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annotate summa/latin/sth2006.html @ 53:d777cc3962f2

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author ht
date Mon, 28 Dec 2009 13:00:58 +0000
parents 544e12f679ad
children 03759e5c1080
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1 <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
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2 <!DOCTYPE html
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3 PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "file:///c:/cygwin/usr/local/share/lib/xml/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
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4 <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="LA" lang="LA">
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5 <head>
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6 <meta content="HTML Tidy for Windows (vers 1st February 2005), see www.w3.org" name="generator"/>
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7 <meta content="text/html; charset=us-ascii" http-equiv="Content-Type"/>
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8 <meta content="text/css" http-equiv="Content-Style-Type"/>
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9 <meta content="text/javascript" http-equiv="Content-Script-Type"/>
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10 <meta content="Thomas de Aquino, Summa Theologiae, Corpus Thomisticum" name="keywords"/>
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11 <meta content="Latin" name="language"/>
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12 <meta content="public" name="security"/>
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13 <meta content="ealarcon@unav.es" name="owner"/>
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14 <meta content="Enrique Alarcón" name="author"/>
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15 <meta content="" name="abstract"/>
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16 <link type="text/css" href="vscreen.css" media="screen" rel="stylesheet"/>
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17 <link type="text/css" href="vprint.css" media="print" rel="stylesheet"/>
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18 <title>Thomas de Aquino, Summa Theologiae, Iª-IIae q.
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19 6-21</title>
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20 </head>
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21 <body><a href="http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/"/><div class="tres">CORPUS THOMISTICUM</div><div class="uno">Sancti Thomae de Aquino</div><div class="uno">Summa Theologiae</div><div class="dos">prima pars secundae partis a quaestione VI ad
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22 quaestionem XXI</div><div class="centro">
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23 <table summary="Imago" align="center">
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24 <tr>
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25 <th><img align="middle" alt="Thomas de Aquino a Filippino Lippi depictus (Cappella Carafa, S. Maria sopra Minerva, Roma)" border="0" height="190" width="275" src="icons/fugit190.jpg"/></th>
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26 </tr>
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27 </table>
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28 <br/>
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29 <span class="tres">Textum Leoninum Romae 1891 editum<br/>
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30 ac automato translatum a Roberto Busa SJ in taenias
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31 magneticas<br/>
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32 denuo recognovit Enrique Alarcón atque instruxit<br/>
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33 <br/></span><br/>
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34 <hr/>
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35 <br/>
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36 <p><a href="sth2001.html"><img alt="age retro" border="0" align="middle" height="19" width="19" src="icons/ageretro.gif"/></a>  
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37 <a href="sth2022.html"><img alt="age ultra" border="0" align="middle" height="19" width="19" src="icons/ageultra.gif"/></a></p>
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38 <script type="text/javascript" language="JavaScript">
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39 //
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40 &lt;!--
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41 // original code by Bill Trefzger 12/12/96; revised by Enrique Alarcon 12/9/2000
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42 function go(){if(document.selecter.select1.options[document.selecter.select1.selectedIndex].value !="none"){location=document.selecter.select1.options[document.selecter.select1.selectedIndex].value}}
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43 document.write('&lt;FORM NAME="selecter"&gt;&lt;SELECT NAME="select1"&gt;');
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44 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="none"&gt;INDEX');
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45 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="none"&gt;------------------------------------------------');
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46 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="index.html"&gt;Corpus Thomisticum');
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47 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="iopera.html"&gt;Opera omnia');
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134 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33825"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 7 a. 3 co.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
135 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33826"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 7 a. 3 ad 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
136 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33827"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 7 a. 3 ad 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
137 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33828"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 7 a. 3 ad 3');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
138 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33829"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 7 a. 4 arg. 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
139 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33830"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 7 a. 4 arg. 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
140 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33831"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 7 a. 4 arg. 3');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
141 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33832"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 7 a. 4 s. c.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
142 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33833"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 7 a. 4 co.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
143 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33834"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 7 a. 4 ad 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
144 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33835"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 7 a. 4 ad 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
145 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33836"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 7 a. 4 ad 3');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
146 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33837"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 8 pr.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
147 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33838"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 8 a. 1 arg. 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
148 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33839"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 8 a. 1 arg. 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
149 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33840"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 8 a. 1 arg. 3');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
150 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33841"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 8 a. 1 s. c.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
151 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33842"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 8 a. 1 co.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
152 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33843"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 8 a. 1 ad 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
153 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33844"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 8 a. 1 ad 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
154 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33845"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 8 a. 1 ad 3');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
155 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33846"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 8 a. 2 arg. 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
156 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33847"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 8 a. 2 arg. 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
157 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33848"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 8 a. 2 arg. 3');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
158 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33849"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 8 a. 2 s. c.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
159 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33850"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 8 a. 2 co.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
160 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33851"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 8 a. 2 ad 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
161 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33852"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 8 a. 2 ad 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
162 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33853"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 8 a. 2 ad 3');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
163 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33854"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 8 a. 3 arg. 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
164 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33855"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 8 a. 3 arg. 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
165 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33856"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 8 a. 3 arg. 3');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
166 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33857"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 8 a. 3 s. c.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
167 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33858"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 8 a. 3 co.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
168 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33859"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 8 a. 3 ad 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
169 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33860"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 8 a. 3 ad 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
170 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33861"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 8 a. 3 ad 3');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
171 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33862"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 8 a. 3 ad 4');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
172 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33863"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 9 pr.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
173 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33864"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 9 a. 1 arg. 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
174 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33865"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 9 a. 1 arg. 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
175 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33866"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 9 a. 1 arg. 3');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
176 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33867"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 9 a. 1 s. c.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
177 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33868"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 9 a. 1 co.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
178 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33869"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 9 a. 1 ad 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
179 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33870"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 9 a. 1 ad 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
180 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33871"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 9 a. 1 ad 3');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
181 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33872"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 9 a. 2 arg. 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
182 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33873"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 9 a. 2 arg. 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
183 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33874"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 9 a. 2 arg. 3');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
184 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33875"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 9 a. 2 s. c.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
185 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33876"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 9 a. 2 co.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
186 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33877"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 9 a. 2 ad 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
187 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33878"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 9 a. 2 ad 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
188 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33879"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 9 a. 2 ad 3');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
189 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33880"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 9 a. 3 arg. 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
190 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33881"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 9 a. 3 arg. 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
191 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33882"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 9 a. 3 arg. 3');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
192 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33883"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 9 a. 3 s. c.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
193 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33884"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 9 a. 3 co.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
194 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33885"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 9 a. 3 ad 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
195 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33886"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 9 a. 3 ad 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
196 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33887"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 9 a. 3 ad 3');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
197 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33888"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 9 a. 4 arg. 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
198 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33889"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 9 a. 4 arg. 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
199 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33890"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 9 a. 4 arg. 3');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
200 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33891"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 9 a. 4 s. c.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
201 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33892"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 9 a. 4 co.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
202 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33893"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 9 a. 4 ad 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
203 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33894"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 9 a. 4 ad 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
204 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33895"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 9 a. 4 ad 3');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
205 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33896"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 9 a. 5 arg. 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
206 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33897"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 9 a. 5 arg. 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
207 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33898"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 9 a. 5 arg. 3');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
208 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33899"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 9 a. 5 s. c.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
209 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33900"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 9 a. 5 co.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
210 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33901"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 9 a. 5 ad 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
211 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33902"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 9 a. 5 ad 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
212 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33903"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 9 a. 5 ad 3');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
213 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33904"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 9 a. 6 arg. 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
214 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33905"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 9 a. 6 arg. 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
215 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33906"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 9 a. 6 arg. 3');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
216 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33907"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 9 a. 6 s. c.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
217 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33908"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 9 a. 6 co.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
218 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33909"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 9 a. 6 ad 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
219 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33910"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 9 a. 6 ad 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
220 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33911"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 9 a. 6 ad 3');
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ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
221 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33912"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 10 pr.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
222 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33913"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 10 a. 1 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
223 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33914"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 10 a. 1 arg. 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
224 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33915"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 10 a. 1 arg. 3');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
225 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33916"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 10 a. 1 s. c.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
226 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33917"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 10 a. 1 co.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
227 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33918"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 10 a. 1 ad 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
228 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33919"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 10 a. 1 ad 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
229 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33920"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 10 a. 1 ad 3');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
230 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33921"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 10 a. 2 arg. 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
231 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33922"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 10 a. 2 arg. 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
232 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33923"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 10 a. 2 arg. 3');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
233 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33924"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 10 a. 2 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
234 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33925"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 10 a. 2 co.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
235 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33926"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 10 a. 2 ad 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
236 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33927"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 10 a. 2 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
237 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33928"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 10 a. 2 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
238 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33929"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 10 a. 3 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
239 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33930"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 10 a. 3 arg. 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
240 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33931"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 10 a. 3 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
241 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33932"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 10 a. 3 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
242 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33933"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 10 a. 3 co.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
243 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33934"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 10 a. 3 ad 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
244 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33935"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 10 a. 3 ad 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
245 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33936"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 10 a. 3 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
246 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33937"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 10 a. 4 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
247 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33938"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 10 a. 4 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
248 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33939"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 10 a. 4 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
249 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33940"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 10 a. 4 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
250 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33941"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 10 a. 4 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
251 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33942"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 10 a. 4 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
252 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33943"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 10 a. 4 ad 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
253 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33944"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 10 a. 4 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
254 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33945"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 11 pr.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
255 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33946"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 11 a. 1 arg. 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
256 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33947"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 11 a. 1 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
257 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33948"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 11 a. 1 arg. 3');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
258 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33949"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 11 a. 1 s. c.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
259 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33950"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 11 a. 1 co.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
260 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33951"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 11 a. 1 ad 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
261 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33952"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 11 a. 1 ad 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
262 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33953"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 11 a. 1 ad 3');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
263 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33954"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 11 a. 2 arg. 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
264 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33955"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 11 a. 2 arg. 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
265 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33956"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 11 a. 2 arg. 3');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
266 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33957"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 11 a. 2 s. c.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
267 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33958"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 11 a. 2 co.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
268 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33959"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 11 a. 2 ad 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
269 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33960"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 11 a. 2 ad 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
270 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33961"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 11 a. 2 ad 3');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
271 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33962"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 11 a. 2 ad 4');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
272 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33963"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 11 a. 3 arg. 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
273 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33964"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 11 a. 3 arg. 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
274 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33965"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 11 a. 3 arg. 3');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
275 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33966"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 11 a. 3 s. c.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
276 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33967"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 11 a. 3 co.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
277 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33968"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 11 a. 3 ad 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
278 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33969"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 11 a. 3 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
279 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33970"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 11 a. 3 ad 3');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
280 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33971"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 11 a. 4 arg. 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
281 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33972"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 11 a. 4 arg. 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
282 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33973"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 11 a. 4 arg. 3');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
283 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33974"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 11 a. 4 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
284 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33975"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 11 a. 4 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
285 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33976"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 11 a. 4 ad 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
286 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33977"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 11 a. 4 ad 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
287 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33978"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 11 a. 4 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
288 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33979"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 12 pr.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
289 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33980"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 12 a. 1 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
290 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33981"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 12 a. 1 arg. 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
291 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33982"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 12 a. 1 arg. 3');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
292 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33983"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 12 a. 1 arg. 4');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
293 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33984"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 12 a. 1 s. c.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
294 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33985"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 12 a. 1 co.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
295 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33986"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 12 a. 1 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
296 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33987"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 12 a. 1 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
297 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33988"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 12 a. 1 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
298 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33989"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 12 a. 1 ad 4');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
299 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33990"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 12 a. 2 arg. 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
300 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33991"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 12 a. 2 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
301 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33992"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 12 a. 2 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
302 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33993"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 12 a. 2 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
303 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33994"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 12 a. 2 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
304 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33995"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 12 a. 2 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
305 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33996"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 12 a. 2 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
306 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33997"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 12 a. 2 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
307 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33998"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 12 a. 3 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
308 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#33999"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 12 a. 3 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
309 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34000"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 12 a. 3 arg. 3');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
310 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34001"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 12 a. 3 s. c.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
311 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34002"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 12 a. 3 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
312 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34003"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 12 a. 3 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
313 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34004"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 12 a. 3 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
314 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34005"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 12 a. 3 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
315 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34006"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 12 a. 4 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
316 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34007"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 12 a. 4 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
317 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34008"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 12 a. 4 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
318 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34009"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 12 a. 4 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
319 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34010"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 12 a. 4 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
320 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34011"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 12 a. 4 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
321 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34012"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 12 a. 4 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
322 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34013"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 12 a. 4 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
323 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34014"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 12 a. 5 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
324 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34015"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 12 a. 5 arg. 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
325 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34016"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 12 a. 5 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
326 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34017"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 12 a. 5 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
327 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34018"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 12 a. 5 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
328 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34019"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 12 a. 5 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
329 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34020"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 12 a. 5 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
330 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34021"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 12 a. 5 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
331 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34022"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 13 pr.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
332 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34023"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 13 a. 1 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
333 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34024"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 13 a. 1 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
334 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34025"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 13 a. 1 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
335 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34026"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 13 a. 1 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
336 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34027"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 13 a. 1 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
337 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34028"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 13 a. 1 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
338 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34029"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 13 a. 1 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
339 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34030"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 13 a. 1 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
340 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34031"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 13 a. 2 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
341 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34032"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 13 a. 2 arg. 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
342 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34033"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 13 a. 2 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
343 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34034"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 13 a. 2 s. c.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
344 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34035"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 13 a. 2 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
345 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34036"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 13 a. 2 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
346 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34037"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 13 a. 2 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
347 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34038"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 13 a. 2 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
348 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34039"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 13 a. 3 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
349 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34040"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 13 a. 3 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
350 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34041"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 13 a. 3 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
351 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34042"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 13 a. 3 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
352 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34043"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 13 a. 3 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
353 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34044"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 13 a. 3 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
354 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34045"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 13 a. 4 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
355 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34046"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 13 a. 4 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
356 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34047"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 13 a. 4 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
357 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34048"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 13 a. 4 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
358 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34049"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 13 a. 4 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
359 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34050"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 13 a. 4 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
360 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34051"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 13 a. 4 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
361 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34052"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 13 a. 4 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
362 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34053"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 13 a. 5 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
363 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34054"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 13 a. 5 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
364 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34055"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 13 a. 5 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
365 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34056"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 13 a. 5 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
366 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34057"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 13 a. 5 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
367 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34058"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 13 a. 5 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
368 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34059"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 13 a. 5 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
369 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34060"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 13 a. 5 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
370 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34061"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 13 a. 6 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
371 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34062"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 13 a. 6 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
372 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34063"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 13 a. 6 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
373 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34064"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 13 a. 6 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
374 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34065"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 13 a. 6 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
375 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34066"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 13 a. 6 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
376 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34067"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 13 a. 6 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
377 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34068"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 13 a. 6 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
378 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34069"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 14 pr.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
379 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34070"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 14 a. 1 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
380 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34071"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 14 a. 1 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
381 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34072"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 14 a. 1 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
382 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34073"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 14 a. 1 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
