Aquinas: summa/latin/sth2095.html annotate

annotate summa/latin/sth2095.html @ 53:d777cc3962f2

div-wrapped

author	ht
date	Mon, 28 Dec 2009 13:00:58 +0000
parents	544e12f679ad
children	71f2c033089e

rev	line source
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1 <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	2 <!DOCTYPE html
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	3 PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "file:///c:/cygwin/usr/local/share/lib/xml/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	4 <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="LA" lang="LA">
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	5 <head>
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	6 <meta content="HTML Tidy for Windows (vers 1st February 2005), see www.w3.org" name="generator"/>
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	7 <meta content="text/html; charset=us-ascii" http-equiv="Content-Type"/>
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	8 <meta content="text/css" http-equiv="Content-Style-Type"/>
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	9 <meta content="text/javascript" http-equiv="Content-Script-Type"/>
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	10 <meta content="Thomas de Aquino, Summa Theologiae, Corpus Thomisticum" name="keywords"/>
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	11 <meta content="Latin" name="language"/>
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	12 <meta content="public" name="security"/>
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	13 <meta content="ealarcon@unav.es" name="owner"/>
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	14 <meta content="Enrique Alarcón" name="author"/>
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	15 <meta content="" name="abstract"/>
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	16 <link type="text/css" href="vscreen.css" media="screen" rel="stylesheet"/>
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	17 <link type="text/css" href="vprint.css" media="print" rel="stylesheet"/>
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	18 <title>Thomas de Aquino, Summa Theologiae, Iª-IIae q.
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	19 95-97</title>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	20 </head>
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	21 <body><a href="http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/"/><div class="tres">CORPUS THOMISTICUM</div><div class="uno">Sancti Thomae de Aquino</div><div class="uno">Summa Theologiae</div><div class="dos">prima pars secundae partis a quaestione XCV ad
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	22 quaestionem XCVII</div><div class="centro">
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	23 <table summary="Imago" align="center">
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	24 <tr>
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	25 <th><img align="middle" alt="Thomas de Aquino a Filippino Lippi depictus (Cappella Carafa, S. Maria sopra Minerva, Roma)" border="0" height="190" width="275" src="icons/fugit190.jpg"/></th>
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	26 </tr>
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	27 </table>
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	28 <br/>
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	29 <span class="tres">Textum Leoninum Romae 1892 editum<br/>
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	30 ac automato translatum a Roberto Busa SJ in taenias
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	31 magneticas<br/>
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	32 denuo recognovit Enrique Alarcón atque instruxit<br/>
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	33 <br/></span><br/>
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	34 <hr/>
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	35 <br/>
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	36 <p><a href="sth2094.html"><img alt="age retro" border="0" align="middle" height="19" width="19" src="icons/ageretro.gif"/></a>
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	37 <a href="sth2098.html"><img alt="age ultra" border="0" align="middle" height="19" width="19" src="icons/ageultra.gif"/></a></p>
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	38 <script type="text/javascript" language="JavaScript">
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	39 //
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	40 <!--
26 4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html ht parents: diff changeset	41 // original code by Bill Trefzger 12/12/96; revised by Enrique Alarcon 12/9/2000
4006eb4882de originals from http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/sth0000.html ht parents: diff changeset	42 function go(){if(document.selecter.select1.options[document.selecter.select1.selectedIndex].value !="none"){location=document.selecter.select1.options[document.selecter.select1.selectedIndex].value}}
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	43 document.write('<FORM NAME="selecter"><SELECT NAME="select1">');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	44 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="none">INDEX');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	45 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="none">------------------------------------------------');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	46 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="index.html">Corpus Thomisticum');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	47 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="iopera.html">Opera omnia');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	48 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="zbiblia.html">Bibliographia Thomistica');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	49 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="none">------------------------------------------------');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	50 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37628">I&ordf;-IIae q. 95 pr.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	51 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37629">I&ordf;-IIae q. 95 a. 1 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	52 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37630">I&ordf;-IIae q. 95 a. 1 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	53 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37631">I&ordf;-IIae q. 95 a. 1 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	54 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37632">I&ordf;-IIae q. 95 a. 1 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	55 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37633">I&ordf;-IIae q. 95 a. 1 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	56 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37634">I&ordf;-IIae q. 95 a. 1 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	57 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37635">I&ordf;-IIae q. 95 a. 1 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	58 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37636">I&ordf;-IIae q. 95 a. 1 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	59 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37637">I&ordf;-IIae q. 95 a. 2 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	60 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37638">I&ordf;-IIae q. 95 a. 2 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	61 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37639">I&ordf;-IIae q. 95 a. 2 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	62 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37640">I&ordf;-IIae q. 95 a. 2 arg. 4');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	63 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37641">I&ordf;-IIae q. 95 a. 2 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	64 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37642">I&ordf;-IIae q. 95 a. 2 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	65 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37643">I&ordf;-IIae q. 95 a. 2 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	66 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37644">I&ordf;-IIae q. 95 a. 2 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	67 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37645">I&ordf;-IIae q. 95 a. 2 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	68 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37646">I&ordf;-IIae q. 95 a. 2 ad 4');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	69 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37647">I&ordf;-IIae q. 95 a. 3 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	70 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37648">I&ordf;-IIae q. 95 a. 3 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	71 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37649">I&ordf;-IIae q. 95 a. 3 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	72 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37650">I&ordf;-IIae q. 95 a. 3 arg. 4');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	73 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37651">I&ordf;-IIae q. 95 a. 3 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	74 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37652">I&ordf;-IIae q. 95 a. 3 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	75 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37653">I&ordf;-IIae q. 95 a. 3 ad');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	76 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37654">I&ordf;-IIae q. 95 a. 4 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	77 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37655">I&ordf;-IIae q. 95 a. 4 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	78 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37656">I&ordf;-IIae q. 95 a. 4 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	79 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37657">I&ordf;-IIae q. 95 a. 4 arg. 4');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	80 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37658">I&ordf;-IIae q. 95 a. 4 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	81 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37659">I&ordf;-IIae q. 95 a. 4 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	82 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37660">I&ordf;-IIae q. 95 a. 4 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	83 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37661">I&ordf;-IIae q. 95 a. 4 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	84 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37662">I&ordf;-IIae q. 96 pr.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	85 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37663">I&ordf;-IIae q. 96 a. 1 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	86 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37664">I&ordf;-IIae q. 96 a. 1 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	87 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37665">I&ordf;-IIae q. 96 a. 1 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	88 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37666">I&ordf;-IIae q. 96 a. 1 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	89 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37667">I&ordf;-IIae q. 96 a. 1 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	90 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37668">I&ordf;-IIae q. 96 a. 1 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	91 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37669">I&ordf;-IIae q. 96 a. 1 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	92 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37670">I&ordf;-IIae q. 96 a. 1 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	93 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37671">I&ordf;-IIae q. 96 a. 2 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	94 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37672">I&ordf;-IIae q. 96 a. 2 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	95 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37673">I&ordf;-IIae q. 96 a. 2 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	96 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37674">I&ordf;-IIae q. 96 a. 2 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	97 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37675">I&ordf;-IIae q. 96 a. 2 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	98 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37676">I&ordf;-IIae q. 96 a. 2 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	99 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37677">I&ordf;-IIae q. 96 a. 2 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	100 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37678">I&ordf;-IIae q. 96 a. 2 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	101 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37679">I&ordf;-IIae q. 96 a. 3 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	102 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37680">I&ordf;-IIae q. 96 a. 3 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	103 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37681">I&ordf;-IIae q. 96 a. 3 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	104 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37682">I&ordf;-IIae q. 96 a. 3 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	105 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37683">I&ordf;-IIae q. 96 a. 3 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	106 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37684">I&ordf;-IIae q. 96 a. 3 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	107 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37685">I&ordf;-IIae q. 96 a. 3 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	108 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37686">I&ordf;-IIae q. 96 a. 3 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	109 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37687">I&ordf;-IIae q. 96 a. 4 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	110 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37688">I&ordf;-IIae q. 96 a. 4 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	111 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37689">I&ordf;-IIae q. 96 a. 4 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	112 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37690">I&ordf;-IIae q. 96 a. 4 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	113 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37691">I&ordf;-IIae q. 96 a. 4 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	114 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37692">I&ordf;-IIae q. 96 a. 4 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	115 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37693">I&ordf;-IIae q. 96 a. 4 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	116 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37694">I&ordf;-IIae q. 96 a. 4 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	117 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37695">I&ordf;-IIae q. 96 a. 5 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	118 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37696">I&ordf;-IIae q. 96 a. 5 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	119 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37697">I&ordf;-IIae q. 96 a. 5 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	120 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37698">I&ordf;-IIae q. 96 a. 5 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	121 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37699">I&ordf;-IIae q. 96 a. 5 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	122 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37700">I&ordf;-IIae q. 96 a. 5 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	123 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37701">I&ordf;-IIae q. 96 a. 5 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	124 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37702">I&ordf;-IIae q. 96 a. 5 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	125 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37703">I&ordf;-IIae q. 96 a. 6 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	126 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37704">I&ordf;-IIae q. 96 a. 6 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	127 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37705">I&ordf;-IIae q. 96 a. 6 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	128 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37706">I&ordf;-IIae q. 96 a. 6 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	129 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37707">I&ordf;-IIae q. 96 a. 6 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	130 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37708">I&ordf;-IIae q. 96 a. 6 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	131 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37709">I&ordf;-IIae q. 96 a. 6 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	132 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37710">I&ordf;-IIae q. 96 a. 6 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	133 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37711">I&ordf;-IIae q. 97 pr.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	134 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37712">I&ordf;-IIae q. 97 a. 1 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	135 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37713">I&ordf;-IIae q. 97 a. 1 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	136 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37714">I&ordf;-IIae q. 97 a. 1 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	137 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37715">I&ordf;-IIae q. 97 a. 1 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	138 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37716">I&ordf;-IIae q. 97 a. 1 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	139 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37717">I&ordf;-IIae q. 97 a. 1 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	140 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37718">I&ordf;-IIae q. 97 a. 1 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	141 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37719">I&ordf;-IIae q. 97 a. 1 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	142 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37720">I&ordf;-IIae q. 97 a. 2 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	143 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37721">I&ordf;-IIae q. 97 a. 2 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	144 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37722">I&ordf;-IIae q. 97 a. 2 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	145 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37723">I&ordf;-IIae q. 97 a. 2 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	146 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37724">I&ordf;-IIae q. 97 a. 2 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	147 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37725">I&ordf;-IIae q. 97 a. 2 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	148 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37726">I&ordf;-IIae q. 97 a. 2 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	149 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37727">I&ordf;-IIae q. 97 a. 2 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	150 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37728">I&ordf;-IIae q. 97 a. 3 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	151 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37729">I&ordf;-IIae q. 97 a. 3 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	152 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37730">I&ordf;-IIae q. 97 a. 3 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	153 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37731">I&ordf;-IIae q. 97 a. 3 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	154 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37732">I&ordf;-IIae q. 97 a. 3 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	155 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37733">I&ordf;-IIae q. 97 a. 3 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	156 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37734">I&ordf;-IIae q. 97 a. 3 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	157 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37735">I&ordf;-IIae q. 97 a. 3 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	158 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37736">I&ordf;-IIae q. 97 a. 4 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	159 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37737">I&ordf;-IIae q. 97 a. 4 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	160 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37738">I&ordf;-IIae q. 97 a. 4 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	161 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37739">I&ordf;-IIae q. 97 a. 4 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	162 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37740">I&ordf;-IIae q. 97 a. 4 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	163 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37741">I&ordf;-IIae q. 97 a. 4 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	164 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37742">I&ordf;-IIae q. 97 a. 4 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	165 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37743">I&ordf;-IIae q. 97 a. 4 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	166 document.write('<\/SELECT>');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	167 document.write('<BR><BR>');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	168 document.write('<INPUT TYPE="button" VALUE="Agedum" ONCLICK="go()">');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	169 document.write('<\/FORM>');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	170 // -->
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	171 //
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	172 </script><br/>
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	173 <hr/>
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	174 <br/></div><div class="q" id="q95"><h2>Quaestio 95</h2><div class="p"><h3>Prooemium</h3><p title="I-II q. 95 pr."><a name="37628"><span class="ref">[37628]
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	175 Iª-IIae q. 95 pr.</span></a> Deinde considerandum est de lege
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	176 humana. Et primo quidem, de ipsa lege secundum se; secundo, de
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	177 potestate eius; tertio, de eius mutabilitate. Circa primum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	178 quaeruntur quatuor. Primo, de utilitate ipsius. Secundo, de origine
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	179 eius. Tertio, de qualitate ipsius. Quarto, de divisione
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	180 eiusdem.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 1</h3><p title="I-II q. 95 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="37629"><span class="ref">[37629] Iª-IIae q. 95 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad primum
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	181 sic proceditur. Videtur quod non fuerit utile aliquas leges poni ab
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	182 hominibus. Intentio enim cuiuslibet legis est ut per eam homines
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	183 fiant boni, sicut supra dictum est. Sed homines magis inducuntur ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	184 bonum voluntarii per monitiones, quam coacti per leges. Ergo non
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	185 fuit necessarium leges ponere.</p><p title="I-II q. 95 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="37630"><span class="ref">[37630] Iª-IIae q. 95 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	186 sicut dicit philosophus, in V Ethic., <i>ad iudicem confugiunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	187 homines sicut ad iustum animatum</i>. Sed iustitia animata est
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	188 melior quam inanimata, quae legibus continetur. Ergo melius fuisset
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	189 ut executio iustitiae committeretur arbitrio iudicum, quam quod
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	190 super hoc lex aliqua ederetur.</p><p title="I-II q. 95 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="37631"><span class="ref">[37631] Iª-IIae q. 95 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	191 lex omnis directiva est actuum humanorum, ut ex supradictis patet.
