente et
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4357 ignorante, dicuntur. Sed contumeliosus in faciem contra hominem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4358 loquitur. Unde si aliquis de alio male loquatur coram multis, eo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4359 absente, detractio est, si autem eo solo praesente, contumelia est.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4360 Quamvis etiam si uni soli aliquis de absente malum dicat, corrumpit
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
4361 famam eius, non in toto, sed in parte.</p><p title="II-II q. 73 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="42132"><span class="ref">[42132] IIª-IIae q. 73 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4362 dicendum quod aliquis dicitur detrahere non quia diminuat de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4363 veritate, sed quia diminuit famam eius. Quod quidem quandoque fit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4364 directe, quandoque indirecte. Directe quidem, quadrupliciter, uno
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4365 modo, quando falsum imponit alteri; secundo, quando peccatum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4366 adauget suis verbis; tertio, quando occultum revelat; quarto,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4367 quando id quod est bonum dicit mala intentione factum. Indirecte
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
4368 autem, vel negando bonum alterius; vel malitiose reticendo.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 2</h3><p title="II-II q. 73 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="42133"><span class="ref">[42133] IIª-IIae q. 73 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4369 secundum sic proceditur. Videtur quod detractio non sit peccatum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4370 mortale. Nullus enim actus virtutis est peccatum mortale. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4371 revelare peccatum occultum, quod, sicut dictum est, ad detractionem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4372 pertinet, est actus virtutis, vel caritatis, dum aliquis fratris
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4373 peccatum denuntiat eius emendationem intendens; vel etiam est actus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4374 iustitiae, dum aliquis fratrem accusat. Ergo detractio non est
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4375 peccatum mortale.</p><p title="II-II q. 73 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="42134"><span class="ref">[42134] IIª-IIae q. 73 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4376 super illud Prov. XXIV, <i>cum detractoribus non commiscearis</i>,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4377 dicit Glossa, <i>hoc specialiter vitio periclitatur totum genus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4378 humanum</i>. Sed nullum peccatum mortale in toto humano genere
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4379 invenitur, quia multi abstinent a peccato mortali, peccata autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4380 venialia sunt quae in omnibus inveniuntur. Ergo detractio est
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4381 peccatum veniale.</p><p title="II-II q. 73 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="42135"><span class="ref">[42135] IIª-IIae q. 73 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4382 Augustinus, in homilia de igne Purg., inter peccata minuta ponit,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4383 quando cum omni facilitate vel temeritate maledicimus, quod
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4384 pertinet ad detractionem. Ergo detractio est peccatum veniale.</p><p title="II-II q. 73 a. 2 s. c."><a name="42136"><span class="ref">[42136] IIª-IIae q. 73 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4385 est quod Rom. I dicitur, <i>detractores, Deo odibiles</i>, quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4386 ideo additur, ut dicit Glossa, <i>ne leve putetur propter hoc quod
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
4387 consistit in verbis</i>.</p><p title="II-II q. 73 a. 2 co."><a name="42137"><span class="ref">[42137] IIª-IIae q. 73 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4388 dicendum quod, sicut supra dictum est, peccata verborum maxime sunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4389 ex intentione dicentis diiudicanda. Detractio autem, secundum suam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4390 rationem, ordinatur ad denigrandam famam alicuius. Unde ille, per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4391 se loquendo, detrahit qui ad hoc de aliquo obloquitur, eo absente,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4392 ut eius famam denigret. Auferre autem alicui famam valde grave est,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4393 quia inter res temporales videtur fama esse pretiosior, per cuius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4394 defectum homo impeditur a multis bene agendis. Propter quod dicitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4395 Eccli. XLI, <i>curam habe de bono nomine, hoc enim magis permanebit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4396 tibi quam mille thesauri magni et pretiosi</i>. Et ideo detractio,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4397 per se loquendo, est peccatum mortale. Contingit tamen quandoque
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4398 quod aliquis dicit aliqua verba per quae diminuitur fama alicuius,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4399 non hoc intendens, sed aliquid aliud hoc autem non est detrahere
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4400 per se et formaliter loquendo, sed solum materialiter et quasi per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4401 accidens. Et si quidem verba per quae fama alterius diminuitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4402 proferat aliquis propter aliquod bonum vel necessarium, debitis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4403 circumstantiis observatis, non est peccatum, nec potest dici
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4404 detractio. Si autem proferat ex animi levitate, vel propter aliquid
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4405 non necessarium, non est peccatum mortale, nisi forte verbum quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4406 dicitur sit adeo grave quod notabiliter famam alicuius laedat, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4407 praecipue in his quae pertinent ad honestatem vitae; quia hoc ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4408 ipso genere verborum habet rationem peccati mortalis. Et tenetur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4409 aliquis ad restitutionem famae, sicut ad restitutionem cuiuslibet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4410 rei subtractae, eo modo quo supra dictum est, cum de restitutione
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4411 ageretur.</p><p title="II-II q. 73 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="42138"><span class="ref">[42138] IIª-IIae q. 73 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4412 ergo dicendum quod revelare peccatum occultum alicuius propter eius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4413 emendationem denuntiando, vel propter bonum publicae iustitiae
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4414 accusando, non est detrahere, ut dictum est.</p><p title="II-II q. 73 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="42139"><span class="ref">[42139] IIª-IIae q. 73 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4415 dicendum quod Glossa illa non dicit quod detractio in toto genere
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4416 humano inveniatur, sed addit, paene. Tum quia stultorum infinitus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4417 est numerus, et pauci sunt qui ambulant per viam salutis. Tum etiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4418 quia pauci vel nulli sunt qui non aliquando ex animi levitate
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4419 aliquid dicunt unde in aliquo, vel leviter, alterius fama
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4420 minoratur, quia, ut dicitur Iac. III, <i>si quis in verbo non
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4421 offendit, hic perfectus est vir</i>.</p><p title="II-II q. 73 a. 2 ad 3"><a name="42140"><span class="ref">[42140] IIª-IIae q. 73 a. 2 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4422 dicendum quod Augustinus loquitur in casu illo quo aliquis dicit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4423 aliquod leve malum de alio non ex intentione nocendi, sed ex animi
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4424 levitate vel ex lapsu linguae.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 3</h3><p title="II-II q. 73 a. 3 arg. 1"><a name="42141"><span class="ref">[42141] IIª-IIae q. 73 a. 3 arg. 1</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4425 sic proceditur. Videtur quod detractio sit gravius omnibus peccatis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4426 quae in proximum committuntur. Quia super illud Psalm., <i>pro eo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4427 ut me diligerent, detrahebant mihi</i>, dicit Glossa, <i>plus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4428 nocent in membris detrahentes Christo, quia animas crediturorum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4429 interficiunt, quam qui eius carnem, mox resurrecturam,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4430 peremerunt</i>. Ex quo videtur quod detractio sit gravius peccatum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4431 quam homicidium, quanto gravius est occidere animam quam occidere
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4432 corpus. Sed homicidium est gravius inter cetera peccata quae in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4433 proximum committuntur. Ergo detractio est simpliciter inter omnia
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4434 gravior.</p><p title="II-II q. 73 a. 3 arg. 2"><a name="42142"><span class="ref">[42142] IIª-IIae q. 73 a. 3 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4435 detractio videtur esse gravius peccatum quam contumelia quia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4436 contumeliam potest homo repellere, non autem detractionem latentem.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4437 Sed contumelia videtur esse maius peccatum quam adulterium, per hoc
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4438 quod adulterium unit duos in unam carnem, contumelia autem unitos
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4439 in multa dividit. Ergo detractio est maius peccatum quam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4440 adulterium, quod tamen, inter alia peccata quae sunt in proximum,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4441 magnam gravitatem habet.</p><p title="II-II q. 73 a. 3 arg. 3"><a name="42143"><span class="ref">[42143] IIª-IIae q. 73 a. 3 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4442 contumelia oritur ex ira, detractio autem ex invidia, ut patet per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4443 Gregorium, XXXI Moral. Sed invidia est maius peccatum quam ira.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4444 Ergo et detractio est maius peccatum quam contumelia. Et sic idem
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4445 quod prius.</p><p title="II-II q. 73 a. 3 arg. 4"><a name="42144"><span class="ref">[42144] IIª-IIae q. 73 a. 3 arg. 4</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4446 tanto aliquod peccatum est gravius quanto graviorem defectum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4447 inducit. Sed detractio inducit gravissimum defectum, scilicet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4448 excaecationem mentis, dicit enim Gregorius, <i>quid aliud
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4449 detrahentes faciunt nisi quod in pulverem sufflant et in oculos
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4450 suos terram excitant, ut unde plus detractionis perflant, inde
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4451 minus veritatis videant?</i> Ergo detractio est gravissimum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4452 peccatum inter ea quae committuntur in proximum.</p><p title="II-II q. 73 a. 3 s. c."><a name="42145"><span class="ref">[42145] IIª-IIae q. 73 a. 3 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4453 gravius est peccare facto quam verbo. Sed detractio est peccatum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4454 verbi, adulterium autem et homicidium et furtum sunt peccata in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4455 factis. Ergo detractio non est gravius ceteris peccatis quae sunt
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4456 in proximum.</p><p title="II-II q. 73 a. 3 co."><a name="42146"><span class="ref">[42146] IIª-IIae q. 73 a. 3 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4457 dicendum quod peccata quae committuntur in proximum sunt pensanda
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4458 per se quidem secundum nocumenta quae proximo inferuntur, quia ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4459 hoc habent rationem culpae. Tanto autem est maius nocumentum quanto
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4460 maius bonum demitur. Cum autem sit triplex bonum hominis, scilicet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4461 bonum animae et bonum corporis et bonum exteriorum rerum, bonum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4462 animae, quod est maximum, non potest alicui ab alio tolli nisi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4463 occasionaliter, puta per malam persuasionem, quae necessitatem non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4464 infert, sed alia duo bona, scilicet corporis et exteriorum rerum,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4465 possunt ab alio violenter auferri. Sed quia bonum corporis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4466 praeeminet bono exteriorum rerum, graviora sunt peccata quibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4467 infertur nocumentum corpori quam ea quibus infertur nocumentum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4468 exterioribus rebus. Unde inter cetera peccata quae sunt in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4469 proximum, homicidium gravius est, per quod tollitur vita proximi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4470 iam actu existens, consequenter autem adulterium, quod est contra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4471 debitum ordinem generationis humanae, per quam est introitus ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4472 vitam. Consequenter autem sunt exteriora bona. Inter quae, fama
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4473 praeeminet divitiis, eo quod propinquior est spiritualibus bonis,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4474 unde dicitur Prov. XXII, <i>melius est nomen bonum quam divitiae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4475 multae</i>. Et ideo detractio, secundum suum genus, est maius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4476 peccatum quam furtum, minus tamen quam homicidium vel adulterium.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4477 Potest tamen esse alius ordo propter circumstantias aggravantes vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4478 diminuentes. Per accidens autem gravitas peccati attenditur ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4479 parte peccantis, qui gravius peccat si ex deliberatione peccet quam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4480 si peccet ex infirmitate vel incautela. Et secundum hoc peccata
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4481 locutionis habent aliquam levitatem, inquantum de facili ex lapsu
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4482 linguae proveniunt, absque magna praemeditatione.</p><p title="II-II q. 73 a. 3 ad 1"><a name="42147"><span class="ref">[42147] IIª-IIae q. 73 a. 3 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4483 ergo dicendum quod illi qui detrahunt Christo impedientes fidem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4484 membrorum ipsius, derogant divinitati eius, cui fides innititur.
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4485 Unde non est simplex detractio, sed blasphemia.</p><p title="II-II q. 73 a. 3 ad 2"><a name="42148"><span class="ref">[42148] IIª-IIae q. 73 a. 3 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4486 dicendum quod gravius peccatum est contumelia quam detractio,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4487 inquantum habet maiorem contemptum proximi, sicut et rapina est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4488 gravius peccatum quam furtum, ut supra dictum est. Contumelia tamen
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4489 non est gravius peccatum quam adulterium, non enim gravitas
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4490 adulterii pensatur ex coniunctione corporum, sed ex deordinatione
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4491 generationis humanae. Contumeliosus autem non sufficienter causat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4492 inimicitiam in alio, sed occasionaliter tantum dividit unitos,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4493 inquantum scilicet per hoc quod mala alterius promit, alios,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4494 quantum in se est, ab eius amicitia separat, licet ad hoc per eius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4495 verba non cogantur. Sic etiam et detractor occasionaliter est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4496 homicida, inquantum scilicet per sua verba dat alteri occasionem ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4497 proximum odiat vel contemnat. Propter quod in epistola Clementis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4498 dicitur detractores esse homicidas, scilicet occasionaliter,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4499 <i>quia qui odit fratrem suum, homicida est</i>, ut dicitur I Ioan.