383 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34074"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 14 a. 1 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
384 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34075"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 14 a. 1 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
385 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34076"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 14 a. 1 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
386 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34077"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 14 a. 1 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
387 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34078"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 14 a. 2 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
388 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34079"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 14 a. 2 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
389 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34080"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 14 a. 2 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
390 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34081"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 14 a. 2 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
391 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34082"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 14 a. 2 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
392 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34083"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 14 a. 2 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
393 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34084"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 14 a. 3 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
394 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34085"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 14 a. 3 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
395 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34086"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 14 a. 3 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
396 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34087"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 14 a. 3 arg. 4');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
397 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34088"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 14 a. 3 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
398 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34089"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 14 a. 3 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
399 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34090"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 14 a. 3 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
400 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34091"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 14 a. 3 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
401 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34092"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 14 a. 3 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
402 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34093"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 14 a. 3 ad 4');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
403 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34094"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 14 a. 4 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
404 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34095"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 14 a. 4 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
405 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34096"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 14 a. 4 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
406 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34097"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 14 a. 4 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
407 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34098"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 14 a. 4 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
408 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34099"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 14 a. 4 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
409 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34100"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 14 a. 4 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
410 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34101"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 14 a. 4 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
411 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34102"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 14 a. 5 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
412 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34103"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 14 a. 5 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
413 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34104"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 14 a. 5 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
414 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34105"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 14 a. 5 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
415 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34106"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 14 a. 5 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
416 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34107"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 14 a. 5 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
417 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34108"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 14 a. 5 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
418 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34109"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 14 a. 5 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
419 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34110"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 14 a. 6 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
420 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34111"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 14 a. 6 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
421 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34112"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 14 a. 6 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
422 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34113"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 14 a. 6 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
423 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34114"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 14 a. 6 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
424 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34115"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 14 a. 6 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
425 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34116"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 14 a. 6 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
426 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34117"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 14 a. 6 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
427 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34118"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 15 pr.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
428 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34119"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 15 a. 1 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
429 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34120"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 15 a. 1 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
430 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34121"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 15 a. 1 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
431 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34122"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 15 a. 1 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
432 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34123"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 15 a. 1 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
433 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34124"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 15 a. 1 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
434 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34125"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 15 a. 1 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
435 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34126"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 15 a. 1 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
436 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34127"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 15 a. 2 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
437 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34128"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 15 a. 2 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
438 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34129"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 15 a. 2 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
439 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34130"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 15 a. 2 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
440 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34131"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 15 a. 2 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
441 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34132"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 15 a. 2 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
442 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34133"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 15 a. 2 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
443 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34134"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 15 a. 2 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
444 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34135"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 15 a. 3 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
445 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34136"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 15 a. 3 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
446 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34137"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 15 a. 3 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
447 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34138"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 15 a. 3 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
448 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34139"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 15 a. 3 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
449 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34140"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 15 a. 3 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
450 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34141"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 15 a. 3 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
451 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34142"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 15 a. 3 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
452 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34143"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 15 a. 4 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
453 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34144"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 15 a. 4 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
454 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34145"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 15 a. 4 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
455 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34146"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 15 a. 4 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
456 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34147"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 15 a. 4 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
457 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34148"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 15 a. 4 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
458 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34149"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 15 a. 4 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
459 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34150"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 15 a. 4 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
460 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34151"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 16 pr.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
461 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34152"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 16 a. 1 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
462 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34153"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 16 a. 1 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
463 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34154"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 16 a. 1 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
464 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34155"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 16 a. 1 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
465 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34156"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 16 a. 1 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
466 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34157"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 16 a. 1 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
467 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34158"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 16 a. 1 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
468 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34159"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 16 a. 1 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
469 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34160"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 16 a. 2 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
470 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34161"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 16 a. 2 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
471 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34162"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 16 a. 2 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
472 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34163"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 16 a. 2 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
473 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34164"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 16 a. 2 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
474 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34165"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 16 a. 2 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
475 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34166"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 16 a. 3 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
476 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34167"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 16 a. 3 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
477 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34168"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 16 a. 3 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
478 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34169"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 16 a. 3 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
479 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34170"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 16 a. 3 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
480 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34171"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 16 a. 3 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
481 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34172"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 16 a. 3 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
482 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34173"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 16 a. 3 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
483 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34174"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 16 a. 4 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
484 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34175"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 16 a. 4 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
485 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34176"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 16 a. 4 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
486 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34177"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 16 a. 4 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
487 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34178"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 16 a. 4 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
488 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34179"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 16 a. 4 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
489 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34180"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 16 a. 4 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
490 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34181"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 16 a. 4 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
491 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34182"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 17 pr.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
492 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34183"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 17 a. 1 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
493 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34184"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 17 a. 1 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
494 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34185"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 17 a. 1 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
495 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34186"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 17 a. 1 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
496 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34187"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 17 a. 1 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
497 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34188"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 17 a. 1 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
498 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34189"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 17 a. 1 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
499 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34190"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 17 a. 1 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
500 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34191"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 17 a. 2 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
501 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34192"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 17 a. 2 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
502 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34193"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 17 a. 2 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
503 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34194"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 17 a. 2 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
504 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34195"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 17 a. 2 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
505 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34196"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 17 a. 2 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
506 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34197"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 17 a. 2 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
507 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34198"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 17 a. 2 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
508 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34199"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 17 a. 3 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
509 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34200"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 17 a. 3 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
510 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34201"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 17 a. 3 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
511 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34202"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 17 a. 3 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
512 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34203"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 17 a. 3 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
513 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34204"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 17 a. 3 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
514 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34205"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 17 a. 3 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
515 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34206"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 17 a. 3 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
516 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34207"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 17 a. 4 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
517 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34208"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 17 a. 4 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
518 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34209"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 17 a. 4 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
519 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34210"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 17 a. 4 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
520 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34211"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 17 a. 4 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
521 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34212"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 17 a. 4 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
522 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34213"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 17 a. 4 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
523 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34214"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 17 a. 4 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
524 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34215"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 17 a. 5 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
525 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34216"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 17 a. 5 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
526 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34217"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 17 a. 5 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
527 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34218"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 17 a. 5 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
528 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34219"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 17 a. 5 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
529 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34220"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 17 a. 5 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
530 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34221"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 17 a. 5 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
531 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34222"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 17 a. 5 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
532 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34223"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 17 a. 6 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
533 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34224"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 17 a. 6 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
534 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34225"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 17 a. 6 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
535 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34226"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 17 a. 6 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
536 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34227"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 17 a. 6 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
537 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34228"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 17 a. 6 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
538 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34229"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 17 a. 6 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
539 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34230"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 17 a. 6 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
540 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34231"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 17 a. 7 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
541 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34232"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 17 a. 7 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
542 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34233"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 17 a. 7 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
543 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34234"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 17 a. 7 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
544 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34235"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 17 a. 7 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
545 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34236"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 17 a. 7 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
546 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34237"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 17 a. 7 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
547 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34238"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 17 a. 7 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
548 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34239"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 17 a. 8 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
549 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34240"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 17 a. 8 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
550 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34241"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 17 a. 8 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
551 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34242"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 17 a. 8 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
552 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34243"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 17 a. 8 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
553 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34244"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 17 a. 8 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
554 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34245"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 17 a. 8 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
555 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34246"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 17 a. 8 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
556 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34247"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 17 a. 9 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
557 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34248"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 17 a. 9 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
558 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34249"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 17 a. 9 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
559 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34250"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 17 a. 9 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
560 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34251"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 17 a. 9 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
561 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34252"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 17 a. 9 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
562 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34253"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 17 a. 9 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
563 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34254"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 17 a. 9 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
564 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34255"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 18 pr.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
565 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34256"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 18 a. 1 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
566 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34257"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 18 a. 1 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
567 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34258"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 18 a. 1 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
568 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34259"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 18 a. 1 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
569 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34260"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 18 a. 1 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
570 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34261"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 18 a. 1 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
571 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34262"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 18 a. 1 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
572 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34263"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 18 a. 1 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
573 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34264"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 18 a. 2 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
574 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34265"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 18 a. 2 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
575 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34266"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 18 a. 2 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
576 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34267"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 18 a. 2 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
577 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34268"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 18 a. 2 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
578 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34269"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 18 a. 2 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
579 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34270"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 18 a. 2 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
580 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34271"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 18 a. 2 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
581 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34272"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 18 a. 3 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
582 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34273"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 18 a. 3 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
583 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34274"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 18 a. 3 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
584 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34275"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 18 a. 3 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
585 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34276"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 18 a. 3 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
586 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34277"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 18 a. 3 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
587 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34278"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 18 a. 3 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
588 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34279"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 18 a. 3 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
589 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34280"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 18 a. 4 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
590 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34281"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 18 a. 4 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
591 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34282"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 18 a. 4 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
592 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34283"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 18 a. 4 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
593 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34284"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 18 a. 4 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
594 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34285"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 18 a. 4 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
595 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34286"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 18 a. 4 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
596 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34287"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 18 a. 4 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
597 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34288"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 18 a. 5 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
598 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34289"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 18 a. 5 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
599 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34290"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 18 a. 5 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
600 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34291"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 18 a. 5 arg. 4');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
601 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34292"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 18 a. 5 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
602 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34293"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 18 a. 5 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
603 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34294"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 18 a. 5 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
604 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34295"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 18 a. 5 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
605 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34296"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 18 a. 5 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
606 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34297"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 18 a. 5 ad 4');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
607 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34298"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 18 a. 6 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
608 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34299"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 18 a. 6 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
609 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34300"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 18 a. 6 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
610 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34301"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 18 a. 6 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
611 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34302"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 18 a. 6 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
612 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34303"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 18 a. 6 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
613 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34304"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 18 a. 6 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
614 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34305"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 18 a. 6 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
615 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34306"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 18 a. 7 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
616 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34307"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 18 a. 7 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
617 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34308"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 18 a. 7 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
618 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34309"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 18 a. 7 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
619 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34310"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 18 a. 7 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
620 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34311"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 18 a. 7 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
621 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34312"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 18 a. 7 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
622 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34313"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 18 a. 7 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
623 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34314"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 18 a. 8 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
624 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34315"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 18 a. 8 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
625 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34316"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 18 a. 8 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
626 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34317"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 18 a. 8 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
627 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34318"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 18 a. 8 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
628 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34319"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 18 a. 8 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
629 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34320"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 18 a. 8 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
630 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34321"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 18 a. 8 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
631 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34322"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 18 a. 9 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
632 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34323"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 18 a. 9 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
633 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34324"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 18 a. 9 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
634 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34325"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 18 a. 9 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
635 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34326"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 18 a. 9 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
636 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34327"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 18 a. 9 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
637 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34328"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 18 a. 9 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
638 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34329"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 18 a. 9 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
639 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34330"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 18 a. 10 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
640 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34331"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 18 a. 10 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
641 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34332"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 18 a. 10 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
642 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34333"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 18 a. 10 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
643 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34334"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 18 a. 10 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
644 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34335"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 18 a. 10 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
645 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34336"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 18 a. 10 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
646 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34337"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 18 a. 10 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
647 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34338"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 18 a. 11 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
648 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34339"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 18 a. 11 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
649 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34340"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 18 a. 11 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
650 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34341"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 18 a. 11 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
651 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34342"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 18 a. 11 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
652 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34343"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 18 a. 11 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
653 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34344"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 18 a. 11 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
654 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34345"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 18 a. 11 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
655 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34346"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 19 pr.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
656 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34347"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 19 a. 1 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
657 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34348"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 19 a. 1 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
658 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34349"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 19 a. 1 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
659 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34350"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 19 a. 1 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
660 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34351"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 19 a. 1 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
661 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34352"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 19 a. 1 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
662 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34353"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 19 a. 1 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
663 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34354"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 19 a. 1 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
664 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34355"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 19 a. 2 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
665 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34356"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 19 a. 2 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
666 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34357"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 19 a. 2 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
667 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34358"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 19 a. 2 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
668 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34359"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 19 a. 2 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