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	192 Sed cum humani actus consistant in singularibus, quae sunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	193 infinita, non possunt ea quae ad directionem humanorum actuum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	194 pertinent, sufficienter considerari, nisi ab aliquo sapiente, qui
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	195 inspiciat singula. Ergo melius fuisset arbitrio sapientum dirigi
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	196 actus humanos, quam aliqua lege posita. Ergo non fuit necessarium
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	197 leges humanas ponere.</p><p title="I-II q. 95 a. 1 s. c."><a name="37632"><span class="ref">[37632] Iª-IIae q. 95 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	198 est quod Isidorus dicit, in libro Etymol., <i>factae sunt leges ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	199 earum metu humana coerceretur audacia, tutaque sit inter improbos
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	200 innocentia, et in ipsis improbis formidato supplicio refrenetur
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	201 nocendi facultas</i>. Sed haec sunt maxime necessaria humano
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	202 generi. Ergo necessarium fuit ponere leges humanas.</p><p title="I-II q. 95 a. 1 co."><a name="37633"><span class="ref">[37633] Iª-IIae q. 95 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	203 dicendum quod, sicut ex supradictis patet, homini naturaliter inest
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	204 quaedam aptitudo ad virtutem; sed ipsa virtutis perfectio necesse
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	205 est quod homini adveniat per aliquam disciplinam. Sicut etiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	206 videmus quod per aliquam industriam subvenitur homini in suis
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	207 necessitatibus, puta in cibo et vestitu, quorum initia quaedam
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	208 habet a natura, scilicet rationem et manus, non autem ipsum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	209 complementum, sicut cetera animalia, quibus natura dedit
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	210 sufficienter tegumentum et cibum. Ad hanc autem disciplinam non de
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	211 facili invenitur homo sibi sufficiens. Quia perfectio virtutis
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	212 praecipue consistit in retrahendo hominem ab indebitis
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	213 delectationibus, ad quas praecipue homines sunt proni, et maxime
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	214 iuvenes, circa quos efficacior est disciplina. Et ideo oportet quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	215 huiusmodi disciplinam, per quam ad virtutem perveniatur, homines ab
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	216 alio sortiantur. Et quidem quantum ad illos iuvenes qui sunt proni
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	217 ad actus virtutum, ex bona dispositione naturae, vel consuetudine,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	218 vel magis divino munere, sufficit disciplina paterna, quae est per
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	219 monitiones. Sed quia inveniuntur quidam protervi et ad vitia proni,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	220 qui verbis de facili moveri non possunt; necessarium fuit ut per
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	221 vim et metum cohiberentur a malo, ut saltem sic male facere
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	222 desistentes, et aliis quietam vitam redderent, et ipsi tandem per
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	223 huiusmodi assuetudinem ad hoc perducerentur quod voluntarie
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	224 facerent quae prius metu implebant, et sic fierent virtuosi.
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	225 Huiusmodi autem disciplina cogens metu poenae, est disciplina
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	226 legum. Unde necessarium fuit ad pacem hominum et virtutem, ut leges
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	227 ponerentur, quia sicut philosophus dicit, in I Polit., <i>sicut
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	228 homo, si sit perfectus virtute, est optimum animalium; sic, si sit
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	229 separatus a lege et iustitia, est pessimum omnium</i>; quia homo
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	230 habet arma rationis ad explendas concupiscentias et saevitias, quae
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	231 non habent alia animalia.</p><p title="I-II q. 95 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="37634"><span class="ref">[37634] Iª-IIae q. 95 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	232 ergo dicendum quod homines bene dispositi melius inducuntur ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	233 virtutem monitionibus voluntariis quam coactione, sed quidam male
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	234 dispositi non ducuntur ad virtutem nisi cogantur.</p><p title="I-II q. 95 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="37635"><span class="ref">[37635] Iª-IIae q. 95 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	235 dicendum quod, sicut philosophus dicit, I Rhetor., <i>melius est
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	236 omnia ordinari lege, quam dimittere iudicum arbitrio</i>. Et hoc
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	237 propter tria. Primo quidem, quia facilius est invenire paucos
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	238 sapientes, qui sufficiant ad rectas leges ponendas, quam multos,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	239 qui requirerentur ad recte iudicandum de singulis. Secundo, quia
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	240 illi qui leges ponunt, ex multo tempore considerant quid lege
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	241 ferendum sit, sed iudicia de singularibus factis fiunt ex casibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	242 subito exortis. Facilius autem ex multis consideratis potest homo
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	243 videre quid rectum sit, quam solum ex aliquo uno facto. Tertio,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	244 quia legislatores iudicant in universali, et de futuris, sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	245 homines iudiciis praesidentes iudicant de praesentibus, ad quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	246 afficiuntur amore vel odio, aut aliqua cupiditate; et sic eorum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	247 depravatur iudicium. Quia ergo iustitia animata iudicis non
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	248 invenitur in multis; et quia flexibilis est; ideo necessarium fuit,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	249 in quibuscumque est possibile, legem determinare quid iudicandum
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	250 sit, et paucissima arbitrio hominum committere.</p><p title="I-II q. 95 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="37636"><span class="ref">[37636] Iª-IIae q. 95 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	251 dicendum quod quaedam singularia, quae non possunt lege
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	252 comprehendi, necesse est committere iudicibus, ut ibidem
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	253 philosophus dicit, puta de eo quod est factum esse vel non esse, et
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	254 de aliis huiusmodi.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 2</h3><p title="I-II q. 95 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="37637"><span class="ref">[37637] Iª-IIae q. 95 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad secundum
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	255 sic proceditur. Videtur quod non omnis lex humanitus posita a lege
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	256 naturali derivetur. Dicit enim philosophus, in V Ethic., quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	257 <i>iustum legale est quod ex principio quidem nihil differt utrum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	258 sic vel aliter fiat</i>. Sed in his quae oriuntur ex lege naturali,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	259 differt utrum sic vel aliter fiat. Ergo ea quae sunt legibus
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	260 humanis statuta, non omnia derivantur a lege naturae.</p><p title="I-II q. 95 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="37638"><span class="ref">[37638] Iª-IIae q. 95 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	261 ius positivum dividitur contra ius naturale, ut patet per Isidorum,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	262 in libro Etymol., et per philosophum, in V Ethic. Sed ea quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	263 derivantur a principiis communibus legis naturae sicut
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	264 conclusiones, pertinent ad legem naturae, ut supra dictum est. Ergo
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	265 ea quae sunt de lege humana, non derivantur a lege naturae.</p><p title="I-II q. 95 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="37639"><span class="ref">[37639] Iª-IIae q. 95 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	266 lex naturae est eadem apud omnes, dicit enim philosophus, in V
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	267 Ethic., quod <i>naturale iustum est quod ubique habet eandem
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	268 potentiam</i>. Si igitur leges humanae a naturali lege
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	269 derivarentur, sequeretur quod etiam ipsae essent eaedem apud omnes.
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	270 Quod patet esse falsum.</p><p title="I-II q. 95 a. 2 arg. 4"><a name="37640"><span class="ref">[37640] Iª-IIae q. 95 a. 2 arg. 4</span></a> Praeterea,
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	271 eorum quae a lege naturali derivantur, potest aliqua ratio
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	272 assignari. Sed non omnium quae a maioribus lege statuta sunt, ratio
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	273 reddi potest, ut iurisperitus dicit. Ergo non omnes leges humanae
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	274 derivantur a lege naturali.</p><p title="I-II q. 95 a. 2 s. c."><a name="37641"><span class="ref">[37641] Iª-IIae q. 95 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	275 est quod Tullius dicit, in sua Rhetor., <i>res a natura profectas,
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	276 et a consuetudine probatas, legum metus et religio sanxit</i>.</p><p title="I-II q. 95 a. 2 co."><a name="37642"><span class="ref">[37642] Iª-IIae q. 95 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	277 dicendum quod, sicut Augustinus dicit, in I de Lib. Arb., <i>non
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	278 videtur esse lex, quae iusta non fuerit</i>. Unde inquantum habet
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	279 de iustitia, intantum habet de virtute legis. In rebus autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	280 humanis dicitur esse aliquid iustum ex eo quod est rectum secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	281 regulam rationis. Rationis autem prima regula est lex naturae, ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	282 ex supradictis patet. Unde omnis lex humanitus posita intantum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	283 habet de ratione legis, inquantum a lege naturae derivatur. Si vero
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	284 in aliquo, a lege naturali discordet, iam non erit lex sed legis
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	285 corruptio. Sed sciendum est quod a lege naturali dupliciter potest
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	286 aliquid derivari, uno modo, sicut conclusiones ex principiis; alio
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	287 modo, sicut determinationes quaedam aliquorum communium. Primus
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	288 quidem modus est similis ei quo in scientiis ex principiis
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	289 conclusiones demonstrativae producuntur. Secundo vero modo simile
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	290 est quod in artibus formae communes determinantur ad aliquid
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	291 speciale, sicut artifex formam communem domus necesse est quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	292 determinet ad hanc vel illam domus figuram. Derivantur ergo quaedam
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	293 a principiis communibus legis naturae per modum conclusionum, sicut
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	294 hoc quod est non esse occidendum, ut conclusio quaedam derivari
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	295 potest ab eo quod est nulli esse malum faciendum. Quaedam vero per
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	296 modum determinationis, sicut lex naturae habet quod ille qui
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	297 peccat, puniatur; sed quod tali poena puniatur, hoc est quaedam
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	298 determinatio legis naturae. Utraque igitur inveniuntur in lege
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	299 humana posita. Sed ea quae sunt primi modi, continentur lege humana
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	300 non tanquam sint solum lege posita, sed habent etiam aliquid
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	301 vigoris ex lege naturali. Sed ea quae sunt secundi modi, ex sola
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	302 lege humana vigorem habent.</p><p title="I-II q. 95 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="37643"><span class="ref">[37643] Iª-IIae q. 95 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	303 ergo dicendum quod philosophus loquitur de illis quae sunt lege
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	304 posita per determinationem vel specificationem quandam praeceptorum
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	305 legis naturae.</p><p title="I-II q. 95 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="37644"><span class="ref">[37644] Iª-IIae q. 95 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	306 dicendum quod ratio illa procedit de his quae derivantur a lege
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	307 naturae tanquam conclusiones.</p><p title="I-II q. 95 a. 2 ad 3"><a name="37645"><span class="ref">[37645] Iª-IIae q. 95 a. 2 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	308 dicendum quod principia communia legis naturae non possunt eodem
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	309 modo applicari omnibus, propter multam varietatem rerum humanarum.
