annotate summa/latin/sth2095.html @ 28:544e12f679ad

convert to xml
author ht
date Tue, 24 Nov 2009 19:27:32 +0000
parents 4006eb4882de
children d777cc3962f2
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28
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1 <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
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2 "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
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3 <html lang="LA" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="LA">
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4 <head>
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5 <meta name="generator" content=
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6 "HTML Tidy for Windows (vers 1st February 2005), see www.w3.org" />
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7 <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content=
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8 "text/html; charset=us-ascii" />
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9 <meta http-equiv="Content-Style-Type" content="text/css" />
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10 <meta http-equiv="Content-Script-Type" content="text/javascript" />
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11 <meta name="keywords" content=
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12 "Thomas de Aquino, Summa Theologiae, Corpus Thomisticum" />
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13 <meta name="language" content="Latin" />
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14 <meta name="security" content="public" />
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15 <meta name="owner" content="ealarcon@unav.es" />
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16 <meta name="author" content="Enrique Alarc&oacute;n" />
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17 <meta name="abstract" content="" />
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18 <link rel="stylesheet" media="screen" href="vscreen.css" type=
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19 "text/css" />
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20 <link rel="stylesheet" media="print" href="vprint.css" type=
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21 "text/css" />
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22 <title>Thomas de Aquino, Summa Theologiae, I&ordf;-IIae q.
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23 95-97</title>
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24 </head>
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25 <body>
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26 <a href="http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/"></a>
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27 <div class="tres">CORPUS THOMISTICUM</div>
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28 <div class="uno">Sancti Thomae de Aquino</div>
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29 <div class="uno">Summa Theologiae</div>
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30 <div class="dos">prima pars secundae partis a quaestione XCV ad
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31 quaestionem XCVII</div>
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32 <br />
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33 <div class="centro">
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34 <table align="center" summary="Imago">
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35 <tr>
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36 <th><img src="icons/fugit190.jpg" width="275" height="190" border=
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37 "0" alt=
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38 "Thomas de Aquino a Filippino Lippi depictus (Cappella Carafa, S. Maria sopra Minerva, Roma)"
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39 align="middle" /></th>
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40 </tr>
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41 </table>
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42 <br />
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43 <span class="tres">Textum Leoninum Romae 1892 editum<br />
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44 ac automato translatum a Roberto Busa SJ in taenias
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45 magneticas<br />
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46 denuo recognovit Enrique Alarc&oacute;n atque instruxit<br />
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47 <br /></span><br />
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48 <hr />
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49 <br />
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50 <p><a href="sth2094.html"><img src="icons/ageretro.gif" width="19"
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51 height="19" align="middle" border="0" alt="age retro" /></a> &nbsp;
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52 <a href="sth2098.html"><img src="icons/ageultra.gif" width="19"
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53 height="19" align="middle" border="0" alt="age ultra" /></a></p>
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54 <script language="JavaScript" type="text/javascript">
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55 //<![CDATA[
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56 <!--
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57 // original code by Bill Trefzger 12/12/96; revised by Enrique Alarcon 12/9/2000
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63 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="iopera.html">Opera omnia');
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137 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37699">I&ordf;-IIae q. 96 a. 5 co.');
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138 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37700">I&ordf;-IIae q. 96 a. 5 ad 1');
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139 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37701">I&ordf;-IIae q. 96 a. 5 ad 2');
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140 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37702">I&ordf;-IIae q. 96 a. 5 ad 3');
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141 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37703">I&ordf;-IIae q. 96 a. 6 arg. 1');
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142 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37704">I&ordf;-IIae q. 96 a. 6 arg. 2');
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143 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37705">I&ordf;-IIae q. 96 a. 6 arg. 3');
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144 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37706">I&ordf;-IIae q. 96 a. 6 s. c.');
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145 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37707">I&ordf;-IIae q. 96 a. 6 co.');
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146 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37708">I&ordf;-IIae q. 96 a. 6 ad 1');
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147 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37709">I&ordf;-IIae q. 96 a. 6 ad 2');
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148 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37710">I&ordf;-IIae q. 96 a. 6 ad 3');
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149 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37711">I&ordf;-IIae q. 97 pr.');
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150 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37712">I&ordf;-IIae q. 97 a. 1 arg. 1');
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151 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37713">I&ordf;-IIae q. 97 a. 1 arg. 2');
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152 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37714">I&ordf;-IIae q. 97 a. 1 arg. 3');
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153 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37715">I&ordf;-IIae q. 97 a. 1 s. c.');
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154 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37716">I&ordf;-IIae q. 97 a. 1 co.');
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155 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37717">I&ordf;-IIae q. 97 a. 1 ad 1');
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156 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37718">I&ordf;-IIae q. 97 a. 1 ad 2');
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157 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37719">I&ordf;-IIae q. 97 a. 1 ad 3');
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158 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37720">I&ordf;-IIae q. 97 a. 2 arg. 1');
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159 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37721">I&ordf;-IIae q. 97 a. 2 arg. 2');
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160 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37722">I&ordf;-IIae q. 97 a. 2 arg. 3');
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161 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37723">I&ordf;-IIae q. 97 a. 2 s. c.');
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162 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37724">I&ordf;-IIae q. 97 a. 2 co.');
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163 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37725">I&ordf;-IIae q. 97 a. 2 ad 1');
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164 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37726">I&ordf;-IIae q. 97 a. 2 ad 2');
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165 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37727">I&ordf;-IIae q. 97 a. 2 ad 3');
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166 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37728">I&ordf;-IIae q. 97 a. 3 arg. 1');
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167 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37729">I&ordf;-IIae q. 97 a. 3 arg. 2');
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168 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37730">I&ordf;-IIae q. 97 a. 3 arg. 3');
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169 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37731">I&ordf;-IIae q. 97 a. 3 s. c.');
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170 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37732">I&ordf;-IIae q. 97 a. 3 co.');
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171 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37733">I&ordf;-IIae q. 97 a. 3 ad 1');
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172 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37734">I&ordf;-IIae q. 97 a. 3 ad 2');
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173 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37735">I&ordf;-IIae q. 97 a. 3 ad 3');
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174 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37736">I&ordf;-IIae q. 97 a. 4 arg. 1');
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175 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37737">I&ordf;-IIae q. 97 a. 4 arg. 2');
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176 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37738">I&ordf;-IIae q. 97 a. 4 arg. 3');
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177 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37739">I&ordf;-IIae q. 97 a. 4 s. c.');
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178 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37740">I&ordf;-IIae q. 97 a. 4 co.');
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179 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37741">I&ordf;-IIae q. 97 a. 4 ad 1');
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180 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37742">I&ordf;-IIae q. 97 a. 4 ad 2');
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181 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#37743">I&ordf;-IIae q. 97 a. 4 ad 3');
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182 document.write('<\/SELECT>');
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183 document.write('<BR><BR>');
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184 document.write('<INPUT TYPE="button" VALUE="Agedum" ONCLICK="go()">');
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185 document.write('<\/FORM>');
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186 // -->
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187 //]]>
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188 </script><br />
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189 <hr />
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190 <br /></div>
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191 <div class="D">Quaestio 95</div>
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192 <div class="G">Prooemium</div>
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193 <p title="I-II q. 95 pr."><a name="37628"><span class="ref">[37628]
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194 I&ordf;-IIae q. 95 pr.</span></a> Deinde considerandum est de lege
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195 humana. Et primo quidem, de ipsa lege secundum se; secundo, de
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196 potestate eius; tertio, de eius mutabilitate. Circa primum
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197 quaeruntur quatuor. Primo, de utilitate ipsius. Secundo, de origine
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198 eius. Tertio, de qualitate ipsius. Quarto, de divisione
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199 eiusdem.</p>
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200 <br />
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201 <div class="E">Articulus 1</div>
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202 <p title="I-II q. 95 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="37629"><span class=
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203 "ref">[37629] I&ordf;-IIae q. 95 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad primum
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204 sic proceditur. Videtur quod non fuerit utile aliquas leges poni ab
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205 hominibus. Intentio enim cuiuslibet legis est ut per eam homines
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206 fiant boni, sicut supra dictum est. Sed homines magis inducuntur ad
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207 bonum voluntarii per monitiones, quam coacti per leges. Ergo non
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208 fuit necessarium leges ponere.</p>
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209 <p title="I-II q. 95 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="37630"><span class=
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210 "ref">[37630] I&ordf;-IIae q. 95 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
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211 sicut dicit philosophus, in V Ethic., <i>ad iudicem confugiunt
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212 homines sicut ad iustum animatum</i>. Sed iustitia animata est
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213 melior quam inanimata, quae legibus continetur. Ergo melius fuisset
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214 ut executio iustitiae committeretur arbitrio iudicum, quam quod
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215 super hoc lex aliqua ederetur.</p>
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216 <p title="I-II q. 95 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="37631"><span class=
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217 "ref">[37631] I&ordf;-IIae q. 95 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
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218 lex omnis directiva est actuum humanorum, ut ex supradictis patet.
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219 Sed cum humani actus consistant in singularibus, quae sunt
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220 infinita, non possunt ea quae ad directionem humanorum actuum
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221 pertinent, sufficienter considerari, nisi ab aliquo sapiente, qui
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222 inspiciat singula. Ergo melius fuisset arbitrio sapientum dirigi
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223 actus humanos, quam aliqua lege posita. Ergo non fuit necessarium
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224 leges humanas ponere.</p>
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225 <p title="I-II q. 95 a. 1 s. c."><a name="37632"><span class=
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226 "ref">[37632] I&ordf;-IIae q. 95 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
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227 est quod Isidorus dicit, in libro Etymol., <i>factae sunt leges ut
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228 earum metu humana coerceretur audacia, tutaque sit inter improbos
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229 innocentia, et in ipsis improbis formidato supplicio refrenetur
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230 nocendi facultas</i>. Sed haec sunt maxime necessaria humano
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231 generi. Ergo necessarium fuit ponere leges humanas.</p>
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232 <p title="I-II q. 95 a. 1 co."><a name="37633"><span class=
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233 "ref">[37633] I&ordf;-IIae q. 95 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo
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234 dicendum quod, sicut ex supradictis patet, homini naturaliter inest
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235 quaedam aptitudo ad virtutem; sed ipsa virtutis perfectio necesse
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236 est quod homini adveniat per aliquam disciplinam. Sicut etiam
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237 videmus quod per aliquam industriam subvenitur homini in suis
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238 necessitatibus, puta in cibo et vestitu, quorum initia quaedam
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239 habet a natura, scilicet rationem et manus, non autem ipsum
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240 complementum, sicut cetera animalia, quibus natura dedit
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241 sufficienter tegumentum et cibum. Ad hanc autem disciplinam non de
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242 facili invenitur homo sibi sufficiens. Quia perfectio virtutis
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243 praecipue consistit in retrahendo hominem ab indebitis
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244 delectationibus, ad quas praecipue homines sunt proni, et maxime
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245 iuvenes, circa quos efficacior est disciplina. Et ideo oportet quod
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246 huiusmodi disciplinam, per quam ad virtutem perveniatur, homines ab
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247 alio sortiantur. Et quidem quantum ad illos iuvenes qui sunt proni
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248 ad actus virtutum, ex bona dispositione naturae, vel consuetudine,
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249 vel magis divino munere, sufficit disciplina paterna, quae est per
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250 monitiones. Sed quia inveniuntur quidam protervi et ad vitia proni,
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251 qui verbis de facili moveri non possunt; necessarium fuit ut per
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252 vim et metum cohiberentur a malo, ut saltem sic male facere
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253 desistentes, et aliis quietam vitam redderent, et ipsi tandem per
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254 huiusmodi assuetudinem ad hoc perducerentur quod voluntarie
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255 facerent quae prius metu implebant, et sic fierent virtuosi.