669 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34360"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 19 a. 2 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
670 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34361"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 19 a. 2 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
671 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34362"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 19 a. 2 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
672 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34363"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 19 a. 3 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
673 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34364"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 19 a. 3 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
674 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34365"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 19 a. 3 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
675 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34366"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 19 a. 3 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
676 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34367"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 19 a. 3 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
677 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34368"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 19 a. 3 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
678 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34369"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 19 a. 3 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
679 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34370"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 19 a. 3 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
680 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34371"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 19 a. 4 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
681 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34372"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 19 a. 4 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
682 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34373"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 19 a. 4 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
683 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34374"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 19 a. 4 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
684 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34375"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 19 a. 4 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
685 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34376"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 19 a. 4 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
686 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34377"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 19 a. 4 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
687 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34378"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 19 a. 4 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
688 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34379"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 19 a. 5 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
689 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34380"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 19 a. 5 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
690 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34381"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 19 a. 5 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
691 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34382"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 19 a. 5 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
692 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34383"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 19 a. 5 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
693 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34384"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 19 a. 5 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
694 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34385"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 19 a. 5 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
695 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34386"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 19 a. 5 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
696 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34387"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 19 a. 6 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
697 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34388"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 19 a. 6 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
698 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34389"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 19 a. 6 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
699 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34390"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 19 a. 6 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
700 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34391"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 19 a. 6 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
701 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34392"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 19 a. 6 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
702 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34393"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 19 a. 6 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
703 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34394"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 19 a. 6 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
704 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34395"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 19 a. 7 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
705 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34396"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 19 a. 7 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
706 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34397"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 19 a. 7 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
707 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34398"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 19 a. 7 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
708 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34399"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 19 a. 7 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
709 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34400"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 19 a. 7 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
710 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34401"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 19 a. 7 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
711 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34402"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 19 a. 7 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
712 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34403"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 19 a. 8 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
713 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34404"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 19 a. 8 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
714 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34405"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 19 a. 8 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
715 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34406"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 19 a. 8 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
716 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34407"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 19 a. 8 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
717 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34408"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 19 a. 8 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
718 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34409"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 19 a. 8 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
719 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34410"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 19 a. 8 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
720 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34411"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 19 a. 9 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
721 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34412"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 19 a. 9 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
722 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34413"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 19 a. 9 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
723 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34414"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 19 a. 9 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
724 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34415"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 19 a. 9 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
725 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34416"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 19 a. 9 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
726 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34417"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 19 a. 9 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
727 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34418"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 19 a. 10 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
728 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34419"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 19 a. 10 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
729 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34420"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 19 a. 10 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
730 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34421"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 19 a. 10 s. c. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
731 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34422"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 19 a. 10 s. c. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
732 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34423"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 19 a. 10 s. c. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
733 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34424"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 19 a. 10 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
734 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34425"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 19 a. 10 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
735 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34426"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 19 a. 10 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
736 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34427"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 19 a. 10 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
737 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34428"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 19 a. 10 ad 4');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
738 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34429"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 19 a. 10 ad 5');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
739 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34430"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 19 a. 10 ad 6');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
740 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34431"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 20 pr.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
741 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34432"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 20 a. 1 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
742 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34433"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 20 a. 1 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
743 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34434"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 20 a. 1 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
744 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34435"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 20 a. 1 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
745 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34436"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 20 a. 1 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
746 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34437"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 20 a. 1 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
747 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34438"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 20 a. 1 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
748 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34439"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 20 a. 1 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
749 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34440"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 20 a. 2 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
750 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34441"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 20 a. 2 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
751 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34442"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 20 a. 2 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
752 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34443"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 20 a. 2 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
753 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34444"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 20 a. 2 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
754 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34445"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 20 a. 2 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
755 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34446"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 20 a. 2 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
756 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34447"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 20 a. 2 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
757 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34448"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 20 a. 3 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
758 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34449"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 20 a. 3 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
759 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34450"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 20 a. 3 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
760 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34451"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 20 a. 3 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
761 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34452"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 20 a. 3 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
762 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34453"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 20 a. 3 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
763 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34454"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 20 a. 3 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
764 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34455"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 20 a. 3 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
765 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34456"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 20 a. 4 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
766 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34457"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 20 a. 4 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
767 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34458"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 20 a. 4 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
768 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34459"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 20 a. 4 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
769 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34460"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 20 a. 4 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
770 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34461"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 20 a. 4 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
771 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34462"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 20 a. 4 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
772 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34463"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 20 a. 4 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
773 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34464"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 20 a. 5 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
774 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34465"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 20 a. 5 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
775 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34466"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 20 a. 5 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
776 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34467"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 20 a. 5 arg. 4');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
777 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34468"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 20 a. 5 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
778 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34469"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 20 a. 5 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
779 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34470"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 20 a. 5 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
780 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34471"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 20 a. 5 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
781 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34472"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 20 a. 5 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
782 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34473"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 20 a. 5 ad 4');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
783 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34474"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 20 a. 6 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
784 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34475"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 20 a. 6 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
785 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34476"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 20 a. 6 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
786 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34477"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 20 a. 6 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
787 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34478"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 20 a. 6 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
788 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34479"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 20 a. 6 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
789 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34480"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 20 a. 6 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
790 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34481"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 20 a. 6 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
791 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34482"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 21 pr.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
792 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34483"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 21 a. 1 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
793 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34484"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 21 a. 1 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
794 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34485"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 21 a. 1 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
795 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34486"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 21 a. 1 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
796 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34487"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 21 a. 1 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
797 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34488"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 21 a. 1 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
798 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34489"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 21 a. 1 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
799 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34490"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 21 a. 1 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
800 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34491"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 21 a. 2 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
801 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34492"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 21 a. 2 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
802 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34493"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 21 a. 2 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
803 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34494"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 21 a. 2 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
804 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34495"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 21 a. 2 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
805 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34496"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 21 a. 2 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
806 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34497"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 21 a. 2 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
807 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34498"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 21 a. 2 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
808 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34499"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 21 a. 3 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
809 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34500"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 21 a. 3 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
810 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34501"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 21 a. 3 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
811 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34502"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 21 a. 3 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
812 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34503"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 21 a. 3 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
813 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34504"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 21 a. 3 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
814 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34505"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 21 a. 3 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
815 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34506"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 21 a. 3 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
816 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34507"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 21 a. 4 arg. 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
817 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34508"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 21 a. 4 arg. 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
818 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34509"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 21 a. 4 arg. 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
819 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34510"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 21 a. 4 s. c.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
820 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34511"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 21 a. 4 co.');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
821 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34512"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 21 a. 4 ad 1');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
822 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34513"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 21 a. 4 ad 2');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
823 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#34514"&gt;I&amp;ordf;-IIae q. 21 a. 4 ad 3');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
824 document.write('&lt;\/SELECT&gt;');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
825 document.write('&lt;BR&gt;&lt;BR&gt;');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
826 document.write('&lt;INPUT TYPE="button" VALUE="Agedum" ONCLICK="go()"&gt;');
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
827 document.write('&lt;\/FORM&gt;');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
828 // --&gt;
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parents: 28
diff changeset
829 //
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parents: 28
diff changeset
830 </script><br/>
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diff changeset
831 <hr/>
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832 <br/></div><div class="q" id="q6"><h2>Quaestio 6</h2><div class="p"><h3>Prooemium</h3><p title="I-II q. 6 pr."><a name="33741"><span class="ref">[33741]
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833 Iª-IIae q. 6 pr.</span></a> Quia igitur ad beatitudinem per
28
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834 actus aliquos necesse est pervenire, oportet consequenter de
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parents: 26
diff changeset
835 humanis actibus considerare, ut sciamus quibus actibus perveniatur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
836 ad beatitudinem, vel impediatur beatitudinis via. Sed quia
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parents: 26
diff changeset
837 operationes et actus circa singularia sunt, ideo omnis operativa
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parents: 26
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838 scientia in particulari consideratione perficitur. Moralis igitur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
839 consideratio quia est humanorum actuum, primo quidem tradenda est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
840 in universali secundo vero, in particulari. Circa universalem autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
841 considerationem humanorum actuum, primo quidem considerandum
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parents: 26
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842 occurrit de ipsis actibus humanis; secundo, de principiis eorum.
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parents: 26
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843 Humanorum autem actuum quidam sunt hominis proprii; quidam autem
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parents: 26
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844 sunt homini et aliis animalibus communes. Et quia beatitudo est
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parents: 26
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845 proprium hominis bonum, propinquius se habent ad beatitudinem actus
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parents: 26
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846 qui sunt proprie humani, quam actus qui sunt homini aliisque
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parents: 26
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847 animalibus communes. Primo ergo considerandum est de actibus qui
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diff changeset
848 sunt proprii hominis; secundo, de actibus qui sunt homini aliisque
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parents: 26
diff changeset
849 animalibus communes, qui dicuntur animae passiones. Circa primum
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parents: 26
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850 duo consideranda occurrunt, primo, de conditione humanorum actuum;
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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851 secundo, de distinctione eorum. Cum autem actus humani proprie
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parents: 26
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852 dicantur qui sunt voluntarii, eo quod voluntas est rationalis
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parents: 26
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853 appetitus, qui est proprius hominis; oportet considerare de actibus
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parents: 26
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854 inquantum sunt voluntarii. Primo ergo considerandum est de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
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855 voluntario et involuntario in communi; secundo, de actibus qui sunt
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parents: 26
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856 voluntarii quasi ab ipsa voluntate eliciti, ut immediate ipsius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
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857 voluntatis existentes; tertio, de actibus qui sunt voluntarii quasi
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parents: 26
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858 a voluntate imperati, qui sunt ipsius voluntatis mediantibus aliis
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parents: 26
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859 potentiis. Et quia actus voluntarii habent quasdam circumstantias,
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parents: 26
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860 secundum quas diiudicantur, primo considerandum est de voluntario
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parents: 26
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861 et involuntario; et consequenter de circumstantiis ipsorum actuum
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parents: 26
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862 in quibus voluntarium et involuntarium invenitur. Circa primum
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parents: 26
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863 quaeruntur octo. Primo, utrum in humanis actibus inveniatur
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parents: 26
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864 voluntarium. Secundo, utrum inveniatur in animalibus brutis.
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parents: 26
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865 Tertio, utrum voluntarium esse possit absque omni actu. Quarto,
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parents: 26
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866 utrum violentia voluntati possit inferri. Quinto, utrum violentia
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parents: 26
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867 causet involuntarium. Sexto, utrum metus causet involuntarium.
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868 Septimo, utrum concupiscentia involuntarium causet. Octavo, utrum
53
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869 ignorantia.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 1</h3><p title="I-II q. 6 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="33742"><span class="ref">[33742] Iª-IIae q. 6 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
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870 sic proceditur. Videtur quod in humanis actibus non inveniatur
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parents: 26
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871 voluntarium. Voluntarium enim est cuius principium est in ipso; ut
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parents: 26
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872 patet per Gregorium Nyssenum, et Damascenum, et Aristotelem. Sed
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parents: 26
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873 principium humanorum actuum non est in ipso homine, sed est extra,
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ht
parents: 26
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874 nam appetitus hominis movetur ad agendum ab appetibili quod est
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parents: 26
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875 extra quod est sicut movens non motum, ut dicitur in III de anima.
53
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876 Ergo in humanis actibus non invenitur voluntarium.</p><p title="I-II q. 6 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="33743"><span class="ref">[33743] Iª-IIae q. 6 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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parents: 26
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877 philosophus in VIII Physic. probat quod non invenitur in animalibus
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parents: 26
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878 aliquis motus novus, qui non praeveniatur ab alio motu exteriori.
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parents: 26
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879 Sed omnes actus hominis sunt novi, nullus enim actus hominis
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parents: 26
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880 aeternus est. Ergo principium omnium humanorum actuum est ab extra.
53
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881 Non igitur in eis invenitur voluntarium.</p><p title="I-II q. 6 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="33744"><span class="ref">[33744] Iª-IIae q. 6 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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parents: 26
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882 qui voluntarie agit, per se agere potest. Sed hoc homini non
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883 convenit, dicitur enim Ioan. XV, <i>sine me nihil potestis
53
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884 facere</i>. Ergo voluntarium in humanis actibus non invenitur.</p><p title="I-II q. 6 a. 1 s. c."><a name="33745"><span class="ref">[33745] Iª-IIae q. 6 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
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885 est quod dicit Damascenus, in II libro, quod <i>voluntarium est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
886 actus qui est operatio rationalis</i>. Tales autem sunt actus
53
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diff changeset
887 humani. Ergo in actibus humanis invenitur voluntarium.</p><p title="I-II q. 6 a. 1 co."><a name="33746"><span class="ref">[33746] Iª-IIae q. 6 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
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888 dicendum quod oportet in actibus humanis voluntarium esse. Ad cuius
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parents: 26
diff changeset
889 evidentiam, considerandum est quod quorundam actuum seu motuum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
890 principium est in agente, seu in eo quod movetur; quorundam autem
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diff changeset
891 motuum vel actuum principium est extra. Cum enim lapis movetur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
892 sursum, principium huius motionis est extra lapidem, sed cum
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diff changeset
893 movetur deorsum, principium huius motionis est in ipso lapide.
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diff changeset
894 Eorum autem quae a principio intrinseco moventur, quaedam movent
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parents: 26
diff changeset
895 seipsa, quaedam autem non. Cum enim omne agens seu motum agat seu
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parents: 26
diff changeset
896 moveatur propter finem, ut supra habitum est; illa perfecte
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parents: 26
diff changeset
897 moventur a principio intrinseco, in quibus est aliquod intrinsecum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
898 principium non solum ut moveantur, sed ut moveantur in finem. Ad
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diff changeset
899 hoc autem quod fiat aliquid propter finem, requiritur cognitio
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parents: 26
diff changeset
900 finis aliqualis. Quodcumque igitur sic agit vel movetur a principio
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parents: 26
diff changeset
901 intrinseco, quod habet aliquam notitiam finis, habet in seipso
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parents: 26
diff changeset
902 principium sui actus non solum ut agat, sed etiam ut agat propter
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parents: 26
diff changeset
903 finem. Quod autem nullam notitiam finis habet, etsi in eo sit
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parents: 26
diff changeset
904 principium actionis vel motus; non tamen eius quod est agere vel
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parents: 26
diff changeset
905 moveri propter finem est principium in ipso, sed in alio, a quo ei
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parents: 26
diff changeset
906 imprimitur principium suae motionis in finem. Unde huiusmodi non
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parents: 26
diff changeset
907 dicuntur movere seipsa, sed ab aliis moveri. Quae vero habent
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parents: 26
diff changeset
908 notitiam finis dicuntur seipsa movere, quia in eis est principium
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parents: 26
diff changeset
909 non solum ut agant, sed etiam ut agant propter finem. Et ideo, cum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
910 utrumque sit ab intrinseco principio, scilicet quod agunt, et quod
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parents: 26
diff changeset
911 propter finem agunt, horum motus et actus dicuntur voluntarii, hoc
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parents: 26
diff changeset
912 enim importat nomen voluntarii, quod motus et actus sit a propria
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parents: 26
diff changeset
913 inclinatione. Et inde est quod voluntarium dicitur esse, secundum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
914 definitionem Aristotelis et Gregorii Nysseni et Damasceni, non
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parents: 26
diff changeset
915 solum cuius principium est intra, sed cum additione scientiae.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
916 Unde, cum homo maxime cognoscat finem sui operis et moveat seipsum,
53
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diff changeset
917 in eius actibus maxime voluntarium invenitur.</p><p title="I-II q. 6 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="33747"><span class="ref">[33747] Iª-IIae q. 6 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
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918 dicendum quod non omne principium est principium primum. Licet ergo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
919 de ratione voluntarii sit quod principium eius sit intra, non tamen
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parents: 26
diff changeset
920 est contra rationem voluntarii quod principium intrinsecum causetur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
921 vel moveatur ab exteriori principio, quia non est de ratione
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parents: 26
diff changeset
922 voluntarii quod principium intrinsecum sit principium primum. Sed
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parents: 26
diff changeset
923 tamen sciendum quod contingit aliquod principium motus esse primum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
924 in genere, quod tamen non est primum simpliciter sicut in genere
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parents: 26
diff changeset
925 alterabilium primum alterans est corpus caeleste, quod tamen non
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parents: 26
diff changeset
926 est primum movens simpliciter, sed movetur motu locali a superiori
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parents: 26
diff changeset
927 movente. Sic igitur principium intrinsecum voluntarii actus, quod
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parents: 26
diff changeset
928 est vis cognoscitiva et appetitiva, est primum principium in genere
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parents: 26
diff changeset
929 appetitivi motus, quamvis moveatur ab aliquo exteriori secundum
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
930 alias species motus.</p><p title="I-II q. 6 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="33748"><span class="ref">[33748] Iª-IIae q. 6 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
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diff changeset
931 dicendum quod motus animalis novus praevenitur quidem ab aliquo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
932 exteriori motu quantum ad duo. Uno modo, inquantum per motum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
933 exteriorem praesentatur sensui animalis aliquod sensibile, quod
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parents: 26
diff changeset
934 apprehensum movet appetitum, sicut leo videns cervum per eius motum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
935 appropinquantem, incipit moveri ad ipsum. Alio modo, inquantum per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
936 exteriorem motum incipit aliqualiter immutari naturali immutatione
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
937 corpus animalis, puta per frigus vel calorem; corpore autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
938 immutato per motum exterioris corporis, immutatur etiam per
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parents: 26
diff changeset
939 accidens appetitus sensitivus, qui est virtus organi corporei;
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parents: 26
diff changeset
940 sicut cum ex aliqua alteratione corporis commovetur appetitus ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
941 concupiscentiam alicuius rei. Sed hoc non est contra rationem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
942 voluntarii, ut dictum est huiusmodi enim motiones ab exteriori
53
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diff changeset
943 principio sunt alterius generis.</p><p title="I-II q. 6 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="33749"><span class="ref">[33749] Iª-IIae q. 6 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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diff changeset
944 dicendum quod Deus movet hominem ad agendum non solum sicut
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parents: 26
diff changeset
945 proponens sensui appetibile, vel sicut immutans corpus, sed etiam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
946 sicut movens ipsam voluntatem, quia omnis motus tam voluntatis quam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
947 naturae, ab eo procedit sicut a primo movente. Et sicut non est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
948 contra rationem naturae quod motus naturae sit a Deo sicut a primo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
949 movente, inquantum natura est quoddam instrumentum Dei moventis;
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parents: 26
diff changeset
950 ita non est contra rationem actus voluntarii quod sit a Deo,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
951 inquantum voluntas a Deo movetur. Est tamen communiter de ratione
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parents: 26
diff changeset
952 naturalis et voluntarii motus, quod sint a principio
53
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diff changeset
953 intrinseco.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 2</h3><p title="I-II q. 6 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="33750"><span class="ref">[33750] Iª-IIae q. 6 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad secundum
28
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diff changeset
954 sic proceditur. Videtur quod voluntarium non sit in brutis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
955 animalibus. Voluntarium enim a voluntate dicitur. Voluntas autem,
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diff changeset
956 cum sit in ratione, ut dicitur in III de anima, non potest esse in
53
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diff changeset
957 brutis animalibus. Ergo neque voluntarium in eis invenitur.</p><p title="I-II q. 6 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="33751"><span class="ref">[33751] Iª-IIae q. 6 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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diff changeset
958 secundum hoc quod actus humani sunt voluntarii, homo dicitur esse
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diff changeset
959 dominus suorum actuum. Sed bruta animalia non habent dominium sui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
960 actus, <i>non enim agunt, sed magis aguntur</i>, ut Damascenus
53
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961 dicit. Ergo in brutis animalibus non est voluntarium.</p><p title="I-II q. 6 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="33752"><span class="ref">[33752] Iª-IIae q. 6 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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diff changeset
962 Damascenus dicit quod <i>actus voluntarios sequitur laus et
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diff changeset
963 vituperium</i>. Sed actibus brutorum animalium non debetur neque
53
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964 laus neque vituperium. Ergo in eis non est voluntarium.</p><p title="I-II q. 6 a. 2 s. c."><a name="33753"><span class="ref">[33753] Iª-IIae q. 6 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
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diff changeset
965 est quod dicit philosophus, in III Ethic., quod <i>pueri et bruta
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diff changeset
966 animalia communicant voluntario</i>. Et idem dicunt Damascenus et
53
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diff changeset
967 Gregorius Nyssenus.</p><p title="I-II q. 6 a. 2 co."><a name="33754"><span class="ref">[33754] Iª-IIae q. 6 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
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968 dicendum quod, sicut dictum est, ad rationem voluntarii requiritur
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diff changeset
969 quod principium actus sit intra, cum aliqua cognitione finis. Est
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diff changeset
970 autem duplex cognitio finis, perfecta scilicet, et imperfecta.