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	310 Et exinde provenit diversitas legis positivae apud diversos.</p><p title="I-II q. 95 a. 2 ad 4"><a name="37646"><span class="ref">[37646] Iª-IIae q. 95 a. 2 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	311 dicendum quod verbum illud iurisperiti intelligendum est in his
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	312 quae sunt introducta a maioribus circa particulares determinationes
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	313 legis naturalis; ad quas quidem determinationes se habet expertorum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	314 et prudentum iudicium sicut ad quaedam principia; inquantum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	315 scilicet statim vident quid congruentius sit particulariter
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	316 determinari. Unde philosophus dicit, in VI Ethic., quod <i>in
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	317 talibus oportet attendere expertorum et seniorum vel prudentum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	318 indemonstrabilibus enuntiationibus et opinionibus, non minus quam
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	319 demonstrationibus</i>.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 3</h3><p title="I-II q. 95 a. 3 arg. 1"><a name="37647"><span class="ref">[37647] Iª-IIae q. 95 a. 3 arg. 1</span></a> Ad tertium
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	320 sic proceditur. Videtur quod Isidorus inconvenienter qualitatem
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	321 legis positivae describat, dicens, <i>erit lex honesta, iusta,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	322 possibilis secundum naturam, secundum consuetudinem patriae, loco
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	323 temporique conveniens, necessaria, utilis; manifesta quoque, ne
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	324 aliquid per obscuritatem in captionem contineat; nullo privato
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	325 commodo, sed pro communi utilitate civium scripta</i>. Supra enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	326 in tribus conditionibus qualitatem legis explicaverat, dicens,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	327 <i>lex erit omne quod ratione constiterit, dumtaxat quod religioni
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	328 congruat, quod disciplinae conveniat, quod saluti proficiat</i>.
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	329 Ergo superflue postmodum conditiones legis multiplicat.</p><p title="I-II q. 95 a. 3 arg. 2"><a name="37648"><span class="ref">[37648] Iª-IIae q. 95 a. 3 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	330 iustitia pars est honestatis; ut Tullius dicit, in I de Offic. Ergo
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	331 postquam dixerat honesta, superflue additur iusta.</p><p title="I-II q. 95 a. 3 arg. 3"><a name="37649"><span class="ref">[37649] Iª-IIae q. 95 a. 3 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	332 lex scripta, secundum Isidorum, contra consuetudinem dividitur. Non
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	333 ergo debuit in definitione legis poni quod esset secundum
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	334 consuetudinem patriae.</p><p title="I-II q. 95 a. 3 arg. 4"><a name="37650"><span class="ref">[37650] Iª-IIae q. 95 a. 3 arg. 4</span></a> Praeterea,
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	335 necessarium dupliciter dicitur. Scilicet id quod est necessarium
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	336 simpliciter, quod impossibile est aliter se habere, et huiusmodi
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	337 necessarium non subiacet humano iudicio, unde talis necessitas ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	338 legem humanam non pertinet. Est etiam aliquid necessarium propter
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	339 finem, et talis necessitas idem est quod utilitas. Ergo superflue
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	340 utrumque ponitur, necessaria et utilis.</p><p title="I-II q. 95 a. 3 s. c."><a name="37651"><span class="ref">[37651] Iª-IIae q. 95 a. 3 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	341 est auctoritas ipsius Isidori.</p><p title="I-II q. 95 a. 3 co."><a name="37652"><span class="ref">[37652] Iª-IIae q. 95 a. 3 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	342 dicendum quod uniuscuiusque rei quae est propter finem, necesse est
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	343 quod forma determinetur secundum proportionem ad finem; sicut forma
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	344 serrae talis est qualis convenit sectioni; ut patet in II Physic.
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	345 Quaelibet etiam res recta et mensurata oportet quod habeat formam
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	346 proportionalem suae regulae et mensurae. Lex autem humana utrumque
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	347 habet, quia et est aliquid ordinatum ad finem; et est quaedam
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	348 regula vel mensura regulata vel mensurata quadam superiori mensura;
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	349 quae quidem est duplex, scilicet lex divina et lex naturae, ut ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	350 supradictis patet. Finis autem humanae legis est utilitas hominum;
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	351 sicut etiam iurisperitus dicit. Et ideo Isidorus in conditione
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	352 legis, primo quidem tria posuit, scilicet quod religioni congruat,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	353 inquantum scilicet est proportionata legi divinae; quod disciplinae
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	354 conveniat, inquantum est proportionata legi naturae; quod saluti
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	355 proficiat, inquantum est proportionata utilitati humanae. Et ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	356 haec tria omnes aliae conditiones quas postea ponit, reducuntur.
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	357 Nam quod dicitur honesta, refertur ad hoc quod religioni congruat.
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	358 Quod autem subditur, <i>iusta, possibilis secundum naturam,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	359 secundum consuetudinem patriae, loco temporique conveniens</i>,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	360 additur ad hoc quod conveniat disciplinae. Attenditur enim humana
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	361 disciplina primum quidem quantum ad ordinem rationis, qui
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	362 importatur in hoc quod dicitur iusta. Secundo, quantum ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	363 facultatem agentium. Debet enim esse disciplina conveniens
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	364 unicuique secundum suam possibilitatem, observata etiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	365 possibilitate naturae (non enim eadem sunt imponenda pueris, quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	366 imponuntur viris perfectis); et secundum humanam consuetudinem; non
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	367 enim potest homo solus in societate vivere, aliis morem non gerens.
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	368 Tertio, quantum ad debitas circumstantias, dicit, loco temporique
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	369 conveniens. Quod vero subditur, necessaria, utilis, etc., refertur
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	370 ad hoc quod expediat saluti, ut necessitas referatur ad remotionem
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	371 malorum; utilitas, ad consecutionem bonorum; manifestatio vero, ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	372 cavendum nocumentum quod ex ipsa lege posset provenire. Et quia,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	373 sicut supra dictum est, lex ordinatur ad bonum commune, hoc ipsum
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	374 in ultima parte determinationis ostenditur.</p><p title="I-II q. 95 a. 3 ad arg."><a name="37653"><span class="ref">[37653] Iª-IIae q. 95 a. 3 ad arg.</span></a> Et per hoc
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	375 patet responsio ad obiecta.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 4</h3><p title="I-II q. 95 a. 4 arg. 1"><a name="37654"><span class="ref">[37654] Iª-IIae q. 95 a. 4 arg. 1</span></a> Ad quartum
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	376 sic proceditur. Videtur quod inconvenienter Isidorus divisionem
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	377 legum humanarum ponat, sive iuris humani. Sub hoc enim iure
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	378 comprehendit ius gentium, quod ideo sic nominatur, ut ipse dicit,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	379 quia eo omnes fere gentes utuntur. Sed sicut ipse dicit, <i>ius
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	380 naturale est quod est commune omnium nationum</i>. Ergo ius gentium
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	381 non continetur sub iure positivo humano, sed magis sub iure
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	382 naturali.</p><p title="I-II q. 95 a. 4 arg. 2"><a name="37655"><span class="ref">[37655] Iª-IIae q. 95 a. 4 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	383 ea quae habent eandem vim, non videntur formaliter differre, sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	384 solum materialiter. Sed leges, plebiscita, senatusconsulta, et alia
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	385 huiusmodi quae ponit, omnia habent eandem vim. Ergo videtur quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	386 non differant nisi materialiter. Sed talis distinctio in arte non
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	387 est curanda, cum possit esse in infinitum. Ergo inconvenienter
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	388 huiusmodi divisio humanarum legum introducitur.</p><p title="I-II q. 95 a. 4 arg. 3"><a name="37656"><span class="ref">[37656] Iª-IIae q. 95 a. 4 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	389 sicut in civitate sunt principes et sacerdotes et milites, ita
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	390 etiam sunt et alia hominum officia. Ergo videtur quod, sicut
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	391 ponitur quoddam ius militare, et ius publicum, quod consistit in
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	392 sacerdotibus et magistratibus; ita etiam debeant poni alia iura, ad
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	393 alia officia civitatis pertinentia.</p><p title="I-II q. 95 a. 4 arg. 4"><a name="37657"><span class="ref">[37657] Iª-IIae q. 95 a. 4 arg. 4</span></a> Praeterea,
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	394 ea quae sunt per accidens, sunt praetermittenda. Sed accidit legi
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	395 ut ab hoc vel illo homine feratur. Ergo inconvenienter ponitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	396 divisio legum humanarum ex nominibus legislatorum, ut scilicet
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	397 quaedam dicatur Cornelia, quaedam Falcidia, et cetera.</p><p title="I-II q. 95 a. 4 s. c."><a name="37658"><span class="ref">[37658] Iª-IIae q. 95 a. 4 s. c.</span></a> In
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	398 contrarium auctoritas Isidori sufficiat.</p><p title="I-II q. 95 a. 4 co."><a name="37659"><span class="ref">[37659] Iª-IIae q. 95 a. 4 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	399 dicendum quod unumquodque potest per se dividi secundum id quod in
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	400 eius ratione continetur. Sicut in ratione animalis continetur
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	401 anima, quae est rationalis vel irrationalis, et ideo animal proprie
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	402 et per se dividitur secundum rationale et irrationale; non autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	403 secundum album et nigrum, quae sunt omnino praeter rationem eius.