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256 Huiusmodi autem disciplina cogens metu poenae, est disciplina
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257 legum. Unde necessarium fuit ad pacem hominum et virtutem, ut leges
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258 ponerentur, quia sicut philosophus dicit, in I Polit., <i>sicut
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259 homo, si sit perfectus virtute, est optimum animalium; sic, si sit
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260 separatus a lege et iustitia, est pessimum omnium</i>; quia homo
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261 habet arma rationis ad explendas concupiscentias et saevitias, quae
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262 non habent alia animalia.</p>
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263 <p title="I-II q. 95 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="37634"><span class=
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264 "ref">[37634] I&ordf;-IIae q. 95 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
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265 ergo dicendum quod homines bene dispositi melius inducuntur ad
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266 virtutem monitionibus voluntariis quam coactione, sed quidam male
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267 dispositi non ducuntur ad virtutem nisi cogantur.</p>
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268 <p title="I-II q. 95 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="37635"><span class=
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269 "ref">[37635] I&ordf;-IIae q. 95 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
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270 dicendum quod, sicut philosophus dicit, I Rhetor., <i>melius est
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271 omnia ordinari lege, quam dimittere iudicum arbitrio</i>. Et hoc
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272 propter tria. Primo quidem, quia facilius est invenire paucos
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273 sapientes, qui sufficiant ad rectas leges ponendas, quam multos,
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274 qui requirerentur ad recte iudicandum de singulis. Secundo, quia
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275 illi qui leges ponunt, ex multo tempore considerant quid lege
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276 ferendum sit, sed iudicia de singularibus factis fiunt ex casibus
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277 subito exortis. Facilius autem ex multis consideratis potest homo
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278 videre quid rectum sit, quam solum ex aliquo uno facto. Tertio,
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279 quia legislatores iudicant in universali, et de futuris, sed
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280 homines iudiciis praesidentes iudicant de praesentibus, ad quae
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281 afficiuntur amore vel odio, aut aliqua cupiditate; et sic eorum
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282 depravatur iudicium. Quia ergo iustitia animata iudicis non
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283 invenitur in multis; et quia flexibilis est; ideo necessarium fuit,
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284 in quibuscumque est possibile, legem determinare quid iudicandum
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285 sit, et paucissima arbitrio hominum committere.</p>
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286 <p title="I-II q. 95 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="37636"><span class=
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287 "ref">[37636] I&ordf;-IIae q. 95 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
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288 dicendum quod quaedam singularia, quae non possunt lege
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289 comprehendi, necesse est committere iudicibus, ut ibidem
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290 philosophus dicit, puta de eo quod est factum esse vel non esse, et
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291 de aliis huiusmodi.</p>
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292 <br />
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293 <div class="E">Articulus 2</div>
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294 <p title="I-II q. 95 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="37637"><span class=
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295 "ref">[37637] I&ordf;-IIae q. 95 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad secundum
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296 sic proceditur. Videtur quod non omnis lex humanitus posita a lege
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297 naturali derivetur. Dicit enim philosophus, in V Ethic., quod
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298 <i>iustum legale est quod ex principio quidem nihil differt utrum
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299 sic vel aliter fiat</i>. Sed in his quae oriuntur ex lege naturali,
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300 differt utrum sic vel aliter fiat. Ergo ea quae sunt legibus
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301 humanis statuta, non omnia derivantur a lege naturae.</p>
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302 <p title="I-II q. 95 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="37638"><span class=
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303 "ref">[37638] I&ordf;-IIae q. 95 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
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304 ius positivum dividitur contra ius naturale, ut patet per Isidorum,
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305 in libro Etymol., et per philosophum, in V Ethic. Sed ea quae
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306 derivantur a principiis communibus legis naturae sicut
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307 conclusiones, pertinent ad legem naturae, ut supra dictum est. Ergo
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308 ea quae sunt de lege humana, non derivantur a lege naturae.</p>
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309 <p title="I-II q. 95 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="37639"><span class=
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310 "ref">[37639] I&ordf;-IIae q. 95 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
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311 lex naturae est eadem apud omnes, dicit enim philosophus, in V
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312 Ethic., quod <i>naturale iustum est quod ubique habet eandem
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313 potentiam</i>. Si igitur leges humanae a naturali lege
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314 derivarentur, sequeretur quod etiam ipsae essent eaedem apud omnes.
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315 Quod patet esse falsum.</p>
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316 <p title="I-II q. 95 a. 2 arg. 4"><a name="37640"><span class=
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317 "ref">[37640] I&ordf;-IIae q. 95 a. 2 arg. 4</span></a> Praeterea,
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318 eorum quae a lege naturali derivantur, potest aliqua ratio
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319 assignari. Sed non omnium quae a maioribus lege statuta sunt, ratio
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320 reddi potest, ut iurisperitus dicit. Ergo non omnes leges humanae
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321 derivantur a lege naturali.</p>
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322 <p title="I-II q. 95 a. 2 s. c."><a name="37641"><span class=
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323 "ref">[37641] I&ordf;-IIae q. 95 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
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324 est quod Tullius dicit, in sua Rhetor., <i>res a natura profectas,
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325 et a consuetudine probatas, legum metus et religio sanxit</i>.</p>
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326 <p title="I-II q. 95 a. 2 co."><a name="37642"><span class=
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327 "ref">[37642] I&ordf;-IIae q. 95 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo
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328 dicendum quod, sicut Augustinus dicit, in I de Lib. Arb., <i>non
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329 videtur esse lex, quae iusta non fuerit</i>. Unde inquantum habet
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330 de iustitia, intantum habet de virtute legis. In rebus autem
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331 humanis dicitur esse aliquid iustum ex eo quod est rectum secundum
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332 regulam rationis. Rationis autem prima regula est lex naturae, ut
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333 ex supradictis patet. Unde omnis lex humanitus posita intantum
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334 habet de ratione legis, inquantum a lege naturae derivatur. Si vero
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335 in aliquo, a lege naturali discordet, iam non erit lex sed legis
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336 corruptio. Sed sciendum est quod a lege naturali dupliciter potest
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337 aliquid derivari, uno modo, sicut conclusiones ex principiis; alio
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338 modo, sicut determinationes quaedam aliquorum communium. Primus
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339 quidem modus est similis ei quo in scientiis ex principiis
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340 conclusiones demonstrativae producuntur. Secundo vero modo simile
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341 est quod in artibus formae communes determinantur ad aliquid
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342 speciale, sicut artifex formam communem domus necesse est quod
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343 determinet ad hanc vel illam domus figuram. Derivantur ergo quaedam
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344 a principiis communibus legis naturae per modum conclusionum, sicut
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345 hoc quod est non esse occidendum, ut conclusio quaedam derivari
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346 potest ab eo quod est nulli esse malum faciendum. Quaedam vero per
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347 modum determinationis, sicut lex naturae habet quod ille qui
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348 peccat, puniatur; sed quod tali poena puniatur, hoc est quaedam
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349 determinatio legis naturae. Utraque igitur inveniuntur in lege
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350 humana posita. Sed ea quae sunt primi modi, continentur lege humana
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351 non tanquam sint solum lege posita, sed habent etiam aliquid
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352 vigoris ex lege naturali. Sed ea quae sunt secundi modi, ex sola
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353 lege humana vigorem habent.</p>
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354 <p title="I-II q. 95 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="37643"><span class=
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355 "ref">[37643] I&ordf;-IIae q. 95 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
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356 ergo dicendum quod philosophus loquitur de illis quae sunt lege
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357 posita per determinationem vel specificationem quandam praeceptorum
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358 legis naturae.</p>
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359 <p title="I-II q. 95 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="37644"><span class=
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360 "ref">[37644] I&ordf;-IIae q. 95 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
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361 dicendum quod ratio illa procedit de his quae derivantur a lege
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362 naturae tanquam conclusiones.</p>
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363 <p title="I-II q. 95 a. 2 ad 3"><a name="37645"><span class=
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364 "ref">[37645] I&ordf;-IIae q. 95 a. 2 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
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365 dicendum quod principia communia legis naturae non possunt eodem
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366 modo applicari omnibus, propter multam varietatem rerum humanarum.
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367 Et exinde provenit diversitas legis positivae apud diversos.</p>
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368 <p title="I-II q. 95 a. 2 ad 4"><a name="37646"><span class=
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369 "ref">[37646] I&ordf;-IIae q. 95 a. 2 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
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370 dicendum quod verbum illud iurisperiti intelligendum est in his
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371 quae sunt introducta a maioribus circa particulares determinationes
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372 legis naturalis; ad quas quidem determinationes se habet expertorum
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373 et prudentum iudicium sicut ad quaedam principia; inquantum
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374 scilicet statim vident quid congruentius sit particulariter
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375 determinari. Unde philosophus dicit, in VI Ethic., quod <i>in
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376 talibus oportet attendere expertorum et seniorum vel prudentum
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377 indemonstrabilibus enuntiationibus et opinionibus, non minus quam
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378 demonstrationibus</i>.</p>
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379 <br />
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380 <div class="E">Articulus 3</div>
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381 <p title="I-II q. 95 a. 3 arg. 1"><a name="37647"><span class=
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382 "ref">[37647] I&ordf;-IIae q. 95 a. 3 arg. 1</span></a> Ad tertium
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383 sic proceditur. Videtur quod Isidorus inconvenienter qualitatem
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384 legis positivae describat, dicens, <i>erit lex honesta, iusta,
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385 possibilis secundum naturam, secundum consuetudinem patriae, loco
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386 temporique conveniens, necessaria, utilis; manifesta quoque, ne
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387 aliquid per obscuritatem in captionem contineat; nullo privato
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388 commodo, sed pro communi utilitate civium scripta</i>. Supra enim
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389 in tribus conditionibus qualitatem legis explicaverat, dicens,
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390 <i>lex erit omne quod ratione constiterit, dumtaxat quod religioni
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391 congruat, quod disciplinae conveniat, quod saluti proficiat</i>.
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392 Ergo superflue postmodum conditiones legis multiplicat.</p>
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393 <p title="I-II q. 95 a. 3 arg. 2"><a name="37648"><span class=
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394 "ref">[37648] I&ordf;-IIae q. 95 a. 3 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
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395 iustitia pars est honestatis; ut Tullius dicit, in I de Offic. Ergo
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396 postquam dixerat honesta, superflue additur iusta.</p>
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397 <p title="I-II q. 95 a. 3 arg. 3"><a name="37649"><span class=
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diff changeset
398 "ref">[37649] I&ordf;-IIae q. 95 a. 3 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
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399 lex scripta, secundum Isidorum, contra consuetudinem dividitur. Non
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400 ergo debuit in definitione legis poni quod esset secundum
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401 consuetudinem patriae.</p>
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402 <p title="I-II q. 95 a. 3 arg. 4"><a name="37650"><span class=
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403 "ref">[37650] I&ordf;-IIae q. 95 a. 3 arg. 4</span></a> Praeterea,
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404 necessarium dupliciter dicitur. Scilicet id quod est necessarium
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405 simpliciter, quod impossibile est aliter se habere, et huiusmodi
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406 necessarium non subiacet humano iudicio, unde talis necessitas ad
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407 legem humanam non pertinet. Est etiam aliquid necessarium propter
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408 finem, et talis necessitas idem est quod utilitas. Ergo superflue
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409 utrumque ponitur, necessaria et utilis.</p>
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410 <p title="I-II q. 95 a. 3 s. c."><a name="37651"><span class=
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411 "ref">[37651] I&ordf;-IIae q. 95 a. 3 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
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412 est auctoritas ipsius Isidori.</p>
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413 <p title="I-II q. 95 a. 3 co."><a name="37652"><span class=
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414 "ref">[37652] I&ordf;-IIae q. 95 a. 3 co.</span></a> Respondeo
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415 dicendum quod uniuscuiusque rei quae est propter finem, necesse est
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416 quod forma determinetur secundum proportionem ad finem; sicut forma
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417 serrae talis est qualis convenit sectioni; ut patet in II Physic.
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418 Quaelibet etiam res recta et mensurata oportet quod habeat formam
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419 proportionalem suae regulae et mensurae. Lex autem humana utrumque
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420 habet, quia et est aliquid ordinatum ad finem; et est quaedam
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421 regula vel mensura regulata vel mensurata quadam superiori mensura;
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422 quae quidem est duplex, scilicet lex divina et lex naturae, ut ex
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423 supradictis patet. Finis autem humanae legis est utilitas hominum;
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424 sicut etiam iurisperitus dicit. Et ideo Isidorus in conditione
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425 legis, primo quidem tria posuit, scilicet quod religioni congruat,
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426 inquantum scilicet est proportionata legi divinae; quod disciplinae
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427 conveniat, inquantum est proportionata legi naturae; quod saluti
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428 proficiat, inquantum est proportionata utilitati humanae. Et ad
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429 haec tria omnes aliae conditiones quas postea ponit, reducuntur.