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4500 III.</p><p title="II-II q. 73 a. 3 ad 3"><a name="42149"><span class="ref">[42149] IIª-IIae q. 73 a. 3 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4501 dicendum quod quia ira quaerit in manifesto vindictam inferre, ut
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4502 philosophus dicit, in II Rhet., ideo detractio, quae est in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4503 occulto, non est filia irae, sicut contumelia; sed magis invidiae,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4504 quae nititur qualitercumque minuere gloriam proximi. Nec tamen
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4505 sequitur propter hoc quod detractio sit gravior quam contumelia,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4506 quia ex minori vitio potest oriri maius peccatum, sicut ex ira
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4507 nascitur homicidium et blasphemia. Origo enim peccatorum attenditur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4508 secundum inclinationem ad finem, quod est ex parte conversionis,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
4509 gravitas autem peccati magis attenditur ex parte aversionis.</p><p title="II-II q. 73 a. 3 ad 4"><a name="42150"><span class="ref">[42150] IIª-IIae q. 73 a. 3 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4510 dicendum quod quia homo laetatur in sententia oris sui, ut dicitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4511 Prov. XV, inde est quod ille qui detrahit incipit magis amare et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4512 credere quod dicit; et per consequens proximum magis odire; et sic
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4513 magis recedere a cognitione veritatis. Iste tamen effectus potest
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
4514 sequi etiam ex aliis peccatis quae pertinent ad odium proximi.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 4</h3><p title="II-II q. 73 a. 4 arg. 1"><a name="42151"><span class="ref">[42151] IIª-IIae q. 73 a. 4 arg. 1</span></a> Ad quartum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4515 sic proceditur. Videtur quod audiens qui tolerat detrahentem non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4516 graviter peccet. Non enim aliquis magis tenetur alteri quam sibi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4517 ipsi. Sed laudabile est si patienter homo suos detractores toleret,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4518 dicit enim Gregorius, super Ezech. Homil. IX, <i>linguas
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4519 detrahentium, sicut nostro studio non debemus excitare, ne ipsi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4520 pereant; ita per suam malitiam excitatas debemus aequanimiter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4521 tolerare, ut nobis meritum crescat</i>. Ergo non peccat aliquis si
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
4522 detractionibus aliorum non resistat.</p><p title="II-II q. 73 a. 4 arg. 2"><a name="42152"><span class="ref">[42152] IIª-IIae q. 73 a. 4 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4523 Eccli. IV dicitur, <i>non contradicas verbo veritatis ullo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4524 modo</i>. Sed quandoque aliquis detrahit verba veritatis dicendo,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4525 ut supra dictum est. Ergo videtur quod non semper teneatur homo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
4526 detractionibus resistere.</p><p title="II-II q. 73 a. 4 arg. 3"><a name="42153"><span class="ref">[42153] IIª-IIae q. 73 a. 4 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4527 nullus debet impedire id quod est in utilitatem aliorum. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4528 detractio frequenter est in utilitatem eorum contra quos
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4529 detrahitur, dicit enim pius Papa, <i>nonnunquam detractio adversus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4530 bonos excitatur, ut quos vel domestica adulatio vel aliorum favor
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4531 in altum extulerat, detractio humiliet</i>. Ergo aliquis non debet
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4532 detractiones impedire.</p><p title="II-II q. 73 a. 4 s. c."><a name="42154"><span class="ref">[42154] IIª-IIae q. 73 a. 4 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4533 est quod Hieronymus dicit, <i>cave ne linguam aut aures habeas
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4534 prurientes, aut aliis detrahas, aut alios audias
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
4535 detrahentes</i>.</p><p title="II-II q. 73 a. 4 co."><a name="42155"><span class="ref">[42155] IIª-IIae q. 73 a. 4 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4536 dicendum quod, secundum apostolum, ad Rom. I, <i>digni sunt morte
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4537 non solum qui peccata faciunt, sed etiam qui facientibus peccata
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4538 consentiunt</i>. Quod quidem contingit dupliciter. Uno modo,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4539 directe, quando scilicet quis inducit alium ad peccatum, vel ei
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4540 placet peccatum. Alio modo, indirecte, quando scilicet non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4541 resistit, cum resistere possit, et hoc contingit quandoque non quia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4542 peccatum placeat, sed propter aliquem humanum timorem. Dicendum est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4543 ergo quod si aliquis detractiones audiat absque resistentia,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4544 videtur detractori consentire, unde fit particeps peccati eius. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4545 si quidem inducat eum ad detrahendum, vel saltem placeat ei
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4546 detractio, propter odium eius cui detrahitur, non minus peccat quam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4547 detrahens, et quandoque magis. Unde Bernardus dicit, <i>detrahere,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4548 aut detrahentem audire, quid horum damnabilius sit, non facile
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4549 dixerim</i>. Si vero non placeat ei peccatum, sed ex timore vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4550 negligentia vel etiam verecundia quadam omittat repellere
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4551 detrahentem, peccat quidem, sed multo minus quam detrahens, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4552 plerumque venialiter. Quandoque etiam hoc potest esse peccatum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4553 mortale, vel propter hoc quod alicui ex officio incumbit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4554 detrahentem corrigere; vel propter aliquod periculum consequens;
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4555 vel propter radicem, qua timor humanus quandoque potest esse
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
4556 peccatum mortale, ut supra habitum est.</p><p title="II-II q. 73 a. 4 ad 1"><a name="42156"><span class="ref">[42156] IIª-IIae q. 73 a. 4 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4557 ergo dicendum quod detractiones suas nullus audit, quia scilicet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4558 mala quae dicuntur de aliquo eo audiente, non sunt detractiones,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4559 proprie loquendo, sed contumeliae, ut dictum est. Possunt tamen ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4560 notitiam alicuius detractiones contra ipsum factae aliorum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4561 relationibus pervenire. Et tunc sui arbitrii est detrimentum suae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4562 famae pati, nisi hoc vergat in periculum aliorum, ut supra dictum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4563 est. Et ideo in hoc potest commendari eius patientia quod patienter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4564 proprias detractiones sustinet. Non autem est sui arbitrii quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4565 patiatur detrimentum famae alterius. Et ideo in culpam ei vertitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4566 si non resistit, cum possit resistere, eadem ratione qua tenetur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4567 aliquis sublevare asinum alterius iacentem sub onere, ut
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4568 praecipitur Deut. XXII.</p><p title="II-II q. 73 a. 4 ad 2"><a name="42157"><span class="ref">[42157] IIª-IIae q. 73 a. 4 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4569 dicendum quod non semper debet aliquis resistere detractori
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4570 arguendo eum de falsitate, maxime si quis sciat verum esse quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4571 dicitur. Sed debet eum verbis redarguere de hoc quod peccat fratri
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4572 detrahendo, vel saltem ostendere quod ei detractio displiceat per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4573 tristitiam faciei; quia, ut dicitur Prov. XXV, <i>ventus Aquilo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4574 dissipat pluvias, et facies tristis linguam detrahentem</i>.</p><p title="II-II q. 73 a. 4 ad 3"><a name="42158"><span class="ref">[42158] IIª-IIae q. 73 a. 4 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4575 dicendum quod utilitas quae ex detractione provenit non est ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4576 intentione detrahentis, sed ex Dei ordinatione, qui ex quolibet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4577 malo elicit bonum. Et ideo nihilo minus est detractoribus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4578 resistendum, sicut et raptoribus vel oppressoribus aliorum, quamvis
53
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diff changeset
4579 ex hoc oppressis vel spoliatis per patientiam meritum crescat.</p></div></div><div class="q" id="q74"><h2>Quaestio 74</h2><div class="p"><h3>Prooemium</h3><p title="II-II q. 74 pr."><a name="42159"><span class="ref">[42159] IIª-IIae q. 74 pr.</span></a> Deinde
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4580 considerandum est de susurratione. Et circa hoc quaeruntur duo.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4581 Primo, utrum susurratio sit peccatum distinctum a detractione.
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
4582 Secundo, quod horum sit gravius.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 1</h3><p title="II-II q. 74 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="42160"><span class="ref">[42160] IIª-IIae q. 74 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4583 sic proceditur. Videtur quod susurratio non sit peccatum distinctum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4584 a detractione. Dicit enim Isidorus, in libro Etymol., <i>susurro de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4585 sono locutionis appellatur, quia non in facie alicuius, sed in aure
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4586 loquitur, detrahendo</i>. Sed loqui de altero detrahendo ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4587 detractionem pertinet. Ergo susurratio non est peccatum distinctum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4588 a detractione.</p><p title="II-II q. 74 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="42161"><span class="ref">[42161] IIª-IIae q. 74 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4589 Levit. XIX dicitur, <i>non eris criminator nec susurro in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4590 populis</i>. Sed criminator idem videtur esse quod detractor. Ergo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4591 etiam susurratio a detractione non differt.</p><p title="II-II q. 74 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="42162"><span class="ref">[42162] IIª-IIae q. 74 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4592 Eccli. XXVIII dicitur, <i>susurro et bilinguis maledictus erit</i>.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4593 Sed bilinguis videtur idem esse quod detractor, quia detractorum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4594 est duplici lingua loqui, aliter scilicet in absentia et aliter in
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4595 praesentia. Ergo susurro est idem quod detractor.</p><p title="II-II q. 74 a. 1 s. c."><a name="42163"><span class="ref">[42163] IIª-IIae q. 74 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4596 est quod, Rom. I, super illud, <i>susurrones, detractores</i>,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4597 dicit Glossa, <i>susurrones, inter amicos discordiam seminantes;
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4598 detractores, qui aliorum bona negant vel minuunt</i>.</p><p title="II-II q. 74 a. 1 co."><a name="42164"><span class="ref">[42164] IIª-IIae q. 74 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4599 dicendum quod susurratio et detractio in materia conveniunt, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4600 etiam in forma, sive in modo loquendi, quia uterque malum occulte
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4601 de proximo dicit. Propter quam similitudinem interdum unum pro alio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4602 ponitur, unde Eccli. V, super illud, <i>non appelleris susurro</i>,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4603 dicit Glossa, idest detractor. Differunt autem in fine. Quia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4604 detractor intendit denigrare famam proximi, unde illa mala de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4605 proximo praecipue profert ex quibus proximus infamari possit, vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4606 saltem diminui eius fama. Susurro autem intendit amicitiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4607 separare, ut patet per Glossam inductam, et per id quod dicitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4608 Prov. XXVI, <i>susurrone subtracto, iurgia conquiescunt</i>. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4609 ideo susurro talia mala profert de proximo quae possunt contra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4610 ipsum commovere animum audientis, secundum illud Eccli. XXVIII,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4611 <i>vir peccator conturbabit amicos, et in medio pacem habentium
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4612 immittit inimicitiam</i>.</p><p title="II-II q. 74 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="42165"><span class="ref">[42165] IIª-IIae q. 74 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4613 ergo dicendum quod susurro, inquantum dicit malum de alio, dicitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4614 detrahere. In hoc tamen differt a detractore, quia non intendit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4615 simpliciter malum dicere; sed quidquid sit illud quod possit animum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4616 unius turbare contra alium, etiam si sit simpliciter bonum, et
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4617 tamen apparens malum, inquantum displicet ei cui dicitur.</p><p title="II-II q. 74 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="42166"><span class="ref">[42166] IIª-IIae q. 74 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4618 dicendum quod criminator differt et a susurrone et a detractore.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4619 Quia criminator est qui publice aliis crimina imponit, vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4620 accusando vel conviciando, quod non pertinet ad detractorem et
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4621 susurronem.</p><p title="II-II q. 74 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="42167"><span class="ref">[42167] IIª-IIae q. 74 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4622 dicendum quod bilinguis proprie dicitur susurro. Cum enim amicitia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4623 sit inter duos, nititur susurro ex utraque parte amicitiam rumpere,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4624 et ideo duabus linguis utitur ad duos, uni dicens malum de alio.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4625 Propter quod dicitur Eccli. XXVIII, <i>susurro et bilinguis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4626 maledictus</i>, et subditur, <i>multos enim turbant pacem
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4627 habentes</i>.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 2</h3><p title="II-II q. 74 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="42168"><span class="ref">[42168] IIª-IIae q. 74 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4628 secundum sic proceditur. Videtur quod detractio sit gravius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4629 peccatum quam susurratio. Peccata enim oris consistunt in hoc quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4630 aliquis mala dicit. Sed detractor dicit de proximo ea quae sunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4631 mala simpliciter, quia ex talibus oritur infamia vel diminuitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4632 fama, susurro autem non curat dicere nisi mala apparentia, quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4633 scilicet displiceant audienti. Ergo gravius peccatum est detractio
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4634 quam susurratio.</p><p title="II-II q. 74 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="42169"><span class="ref">[42169] IIª-IIae q. 74 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4635 quicumque aufert alicui famam, aufert ei non solum unum amicum, sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4636 multos, quia unusquisque refugit amicitiam infamium personarum;
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4637 unde contra quendam dicitur, II Paralip. XIX, <i>his qui oderunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4638 dominum amicitia iungeris</i>. Susurratio autem aufert unum solum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4639 amicum. Gravius ergo peccatum est detractio quam susurratio.</p><p title="II-II q. 74 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="42170"><span class="ref">[42170] IIª-IIae q. 74 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4640 Iac. IV dicitur, <i>qui detrahit fratri suo, detrahit legi</i>; et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4641 per consequens Deo, qui est legislator, et sic peccatum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4642 detractionis videtur esse peccatum in Deum, quod est gravissimum,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4643 ut supra habitum est. Peccatum autem susurrationis est in proximum.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4644 Ergo peccatum detractionis est gravius quam peccatum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4645 susurrationis.</p><p title="II-II q. 74 a. 2 s. c."><a name="42171"><span class="ref">[42171] IIª-IIae q. 74 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4646 est quod dicitur Eccli. V, <i>denotatio pessima super bilinguem,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4647 susurratori autem odium et inimicitia et contumelia</i>.</p><p title="II-II q. 74 a. 2 co."><a name="42172"><span class="ref">[42172] IIª-IIae q. 74 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4648 dicendum quod, sicut supra dictum est, peccatum in proximum tanto
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4649 est gravius quanto per ipsum maius nocumentum proximo infertur,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4650 nocumentum autem tanto maius est quanto maius est bonum quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4651 tollitur. Inter cetera vero exteriora bona praeeminet amicus, quia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4652 sine amicis nullus vivere posset, ut patet per philosophum, in VIII
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4653 Ethic. Unde dicitur Eccli. VI, <i>amico fideli nulla est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4654 comparatio</i>, quia et optima fama, quae per detractionem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4655 tollitur, ad hoc maxime necessaria est ut homo idoneus ad amicitiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4656 habeatur. Et ideo susurratio est maius peccatum quam detractio, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4657 etiam quam contumelia, quia amicus est melior quam honor, et amari
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4658 quam honorari, ut in VIII Ethic. philosophus dicit.</p><p title="II-II q. 74 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="42173"><span class="ref">[42173] IIª-IIae q. 74 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4659 ergo dicendum quod species et gravitas peccati magis attenditur ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4660 fine quam ex materiali obiecto. Et ideo ratione finis susurratio
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4661 est gravior, quamvis detractor quandoque peiora dicat.</p><p title="II-II q. 74 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="42174"><span class="ref">[42174] IIª-IIae q. 74 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4662 dicendum quod fama est dispositio ad amicitiam, et infamia ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4663 inimicitiam. Dispositio autem deficit ab eo ad quod disponit. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4664 ideo ille qui operatur ad aliquid quod est dispositio ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4665 inimicitiam, minus peccat quam ille qui directe operatur ad
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4666 inimicitiam inducendam.</p><p title="II-II q. 74 a. 2 ad 3"><a name="42175"><span class="ref">[42175] IIª-IIae q. 74 a. 2 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4667 dicendum quod ille qui detrahit fratri intantum videtur detrahere
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4668 legi inquantum contemnit praeceptum de dilectione proximi. Contra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4669 quod directius agit qui amicitiam disrumpere nititur. Unde hoc
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4670 peccatum maxime contra Deum est, quia Deus dilectio est, ut dicitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4671 I Ioan. IV. Et propter hoc dicitur Prov. VI, <i>sex sunt quae odit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4672 dominus, et septimum detestatur anima eius</i>, et hoc septimum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4673 ponit <i>eum qui seminat inter fratres discordiam</i>.</p></div></div><div class="q" id="q75"><h2>Quaestio 75</h2><div class="p"><h3>Prooemium</h3><p title="II-II q. 75 pr."><a name="42176"><span class="ref">[42176] IIª-IIae q. 75 pr.</span></a> Deinde
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4674 considerandum est de derisione. Et circa hoc quaeruntur duo. Primo,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4675 utrum derisio sit peccatum speciale distinctum ab aliis peccatis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4676 quibus per verba nocumentum proximo infertur. Secundo, utrum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4677 derisio sit peccatum mortale.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 1</h3><p title="II-II q. 75 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="42177"><span class="ref">[42177] IIª-IIae q. 75 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4678 sic proceditur. Videtur quod derisio non sit speciale peccatum ab
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4679 aliis praemissis distinctum. Subsannatio enim videtur idem esse
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4680 quod derisio. Sed subsannatio ad contumeliam videtur pertinere.