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	404 Sunt autem multa de ratione legis humanae, secundum quorum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	405 quodlibet lex humana proprie et per se dividi potest. Est enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	406 primo de ratione legis humanae quod sit derivata a lege naturae, ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	407 ex dictis patet. Et secundum hoc dividitur ius positivum in ius
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	408 gentium et ius civile, secundum duos modos quibus aliquid derivatur
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	409 a lege naturae, ut supra dictum est. Nam ad ius gentium pertinent
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	410 ea quae derivantur ex lege naturae sicut conclusiones ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	411 principiis, ut iustae emptiones, venditiones, et alia huiusmodi,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	412 sine quibus homines ad invicem convivere non possent; quod est de
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	413 lege naturae, quia homo est naturaliter animal sociale, ut probatur
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	414 in I Polit. Quae vero derivantur a lege naturae per modum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	415 particularis determinationis, pertinent ad ius civile, secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	416 quod quaelibet civitas aliquid sibi accommodum determinat. Secundo
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	417 est de ratione legis humanae quod ordinetur ad bonum commune
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	418 civitatis. Et secundum hoc lex humana dividi potest secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	419 diversitatem eorum qui specialiter dant operam ad bonum commune,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	420 sicut sacerdotes, pro populo Deum orantes; principes, populum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	421 gubernantes; et milites, pro salute populi pugnantes. Et ideo istis
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	422 hominibus specialia quaedam iura aptantur. Tertio est de ratione
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	423 legis humanae ut instituatur a gubernante communitatem civitatis,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	424 sicut supra dictum est. Et secundum hoc distinguuntur leges humanae
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	425 secundum diversa regimina civitatum. Quorum unum, secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	426 philosophum, in III Polit., est regnum, quando scilicet civitas
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	427 gubernatur ab uno, et secundum hoc accipiuntur constitutiones
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	428 principum. Aliud vero regimen est aristocratia, idest principatus
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	429 optimorum, vel optimatum, et secundum hoc sumuntur responsa
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	430 prudentum, et etiam senatusconsulta. Aliud regimen est oligarchia,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	431 idest principatus paucorum divitum et potentum, et secundum hoc
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	432 sumitur ius praetorium, quod etiam honorarium dicitur. Aliud autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	433 regimen est populi, quod nominatur democratia, et secundum hoc
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	434 sumuntur plebiscita. Aliud autem est tyrannicum, quod est omnino
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	435 corruptum, unde ex hoc non sumitur aliqua lex. Est etiam aliquod
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	436 regimen ex istis commixtum, quod est optimum, et secundum hoc
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	437 sumitur lex, <i>quam maiores natu simul cum plebibus sanxerunt</i>,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	438 ut Isidorus dicit. Quarto vero de ratione legis humanae est quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	439 sit directiva humanorum actuum. Et secundum hoc, secundum diversa
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	440 de quibus leges feruntur, distinguuntur leges, quae interdum ab
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	441 auctoribus nominantur, sicut distinguitur lex Iulia de adulteriis,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	442 lex Cornelia de sicariis, et sic de aliis, non propter auctores,
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	443 sed propter res de quibus sunt.</p><p title="I-II q. 95 a. 4 ad 1"><a name="37660"><span class="ref">[37660] Iª-IIae q. 95 a. 4 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	444 ergo dicendum quod ius gentium est quidem aliquo modo naturale
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	445 homini, secundum quod est rationalis, inquantum derivatur a lege
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	446 naturali per modum conclusionis quae non est multum remota a
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	447 principiis. Unde de facili in huiusmodi homines consenserunt.
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	448 Distinguitur tamen a lege naturali, maxime ab eo quod est omnibus
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	449 animalibus communis.</p><p title="I-II q. 95 a. 4 ad 2"><a name="37661"><span class="ref">[37661] Iª-IIae q. 95 a. 4 ad 2</span></a> Ad alia patet
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	450 responsio ex his quae dicta sunt.</p></div></div><div class="q" id="q96"><h2>Quaestio 96</h2><div class="p"><h3>Prooemium</h3><p title="I-II q. 96 pr."><a name="37662"><span class="ref">[37662]
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	451 Iª-IIae q. 96 pr.</span></a> Deinde considerandum est de
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	452 potestate legis humanae. Et circa hoc quaeruntur sex. Primo, utrum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	453 lex humana debeat poni in communi. Secundo, utrum lex humana debeat
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	454 omnia vitia cohibere. Tertio, utrum omnium virtutum actus habeat
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	455 ordinare. Quarto, utrum imponat homini necessitatem quantum ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	456 forum conscientiae. Quinto, utrum omnes homines legi humanae
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	457 subdantur. Sexto, utrum his qui sunt sub lege, liceat agere praeter
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	458 verba legis.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 1</h3><p title="I-II q. 96 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="37663"><span class="ref">[37663] Iª-IIae q. 96 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad primum
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	459 sic proceditur. Videtur quod lex humana non debeat poni in communi,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	460 sed magis in particulari. Dicit enim philosophus, in V Ethic., quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	461 <i>legalia sunt quaecumque in singularibus lege ponunt; et etiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	462 sententialia</i>, quae sunt etiam singularia, quia de singularibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	463 actibus sententiae feruntur. Ergo lex non solum ponitur in communi,
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	464 sed etiam in singulari.</p><p title="I-II q. 96 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="37664"><span class="ref">[37664] Iª-IIae q. 96 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	465 lex est directiva humanorum actuum, ut supra dictum est. Sed humani
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	466 actus in singularibus consistunt. Ergo leges humanae non debent in
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	467 universali ferri, sed magis in singulari.</p><p title="I-II q. 96 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="37665"><span class="ref">[37665] Iª-IIae q. 96 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	468 lex est regula et mensura humanorum actuum, ut supra dictum est.
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	469 Sed mensura debet esse certissima, ut dicitur in X Metaphys. Cum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	470 ergo in actibus humanis non possit esse aliquod universale certum,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	471 quin in particularibus deficiat; videtur quod necesse sit leges non
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	472 in universali, sed in singulari poni.</p><p title="I-II q. 96 a. 1 s. c."><a name="37666"><span class="ref">[37666] Iª-IIae q. 96 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	473 est quod iurisperitus dicit, quod <i>iura constitui oportet in his
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	474 quae saepius accidunt, ex his autem quae forte uno casu accidere
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	475 possunt, iura non constituuntur</i>.</p><p title="I-II q. 96 a. 1 co."><a name="37667"><span class="ref">[37667] Iª-IIae q. 96 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	476 dicendum quod unumquodque quod est propter finem, necesse est quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	477 sit fini proportionatum. Finis autem legis est bonum commune, quia,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	478 ut Isidorus dicit, in libro Etymol., <i>nullo privato commodo, sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	479 pro communi utilitate civium lex debet esse conscripta</i>. Unde
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	480 oportet leges humanas esse proportionatas ad bonum commune. Bonum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	481 autem commune constat ex multis. Et ideo oportet quod lex ad multa
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	482 respiciat, et secundum personas, et secundum negotia, et secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	483 tempora. Constituitur enim communitas civitatis ex multis personis;
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	484 et eius bonum per multiplices actiones procuratur; nec ad hoc solum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	485 instituitur quod aliquo modico tempore duret, sed quod omni tempore
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	486 perseveret per civium successionem, ut Augustinus dicit, in XXII de
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	487 Civ. Dei.</p><p title="I-II q. 96 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="37668"><span class="ref">[37668] Iª-IIae q. 96 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	488 ergo dicendum quod philosophus in V Ethic. ponit tres partes iusti
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	489 legalis, quod est ius positivum. Sunt enim quaedam quae simpliciter
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	490 in communi ponuntur. Et haec sunt leges communes. Et quantum ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	491 huiusmodi, dicit quod <i>legale est quod ex principio quidem nihil
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	492 differt sic vel aliter, quando autem ponitur, differt</i>, puta
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	493 quod captivi statuto pretio redimantur. Quaedam vero sunt quae sunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	494 communia quantum ad aliquid, et singularia quantum ad aliquid. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	495 huiusmodi dicuntur privilegia, quasi leges privatae, quia
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	496 respiciunt singulares personas, et tamen potestas eorum extenditur
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	497 ad multa negotia. Et quantum ad hoc, subdit, <i>adhuc quaecumque in
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	498 singularibus lege ponunt</i>. Dicuntur etiam quaedam legalia, non
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	499 quia sint leges, sed propter applicationem legum communium ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	500 aliqua particularia facta; sicut sunt sententiae, quae pro iure
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	501 habentur. Et quantum ad hoc, subdit, et sententialia.</p><p title="I-II q. 96 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="37669"><span class="ref">[37669] Iª-IIae q. 96 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	502 dicendum quod illud quod est directivum, oportet esse plurium
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	503 directivum, unde in X Metaphys., philosophus dicit quod omnia quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	504 sunt unius generis, mensurantur aliquo uno, quod est primum in
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	505 genere illo. Si enim essent tot regulae vel mensurae quot sunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	506 mensurata vel regulata, cessaret utilitas regulae vel mensurae,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	507 quae est ut ex uno multa possint cognosci. Et ita nulla esset
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	508 utilitas legis, si non se extenderet nisi ad unum singularem actum.
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	509 Ad singulares enim actus dirigendos dantur singularia praecepta
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	510 prudentium, sed lex est praeceptum commune, ut supra dictum
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	511 est.</p><p title="I-II q. 96 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="37670"><span class="ref">[37670] Iª-IIae q. 96 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	512 dicendum quod non est eadem certitudo quaerenda in omnibus, ut in I
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	513 Ethic. dicitur. Unde in rebus contingentibus, sicut sunt naturalia
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	514 et res humanae, sufficit talis certitudo ut aliquid sit verum ut in
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	515 pluribus, licet interdum deficiat in paucioribus.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 2</h3><p title="I-II q. 96 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="37671"><span class="ref">[37671] Iª-IIae q. 96 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad secundum
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	516 sic proceditur. Videtur quod ad legem humanam pertineat omnia vitia
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	517 cohibere. Dicit enim Isidorus, in libro Etymol., quod <i>leges sunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	518 factae ut earum metu coerceatur audacia</i>. Non autem sufficienter
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	519 coerceretur, nisi quaelibet mala cohiberentur per legem. Ergo lex
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	520 humana debet quaelibet mala cohibere.</p><p title="I-II q. 96 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="37672"><span class="ref">[37672] Iª-IIae q. 96 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	521 intentio legislatoris est cives facere virtuosos. Sed non potest
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	522 esse aliquis virtuosus, nisi ab omnibus vitiis compescatur. Ergo ad
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	523 legem humanam pertinet omnia vitia compescere.</p><p title="I-II q. 96 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="37673"><span class="ref">[37673] Iª-IIae q. 96 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	524 lex humana a lege naturali derivatur, ut supra dictum est. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	525 omnia vitia repugnant legi naturae. Ergo lex humana omnia vitia
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	526 debet cohibere.</p><p title="I-II q. 96 a. 2 s. c."><a name="37674"><span class="ref">[37674] Iª-IIae q. 96 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	527 est quod dicitur in I de Lib. Arb., <i>videtur mihi legem istam
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	528 quae populo regendo scribitur, recte ista permittere, et divinam
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	529 providentiam vindicare</i>. Sed divina providentia non vindicat
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	530 nisi vitia. Ergo recte lex humana permittit aliqua vitia, non
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	531 cohibendo ipsa.</p><p title="I-II q. 96 a. 2 co."><a name="37675"><span class="ref">[37675] Iª-IIae q. 96 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	532 dicendum quod, sicut iam dictum est, lex ponitur ut quaedam regula
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	533 vel mensura humanorum actuum. Mensura autem debet esse homogenea
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	534 mensurato, ut dicitur in X Metaphys., diversa enim diversis
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	535 mensuris mensurantur. Unde oportet quod etiam leges imponantur
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	536 hominibus secundum eorum conditionem, quia, ut Isidorus dicit.
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	537 <i>Lex debet esse possibilis et secundum naturam, et secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	538 consuetudinem patriae</i>. Potestas autem sive facultas operandi ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	539 interiori habitu seu dispositione procedit, non enim idem est
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	540 possibile ei qui non habet habitum virtutis, et virtuoso; sicut
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	541 etiam non est idem possibile puero et viro perfecto. Et propter hoc
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	542 non ponitur eadem lex pueris quae ponitur adultis, multa enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	543 pueris permittuntur quae in adultis lege puniuntur, vel etiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	544 vituperantur. Et similiter multa sunt permittenda hominibus non
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	545 perfectis virtute, quae non essent toleranda in hominibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	546 virtuosis. Lex autem humana ponitur multitudini hominum, in qua
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	547 maior pars est hominum non perfectorum virtute. Et ideo lege humana
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	548 non prohibentur omnia vitia, a quibus virtuosi abstinent; sed solum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	549 graviora, a quibus possibile est maiorem partem multitudinis
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	550 abstinere; et praecipue quae sunt in nocumentum aliorum, sine
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	551 quorum prohibitione societas humana conservari non posset, sicut
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	552 prohibentur lege humana homicidia et furta et huiusmodi.</p><p title="I-II q. 96 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="37676"><span class="ref">[37676] Iª-IIae q. 96 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	553 ergo dicendum quod audacia pertinere videtur ad invasionem aliorum.