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430 Nam quod dicitur honesta, refertur ad hoc quod religioni congruat.
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431 Quod autem subditur, <i>iusta, possibilis secundum naturam,
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432 secundum consuetudinem patriae, loco temporique conveniens</i>,
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433 additur ad hoc quod conveniat disciplinae. Attenditur enim humana
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434 disciplina primum quidem quantum ad ordinem rationis, qui
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435 importatur in hoc quod dicitur iusta. Secundo, quantum ad
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436 facultatem agentium. Debet enim esse disciplina conveniens
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437 unicuique secundum suam possibilitatem, observata etiam
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438 possibilitate naturae (non enim eadem sunt imponenda pueris, quae
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439 imponuntur viris perfectis); et secundum humanam consuetudinem; non
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440 enim potest homo solus in societate vivere, aliis morem non gerens.
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441 Tertio, quantum ad debitas circumstantias, dicit, loco temporique
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442 conveniens. Quod vero subditur, necessaria, utilis, etc., refertur
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443 ad hoc quod expediat saluti, ut necessitas referatur ad remotionem
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444 malorum; utilitas, ad consecutionem bonorum; manifestatio vero, ad
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445 cavendum nocumentum quod ex ipsa lege posset provenire. Et quia,
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446 sicut supra dictum est, lex ordinatur ad bonum commune, hoc ipsum
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447 in ultima parte determinationis ostenditur.</p>
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448 <p title="I-II q. 95 a. 3 ad arg."><a name="37653"><span class=
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449 "ref">[37653] I&ordf;-IIae q. 95 a. 3 ad arg.</span></a> Et per hoc
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450 patet responsio ad obiecta.</p>
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451 <br />
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452 <div class="E">Articulus 4</div>
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453 <p title="I-II q. 95 a. 4 arg. 1"><a name="37654"><span class=
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454 "ref">[37654] I&ordf;-IIae q. 95 a. 4 arg. 1</span></a> Ad quartum
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455 sic proceditur. Videtur quod inconvenienter Isidorus divisionem
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diff changeset
456 legum humanarum ponat, sive iuris humani. Sub hoc enim iure
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diff changeset
457 comprehendit ius gentium, quod ideo sic nominatur, ut ipse dicit,
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diff changeset
458 quia eo omnes fere gentes utuntur. Sed sicut ipse dicit, <i>ius
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diff changeset
459 naturale est quod est commune omnium nationum</i>. Ergo ius gentium
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diff changeset
460 non continetur sub iure positivo humano, sed magis sub iure
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diff changeset
461 naturali.</p>
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diff changeset
462 <p title="I-II q. 95 a. 4 arg. 2"><a name="37655"><span class=
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diff changeset
463 "ref">[37655] I&ordf;-IIae q. 95 a. 4 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
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diff changeset
464 ea quae habent eandem vim, non videntur formaliter differre, sed
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465 solum materialiter. Sed leges, plebiscita, senatusconsulta, et alia
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diff changeset
466 huiusmodi quae ponit, omnia habent eandem vim. Ergo videtur quod
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diff changeset
467 non differant nisi materialiter. Sed talis distinctio in arte non
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468 est curanda, cum possit esse in infinitum. Ergo inconvenienter
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diff changeset
469 huiusmodi divisio humanarum legum introducitur.</p>
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diff changeset
470 <p title="I-II q. 95 a. 4 arg. 3"><a name="37656"><span class=
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diff changeset
471 "ref">[37656] I&ordf;-IIae q. 95 a. 4 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
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diff changeset
472 sicut in civitate sunt principes et sacerdotes et milites, ita
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473 etiam sunt et alia hominum officia. Ergo videtur quod, sicut
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474 ponitur quoddam ius militare, et ius publicum, quod consistit in
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diff changeset
475 sacerdotibus et magistratibus; ita etiam debeant poni alia iura, ad
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476 alia officia civitatis pertinentia.</p>
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diff changeset
477 <p title="I-II q. 95 a. 4 arg. 4"><a name="37657"><span class=
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diff changeset
478 "ref">[37657] I&ordf;-IIae q. 95 a. 4 arg. 4</span></a> Praeterea,
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diff changeset
479 ea quae sunt per accidens, sunt praetermittenda. Sed accidit legi
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diff changeset
480 ut ab hoc vel illo homine feratur. Ergo inconvenienter ponitur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
481 divisio legum humanarum ex nominibus legislatorum, ut scilicet
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diff changeset
482 quaedam dicatur Cornelia, quaedam Falcidia, et cetera.</p>
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diff changeset
483 <p title="I-II q. 95 a. 4 s. c."><a name="37658"><span class=
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diff changeset
484 "ref">[37658] I&ordf;-IIae q. 95 a. 4 s. c.</span></a> In
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diff changeset
485 contrarium auctoritas Isidori sufficiat.</p>
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diff changeset
486 <p title="I-II q. 95 a. 4 co."><a name="37659"><span class=
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diff changeset
487 "ref">[37659] I&ordf;-IIae q. 95 a. 4 co.</span></a> Respondeo
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diff changeset
488 dicendum quod unumquodque potest per se dividi secundum id quod in
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diff changeset
489 eius ratione continetur. Sicut in ratione animalis continetur
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diff changeset
490 anima, quae est rationalis vel irrationalis, et ideo animal proprie
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491 et per se dividitur secundum rationale et irrationale; non autem
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492 secundum album et nigrum, quae sunt omnino praeter rationem eius.
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493 Sunt autem multa de ratione legis humanae, secundum quorum
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diff changeset
494 quodlibet lex humana proprie et per se dividi potest. Est enim
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diff changeset
495 primo de ratione legis humanae quod sit derivata a lege naturae, ut
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diff changeset
496 ex dictis patet. Et secundum hoc dividitur ius positivum in ius
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diff changeset
497 gentium et ius civile, secundum duos modos quibus aliquid derivatur
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diff changeset
498 a lege naturae, ut supra dictum est. Nam ad ius gentium pertinent
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diff changeset
499 ea quae derivantur ex lege naturae sicut conclusiones ex
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diff changeset
500 principiis, ut iustae emptiones, venditiones, et alia huiusmodi,
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diff changeset
501 sine quibus homines ad invicem convivere non possent; quod est de
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diff changeset
502 lege naturae, quia homo est naturaliter animal sociale, ut probatur
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503 in I Polit. Quae vero derivantur a lege naturae per modum
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504 particularis determinationis, pertinent ad ius civile, secundum
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505 quod quaelibet civitas aliquid sibi accommodum determinat. Secundo
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506 est de ratione legis humanae quod ordinetur ad bonum commune
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diff changeset
507 civitatis. Et secundum hoc lex humana dividi potest secundum
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diff changeset
508 diversitatem eorum qui specialiter dant operam ad bonum commune,
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509 sicut sacerdotes, pro populo Deum orantes; principes, populum
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diff changeset
510 gubernantes; et milites, pro salute populi pugnantes. Et ideo istis
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diff changeset
511 hominibus specialia quaedam iura aptantur. Tertio est de ratione
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diff changeset
512 legis humanae ut instituatur a gubernante communitatem civitatis,
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513 sicut supra dictum est. Et secundum hoc distinguuntur leges humanae
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diff changeset
514 secundum diversa regimina civitatum. Quorum unum, secundum
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diff changeset
515 philosophum, in III Polit., est regnum, quando scilicet civitas
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diff changeset
516 gubernatur ab uno, et secundum hoc accipiuntur constitutiones
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diff changeset
517 principum. Aliud vero regimen est aristocratia, idest principatus
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diff changeset
518 optimorum, vel optimatum, et secundum hoc sumuntur responsa
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519 prudentum, et etiam senatusconsulta. Aliud regimen est oligarchia,
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520 idest principatus paucorum divitum et potentum, et secundum hoc
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diff changeset
521 sumitur ius praetorium, quod etiam honorarium dicitur. Aliud autem
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diff changeset
522 regimen est populi, quod nominatur democratia, et secundum hoc
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523 sumuntur plebiscita. Aliud autem est tyrannicum, quod est omnino
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diff changeset
524 corruptum, unde ex hoc non sumitur aliqua lex. Est etiam aliquod
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diff changeset
525 regimen ex istis commixtum, quod est optimum, et secundum hoc
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diff changeset
526 sumitur lex, <i>quam maiores natu simul cum plebibus sanxerunt</i>,
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diff changeset
527 ut Isidorus dicit. Quarto vero de ratione legis humanae est quod
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diff changeset
528 sit directiva humanorum actuum. Et secundum hoc, secundum diversa
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parents: 26
diff changeset
529 de quibus leges feruntur, distinguuntur leges, quae interdum ab
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diff changeset
530 auctoribus nominantur, sicut distinguitur lex Iulia de adulteriis,
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diff changeset
531 lex Cornelia de sicariis, et sic de aliis, non propter auctores,
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532 sed propter res de quibus sunt.</p>
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diff changeset
533 <p title="I-II q. 95 a. 4 ad 1"><a name="37660"><span class=
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diff changeset
534 "ref">[37660] I&ordf;-IIae q. 95 a. 4 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
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diff changeset
535 ergo dicendum quod ius gentium est quidem aliquo modo naturale
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diff changeset
536 homini, secundum quod est rationalis, inquantum derivatur a lege
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diff changeset
537 naturali per modum conclusionis quae non est multum remota a
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diff changeset
538 principiis. Unde de facili in huiusmodi homines consenserunt.
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diff changeset
539 Distinguitur tamen a lege naturali, maxime ab eo quod est omnibus
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540 animalibus communis.</p>
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diff changeset
541 <p title="I-II q. 95 a. 4 ad 2"><a name="37661"><span class=
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diff changeset
542 "ref">[37661] I&ordf;-IIae q. 95 a. 4 ad 2</span></a> Ad alia patet
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diff changeset
543 responsio ex his quae dicta sunt.</p>
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diff changeset
544 <br />
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diff changeset
545 <div class="D">Quaestio 96</div>
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diff changeset
546 <div class="G">Prooemium</div>
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diff changeset
547 <p title="I-II q. 96 pr."><a name="37662"><span class="ref">[37662]
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diff changeset
548 I&ordf;-IIae q. 96 pr.</span></a> Deinde considerandum est de
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diff changeset
549 potestate legis humanae. Et circa hoc quaeruntur sex. Primo, utrum
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diff changeset
550 lex humana debeat poni in communi. Secundo, utrum lex humana debeat
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diff changeset
551 omnia vitia cohibere. Tertio, utrum omnium virtutum actus habeat
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diff changeset
552 ordinare. Quarto, utrum imponat homini necessitatem quantum ad
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diff changeset
553 forum conscientiae. Quinto, utrum omnes homines legi humanae
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diff changeset
554 subdantur. Sexto, utrum his qui sunt sub lege, liceat agere praeter
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diff changeset
555 verba legis.</p>
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diff changeset
556 <br />
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diff changeset
557 <div class="E">Articulus 1</div>
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diff changeset
558 <p title="I-II q. 96 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="37663"><span class=
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diff changeset
559 "ref">[37663] I&ordf;-IIae q. 96 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad primum
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diff changeset
560 sic proceditur. Videtur quod lex humana non debeat poni in communi,
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diff changeset
561 sed magis in particulari. Dicit enim philosophus, in V Ethic., quod
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diff changeset
562 <i>legalia sunt quaecumque in singularibus lege ponunt; et etiam
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diff changeset
563 sententialia</i>, quae sunt etiam singularia, quia de singularibus
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diff changeset
564 actibus sententiae feruntur. Ergo lex non solum ponitur in communi,
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565 sed etiam in singulari.</p>
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diff changeset
566 <p title="I-II q. 96 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="37664"><span class=
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diff changeset
567 "ref">[37664] I&ordf;-IIae q. 96 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
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diff changeset
568 lex est directiva humanorum actuum, ut supra dictum est. Sed humani
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diff changeset
569 actus in singularibus consistunt. Ergo leges humanae non debent in
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diff changeset
570 universali ferri, sed magis in singulari.</p>
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diff changeset
571 <p title="I-II q. 96 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="37665"><span class=
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diff changeset
572 "ref">[37665] I&ordf;-IIae q. 96 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
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diff changeset
573 lex est regula et mensura humanorum actuum, ut supra dictum est.