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4681 Ergo derisio non videtur distingui a contumelia.</p><p title="II-II q. 75 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="42178"><span class="ref">[42178] IIª-IIae q. 75 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4682 nullus irridetur nisi de aliquo turpi, ex quo homo erubescit.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4683 Huiusmodi autem sunt peccata, quae si manifeste de aliquo dicuntur,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4684 pertinent ad contumeliam; si autem occulte, pertinent ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4685 detractionem sive susurrationem. Ergo derisio non est vitium a
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4686 praemissis distinctum.</p><p title="II-II q. 75 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="42179"><span class="ref">[42179] IIª-IIae q. 75 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4687 huiusmodi peccata distinguuntur secundum nocumenta quae proximo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4688 inferuntur. Sed per derisionem non infertur aliud nocumentum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4689 proximo quam in honore vel fama vel detrimento amicitiae. Ergo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4690 derisio non est peccatum distinctum a praemissis.</p><p title="II-II q. 75 a. 1 s. c."><a name="42180"><span class="ref">[42180] IIª-IIae q. 75 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4691 est quod irrisio fit ludo, unde et illusio nominatur. Nullum autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4692 praemissorum ludo agitur, sed serio. Ergo derisio ab omnibus
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4693 praedictis differt.</p><p title="II-II q. 75 a. 1 co."><a name="42181"><span class="ref">[42181] IIª-IIae q. 75 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4694 dicendum quod, sicut supra dictum est, peccata verborum praecipue
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4695 pensanda sunt secundum intentionem proferentis. Et ideo secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4696 diversa quae quis intendit contra alium loquens, huiusmodi peccata
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4697 distinguuntur. Sicut autem aliquis conviciando intendit conviciati
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4698 honorem deprimere, et detrahendo diminuere famam, et susurrando
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4699 tollere amicitiam; ita etiam irridendo aliquis intendit quod ille
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4700 qui irridetur erubescat. Et quia hic finis est distinctus ab aliis,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4701 ideo etiam peccatum derisionis distinguitur a praemissis
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4702 peccatis.</p><p title="II-II q. 75 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="42182"><span class="ref">[42182] IIª-IIae q. 75 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4703 ergo dicendum quod subsannatio et irrisio conveniunt in fine, sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4704 differunt in modo, quia irrisio fit ore, idest verbo et cachinnis;
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4705 subsannatio autem naso rugato, ut dicit Glossa super illud Psalm.,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4706 <i>qui habitat in caelis irridebit eos</i>. Talis tamen differentia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4707 non diversificat speciem. Utrumque tamen differt a contumelia,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4708 sicut erubescentia a dehonoratione, est enim erubescentia timor
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4709 dehonorationis, sicut Damascenus dicit.</p><p title="II-II q. 75 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="42183"><span class="ref">[42183] IIª-IIae q. 75 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4710 dicendum quod de opere virtuoso aliquis apud alios et reverentiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4711 meretur et famam; apud seipsum bonae conscientiae gloriam, secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4712 illud II ad Cor. I, <i>gloria nostra haec est, testimonium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4713 conscientiae nostrae</i>. Unde e contrario de actu turpi, idest
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4714 vitioso, apud alios quidem tollitur hominis honor et fama, et ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4715 hoc contumeliosus et detractor turpia de alio dicunt. Apud seipsum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4716 autem per turpia quae dicuntur aliquis perdit conscientiae gloriam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4717 per quandam confusionem et erubescentiam, et ad hoc turpia dicit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4718 derisor. Et sic patet quod derisor communicat cum praedictis vitiis
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4719 in materia, differt autem in fine.</p><p title="II-II q. 75 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="42184"><span class="ref">[42184] IIª-IIae q. 75 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4720 dicendum quod securitas conscientiae et quies illius magnum bonum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4721 est, secundum illud Prov. XV, <i>secura mens quasi iuge
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4722 convivium</i>. Et ideo qui conscientiam alicuius inquietat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4723 confundendo ipsum, aliquod speciale nocumentum ei infert. Unde
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4724 derisio est peccatum speciale.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 2</h3><p title="II-II q. 75 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="42185"><span class="ref">[42185] IIª-IIae q. 75 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4725 secundum sic proceditur. Videtur quod derisio non possit esse
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4726 peccatum mortale. Omne enim peccatum mortale contrariatur caritati.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4727 Sed derisio non videtur contrariari caritati, agitur enim ludo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4728 quandoque inter amicos; unde et delusio nominatur. Ergo derisio non
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4729 potest esse peccatum mortale.</p><p title="II-II q. 75 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="42186"><span class="ref">[42186] IIª-IIae q. 75 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4730 derisio illa videtur esse maxima quae fit in iniuriam Dei. Sed non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4731 omnis derisio quae vergit in iniuriam Dei est peccatum mortale.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4732 Alioquin quicumque recidivat in aliquod peccatum veniale de quo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4733 poenituit, peccaret mortaliter, dicit enim Isidorus quod <i>irrisor
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4734 est, et non poenitens, qui adhuc agit quod poenitet</i>. Similiter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4735 etiam sequeretur quod omnis simulatio esset peccatum mortale, quia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4736 sicut Gregorius dicit, in Moral., per struthionem significatur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4737 simulator, qui deridet equum, idest hominem iustum, et ascensorem,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4738 idest Deum. Ergo derisio non est peccatum mortale.</p><p title="II-II q. 75 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="42187"><span class="ref">[42187] IIª-IIae q. 75 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4739 contumelia et detractio videntur esse graviora peccata quam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4740 derisio, quia maius est facere aliquid serio quam ioco. Sed non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4741 omnis detractio vel contumelia est peccatum mortale. Ergo multo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4742 minus derisio.</p><p title="II-II q. 75 a. 2 s. c."><a name="42188"><span class="ref">[42188] IIª-IIae q. 75 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4743 est quod dicitur Prov. III, <i>ipse deridet illusores</i>. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4744 deridere Dei est aeternaliter punire pro peccato mortali, ut patet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4745 per id quod dicitur in Psalm., <i>qui habitat in caelis irridebit
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4746 eos</i>. Ergo derisio est peccatum mortale.</p><p title="II-II q. 75 a. 2 co."><a name="42189"><span class="ref">[42189] IIª-IIae q. 75 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4747 dicendum quod irrisio non fit nisi de aliquo malo vel defectu.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4748 Malum autem si sit magnum, non pro ludo accipitur, sed seriose.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4749 Unde si in lusum vel risum vertatur (ex quo irrisionis vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4750 illusionis nomen sumitur), hoc est quia accipitur ut parvum. Potest
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4751 autem aliquod malum accipi ut parvum, dupliciter, uno modo,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4752 secundum se; alio modo, ratione personae. Cum autem aliquis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4753 alterius personae malum vel defectum in ludum vel risum ponit quia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4754 secundum se parvum malum est, est veniale et leve peccatum secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4755 suum genus. Cum autem accipitur quasi parvum ratione personae,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4756 sicut defectus puerorum et stultorum parum ponderare solemus, sic
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4757 aliquem illudere vel irridere est eum omnino parvipendere, et eum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4758 tam vilem aestimare ut de eius malo non sit curandum, sed sit quasi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4759 pro ludo habendum. Et sic derisio est peccatum mortale. Et gravius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4760 quam contumelia, quae similiter est in manifesto, quia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4761 contumeliosus videtur accipere malum alterius seriose, illusor
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4762 autem in ludum; et ita videtur esse maior contemptus et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4763 dehonoratio. Et secundum hoc, illusio est grave peccatum, et tanto
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4764 gravius quanto maior reverentia debetur personae quae illuditur.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4765 Unde gravissimum est irridere Deum et ea quae Dei sunt, secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4766 illud Isaiae XXXVII, <i>cui exprobrasti? Et quem blasphemasti? Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4767 super quem exaltasti vocem tuam?</i> Et postea subditur, <i>ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4768 sanctum Israel</i>. Deinde secundum locum tenet irrisio parentum.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4769 Unde dicitur Prov. XXX, <i>oculum qui subsannat patrem et despicit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4770 partum matris suae, effodiant eum corvi de torrentibus, et comedant
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4771 eum filii aquilae</i>. Deinde iustorum derisio gravis est, quia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4772 honor est virtutis praemium. Et contra hoc dicitur Iob XII,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4773 <i>deridetur iusti simplicitas</i>. Quae quidem derisio valde
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4774 nociva est, quia per hoc homines a bene agendo impediuntur;
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4775 secundum illud Gregorii, <i>qui in aliorum actibus exoriri bona
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4776 conspiciunt, mox ea manu pestiferae exprobrationis
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4777 evellunt</i>.</p><p title="II-II q. 75 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="42190"><span class="ref">[42190] IIª-IIae q. 75 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4778 ergo dicendum quod ludus non importat aliquid contrarium caritati
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4779 respectu eius cum quo luditur, potest tamen importare aliquid
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4780 contrarium caritati respectu eius de quo luditur, propter
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4781 contemptum, ut dictum est.</p><p title="II-II q. 75 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="42191"><span class="ref">[42191] IIª-IIae q. 75 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4782 dicendum quod ille qui recidivat in peccatum de quo poenituit, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4783 ille qui simulat, non expresse Deum irridet, sed quasi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4784 interpretative, inquantum scilicet ad modum deridentis se habet.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4785 Nec tamen venialiter peccando aliquis simpliciter recidivat vel
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
4786 simulat, sed dispositive et imperfecte.</p><p title="II-II q. 75 a. 2 ad 3"><a name="42192"><span class="ref">[42192] IIª-IIae q. 75 a. 2 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4787 dicendum quod derisio, secundum suam rationem, levius aliquid est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4788 quam detractio vel contumelia, quia non importat contemptum, sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4789 ludum. Quandoque tamen habet maiorem contemptum quam etiam
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
4790 contumelia, ut supra dictum est. Et tunc est grave peccatum.</p></div></div><div class="q" id="q76"><h2>Quaestio 76</h2><div class="p"><h3>Prooemium</h3><p title="II-II q. 76 pr."><a name="42193"><span class="ref">[42193] IIª-IIae q. 76 pr.</span></a> Deinde
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4791 considerandum est de maledictione. Et circa hoc quaeruntur quatuor.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4792 Primo, utrum licite possit aliquis maledicere homini. Secundo,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4793 utrum licite possit aliquis maledicere irrationali creaturae.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4794 Tertio, utrum maledictio sit peccatum mortale. Quarto, de
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
4795 comparatione eius ad alia peccata.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 1</h3><p title="II-II q. 76 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="42194"><span class="ref">[42194] IIª-IIae q. 76 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4796 sic proceditur. Videtur quod non liceat maledicere aliquem. Non est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4797 enim licitum praeterire mandatum apostoli, in quo Christus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4798 loquebatur, ut dicitur II ad Cor. XIII. Sed ipse praecipit, Rom.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4799 XII, <i>benedicite, et nolite maledicere</i>. Ergo non licet
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
4800 aliquem maledicere.</p><p title="II-II q. 76 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="42195"><span class="ref">[42195] IIª-IIae q. 76 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4801 omnes tenentur Deum benedicere, secundum illud Dan. III,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4802 benedicite, filii hominum, domino. Sed non potest ex ore eodem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4803 procedere benedictio Dei et maledictio hominis, ut probatur Iac.
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
4804 III. Ergo nulli licet aliquem maledicere.</p><p title="II-II q. 76 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="42196"><span class="ref">[42196] IIª-IIae q. 76 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4805 ille qui aliquem maledicit, videtur optare eius malum culpae vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4806 poenae, quia maledictio videtur esse imprecatio quaedam. Sed non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4807 licet desiderare malum alterius, quinimmo orare oportet pro omnibus
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
4808 ut liberentur a malo. Ergo nulli licet maledicere.</p><p title="II-II q. 76 a. 1 arg. 4"><a name="42197"><span class="ref">[42197] IIª-IIae q. 76 a. 1 arg. 4</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4809 Diabolus per obstinationem maxime subiectus est malitiae. Sed non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4810 licet alicui maledicere Diabolum, sicut nec seipsum, dicitur enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4811 Eccli. XXI, <i>cum maledicit impius Diabolum, maledicit ipse animam
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
4812 suam</i>. Ergo multo minus licet maledicere hominem.</p><p title="II-II q. 76 a. 1 arg. 5"><a name="42198"><span class="ref">[42198] IIª-IIae q. 76 a. 1 arg. 5</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4813 Num. XXIII, super illud, <i>quomodo maledicam cui non maledixit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4814 dominus?</i> Dicit Glossa, <i>non potest esse iusta maledicendi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4815 causa ubi peccantis ignoratur affectus</i>. Sed homo non potest
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4816 scire affectum alterius hominis, nec etiam utrum sit maledictus a
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4817 Deo. Ergo nulli licet aliquem hominem maledicere.</p><p title="II-II q. 76 a. 1 s. c."><a name="42199"><span class="ref">[42199] IIª-IIae q. 76 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4818 est quod Deut. XXVII dicitur, <i>maledictus qui non permanet in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4819 sermonibus legis huius</i>. Elisaeus etiam pueris sibi illudentibus
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
4820 maledixit, ut habetur IV Reg. II.</p><p title="II-II q. 76 a. 1 co."><a name="42200"><span class="ref">[42200] IIª-IIae q. 76 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4821 dicendum quod maledicere idem est quod malum dicere. Dicere autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4822 tripliciter se habet ad id quod dicitur. Uno modo, per modum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4823 enuntiationis, sicut aliquis exprimitur modo indicativo. Et sic
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4824 maledicere nihil est aliud quam malum alterius referre, quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4825 pertinet ad detractionem. Unde quandoque maledici detractores
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4826 dicuntur. Alio modo dicere se habet ad id quod dicitur per modum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4827 causae. Et hoc quidem primo et principaliter competit Deo, qui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4828 omnia suo verbo fecit, secundum illud Psalm., <i>dixit, et facta
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4829 sunt</i>. Consequenter autem competit hominibus, qui verbo suo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4830 alios movent per imperium ad aliquid faciendum. Et ad hoc instituta
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4831 sunt verba imperativi modi. Tertio modo ipsum dicere se habet ad id
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4832 quod dicitur quasi expressio quaedam affectus desiderantis id quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4833 verbo exprimitur. Et ad hoc instituta sunt verba optativi modi.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4834 Praetermisso igitur primo modo maledictionis, qui est per simplicem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4835 enuntiationem mali, considerandum est de aliis duobus. Ubi scire
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4836 oportet quod facere aliquid et velle illud se consequuntur in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4837 bonitate et malitia, ut ex supradictis patet. Unde in istis duobus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4838 modis, quibus malum dicitur per modum imperantis vel per modum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4839 optantis, eadem ratione est aliquid licitum et illicitum. Si enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4840 aliquis imperet vel optet malum alterius inquantum est malum, quasi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4841 ipsum malum intendens, sic maledicere utroque modo erit illicitum.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4842 Et hoc est maledicere per se loquendo. Si autem aliquis imperet vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4843 optet malum alterius sub ratione boni, sic est licitum. Nec erit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4844 maledictio per se loquendo, sed per accidens, quia principalis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4845 intentio dicentis non fertur ad malum, sed ad bonum. Contingit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4846 autem malum aliquod dici imperando vel optando sub ratione duplicis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4847 boni. Quandoque quidem sub ratione iusti. Et sic iudex licite
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4848 maledicit illum cui praecipit iustam poenam inferri. Et sic etiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4849 Ecclesia maledicit anathematizando. Sic etiam prophetae quandoque
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4850 imprecantur mala peccatoribus, quasi conformantes voluntatem suam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4851 divinae iustitiae (licet huiusmodi imprecationes possint etiam per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4852 modum praenuntiationis intelligi). Quandoque vero dicitur aliquod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4853 malum sub ratione utilis, puta cum aliquis optat aliquem peccatorem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4854 pati aliquam aegritudinem, aut aliquod impedimentum, vel ut ipse
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
4855 melior efficiatur, vel ut saltem ab aliorum nocumento cesset.</p><p title="II-II q. 76 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="42201"><span class="ref">[42201] IIª-IIae q. 76 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4856 ergo dicendum quod apostolus prohibet maledicere per se loquendo,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4857 cum intentione mali.</p><p title="II-II q. 76 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="42202"><span class="ref">[42202] IIª-IIae q. 76 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Et similiter
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4858 dicendum ad secundum.</p><p title="II-II q. 76 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="42203"><span class="ref">[42203] IIª-IIae q. 76 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4859 dicendum quod optare alicui malum sub ratione boni non contrariatur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4860 affectui quo quis simpliciter alicui optat bonum, sed magis habet
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4861 conformitatem ad ipsum.</p><p title="II-II q. 76 a. 1 ad 4"><a name="42204"><span class="ref">[42204] IIª-IIae q. 76 a. 1 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4862 dicendum quod in Diabolo est considerare naturam, et culpam. Natura
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4863 quidem eius bona est, et a Deo, nec eam maledicere licet. Culpa
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4864 autem eius est maledicenda, secundum illud Iob III, <i>maledicant
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4865 ei qui maledicunt diei</i>. Cum autem peccator maledicit Diabolum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4866 propter culpam, seipsum simili ratione iudicat maledictione dignum.