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	554 Unde praecipue pertinet ad illa peccata quibus iniuria proximis
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	555 irrogatur; quae lege humana prohibentur, ut dictum est.</p><p title="I-II q. 96 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="37677"><span class="ref">[37677] Iª-IIae q. 96 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	556 dicendum quod lex humana intendit homines inducere ad virtutem, non
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	557 subito, sed gradatim. Et ideo non statim multitudini imperfectorum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	558 imponit ea quae sunt iam virtuosorum, ut scilicet ab omnibus malis
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	559 abstineant. Alioquin imperfecti, huiusmodi praecepta ferre non
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	560 valentes, in deteriora mala prorumperent, sicut dicitur Prov. XXX,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	561 <i>qui nimis emungit, elicit sanguinem</i>; et Matth. IX dicitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	562 quod, si vinum novum, idest praecepta perfectae vitae, mittatur in
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	563 utres veteres, idest in homines imperfectos, utres rumpuntur, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	564 vinum effunditur, idest, praecepta contemnuntur, et homines ex
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	565 contemptu ad peiora mala prorumpunt.</p><p title="I-II q. 96 a. 2 ad 3"><a name="37678"><span class="ref">[37678] Iª-IIae q. 96 a. 2 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	566 dicendum quod lex naturalis est quaedam participatio legis aeternae
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	567 in nobis, lex autem humana deficit a lege aeterna. Dicit enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	568 Augustinus, in I de Lib. Arb., <i>lex ista quae regendis
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	569 civitatibus fertur, multa concedit atque impunita relinquit, quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	570 per divinam providentiam vindicantur. Neque enim quia non omnia
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	571 facit, ideo quae facit, improbanda sunt</i>. Unde etiam lex humana
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	572 non omnia potest prohibere quae prohibet lex naturae.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 3</h3><p title="I-II q. 96 a. 3 arg. 1"><a name="37679"><span class="ref">[37679] Iª-IIae q. 96 a. 3 arg. 1</span></a> Ad tertium
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	573 sic proceditur. Videtur quod lex humana non praecipiat actus omnium
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	574 virtutum. Actibus enim virtutum opponuntur actus vitiosi. Sed lex
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	575 humana non prohibet omnia vitia, ut dictum est. Ergo etiam non
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	576 praecipit actus omnium virtutum.</p><p title="I-II q. 96 a. 3 arg. 2"><a name="37680"><span class="ref">[37680] Iª-IIae q. 96 a. 3 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	577 actus virtutis a virtute procedit. Sed virtus est finis legis, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	578 ita quod est ex virtute, sub praecepto legis cadere non potest.
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	579 Ergo lex humana non praecipit actus omnium virtutum.</p><p title="I-II q. 96 a. 3 arg. 3"><a name="37681"><span class="ref">[37681] Iª-IIae q. 96 a. 3 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	580 lex ordinatur ad bonum commune, ut dictum est. Sed quidam actus
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	581 virtutum non ordinantur ad bonum commune, sed ad bonum privatum.
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	582 Ergo lex non praecipit actus omnium virtutum.</p><p title="I-II q. 96 a. 3 s. c."><a name="37682"><span class="ref">[37682] Iª-IIae q. 96 a. 3 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	583 est quod philosophus dicit, in V Ethic., quod <i>praecipit lex
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	584 fortis opera facere, et quae temperati, et quae mansueti; similiter
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	585 autem secundum alias virtutes et malitias, haec quidem iubens, haec
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	586 autem prohibens</i>.</p><p title="I-II q. 96 a. 3 co."><a name="37683"><span class="ref">[37683] Iª-IIae q. 96 a. 3 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	587 dicendum quod species virtutum distinguuntur secundum obiecta, ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	588 ex supradictis patet. Omnia autem obiecta virtutum referri possunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	589 vel ad bonum privatum alicuius personae, vel ad bonum commune
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	590 multitudinis, sicut ea quae sunt fortitudinis potest aliquis exequi
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	591 vel propter conservationem civitatis, vel ad conservandum ius amici
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	592 sui; et simile est in aliis. Lex autem, ut dictum est, ordinatur ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	593 bonum commune. Et ideo nulla virtus est de cuius actibus lex
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	594 praecipere non possit. Non tamen de omnibus actibus omnium virtutum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	595 lex humana praecipit, sed solum de illis qui sunt ordinabiles ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	596 bonum commune, vel immediate, sicut cum aliqua directe propter
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	597 bonum commune fiunt; vel mediate, sicut cum aliqua ordinantur a
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	598 legislatore pertinentia ad bonam disciplinam, per quam cives
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	599 informantur ut commune bonum iustitiae et pacis conservent.</p><p title="I-II q. 96 a. 3 ad 1"><a name="37684"><span class="ref">[37684] Iª-IIae q. 96 a. 3 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	600 ergo dicendum quod lex humana non prohibet omnes actus vitiosos,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	601 secundum obligationem praecepti, sicut nec praecipit omnes actus
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	602 virtuosos. Prohibet tamen aliquos actus singulorum vitiorum, sicut
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	603 etiam praecipit quosdam actus singularum virtutum.</p><p title="I-II q. 96 a. 3 ad 2"><a name="37685"><span class="ref">[37685] Iª-IIae q. 96 a. 3 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	604 dicendum quod aliquis actus dicitur esse virtutis dupliciter. Uno
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	605 modo, ex eo quod homo operatur virtuosa, sicut actus iustitiae est
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	606 facere recta, et actus fortitudinis facere fortia. Et sic lex
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	607 praecipit aliquos actus virtutum. Alio modo dicitur actus virtutis,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	608 quia aliquis operatur virtuosa eo modo quo virtuosus operatur. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	609 talis actus semper procedit a virtute, nec cadit sub praecepto
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	610 legis, sed est finis ad quem legislator ducere intendit.</p><p title="I-II q. 96 a. 3 ad 3"><a name="37686"><span class="ref">[37686] Iª-IIae q. 96 a. 3 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	611 dicendum quod non est aliqua virtus cuius actus non sint
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	612 ordinabiles ad bonum commune, ut dictum est, vel mediate vel
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	613 immediate.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 4</h3><p title="I-II q. 96 a. 4 arg. 1"><a name="37687"><span class="ref">[37687] Iª-IIae q. 96 a. 4 arg. 1</span></a> Ad quartum
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	614 sic proceditur. Videtur quod lex humana non imponat homini
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	615 necessitatem in foro conscientiae. Inferior enim potestas non
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	616 potest imponere legem in iudicio superioris potestatis. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	617 potestas hominis, quae fert legem humanam, est infra potestatem
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	618 divinam. Ergo lex humana non potest imponere legem quantum ad
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	619 iudicium divinum, quod est iudicium conscientiae.</p><p title="I-II q. 96 a. 4 arg. 2"><a name="37688"><span class="ref">[37688] Iª-IIae q. 96 a. 4 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	620 iudicium conscientiae maxime dependet ex divinis mandatis. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	621 quandoque divina mandata evacuantur per leges humanas; secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	622 illud Matth. XV, <i>irritum fecistis mandatum Dei propter
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	623 traditiones vestras</i>. Ergo lex humana non imponit necessitatem
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	624 homini quantum ad conscientiam.</p><p title="I-II q. 96 a. 4 arg. 3"><a name="37689"><span class="ref">[37689] Iª-IIae q. 96 a. 4 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	625 leges humanae frequenter ingerunt calumniam et iniuriam hominibus;
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	626 secundum illud Isaiae X, <i>vae qui condunt leges iniquas, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	627 scribentes iniustitias scripserunt, ut opprimerent in iudicio
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	628 pauperes, et vim facerent causae humilium populi mei</i>. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	629 licitum est unicuique oppressionem et violentiam evitare. Ergo
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	630 leges humanae non imponunt necessitatem homini quantum ad
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	631 conscientiam.</p><p title="I-II q. 96 a. 4 s. c."><a name="37690"><span class="ref">[37690] Iª-IIae q. 96 a. 4 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	632 est quod dicitur I Petr. II, <i>haec est gratia, si propter
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	633 conscientiam sustineat quis tristitias, patiens iniuste</i>.</p><p title="I-II q. 96 a. 4 co."><a name="37691"><span class="ref">[37691] Iª-IIae q. 96 a. 4 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	634 dicendum quod leges positae humanitus vel sunt iustae, vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	635 iniustae. Si quidem iustae sint, habent vim obligandi in foro
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	636 conscientiae a lege aeterna, a qua derivantur; secundum illud Prov.
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	637 VIII, <i>per me reges regnant, et legum conditores iusta
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	638 decernunt</i>. Dicuntur autem leges iustae et ex fine, quando
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	639 scilicet ordinantur ad bonum commune; et ex auctore, quando
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	640 scilicet lex lata non excedit potestatem ferentis; et ex forma,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	641 quando scilicet secundum aequalitatem proportionis imponuntur
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	642 subditis onera in ordine ad bonum commune. Cum enim unus homo sit
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	643 pars multitudinis, quilibet homo hoc ipsum quod est et quod habet,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	644 est multitudinis, sicut et quaelibet pars id quod est, est totius.
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	645 Unde et natura aliquod detrimentum infert parti, ut salvet totum.
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	646 Et secundum hoc, leges huiusmodi, onera proportionabiliter
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	647 inferentes, iustae sunt, et obligant in foro conscientiae, et sunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	648 leges legales. Iniustae autem sunt leges dupliciter. Uno modo, per
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	649 contrarietatem ad bonum humanum, e contrario praedictis, vel ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	650 fine, sicut cum aliquis praesidens leges imponit onerosas subditis
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	651 non pertinentes ad utilitatem communem, sed magis ad propriam
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	652 cupiditatem vel gloriam; vel etiam ex auctore, sicut cum aliquis
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	653 legem fert ultra sibi commissam potestatem; vel etiam ex forma,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	654 puta cum inaequaliter onera multitudini dispensantur, etiam si
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	655 ordinentur ad bonum commune. Et huiusmodi magis sunt violentiae
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	656 quam leges, quia, sicut Augustinus dicit, in libro de Lib. Arb.,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	657 <i>lex esse non videtur, quae iusta non fuerit</i>. Unde tales
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	658 leges non obligant in foro conscientiae, nisi forte propter
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	659 vitandum scandalum vel turbationem, propter quod etiam homo iuri
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	660 suo debet cedere, secundum illud Matth. V, <i>qui angariaverit te
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	661 mille passus, vade cum eo alia duo; et qui abstulerit tibi tunicam,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	662 da ei et pallium</i>. Alio modo leges possunt esse iniustae per
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	663 contrarietatem ad bonum divinum, sicut leges tyrannorum inducentes
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	664 ad idololatriam, vel ad quodcumque aliud quod sit contra legem
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	665 divinam. Et tales leges nullo modo licet observare, quia sicut
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	666 dicitur Act. V, <i>obedire oportet Deo magis quam
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	667 hominibus</i>.</p><p title="I-II q. 96 a. 4 ad 1"><a name="37692"><span class="ref">[37692] Iª-IIae q. 96 a. 4 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	668 ergo dicendum quod, sicut apostolus dicit, ad Rom. XIII, <i>omnis
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	669 potestas humana a Deo est, et ideo qui potestati resistit</i>, in
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	670 his quae ad ordinem potestatis pertinent, Dei ordinationi resistit.