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diff changeset
574 Sed mensura debet esse certissima, ut dicitur in X Metaphys. Cum
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diff changeset
575 ergo in actibus humanis non possit esse aliquod universale certum,
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diff changeset
576 quin in particularibus deficiat; videtur quod necesse sit leges non
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diff changeset
577 in universali, sed in singulari poni.</p>
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diff changeset
578 <p title="I-II q. 96 a. 1 s. c."><a name="37666"><span class=
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diff changeset
579 "ref">[37666] I&ordf;-IIae q. 96 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
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diff changeset
580 est quod iurisperitus dicit, quod <i>iura constitui oportet in his
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diff changeset
581 quae saepius accidunt, ex his autem quae forte uno casu accidere
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diff changeset
582 possunt, iura non constituuntur</i>.</p>
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diff changeset
583 <p title="I-II q. 96 a. 1 co."><a name="37667"><span class=
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diff changeset
584 "ref">[37667] I&ordf;-IIae q. 96 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo
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diff changeset
585 dicendum quod unumquodque quod est propter finem, necesse est quod
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diff changeset
586 sit fini proportionatum. Finis autem legis est bonum commune, quia,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
587 ut Isidorus dicit, in libro Etymol., <i>nullo privato commodo, sed
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diff changeset
588 pro communi utilitate civium lex debet esse conscripta</i>. Unde
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diff changeset
589 oportet leges humanas esse proportionatas ad bonum commune. Bonum
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diff changeset
590 autem commune constat ex multis. Et ideo oportet quod lex ad multa
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parents: 26
diff changeset
591 respiciat, et secundum personas, et secundum negotia, et secundum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
592 tempora. Constituitur enim communitas civitatis ex multis personis;
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diff changeset
593 et eius bonum per multiplices actiones procuratur; nec ad hoc solum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
594 instituitur quod aliquo modico tempore duret, sed quod omni tempore
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parents: 26
diff changeset
595 perseveret per civium successionem, ut Augustinus dicit, in XXII de
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diff changeset
596 Civ. Dei.</p>
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diff changeset
597 <p title="I-II q. 96 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="37668"><span class=
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diff changeset
598 "ref">[37668] I&ordf;-IIae q. 96 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
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diff changeset
599 ergo dicendum quod philosophus in V Ethic. ponit tres partes iusti
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parents: 26
diff changeset
600 legalis, quod est ius positivum. Sunt enim quaedam quae simpliciter
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parents: 26
diff changeset
601 in communi ponuntur. Et haec sunt leges communes. Et quantum ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
602 huiusmodi, dicit quod <i>legale est quod ex principio quidem nihil
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parents: 26
diff changeset
603 differt sic vel aliter, quando autem ponitur, differt</i>, puta
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parents: 26
diff changeset
604 quod captivi statuto pretio redimantur. Quaedam vero sunt quae sunt
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parents: 26
diff changeset
605 communia quantum ad aliquid, et singularia quantum ad aliquid. Et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
606 huiusmodi dicuntur privilegia, quasi leges privatae, quia
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parents: 26
diff changeset
607 respiciunt singulares personas, et tamen potestas eorum extenditur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
608 ad multa negotia. Et quantum ad hoc, subdit, <i>adhuc quaecumque in
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parents: 26
diff changeset
609 singularibus lege ponunt</i>. Dicuntur etiam quaedam legalia, non
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parents: 26
diff changeset
610 quia sint leges, sed propter applicationem legum communium ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
611 aliqua particularia facta; sicut sunt sententiae, quae pro iure
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parents: 26
diff changeset
612 habentur. Et quantum ad hoc, subdit, et sententialia.</p>
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diff changeset
613 <p title="I-II q. 96 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="37669"><span class=
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diff changeset
614 "ref">[37669] I&ordf;-IIae q. 96 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
615 dicendum quod illud quod est directivum, oportet esse plurium
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parents: 26
diff changeset
616 directivum, unde in X Metaphys., philosophus dicit quod omnia quae
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diff changeset
617 sunt unius generis, mensurantur aliquo uno, quod est primum in
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parents: 26
diff changeset
618 genere illo. Si enim essent tot regulae vel mensurae quot sunt
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parents: 26
diff changeset
619 mensurata vel regulata, cessaret utilitas regulae vel mensurae,
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diff changeset
620 quae est ut ex uno multa possint cognosci. Et ita nulla esset
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parents: 26
diff changeset
621 utilitas legis, si non se extenderet nisi ad unum singularem actum.
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diff changeset
622 Ad singulares enim actus dirigendos dantur singularia praecepta
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diff changeset
623 prudentium, sed lex est praeceptum commune, ut supra dictum
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624 est.</p>
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diff changeset
625 <p title="I-II q. 96 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="37670"><span class=
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diff changeset
626 "ref">[37670] I&ordf;-IIae q. 96 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
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parents: 26
diff changeset
627 dicendum quod non est eadem certitudo quaerenda in omnibus, ut in I
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diff changeset
628 Ethic. dicitur. Unde in rebus contingentibus, sicut sunt naturalia
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parents: 26
diff changeset
629 et res humanae, sufficit talis certitudo ut aliquid sit verum ut in
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parents: 26
diff changeset
630 pluribus, licet interdum deficiat in paucioribus.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
631 <br />
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parents: 26
diff changeset
632 <div class="E">Articulus 2</div>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
633 <p title="I-II q. 96 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="37671"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
634 "ref">[37671] I&ordf;-IIae q. 96 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad secundum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
635 sic proceditur. Videtur quod ad legem humanam pertineat omnia vitia
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parents: 26
diff changeset
636 cohibere. Dicit enim Isidorus, in libro Etymol., quod <i>leges sunt
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diff changeset
637 factae ut earum metu coerceatur audacia</i>. Non autem sufficienter
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parents: 26
diff changeset
638 coerceretur, nisi quaelibet mala cohiberentur per legem. Ergo lex
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diff changeset
639 humana debet quaelibet mala cohibere.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
640 <p title="I-II q. 96 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="37672"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
641 "ref">[37672] I&ordf;-IIae q. 96 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
642 intentio legislatoris est cives facere virtuosos. Sed non potest
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parents: 26
diff changeset
643 esse aliquis virtuosus, nisi ab omnibus vitiis compescatur. Ergo ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
644 legem humanam pertinet omnia vitia compescere.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
645 <p title="I-II q. 96 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="37673"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
646 "ref">[37673] I&ordf;-IIae q. 96 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
647 lex humana a lege naturali derivatur, ut supra dictum est. Sed
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parents: 26
diff changeset
648 omnia vitia repugnant legi naturae. Ergo lex humana omnia vitia
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parents: 26
diff changeset
649 debet cohibere.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
650 <p title="I-II q. 96 a. 2 s. c."><a name="37674"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
651 "ref">[37674] I&ordf;-IIae q. 96 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
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parents: 26
diff changeset
652 est quod dicitur in I de Lib. Arb., <i>videtur mihi legem istam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
653 quae populo regendo scribitur, recte ista permittere, et divinam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
654 providentiam vindicare</i>. Sed divina providentia non vindicat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
655 nisi vitia. Ergo recte lex humana permittit aliqua vitia, non
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parents: 26
diff changeset
656 cohibendo ipsa.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
657 <p title="I-II q. 96 a. 2 co."><a name="37675"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
658 "ref">[37675] I&ordf;-IIae q. 96 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
659 dicendum quod, sicut iam dictum est, lex ponitur ut quaedam regula
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parents: 26
diff changeset
660 vel mensura humanorum actuum. Mensura autem debet esse homogenea
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
661 mensurato, ut dicitur in X Metaphys., diversa enim diversis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
662 mensuris mensurantur. Unde oportet quod etiam leges imponantur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
663 hominibus secundum eorum conditionem, quia, ut Isidorus dicit.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
664 <i>Lex debet esse possibilis et secundum naturam, et secundum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
665 consuetudinem patriae</i>. Potestas autem sive facultas operandi ex
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parents: 26
diff changeset
666 interiori habitu seu dispositione procedit, non enim idem est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
667 possibile ei qui non habet habitum virtutis, et virtuoso; sicut
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parents: 26
diff changeset
668 etiam non est idem possibile puero et viro perfecto. Et propter hoc
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parents: 26
diff changeset
669 non ponitur eadem lex pueris quae ponitur adultis, multa enim
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parents: 26
diff changeset
670 pueris permittuntur quae in adultis lege puniuntur, vel etiam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
671 vituperantur. Et similiter multa sunt permittenda hominibus non
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parents: 26
diff changeset
672 perfectis virtute, quae non essent toleranda in hominibus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
673 virtuosis. Lex autem humana ponitur multitudini hominum, in qua
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
674 maior pars est hominum non perfectorum virtute. Et ideo lege humana
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parents: 26
diff changeset
675 non prohibentur omnia vitia, a quibus virtuosi abstinent; sed solum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
676 graviora, a quibus possibile est maiorem partem multitudinis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
677 abstinere; et praecipue quae sunt in nocumentum aliorum, sine
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
678 quorum prohibitione societas humana conservari non posset, sicut
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parents: 26
diff changeset
679 prohibentur lege humana homicidia et furta et huiusmodi.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
680 <p title="I-II q. 96 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="37676"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
681 "ref">[37676] I&ordf;-IIae q. 96 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
682 ergo dicendum quod audacia pertinere videtur ad invasionem aliorum.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
683 Unde praecipue pertinet ad illa peccata quibus iniuria proximis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
684 irrogatur; quae lege humana prohibentur, ut dictum est.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
685 <p title="I-II q. 96 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="37677"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
686 "ref">[37677] I&ordf;-IIae q. 96 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
687 dicendum quod lex humana intendit homines inducere ad virtutem, non
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parents: 26
diff changeset
688 subito, sed gradatim. Et ideo non statim multitudini imperfectorum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
689 imponit ea quae sunt iam virtuosorum, ut scilicet ab omnibus malis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
690 abstineant. Alioquin imperfecti, huiusmodi praecepta ferre non
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parents: 26
diff changeset
691 valentes, in deteriora mala prorumperent, sicut dicitur Prov. XXX,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
692 <i>qui nimis emungit, elicit sanguinem</i>; et Matth. IX dicitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
693 quod, si vinum novum, idest praecepta perfectae vitae, mittatur in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
694 utres veteres, idest in homines imperfectos, utres rumpuntur, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
695 vinum effunditur, idest, praecepta contemnuntur, et homines ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
696 contemptu ad peiora mala prorumpunt.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
697 <p title="I-II q. 96 a. 2 ad 3"><a name="37678"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
698 "ref">[37678] I&ordf;-IIae q. 96 a. 2 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
699 dicendum quod lex naturalis est quaedam participatio legis aeternae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
700 in nobis, lex autem humana deficit a lege aeterna. Dicit enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
701 Augustinus, in I de Lib. Arb., <i>lex ista quae regendis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
702 civitatibus fertur, multa concedit atque impunita relinquit, quae
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parents: 26
diff changeset
703 per divinam providentiam vindicantur. Neque enim quia non omnia
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parents: 26
diff changeset
704 facit, ideo quae facit, improbanda sunt</i>. Unde etiam lex humana
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
705 non omnia potest prohibere quae prohibet lex naturae.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
706 <br />
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parents: 26
diff changeset
707 <div class="E">Articulus 3</div>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
708 <p title="I-II q. 96 a. 3 arg. 1"><a name="37679"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
709 "ref">[37679] I&ordf;-IIae q. 96 a. 3 arg. 1</span></a> Ad tertium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
710 sic proceditur. Videtur quod lex humana non praecipiat actus omnium
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parents: 26
diff changeset
711 virtutum. Actibus enim virtutum opponuntur actus vitiosi. Sed lex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
712 humana non prohibet omnia vitia, ut dictum est. Ergo etiam non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
713 praecipit actus omnium virtutum.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
714 <p title="I-II q. 96 a. 3 arg. 2"><a name="37680"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
715 "ref">[37680] I&ordf;-IIae q. 96 a. 3 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
716 actus virtutis a virtute procedit. Sed virtus est finis legis, et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
717 ita quod est ex virtute, sub praecepto legis cadere non potest.