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diff changeset
971 Perfecta quidem finis cognitio est quando non solum apprehenditur
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diff changeset
972 res quae est finis sed etiam cognoscitur ratio finis, et proportio
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parents: 26
diff changeset
973 eius quod ordinatur in finem ad ipsum. Et talis cognitio finis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
974 competit soli rationali naturae. Imperfecta autem cognitio finis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
975 est quae in sola finis apprehensione consistit, sine hoc quod
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parents: 26
diff changeset
976 cognoscatur ratio finis, et proportio actus ad finem. Et talis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
977 cognitio finis invenitur in brutis animalibus, per sensum et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
978 aestimationem naturalem. Perfectam igitur cognitionem finis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
979 sequitur voluntarium secundum rationem perfectam, prout scilicet,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
980 apprehenso fine, aliquis potest, deliberans de fine et de his quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
981 sunt ad finem, moveri in finem vel non moveri. Imperfectam autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
982 cognitionem finis sequitur voluntarium secundum rationem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
983 imperfectam, prout scilicet apprehendens finem non deliberat, sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
984 subito movetur in ipsum. Unde soli rationali naturae competit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
985 voluntarium secundum rationem perfectam, sed secundum rationem
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
986 imperfectam, competit etiam brutis animalibus.</p><p title="I-II q. 6 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="33755"><span class="ref">[33755] Iª-IIae q. 6 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
987 dicendum quod voluntas nominat rationalem appetitum, et ideo non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
988 potest esse in his quae ratione carent. Voluntarium autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
989 denominative dicitur a voluntate, et potest trahi ad ea in quibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
990 est aliqua participatio voluntatis, secundum aliquam convenientiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
991 ad voluntatem. Et hoc modo voluntarium attribuitur animalibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
992 brutis, inquantum scilicet per cognitionem aliquam moventur in
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
993 finem.</p><p title="I-II q. 6 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="33756"><span class="ref">[33756] Iª-IIae q. 6 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
994 dicendum quod ex hoc contingit quod homo est dominus sui actus,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
995 quod habet deliberationem de suis actibus, ex hoc enim quod ratio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
996 deliberans se habet ad opposita, voluntas in utrumque potest. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
997 secundum hoc voluntarium non est in brutis animalibus, ut dictum
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
998 est.</p><p title="I-II q. 6 a. 2 ad 3"><a name="33757"><span class="ref">[33757] Iª-IIae q. 6 a. 2 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
999 dicendum quod laus et vituperium consequuntur actum voluntarium
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1000 secundum perfectam voluntarii rationem; qualis non invenitur in
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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diff changeset
1001 brutis.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 3</h3><p title="I-II q. 6 a. 3 arg. 1"><a name="33758"><span class="ref">[33758] Iª-IIae q. 6 a. 3 arg. 1</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1002 sic proceditur. Videtur quod voluntarium non possit esse sine actu.
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1003 Voluntarium enim dicitur quod est a voluntate. Sed nihil potest
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1004 esse a voluntate nisi per aliquem actum, ad minus ipsius
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1005 voluntatis. Ergo voluntarium non potest esse sine actu.</p><p title="I-II q. 6 a. 3 arg. 2"><a name="33759"><span class="ref">[33759] Iª-IIae q. 6 a. 3 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1006 sicut per actum voluntatis dicitur aliquis velle, ita cessante actu
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1007 voluntatis dicitur non velle. Sed non velle involuntarium causat,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1008 quod opponitur voluntario. Ergo voluntarium non potest esse, actu
53
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diff changeset
1009 voluntatis cessante.</p><p title="I-II q. 6 a. 3 arg. 3"><a name="33760"><span class="ref">[33760] Iª-IIae q. 6 a. 3 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1010 de ratione voluntarii est cognitio, ut dictum est. Sed cognitio est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1011 per aliquem actum. Ergo voluntarium non potest esse absque aliquo
53
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diff changeset
1012 actu.</p><p title="I-II q. 6 a. 3 s. c."><a name="33761"><span class="ref">[33761] Iª-IIae q. 6 a. 3 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra,
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1013 illud cuius domini sumus, dicitur esse voluntarium. Sed nos domini
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1014 sumus eius quod est agere et non agere, velle et non velle. Ergo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1015 sicut agere et velle est voluntarium, ita et non agere et non
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1016 velle.</p><p title="I-II q. 6 a. 3 co."><a name="33762"><span class="ref">[33762] Iª-IIae q. 6 a. 3 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
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diff changeset
1017 dicendum quod voluntarium dicitur quod est a voluntate. Ab aliquo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1018 autem dicitur esse aliquid dupliciter. Uno modo, directe, quod
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1019 scilicet procedit ab aliquo inquantum est agens, sicut calefactio a
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1020 calore. Alio modo, indirecte, ex hoc ipso quod non agit, sicut
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1021 submersio navis dicitur esse a gubernatore, inquantum desistit a
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1022 gubernando. Sed sciendum quod non semper id quod sequitur ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1023 defectum actionis, reducitur sicut in causam in agens, ex eo quod
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1024 non agit, sed solum tunc cum potest et debet agere. Si enim
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1025 gubernator non posset navem dirigere, vel non esset ei commissa
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1026 gubernatio navis, non imputaretur ei navis submersio, quae per
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1027 absentiam gubernatoris contingeret. Quia igitur voluntas, volendo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1028 et agendo, potest impedire hoc quod est non velle et non agere, et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1029 aliquando debet; hoc quod est non velle et non agere, imputatur ei,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1030 quasi ab ipsa existens. Et sic voluntarium potest esse absque actu,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1031 quandoque quidem absque actu exteriori, cum actu interiori, sicut
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diff changeset
1032 cum vult non agere; aliquando autem et absque actu interiori, sicut
53
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1033 cum non vult.</p><p title="I-II q. 6 a. 3 ad 1"><a name="33763"><span class="ref">[33763] Iª-IIae q. 6 a. 3 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1034 dicendum quod voluntarium dicitur non solum quod procedit a
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1035 voluntate directe, sicut ab agente; sed etiam quod est ab ea
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1036 indirecte, sicut a non agente.</p><p title="I-II q. 6 a. 3 ad 2"><a name="33764"><span class="ref">[33764] Iª-IIae q. 6 a. 3 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1037 dicendum quod non velle dicitur dupliciter. Uno modo, prout sumitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1038 in vi unius dictionis, secundum quod est infinitivum huius verbi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1039 nolo. Unde sicut cum dico nolo legere, sensus est, volo non legere;
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1040 ita hoc quod est non velle legere, significat velle non legere. Et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1041 sic non velle causat involuntarium. Alio modo sumitur in vi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1042 orationis. Et tunc non affirmatur actus voluntatis. Et huiusmodi
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1043 non velle non causat involuntarium.</p><p title="I-II q. 6 a. 3 ad 3"><a name="33765"><span class="ref">[33765] Iª-IIae q. 6 a. 3 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1044 dicendum quod eo modo requiritur ad voluntarium actus cognitionis,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1045 sicut et actus voluntatis; ut scilicet sit in potestate alicuius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1046 considerare et velle et agere. Et tunc sicut non velle et non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1047 agere, cum tempus fuerit, est voluntarium, ita etiam non
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1048 considerare.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 4</h3><p title="I-II q. 6 a. 4 arg. 1"><a name="33766"><span class="ref">[33766] Iª-IIae q. 6 a. 4 arg. 1</span></a> Ad quartum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1049 sic proceditur. Videtur quod voluntati possit violentia inferri.
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1050 Unumquodque enim potest cogi a potentiori. Sed aliquid est humana
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1051 voluntate potentius, scilicet Deus. Ergo saltem ab eo cogi
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1052 potest.</p><p title="I-II q. 6 a. 4 arg. 2"><a name="33767"><span class="ref">[33767] Iª-IIae q. 6 a. 4 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1053 omne passivum cogitur a suo activo, quando immutatur ab eo. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1054 voluntas est vis passiva, est enim movens motum, ut dicitur in III
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1055 de anima. Cum ergo aliquando moveatur a suo activo, videtur quod
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1056 aliquando cogatur.</p><p title="I-II q. 6 a. 4 arg. 3"><a name="33768"><span class="ref">[33768] Iª-IIae q. 6 a. 4 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1057 motus violentus est qui est contra naturam. Sed motus voluntatis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1058 aliquando est contra naturam; ut patet de motu voluntatis ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1059 peccandum, qui est contra naturam, ut Damascenus dicit. Ergo motus
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1060 voluntatis potest esse coactus.</p><p title="I-II q. 6 a. 4 s. c."><a name="33769"><span class="ref">[33769] Iª-IIae q. 6 a. 4 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1061 est quod Augustinus dicit, in V de Civ. Dei, quod si aliquid fit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1062 voluntate, non fit ex necessitate. Omne autem coactum fit ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1063 necessitate. Ergo quod fit ex voluntate, non potest esse coactum.