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	671 Et secundum hoc efficitur reus quantum ad conscientiam.</p><p title="I-II q. 96 a. 4 ad 2"><a name="37693"><span class="ref">[37693] Iª-IIae q. 96 a. 4 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	672 dicendum quod ratio illa procedit de legibus humanis quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	673 ordinantur contra Dei mandatum. Et ad hoc ordo potestatis non se
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	674 extendit. Unde in talibus legi humanae non est parendum.</p><p title="I-II q. 96 a. 4 ad 3"><a name="37694"><span class="ref">[37694] Iª-IIae q. 96 a. 4 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	675 dicendum quod ratio illa procedit de lege quae infert gravamen
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	676 iniustum subditis, ad quod etiam ordo potestatis divinitus
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	677 concessus non se extendit. Unde nec in talibus homo obligatur ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	678 obediat legi, si sine scandalo vel maiori detrimento resistere
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	679 possit.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 5</h3><p title="I-II q. 96 a. 5 arg. 1"><a name="37695"><span class="ref">[37695] Iª-IIae q. 96 a. 5 arg. 1</span></a> Ad quintum
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	680 sic proceditur. Videtur quod non omnes legi subiiciantur. Illi enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	681 soli subiiciuntur legi, quibus lex ponitur. Sed apostolus dicit, I
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	682 ad Tim. I, quod <i>iusto non est lex posita</i>. Ergo iusti non
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	683 subiiciuntur legi humanae.</p><p title="I-II q. 96 a. 5 arg. 2"><a name="37696"><span class="ref">[37696] Iª-IIae q. 96 a. 5 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	684 Urbanus Papa dicit, et habetur in decretis, XIX qu. II, <i>qui lege
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	685 privata ducitur, nulla ratio exigit ut publica constringatur</i>.
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	686 Lege autem privata spiritus sancti ducuntur omnes viri spirituales,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	687 qui sunt filii Dei; secundum illud Rom. VIII, <i>qui spiritu Dei
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	688 aguntur, hi filii Dei sunt</i>. Ergo non omnes homines legi humanae
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	689 subiiciuntur.</p><p title="I-II q. 96 a. 5 arg. 3"><a name="37697"><span class="ref">[37697] Iª-IIae q. 96 a. 5 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	690 iurisperitus dicit quod princeps legibus solutus est. Qui autem est
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	691 solutus a lege, non subditur legi. Ergo non omnes subiecti sunt
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	692 legi.</p><p title="I-II q. 96 a. 5 s. c."><a name="37698"><span class="ref">[37698] Iª-IIae q. 96 a. 5 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	693 est quod apostolus dicit, Rom. XIII, <i>omnis anima potestatibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	694 sublimioribus subdita sit</i>. Sed non videtur esse subditus
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	695 potestati, qui non subiicitur legi quam fert potestas. Ergo omnes
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	696 homines debent esse legi humanae subiecti.</p><p title="I-II q. 96 a. 5 co."><a name="37699"><span class="ref">[37699] Iª-IIae q. 96 a. 5 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	697 dicendum quod, sicut ex supradictis patet, lex de sui ratione duo
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	698 habet, primo quidem, quod est regula humanorum actuum; secundo,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	699 quod habet vim coactivam. Dupliciter ergo aliquis homo potest esse
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	700 legi subiectus. Uno modo, sicut regulatum regulae. Et hoc modo
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	701 omnes illi qui subduntur potestati, subduntur legi quam fert
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	702 potestas. Quod autem aliquis potestati non subdatur, potest
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	703 contingere dupliciter. Uno modo, quia est simpliciter absolutus ab
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	704 eius subiectione. Unde illi qui sunt de una civitate vel regno, non
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	705 subduntur legibus principis alterius civitatis vel regni, sicut nec
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	706 eius dominio. Alio modo, secundum quod regitur superiori lege. Puta
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	707 si aliquis subiectus sit proconsuli, regulari debet eius mandato,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	708 non tamen in his quae dispensantur ei ab imperatore, quantum enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	709 ad illa, non adstringitur mandato inferioris, cum superiori mandato
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	710 dirigatur. Et secundum hoc contingit quod aliquis simpliciter
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	711 subiectus legi, secundum aliqua legi non adstringitur, secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	712 quae regitur superiori lege. Alio vero modo dicitur aliquis subdi
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	713 legi sicut coactum cogenti. Et hoc modo homines virtuosi et iusti
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	714 non subduntur legi, sed soli mali. Quod enim est coactum et
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	715 violentum, est contrarium voluntati. Voluntas autem bonorum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	716 consonat legi, a qua malorum voluntas discordat. Et ideo secundum
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	717 hoc boni non sunt sub lege, sed solum mali.</p><p title="I-II q. 96 a. 5 ad 1"><a name="37700"><span class="ref">[37700] Iª-IIae q. 96 a. 5 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	718 ergo dicendum quod ratio illa procedit de subiectione quae est per
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	719 modum coactionis. Sic enim iusto non est lex posita, quia ipsi sibi
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	720 sunt lex, dum ostendunt opus legis scriptum in cordibus suis, sicut
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	721 apostolus, ad Rom. II, dicit. Unde in eos non habet lex vim
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	722 coactivam, sicut habet in iniustos.</p><p title="I-II q. 96 a. 5 ad 2"><a name="37701"><span class="ref">[37701] Iª-IIae q. 96 a. 5 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	723 dicendum quod lex spiritus sancti est superior omni lege humanitus
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	724 posita. Et ideo viri spirituales, secundum hoc quod lege spiritus
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	725 sancti ducuntur, non subduntur legi, quantum ad ea quae repugnant
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	726 ductioni spiritus sancti. Sed tamen hoc ipsum est de ductu spiritus
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	727 sancti, quod homines spirituales legibus humanis subdantur;
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	728 secundum illud I Petr. II, <i>subiecti estote omni humanae
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	729 creaturae, propter Deum</i>.</p><p title="I-II q. 96 a. 5 ad 3"><a name="37702"><span class="ref">[37702] Iª-IIae q. 96 a. 5 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	730 dicendum quod princeps dicitur esse solutus a lege, quantum ad vim
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	731 coactivam legis, nullus enim proprie cogitur a seipso; lex autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	732 non habet vim coactivam nisi ex principis potestate. Sic igitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	733 princeps dicitur esse solutus a lege, quia nullus in ipsum potest
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	734 iudicium condemnationis ferre, si contra legem agat. Unde super
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	735 illud Psalmi l, <i>tibi soli peccavi</i> etc., dicit Glossa quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	736 <i>lex non habet hominem qui sua facta diiudicet</i>. Sed quantum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	737 ad vim directivam legis, princeps subditur legi propria voluntate;
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	738 secundum quod dicitur extra, de constitutionibus, cap. cum omnes,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	739 <i>quod quisque iuris in alterum statuit, ipse eodem iure uti
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	740 debet. Et sapientis dicit auctoritas, patere legem quam ipse
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	741 tuleris</i>. Improperatur etiam his a domino qui dicunt et non
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	742 faciunt; et qui aliis onera gravia imponunt, et ipsi nec digito
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	743 volunt ea movere; ut habetur Matth. XXIII. Unde quantum ad Dei
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	744 iudicium, princeps non est solutus a lege, quantum ad vim
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	745 directivam eius; sed debet voluntarius, non coactus, legem implere.
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	746 Est etiam princeps supra legem, inquantum, si expediens fuerit,
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	747 potest legem mutare, et in ea dispensare, pro loco et tempore.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 6</h3><p title="I-II q. 96 a. 6 arg. 1"><a name="37703"><span class="ref">[37703] Iª-IIae q. 96 a. 6 arg. 1</span></a> Ad sextum
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	748 sic proceditur. Videtur quod non liceat ei qui subditur legi,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	749 praeter verba legis agere. Dicit enim Augustinus, in libro de vera
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	750 Relig., <i>in temporalibus legibus, quamvis homines iudicent de his
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	751 cum eas instituunt, tamen quando fuerint institutae et firmatae,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	752 non licebit de ipsis iudicare, sed secundum ipsas</i>. Sed si
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	753 aliquis praetermittat verba legis, dicens se intentionem
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	754 legislatoris servare, videtur iudicare de lege. Ergo non licet ei
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	755 qui subditur legi, ut praetermittat verba legis, ut intentionem
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	756 legislatoris servet.</p><p title="I-II q. 96 a. 6 arg. 2"><a name="37704"><span class="ref">[37704] Iª-IIae q. 96 a. 6 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	757 ad eum solum pertinet leges interpretari, cuius est condere leges.
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	758 Sed hominum subditorum legi non est leges condere. Ergo eorum non
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	759 est interpretari legislatoris intentionem, sed semper secundum
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	760 verba legis agere debent.</p><p title="I-II q. 96 a. 6 arg. 3"><a name="37705"><span class="ref">[37705] Iª-IIae q. 96 a. 6 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	761 omnis sapiens intentionem suam verbis novit explicare. Sed illi qui
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	762 leges condiderunt, reputari debent sapientes, dicit enim sapientia,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	763 Prov. VIII, <i>per me reges regnant, et legum conditores iusta
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	764 decernunt</i>. Ergo de intentione legislatoris non est iudicandum
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	765 nisi per verba legis.</p><p title="I-II q. 96 a. 6 s. c."><a name="37706"><span class="ref">[37706] Iª-IIae q. 96 a. 6 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	766 est quod Hilarius dicit, in IV de Trin., <i>intelligentia dictorum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	767 ex causis est assumenda dicendi, quia non sermoni res, sed rei
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	768 debet esse sermo subiectus</i>. Ergo magis est attendendum ad
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	769 causam quae movit legislatorem, quam ad ipsa verba legis.</p><p title="I-II q. 96 a. 6 co."><a name="37707"><span class="ref">[37707] Iª-IIae q. 96 a. 6 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	770 dicendum quod, sicut supra dictum est, omnis lex ordinatur ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	771 communem hominum salutem, et intantum obtinet vim et rationem
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	772 legis; secundum vero quod ab hoc deficit, virtutem obligandi non
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	773 habet. Unde iurisperitus dicit quod <i>nulla iuris ratio aut
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	774 aequitatis benignitas patitur ut quae salubriter pro utilitate
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	775 hominum introducuntur, ea nos duriori interpretatione, contra
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	776 ipsorum commodum, perducamus ad severitatem</i>. Contingit autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	777 multoties quod aliquid observari communi saluti est utile ut in
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	778 pluribus, quod tamen in aliquibus casibus est maxime nocivum. Quia
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	779 igitur legislator non potest omnes singulares casus intueri,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	780 proponit legem secundum ea quae in pluribus accidunt, ferens
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	781 intentionem suam ad communem utilitatem. Unde si emergat casus in
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	782 quo observatio talis legis sit damnosa communi saluti, non est
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	783 observanda. Sicut si in civitate obsessa statuatur lex quod portae
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	784 civitatis maneant clausae, hoc est utile communi saluti ut in
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	785 pluribus, si tamen contingat casus quod hostes insequantur aliquos
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	786 cives, per quos civitas conservatur, damnosissimum esset civitati
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	787 nisi eis portae aperirentur, et ideo in tali casu essent portae
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	788 aperiendae, contra verba legis, ut servaretur utilitas communis,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	789 quam legislator intendit. Sed tamen hoc est considerandum, quod si
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	790 observatio legis secundum verba non habeat subitum periculum, cui
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	791 oportet statim occurri, non pertinet ad quemlibet ut interpretetur
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	792 quid sit utile civitati et quid inutile, sed hoc solum pertinet ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	793 principes, qui propter huiusmodi casus habent auctoritatem in
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	794 legibus dispensandi. Si vero sit subitum periculum, non patiens
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	795 tantam moram ut ad superiorem recurri possit, ipsa necessitas
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	796 dispensationem habet annexam, quia necessitas non subditur
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	797 legi.</p><p title="I-II q. 96 a. 6 ad 1"><a name="37708"><span class="ref">[37708] Iª-IIae q. 96 a. 6 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	798 ergo dicendum quod ille qui in casu necessitatis agit praeter verba
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	799 legis, non iudicat de ipsa lege, sed iudicat de casu singulari, in
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	800 quo videt verba legis observanda non esse.</p><p title="I-II q. 96 a. 6 ad 2"><a name="37709"><span class="ref">[37709] Iª-IIae q. 96 a. 6 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	801 dicendum quod ille qui sequitur intentionem legislatoris, non
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	802 interpretatur legem simpliciter; sed in casu in quo manifestum est
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	803 per evidentiam nocumenti, legislatorem aliud intendisse. Si enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	804 dubium sit, debet vel secundum verba legis agere, vel superiores
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	805 consulere.</p><p title="I-II q. 96 a. 6 ad 3"><a name="37710"><span class="ref">[37710] Iª-IIae q. 96 a. 6 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	806 dicendum quod nullius hominis sapientia tanta est ut possit omnes
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	807 singulares casus excogitare, et ideo non potest sufficienter per
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	808 verba sua exprimere ea quae conveniunt ad finem intentum. Et si
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	809 posset legislator omnes casus considerare, non oporteret ut omnes
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	810 exprimeret, propter confusionem vitandam, sed legem ferre deberet
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	811 secundum ea quae in pluribus accidunt.</p></div></div><div class="q" id="q97"><h2>Quaestio 97</h2><div class="p"><h3>Prooemium</h3><p title="I-II q. 97 pr."><a name="37711"><span class="ref">[37711]
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	812 Iª-IIae q. 97 pr.</span></a> Deinde considerandum est de
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	813 mutatione legum. Et circa hoc quaeruntur quatuor. Primo, utrum lex
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	814 humana sit mutabilis. Secundo, utrum semper debeat mutari, quando
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	815 aliquid melius occurrerit. Tertio, utrum per consuetudinem
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	816 aboleatur; et utrum consuetudo obtineat vim legis. Quarto, utrum
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	817 usus legis humanae per dispensationem rectorum immutari debeat.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 1</h3><p title="I-II q. 97 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="37712"><span class="ref">[37712] Iª-IIae q. 97 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad primum
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	818 sic proceditur. Videtur quod lex humana nullo modo debeat mutari.