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diff changeset
718 Ergo lex humana non praecipit actus omnium virtutum.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
719 <p title="I-II q. 96 a. 3 arg. 3"><a name="37681"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
720 "ref">[37681] I&ordf;-IIae q. 96 a. 3 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
721 lex ordinatur ad bonum commune, ut dictum est. Sed quidam actus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
722 virtutum non ordinantur ad bonum commune, sed ad bonum privatum.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
723 Ergo lex non praecipit actus omnium virtutum.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
724 <p title="I-II q. 96 a. 3 s. c."><a name="37682"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
725 "ref">[37682] I&ordf;-IIae q. 96 a. 3 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
726 est quod philosophus dicit, in V Ethic., quod <i>praecipit lex
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parents: 26
diff changeset
727 fortis opera facere, et quae temperati, et quae mansueti; similiter
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parents: 26
diff changeset
728 autem secundum alias virtutes et malitias, haec quidem iubens, haec
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
729 autem prohibens</i>.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
730 <p title="I-II q. 96 a. 3 co."><a name="37683"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
731 "ref">[37683] I&ordf;-IIae q. 96 a. 3 co.</span></a> Respondeo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
732 dicendum quod species virtutum distinguuntur secundum obiecta, ut
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parents: 26
diff changeset
733 ex supradictis patet. Omnia autem obiecta virtutum referri possunt
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parents: 26
diff changeset
734 vel ad bonum privatum alicuius personae, vel ad bonum commune
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parents: 26
diff changeset
735 multitudinis, sicut ea quae sunt fortitudinis potest aliquis exequi
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parents: 26
diff changeset
736 vel propter conservationem civitatis, vel ad conservandum ius amici
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parents: 26
diff changeset
737 sui; et simile est in aliis. Lex autem, ut dictum est, ordinatur ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
738 bonum commune. Et ideo nulla virtus est de cuius actibus lex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
739 praecipere non possit. Non tamen de omnibus actibus omnium virtutum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
740 lex humana praecipit, sed solum de illis qui sunt ordinabiles ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
741 bonum commune, vel immediate, sicut cum aliqua directe propter
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parents: 26
diff changeset
742 bonum commune fiunt; vel mediate, sicut cum aliqua ordinantur a
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parents: 26
diff changeset
743 legislatore pertinentia ad bonam disciplinam, per quam cives
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parents: 26
diff changeset
744 informantur ut commune bonum iustitiae et pacis conservent.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
745 <p title="I-II q. 96 a. 3 ad 1"><a name="37684"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
746 "ref">[37684] I&ordf;-IIae q. 96 a. 3 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
747 ergo dicendum quod lex humana non prohibet omnes actus vitiosos,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
748 secundum obligationem praecepti, sicut nec praecipit omnes actus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
749 virtuosos. Prohibet tamen aliquos actus singulorum vitiorum, sicut
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parents: 26
diff changeset
750 etiam praecipit quosdam actus singularum virtutum.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
751 <p title="I-II q. 96 a. 3 ad 2"><a name="37685"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
752 "ref">[37685] I&ordf;-IIae q. 96 a. 3 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
753 dicendum quod aliquis actus dicitur esse virtutis dupliciter. Uno
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parents: 26
diff changeset
754 modo, ex eo quod homo operatur virtuosa, sicut actus iustitiae est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
755 facere recta, et actus fortitudinis facere fortia. Et sic lex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
756 praecipit aliquos actus virtutum. Alio modo dicitur actus virtutis,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
757 quia aliquis operatur virtuosa eo modo quo virtuosus operatur. Et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
758 talis actus semper procedit a virtute, nec cadit sub praecepto
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
759 legis, sed est finis ad quem legislator ducere intendit.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
760 <p title="I-II q. 96 a. 3 ad 3"><a name="37686"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
761 "ref">[37686] I&ordf;-IIae q. 96 a. 3 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
762 dicendum quod non est aliqua virtus cuius actus non sint
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parents: 26
diff changeset
763 ordinabiles ad bonum commune, ut dictum est, vel mediate vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
764 immediate.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
765 <br />
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parents: 26
diff changeset
766 <div class="E">Articulus 4</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
767 <p title="I-II q. 96 a. 4 arg. 1"><a name="37687"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
768 "ref">[37687] I&ordf;-IIae q. 96 a. 4 arg. 1</span></a> Ad quartum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
769 sic proceditur. Videtur quod lex humana non imponat homini
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
770 necessitatem in foro conscientiae. Inferior enim potestas non
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parents: 26
diff changeset
771 potest imponere legem in iudicio superioris potestatis. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
772 potestas hominis, quae fert legem humanam, est infra potestatem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
773 divinam. Ergo lex humana non potest imponere legem quantum ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
774 iudicium divinum, quod est iudicium conscientiae.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
775 <p title="I-II q. 96 a. 4 arg. 2"><a name="37688"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
776 "ref">[37688] I&ordf;-IIae q. 96 a. 4 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
777 iudicium conscientiae maxime dependet ex divinis mandatis. Sed
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parents: 26
diff changeset
778 quandoque divina mandata evacuantur per leges humanas; secundum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
779 illud Matth. XV, <i>irritum fecistis mandatum Dei propter
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parents: 26
diff changeset
780 traditiones vestras</i>. Ergo lex humana non imponit necessitatem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
781 homini quantum ad conscientiam.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
782 <p title="I-II q. 96 a. 4 arg. 3"><a name="37689"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
783 "ref">[37689] I&ordf;-IIae q. 96 a. 4 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
784 leges humanae frequenter ingerunt calumniam et iniuriam hominibus;
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parents: 26
diff changeset
785 secundum illud Isaiae X, <i>vae qui condunt leges iniquas, et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
786 scribentes iniustitias scripserunt, ut opprimerent in iudicio
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parents: 26
diff changeset
787 pauperes, et vim facerent causae humilium populi mei</i>. Sed
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parents: 26
diff changeset
788 licitum est unicuique oppressionem et violentiam evitare. Ergo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
789 leges humanae non imponunt necessitatem homini quantum ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
790 conscientiam.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
791 <p title="I-II q. 96 a. 4 s. c."><a name="37690"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
792 "ref">[37690] I&ordf;-IIae q. 96 a. 4 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
793 est quod dicitur I Petr. II, <i>haec est gratia, si propter
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parents: 26
diff changeset
794 conscientiam sustineat quis tristitias, patiens iniuste</i>.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
795 <p title="I-II q. 96 a. 4 co."><a name="37691"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
796 "ref">[37691] I&ordf;-IIae q. 96 a. 4 co.</span></a> Respondeo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
797 dicendum quod leges positae humanitus vel sunt iustae, vel
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parents: 26
diff changeset
798 iniustae. Si quidem iustae sint, habent vim obligandi in foro
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parents: 26
diff changeset
799 conscientiae a lege aeterna, a qua derivantur; secundum illud Prov.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
800 VIII, <i>per me reges regnant, et legum conditores iusta
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parents: 26
diff changeset
801 decernunt</i>. Dicuntur autem leges iustae et ex fine, quando
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parents: 26
diff changeset
802 scilicet ordinantur ad bonum commune; et ex auctore, quando
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parents: 26
diff changeset
803 scilicet lex lata non excedit potestatem ferentis; et ex forma,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
804 quando scilicet secundum aequalitatem proportionis imponuntur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
805 subditis onera in ordine ad bonum commune. Cum enim unus homo sit
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parents: 26
diff changeset
806 pars multitudinis, quilibet homo hoc ipsum quod est et quod habet,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
807 est multitudinis, sicut et quaelibet pars id quod est, est totius.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
808 Unde et natura aliquod detrimentum infert parti, ut salvet totum.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
809 Et secundum hoc, leges huiusmodi, onera proportionabiliter
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parents: 26
diff changeset
810 inferentes, iustae sunt, et obligant in foro conscientiae, et sunt
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parents: 26
diff changeset
811 leges legales. Iniustae autem sunt leges dupliciter. Uno modo, per
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parents: 26
diff changeset
812 contrarietatem ad bonum humanum, e contrario praedictis, vel ex
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parents: 26
diff changeset
813 fine, sicut cum aliquis praesidens leges imponit onerosas subditis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
814 non pertinentes ad utilitatem communem, sed magis ad propriam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
815 cupiditatem vel gloriam; vel etiam ex auctore, sicut cum aliquis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
816 legem fert ultra sibi commissam potestatem; vel etiam ex forma,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
817 puta cum inaequaliter onera multitudini dispensantur, etiam si
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parents: 26
diff changeset
818 ordinentur ad bonum commune. Et huiusmodi magis sunt violentiae
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parents: 26
diff changeset
819 quam leges, quia, sicut Augustinus dicit, in libro de Lib. Arb.,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
820 <i>lex esse non videtur, quae iusta non fuerit</i>. Unde tales
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parents: 26
diff changeset
821 leges non obligant in foro conscientiae, nisi forte propter
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parents: 26
diff changeset
822 vitandum scandalum vel turbationem, propter quod etiam homo iuri
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parents: 26
diff changeset
823 suo debet cedere, secundum illud Matth. V, <i>qui angariaverit te
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parents: 26
diff changeset
824 mille passus, vade cum eo alia duo; et qui abstulerit tibi tunicam,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
825 da ei et pallium</i>. Alio modo leges possunt esse iniustae per
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parents: 26
diff changeset
826 contrarietatem ad bonum divinum, sicut leges tyrannorum inducentes
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parents: 26
diff changeset
827 ad idololatriam, vel ad quodcumque aliud quod sit contra legem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
828 divinam. Et tales leges nullo modo licet observare, quia sicut
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parents: 26
diff changeset
829 dicitur Act. V, <i>obedire oportet Deo magis quam
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diff changeset
830 hominibus</i>.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
831 <p title="I-II q. 96 a. 4 ad 1"><a name="37692"><span class=
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diff changeset
832 "ref">[37692] I&ordf;-IIae q. 96 a. 4 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
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diff changeset
833 ergo dicendum quod, sicut apostolus dicit, ad Rom. XIII, <i>omnis
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diff changeset
834 potestas humana a Deo est, et ideo qui potestati resistit</i>, in
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diff changeset
835 his quae ad ordinem potestatis pertinent, Dei ordinationi resistit.