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4867 Et secundum hoc dicitur maledicere animam suam.</p><p title="II-II q. 76 a. 1 ad 5"><a name="42205"><span class="ref">[42205] IIª-IIae q. 76 a. 1 ad 5</span></a> Ad quintum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4868 dicendum quod affectus peccantis, etsi in se non videatur, potest
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4869 tamen percipi ex aliquo manifesto peccato, pro quo poena est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4870 infligenda. Similiter etiam, quamvis sciri non possit quem Deus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4871 maledicit secundum finalem reprobationem, potest tamen sciri quis
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4872 sit maledictus a Deo secundum reatum praesentis culpae.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 2</h3><p title="II-II q. 76 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="42206"><span class="ref">[42206] IIª-IIae q. 76 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4873 secundum sic proceditur. Videtur quod non liceat creaturam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4874 irrationalem maledicere. Maledictio enim praecipue videtur esse
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4875 licita inquantum respicit poenam. Sed creatura irrationalis non est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4876 susceptiva nec culpae nec poenae. Ergo eam maledicere non
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4877 licet.</p><p title="II-II q. 76 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="42207"><span class="ref">[42207] IIª-IIae q. 76 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4878 in creatura irrationali nihil invenitur nisi natura, quam Deus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4879 fecit. Hanc autem maledicere non licet, etiam in Diabolo, ut dictum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4880 est. Ergo creaturam irrationalem nullo modo licet maledicere.</p><p title="II-II q. 76 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="42208"><span class="ref">[42208] IIª-IIae q. 76 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4881 creatura irrationalis aut est permanens, sicut corpora; aut est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4882 transiens, sicut tempora. Sed sicut Gregorius dicit, in IV Moral.,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4883 <i>otiosum est maledicere non existenti; vitiosum vero si
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4884 existeret</i>. Ergo nullo modo licet maledicere creaturae
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4885 irrationali.</p><p title="II-II q. 76 a. 2 s. c."><a name="42209"><span class="ref">[42209] IIª-IIae q. 76 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4886 est quod dominus maledixit ficulneae, ut habetur Matth. XXI; et Iob
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4887 maledixit diei suo, ut habetur Iob III.</p><p title="II-II q. 76 a. 2 co."><a name="42210"><span class="ref">[42210] IIª-IIae q. 76 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4888 dicendum quod benedictio vel maledictio ad illam rem proprie
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4889 pertinet cui potest aliquid bene vel male contingere, scilicet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4890 rationali creaturae. Creaturis autem irrationalibus bonum vel malum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4891 dicitur contingere in ordine ad creaturam rationalem, propter quam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4892 sunt. Ordinantur autem ad eam multipliciter. Uno quidem modo, per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4893 modum subventionis, inquantum scilicet ex creaturis irrationalibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4894 subvenitur humanae necessitati. Et hoc modo dominus homini dixit,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4895 Gen. III, maledicta terra in opere tuo, ut scilicet per eius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4896 sterilitatem homo puniretur. Et ita etiam intelligitur quod habetur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4897 Deut. XXVIII, <i>benedicta horrea tua</i>, et infra, <i>maledictum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4898 horreum tuum</i>. Sic etiam David maledixit montes Gelboe, secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4899 Gregorii expositionem. Alio modo creatura irrationalis ordinatur ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4900 rationalem per modum significationis. Et sic dominus maledixit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4901 ficulneam, in significationem Iudaeae. Tertio modo ordinatur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4902 creatura irrationalis ad rationalem per modum continentis, scilicet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4903 temporis vel loci. Et sic maledixit Iob diei nativitatis suae,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4904 propter culpam originalem, quam nascendo contraxit, et propter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4905 sequentes poenalitates. Et propter hoc etiam potest intelligi David
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4906 maledixisse montibus Gelboe, ut legitur II Reg. I, scilicet propter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4907 caedem populi quae in eis contigerat. Maledicere autem rebus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4908 irrationalibus inquantum sunt creaturae Dei, est peccatum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4909 blasphemiae. Maledicere autem eis secundum se consideratis, est
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4910 otiosum et vanum, et per consequens illicitum.</p><p title="II-II q. 76 a. 2 ad arg."><a name="42211"><span class="ref">[42211] IIª-IIae q. 76 a. 2 ad arg.</span></a> Et per
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4911 hoc patet responsio ad obiecta.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 3</h3><p title="II-II q. 76 a. 3 arg. 1"><a name="42212"><span class="ref">[42212] IIª-IIae q. 76 a. 3 arg. 1</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4912 sic proceditur. Videtur quod maledicere non sit peccatum mortale.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4913 Augustinus enim, in homilia de igne Purgatorio, numerat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4914 maledictionem inter levia peccata. Haec autem sunt venialia. Ergo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
4915 maledictio non est peccatum mortale, sed veniale.</p><p title="II-II q. 76 a. 3 arg. 2"><a name="42213"><span class="ref">[42213] IIª-IIae q. 76 a. 3 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4916 ea quae ex levi motu mentis procedunt non videntur esse peccata
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4917 mortalia. Sed interdum maledictio ex levi motu procedit. Ergo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4918 maledictio non est peccatum mortale.</p><p title="II-II q. 76 a. 3 arg. 3"><a name="42214"><span class="ref">[42214] IIª-IIae q. 76 a. 3 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4919 gravius est male facere quam maledicere. Sed male facere non semper
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4920 est peccatum mortale. Ergo multo minus maledicere.</p><p title="II-II q. 76 a. 3 s. c."><a name="42215"><span class="ref">[42215] IIª-IIae q. 76 a. 3 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4921 nihil excludit a regno Dei nisi peccatum mortale. Sed maledictio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4922 excludit a regno Dei, secundum illud I ad Cor. VI, <i>neque
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4923 maledici neque rapaces regnum Dei possidebunt</i>. Ergo maledictio
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
4924 est peccatum mortale.</p><p title="II-II q. 76 a. 3 co."><a name="42216"><span class="ref">[42216] IIª-IIae q. 76 a. 3 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4925 dicendum quod maledictio de qua nunc loquimur, est per quam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4926 pronuntiatur malum contra aliquem vel imperando vel optando. Velle
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4927 autem, vel imperio movere ad malum alterius, secundum se repugnat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4928 caritati, qua diligimus proximum volentes bonum ipsius. Et ita
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4929 secundum suum genus est peccatum mortale. Et tanto gravius quanto
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4930 personam cui maledicimus magis amare et revereri tenemur, unde
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4931 dicitur Levit. XX, <i>qui maledixerit patri suo et matri, morte
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4932 moriatur</i>. Contingit tamen verbum maledictionis prolatum esse
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4933 peccatum veniale, vel propter parvitatem mali quod quis alteri,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4934 maledicendo, imprecatur, vel etiam propter affectum eius qui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4935 profert maledictionis verba, dum ex levi motu, vel ex ludo, aut ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4936 subreptione aliqua talia verba profert; quia peccata verborum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4937 maxime ex affectu pensantur, ut supra dictum est.</p><p title="II-II q. 76 a. 3 ad arg."><a name="42217"><span class="ref">[42217] IIª-IIae q. 76 a. 3 ad arg.</span></a> Et per
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4938 hoc patet responsio ad obiecta.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 4</h3><p title="II-II q. 76 a. 4 arg. 1"><a name="42218"><span class="ref">[42218] IIª-IIae q. 76 a. 4 arg. 1</span></a> Ad quartum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4939 sic proceditur. Videtur quod maledictio sit gravius peccatum quam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4940 detractio. Maledictio enim videtur esse blasphemia quaedam, ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4941 patet per id quod dicitur in canonica Iudae, quod <i>cum Michael
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4942 Archangelus, cum Diabolo disputans, altercaretur de Moysi corpore,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4943 non est ausus iudicium inferre blasphemiae</i>; et accipitur ibi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4944 blasphemia pro maledictione, secundum Glossam. Blasphemia autem est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4945 gravius peccatum quam detractio. Ergo maledictio est gravior
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4946 detractione.</p><p title="II-II q. 76 a. 4 arg. 2"><a name="42219"><span class="ref">[42219] IIª-IIae q. 76 a. 4 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4947 homicidium est detractione gravius, ut supra dictum est. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4948 maledictio est par peccato homicidii, dicit enim Chrysostomus,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4949 super Matth., <i>cum dixeris, maledic ei, et domum everte, et omnia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4950 perire fac, nihil ab homicida differs</i>. Ergo maledictio est
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4951 gravior quam detractio.</p><p title="II-II q. 76 a. 4 arg. 3"><a name="42220"><span class="ref">[42220] IIª-IIae q. 76 a. 4 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4952 causa praeeminet signo. Sed ille qui maledicit causat malum suo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4953 imperio, ille autem qui detrahit solum significat malum iam
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4954 existens. Gravius ergo peccat maledicus quam detractor.</p><p title="II-II q. 76 a. 4 s. c."><a name="42221"><span class="ref">[42221] IIª-IIae q. 76 a. 4 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4955 est quod detractio non potest bene fieri. Maledictio autem fit bene
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4956 et male, ut ex dictis patet. Ergo gravior est detractio quam
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4957 maledictio.</p><p title="II-II q. 76 a. 4 co."><a name="42222"><span class="ref">[42222] IIª-IIae q. 76 a. 4 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4958 dicendum quod, sicut in primo habitum est, duplex est malum,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4959 scilicet culpae, et poenae. Malum autem culpae peius est, ut ibidem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4960 ostensum est. Unde dicere malum culpae peius est quam dicere malum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4961 poenae, dummodo sit idem modus dicendi. Ad contumeliosum igitur,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4962 susurronem et detractorem, et etiam derisorem, pertinet dicere
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4963 malum culpae, sed ad maledicentem, prout nunc loquimur, pertinet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4964 dicere malum poenae, non autem malum culpae nisi forte sub ratione
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4965 poenae. Non tamen est idem modus dicendi. Nam ad praedicta quatuor
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4966 vitia pertinet dicere malum culpae solum enuntiando, per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4967 maledictionem vero dicitur malum poenae vel causando per modum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4968 imperii, vel optando. Ipsa autem enuntiatio culpae peccatum est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4969 inquantum aliquod nocumentum ex hoc proximo infertur. Gravius autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4970 est nocumentum inferre quam nocumentum desiderare, ceteris paribus.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4971 Unde detractio, secundum communem rationem, gravius peccatum est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4972 quam maledictio simplex desiderium exprimens. Maledictio vero quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4973 fit per modum imperii, cum habeat rationem causae, potest esse
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4974 detractione gravior, si maius nocumentum inferat quam sit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4975 denigratio famae; vel levior, si minus. Et haec quidem accipienda
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4976 sunt secundum ea quae per se pertinent ad rationem horum vitiorum.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4977 Possunt autem et alia per accidens considerari quae praedicta vitia
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4978 vel augent vel minuunt.</p><p title="II-II q. 76 a. 4 ad 1"><a name="42223"><span class="ref">[42223] IIª-IIae q. 76 a. 4 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4979 ergo dicendum quod maledictio creaturae inquantum creatura est,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4980 redundat in Deum, et sic per accidens habet rationem blasphemiae,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4981 non autem si maledicatur creatura propter culpam. Et eadem ratio
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4982 est de detractione.</p><p title="II-II q. 76 a. 4 ad 2"><a name="42224"><span class="ref">[42224] IIª-IIae q. 76 a. 4 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4983 dicendum quod, sicut dictum est, maledictio uno modo includit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4984 desiderium mali. Unde si ille qui maledicit velit malum occisionis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4985 alterius, desiderio non differt ab homicida. Differt tamen
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4986 inquantum actus exterior aliquid adiicit voluntati.</p><p title="II-II q. 76 a. 4 ad 3"><a name="42225"><span class="ref">[42225] IIª-IIae q. 76 a. 4 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4987 dicendum quod ratio illa procedit de maledictione secundum quod
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4988 importat imperium.</p></div></div><div class="q" id="q77"><h2>Quaestio 77</h2><div class="p"><h3>Prooemium</h3><p title="II-II q. 77 pr."><a name="42226"><span class="ref">[42226] IIª-IIae q. 77 pr.</span></a> Deinde
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4989 considerandum est de peccatis quae sunt circa voluntarias
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4990 commutationes. Et primo, de fraudulentia quae committitur in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4991 emptionibus et venditionibus; secundo, de usura, quae fit in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4992 mutuis. Circa alias enim commutationes voluntarias non invenitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4993 aliqua species peccati quae distinguatur a rapina vel furto. Circa
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4994 primum quaeruntur quatuor. Primo, de iniusta venditione ex parte
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4995 pretii, scilicet, utrum liceat aliquid vendere plus quam valeat.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4996 Secundo, de iniusta venditione ex parte rei venditae. Tertio, utrum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4997 teneatur venditor dicere vitium rei venditae. Quarto, utrum licitum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4998 sit aliquid, negotiando, plus vendere quam emptum sit.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 1</h3><p title="II-II q. 77 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="42227"><span class="ref">[42227] IIª-IIae q. 77 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4999 sic proceditur. Videtur quod aliquis licite possit vendere rem plus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5000 quam valeat. Iustum enim in commutationibus humanae vitae secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5001 leges civiles determinatur. Sed secundum eas licitum est emptori et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5002 venditori ut se invicem decipiant, quod quidem fit inquantum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5003 venditor plus vendit rem quam valeat, emptor autem minus quam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5004 valeat. Ergo licitum est quod aliquis vendat rem plus quam
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5005 valeat.</p><p title="II-II q. 77 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="42228"><span class="ref">[42228] IIª-IIae q. 77 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5006 illud quod est omnibus commune videtur esse naturale et non esse
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5007 peccatum. Sed sicut Augustinus refert, XIII de Trin., dictum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5008 cuiusdam mimi fuit ab omnibus acceptatum, <i>vili vultis emere, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5009 care vendere</i>. Cui etiam consonat quod dicitur Prov. XX,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5010 <i>malum est, malum est, dicit omnis emptor, et cum recesserit,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5011 gloriatur</i>. Ergo licitum est aliquid carius vendere et vilius
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5012 emere quam valeat.</p><p title="II-II q. 77 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="42229"><span class="ref">[42229] IIª-IIae q. 77 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5013 non videtur esse illicitum si ex conventione agatur id quod fieri
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5014 debet ex debito honestatis. Sed secundum philosophum, in VIII
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5015 Ethic., in amicitia utilis recompensatio fieri debet secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5016 utilitatem quam consecutus est ille qui beneficium suscepit, quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5017 quidem quandoque excedit valorem rei datae; sicut contingit cum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5018 aliquis multum re aliqua indiget, vel ad periculum evitandum vel ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5019 aliquod commodum consequendum. Ergo licet in contractu emptionis et
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5020 venditionis aliquid dare pro maiori pretio quam valeat.</p><p title="II-II q. 77 a. 1 s. c."><a name="42230"><span class="ref">[42230] IIª-IIae q. 77 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5021 est quod dicitur Matth. VII, <i>omnia quaecumque vultis ut faciant
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5022 vobis homines, et vos facite illis</i>. Sed nullus vult sibi rem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5023 vendi carius quam valeat. Ergo nullus debet alteri vendere rem
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5024 carius quam valeat.</p><p title="II-II q. 77 a. 1 co."><a name="42231"><span class="ref">[42231] IIª-IIae q. 77 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5025 dicendum quod fraudem adhibere ad hoc quod aliquid plus iusto
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5026 pretio vendatur, omnino peccatum est, inquantum aliquis decipit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5027 proximum in damnum ipsius. Unde et Tullius dicit, in libro de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5028 Offic., <i>tollendum est ex rebus contrahendis omne mendacium, non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5029 licitatorem venditor, non qui contra se licitetur emptor
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5030 apponet</i>. Si autem fraus deficit, tunc de emptione et venditione
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5031 dupliciter loqui possumus. Uno modo, secundum se. Et secundum hoc
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5032 emptio et venditio videtur esse introducta pro communi utilitate
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5033 utriusque, dum scilicet unus indiget re alterius et e converso,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5034 sicut patet per philosophum, in I Polit. Quod autem pro communi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5035 utilitate est inductum, non debet esse magis in gravamen unius quam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5036 alterius. Et ideo debet secundum aequalitatem rei inter eos
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5037 contractus institui. Quantitas autem rerum quae in usum hominis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5038 veniunt mensuratur secundum pretium datum, ad quod est inventum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5039 numisma, ut dicitur in V Ethic. Et ideo si vel pretium excedat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5040 quantitatem valoris rei, vel e converso res excedat pretium,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5041 tolletur iustitiae aequalitas. Et ideo carius vendere aut vilius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5042 emere rem quam valeat est secundum se iniustum et illicitum. Alio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5043 modo possumus loqui de emptione et venditione secundum quod per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5044 accidens cedit in utilitatem unius et detrimentum alterius, puta
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5045 cum aliquis multum indiget habere rem aliquam, et alius laeditur si
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5046 ea careat. Et in tali casu iustum pretium erit ut non solum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5047 respiciatur ad rem quae venditur, sed ad damnum quod venditor ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5048 venditione incurrit. Et sic licite poterit aliquid vendi plus quam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5049 valeat secundum se, quamvis non vendatur plus quam valeat habenti.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5050 Si vero aliquis multum iuvetur ex re alterius quam accepit, ille