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	819 Lex enim humana derivatur a lege naturali, ut supra dictum est. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	820 lex naturalis immobilis perseverat. Ergo et lex humana debet
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	821 immobilis permanere.</p><p title="I-II q. 97 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="37713"><span class="ref">[37713] Iª-IIae q. 97 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	822 sicut philosophus dicit, in V Ethic., mensura maxime debet esse
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	823 permanens. Sed lex humana est mensura humanorum actuum, ut supra
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	824 dictum est. Ergo debet immobiliter permanere.</p><p title="I-II q. 97 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="37714"><span class="ref">[37714] Iª-IIae q. 97 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	825 de ratione legis est quod sit iusta et recta, ut supra dictum est.
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	826 Sed illud quod semel est rectum, semper est rectum. Ergo illud quod
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	827 semel est lex, semper debet esse lex.</p><p title="I-II q. 97 a. 1 s. c."><a name="37715"><span class="ref">[37715] Iª-IIae q. 97 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	828 est quod Augustinus dicit, in I de Lib. Arb., <i>lex temporalis
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	829 quamvis iusta sit, commutari tamen per tempora iuste
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	830 potest</i>.</p><p title="I-II q. 97 a. 1 co."><a name="37716"><span class="ref">[37716] Iª-IIae q. 97 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	831 dicendum quod sicut supra dictum est, lex humana est quoddam
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	832 dictamen rationis, quo diriguntur humani actus. Et secundum hoc
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	833 duplex causa potest esse quod lex humana iuste mutetur, una quidem
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	834 ex parte rationis; alia vero ex parte hominum, quorum actus lege
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	835 regulantur. Ex parte quidem rationis, quia humanae rationi naturale
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	836 esse videtur ut gradatim ab imperfecto ad perfectum perveniat. Unde
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	837 videmus in scientiis speculativis quod qui primo philosophati sunt,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	838 quaedam imperfecta tradiderunt, quae postmodum per posteriores sunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	839 magis perfecta. Ita etiam est in operabilibus. Nam primi qui
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	840 intenderunt invenire aliquid utile communitati hominum, non
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	841 valentes omnia ex seipsis considerare, instituerunt quaedam
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	842 imperfecta in multis deficientia quae posteriores mutaverunt,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	843 instituentes aliqua quae in paucioribus deficere possent a communi
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	844 utilitate. Ex parte vero hominum, quorum actus lege regulantur, lex
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	845 recte mutari potest propter mutationem conditionum hominum, quibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	846 secundum diversas eorum conditiones diversa expediunt. Sicut
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	847 Augustinus ponit exemplum, in I de Lib. Arb., quod <i>si populus
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	848 sit bene moderatus et gravis, communisque utilitatis
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	849 diligentissimus custos, recte lex fertur qua tali populo liceat
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	850 creare sibi magistratus, per quos respublica administretur. Porro
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	851 si paulatim idem populus depravatus habeat venale suffragium, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	852 regimen flagitiosis sceleratisque committat; recte adimitur tali
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	853 populo potestas dandi honores, et ad paucorum bonorum redit
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	854 arbitrium</i>.</p><p title="I-II q. 97 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="37717"><span class="ref">[37717] Iª-IIae q. 97 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	855 ergo dicendum quod naturalis lex est participatio quaedam legis
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	856 aeternae, ut supra dictum est, et ideo immobilis perseverat, quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	857 habet ex immobilitate et perfectione divinae rationis instituentis
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	858 naturam. Sed ratio humana mutabilis est et imperfecta. Et ideo eius
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	859 lex mutabilis est. Et praeterea lex naturalis continet quaedam
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	860 universalia praecepta, quae semper manent, lex vero posita ab
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	861 homine continet praecepta quaedam particularia, secundum diversos
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	862 casus qui emergunt.</p><p title="I-II q. 97 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="37718"><span class="ref">[37718] Iª-IIae q. 97 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	863 dicendum quod mensura debet esse permanens quantum est possibile.
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	864 Sed in rebus mutabilibus non potest esse aliquid omnino
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	865 immutabiliter permanens. Et ideo lex humana non potest esse omnino
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	866 immutabilis.</p><p title="I-II q. 97 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="37719"><span class="ref">[37719] Iª-IIae q. 97 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	867 dicendum quod rectum in rebus corporalibus dicitur absolute, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	868 ideo semper, quantum est de se, manet rectum. Sed rectitudo legis
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	869 dicitur in ordine ad utilitatem communem, cui non semper
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	870 proportionatur una eademque res, sicut supra dictum est. Et ideo
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	871 talis rectitudo mutatur.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 2</h3><p title="I-II q. 97 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="37720"><span class="ref">[37720] Iª-IIae q. 97 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad secundum
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	872 sic proceditur. Videtur quod semper lex humana, quando aliquid
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	873 melius occurrit, sit mutanda. Leges enim humanae sunt adinventae
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	874 per rationem humanam, sicut etiam aliae artes. Sed in aliis artibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	875 mutatur id quod prius tenebatur, si aliquid melius occurrat. Ergo
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	876 idem est etiam faciendum in legibus humanis.</p><p title="I-II q. 97 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="37721"><span class="ref">[37721] Iª-IIae q. 97 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	877 ex his quae praeterita sunt, providere possumus de futuris. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	878 nisi leges humanae mutatae fuissent supervenientibus melioribus
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	879 adinventionibus, multa inconvenientia sequerentur, eo quod leges
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	880 antiquae inveniuntur multas ruditates continere. Ergo videtur quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	881 leges sint mutandae, quotiescumque aliquid melius occurrit
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	882 statuendum.</p><p title="I-II q. 97 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="37722"><span class="ref">[37722] Iª-IIae q. 97 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	883 leges humanae circa singulares actus hominum statuuntur. In
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	884 singularibus autem perfectam cognitionem adipisci non possumus nisi
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	885 per experientiam, quae tempore indiget, ut dicitur in II Ethic.
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	886 Ergo videtur quod per successionem temporis possit aliquid melius
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	887 occurrere statuendum.</p><p title="I-II q. 97 a. 2 s. c."><a name="37723"><span class="ref">[37723] Iª-IIae q. 97 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	888 est quod dicitur in decretis, dist. XII, <i>ridiculum est et satis
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	889 abominabile dedecus, ut traditiones quas antiquitus a patribus
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	890 suscepimus, infringi patiamur</i>.</p><p title="I-II q. 97 a. 2 co."><a name="37724"><span class="ref">[37724] Iª-IIae q. 97 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	891 dicendum quod, sicut dictum est, lex humana intantum recte mutatur,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	892 inquantum per eius mutationem communi utilitati providetur. Habet
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	893 autem ipsa legis mutatio, quantum in se est, detrimentum quoddam
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	894 communis salutis. Quia ad observantiam legum plurimum valet
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	895 consuetudo, intantum quod ea quae contra communem consuetudinem
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	896 fiunt, etiam si sint leviora de se, graviora videantur. Unde quando
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	897 mutatur lex, diminuitur vis constrictiva legis, inquantum tollitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	898 consuetudo. Et ideo nunquam debet mutari lex humana, nisi ex aliqua
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	899 parte tantum recompensetur communi saluti, quantum ex ista parte
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	900 derogatur. Quod quidem contingit vel ex hoc quod aliqua maxima et
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	901 evidentissima utilitas ex novo statuto provenit, vel ex eo quod est
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	902 maxima necessitas, ex eo quod lex consueta aut manifestam
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	903 iniquitatem continet, aut eius observatio est plurimum nociva. Unde
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	904 dicitur a iurisperito quod <i>in rebus novis constituendis, evidens
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	905 debet esse utilitas, ut recedatur ab eo iure quod diu aequum visum
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	906 est</i>.</p><p title="I-II q. 97 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="37725"><span class="ref">[37725] Iª-IIae q. 97 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	907 ergo dicendum quod ea quae sunt artis, habent efficaciam ex sola
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	908 ratione, et ideo ubicumque melior ratio occurrat, est mutandum quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	909 prius tenebatur. <i>Sed leges habent maximam virtutem ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	910 consuetudine</i>, ut philosophus dicit, in II Polit. Et inde non
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	911 sunt de facili mutandae.</p><p title="I-II q. 97 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="37726"><span class="ref">[37726] Iª-IIae q. 97 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	912 dicendum quod ratio illa concludit quod leges sunt mutandae, non
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	913 tamen pro quacumque melioratione, sed pro magna utilitate vel
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	914 necessitate, ut dictum est.</p><p title="I-II q. 97 a. 2 ad 3"><a name="37727"><span class="ref">[37727] Iª-IIae q. 97 a. 2 ad 3</span></a> Et similiter
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	915 dicendum est ad tertium.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 3</h3><p title="I-II q. 97 a. 3 arg. 1"><a name="37728"><span class="ref">[37728] Iª-IIae q. 97 a. 3 arg. 1</span></a> Ad tertium
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	916 sic proceditur. Videtur quod consuetudo non possit obtinere vim
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	917 legis, nec legem amovere. Lex enim humana derivatur a lege naturae
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	918 et a lege divina, ut ex supradictis patet. Sed consuetudo hominum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	919 non potest immutare legem naturae, nec legem divinam. Ergo etiam
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	920 nec legem humanam immutare potest.</p><p title="I-II q. 97 a. 3 arg. 2"><a name="37729"><span class="ref">[37729] Iª-IIae q. 97 a. 3 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	921 ex multis malis non potest fieri unum bonum. Sed ille qui incipit
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	922 primo contra legem agere, male facit. Ergo, multiplicatis similibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	923 actibus, non efficietur aliquod bonum. Lex autem est quoddam bonum,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	924 cum sit regula humanorum actuum. Ergo per consuetudinem non potest
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	925 removeri lex, ut ipsa consuetudo vim legis obtineat.</p><p title="I-II q. 97 a. 3 arg. 3"><a name="37730"><span class="ref">[37730] Iª-IIae q. 97 a. 3 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	926 ferre legem pertinet ad publicas personas, ad quas pertinet regere
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	927 communitatem, unde privatae personae legem facere non possunt. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	928 consuetudo invalescit per actus privatarum personarum. Ergo
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	929 consuetudo non potest obtinere vim legis, per quam lex
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	930 removeatur.</p><p title="I-II q. 97 a. 3 s. c."><a name="37731"><span class="ref">[37731] Iª-IIae q. 97 a. 3 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	931 est quod Augustinus dicit, in Epist. ad Casulan., <i>mos populi Dei
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	932 et instituta maiorum pro lege sunt tenenda. Et sicut
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	933 praevaricatores legum divinarum, ita et contemptores consuetudinum
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	934 ecclesiasticarum coercendi sunt</i>.</p><p title="I-II q. 97 a. 3 co."><a name="37732"><span class="ref">[37732] Iª-IIae q. 97 a. 3 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	935 dicendum quod omnis lex proficiscitur a ratione et voluntate
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	936 legislatoris, lex quidem divina et naturalis a rationabili Dei
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	937 voluntate; lex autem humana a voluntate hominis ratione regulata.