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1064 Ergo voluntas non potest cogi ad agendum.</p><p title="I-II q. 6 a. 4 co."><a name="33770"><span class="ref">[33770] Iª-IIae q. 6 a. 4 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1065 dicendum quod duplex est actus voluntatis, unus quidem qui est eius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1066 immediate, velut ab ipsa elicitus, scilicet velle; alius autem est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1067 actus voluntatis a voluntate imperatus, et mediante alia potentia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1068 exercitus, ut ambulare et loqui, qui a voluntate imperantur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1069 mediante potentia motiva. Quantum igitur ad actus a voluntate
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1070 imperatos, voluntas violentiam pati potest, inquantum per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1071 violentiam exteriora membra impediri possunt ne imperium voluntatis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1072 exequantur. Sed quantum ad ipsum proprium actum voluntatis, non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1073 potest ei violentia inferri. Et huius ratio est quia actus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1074 voluntatis nihil est aliud quam inclinatio quaedam procedens ab
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1075 interiori principio cognoscente, sicut appetitus naturalis est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1076 quaedam inclinatio ab interiori principio et sine cognitione. Quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1077 autem est coactum vel violentum, est ab exteriori principio. Unde
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1078 contra rationem ipsius actus voluntatis est quod sit coactus vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1079 violentus, sicut etiam est contra rationem naturalis inclinationis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1080 vel motus. Potest enim lapis per violentiam sursum ferri, sed quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1081 iste motus violentus sit ex eius naturali inclinatione, esse non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1082 potest. Similiter etiam potest homo per violentiam trahi, sed quod
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1083 hoc sit ex eius voluntate, repugnat rationi violentiae.</p><p title="I-II q. 6 a. 4 ad 1"><a name="33771"><span class="ref">[33771] Iª-IIae q. 6 a. 4 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1084 dicendum quod Deus, qui est potentior quam voluntas humana, potest
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1085 voluntatem humanam movere; secundum illud Prov. XXI, <i>cor regis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1086 in manu Dei est, et quocumque voluerit, vertet illud</i>. Sed si
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1087 hoc esset per violentiam, iam non esset cum actu voluntatis nec
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1088 ipsa voluntas moveretur, sed aliquid contra voluntatem.</p><p title="I-II q. 6 a. 4 ad 2"><a name="33772"><span class="ref">[33772] Iª-IIae q. 6 a. 4 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1089 dicendum quod non semper est motus violentus, quando passivum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1090 immutatur a suo activo, sed quando hoc fit contra interiorem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1091 inclinationem passivi. Alioquin omnes alterationes et generationes
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1092 simplicium corporum essent innaturales et violentae. Sunt autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1093 naturales, propter naturalem aptitudinem interiorem materiae vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1094 subiecti ad talem dispositionem. Et similiter quando voluntas
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1095 movetur ab appetibili secundum propriam inclinationem, non est
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1096 motus violentus, sed voluntarius.</p><p title="I-II q. 6 a. 4 ad 3"><a name="33773"><span class="ref">[33773] Iª-IIae q. 6 a. 4 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1097 dicendum quod id in quod voluntas tendit peccando, etsi sit malum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1098 et contra rationalem naturam secundum rei veritatem, apprehenditur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1099 tamen ut bonum et conveniens naturae, inquantum est conveniens
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1100 homini secundum aliquam passionem sensus, vel secundum aliquem
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1101 habitum corruptum.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 5</h3><p title="I-II q. 6 a. 5 arg. 1"><a name="33774"><span class="ref">[33774] Iª-IIae q. 6 a. 5 arg. 1</span></a> Ad quintum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1102 sic proceditur. Videtur quod violentia non causet involuntarium.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1103 Voluntarium enim et involuntarium secundum voluntatem dicuntur. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1104 voluntati violentia inferri non potest, ut ostensum est. Ergo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1105 violentia involuntarium causare non potest.</p><p title="I-II q. 6 a. 5 arg. 2"><a name="33775"><span class="ref">[33775] Iª-IIae q. 6 a. 5 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1106 id quod est involuntarium, est cum tristitia, ut Damascenus et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1107 philosophus dicunt. Sed aliquando patitur aliquis violentiam, nec
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1108 tamen inde tristatur. Ergo violentia non causat involuntarium.</p><p title="I-II q. 6 a. 5 arg. 3"><a name="33776"><span class="ref">[33776] Iª-IIae q. 6 a. 5 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1109 id quod est a voluntate, non potest esse involuntarium. Sed aliqua
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1110 violenta sunt a voluntate, sicut cum aliquis cum corpore gravi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1111 sursum ascendit; et sicut cum aliquis inflectit membra contra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1112 naturalem eorum flexibilitatem. Ergo violentia non causat
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1113 involuntarium.</p><p title="I-II q. 6 a. 5 s. c."><a name="33777"><span class="ref">[33777] Iª-IIae q. 6 a. 5 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1114 est quod philosophus et Damascenus dicunt, quod <i>aliquid est
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1115 involuntarium per violentiam</i>.</p><p title="I-II q. 6 a. 5 co."><a name="33778"><span class="ref">[33778] Iª-IIae q. 6 a. 5 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1116 dicendum quod violentia directe opponitur voluntario, sicut etiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1117 et naturali. Commune est enim voluntario et naturali quod utrumque
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1118 sit a principio intrinseco, violentum autem est a principio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1119 extrinseco. Et propter hoc, sicut in rebus quae cognitione carent,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1120 violentia aliquid facit contra naturam; ita in rebus cognoscentibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1121 facit aliquid esse contra voluntatem. Quod autem est contra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1122 naturam, dicitur esse innaturale, et similiter quod est contra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1123 voluntatem, dicitur esse involuntarium. Unde violentia
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1124 involuntarium causat.</p><p title="I-II q. 6 a. 5 ad 1"><a name="33779"><span class="ref">[33779] Iª-IIae q. 6 a. 5 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1125 dicendum quod involuntarium voluntario opponitur. Dictum est autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1126 supra quod voluntarium dicitur non solum actus qui est immediate
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1127 ipsius voluntatis, sed etiam actus a voluntate imperatus. Quantum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1128 igitur ad actum qui est immediate ipsius voluntatis, ut supra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1129 dictum est, violentia voluntati inferri non potest, unde talem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1130 actum violentia involuntarium facere non potest. Sed quantum ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1131 actum imperatum, voluntas potest pati violentiam. Et quantum ad
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1132 hunc actum, violentia involuntarium facit.</p><p title="I-II q. 6 a. 5 ad 2"><a name="33780"><span class="ref">[33780] Iª-IIae q. 6 a. 5 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1133 dicendum quod, sicut naturale dicitur quod est secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1134 inclinationem naturae, ita voluntarium dicitur quod est secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1135 inclinationem voluntatis. Dicitur autem aliquid naturale
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1136 dupliciter. Uno modo, quia est a natura sicut a principio activo,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1137 sicut calefacere est naturale igni. Alio modo, secundum principium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1138 passivum, quia scilicet est in natura inclinatio ad recipiendum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1139 actionem a principio extrinseco, sicut motus caeli dicitur esse
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1140 naturalis, propter aptitudinem naturalem caelestis corporis ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1141 talem motum, licet movens sit voluntarium. Et similiter voluntarium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1142 potest aliquid dici dupliciter, uno modo, secundum actionem, puta
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1143 cum aliquis vult aliquid agere; alio modo, secundum passionem,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1144 scilicet cum aliquis vult pati ab alio. Unde cum actio infertur ab
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1145 aliquo exteriori, manente in eo qui patitur voluntate patiendi, non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1146 est simpliciter violentum, quia licet ille qui patitur non conferat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1147 agendo, confert tamen volendo pati. Unde non potest dici
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1148 involuntarium.</p><p title="I-II q. 6 a. 5 ad 3"><a name="33781"><span class="ref">[33781] Iª-IIae q. 6 a. 5 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1149 dicendum quod, sicut philosophus dicit in VIII Physic., motus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1150 animalis quo interdum movetur animal contra naturalem inclinationem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1151 corporis, etsi non sit naturalis corpori, est tamen quodammodo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1152 naturalis animali, cui naturale est quod secundum appetitum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1153 moveatur. Et ideo hoc non est violentum simpliciter, sed secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1154 quid. Et similiter est dicendum cum aliquis inflectit membra contra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1155 naturalem dispositionem. Hoc enim est violentum secundum quid,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1156 scilicet quantum ad membrum particulare non tamen simpliciter,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1157 quantum ad ipsum hominem.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 6</h3><p title="I-II q. 6 a. 6 arg. 1"><a name="33782"><span class="ref">[33782] Iª-IIae q. 6 a. 6 arg. 1</span></a> Ad sextum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1158 sic proceditur. Videtur quod metus causet involuntarium
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1159 simpliciter. Sicut enim violentia est respectu eius quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1160 contrariatur praesentialiter voluntati, ita metus est respectu mali
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1161 futuri quod repugnat voluntati. Sed violentia causat involuntarium
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1162 simpliciter. Ergo et metus involuntarium simpliciter causat.</p><p title="I-II q. 6 a. 6 arg. 2"><a name="33783"><span class="ref">[33783] Iª-IIae q. 6 a. 6 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1163 quod est secundum se tale, quolibet addito remanet tale, sicut quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1164 secundum se est calidum, cuicumque coniungatur, nihilominus est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1165 calidum, ipso manente. Sed illud quod per metum agitur, secundum se
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1166 est involuntarium. Ergo etiam adveniente metu est
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1167 involuntarium.</p><p title="I-II q. 6 a. 6 arg. 3"><a name="33784"><span class="ref">[33784] Iª-IIae q. 6 a. 6 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1168 quod sub conditione est tale, secundum quid est tale; quod autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1169 absque conditione est tale, simpliciter est tale, sicut quod est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1170 necessarium ex conditione, est necessarium secundum quid; quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1171 autem est necessarium absolute, est necessarium simpliciter. Sed id
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1172 quod per metum agitur, est involuntarium absolute, non est autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1173 voluntarium nisi sub conditione, scilicet ut vitetur malum quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1174 timetur. Ergo id quod per metum agitur, est simpliciter
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1175 involuntarium.</p><p title="I-II q. 6 a. 6 s. c."><a name="33785"><span class="ref">[33785] Iª-IIae q. 6 a. 6 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1176 est quod Gregorius Nyssenus dicit, et etiam philosophus quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1177 huiusmodi quae per metum aguntur, sunt magis voluntaria quam
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1178 involuntaria.</p><p title="I-II q. 6 a. 6 co."><a name="33786"><span class="ref">[33786] Iª-IIae q. 6 a. 6 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1179 dicendum quod, sicut philosophus dicit in III Ethic., et idem dicit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1180 Gregorius Nyssenus in libro suo de homine, huiusmodi quae per metum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1181 aguntur, <i>mixta sunt ex voluntario et involuntario</i>. Id enim
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1182 quod per metum agitur, in se consideratum, non est voluntarium, sed
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1183 fit voluntarium in casu, scilicet ad vitandum malum quod timetur.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1184 Sed si quis recte consideret, magis sunt huiusmodi voluntaria quam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1185 involuntaria, sunt enim voluntaria simpliciter, involuntaria autem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1186 secundum quid. Unumquodque enim simpliciter esse dicitur secundum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1187 quod est in actu, secundum autem quod est in sola apprehensione,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1188 non est simpliciter, sed secundum quid. Hoc autem quod per metum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1189 agitur, secundum hoc est in actu, secundum quod fit, cum enim actus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1190 in singularibus sint, singulare autem, inquantum huiusmodi, est hic
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1191 et nunc; secundum hoc id quod fit est in actu, secundum quod est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1192 hic et nunc et sub aliis conditionibus individualibus. Sic autem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1193 hoc quod fit per metum, est voluntarium, inquantum scilicet est hic
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1194 et nunc, prout scilicet in hoc casu est impedimentum maioris mali
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1195 quod timebatur, sicut proiectio mercium in mare fit voluntarium
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1196 tempore tempestatis, propter timorem periculi. Unde manifestum est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1197 quod simpliciter voluntarium est. Unde et competit ei ratio
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1198 voluntarii, quia principium eius est intra. Sed quod accipiatur id
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1199 quod per metum fit, ut extra hunc casum existens, prout repugnat
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1200 voluntati, hoc non est nisi secundum considerationem tantum. Et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1201 ideo est involuntarium secundum quid, idest prout consideratur
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1202 extra hunc casum existens.</p><p title="I-II q. 6 a. 6 ad 1"><a name="33787"><span class="ref">[33787] Iª-IIae q. 6 a. 6 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1203 dicendum quod ea quae aguntur per metum et per vim, non solum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1204 differunt secundum praesens et futurum, sed etiam secundum hoc,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1205 quod in eo quod agitur per vim, voluntas non consentit, sed omnino
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1206 est contra motum voluntatis, sed id quod per metum agitur, fit
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1207 voluntarium, ideo quia motus voluntatis fertur in id, licet non
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1208 propter seipsum, sed propter aliud, scilicet ad repellendum malum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1209 quod timetur. Sufficit enim ad rationem voluntarii quod sit propter
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1210 aliud voluntarium, voluntarium enim est non solum quod propter
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1211 seipsum volumus ut finem, sed etiam quod propter aliud volumus ut
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1212 propter finem. Patet ergo quod in eo quod per vim agitur, voluntas
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1213 interior nihil agit, sed in eo quod per metum agitur, voluntas
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1214 aliquid agit. Et ideo, ut Gregorius Nyssenus dicit, ad excludendum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1215 ea quae per metum aguntur, in definitione violenti non solum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1216 dicitur quod violentum est cuius principium est extra, sed additur,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1217 nihil conferente vim passo, quia ad id quod agitur per metum,
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1218 voluntas timentis aliquid confert.</p><p title="I-II q. 6 a. 6 ad 2"><a name="33788"><span class="ref">[33788] Iª-IIae q. 6 a. 6 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1219 dicendum quod ea quae absolute dicuntur, quolibet addito remanent
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1220 talia, sicut calidum et album, sed ea quae relative dicuntur,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1221 variantur secundum comparationem ad diversa; quod enim est magnum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1222 comparatum huic, est parvum comparatum alteri. Voluntarium autem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1223 dicitur aliquid non solum propter seipsum, quasi absolute, sed
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1224 etiam propter aliud, quasi relative. Et ideo nihil prohibet aliquid
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1225 quod non esset voluntarium alteri comparatum fieri voluntarium per
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1226 comparationem ad aliud.</p><p title="I-II q. 6 a. 6 ad 3"><a name="33789"><span class="ref">[33789] Iª-IIae q. 6 a. 6 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1227 dicendum quod illud quod per metum agitur, absque conditione est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1228 voluntarium, idest secundum quod actu agitur, sed involuntarium est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1229 sub conditione, idest si talis metus non immineret. Unde secundum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1230 illam rationem magis potest concludi oppositum.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 7</h3><p title="I-II q. 6 a. 7 arg. 1"><a name="33790"><span class="ref">[33790] Iª-IIae q. 6 a. 7 arg. 1</span></a> Ad septimum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1231 sic proceditur. Videtur quod concupiscentia causet involuntarium.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1232 Sicut enim metus est quaedam passio, ita et concupiscentia. Sed
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1233 metus causat quodammodo involuntarium. Ergo etiam
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1234 concupiscentia.</p><p title="I-II q. 6 a. 7 arg. 2"><a name="33791"><span class="ref">[33791] Iª-IIae q. 6 a. 7 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1235 sicut per timorem timidus agit contra id quod proponebat, ita
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1236 incontinens propter concupiscentiam. Sed timor aliquo modo causat
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1237 involuntarium. Ergo et concupiscentia.</p><p title="I-II q. 6 a. 7 arg. 3"><a name="33792"><span class="ref">[33792] Iª-IIae q. 6 a. 7 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1238 ad voluntarium requiritur cognitio. Sed concupiscentia corrumpit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1239 cognitionem, dicit enim philosophus, in VI Ethic., quod delectatio,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1240 sive concupiscentia delectationis, corrumpit aestimationem
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1241 prudentiae. Ergo concupiscentia causat involuntarium.</p><p title="I-II q. 6 a. 7 s. c."><a name="33793"><span class="ref">[33793] Iª-IIae q. 6 a. 7 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1242 est quod Damascenus dicit, <i>involuntarium est misericordia vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1243 indulgentia dignum, et cum tristitia agitur</i>. Sed neutrum horum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1244 competit ei quod per concupiscentiam agitur. Ergo concupiscentia
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1245 non causat involuntarium.</p><p title="I-II q. 6 a. 7 co."><a name="33794"><span class="ref">[33794] Iª-IIae q. 6 a. 7 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1246 dicendum quod concupiscentia non causat involuntarium, sed magis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1247 facit aliquid voluntarium. Dicitur enim aliquid voluntarium ex eo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1248 quod voluntas in id fertur. Per concupiscentiam autem voluntas
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1249 inclinatur ad volendum id quod concupiscitur. Et ideo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1250 concupiscentia magis facit ad hoc quod aliquid sit voluntarium,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1251 quam quod sit involuntarium.</p><p title="I-II q. 6 a. 7 ad 1"><a name="33795"><span class="ref">[33795] Iª-IIae q. 6 a. 7 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1252 dicendum quod timor est de malo, concupiscentia autem respicit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1253 bonum. Malum autem secundum se contrariatur voluntati, sed bonum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1254 est voluntati consonum. Unde magis se habet timor ad causandum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1255 involuntarium quam concupiscentia.</p><p title="I-II q. 6 a. 7 ad 2"><a name="33796"><span class="ref">[33796] Iª-IIae q. 6 a. 7 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1256 dicendum quod in eo qui per metum aliquid agit, manet repugnantia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1257 voluntatis ad id quod agitur, secundum quod in se consideratur. Sed
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1258 in eo qui agit aliquid per concupiscentiam, sicut est incontinens,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1259 non manet prior voluntas, qua repudiabat illud quod concupiscitur,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1260 sed mutatur ad volendum id quod prius repudiabat. Et ideo quod per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1261 metum agitur, quodammodo est involuntarium, sed quod per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1262 concupiscentiam agitur, nullo modo. Nam incontinens concupiscentiae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1263 agit contra id quod prius proponebat, non autem contra id quod nunc