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5051 vero qui vendidit non damnificatur carendo re illa, non debet eam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5052 supervendere. Quia utilitas quae alteri accrescit non est ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5053 vendente, sed ex conditione ementis, nullus autem debet vendere
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5054 alteri quod non est suum, licet possit ei vendere damnum quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5055 patitur. Ille tamen qui ex re alterius accepta multum iuvatur,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5056 potest propria sponte aliquid vendenti supererogare, quod pertinet
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5057 ad eius honestatem.</p><p title="II-II q. 77 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="42232"><span class="ref">[42232] IIª-IIae q. 77 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5058 ergo dicendum quod, sicut supra dictum est, lex humana populo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5059 datur, in quo sunt multi a virtute deficientes, non autem datur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5060 solis virtuosis. Et ideo lex humana non potuit prohibere quidquid
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5061 est contra virtutem, sed ei sufficit ut prohibeat ea quae destruunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5062 hominum convictum; alia vero habeat quasi licita, non quia ea
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5063 approbet, sed quia ea non punit. Sic igitur habet quasi licitum,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5064 poenam non inducens, si absque fraude venditor rem suam supervendat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5065 aut emptor vilius emat, nisi sit nimius excessus, quia tunc etiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5066 lex humana cogit ad restituendum, puta si aliquis sit deceptus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5067 ultra dimidiam iusti pretii quantitatem. Sed lex divina nihil
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5068 impunitum relinquit quod sit virtuti contrarium. Unde secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5069 divinam legem illicitum reputatur si in emptione et venditione non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5070 sit aequalitas iustitiae observata. Et tenetur ille qui plus habet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5071 recompensare ei qui damnificatus est, si sit notabile damnum. Quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5072 ideo dico quia iustum pretium rerum quandoque non est punctaliter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5073 determinatum, sed magis in quadam aestimatione consistit, ita quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5074 modica additio vel minutio non videtur tollere aequalitatem
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
5075 iustitiae.</p><p title="II-II q. 77 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="42233"><span class="ref">[42233] IIª-IIae q. 77 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5076 dicendum quod, sicut Augustinus ibidem dicit, <i>mimus ille vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5077 seipsum intuendo, vel alios experiendo vili velle emere et care
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5078 vendere, omnibus id credidit esse commune. Sed quoniam revera
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5079 vitium est, potest quisque adipisci huiusmodi iustitiam qua huic
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5080 resistat et vincat</i>. Et ponit exemplum de quodam qui modicum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5081 pretium de quodam libro propter ignorantiam postulanti iustum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5082 pretium dedit. Unde patet quod illud commune desiderium non est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5083 naturae, sed vitii. Et ideo commune est multis, qui per latam viam
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5084 vitiorum incedunt.</p><p title="II-II q. 77 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="42234"><span class="ref">[42234] IIª-IIae q. 77 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5085 dicendum quod in iustitia commutativa consideratur principaliter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5086 aequalitas rei. Sed in amicitia utilis consideratur aequalitas
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5087 utilitatis, et ideo recompensatio fieri debet secundum utilitatem
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
5088 perceptam. In emptione vero, secundum aequalitatem rei.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 2</h3><p title="II-II q. 77 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="42235"><span class="ref">[42235] IIª-IIae q. 77 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5089 secundum sic proceditur. Videtur quod venditio non reddatur iniusta
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5090 et illicita propter defectum rei venditae. Minus enim cetera sunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5091 pensanda in re quam rei species substantialis. Sed propter defectum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5092 speciei substantialis non videtur reddi venditio rei illicita, puta
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5093 si aliquis vendat argentum vel aurum alchimicum pro vero, quod est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5094 utile ad omnes humanos usus ad quos necessarium est argentum et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5095 aurum, puta ad vasa et ad alia huiusmodi. Ergo multo minus erit
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5096 illicita venditio si sit defectus in aliis.</p><p title="II-II q. 77 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="42236"><span class="ref">[42236] IIª-IIae q. 77 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5097 defectus ex parte rei qui est secundum quantitatem maxime videtur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5098 iustitiae contrariari, quae in aequalitate consistit. Quantitas
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5099 autem per mensuram cognoscitur. Mensurae autem rerum quae in usum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5100 hominum veniunt non sunt determinatae, sed alicubi maiores, alicubi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5101 minores, ut patet per philosophum, in V Ethic. Ergo non potest
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5102 evitari defectus ex parte rei venditae. Et ita videtur quod ex hoc
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
5103 venditio non reddatur illicita.</p><p title="II-II q. 77 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="42237"><span class="ref">[42237] IIª-IIae q. 77 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5104 ad defectum rei pertinet si ei conveniens qualitas deest. Sed ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5105 qualitatem rei cognoscendam requiritur magna scientia, quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5106 plerisque venditoribus deest. Ergo non redditur venditio illicita
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5107 propter rei defectum.</p><p title="II-II q. 77 a. 2 s. c."><a name="42238"><span class="ref">[42238] IIª-IIae q. 77 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5108 est quod Ambrosius dicit, in libro de Offic., <i>regula iustitiae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5109 manifesta est quod a vero non declinare virum deceat bonum, nec
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5110 damno iniusto afficere quemquam, nec aliquid dolo annectere rei
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5111 suae</i>.</p><p title="II-II q. 77 a. 2 co."><a name="42239"><span class="ref">[42239] IIª-IIae q. 77 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5112 dicendum quod circa rem quae venditur triplex defectus considerari
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5113 potest. Unus quidem secundum speciem rei. Et hunc quidem defectum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5114 si venditor cognoscat in re quam vendit, fraudem committit in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5115 venditione, unde venditio illicita redditur. Et hoc est quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5116 dicitur contra quosdam Isaiae I, <i>argentum tuum versum est in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5117 scoriam; vinum tuum mixtum est aqua</i>, quod enim permixtum est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5118 patitur defectum quantum ad speciem. Alius autem defectus est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5119 secundum quantitatem, quae per mensuram cognoscitur. Et ideo si
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5120 quis scienter utatur deficienti mensura in vendendo, fraudem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5121 committit, et est illicita venditio. Unde dicitur Deut. XXV, <i>non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5122 habebis in sacculo diversa pondera, maius et minus, nec erit in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5123 domo tua modius maior et minor</i>; et postea subditur,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5124 <i>abominatur enim dominus eum qui facit haec, et adversatur omnem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5125 iniustitiam</i>. Tertius defectus est ex parte qualitatis, puta si
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5126 aliquod animal infirmum vendat quasi sanum. Quod si quis scienter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5127 fecerit, fraudem committit in venditione, unde est illicita
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5128 venditio. Et in omnibus talibus non solum aliquis peccat iniustam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5129 venditionem faciendo, sed etiam ad restitutionem tenetur. Si vero
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5130 eo ignorante aliquis praedictorum defectuum in re vendita fuerit,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5131 venditor quidem non peccat, quia facit iniustum materialiter, non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5132 tamen eius operatio est iniusta, ut ex supradictis patet, tenetur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5133 tamen, cum ad eius notitiam pervenerit, damnum recompensare
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5134 emptori. Et quod dictum est de venditore, etiam intelligendum est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5135 ex parte emptoris. Contingit enim quandoque venditorem credere suam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5136 rem esse minus pretiosam quantum ad speciem, sicut si aliquis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5137 vendat aurum loco aurichalci, emptor, si id cognoscat, iniuste
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5138 emit, et ad restitutionem tenetur. Et eadem ratio est de defectu
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5139 qualitatis et quantitatis.</p><p title="II-II q. 77 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="42240"><span class="ref">[42240] IIª-IIae q. 77 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5140 ergo dicendum quod aurum et argentum non solum cara sunt propter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5141 utilitatem vasorum quae ex eis fabricantur, aut aliorum huiusmodi,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5142 sed etiam propter dignitatem et puritatem substantiae ipsorum. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5143 ideo si aurum vel argentum ab alchimicis factum veram speciem non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5144 habeat auri et argenti, est fraudulenta et iniusta venditio.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5145 Praesertim cum sint aliquae utilitates auri et argenti veri,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5146 secundum naturalem operationem ipsorum, quae non conveniunt auro
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5147 per alchimiam sophisticato, sicut quod habet proprietatem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5148 laetificandi, et contra quasdam infirmitates medicinaliter iuvat.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5149 Frequentius etiam potest poni in operatione, et diutius in sua
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5150 puritate permanet aurum verum quam aurum sophisticatum. Si autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5151 per alchimiam fieret aurum verum, non esset illicitum ipsum pro
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5152 vero vendere, quia nihil prohibet artem uti aliquibus naturalibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5153 causis ad producendum naturales et veros effectus; sicut Augustinus
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5154 dicit, in III de Trin., de his quae arte Daemonum fiunt.</p><p title="II-II q. 77 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="42241"><span class="ref">[42241] IIª-IIae q. 77 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5155 dicendum quod mensuras rerum venalium necesse est in diversis locis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5156 esse diversas, propter diversitatem copiae et inopiae rerum, quia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5157 ubi res magis abundant, consueverunt esse maiores mensurae. In
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5158 unoquoque tamen loco ad rectores civitatis pertinet determinare
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5159 quae sunt iustae mensurae rerum venalium, pensatis conditionibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5160 locorum et rerum. Et ideo has mensuras publica auctoritate vel
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5161 consuetudine institutas praeterire non licet.</p><p title="II-II q. 77 a. 2 ad 3"><a name="42242"><span class="ref">[42242] IIª-IIae q. 77 a. 2 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5162 dicendum quod, sicut Augustinus dicit, in XI de Civ. Dei, pretium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5163 rerum venalium non consideratur secundum gradum naturae, cum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5164 quandoque pluris vendatur unus equus quam unus servus, sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5165 consideratur secundum quod res in usum hominis veniunt. Et ideo non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5166 oportet quod venditor vel emptor cognoscat occultas rei venditae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5167 qualitates, sed illas solum per quas redditur humanis usibus apta,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5168 puta quod equus sit fortis et bene currat, et similiter in ceteris.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5169 Has autem qualitates de facili venditor et emptor cognoscere
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5170 possunt.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 3</h3><p title="II-II q. 77 a. 3 arg. 1"><a name="42243"><span class="ref">[42243] IIª-IIae q. 77 a. 3 arg. 1</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5171 sic proceditur. Videtur quod venditor non teneatur dicere vitium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5172 rei venditae. Cum enim venditor emptorem ad emendum non cogat,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5173 videtur eius iudicio rem quam vendit supponere. Sed ad eundem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5174 pertinet iudicium et cognitio rei. Non ergo videtur imputandum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5175 venditori si emptor in suo iudicio decipitur, praecipitanter
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5176 emendo, absque diligenti inquisitione de conditionibus rei.</p><p title="II-II q. 77 a. 3 arg. 2"><a name="42244"><span class="ref">[42244] IIª-IIae q. 77 a. 3 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5177 stultum videtur quod aliquis id faciat unde eius operatio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5178 impediatur. Sed si aliquis vitia rei vendendae indicet, impedit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5179 suam venditionem, ut enim Tullius, in libro de Offic., inducit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5180 quendam dicentem, <i>quid tam absurdum quam si, domini iussu, ita
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5181 praeco praediceret, domum pestilentem vendo?</i> Ergo venditor non
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5182 tenetur dicere vitia rei venditae.</p><p title="II-II q. 77 a. 3 arg. 3"><a name="42245"><span class="ref">[42245] IIª-IIae q. 77 a. 3 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5183 magis necessarium est homini ut cognoscat viam virtutis quam ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5184 cognoscat vitia rerum quae venduntur. Sed homo non tenetur cuilibet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5185 consilium dare et veritatem dicere de his quae pertinent ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5186 virtutem, quamvis nulli debeat dicere falsitatem. Ergo multo minus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5187 tenetur venditor vitia rei venditae dicere, quasi consilium dando
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5188 emptori.</p><p title="II-II q. 77 a. 3 arg. 4"><a name="42246"><span class="ref">[42246] IIª-IIae q. 77 a. 3 arg. 4</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5189 si aliquis teneatur dicere defectum rei venditae, hoc non est nisi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5190 ut minuatur de pretio. Sed quandoque diminueretur de pretio etiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5191 sine vitio rei venditae, propter aliquid aliud, puta si venditor
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5192 deferens triticum ad locum ubi est carestia frumenti, sciat multos
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5193 posse venire qui deferant; quod si sciretur ab ementibus, minus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5194 pretium darent. Huiusmodi autem non oportet dicere venditorem, ut
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5195 videtur. Ergo, pari ratione, nec vitia rei venditae.</p><p title="II-II q. 77 a. 3 s. c."><a name="42247"><span class="ref">[42247] IIª-IIae q. 77 a. 3 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5196 est quod Ambrosius dicit, in III de Offic., <i>in contractibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5197 vitia eorum quae veneunt prodi iubentur, ac nisi intimaverit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5198 venditor, quamvis in ius emptoris transierint, doli actione
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5199 vacuantur</i>.</p><p title="II-II q. 77 a. 3 co."><a name="42248"><span class="ref">[42248] IIª-IIae q. 77 a. 3 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5200 dicendum quod dare alicui occasionem periculi vel damni semper est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5201 illicitum, quamvis non sit necessarium quod homo alteri semper det
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5202 auxilium vel consilium pertinens ad eius qualemcumque promotionem,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5203 sed hoc solum est necessarium in aliquo casu determinato, puta cum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5204 alius eius curae subdatur, vel cum non potest ei per alium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5205 subveniri. Venditor autem, qui rem vendendam proponit, ex hoc ipso
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5206 dat emptori damni vel periculi occasionem quod rem vitiosam ei
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5207 offert, si ex eius vitio damnum vel periculum incurrere possit,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5208 damnum quidem, si propter huiusmodi vitium res quae vendenda
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5209 proponitur minoris sit pretii, ipse vero propter huiusmodi vitium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5210 nihil de pretio subtrahat; periculum autem, puta si propter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5211 huiusmodi vitium usus rei reddatur impeditus vel noxius, puta si
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5212 aliquis alicui vendat equum claudicantem pro veloci, vel ruinosam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5213 domum pro firma, vel cibum corruptum sive venenosum pro bono. Unde
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5214 si huiusmodi vitia sint occulta et ipse non detegat, erit illicita
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5215 et dolosa venditio, et tenetur venditor ad damni recompensationem.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5216 Si vero vitium sit manifestum, puta cum equus est monoculus; vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5217 cum usus rei, etsi non competat venditori, potest tamen esse
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5218 conveniens aliis; et si ipse propter huiusmodi vitium subtrahat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5219 quantum oportet de pretio, non tenetur ad manifestandum vitium rei.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5220 Quia forte propter huiusmodi vitium emptor vellet plus subtrahi de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5221 pretio quam esset subtrahendum. Unde potest licite venditor
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5222 indemnitati suae consulere, vitium rei reticendo.</p><p title="II-II q. 77 a. 3 ad 1"><a name="42249"><span class="ref">[42249] IIª-IIae q. 77 a. 3 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5223 ergo dicendum quod iudicium non potest fieri nisi de re manifesta,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5224 unusquisque enim iudicat quae cognoscit, ut dicitur in I Ethic.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5225 Unde si vitia rei quae vendenda proponitur sint occulta, nisi per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5226 venditorem manifestentur, non sufficienter committitur emptori
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5227 iudicium. Secus autem esset si essent vitia manifesta.</p><p title="II-II q. 77 a. 3 ad 2"><a name="42250"><span class="ref">[42250] IIª-IIae q. 77 a. 3 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5228 dicendum quod non oportet quod aliquis per praeconem vitium rei
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5229 vendendae praenuntiet, quia si praediceret vitium, exterrerentur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5230 emptores ab emendo, dum ignorarent alias conditiones rei, secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5231 quas est bona et utilis. Sed singulariter est dicendum vitium ei
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5232 qui ad emendum accedit, qui potest simul omnes conditiones ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5233 invicem comparare, bonas et malas, nihil enim prohibet rem in
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5234 aliquo vitiosam, in multis aliis utilem esse.</p><p title="II-II q. 77 a. 3 ad 3"><a name="42251"><span class="ref">[42251] IIª-IIae q. 77 a. 3 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5235 dicendum quod quamvis homo non teneatur simpliciter omni homini
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5236 dicere veritatem de his quae pertinent ad virtutes, teneretur tamen
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5237 in casu illo de his dicere veritatem quando ex eius facto alteri
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5238 periculum immineret in detrimentum virtutis nisi diceret veritatem.