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diff changeset
836 Et secundum hoc efficitur reus quantum ad conscientiam.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
837 <p title="I-II q. 96 a. 4 ad 2"><a name="37693"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
838 "ref">[37693] I&ordf;-IIae q. 96 a. 4 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
839 dicendum quod ratio illa procedit de legibus humanis quae
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parents: 26
diff changeset
840 ordinantur contra Dei mandatum. Et ad hoc ordo potestatis non se
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parents: 26
diff changeset
841 extendit. Unde in talibus legi humanae non est parendum.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
842 <p title="I-II q. 96 a. 4 ad 3"><a name="37694"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
843 "ref">[37694] I&ordf;-IIae q. 96 a. 4 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
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parents: 26
diff changeset
844 dicendum quod ratio illa procedit de lege quae infert gravamen
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parents: 26
diff changeset
845 iniustum subditis, ad quod etiam ordo potestatis divinitus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
846 concessus non se extendit. Unde nec in talibus homo obligatur ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
847 obediat legi, si sine scandalo vel maiori detrimento resistere
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parents: 26
diff changeset
848 possit.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
849 <br />
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parents: 26
diff changeset
850 <div class="E">Articulus 5</div>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
851 <p title="I-II q. 96 a. 5 arg. 1"><a name="37695"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
852 "ref">[37695] I&ordf;-IIae q. 96 a. 5 arg. 1</span></a> Ad quintum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
853 sic proceditur. Videtur quod non omnes legi subiiciantur. Illi enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
854 soli subiiciuntur legi, quibus lex ponitur. Sed apostolus dicit, I
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
855 ad Tim. I, quod <i>iusto non est lex posita</i>. Ergo iusti non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
856 subiiciuntur legi humanae.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
857 <p title="I-II q. 96 a. 5 arg. 2"><a name="37696"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
858 "ref">[37696] I&ordf;-IIae q. 96 a. 5 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
859 Urbanus Papa dicit, et habetur in decretis, XIX qu. II, <i>qui lege
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parents: 26
diff changeset
860 privata ducitur, nulla ratio exigit ut publica constringatur</i>.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
861 Lege autem privata spiritus sancti ducuntur omnes viri spirituales,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
862 qui sunt filii Dei; secundum illud Rom. VIII, <i>qui spiritu Dei
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
863 aguntur, hi filii Dei sunt</i>. Ergo non omnes homines legi humanae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
864 subiiciuntur.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
865 <p title="I-II q. 96 a. 5 arg. 3"><a name="37697"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
866 "ref">[37697] I&ordf;-IIae q. 96 a. 5 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
867 iurisperitus dicit quod princeps legibus solutus est. Qui autem est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
868 solutus a lege, non subditur legi. Ergo non omnes subiecti sunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
869 legi.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
870 <p title="I-II q. 96 a. 5 s. c."><a name="37698"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
871 "ref">[37698] I&ordf;-IIae q. 96 a. 5 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
872 est quod apostolus dicit, Rom. XIII, <i>omnis anima potestatibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
873 sublimioribus subdita sit</i>. Sed non videtur esse subditus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
874 potestati, qui non subiicitur legi quam fert potestas. Ergo omnes
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
875 homines debent esse legi humanae subiecti.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
876 <p title="I-II q. 96 a. 5 co."><a name="37699"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
877 "ref">[37699] I&ordf;-IIae q. 96 a. 5 co.</span></a> Respondeo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
878 dicendum quod, sicut ex supradictis patet, lex de sui ratione duo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
879 habet, primo quidem, quod est regula humanorum actuum; secundo,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
880 quod habet vim coactivam. Dupliciter ergo aliquis homo potest esse
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
881 legi subiectus. Uno modo, sicut regulatum regulae. Et hoc modo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
882 omnes illi qui subduntur potestati, subduntur legi quam fert
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
883 potestas. Quod autem aliquis potestati non subdatur, potest
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
884 contingere dupliciter. Uno modo, quia est simpliciter absolutus ab
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
885 eius subiectione. Unde illi qui sunt de una civitate vel regno, non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
886 subduntur legibus principis alterius civitatis vel regni, sicut nec
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
887 eius dominio. Alio modo, secundum quod regitur superiori lege. Puta
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
888 si aliquis subiectus sit proconsuli, regulari debet eius mandato,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
889 non tamen in his quae dispensantur ei ab imperatore, quantum enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
890 ad illa, non adstringitur mandato inferioris, cum superiori mandato
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
891 dirigatur. Et secundum hoc contingit quod aliquis simpliciter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
892 subiectus legi, secundum aliqua legi non adstringitur, secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
893 quae regitur superiori lege. Alio vero modo dicitur aliquis subdi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
894 legi sicut coactum cogenti. Et hoc modo homines virtuosi et iusti
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
895 non subduntur legi, sed soli mali. Quod enim est coactum et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
896 violentum, est contrarium voluntati. Voluntas autem bonorum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
897 consonat legi, a qua malorum voluntas discordat. Et ideo secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
898 hoc boni non sunt sub lege, sed solum mali.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
899 <p title="I-II q. 96 a. 5 ad 1"><a name="37700"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
900 "ref">[37700] I&ordf;-IIae q. 96 a. 5 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
901 ergo dicendum quod ratio illa procedit de subiectione quae est per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
902 modum coactionis. Sic enim iusto non est lex posita, quia ipsi sibi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
903 sunt lex, dum ostendunt opus legis scriptum in cordibus suis, sicut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
904 apostolus, ad Rom. II, dicit. Unde in eos non habet lex vim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
905 coactivam, sicut habet in iniustos.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
906 <p title="I-II q. 96 a. 5 ad 2"><a name="37701"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
907 "ref">[37701] I&ordf;-IIae q. 96 a. 5 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
908 dicendum quod lex spiritus sancti est superior omni lege humanitus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
909 posita. Et ideo viri spirituales, secundum hoc quod lege spiritus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
910 sancti ducuntur, non subduntur legi, quantum ad ea quae repugnant
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
911 ductioni spiritus sancti. Sed tamen hoc ipsum est de ductu spiritus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
912 sancti, quod homines spirituales legibus humanis subdantur;
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parents: 26
diff changeset
913 secundum illud I Petr. II, <i>subiecti estote omni humanae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
914 creaturae, propter Deum</i>.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
915 <p title="I-II q. 96 a. 5 ad 3"><a name="37702"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
916 "ref">[37702] I&ordf;-IIae q. 96 a. 5 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
917 dicendum quod princeps dicitur esse solutus a lege, quantum ad vim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
918 coactivam legis, nullus enim proprie cogitur a seipso; lex autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
919 non habet vim coactivam nisi ex principis potestate. Sic igitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
920 princeps dicitur esse solutus a lege, quia nullus in ipsum potest
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
921 iudicium condemnationis ferre, si contra legem agat. Unde super
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
922 illud Psalmi l, <i>tibi soli peccavi</i> etc., dicit Glossa quod
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parents: 26
diff changeset
923 <i>lex non habet hominem qui sua facta diiudicet</i>. Sed quantum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
924 ad vim directivam legis, princeps subditur legi propria voluntate;
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parents: 26
diff changeset
925 secundum quod dicitur extra, de constitutionibus, cap. cum omnes,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
926 <i>quod quisque iuris in alterum statuit, ipse eodem iure uti
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parents: 26
diff changeset
927 debet. Et sapientis dicit auctoritas, patere legem quam ipse
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parents: 26
diff changeset
928 tuleris</i>. Improperatur etiam his a domino qui dicunt et non
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parents: 26
diff changeset
929 faciunt; et qui aliis onera gravia imponunt, et ipsi nec digito
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parents: 26
diff changeset
930 volunt ea movere; ut habetur Matth. XXIII. Unde quantum ad Dei
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parents: 26
diff changeset
931 iudicium, princeps non est solutus a lege, quantum ad vim
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parents: 26
diff changeset
932 directivam eius; sed debet voluntarius, non coactus, legem implere.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
933 Est etiam princeps supra legem, inquantum, si expediens fuerit,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
934 potest legem mutare, et in ea dispensare, pro loco et tempore.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
935 <br />
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parents: 26
diff changeset
936 <div class="E">Articulus 6</div>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
937 <p title="I-II q. 96 a. 6 arg. 1"><a name="37703"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
938 "ref">[37703] I&ordf;-IIae q. 96 a. 6 arg. 1</span></a> Ad sextum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
939 sic proceditur. Videtur quod non liceat ei qui subditur legi,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
940 praeter verba legis agere. Dicit enim Augustinus, in libro de vera
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parents: 26
diff changeset
941 Relig., <i>in temporalibus legibus, quamvis homines iudicent de his
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parents: 26
diff changeset
942 cum eas instituunt, tamen quando fuerint institutae et firmatae,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
943 non licebit de ipsis iudicare, sed secundum ipsas</i>. Sed si
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parents: 26
diff changeset
944 aliquis praetermittat verba legis, dicens se intentionem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
945 legislatoris servare, videtur iudicare de lege. Ergo non licet ei
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parents: 26
diff changeset
946 qui subditur legi, ut praetermittat verba legis, ut intentionem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
947 legislatoris servet.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
948 <p title="I-II q. 96 a. 6 arg. 2"><a name="37704"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
949 "ref">[37704] I&ordf;-IIae q. 96 a. 6 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
950 ad eum solum pertinet leges interpretari, cuius est condere leges.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
951 Sed hominum subditorum legi non est leges condere. Ergo eorum non
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parents: 26
diff changeset
952 est interpretari legislatoris intentionem, sed semper secundum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
953 verba legis agere debent.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
954 <p title="I-II q. 96 a. 6 arg. 3"><a name="37705"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
955 "ref">[37705] I&ordf;-IIae q. 96 a. 6 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
956 omnis sapiens intentionem suam verbis novit explicare. Sed illi qui
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parents: 26
diff changeset
957 leges condiderunt, reputari debent sapientes, dicit enim sapientia,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
958 Prov. VIII, <i>per me reges regnant, et legum conditores iusta
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parents: 26
diff changeset
959 decernunt</i>. Ergo de intentione legislatoris non est iudicandum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
960 nisi per verba legis.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
961 <p title="I-II q. 96 a. 6 s. c."><a name="37706"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
962 "ref">[37706] I&ordf;-IIae q. 96 a. 6 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
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parents: 26
diff changeset
963 est quod Hilarius dicit, in IV de Trin., <i>intelligentia dictorum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
964 ex causis est assumenda dicendi, quia non sermoni res, sed rei
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parents: 26
diff changeset
965 debet esse sermo subiectus</i>. Ergo magis est attendendum ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
966 causam quae movit legislatorem, quam ad ipsa verba legis.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
967 <p title="I-II q. 96 a. 6 co."><a name="37707"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
968 "ref">[37707] I&ordf;-IIae q. 96 a. 6 co.</span></a> Respondeo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
969 dicendum quod, sicut supra dictum est, omnis lex ordinatur ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
970 communem hominum salutem, et intantum obtinet vim et rationem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
971 legis; secundum vero quod ab hoc deficit, virtutem obligandi non
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parents: 26
diff changeset
972 habet. Unde iurisperitus dicit quod <i>nulla iuris ratio aut
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parents: 26
diff changeset
973 aequitatis benignitas patitur ut quae salubriter pro utilitate
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parents: 26
diff changeset
974 hominum introducuntur, ea nos duriori interpretatione, contra
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parents: 26
diff changeset
975 ipsorum commodum, perducamus ad severitatem</i>. Contingit autem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
976 multoties quod aliquid observari communi saluti est utile ut in
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parents: 26
diff changeset
977 pluribus, quod tamen in aliquibus casibus est maxime nocivum. Quia
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parents: 26
diff changeset
978 igitur legislator non potest omnes singulares casus intueri,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
979 proponit legem secundum ea quae in pluribus accidunt, ferens
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parents: 26
diff changeset
980 intentionem suam ad communem utilitatem. Unde si emergat casus in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
981 quo observatio talis legis sit damnosa communi saluti, non est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
982 observanda. Sicut si in civitate obsessa statuatur lex quod portae
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parents: 26
diff changeset
983 civitatis maneant clausae, hoc est utile communi saluti ut in
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parents: 26
diff changeset
984 pluribus, si tamen contingat casus quod hostes insequantur aliquos
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parents: 26
diff changeset
985 cives, per quos civitas conservatur, damnosissimum esset civitati
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parents: 26
diff changeset
986 nisi eis portae aperirentur, et ideo in tali casu essent portae
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parents: 26
diff changeset
987 aperiendae, contra verba legis, ut servaretur utilitas communis,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
988 quam legislator intendit. Sed tamen hoc est considerandum, quod si
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parents: 26
diff changeset
989 observatio legis secundum verba non habeat subitum periculum, cui
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parents: 26
diff changeset
990 oportet statim occurri, non pertinet ad quemlibet ut interpretetur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
991 quid sit utile civitati et quid inutile, sed hoc solum pertinet ad
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
992 principes, qui propter huiusmodi casus habent auctoritatem in
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parents: 26
diff changeset
993 legibus dispensandi. Si vero sit subitum periculum, non patiens
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parents: 26
diff changeset
994 tantam moram ut ad superiorem recurri possit, ipsa necessitas
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
995 dispensationem habet annexam, quia necessitas non subditur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