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1264 vult, sed timidus agit contra id quod etiam nunc secundum se
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1265 vult.</p><p title="I-II q. 6 a. 7 ad 3"><a name="33797"><span class="ref">[33797] Iª-IIae q. 6 a. 7 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1266 dicendum quod, si concupiscentia totaliter cognitionem auferret,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1267 sicut contingit in illis qui propter concupiscentiam fiunt amentes,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1268 sequeretur quod concupiscentia voluntarium tolleret. Nec tamen
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1269 proprie esset ibi involuntarium, quia in his quae usum rationis non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1270 habent, neque voluntarium est neque involuntarium. Sed quandoque in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1271 his quae per concupiscentiam aguntur, non totaliter tollitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1272 cognitio, quia non tollitur potestas cognoscendi; sed solum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1273 consideratio actualis in particulari agibili. Et tamen hoc ipsum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1274 est voluntarium, secundum quod voluntarium dicitur quod est in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1275 potestate voluntatis, ut non agere et non velle, similiter autem et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1276 non considerare, potest enim voluntas passioni resistere, ut infra
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1277 dicetur.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 8</h3><p title="I-II q. 6 a. 8 arg. 1"><a name="33798"><span class="ref">[33798] Iª-IIae q. 6 a. 8 arg. 1</span></a> Ad octavum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1278 sic proceditur. Videtur quod ignorantia non causet involuntarium.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1279 Involuntarium enim veniam meretur, ut Damascenus dicit. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1280 interdum quod per ignorantiam agitur, veniam non meretur; secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1281 illud I ad Cor. XIV, <i>si quis ignorat, ignorabitur</i>. Ergo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1282 ignorantia non causat involuntarium.</p><p title="I-II q. 6 a. 8 arg. 2"><a name="33799"><span class="ref">[33799] Iª-IIae q. 6 a. 8 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1283 omne peccatum est cum ignorantia; secundum illud Prov. XIV,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1284 <i>errant qui operantur malum</i>. Si igitur ignorantia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1285 involuntarium causet, sequeretur quod omne peccatum esset
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1286 involuntarium. Quod est contra Augustinum dicentem quod omne
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1287 peccatum est voluntarium.</p><p title="I-II q. 6 a. 8 arg. 3"><a name="33800"><span class="ref">[33800] Iª-IIae q. 6 a. 8 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1288 involuntarium cum tristitia est, ut Damascenus dicit. Sed quaedam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1289 ignoranter aguntur, et sine tristitia, puta si aliquis occidit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1290 hostem quem quaerit occidere, putans occidere cervum. Ergo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1291 ignorantia non causat involuntarium.</p><p title="I-II q. 6 a. 8 s. c."><a name="33801"><span class="ref">[33801] Iª-IIae q. 6 a. 8 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1292 est quod Damascenus et philosophus dicunt, quod <i>involuntarium
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1293 quoddam est per ignorantiam</i>.</p><p title="I-II q. 6 a. 8 co."><a name="33802"><span class="ref">[33802] Iª-IIae q. 6 a. 8 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1294 dicendum quod ignorantia habet causare involuntarium ea ratione qua
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1295 privat cognitionem, quae praeexigitur ad voluntarium, ut supra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1296 dictum est. Non tamen quaelibet ignorantia huiusmodi cognitionem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1297 privat. Et ideo sciendum quod ignorantia tripliciter se habet ad
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1298 actum voluntatis, uno modo, concomitanter; alio modo, consequenter;
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1299 tertio modo, antecedenter. Concomitanter quidem, quando ignorantia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1300 est de eo quod agitur, tamen, etiam si sciretur, nihilominus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1301 ageretur. Tunc enim ignorantia non inducit ad volendum ut hoc fiat,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1302 sed accidit simul esse aliquid factum et ignoratum, sicut, in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1303 exemplo posito, cum aliquis vellet quidem occidere hostem, sed
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1304 ignorans occidit eum, putans occidere cervum. Et talis ignorantia
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1305 non facit involuntarium, ut philosophus dicit, quia non causat
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1306 aliquid quod sit repugnans voluntati, sed facit non voluntarium,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1307 quia non potest esse actu volitum quod ignoratum est. Consequenter
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1308 autem se habet ignorantia ad voluntatem, inquantum ipsa ignorantia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1309 est voluntaria. Et hoc contingit dupliciter, secundum duos modos
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1310 voluntarii supra positos. Uno modo, quia actus voluntatis fertur in
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1311 ignorantiam, sicut cum aliquis ignorare vult ut excusationem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1312 peccati habeat, vel ut non retrahatur a peccando, secundum illud
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1313 Iob XXI, <i>scientiam viarum tuarum nolumus</i>. Et haec dicitur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1314 ignorantia affectata. Alio modo dicitur ignorantia voluntaria eius
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1315 quod quis potest scire et debet, sic enim non agere et non velle
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1316 voluntarium dicitur, ut supra dictum est. Hoc igitur modo dicitur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1317 ignorantia, sive cum aliquis actu non considerat quod considerare
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1318 potest et debet, quae est ignorantia malae electionis, vel ex
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1319 passione vel ex habitu proveniens, sive cum aliquis notitiam quam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1320 debet habere, non curat acquirere; et secundum hunc modum,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1321 ignorantia universalium iuris, quae quis scire tenetur, voluntaria
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1322 dicitur, quasi per negligentiam proveniens. Cum autem ipsa
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1323 ignorantia sit voluntaria aliquo istorum modorum, non potest
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1324 causare simpliciter involuntarium. Causat tamen secundum quid
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1325 involuntarium, inquantum praecedit motum voluntatis ad aliquid
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1326 agendum, qui non esset scientia praesente. Antecedenter autem se
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1327 habet ad voluntatem ignorantia, quando non est voluntaria, et tamen
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1328 est causa volendi quod alias homo non vellet. Sicut cum homo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1329 ignorat aliquam circumstantiam actus quam non tenebatur scire, et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1330 ex hoc aliquid agit, quod non faceret si sciret, puta cum aliquis,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1331 diligentia adhibita, nesciens aliquem transire per viam, proiicit
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1332 sagittam, qua interficit transeuntem. Et talis ignorantia causat
53
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diff changeset
1333 involuntarium simpliciter.</p><p title="I-II q. 6 a. 8 ad 1"><a name="33803"><span class="ref">[33803] Iª-IIae q. 6 a. 8 ad 1</span></a> Et per hoc
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1334 patet responsio ad obiecta. Nam prima ratio procedebat de
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1335 ignorantia eorum quae quis tenetur scire. Secunda autem, de
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1336 ignorantia electionis, quae quodammodo est voluntaria, ut dictum
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diff changeset
1337 est. Tertia vero, de ignorantia quae concomitanter se habet ad
53
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diff changeset
1338 voluntatem.</p></div></div><div class="q" id="q7"><h2>Quaestio 7</h2><div class="p"><h3>Prooemium</h3><p title="I-II q. 7 pr."><a name="33804"><span class="ref">[33804]
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diff changeset
1339 Iª-IIae q. 7 pr.</span></a> Deinde considerandum est de
28
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diff changeset
1340 circumstantiis humanorum actuum. Et circa hoc quaeruntur quatuor.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1341 Primo, quid sit circumstantia. Secundo, utrum circumstantiae sint
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1342 circa humanos actus attendendae a theologo. Tertio, quot sunt
53
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diff changeset
1343 circumstantiae. Quarto, quae sunt in eis principaliores.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 1</h3><p title="I-II q. 7 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="33805"><span class="ref">[33805] Iª-IIae q. 7 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
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diff changeset
1344 sic proceditur. Videtur quod circumstantia non sit accidens actus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1345 humani. Dicit enim Tullius, in rhetoricis, quod <i>circumstantia
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1346 est per quam argumentationi auctoritatem et firmamentum adiungit
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1347 oratio</i>. Sed oratio dat firmamentum argumentationi praecipue ab
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1348 his quae sunt de substantia rei, ut definitio, genus, species, et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1349 alia huiusmodi; a quibus etiam Tullius oratorem argumentari docet.
53
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diff changeset
1350 Ergo circumstantia non est accidens humani actus.</p><p title="I-II q. 7 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="33806"><span class="ref">[33806] Iª-IIae q. 7 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1351 accidentis proprium est inesse. Quod autem circumstat, non inest,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1352 sed magis est extra. Ergo circumstantiae non sunt accidentia
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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diff changeset
1353 humanorum actuum.</p><p title="I-II q. 7 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="33807"><span class="ref">[33807] Iª-IIae q. 7 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1354 accidentis non est accidens. Sed ipsi humani actus sunt quaedam
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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diff changeset
1355 accidentia. Non ergo circumstantiae sunt accidentia actuum.</p><p title="I-II q. 7 a. 1 s. c."><a name="33808"><span class="ref">[33808] Iª-IIae q. 7 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra,
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1356 particulares conditiones cuiuslibet rei singularis dicuntur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1357 accidentia individuantia ipsam. Sed philosophus, in III Ethic.,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1358 circumstantias nominat particularia, idest particulares singulorum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1359 actuum conditiones. Ergo circumstantiae sunt accidentia
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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diff changeset
1360 individualia humanorum actuum.</p><p title="I-II q. 7 a. 1 co."><a name="33809"><span class="ref">[33809] Iª-IIae q. 7 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1361 dicendum quod, quia nomina, secundum philosophum, sunt signa
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1362 intellectuum, necesse est quod secundum processum intellectivae
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1363 cognitionis, sit etiam nominationis processus. Procedit autem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1364 nostra cognitio intellectualis a notioribus ad minus nota. Et ideo
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1365 apud nos a notioribus nomina transferuntur ad significandum res
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1366 minus notas. Et inde est quod, sicut dicitur in X Metaphys., <i>ab
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1367 his quae sunt secundum locum, processit nomen distantiae ad omnia
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1368 contraria</i>, et similiter nominibus pertinentibus ad motum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1369 localem, utimur ad significandum alios motus, eo quod corpora, quae
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1370 loco circumscribuntur, sunt maxime nobis nota. Et inde est quod
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1371 nomen circumstantiae ab his quae in loco sunt, derivatur ad actus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1372 humanos. Dicitur autem in localibus aliquid circumstare, quod est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1373 quidem extrinsecum a re, tamen attingit ipsam, vel appropinquat ei
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1374 secundum locum. Et ideo quaecumque conditiones sunt extra
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1375 substantiam actus, et tamen attingunt aliquo modo actum humanum,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1376 circumstantiae dicuntur. Quod autem est extra substantiam rei ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1377 rem ipsam pertinens, accidens eius dicitur. Unde circumstantiae
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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diff changeset
1378 actuum humanorum accidentia eorum dicenda sunt.</p><p title="I-II q. 7 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="33810"><span class="ref">[33810] Iª-IIae q. 7 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1379 dicendum quod oratio quidem dat firmamentum argumentationi, primo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1380 ex substantia actus, secundario vero, ex his quae circumstant
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1381 actum. Sicut primo accusabilis redditur aliquis ex hoc quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1382 homicidium fecit, secundario vero, ex hoc quod dolo fecit, vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1383 propter lucrum, vel in tempore aut loco sacro, aut aliquid aliud
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1384 huiusmodi. Et ideo signanter dicit quod per circumstantiam oratio
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1385 argumentationi firmamentum adiungit, quasi secundario.</p><p title="I-II q. 7 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="33811"><span class="ref">[33811] Iª-IIae q. 7 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1386 dicendum quod aliquid dicitur accidens alicuius dupliciter. Uno
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1387 modo, quia inest ei, sicut album dicitur accidens Socratis. Alio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1388 modo quia est simul cum eo in eodem subiecto, sicut dicitur quod
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1389 album accidit musico, inquantum conveniunt, et quodammodo se
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1390 contingunt, in uno subiecto. Et per hunc modum dicuntur
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1391 circumstantiae accidentia actuum.</p><p title="I-II q. 7 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="33812"><span class="ref">[33812] Iª-IIae q. 7 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1392 dicendum quod, sicut dictum est, accidens dicitur accidenti
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1393 accidere propter convenientiam in subiecto. Sed hoc contingit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1394 dupliciter. Uno modo, secundum quod duo accidentia comparantur ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1395 unum subiectum absque aliquo ordine, sicut album et musicum ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1396 Socratem. Alio modo, cum aliquo ordine, puta quia subiectum recipit
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1397 unum accidens alio mediante, sicut corpus recipit colorem mediante
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1398 superficie. Et sic unum accidens dicitur etiam alteri inesse,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1399 dicimus enim colorem esse in superficie. Utroque autem modo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1400 circumstantiae se habent ad actus. Nam aliquae circumstantiae
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1401 ordinatae ad actum, pertinent ad agentem non mediante actu, puta
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1402 locus et conditio personae, aliquae vero mediante ipso actu, sicut
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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diff changeset
1403 modus agendi.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 2</h3><p title="I-II q. 7 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="33813"><span class="ref">[33813] Iª-IIae q. 7 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad secundum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1404 sic proceditur. Videtur quod circumstantiae humanorum actuum non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1405 sint considerandae a theologo. Non enim considerantur a theologo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1406 actus humani, nisi secundum quod sunt aliquales, idest boni vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1407 mali. Sed circumstantiae non videntur posse facere actus aliquales,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1408 quia nihil qualificatur, formaliter loquendo, ab eo quod est extra
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1409 ipsum, sed ab eo quod in ipso est. Ergo circumstantiae actuum non
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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diff changeset
1410 sunt a theologo considerandae.</p><p title="I-II q. 7 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="33814"><span class="ref">[33814] Iª-IIae q. 7 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1411 circumstantiae sunt accidentia actuum. Sed uni infinita accidunt,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1412 et ideo, ut dicitur in VI Metaphys., <i>nulla ars vel scientia est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1413 circa ens per accidens, nisi sola sophistica</i>. Ergo theologos
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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diff changeset
1414 non habet considerare circumstantias humanorum actuum.</p><p title="I-II q. 7 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="33815"><span class="ref">[33815] Iª-IIae q. 7 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1415 circumstantiarum consideratio pertinet ad rhetorem. Rhetorica autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1416 non est pars theologiae. Ergo consideratio circumstantiarum non
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
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diff changeset
1417 pertinet ad theologum.</p><p title="I-II q. 7 a. 2 s. c."><a name="33816"><span class="ref">[33816] Iª-IIae q. 7 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra,
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1418 ignorantia circumstantiarum causat involuntarium, ut Damascenus et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1419 Gregorius Nyssenus dicunt. Sed involuntarium excusat a culpa, cuius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1420 consideratio pertinet ad theologum. Ergo et consideratio
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1421 circumstantiarum ad theologum pertinet.</p><p title="I-II q. 7 a. 2 co."><a name="33817"><span class="ref">[33817] Iª-IIae q. 7 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1422 dicendum quod circumstantiae pertinent ad considerationem theologi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1423 triplici ratione. Primo quidem, quia theologus considerat actus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1424 humanos secundum quod per eos homo ad beatitudinem ordinatur. Omne
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1425 autem quod ordinatur ad finem, oportet esse proportionatum fini.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1426 Actus autem proportionantur fini secundum commensurationem quandam,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1427 quae fit per debitas circumstantias. Unde consideratio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1428 circumstantiarum ad theologum pertinet. Secundo, quia theologus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1429 considerat actus humanos secundum quod in eis invenitur bonum et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1430 malum, et melius et peius, et hoc diversificatur secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1431 circumstantias, ut infra patebit. Tertio, quia theologus considerat
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1432 actus humanos secundum quod sunt meritorii vel demeritorii, quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1433 convenit actibus humanis; ad quod requiritur quod sint voluntarii.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1434 Actus autem humanus iudicatur voluntarius vel involuntarius,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1435 secundum cognitionem vel ignorantiam circumstantiarum, ut dictum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1436 est. Et ideo consideratio circumstantiarum pertinet ad
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1437 theologum.</p><p title="I-II q. 7 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="33818"><span class="ref">[33818] Iª-IIae q. 7 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1438 dicendum quod bonum ordinatum ad finem dicitur utile, quod importat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1439 relationem quandam, unde philosophus dicit, in I Ethic., quod <i>in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1440 ad aliquid bonum est utile</i>. In his autem quae ad aliquid
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1441 dicuntur, denominatur aliquid non solum ab eo quod inest, sed etiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1442 ab eo quod extrinsecus adiacet, ut patet in dextro et sinistro,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1443 aequali et inaequali, et similibus. Et ideo, cum bonitas actuum sit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1444 inquantum sunt utiles ad finem, nihil prohibet eos bonos vel malos
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1445 dici secundum proportionem ad aliqua quae exterius adiacent.</p><p title="I-II q. 7 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="33819"><span class="ref">[33819] Iª-IIae q. 7 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1446 dicendum quod accidentia quae omnino per accidens se habent,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1447 relinquuntur ab omni arte, propter eorum incertitudinem et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1448 infinitatem. Sed talia accidentia non habent rationem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1449 circumstantiae, quia, ut dictum est, sic circumstantiae sunt extra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1450 actum, quod tamen actum aliquo modo contingunt, ordinatae ad ipsum.