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5239 Et sic est in proposito.</p><p title="II-II q. 77 a. 3 ad 4"><a name="42252"><span class="ref">[42252] IIª-IIae q. 77 a. 3 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5240 dicendum quod vitium rei facit rem in praesenti esse minoris
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5241 valoris quam videatur, sed in casu praemisso, in futurum res
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5242 expectatur esse minoris valoris per superventum negotiatorum, qui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5243 ab ementibus ignoratur. Unde venditor qui vendit rem secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5244 pretium quod invenit, non videtur contra iustitiam facere si quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5245 futurum est non exponat. Si tamen exponeret, vel de pretio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5246 subtraheret, abundantioris esset virtutis, quamvis ad hoc non
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5247 videatur teneri ex iustitiae debito.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 4</h3><p title="II-II q. 77 a. 4 arg. 1"><a name="42253"><span class="ref">[42253] IIª-IIae q. 77 a. 4 arg. 1</span></a> Ad quartum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5248 sic proceditur. Videtur quod non liceat, negotiando, aliquid carius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5249 vendere quam emere. Dicit enim Chrysostomus, super Matth. XXI,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5250 <i>quicumque rem comparat ut, integram et immutatam vendendo,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5251 lucretur, ille est mercator qui de templo Dei eiicitur</i>. Et idem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5252 dicit Cassiodorus, super illud Psalm., <i>quoniam non cognovi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5253 litteraturam</i>, vel negotiationem secundum aliam litteram,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5254 <i>quid, inquit, est aliud negotiatio nisi vilius comparare et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5255 carius velle distrahere?</i> Et subdit, <i>negotiatores tales
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5256 dominus eiecit de templo</i>. Sed nullus eiicitur de templo nisi
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5257 propter aliquod peccatum. Ergo talis negotiatio est peccatum.</p><p title="II-II q. 77 a. 4 arg. 2"><a name="42254"><span class="ref">[42254] IIª-IIae q. 77 a. 4 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5258 contra iustitiam est quod aliquis rem carius vendat quam valeat,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5259 vel vilius emat, ut ex dictis apparet. Sed ille qui, negotiando,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5260 rem carius vendit quam emerit, necesse est quod vel vilius emerit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5261 quam valeat, vel carius vendat. Ergo hoc sine peccato fieri non
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5262 potest.</p><p title="II-II q. 77 a. 4 arg. 3"><a name="42255"><span class="ref">[42255] IIª-IIae q. 77 a. 4 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5263 Hieronymus dicit, <i>negotiatorem clericum, ex inope divitem, ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5264 ignobili gloriosum, quasi quandam pestem fuge</i>. Non autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5265 negotiatio clericis interdicenda esse videtur nisi propter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5266 peccatum. Ergo negotiando aliquid vilius emere et carius vendere
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5267 est peccatum.</p><p title="II-II q. 77 a. 4 s. c."><a name="42256"><span class="ref">[42256] IIª-IIae q. 77 a. 4 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5268 est quod Augustinus dicit, super illud Psalm., <i>quoniam non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5269 cognovi litteraturam, negotiator avidus acquirendi pro damno
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5270 blasphemat, pro pretiis rerum mentitur et peierat. Sed haec vitia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5271 hominis sunt, non artis, quae sine his vitiis agi potest</i>. Ergo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5272 negotiari secundum se non est illicitum.</p><p title="II-II q. 77 a. 4 co."><a name="42257"><span class="ref">[42257] IIª-IIae q. 77 a. 4 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5273 dicendum quod ad negotiatores pertinet commutationibus rerum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5274 insistere. Ut autem philosophus dicit, in I Polit., duplex est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5275 rerum commutatio. Una quidem quasi naturalis et necessaria, per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5276 quam scilicet fit commutatio rei ad rem, vel rerum et denariorum,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5277 propter necessitatem vitae. Et talis commutatio non proprie
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5278 pertinet ad negotiatores, sed magis ad oeconomicos vel politicos,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5279 qui habent providere vel domui vel civitati de rebus necessariis ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5280 vitam. Alia vero commutationis species est vel denariorum ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5281 denarios, vel quarumcumque rerum ad denarios, non propter res
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5282 necessarias vitae, sed propter lucrum quaerendum. Et haec quidem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5283 negotiatio proprie videtur ad negotiatores pertinere. Secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5284 philosophum autem, prima commutatio laudabilis est, quia deservit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5285 naturali necessitati. Secunda autem iuste vituperatur, quia,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5286 quantum est de se, deservit cupiditati lucri, quae terminum nescit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5287 sed in infinitum tendit. Et ideo negotiatio, secundum se
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5288 considerata, quandam turpitudinem habet, inquantum non importat de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5289 sui ratione finem honestum vel necessarium. Lucrum tamen, quod est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5290 negotiationis finis, etsi in sui ratione non importet aliquid
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5291 honestum vel necessarium, nihil tamen importat in sui ratione
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5292 vitiosum vel virtuti contrarium. Unde nihil prohibet lucrum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5293 ordinari ad aliquem finem necessarium, vel etiam honestum. Et sic
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5294 negotiatio licita reddetur. Sicut cum aliquis lucrum moderatum,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5295 quod negotiando quaerit, ordinat ad domus suae sustentationem, vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5296 etiam ad subveniendum indigentibus, vel etiam cum aliquis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5297 negotiationi intendit propter publicam utilitatem, ne scilicet res
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5298 necessariae ad vitam patriae desint, et lucrum expetit non quasi
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5299 finem, sed quasi stipendium laboris.</p><p title="II-II q. 77 a. 4 ad 1"><a name="42258"><span class="ref">[42258] IIª-IIae q. 77 a. 4 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5300 ergo dicendum quod verbum Chrysostomi est intelligendum de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5301 negotiatione secundum quod ultimum finem in lucro constituit, quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5302 praecipue videtur quando aliquis rem non immutatam carius vendit.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5303 Si enim rem immutatam carius vendat, videtur praemium sui laboris
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5304 accipere. Quamvis et ipsum lucrum possit licite intendi, non sicut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5305 ultimus finis, sed propter alium finem necessarium vel honestum, ut
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5306 dictum est.</p><p title="II-II q. 77 a. 4 ad 2"><a name="42259"><span class="ref">[42259] IIª-IIae q. 77 a. 4 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5307 dicendum quod non quicumque carius vendit aliquid quam emerit,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5308 negotiatur, sed solum qui ad hoc emit ut carius vendat. Si autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5309 emit rem non ut vendat, sed ut teneat, et postmodum propter aliquam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5310 causam eam vendere velit, non est negotiatio, quamvis carius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5311 vendat. Potest enim hoc licite facere, vel quia in aliquo rem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5312 melioravit; vel quia pretium rei est mutatum, secundum diversitatem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5313 loci vel temporis; vel propter periculum cui se exponit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5314 transferendo rem de loco ad locum, vel eam ferri faciendo. Et
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5315 secundum hoc, nec emptio nec venditio est iniusta.</p><p title="II-II q. 77 a. 4 ad 3"><a name="42260"><span class="ref">[42260] IIª-IIae q. 77 a. 4 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5316 dicendum quod clerici non solum debent abstinere ab his quae sunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5317 secundum se mala, sed etiam ab his quae habent speciem mali. Quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5318 quidem in negotiatione contingit, tum propter hoc quod est ordinata
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5319 ad lucrum terrenum, cuius clerici debent esse contemptores; tum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5320 etiam propter frequentia negotiatorum vitia, quia <i>difficiliter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5321 exuitur negotiator a peccatis labiorum</i>, ut dicitur Eccli. XXVI.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5322 Est et alia causa, quia negotiatio nimis implicat animum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5323 saecularibus curis, et per consequens a spiritualibus retrahit,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5324 unde apostolus dicit, II ad Tim. II, <i>nemo militans Deo implicat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5325 se negotiis saecularibus</i>. Licet tamen clericis uti prima
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5326 commutationis specie, quae ordinatur ad necessitatem vitae, emendo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5327 vel vendendo.</p></div></div><div class="q" id="q78"><h2>Quaestio 78</h2><div class="p"><h3>Prooemium</h3><p title="II-II q. 78 pr."><a name="42261"><span class="ref">[42261] IIª-IIae q. 78 pr.</span></a> Deinde
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5328 considerandum est de peccato usurae, quod committitur in mutuis. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5329 circa hoc quaeruntur quatuor. Primo, utrum sit peccatum accipere
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5330 pecuniam in pretium pro pecunia mutuata, quod est accipere usuram.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5331 Secundo, utrum liceat pro eodem quamcumque utilitatem accipere
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5332 quasi in recompensationem mutui. Tertio, utrum aliquis restituere
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5333 teneatur id quod de pecunia usuraria iusto lucro lucratus est.
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5334 Quarto, utrum liceat accipere mutuo pecuniam sub usura.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 1</h3><p title="II-II q. 78 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="42262"><span class="ref">[42262] IIª-IIae q. 78 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5335 sic proceditur. Videtur quod accipere usuram pro pecunia mutuata
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5336 non sit peccatum. Nullus enim peccat ex hoc quod sequitur exemplum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5337 Christi. Sed dominus de seipso dicit, Luc. XIX, ego veniens cum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5338 usuris exegissem illam, scilicet pecuniam mutuatam. Ergo non est
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5339 peccatum accipere usuram pro mutuo pecuniae.</p><p title="II-II q. 78 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="42263"><span class="ref">[42263] IIª-IIae q. 78 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5340 sicut dicitur in Psalm., <i>lex domini immaculata</i>, quia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5341 scilicet peccatum prohibet. Sed in lege divina conceditur aliqua
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5342 usura, secundum illud Deut. XXIII, <i>non faenerabis fratri tuo ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5343 usuram pecuniam, nec fruges nec quamlibet aliam rem, sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5344 alieno</i>. Et, quod plus est, etiam in praemium repromittitur pro
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5345 lege servata, secundum illud Deut. XXVIII, <i>faenerabis gentibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5346 multis; et ipse a nullo faenus accipies</i>. Ergo accipere usuram
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5347 non est peccatum.</p><p title="II-II q. 78 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="42264"><span class="ref">[42264] IIª-IIae q. 78 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5348 in rebus humanis determinatur iustitia per leges civiles. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5349 secundum eas conceditur usuras accipere. Ergo videtur non esse
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5350 illicitum.</p><p title="II-II q. 78 a. 1 arg. 4"><a name="42265"><span class="ref">[42265] IIª-IIae q. 78 a. 1 arg. 4</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5351 praetermittere consilia non obligat ad peccatum. Sed Luc. VI inter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5352 alia consilia ponitur, <i>date mutuum, nihil inde sperantes</i>.