996 legi.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
997 <p title="I-II q. 96 a. 6 ad 1"><a name="37708"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
998 "ref">[37708] I&ordf;-IIae q. 96 a. 6 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
999 ergo dicendum quod ille qui in casu necessitatis agit praeter verba
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1000 legis, non iudicat de ipsa lege, sed iudicat de casu singulari, in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1001 quo videt verba legis observanda non esse.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1002 <p title="I-II q. 96 a. 6 ad 2"><a name="37709"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1003 "ref">[37709] I&ordf;-IIae q. 96 a. 6 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1004 dicendum quod ille qui sequitur intentionem legislatoris, non
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1005 interpretatur legem simpliciter; sed in casu in quo manifestum est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1006 per evidentiam nocumenti, legislatorem aliud intendisse. Si enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1007 dubium sit, debet vel secundum verba legis agere, vel superiores
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1008 consulere.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1009 <p title="I-II q. 96 a. 6 ad 3"><a name="37710"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1010 "ref">[37710] I&ordf;-IIae q. 96 a. 6 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1011 dicendum quod nullius hominis sapientia tanta est ut possit omnes
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1012 singulares casus excogitare, et ideo non potest sufficienter per
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1013 verba sua exprimere ea quae conveniunt ad finem intentum. Et si
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1014 posset legislator omnes casus considerare, non oporteret ut omnes
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1015 exprimeret, propter confusionem vitandam, sed legem ferre deberet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1016 secundum ea quae in pluribus accidunt.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1017 <br />
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1018 <div class="D">Quaestio 97</div>
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1019 <div class="G">Prooemium</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1020 <p title="I-II q. 97 pr."><a name="37711"><span class="ref">[37711]
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1021 I&ordf;-IIae q. 97 pr.</span></a> Deinde considerandum est de
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1022 mutatione legum. Et circa hoc quaeruntur quatuor. Primo, utrum lex
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1023 humana sit mutabilis. Secundo, utrum semper debeat mutari, quando
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1024 aliquid melius occurrerit. Tertio, utrum per consuetudinem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1025 aboleatur; et utrum consuetudo obtineat vim legis. Quarto, utrum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1026 usus legis humanae per dispensationem rectorum immutari debeat.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1027 <br />
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1028 <div class="E">Articulus 1</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1029 <p title="I-II q. 97 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="37712"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1030 "ref">[37712] I&ordf;-IIae q. 97 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad primum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1031 sic proceditur. Videtur quod lex humana nullo modo debeat mutari.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1032 Lex enim humana derivatur a lege naturali, ut supra dictum est. Sed
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1033 lex naturalis immobilis perseverat. Ergo et lex humana debet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1034 immobilis permanere.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1035 <p title="I-II q. 97 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="37713"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1036 "ref">[37713] I&ordf;-IIae q. 97 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1037 sicut philosophus dicit, in V Ethic., mensura maxime debet esse
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1038 permanens. Sed lex humana est mensura humanorum actuum, ut supra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1039 dictum est. Ergo debet immobiliter permanere.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1040 <p title="I-II q. 97 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="37714"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1041 "ref">[37714] I&ordf;-IIae q. 97 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1042 de ratione legis est quod sit iusta et recta, ut supra dictum est.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1043 Sed illud quod semel est rectum, semper est rectum. Ergo illud quod
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1044 semel est lex, semper debet esse lex.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1045 <p title="I-II q. 97 a. 1 s. c."><a name="37715"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1046 "ref">[37715] I&ordf;-IIae q. 97 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1047 est quod Augustinus dicit, in I de Lib. Arb., <i>lex temporalis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1048 quamvis iusta sit, commutari tamen per tempora iuste
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1049 potest</i>.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1050 <p title="I-II q. 97 a. 1 co."><a name="37716"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1051 "ref">[37716] I&ordf;-IIae q. 97 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1052 dicendum quod sicut supra dictum est, lex humana est quoddam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1053 dictamen rationis, quo diriguntur humani actus. Et secundum hoc
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1054 duplex causa potest esse quod lex humana iuste mutetur, una quidem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1055 ex parte rationis; alia vero ex parte hominum, quorum actus lege
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1056 regulantur. Ex parte quidem rationis, quia humanae rationi naturale
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1057 esse videtur ut gradatim ab imperfecto ad perfectum perveniat. Unde
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1058 videmus in scientiis speculativis quod qui primo philosophati sunt,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1059 quaedam imperfecta tradiderunt, quae postmodum per posteriores sunt
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1060 magis perfecta. Ita etiam est in operabilibus. Nam primi qui
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1061 intenderunt invenire aliquid utile communitati hominum, non
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1062 valentes omnia ex seipsis considerare, instituerunt quaedam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1063 imperfecta in multis deficientia quae posteriores mutaverunt,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1064 instituentes aliqua quae in paucioribus deficere possent a communi
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1065 utilitate. Ex parte vero hominum, quorum actus lege regulantur, lex
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1066 recte mutari potest propter mutationem conditionum hominum, quibus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1067 secundum diversas eorum conditiones diversa expediunt. Sicut
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1068 Augustinus ponit exemplum, in I de Lib. Arb., quod <i>si populus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1069 sit bene moderatus et gravis, communisque utilitatis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1070 diligentissimus custos, recte lex fertur qua tali populo liceat
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1071 creare sibi magistratus, per quos respublica administretur. Porro
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1072 si paulatim idem populus depravatus habeat venale suffragium, et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1073 regimen flagitiosis sceleratisque committat; recte adimitur tali
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1074 populo potestas dandi honores, et ad paucorum bonorum redit
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1075 arbitrium</i>.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1076 <p title="I-II q. 97 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="37717"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1077 "ref">[37717] I&ordf;-IIae q. 97 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1078 ergo dicendum quod naturalis lex est participatio quaedam legis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1079 aeternae, ut supra dictum est, et ideo immobilis perseverat, quod
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1080 habet ex immobilitate et perfectione divinae rationis instituentis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1081 naturam. Sed ratio humana mutabilis est et imperfecta. Et ideo eius
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1082 lex mutabilis est. Et praeterea lex naturalis continet quaedam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1083 universalia praecepta, quae semper manent, lex vero posita ab
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1084 homine continet praecepta quaedam particularia, secundum diversos
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1085 casus qui emergunt.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1086 <p title="I-II q. 97 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="37718"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1087 "ref">[37718] I&ordf;-IIae q. 97 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1088 dicendum quod mensura debet esse permanens quantum est possibile.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1089 Sed in rebus mutabilibus non potest esse aliquid omnino
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1090 immutabiliter permanens. Et ideo lex humana non potest esse omnino
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diff changeset
1091 immutabilis.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1092 <p title="I-II q. 97 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="37719"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1093 "ref">[37719] I&ordf;-IIae q. 97 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1094 dicendum quod rectum in rebus corporalibus dicitur absolute, et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1095 ideo semper, quantum est de se, manet rectum. Sed rectitudo legis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1096 dicitur in ordine ad utilitatem communem, cui non semper
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1097 proportionatur una eademque res, sicut supra dictum est. Et ideo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1098 talis rectitudo mutatur.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1099 <br />
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1100 <div class="E">Articulus 2</div>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1101 <p title="I-II q. 97 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="37720"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1102 "ref">[37720] I&ordf;-IIae q. 97 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad secundum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1103 sic proceditur. Videtur quod semper lex humana, quando aliquid
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1104 melius occurrit, sit mutanda. Leges enim humanae sunt adinventae
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1105 per rationem humanam, sicut etiam aliae artes. Sed in aliis artibus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1106 mutatur id quod prius tenebatur, si aliquid melius occurrat. Ergo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1107 idem est etiam faciendum in legibus humanis.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1108 <p title="I-II q. 97 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="37721"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1109 "ref">[37721] I&ordf;-IIae q. 97 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1110 ex his quae praeterita sunt, providere possumus de futuris. Sed
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1111 nisi leges humanae mutatae fuissent supervenientibus melioribus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1112 adinventionibus, multa inconvenientia sequerentur, eo quod leges
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1113 antiquae inveniuntur multas ruditates continere. Ergo videtur quod
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1114 leges sint mutandae, quotiescumque aliquid melius occurrit
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1115 statuendum.</p>
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diff changeset
1116 <p title="I-II q. 97 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="37722"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1117 "ref">[37722] I&ordf;-IIae q. 97 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1118 leges humanae circa singulares actus hominum statuuntur. In
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1119 singularibus autem perfectam cognitionem adipisci non possumus nisi
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1120 per experientiam, quae tempore indiget, ut dicitur in II Ethic.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1121 Ergo videtur quod per successionem temporis possit aliquid melius
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1122 occurrere statuendum.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1123 <p title="I-II q. 97 a. 2 s. c."><a name="37723"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1124 "ref">[37723] I&ordf;-IIae q. 97 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1125 est quod dicitur in decretis, dist. XII, <i>ridiculum est et satis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1126 abominabile dedecus, ut traditiones quas antiquitus a patribus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1127 suscepimus, infringi patiamur</i>.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1128 <p title="I-II q. 97 a. 2 co."><a name="37724"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1129 "ref">[37724] I&ordf;-IIae q. 97 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1130 dicendum quod, sicut dictum est, lex humana intantum recte mutatur,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1131 inquantum per eius mutationem communi utilitati providetur. Habet
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1132 autem ipsa legis mutatio, quantum in se est, detrimentum quoddam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1133 communis salutis. Quia ad observantiam legum plurimum valet
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1134 consuetudo, intantum quod ea quae contra communem consuetudinem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1135 fiunt, etiam si sint leviora de se, graviora videantur. Unde quando
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1136 mutatur lex, diminuitur vis constrictiva legis, inquantum tollitur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1137 consuetudo. Et ideo nunquam debet mutari lex humana, nisi ex aliqua
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1138 parte tantum recompensetur communi saluti, quantum ex ista parte
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1139 derogatur. Quod quidem contingit vel ex hoc quod aliqua maxima et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1140 evidentissima utilitas ex novo statuto provenit, vel ex eo quod est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1141 maxima necessitas, ex eo quod lex consueta aut manifestam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1142 iniquitatem continet, aut eius observatio est plurimum nociva. Unde
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1143 dicitur a iurisperito quod <i>in rebus novis constituendis, evidens
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1144 debet esse utilitas, ut recedatur ab eo iure quod diu aequum visum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1145 est</i>.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1146 <p title="I-II q. 97 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="37725"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1147 "ref">[37725] I&ordf;-IIae q. 97 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1148 ergo dicendum quod ea quae sunt artis, habent efficaciam ex sola
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1149 ratione, et ideo ubicumque melior ratio occurrat, est mutandum quod
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1150 prius tenebatur. <i>Sed leges habent maximam virtutem ex
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1151 consuetudine</i>, ut philosophus dicit, in II Polit. Et inde non
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1152 sunt de facili mutandae.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1153 <p title="I-II q. 97 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="37726"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1154 "ref">[37726] I&ordf;-IIae q. 97 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1155 dicendum quod ratio illa concludit quod leges sunt mutandae, non
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1156 tamen pro quacumque melioratione, sed pro magna utilitate vel
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1157 necessitate, ut dictum est.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1158 <p title="I-II q. 97 a. 2 ad 3"><a name="37727"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1159 "ref">[37727] I&ordf;-IIae q. 97 a. 2 ad 3</span></a> Et similiter
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1160 dicendum est ad tertium.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1161 <br />
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1162 <div class="E">Articulus 3</div>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1163 <p title="I-II q. 97 a. 3 arg. 1"><a name="37728"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1164 "ref">[37728] I&ordf;-IIae q. 97 a. 3 arg. 1</span></a> Ad tertium
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1165 sic proceditur. Videtur quod consuetudo non possit obtinere vim
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1166 legis, nec legem amovere. Lex enim humana derivatur a lege naturae