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	938 Sicut autem ratio et voluntas hominis manifestantur verbo in rebus
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	939 agendis, ita etiam manifestantur facto, hoc enim unusquisque
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	940 eligere videtur ut bonum, quod opere implet. Manifestum est autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	941 quod verbo humano potest et mutari lex, et etiam exponi, inquantum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	942 manifestat interiorem motum et conceptum rationis humanae. Unde
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	943 etiam et per actus, maxime multiplicatos, qui consuetudinem
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	944 efficiunt, mutari potest lex, et exponi, et etiam aliquid causari
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	945 quod legis virtutem obtineat, inquantum scilicet per exteriores
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	946 actus multiplicatos interior voluntatis motus, et rationis
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	947 conceptus, efficacissime declaratur; cum enim aliquid multoties
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	948 fit, videtur ex deliberato rationis iudicio provenire. Et secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	949 hoc, consuetudo et habet vim legis, et legem abolet, et est legum
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	950 interpretatrix.</p><p title="I-II q. 97 a. 3 ad 1"><a name="37733"><span class="ref">[37733] Iª-IIae q. 97 a. 3 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	951 ergo dicendum quod lex naturalis et divina procedit a voluntate
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	952 divina, ut dictum est. Unde non potest mutari per consuetudinem
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	953 procedentem a voluntate hominis, sed solum per auctoritatem divinam
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	954 mutari posset. Et inde est quod nulla consuetudo vim obtinere
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	955 potest contra legem divinam vel legem naturalem, dicit enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	956 Isidorus, in Synonym., <i>usus auctoritati cedat, pravum usum lex
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	957 et ratio vincat</i>.</p><p title="I-II q. 97 a. 3 ad 2"><a name="37734"><span class="ref">[37734] Iª-IIae q. 97 a. 3 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	958 dicendum quod, sicut supra dictum est, leges humanae in aliquibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	959 casibus deficiunt, unde possibile est quandoque praeter legem
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	960 agere, in casu scilicet in quo deficit lex, et tamen actus non erit
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	961 malus. Et cum tales casus multiplicantur, propter aliquam
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	962 mutationem hominum, tunc manifestatur per consuetudinem quod lex
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	963 ulterius utilis non est, sicut etiam manifestaretur si lex
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	964 contraria verbo promulgaretur. Si autem adhuc maneat ratio eadem
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	965 propter quam prima lex utilis erat, non consuetudo legem, sed lex
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	966 consuetudinem vincit, nisi forte propter hoc solum inutilis lex
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	967 videatur, quia non est possibilis secundum consuetudinem patriae,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	968 quae erat una de conditionibus legis. Difficile enim est
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	969 consuetudinem multitudinis removere.</p><p title="I-II q. 97 a. 3 ad 3"><a name="37735"><span class="ref">[37735] Iª-IIae q. 97 a. 3 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	970 dicendum quod multitudo in qua consuetudo introducitur duplicis
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	971 conditionis esse potest. Si enim sit libera multitudo, quae possit
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	972 sibi legem facere, plus est consensus totius multitudinis ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	973 aliquid observandum, quem consuetudo manifestat, quam auctoritas
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	974 principis, qui non habet potestatem condendi legem, nisi inquantum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	975 gerit personam multitudinis. Unde licet singulae personae non
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	976 possint condere legem, tamen totus populus legem condere potest. Si
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	977 vero multitudo non habeat liberam potestatem condendi sibi legem,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	978 vel legem a superiori potestate positam removendi; tamen ipsa
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	979 consuetudo in tali multitudine praevalens obtinet vim legis,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	980 inquantum per eos toleratur ad quos pertinet multitudini legem
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	981 imponere, ex hoc enim ipso videntur approbare quod consuetudo
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	982 induxit.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 4</h3><p title="I-II q. 97 a. 4 arg. 1"><a name="37736"><span class="ref">[37736] Iª-IIae q. 97 a. 4 arg. 1</span></a> Ad quartum
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	983 sic proceditur. Videtur quod rectores multitudinis non possint in
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	984 legibus humanis dispensare. Lex enim statuta est pro communi
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	985 utilitate, ut Isidorus dicit. Sed bonum commune non debet
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	986 intermitti pro privato commodo alicuius personae, quia, ut dicit
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	987 philosophus, in I Ethic., <i>bonum gentis divinius est quam bonum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	988 unius hominis</i>. Ergo videtur quod non debeat dispensari cum
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	989 aliquo ut contra legem communem agat.</p><p title="I-II q. 97 a. 4 arg. 2"><a name="37737"><span class="ref">[37737] Iª-IIae q. 97 a. 4 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	990 illis qui super alios constituuntur, praecipitur Deut. I, <i>ita
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	991 parvum audietis ut magnum, nec accipietis cuiusquam personam, quia
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	992 Dei iudicium est</i>. Sed concedere alicui quod communiter
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	993 denegatur omnibus, videtur esse acceptio personarum. Ergo huiusmodi
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	994 dispensationes facere rectores multitudinis non possunt, cum hoc
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	995 sit contra praeceptum legis divinae.</p><p title="I-II q. 97 a. 4 arg. 3"><a name="37738"><span class="ref">[37738] Iª-IIae q. 97 a. 4 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	996 lex humana, si sit recta, oportet quod consonet legi naturali et
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	997 legi divinae, aliter enim non congrueret religioni, nec conveniret
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	998 disciplinae, quod requiritur ad legem, ut Isidorus dicit. Sed in
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	999 lege divina et naturali nullus homo potest dispensare. Ergo nec
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1000 etiam in lege humana.</p><p title="I-II q. 97 a. 4 s. c."><a name="37739"><span class="ref">[37739] Iª-IIae q. 97 a. 4 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1001 est quod dicit apostolus, I ad Cor. IX, <i>dispensatio mihi credita
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1002 est</i>.</p><p title="I-II q. 97 a. 4 co."><a name="37740"><span class="ref">[37740] Iª-IIae q. 97 a. 4 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1003 dicendum quod dispensatio proprie importat commensurationem
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1004 alicuius communis ad singula, unde etiam gubernator familiae
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1005 dicitur dispensator, inquantum unicuique de familia cum pondere et
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1006 mensura distribuit et operationes et necessaria vitae. Sic igitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1007 et in quacumque multitudine ex eo dicitur aliquis dispensare, quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1008 ordinat qualiter aliquod commune praeceptum sit a singulis
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1009 adimplendum. Contingit autem quandoque quod aliquod praeceptum quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1010 est ad commodum multitudinis ut in pluribus, non est conveniens
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1011 huic personae, vel in hoc casu, quia vel per hoc impediretur
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1012 aliquid melius, vel etiam induceretur aliquod malum, sicut ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1013 supradictis patet. Periculosum autem esset ut hoc iudicio
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1014 cuiuslibet committeretur, nisi forte propter evidens et subitum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1015 periculum, ut supra dictum est. Et ideo ille qui habet regere
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1016 multitudinem, habet potestatem dispensandi in lege humana quae suae
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1017 auctoritati innititur, ut scilicet in personis vel casibus in
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1018 quibus lex deficit, licentiam tribuat ut praeceptum legis non
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1019 servetur. Si autem absque hac ratione, pro sola voluntate,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1020 licentiam tribuat, non erit fidelis in dispensatione, aut erit
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1021 imprudens, infidelis quidem, si non habeat intentionem ad bonum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1022 commune; imprudens autem, si rationem dispensandi ignoret. Propter
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1023 quod dominus dicit, Lucae XII, <i>quis, putas, est fidelis
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1024 dispensator et prudens, quem constituit dominus super familiam
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1025 suam?</i></p><p title="I-II q. 97 a. 4 ad 1"><a name="37741"><span class="ref">[37741] Iª-IIae q. 97 a. 4 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1026 ergo dicendum quod, quando cum aliquo dispensatur ut legem communem
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1027 non servet, non debet fieri in praeiudicium boni communis; sed ea
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1028 intentione ut ad bonum commune proficiat.</p><p title="I-II q. 97 a. 4 ad 2"><a name="37742"><span class="ref">[37742] Iª-IIae q. 97 a. 4 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1029 dicendum quod non est acceptio personarum si non serventur aequalia
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1030 in personis inaequalibus. Unde quando conditio alicuius personae
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1031 requirit ut rationabiliter in ea aliquid specialiter observetur,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1032 non est personarum acceptio si sibi aliqua specialis gratia
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1033 fiat.</p><p title="I-II q. 97 a. 4 ad 3"><a name="37743"><span class="ref">[37743] Iª-IIae q. 97 a. 4 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28 544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1034 dicendum quod lex naturalis inquantum continet praecepta communia,
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1035 quae nunquam fallunt, dispensationem recipere non potest. In aliis
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1036 vero praeceptis, quae sunt quasi conclusiones praeceptorum
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1037 communium, quandoque per hominem dispensatur, puta quod mutuum non
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1038 reddatur proditori patriae, vel aliquid huiusmodi. Ad legem autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1039 divinam ita se habet quilibet homo, sicut persona privata ad legem
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1040 publicam cui subiicitur. Unde sicut in lege humana publica non
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1041 potest dispensare nisi ille a quo lex auctoritatem habet, vel is
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1042 cui ipse commiserit; ita in praeceptis iuris divini, quae sunt a
544e12f679ad convert to xml ht parents: 26 diff changeset	1043 Deo, nullus potest dispensare nisi Deus, vel si cui ipse
53 d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1044 specialiter committeret.</p></div></div><div class="centro"><br/>
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1045 <p><a href="sth2094.html"><img alt="age retro" border="0" align="middle" height="19" width="19" src="icons/ageretro.gif"/></a>
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1046 <a href="sth2098.html"><img alt="age ultra" border="0" align="middle" height="19" width="19" src="icons/ageultra.gif"/></a></p>
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1047 <br/>
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1048 <hr/>
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1049 <br/>
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1050 <address>© 2006 Fundación Tomás de Aquino quoad
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1051 hanc editionem<br/>
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1052 Iura omnia asservantur<br/>
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1053 OCLC nr. <a style="text-decoration=none" href="http://worldcatlibraries.org/wcpa/oclc/49644264">49644264</a></address>
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1054 </div></body>
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped ht parents: 28 diff changeset	1055 </html>

Mercurial > hg > Aquinas

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