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5353 Ergo accipere usuram non est peccatum.</p><p title="II-II q. 78 a. 1 arg. 5"><a name="42266"><span class="ref">[42266] IIª-IIae q. 78 a. 1 arg. 5</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5354 pretium accipere quo eo quod quis facere non tenetur, non videtur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5355 esse secundum se peccatum. Sed non in quolibet casu tenetur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5356 pecuniam habens eam proximo mutuare. Ergo licet ei aliquando pro
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5357 mutuo accipere pretium.</p><p title="II-II q. 78 a. 1 arg. 6"><a name="42267"><span class="ref">[42267] IIª-IIae q. 78 a. 1 arg. 6</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5358 argentum monetatum, et in vasa formatum, non differt specie. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5359 licet accipere pretium pro vasis argenteis accommodatis. Ergo etiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5360 licet accipere pretium pro mutuo argenti monetati. Usura ergo non
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5361 est secundum se peccatum.</p><p title="II-II q. 78 a. 1 arg. 7"><a name="42268"><span class="ref">[42268] IIª-IIae q. 78 a. 1 arg. 7</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5362 quilibet potest licite accipere rem quam ei dominus rei voluntarie
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5363 tradit. Sed ille qui accipit mutuum voluntarie tradit usuram. Ergo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5364 ille qui mutuat licite potest accipere.</p><p title="II-II q. 78 a. 1 s. c."><a name="42269"><span class="ref">[42269] IIª-IIae q. 78 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5365 est quod dicitur Exod. XXII, <i>si pecuniam mutuam dederis populo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5366 meo pauperi qui habitat tecum, non urgebis eum quasi exactor, nec
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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diff changeset
5367 usuris opprimes</i>.</p><p title="II-II q. 78 a. 1 co."><a name="42270"><span class="ref">[42270] IIª-IIae q. 78 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5368 dicendum quod accipere usuram pro pecunia mutuata est secundum se
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5369 iniustum, quia venditur id quod non est, per quod manifeste
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5370 inaequalitas constituitur, quae iustitiae contrariatur. Ad cuius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5371 evidentiam, sciendum est quod quaedam res sunt quarum usus est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5372 ipsarum rerum consumptio, sicut vinum consumimus eo utendo ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5373 potum, et triticum consumimus eo utendo ad cibum. Unde in talibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5374 non debet seorsum computari usus rei a re ipsa, sed cuicumque
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5375 conceditur usus, ex hoc ipso conceditur res. Et propter hoc in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5376 talibus per mutuum transfertur dominium. Si quis ergo seorsum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5377 vellet vendere vinum et seorsum vellet vendere usum vini, venderet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5378 eandem rem bis, vel venderet id quod non est. Unde manifeste per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5379 iniustitiam peccaret. Et simili ratione, iniustitiam committit qui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5380 mutuat vinum aut triticum petens sibi duas recompensationes, unam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5381 quidem restitutionem aequalis rei, aliam vero pretium usus, quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5382 usura dicitur. Quaedam vero sunt quorum usus non est ipsa rei
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5383 consumptio, sicut usus domus est inhabitatio, non autem dissipatio.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5384 Et ideo in talibus seorsum potest utrumque concedi, puta cum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5385 aliquis tradit alteri dominium domus, reservato sibi usu ad aliquod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5386 tempus; vel e converso cum quis concedit alicui usum domus,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5387 reservato sibi eius dominio. Et propter hoc licite potest homo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5388 accipere pretium pro usu domus, et praeter hoc petere domum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5389 commodatam, sicut patet in conductione et locatione domus. Pecunia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5390 autem, secundum philosophum, in V Ethic. et in I Polit.,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5391 principaliter est inventa ad commutationes faciendas, et ita
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5392 proprius et principalis pecuniae usus est ipsius consumptio sive
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5393 distractio, secundum quod in commutationes expenditur. Et propter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5394 hoc secundum se est illicitum pro usu pecuniae mutuatae accipere
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5395 pretium, quod dicitur usura. Et sicut alia iniuste acquisita
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
5396 tenetur homo restituere, ita pecuniam quam per usuram accepit.</p><p title="II-II q. 78 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="42271"><span class="ref">[42271] IIª-IIae q. 78 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5397 ergo dicendum quod usura ibi metaphorice accipitur pro
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5398 superexcrescentia bonorum spiritualium, quam exigit Deus volens ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5399 in bonis acceptis ab eo semper proficiamus. Quod est ad utilitatem
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
5400 nostram, non eius.</p><p title="II-II q. 78 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="42272"><span class="ref">[42272] IIª-IIae q. 78 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5401 dicendum quod Iudaeis prohibitum fuit accipere usuram a fratribus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5402 suis, scilicet Iudaeis, per quod datur intelligi quod accipere
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5403 usuram a quocumque homine est simpliciter malum; debemus enim omnem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5404 hominem habere quasi proximum et fratrem, praecipue in statu
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5405 Evangelii, ad quod omnes vocantur. Unde in Psalm. absolute dicitur,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5406 <i>qui pecuniam suam non dedit ad usuram</i>; et Ezech. XVIII,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5407 <i>qui usuram non acceperit</i>. Quod autem ab extraneis usuram
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5408 acciperent, non fuit eis concessum quasi licitum, sed permissum ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5409 maius malum vitandum, ne scilicet a Iudaeis, Deum colentibus,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5410 usuras acciperent, propter avaritiam, cui dediti erant, ut habetur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5411 Isaiae LVI. Quod autem in praemium promittitur, faenerabis gentibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5412 multis etc., faenus ibi large accipitur pro mutuo, sicut et Eccli.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5413 XXIX dicitur, multi non causa nequitiae non faenerati sunt, idest
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5414 non mutuaverunt. Promittitur ergo in praemium Iudaeis abundantia
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
5415 divitiarum, ex qua contingit quod aliis mutuare possint.</p><p title="II-II q. 78 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="42273"><span class="ref">[42273] IIª-IIae q. 78 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5416 dicendum quod leges humanae dimittunt aliqua peccata impunita
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5417 propter conditiones hominum imperfectorum, in quibus multae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5418 utilitates impedirentur si omnia peccata districte prohiberentur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5419 poenis adhibitis. Et ideo usuras lex humana concessit, non quasi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5420 existimans eas esse secundum iustitiam, sed ne impedirentur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5421 utilitates multorum. Unde in ipso iure civili dicitur quod <i>res
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5422 quae usu consumuntur neque ratione naturali neque civili recipiunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5423 usumfructum, et quod senatus non fecit earum rerum usumfructum, nec
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5424 enim poterat; sed quasi usumfructum constituit</i>, concedens
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5425 scilicet usuras. Et philosophus, naturali ratione ductus, dicit, in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5426 I Polit., quod <i>usuraria acquisitio pecuniarum est maxime praeter
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
5427 naturam</i>.</p><p title="II-II q. 78 a. 1 ad 4"><a name="42274"><span class="ref">[42274] IIª-IIae q. 78 a. 1 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5428 dicendum quod dare mutuum non semper tenetur homo, et ideo quantum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5429 ad hoc ponitur inter consilia. Sed quod homo lucrum de mutuo non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5430 quaerat, hoc cadit sub ratione praecepti. Potest tamen dici
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5431 consilium per comparationem ad dicta Pharisaeorum, qui putabant
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5432 usuram aliquam esse licitam, sicut et dilectio inimicorum est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5433 consilium. Vel loquitur ibi non de spe usurarii lucri, sed de spe
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5434 quae ponitur in homine. Non enim debemus mutuum dare, vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5435 quodcumque bonum facere, propter spem hominis, sed propter spem
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
5436 Dei.</p><p title="II-II q. 78 a. 1 ad 5"><a name="42275"><span class="ref">[42275] IIª-IIae q. 78 a. 1 ad 5</span></a> Ad quintum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5437 dicendum quod ille qui mutuare non tenetur recompensationem potest
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5438 accipere eius quod fecit, sed non amplius debet exigere.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5439 Recompensatur autem sibi secundum aequalitatem iustitiae si tantum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5440 ei reddatur quantum mutuavit. Unde si amplius exigat pro usufructu
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5441 rei quae alium usum non habet nisi consumptionem substantiae,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5442 exigit pretium eius quod non est. Et ita est iniusta exactio.</p><p title="II-II q. 78 a. 1 ad 6"><a name="42276"><span class="ref">[42276] IIª-IIae q. 78 a. 1 ad 6</span></a> Ad sextum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5443 dicendum quod usus principalis vasorum argenteorum non est ipsa
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5444 eorum consumptio, et ideo usus eorum potest vendi licite, servato
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5445 dominio rei. Usus autem principalis pecuniae argenteae est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5446 distractio pecuniae in commutationes. Unde non licet eius usum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5447 vendere cum hoc quod aliquis velit eius restitutionem quod mutuo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5448 dedit. Sciendum tamen quod secundarius usus argenteorum vasorum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5449 posset esse commutatio. Et talem usum eorum vendere non liceret. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5450 similiter potest esse aliquis alius secundarius usus pecuniae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5451 argenteae, ut puta si quis concederet pecuniam signatam ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5452 ostentationem, vel ad ponendum loco pignoris. Et talem usum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5453 pecuniae licite homo vendere potest.</p><p title="II-II q. 78 a. 1 ad 7"><a name="42277"><span class="ref">[42277] IIª-IIae q. 78 a. 1 ad 7</span></a> Ad septimum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5454 dicendum quod ille qui dat usuram non simpliciter voluntarie dat,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5455 sed cum quadam necessitate, inquantum indiget pecuniam accipere
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5456 mutuo, quam ille qui habet non vult sine usura mutuare.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 2</h3><p title="II-II q. 78 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="42278"><span class="ref">[42278] IIª-IIae q. 78 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5457 secundum sic proceditur. Videtur quod aliquis possit pro pecunia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5458 mutuata aliquam aliam commoditatem expetere. Unusquisque enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5459 licite potest suae indemnitati consulere. Sed quandoque damnum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5460 aliquis patitur ex hoc quod pecuniam mutuat. Ergo licitum est ei,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5461 supra pecuniam mutuatam, aliquid aliud pro damno expetere, vel
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5462 etiam exigere.</p><p title="II-II q. 78 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="42279"><span class="ref">[42279] IIª-IIae q. 78 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5463 unusquisque tenetur ex quodam debito honestatis aliquid
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5464 recompensare ei qui sibi gratiam fecit, ut dicitur in V Ethic. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5465 ille qui alicui in necessitate constituto pecuniam mutuat, gratiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5466 facit, unde et gratiarum actio ei debetur. Ergo ille qui recipit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5467 tenetur naturali debito aliquid recompensare. Sed non videtur esse
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5468 illicitum obligare se ad aliquid ad quod quis ex naturali iure
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5469 tenetur. Ergo non videtur esse illicitum si aliquis, pecuniam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5470 alteri mutuans, in obligationem deducat aliquam
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5471 recompensationem.</p><p title="II-II q. 78 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="42280"><span class="ref">[42280] IIª-IIae q. 78 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5472 sicut est quoddam munus a manu, ita est munus a lingua, et ab
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5473 obsequio, ut dicit Glossa Isaiae XXXIII, <i>beatus qui excutit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5474 manus suas ab omni munere</i>. Sed licet accipere servitium, vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5475 etiam laudem, ab eo cui quis pecuniam mutuavit. Ergo, pari ratione,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5476 licet quodcumque aliud munus accipere.</p><p title="II-II q. 78 a. 2 arg. 4"><a name="42281"><span class="ref">[42281] IIª-IIae q. 78 a. 2 arg. 4</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5477 eadem videtur esse comparatio dati ad datum et mutuati ad mutuatum.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5478 Sed licet pecuniam accipere pro alia pecunia data. Ergo licet
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5479 accipere recompensationem alterius mutui pro pecunia mutuata.</p><p title="II-II q. 78 a. 2 arg. 5"><a name="42282"><span class="ref">[42282] IIª-IIae q. 78 a. 2 arg. 5</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5480 magis a se pecuniam alienat qui, eam mutuando, dominium transfert,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5481 quam qui eam mercatori vel artifici committit. Sed licet lucrum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5482 accipere de pecunia commissa mercatori vel artifici. Ergo licet
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5483 etiam lucrum accipere de pecunia mutuata.</p><p title="II-II q. 78 a. 2 arg. 6"><a name="42283"><span class="ref">[42283] IIª-IIae q. 78 a. 2 arg. 6</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5484 pro pecunia mutuata potest homo pignus accipere, cuius usus posset
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5485 aliquo pretio vendi, sicut cum impignoratur ager vel domus quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5486 inhabitatur. Ergo licet aliquod lucrum habere de pecunia
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5487 mutuata.</p><p title="II-II q. 78 a. 2 arg. 7"><a name="42284"><span class="ref">[42284] IIª-IIae q. 78 a. 2 arg. 7</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5488 contingit quandoque quod aliquis carius vendit res suas ratione
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5489 mutui; aut vilius emit quod est alterius; vel etiam pro dilatione
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5490 pretium auget, vel pro acceleratione diminuit, in quibus omnibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5491 videtur aliqua recompensatio fieri quasi pro mutuo pecuniae. Hoc
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5492 autem non manifeste apparet illicitum. Ergo videtur licitum esse
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5493 aliquod commodum de pecunia mutuata expectare, vel etiam
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5494 exigere.</p><p title="II-II q. 78 a. 2 s. c."><a name="42285"><span class="ref">[42285] IIª-IIae q. 78 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5495 est quod Ezech. XVIII dicitur, inter alia quae ad virum iustum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5496 requiruntur, <i>usuram et superabundantiam non acceperit</i>.</p><p title="II-II q. 78 a. 2 co."><a name="42286"><span class="ref">[42286] IIª-IIae q. 78 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5497 dicendum quod, secundum philosophum, in IV Ethic., omne illud pro
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5498 pecunia habetur cuius pretium potest pecunia mensurari. Et ideo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5499 sicut si aliquis pro pecunia mutuata, vel quacumque alia re quae ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5500 ipso usu consumitur, pecuniam accipit ex pacto tacito vel expresso,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5501 peccat contra iustitiam, ut dictum est; ita etiam quicumque ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5502 pacto tacito vel expresso quodcumque aliud acceperit cuius pretium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5503 pecunia mensurari potest, simile peccatum incurrit. Si vero
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5504 accipiat aliquid huiusmodi non quasi exigens, nec quasi ex aliqua
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5505 obligatione tacita vel expressa, sed sicut gratuitum donum, non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5506 peccat, quia etiam antequam pecuniam mutuasset, licite poterat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5507 aliquod donum gratis accipere, nec peioris conditionis efficitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5508 per hoc quod mutuavit. Recompensationem vero eorum quae pecunia non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5509 mensurantur licet pro mutuo exigere, puta benevolentiam et amorem
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5510 eius qui mutuavit, vel aliquid huiusmodi.</p><p title="II-II q. 78 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="42287"><span class="ref">[42287] IIª-IIae q. 78 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5511 ergo dicendum quod ille qui mutuum dat potest absque peccato in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5512 pactum deducere cum eo qui mutuum accipit recompensationem damni
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5513 per quod subtrahitur sibi aliquid quod debet habere, hoc enim non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5514 est vendere usum pecuniae, sed damnum vitare. Et potest esse quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5515 accipiens mutuum maius damnum evitet quam dans incurret, unde
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5516 accipiens mutuum cum sua utilitate damnum alterius recompensat.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5517 Recompensationem vero damni quod consideratur in hoc quod de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5518 pecunia non lucratur, non potest in pactum deducere, quia non debet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5519 vendere id quod nondum habet et potest impediri multipliciter ab
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5520 habendo.</p><p title="II-II q. 78 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="42288"><span class="ref">[42288] IIª-IIae q. 78 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5521 dicendum quod recompensatio alicuius beneficii dupliciter fieri