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1167 et a lege divina, ut ex supradictis patet. Sed consuetudo hominum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1168 non potest immutare legem naturae, nec legem divinam. Ergo etiam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1169 nec legem humanam immutare potest.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1170 <p title="I-II q. 97 a. 3 arg. 2"><a name="37729"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1171 "ref">[37729] I&ordf;-IIae q. 97 a. 3 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1172 ex multis malis non potest fieri unum bonum. Sed ille qui incipit
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1173 primo contra legem agere, male facit. Ergo, multiplicatis similibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1174 actibus, non efficietur aliquod bonum. Lex autem est quoddam bonum,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1175 cum sit regula humanorum actuum. Ergo per consuetudinem non potest
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1176 removeri lex, ut ipsa consuetudo vim legis obtineat.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1177 <p title="I-II q. 97 a. 3 arg. 3"><a name="37730"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1178 "ref">[37730] I&ordf;-IIae q. 97 a. 3 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1179 ferre legem pertinet ad publicas personas, ad quas pertinet regere
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1180 communitatem, unde privatae personae legem facere non possunt. Sed
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1181 consuetudo invalescit per actus privatarum personarum. Ergo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1182 consuetudo non potest obtinere vim legis, per quam lex
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1183 removeatur.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1184 <p title="I-II q. 97 a. 3 s. c."><a name="37731"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1185 "ref">[37731] I&ordf;-IIae q. 97 a. 3 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1186 est quod Augustinus dicit, in Epist. ad Casulan., <i>mos populi Dei
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1187 et instituta maiorum pro lege sunt tenenda. Et sicut
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1188 praevaricatores legum divinarum, ita et contemptores consuetudinum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1189 ecclesiasticarum coercendi sunt</i>.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1190 <p title="I-II q. 97 a. 3 co."><a name="37732"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1191 "ref">[37732] I&ordf;-IIae q. 97 a. 3 co.</span></a> Respondeo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1192 dicendum quod omnis lex proficiscitur a ratione et voluntate
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1193 legislatoris, lex quidem divina et naturalis a rationabili Dei
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1194 voluntate; lex autem humana a voluntate hominis ratione regulata.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1195 Sicut autem ratio et voluntas hominis manifestantur verbo in rebus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1196 agendis, ita etiam manifestantur facto, hoc enim unusquisque
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1197 eligere videtur ut bonum, quod opere implet. Manifestum est autem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1198 quod verbo humano potest et mutari lex, et etiam exponi, inquantum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1199 manifestat interiorem motum et conceptum rationis humanae. Unde
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1200 etiam et per actus, maxime multiplicatos, qui consuetudinem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1201 efficiunt, mutari potest lex, et exponi, et etiam aliquid causari
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1202 quod legis virtutem obtineat, inquantum scilicet per exteriores
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1203 actus multiplicatos interior voluntatis motus, et rationis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1204 conceptus, efficacissime declaratur; cum enim aliquid multoties
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1205 fit, videtur ex deliberato rationis iudicio provenire. Et secundum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1206 hoc, consuetudo et habet vim legis, et legem abolet, et est legum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1207 interpretatrix.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1208 <p title="I-II q. 97 a. 3 ad 1"><a name="37733"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1209 "ref">[37733] I&ordf;-IIae q. 97 a. 3 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1210 ergo dicendum quod lex naturalis et divina procedit a voluntate
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1211 divina, ut dictum est. Unde non potest mutari per consuetudinem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1212 procedentem a voluntate hominis, sed solum per auctoritatem divinam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1213 mutari posset. Et inde est quod nulla consuetudo vim obtinere
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1214 potest contra legem divinam vel legem naturalem, dicit enim
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1215 Isidorus, in Synonym., <i>usus auctoritati cedat, pravum usum lex
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1216 et ratio vincat</i>.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1217 <p title="I-II q. 97 a. 3 ad 2"><a name="37734"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1218 "ref">[37734] I&ordf;-IIae q. 97 a. 3 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1219 dicendum quod, sicut supra dictum est, leges humanae in aliquibus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1220 casibus deficiunt, unde possibile est quandoque praeter legem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1221 agere, in casu scilicet in quo deficit lex, et tamen actus non erit
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1222 malus. Et cum tales casus multiplicantur, propter aliquam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1223 mutationem hominum, tunc manifestatur per consuetudinem quod lex
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1224 ulterius utilis non est, sicut etiam manifestaretur si lex
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1225 contraria verbo promulgaretur. Si autem adhuc maneat ratio eadem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1226 propter quam prima lex utilis erat, non consuetudo legem, sed lex
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1227 consuetudinem vincit, nisi forte propter hoc solum inutilis lex
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1228 videatur, quia non est possibilis secundum consuetudinem patriae,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1229 quae erat una de conditionibus legis. Difficile enim est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1230 consuetudinem multitudinis removere.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1231 <p title="I-II q. 97 a. 3 ad 3"><a name="37735"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1232 "ref">[37735] I&ordf;-IIae q. 97 a. 3 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1233 dicendum quod multitudo in qua consuetudo introducitur duplicis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1234 conditionis esse potest. Si enim sit libera multitudo, quae possit
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1235 sibi legem facere, plus est consensus totius multitudinis ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1236 aliquid observandum, quem consuetudo manifestat, quam auctoritas
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1237 principis, qui non habet potestatem condendi legem, nisi inquantum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1238 gerit personam multitudinis. Unde licet singulae personae non
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1239 possint condere legem, tamen totus populus legem condere potest. Si
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1240 vero multitudo non habeat liberam potestatem condendi sibi legem,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1241 vel legem a superiori potestate positam removendi; tamen ipsa
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1242 consuetudo in tali multitudine praevalens obtinet vim legis,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1243 inquantum per eos toleratur ad quos pertinet multitudini legem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1244 imponere, ex hoc enim ipso videntur approbare quod consuetudo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1245 induxit.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1246 <br />
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1247 <div class="E">Articulus 4</div>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1248 <p title="I-II q. 97 a. 4 arg. 1"><a name="37736"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1249 "ref">[37736] I&ordf;-IIae q. 97 a. 4 arg. 1</span></a> Ad quartum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1250 sic proceditur. Videtur quod rectores multitudinis non possint in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1251 legibus humanis dispensare. Lex enim statuta est pro communi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1252 utilitate, ut Isidorus dicit. Sed bonum commune non debet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1253 intermitti pro privato commodo alicuius personae, quia, ut dicit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1254 philosophus, in I Ethic., <i>bonum gentis divinius est quam bonum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1255 unius hominis</i>. Ergo videtur quod non debeat dispensari cum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1256 aliquo ut contra legem communem agat.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1257 <p title="I-II q. 97 a. 4 arg. 2"><a name="37737"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1258 "ref">[37737] I&ordf;-IIae q. 97 a. 4 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1259 illis qui super alios constituuntur, praecipitur Deut. I, <i>ita
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1260 parvum audietis ut magnum, nec accipietis cuiusquam personam, quia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1261 Dei iudicium est</i>. Sed concedere alicui quod communiter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1262 denegatur omnibus, videtur esse acceptio personarum. Ergo huiusmodi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1263 dispensationes facere rectores multitudinis non possunt, cum hoc
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1264 sit contra praeceptum legis divinae.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1265 <p title="I-II q. 97 a. 4 arg. 3"><a name="37738"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1266 "ref">[37738] I&ordf;-IIae q. 97 a. 4 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1267 lex humana, si sit recta, oportet quod consonet legi naturali et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1268 legi divinae, aliter enim non congrueret religioni, nec conveniret
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1269 disciplinae, quod requiritur ad legem, ut Isidorus dicit. Sed in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1270 lege divina et naturali nullus homo potest dispensare. Ergo nec
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1271 etiam in lege humana.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1272 <p title="I-II q. 97 a. 4 s. c."><a name="37739"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1273 "ref">[37739] I&ordf;-IIae q. 97 a. 4 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1274 est quod dicit apostolus, I ad Cor. IX, <i>dispensatio mihi credita
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1275 est</i>.</p>
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1276 <p title="I-II q. 97 a. 4 co."><a name="37740"><span class=
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1277 "ref">[37740] I&ordf;-IIae q. 97 a. 4 co.</span></a> Respondeo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1278 dicendum quod dispensatio proprie importat commensurationem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1279 alicuius communis ad singula, unde etiam gubernator familiae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1280 dicitur dispensator, inquantum unicuique de familia cum pondere et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1281 mensura distribuit et operationes et necessaria vitae. Sic igitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1282 et in quacumque multitudine ex eo dicitur aliquis dispensare, quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1283 ordinat qualiter aliquod commune praeceptum sit a singulis
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1284 adimplendum. Contingit autem quandoque quod aliquod praeceptum quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1285 est ad commodum multitudinis ut in pluribus, non est conveniens
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1286 huic personae, vel in hoc casu, quia vel per hoc impediretur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1287 aliquid melius, vel etiam induceretur aliquod malum, sicut ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1288 supradictis patet. Periculosum autem esset ut hoc iudicio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1289 cuiuslibet committeretur, nisi forte propter evidens et subitum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1290 periculum, ut supra dictum est. Et ideo ille qui habet regere
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1291 multitudinem, habet potestatem dispensandi in lege humana quae suae
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1292 auctoritati innititur, ut scilicet in personis vel casibus in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1293 quibus lex deficit, licentiam tribuat ut praeceptum legis non
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1294 servetur. Si autem absque hac ratione, pro sola voluntate,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1295 licentiam tribuat, non erit fidelis in dispensatione, aut erit
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1296 imprudens, infidelis quidem, si non habeat intentionem ad bonum
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1297 commune; imprudens autem, si rationem dispensandi ignoret. Propter
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1298 quod dominus dicit, Lucae XII, <i>quis, putas, est fidelis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1299 dispensator et prudens, quem constituit dominus super familiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1300 suam?</i></p>
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parents: 26
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1301 <p title="I-II q. 97 a. 4 ad 1"><a name="37741"><span class=
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1302 "ref">[37741] I&ordf;-IIae q. 97 a. 4 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
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1303 ergo dicendum quod, quando cum aliquo dispensatur ut legem communem
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1304 non servet, non debet fieri in praeiudicium boni communis; sed ea
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1305 intentione ut ad bonum commune proficiat.</p>
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1306 <p title="I-II q. 97 a. 4 ad 2"><a name="37742"><span class=
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1307 "ref">[37742] I&ordf;-IIae q. 97 a. 4 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
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1308 dicendum quod non est acceptio personarum si non serventur aequalia
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1309 in personis inaequalibus. Unde quando conditio alicuius personae
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1310 requirit ut rationabiliter in ea aliquid specialiter observetur,
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1311 non est personarum acceptio si sibi aliqua specialis gratia
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1312 fiat.</p>
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1313 <p title="I-II q. 97 a. 4 ad 3"><a name="37743"><span class=
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1314 "ref">[37743] I&ordf;-IIae q. 97 a. 4 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
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1315 dicendum quod lex naturalis inquantum continet praecepta communia,
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1316 quae nunquam fallunt, dispensationem recipere non potest. In aliis
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1317 vero praeceptis, quae sunt quasi conclusiones praeceptorum
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1318 communium, quandoque per hominem dispensatur, puta quod mutuum non
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1319 reddatur proditori patriae, vel aliquid huiusmodi. Ad legem autem
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1320 divinam ita se habet quilibet homo, sicut persona privata ad legem
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1321 publicam cui subiicitur. Unde sicut in lege humana publica non
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1322 potest dispensare nisi ille a quo lex auctoritatem habet, vel is
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1323 cui ipse commiserit; ita in praeceptis iuris divini, quae sunt a
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1324 Deo, nullus potest dispensare nisi Deus, vel si cui ipse
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1325 specialiter committeret.</p>
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1326 <div class="centro"><br />
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1327 <p><a href="sth2094.html"><img src="icons/ageretro.gif" width="19"
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1328 height="19" align="middle" border="0" alt="age retro" /></a> &nbsp;
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1329 <a href="sth2098.html"><img src="icons/ageultra.gif" width="19"
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1330 height="19" align="middle" border="0" alt="age ultra" /></a></p>
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1331 <br />
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1332 <hr />
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1333 <br />
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1334 <address>&copy; 2006 Fundaci&oacute;n Tom&aacute;s de Aquino quoad
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1335 hanc editionem<br />
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1336 Iura omnia asservantur<br />
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1337 OCLC nr. <a href="http://worldcatlibraries.org/wcpa/oclc/49644264"
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1338 style="text-decoration=none">49644264</a></address>
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1339 </div>
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1340 </body>
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1341 </html>