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1451 Accidentia autem per se cadunt sub arte.</p><p title="I-II q. 7 a. 2 ad 3"><a name="33820"><span class="ref">[33820] Iª-IIae q. 7 a. 2 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1452 dicendum quod consideratio circumstantiarum pertinet ad moralem, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1453 politicum, et ad rhetorem. Ad moralem quidem, prout secundum eas
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1454 invenitur vel praetermittitur medium virtutis in humanis actibus et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1455 passionibus. Ad politicum autem et rhetorem, secundum quod ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1456 circumstantiis actus redduntur laudabiles vel vituperabiles,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1457 excusabiles vel accusabiles. Diversimode tamen, nam quod rhetor
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1458 persuadet, politicus diiudicat. Ad theologum autem, cui omnes aliae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1459 artes deserviunt, pertinent omnibus modis praedictis, nam ipse
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1460 habet considerationem de actibus virtuosis et vitiosis, cum morali;
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1461 et considerat actus secundum quod merentur poenam vel praemium, cum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1462 rhetore et politico.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 3</h3><p title="I-II q. 7 a. 3 arg. 1"><a name="33821"><span class="ref">[33821] Iª-IIae q. 7 a. 3 arg. 1</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1463 sic proceditur. Videtur quod inconvenienter circumstantiae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1464 numerentur in III Ethic. Circumstantia enim actus dicitur quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1465 exterius se habet ad actum. Huiusmodi autem sunt tempus et locus.
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1466 Ergo solae duae sunt circumstantiae, scilicet quando et ubi.</p><p title="I-II q. 7 a. 3 arg. 2"><a name="33822"><span class="ref">[33822] Iª-IIae q. 7 a. 3 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1467 ex circumstantiis accipitur quid bene vel male fiat. Sed hoc
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1468 pertinet ad modum actus. Ergo omnes circumstantiae concluduntur sub
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1469 una, quae est modus agendi.</p><p title="I-II q. 7 a. 3 arg. 3"><a name="33823"><span class="ref">[33823] Iª-IIae q. 7 a. 3 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1470 circumstantiae non sunt de substantia actus. Sed ad substantiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1471 actus pertinere videntur causae ipsius actus. Ergo nulla
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1472 circumstantia debet sumi ex causa ipsius actus. Sic ergo neque
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1473 quis, neque propter quid, neque circa quid, sunt circumstantiae,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1474 nam quis pertinet ad causam efficientem, propter quid ad finalem,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1475 circa quid ad materialem.</p><p title="I-II q. 7 a. 3 s. c."><a name="33824"><span class="ref">[33824] Iª-IIae q. 7 a. 3 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1476 est auctoritas philosophi in III Ethicorum.</p><p title="I-II q. 7 a. 3 co."><a name="33825"><span class="ref">[33825] Iª-IIae q. 7 a. 3 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1477 dicendum quod Tullius, in sua rhetorica, assignat septem
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1478 circumstantias, quae hoc versu continentur, <i>quis, quid, ubi,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1479 quibus auxiliis, cur, quomodo, quando</i>. Considerandum est enim
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1480 in actibus quis fecit, quibus auxiliis vel instrumentis fecerit,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1481 quid fecerit, ubi fecerit, cur fecerit, quomodo fecerit, et quando
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1482 fecerit. Sed Aristoteles, in III Ethic., addit aliam, scilicet
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1483 circa quid, quae a Tullio comprehenditur sub quid. Et ratio huius
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1484 annumerationis sic accipi potest. Nam circumstantia dicitur quod,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1485 extra substantiam actus existens, aliquo modo attingit ipsum.
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1486 Contingit autem hoc fieri tripliciter, uno modo, inquantum attingit
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1487 ipsum actum; alio modo, inquantum attingit causam actus; tertio
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1488 modo, inquantum attingit effectum. Ipsum autem actum attingit, vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1489 per modum mensurae, sicut tempus et locus; vel per modum qualitatis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1490 actus, sicut modus agendi. Ex parte autem effectus, ut cum
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1491 consideratur quid aliquis fecerit. Ex parte vero causae actus,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1492 quantum ad causam finalem, accipitur propter quid; ex parte autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1493 causae materialis, sive obiecti, accipitur circa quid; ex parte
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1494 vero causae agentis principalis, accipitur quis egerit; ex parte
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1495 vero causae agentis instrumentalis, accipitur quibus auxiliis.</p><p title="I-II q. 7 a. 3 ad 1"><a name="33826"><span class="ref">[33826] Iª-IIae q. 7 a. 3 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1496 dicendum quod tempus et locus circumstant actum per modum mensurae,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1497 sed alia circumstant actum inquantum attingunt ipsum quocumque alio
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1498 modo, extra substantiam eius existentia.</p><p title="I-II q. 7 a. 3 ad 2"><a name="33827"><span class="ref">[33827] Iª-IIae q. 7 a. 3 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1499 dicendum quod iste modus qui est bene vel male, non ponitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1500 circumstantia, sed consequens ad omnes circumstantias. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1501 specialis circumstantia ponitur modus qui pertinet ad qualitatem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1502 actus, puta quod aliquis ambulet velociter vel tarde, et quod
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1503 aliquis percutit fortiter vel remisse, et sic de aliis.</p><p title="I-II q. 7 a. 3 ad 3"><a name="33828"><span class="ref">[33828] Iª-IIae q. 7 a. 3 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1504 dicendum quod illa conditio causae ex qua substantia actus
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1505 dependet, non dicitur circumstantia; sed aliqua conditio adiuncta.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1506 Sicut in obiecto non dicitur circumstantia furti quod sit alienum,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1507 hoc enim pertinet ad substantiam furti; sed quod sit magnum vel
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1508 parvum. Et similiter est de aliis circumstantiis quae accipiuntur
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1509 ex parte aliarum causarum. Non enim finis qui dat speciem actus,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1510 est circumstantia; sed aliquis finis adiunctus. Sicut quod fortis
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1511 fortiter agat propter bonum fortitudinis, non est circumstantia;
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1512 sed si fortiter agat propter liberationem civitatis, vel populi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1513 Christiani, vel aliquid huiusmodi. Similiter etiam ex parte eius
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1514 quod est quid, nam quod aliquis perfundens aliquem aqua, abluat
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1515 ipsum, non est circumstantia ablutionis; sed quod abluendo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1516 infrigidet vel calefaciat, et sanet vel noceat, hoc est
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1517 circumstantia.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 4</h3><p title="I-II q. 7 a. 4 arg. 1"><a name="33829"><span class="ref">[33829] Iª-IIae q. 7 a. 4 arg. 1</span></a> Ad quartum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1518 sic proceditur. Videtur quod non sint principales circumstantiae
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1519 propter quid, et ea in quibus est operatio, ut dicitur in III
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1520 Ethic. Ea enim in quibus est operatio, videntur esse locus et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1521 tempus, quae non videntur esse principalia inter circumstantias,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1522 cum sint maxime extrinseca ab actu. Ea ergo in quibus est operatio
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1523 non sunt principalissimae circumstantiarum.</p><p title="I-II q. 7 a. 4 arg. 2"><a name="33830"><span class="ref">[33830] Iª-IIae q. 7 a. 4 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1524 finis est extrinsecus rei. Non ergo videtur esse principalissima
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1525 circumstantiarum.</p><p title="I-II q. 7 a. 4 arg. 3"><a name="33831"><span class="ref">[33831] Iª-IIae q. 7 a. 4 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1526 principalissimum in unoquoque est causa eius et forma ipsius. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1527 causa ipsius actus est persona agens; forma autem actus est modus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1528 ipsius. Ergo istae duae circumstantiae videntur esse
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1529 principalissimae.</p><p title="I-II q. 7 a. 4 s. c."><a name="33832"><span class="ref">[33832] Iª-IIae q. 7 a. 4 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1530 est quod Gregorius Nyssenus dicit, quod <i>principalissimae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1531 circumstantiae sunt cuius gratia agitur, et quid est quod
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1532 agitur</i>.</p><p title="I-II q. 7 a. 4 co."><a name="33833"><span class="ref">[33833] Iª-IIae q. 7 a. 4 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1533 dicendum quod actus proprie dicuntur humani, sicut supra dictum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1534 est, prout sunt voluntarii. Voluntatis autem motivum et obiectum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1535 est finis. Et ideo principalissima est omnium circumstantiarum illa
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1536 quae attingit actum ex parte finis, scilicet cuius gratia,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1537 secundaria vero, quae attingit ipsam substantiam actus, idest quid
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1538 fecit. Aliae vero circumstantiae sunt magis vel minus principales,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1539 secundum quod magis vel minus ad has appropinquant.</p><p title="I-II q. 7 a. 4 ad 1"><a name="33834"><span class="ref">[33834] Iª-IIae q. 7 a. 4 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1540 dicendum quod per ea in quibus est operatio, philosophus non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1541 intelligit tempus et locum, sed ea quae adiunguntur ipsi actui.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1542 Unde Gregorius Nyssenus, quasi exponens dictum philosophi, loco
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1543 eius quod philosophus dixit, in quibus est operatio, dicit quid
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1544 agitur.</p><p title="I-II q. 7 a. 4 ad 2"><a name="33835"><span class="ref">[33835] Iª-IIae q. 7 a. 4 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1545 dicendum quod finis, etsi non sit de substantia actus, est tamen
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1546 causa actus principalissima, inquantum movet ad agendum. Unde et
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1547 maxime actus moralis speciem habet ex fine.</p><p title="I-II q. 7 a. 4 ad 3"><a name="33836"><span class="ref">[33836] Iª-IIae q. 7 a. 4 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1548 dicendum quod persona agens causa est actus secundum quod movetur a
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1549 fine; et secundum hoc principaliter ordinatur ad actum. Aliae vero
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1550 conditiones personae non ita principaliter ordinantur ad actum.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1551 Modus etiam non est substantialis forma actus, hoc enim attenditur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1552 in actu secundum obiectum et terminum vel finem, sed est quasi
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1553 quaedam qualitas accidentalis.</p></div></div><div class="q" id="q8"><h2>Quaestio 8</h2><div class="p"><h3>Prooemium</h3><p title="I-II q. 8 pr."><a name="33837"><span class="ref">[33837]
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1554 Iª-IIae q. 8 pr.</span></a> Deinde considerandum est de ipsis
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1555 actibus voluntariis in speciali. Et primo, de actibus qui sunt
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1556 immediate ipsius voluntatis velut ab ipsa voluntate eliciti;
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1557 secundo de actibus imperatis a voluntate. Voluntas autem movetur et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1558 in finem, et in ea quae sunt ad finem. Primo igitur considerandum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1559 est de actibus voluntatis quibus movetur in finem; et deinde de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1560 actibus eius quibus movetur in ea quae sunt ad finem. Actus autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1561 voluntatis in finem videntur esse tres, scilicet velle, frui et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1562 intendere. Primo ergo considerabimus de voluntate; secundo, de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1563 fruitione; tertio, de intentione. Circa primum consideranda sunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1564 tria, primo quidem, quorum voluntas sit; secundo, a quo moveatur;
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1565 tertio, quomodo moveatur. Circa primum quaeruntur tria. Primo,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1566 utrum voluntas sit tantum boni. Secundum, utrum sit tantum finis,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1567 an etiam eorum quae sunt ad finem. Tertio, si est aliquo modo eorum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1568 quae sunt ad finem, utrum uno motu moveatur in finem et in ea quae
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1569 sunt ad finem.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 1</h3><p title="I-II q. 8 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="33838"><span class="ref">[33838] Iª-IIae q. 8 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1570 sic proceditur. Videtur quod voluntas non tantum sit boni. Eadem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1571 enim est potentia oppositorum, sicut visus albi et nigri. Sed bonum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1572 et malum sunt opposita. Ergo voluntas non solum est boni, sed etiam
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1573 mali.</p><p title="I-II q. 8 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="33839"><span class="ref">[33839] Iª-IIae q. 8 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1574 potentiae rationales se habent ad opposita prosequenda, secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1575 philosophum. Sed voluntas est potentia rationalis, est enim in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1576 ratione, ut dicitur in III de anima. Ergo voluntas se habet ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1577 opposita. Non ergo tantum ad volendum bonum, sed etiam ad volendum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1578 malum.</p><p title="I-II q. 8 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="33840"><span class="ref">[33840] Iª-IIae q. 8 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1579 bonum et ens convertuntur. Sed voluntas non solum est entium, sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1580 etiam non entium, volumus enim quandoque non ambulare et non loqui.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1581 Volumus etiam interdum quaedam futura, quae non sunt entia in actu.