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5522 potest. Uno quidem modo, ex debito iustitiae, ad quod aliquis ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5523 certo pacto obligari potest. Et hoc debitum attenditur secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5524 quantitatem beneficii quod quis accepit. Et ideo ille qui accipit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5525 mutuum pecuniae, vel cuiuscumque similis rei cuius usus est eius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5526 consumptio, non tenetur ad plus recompensandum quam mutuo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5527 acceperit. Unde contra iustitiam est si ad plus reddendum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5528 obligetur. Alio modo tenetur aliquis ad recompensandum beneficium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5529 ex debito amicitiae, in quo magis consideratur affectus ex quo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5530 aliquis beneficium contulit quam etiam quantitas eius quod fecit.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5531 Et tali debito non competit civilis obligatio, per quam inducitur
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5532 quaedam necessitas, ut non spontanea recompensatio fiat.</p><p title="II-II q. 78 a. 2 ad 3"><a name="42289"><span class="ref">[42289] IIª-IIae q. 78 a. 2 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5533 dicendum quod si aliquis ex pecunia mutuata expectet vel exigat,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5534 quasi per obligationem pacti taciti vel expressi, recompensationem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5535 muneris ab obsequio vel lingua, perinde est ac si expectaret vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5536 exigeret munus a manu, quia utrumque pecunia aestimari potest, ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5537 patet in his qui locant operas suas, quas manu vel lingua exercent.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5538 Si vero munus ab obsequio vel lingua non quasi ex obligatione rei
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5539 exhibeat, sed ex benevolentia, quae sub aestimatione pecuniae non
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5540 cadit, licet hoc accipere et exigere et expectare.</p><p title="II-II q. 78 a. 2 ad 4"><a name="42290"><span class="ref">[42290] IIª-IIae q. 78 a. 2 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5541 dicendum quod pecunia non potest vendi pro pecunia ampliori quam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5542 sit quantitas pecuniae mutuatae, quae restituenda est, nec ibi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5543 aliquid est exigendum aut expectandum nisi benevolentiae affectus,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5544 qui sub aestimatione pecuniae non cadit, ex quo potest procedere
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5545 spontanea mutuatio. Repugnat autem ei obligatio ad mutuum in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5546 posterum faciendum, quia etiam talis obligatio pecunia aestimari
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5547 posset. Et ideo licet simul mutuanti unum aliquid aliud mutuare,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5548 non autem licet eum obligare ad mutuum in posterum faciendum.</p><p title="II-II q. 78 a. 2 ad 5"><a name="42291"><span class="ref">[42291] IIª-IIae q. 78 a. 2 ad 5</span></a> Ad quintum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5549 dicendum quod ille qui mutuat pecuniam transfert dominium pecuniae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5550 in eum cui mutuat. Unde ille cui pecunia mutuatur sub suo periculo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5551 tenet eam, et tenetur integre restituere. Unde non debet amplius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5552 exigere ille qui mutuavit. Sed ille qui committit pecuniam suam vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5553 mercatori vel artifici per modum societatis cuiusdam, non transfert
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5554 dominium pecuniae suae in illum, sed remanet eius, ita quod cum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5555 periculo ipsius mercator de ea negotiatur vel artifex operatur. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5556 ideo licite potest partem lucri inde provenientis expetere, tanquam
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5557 de re sua.</p><p title="II-II q. 78 a. 2 ad 6"><a name="42292"><span class="ref">[42292] IIª-IIae q. 78 a. 2 ad 6</span></a> Ad sextum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5558 dicendum quod si quis pro pecunia sibi mutuata obliget rem aliquam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5559 cuius usus pretio aestimari potest, debet usum illius rei ille qui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5560 mutuavit computare in restitutionem eius quod mutuavit. Alioquin,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5561 si usum illius rei quasi gratis sibi superaddi velit, idem est ac
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5562 si pecuniam acciperet pro mutuo, quod est usurarium, nisi forte
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5563 esset talis res cuius usus sine pretio soleat concedi inter amicos,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5564 sicut patet de libro accommodato.</p><p title="II-II q. 78 a. 2 ad 7"><a name="42293"><span class="ref">[42293] IIª-IIae q. 78 a. 2 ad 7</span></a> Ad septimum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5565 dicendum quod si aliquis carius velit vendere res suas quam sit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5566 iustum pretium, ut de pecunia solvenda emptorem expectet, usura
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5567 manifeste committitur, quia huiusmodi expectatio pretii solvendi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5568 habet rationem mutui; unde quidquid ultra iustum pretium pro
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5569 huiusmodi expectatione exigitur, est quasi pretium mutui, quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5570 pertinet ad rationem usurae. Similiter etiam si quis emptor velit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5571 rem emere vilius quam sit iustum pretium, eo quod pecuniam ante
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5572 solvit quam possit ei tradi, est peccatum usurae, quia etiam ista
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5573 anticipatio solutionis pecuniae habet mutui rationem, cuius quoddam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5574 pretium est quod diminuitur de iusto pretio rei emptae. Si vero
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5575 aliquis de iusto pretio velit diminuere ut pecuniam prius habeat,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5576 non peccat peccato usurae.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 3</h3><p title="II-II q. 78 a. 3 arg. 1"><a name="42294"><span class="ref">[42294] IIª-IIae q. 78 a. 3 arg. 1</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5577 sic proceditur. Videtur quod quidquid aliquis de pecunia usuraria
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5578 lucratus fuerit, reddere teneatur. Dicit enim apostolus, ad Rom.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5579 XI, <i>si radix sancta, et rami</i>. Ergo, eadem ratione, si radix
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5580 infecta, et rami. Sed radix fuit usuraria. Ergo et quidquid ex ea
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5581 acquisitum est, est usurarium. Ergo tenetur ad restitutionem
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5582 illius.</p><p title="II-II q. 78 a. 3 arg. 2"><a name="42295"><span class="ref">[42295] IIª-IIae q. 78 a. 3 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5583 sicut dicitur extra, de usuris, in illa decretali, <i>cum tu sicut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5584 asseris, possessiones quae de usuris sunt comparatae debent vendi,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5585 et ipsarum pretia his a quibus sunt extorta restitui</i>. Ergo,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5586 eadem ratione, quidquid aliud ex pecunia usuraria acquiritur debet
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5587 restitui.</p><p title="II-II q. 78 a. 3 arg. 3"><a name="42296"><span class="ref">[42296] IIª-IIae q. 78 a. 3 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5588 illud quod aliquis emit de pecunia usuraria debetur sibi ratione
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5589 pecuniae quam dedit. Non ergo habet maius ius in re quam acquisivit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5590 quam in pecunia quam dedit. Sed pecuniam usurariam tenebatur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5591 restituere. Ergo et illud quod ex ea acquirit tenetur
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5592 restituere.</p><p title="II-II q. 78 a. 3 s. c."><a name="42297"><span class="ref">[42297] IIª-IIae q. 78 a. 3 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5593 quilibet potest licite tenere id quod legitime acquisivit. Sed id
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5594 quod acquiritur per pecuniam usurariam interdum legitime
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5595 acquiritur. Ergo licite potest retineri.</p><p title="II-II q. 78 a. 3 co."><a name="42298"><span class="ref">[42298] IIª-IIae q. 78 a. 3 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5596 dicendum quod, sicut supra dictum est, res quaedam sunt quarum usus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5597 est ipsarum rerum consumptio, quae non habent usumfructum, secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5598 iura. Et ideo si talia fuerint per usuram extorta, puta denarii,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5599 triticum, vinum aut aliquid huiusmodi, non tenetur homo ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5600 restituendum nisi id quod accepit, quia id quod de tali re est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5601 acquisitum non est fructus huius rei, sed humanae industriae. Nisi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5602 forte per detentionem talis rei alter sit damnificatus, amittendo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5603 aliquid de bonis suis, tunc enim tenetur ad recompensationem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5604 nocumenti. Quaedam vero res sunt quarum usus non est earum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5605 consumptio, et talia habent usumfructum, sicut domus et ager et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5606 alia huiusmodi. Et ideo si quis domum alterius vel agrum per usuram
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5607 extorsisset, non solum teneretur restituere domum vel agrum, sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5608 etiam fructus inde perceptos, quia sunt fructus rerum quarum alius
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5609 est dominus, et ideo ei debentur.</p><p title="II-II q. 78 a. 3 ad 1"><a name="42299"><span class="ref">[42299] IIª-IIae q. 78 a. 3 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5610 ergo dicendum quod radix non solum habet rationem materiae, sicut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5611 pecunia usuraria, sed habet etiam aliqualiter rationem causae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5612 activae, inquantum administrat nutrimentum. Et ideo non est
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5613 simile.</p><p title="II-II q. 78 a. 3 ad 2"><a name="42300"><span class="ref">[42300] IIª-IIae q. 78 a. 3 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5614 dicendum quod possessiones quae de usuris sunt comparatae non sunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5615 eorum quorum fuerunt usurae, sed illorum qui eas emerunt. Sunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5616 tamen obligatae illis a quibus fuerunt usurae acceptae, sicut et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5617 alia bona usurarii. Et ideo non praecipitur quod assignentur illae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5618 possessiones his a quibus fuerunt acceptae usurae, quia forte plus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5619 valent quam usurae quas dederunt, sed praecipitur quod vendantur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5620 possessiones et earum pretia restituantur, scilicet secundum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5621 quantitatem usurae acceptae.</p><p title="II-II q. 78 a. 3 ad 3"><a name="42301"><span class="ref">[42301] IIª-IIae q. 78 a. 3 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5622 dicendum quod illud quod acquiritur de pecunia usuraria debetur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5623 quidem acquirenti propter pecuniam usurariam datam sicut propter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5624 causam instrumentalem, sed propter suam industriam sicut propter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5625 causam principalem. Et ideo plus iuris habet in re acquisita de
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5626 pecunia usuraria quam in ipsa pecunia usuraria.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 4</h3><p title="II-II q. 78 a. 4 arg. 1"><a name="42302"><span class="ref">[42302] IIª-IIae q. 78 a. 4 arg. 1</span></a> Ad quartum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5627 sic proceditur. Videtur quod non liceat pecuniam accipere mutuo sub
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5628 usura. Dicit enim apostolus, Rom. I, quod <i>digni sunt morte non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5629 solum qui faciunt peccata, sed etiam qui consentiunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5630 facientibus</i>. Sed ille qui accipit pecuniam mutuo sub usuris
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5631 consentit usurario in suo peccato, et praebet ei occasionem
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5632 peccandi. Ergo etiam ipse peccat.</p><p title="II-II q. 78 a. 4 arg. 2"><a name="42303"><span class="ref">[42303] IIª-IIae q. 78 a. 4 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5633 pro nullo commodo temporali debet aliquis alteri quamcumque
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5634 occasionem praebere peccandi, hoc enim pertinet ad rationem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5635 scandali activi, quod semper est peccatum, ut supra dictum est. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5636 ille qui petit mutuum ab usurario expresse dat ei occasionem
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5637 peccandi. Ergo pro nullo commodo temporali excusatur.</p><p title="II-II q. 78 a. 4 arg. 3"><a name="42304"><span class="ref">[42304] IIª-IIae q. 78 a. 4 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5638 non minor videtur esse necessitas quandoque deponendi pecuniam suam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5639 apud usurarium quam mutuum accipiendi ab ipso. Sed deponere
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5640 pecuniam apud usurarium videtur esse omnino illicitum, sicut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5641 illicitum esset deponere gladium apud furiosum, vel virginem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5642 committere luxurioso, seu cibum guloso. Ergo neque licitum est
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5643 accipere mutuum ab usurario.</p><p title="II-II q. 78 a. 4 s. c."><a name="42305"><span class="ref">[42305] IIª-IIae q. 78 a. 4 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5644 ille qui iniuriam patitur non peccat, secundum philosophum, in V
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5645 Ethic., unde iustitia non est media inter duo vitia, ut ibidem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5646 dicitur. Sed usurarius peccat inquantum facit iniustitiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5647 accipienti mutuum sub usuris. Ergo ille qui accipit mutuum sub
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5648 usuris non peccat.</p><p title="II-II q. 78 a. 4 co."><a name="42306"><span class="ref">[42306] IIª-IIae q. 78 a. 4 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5649 dicendum quod inducere hominem ad peccandum nullo modo licet, uti
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5650 tamen peccato alterius ad bonum licitum est, quia et Deus utitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5651 omnibus peccatis ad aliquod bonum, ex quolibet enim malo elicit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5652 aliquod bonum, ut dicitur in Enchiridio. Et ideo Augustinus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5653 Publicolae quaerenti utrum liceret uti iuramento eius qui per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
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diff changeset
5654 falsos deos iurat, in quo manifeste peccat eis reverentiam divinam
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5655 adhibens, respondit quod <i>qui utitur fide illius qui per falsos
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5656 deos iurat, non ad malum sed ad bonum, non peccato illius se
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5657 sociat, quo per Daemonia iuravit, sed pacto bono eius, quo fidem
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5658 servavit</i>. Si tamen induceret eum ad iurandum per falsos deos,
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5659 peccaret. Ita etiam in proposito dicendum est quod nullo modo licet
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5660 inducere aliquem ad mutuandum sub usuris, licet tamen ab eo qui hoc
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5661 paratus est facere et usuras exercet, mutuum accipere sub usuris,
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5662 propter aliquod bonum, quod est subventio suae necessitatis vel
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5663 alterius. Sicut etiam licet ei qui incidit in latrones manifestare
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5664 bona quae habet, quae latrones diripiendo peccant, ad hoc quod non
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5665 occidatur, exemplo decem virorum qui dixerunt ad Ismahel, <i>noli
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5666 occidere nos, quia habemus thesaurum in agro</i>, ut dicitur Ierem.
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5667 XLI.</p><p title="II-II q. 78 a. 4 ad 1"><a name="42307"><span class="ref">[42307] IIª-IIae q. 78 a. 4 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
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5668 ergo dicendum quod ille qui accipit pecuniam mutuo sub usuris non
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5669 consentit in peccatum usurarii, sed utitur eo. Nec placet ei
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5670 usurarum acceptio, sed mutuatio, quae est bona.</p><p title="II-II q. 78 a. 4 ad 2"><a name="42308"><span class="ref">[42308] IIª-IIae q. 78 a. 4 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
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5671 dicendum quod ille qui accipit pecuniam mutuo sub usuris non dat
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5672 usurario occasionem usuras accipiendi, sed mutuandi, ipse autem
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5673 usurarius sumit occasionem peccandi ex malitia cordis sui. Unde
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5674 scandalum passivum est ex parte sua, non autem activum ex parte
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5675 petentis mutuum. Nec tamen propter huiusmodi scandalum passivum
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5676 debet alius a mutuo petendo desistere, si indigeat, quia huiusmodi
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5677 passivum scandalum non provenit ex infirmitate vel ignorantia, sed
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5678 ex malitia.</p><p title="II-II q. 78 a. 4 ad 3"><a name="42309"><span class="ref">[42309] IIª-IIae q. 78 a. 4 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
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5679 dicendum quod si quis committeret pecuniam suam usurario non
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5680 habenti alias unde usuras exerceret; vel hac intentione committeret
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5681 ut inde copiosius per usuram lucraretur; daret materiam peccanti.
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5682 Unde et ipse esset particeps culpae. Si autem aliquis usurario
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5683 alias habenti unde usuras exerceat, pecuniam suam committat ut
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5684 tutius servetur, non peccat, sed utitur homine peccatore ad
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5685 bonum.</p></div></div><div class="centro"><br/>
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5686 <p><a href="sth3057.html"><img alt="age retro" border="0" align="middle" height="19" width="19" src="icons/ageretro.gif"/></a>  
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5687 <a href="sth3079.html"><img alt="age ultra" border="0" align="middle" height="19" width="19" src="icons/ageultra.gif"/></a></p>
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5688 <br/>
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5689 <hr/>
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5690 <br/>
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5691 <address>© 2006 Fundación Tomás de Aquino quoad
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5692 hanc editionem<br/>
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5693 Iura omnia asservantur<br/>
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5694 OCLC nr. <a style="text-decoration=none" href="http://worldcatlibraries.org/wcpa/oclc/49644264">49644264</a></address>
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5695 </div></body>
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5696 </html>