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1582 Ergo voluntas non tantum est boni.</p><p title="I-II q. 8 a. 1 s. c."><a name="33841"><span class="ref">[33841] Iª-IIae q. 8 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1583 est quod Dionysius dicit, IV cap. de Div. Nom., quod <i>malum est
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1584 praeter voluntatem, et quod omnia bonum appetunt</i>.</p><p title="I-II q. 8 a. 1 co."><a name="33842"><span class="ref">[33842] Iª-IIae q. 8 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1585 dicendum quod voluntas est appetitus quidam rationalis. Omnis autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1586 appetitus non est nisi boni. Cuius ratio est quia appetitus nihil
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1587 aliud est quam inclinatio appetentis in aliquid. Nihil autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1588 inclinatur nisi in aliquid simile et conveniens. Cum igitur omnis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1589 res, inquantum est ens et substantia, sit quoddam bonum, necesse
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1590 est ut omnis inclinatio sit in bonum. Et inde est quod philosophus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1591 dicit, in I Ethic., quod bonum est quod omnia appetunt. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1592 considerandum est quod, cum omnis inclinatio consequatur aliquam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1593 formam, appetitus naturalis consequitur formam in natura
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1594 existentem, appetitus autem sensitivus, vel etiam intellectivus seu
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1595 rationalis, qui dicitur voluntas, sequitur formam apprehensam.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1596 Sicut igitur id in quod tendit appetitus naturalis, est bonum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1597 existens in re; ita id in quod tendit appetitus animalis vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1598 voluntarius, est bonum apprehensum. Ad hoc igitur quod voluntas in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1599 aliquid tendat, non requiritur quod sit bonum in rei veritate, sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1600 quod apprehendatur in ratione boni. Et propter hoc philosophus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1601 dicit, in II Physic., quod <i>finis est bonum, vel apparens
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1602 bonum</i>.</p><p title="I-II q. 8 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="33843"><span class="ref">[33843] Iª-IIae q. 8 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1603 dicendum quod eadem potentia est oppositorum, sed non eodem modo se
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1604 habet ad utrumque. Voluntas igitur se habet et ad bonum et ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1605 malum, sed ad bonum, appetendo ipsum; ad malum vero, fugiendo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1606 illud. Ipse ergo actualis appetitus boni vocatur voluntas, secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1607 quod nominat actum voluntatis, sic enim nunc loquimur de voluntate.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1608 Fuga autem mali magis dicitur noluntas. Unde sicut voluntas est
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1609 boni, ita noluntas est mali.</p><p title="I-II q. 8 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="33844"><span class="ref">[33844] Iª-IIae q. 8 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1610 dicendum quod potentia rationalis non se habet ad quaelibet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1611 opposita prosequenda, sed ad ea quae sub suo obiecto convenienti
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1612 continentur, nam nulla potentia prosequitur nisi suum conveniens
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1613 obiectum. Obiectum autem voluntatis est bonum. Unde ad illa
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1614 opposita prosequenda se habet voluntas, quae sub bono
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1615 comprehenduntur, sicut moveri et quiescere, loqui et tacere, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1616 alia huiusmodi, in utrumque enim horum fertur voluntas sub ratione
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1617 boni.</p><p title="I-II q. 8 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="33845"><span class="ref">[33845] Iª-IIae q. 8 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1618 dicendum quod illud quod non est ens in rerum natura, accipitur ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1619 ens in ratione, unde negationes et privationes dicuntur entia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1620 rationis. Per quem etiam modum futura, prout apprehenduntur, sunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1621 entia. Inquantum igitur sunt huiusmodi entia, apprehenduntur sub
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1622 ratione boni, et sic voluntas in ea tendit. Unde philosophus dicit,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1623 in V Ethic., quod <i>carere malo habet rationem boni</i>.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 2</h3><p title="I-II q. 8 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="33846"><span class="ref">[33846] Iª-IIae q. 8 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad secundum
28
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diff changeset
1624 sic proceditur. Videtur quod voluntas non sit eorum quae sunt ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1625 finem, sed tantum finis. Dicit enim philosophus, in III Ethic.,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1626 quod <i>voluntas est finis, electio autem eorum quae sunt ad
53
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diff changeset
1627 finem.</i></p><p title="I-II q. 8 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="33847"><span class="ref">[33847] Iª-IIae q. 8 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1628 ad ea quae sunt diversa genere, diversae potentiae animae
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1629 ordinantur, ut dicitur in VI Ethic. Sed finis et ea quae sunt ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1630 finem sunt in diverso genere boni, nam finis, qui est bonum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1631 honestum vel delectabile, est in genere qualitatis, vel actionis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1632 aut passionis; bonum autem quod dicitur utile, quod est ad finem,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1633 est in ad aliquid, ut dicitur in I Ethic. Ergo, si voluntas est
53
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diff changeset
1634 finis, non erit eorum quae sunt ad finem.</p><p title="I-II q. 8 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="33848"><span class="ref">[33848] Iª-IIae q. 8 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1635 habitus proportionantur potentis, cum sint earum perfectiones. Sed
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1636 in habitibus qui dicuntur artes operativae, ad aliud pertinet
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1637 finis, et ad aliud quod est ad finem, sicut ad gubernatorem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1638 pertinet usus navis, qui est finis eius; ad navifactivam vero
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1639 constructio navis, quae est propter finem. Ergo, cum voluntas sit
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1640 finis, non erit eorum quae sunt ad finem.</p><p title="I-II q. 8 a. 2 s. c."><a name="33849"><span class="ref">[33849] Iª-IIae q. 8 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1641 est, quia in rebus naturalibus per eandem potentiam aliquid
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1642 pertransit media, et pertingit ad terminum. Sed ea quae sunt ad
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1643 finem, sunt quaedam media per quae pervenitur ad finem sicut ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1644 terminum. Ergo, si voluntas est finis, ipsa etiam est eorum quae
53
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diff changeset
1645 sunt ad finem.</p><p title="I-II q. 8 a. 2 co."><a name="33850"><span class="ref">[33850] Iª-IIae q. 8 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1646 dicendum quod voluntas quandoque dicitur ipsa potentia qua volumus;
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1647 quandoque autem ipse voluntatis actus. Si ergo loquamur de
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1648 voluntate secundum quod nominat potentiam, sic se extendit et ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1649 finem, et ad ea quae sunt ad finem. Ad ea enim se extendit
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1650 unaquaeque potentia, in quibus inveniri potest quocumque modo ratio
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1651 sui obiecti, sicut visus se extendit ad omnia quaecumque
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1652 participant quocumque modo colorem. Ratio autem boni, quod est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1653 obiectum potentiae voluntatis, invenitur non solum in fine, sed
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1654 etiam in his quae sunt ad finem. Si autem loquamur de voluntate
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1655 secundum quod nominat proprie actum, sic, proprie loquendo, est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1656 finis tantum. Omnis enim actus denominatus a potentia, nominat
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1657 simplicem actum illius potentiae, sicut intelligere nominat
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1658 simplicem actum intellectus. Simplex autem actus potentiae est in
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1659 id quod est secundum se obiectum potentiae. Id autem quod est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1660 propter se bonum et volitum, est finis. Unde voluntas proprie est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1661 ipsius finis. Ea vero quae sunt ad finem, non sunt bona vel volita
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1662 propter seipsa, sed ex ordine ad finem. Unde voluntas in ea non
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1663 fertur, nisi quatenus fertur in finem, unde hoc ipsum quod in eis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1664 vult, est finis. Sicut et intelligere proprie est eorum quae
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1665 secundum se cognoscuntur, scilicet principiorum, eorum autem quae
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1666 cognoscuntur per principia, non dicitur esse intelligentia, nisi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1667 inquantum in eis ipsa principia considerantur, <i>sic enim se habet
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1668 finis in appetibilibus, sicut se habet principium in
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1669 intelligibilibus</i>, ut dicitur in VII Ethic.</p><p title="I-II q. 8 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="33851"><span class="ref">[33851] Iª-IIae q. 8 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1670 dicendum quod philosophus loquitur de voluntate, secundum quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1671 proprie nominat simplicem actum voluntatis, non autem secundum quod
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1672 nominat potentiam.</p><p title="I-II q. 8 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="33852"><span class="ref">[33852] Iª-IIae q. 8 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1673 dicendum quod ad ea quae sunt diversa genere ex aequo se habentia,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1674 ordinantur diversae potentiae, sicut sonus et color sunt diversa
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1675 genera sensibilium, ad quae ordinantur auditus et visus. Sed utile
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1676 et honestum non ex aequo se habent, sed sicut quod est secundum se
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1677 et secundum alterum. Huiusmodi autem semper referuntur ad eandem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1678 potentiam, sicut per potentiam visivam sentitur et color, et lux,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1679 per quam color videtur.</p><p title="I-II q. 8 a. 2 ad 3"><a name="33853"><span class="ref">[33853] Iª-IIae q. 8 a. 2 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1680 dicendum quod non quidquid diversificat habitum, diversificat
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1681 potentiam, habitus enim sunt quaedam determinationes potentiarum ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1682 aliquos speciales actus. Et tamen quaelibet ars operativa
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1683 considerat et finem et id quod est ad finem. Nam ars gubernativa
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1684 considerat quidem finem, ut quem operatur, id autem quod est ad
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1685 finem, ut quod imperat. E contra vero navifactiva considerat id
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1686 quod est ad finem, ut quod operatur, id vero quod est finis, ut ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1687 quod ordinat id quod operatur. Et iterum in unaquaque arte
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1688 operativa est aliquis finis proprius, et aliquid quod est ad finem,
53
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ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1689 quod proprie ad illam artem pertinet.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 3</h3><p title="I-II q. 8 a. 3 arg. 1"><a name="33854"><span class="ref">[33854] Iª-IIae q. 8 a. 3 arg. 1</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1690 sic proceditur. Videtur quod eodem actu voluntas feratur in finem,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1691 et in id quod est ad finem. Quia secundum philosophum, <i>ubi est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1692 unum propter alterum, ibi est unum tantum</i>. Sed voluntas non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1693 vult id quod est ad finem, nisi propter finem. Ergo eodem actu
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1694 movetur in utrumque.</p><p title="I-II q. 8 a. 3 arg. 2"><a name="33855"><span class="ref">[33855] Iª-IIae q. 8 a. 3 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1695 finis est ratio volendi ea quae sunt ad finem, sicut lumen est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1696 ratio visionis colorum. Sed eodem actu videtur lumen et color. Ergo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1697 idem est motus voluntatis quo vult finem, et ea quae sunt ad
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1698 finem.</p><p title="I-II q. 8 a. 3 arg. 3"><a name="33856"><span class="ref">[33856] Iª-IIae q. 8 a. 3 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1699 idem numero motus naturalis est qui per media tendit ad ultimum.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1700 Sed ea quae sunt ad finem, comparantur ad finem sicut media ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1701 ultimum. Ergo idem motus voluntatis est quo voluntas fertur in
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1702 finem, et in ea quae sunt ad finem.</p><p title="I-II q. 8 a. 3 s. c."><a name="33857"><span class="ref">[33857] Iª-IIae q. 8 a. 3 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra,
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1703 actus diversificantur secundum obiecta. Sed diversae species boni
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1704 sunt finis, et id quod est ad finem, quod dicitur utile. Ergo non
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1705 eodem actu voluntas fertur in utrumque.</p><p title="I-II q. 8 a. 3 co."><a name="33858"><span class="ref">[33858] Iª-IIae q. 8 a. 3 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1706 dicendum quod, cum finis sit secundum se volitus, id autem quod est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1707 ad finem, inquantum huiusmodi, non sit volitum nisi propter finem;
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1708 manifestum est quod voluntas potest ferri in finem sine hoc quod
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1709 feratur in ea quae sunt ad finem; sed in ea quae sunt ad finem,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1710 inquantum huiusmodi, non potest ferri, nisi feratur in ipsum finem.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1711 Sic ergo voluntas in ipsum finem dupliciter fertur, uno modo,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1712 absolute secundum se; alio modo, sicut in rationem volendi ea quae
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1713 sunt ad finem. Manifestum est ergo quod unus et idem motus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1714 voluntatis est quo fertur in finem, secundum quod est ratio volendi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1715 ea quae sunt ad finem, et in ipsa quae sunt ad finem. Sed alius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1716 actus est quod fertur in ipsum finem absolute. Et quandoque
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1717 praecedit tempore, sicut cum aliquis primo vult sanitatem, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1718 postea, deliberans quomodo possit sanari, vult conducere medicum ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1719 sanetur. Sicut etiam et circa intellectum accidit, nam primo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1720 aliquis intelligit ipsa principia secundum se; postmodum autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1721 intelligit ea in ipsis conclusionibus, secundum quod assentit
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1722 conclusionibus propter principia.</p><p title="I-II q. 8 a. 3 ad 1"><a name="33859"><span class="ref">[33859] Iª-IIae q. 8 a. 3 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1723 dicendum quod ratio illa procedit secundum quod voluntas fertur in
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1724 finem, ut est ratio volendi ea quae sunt ad finem.</p><p title="I-II q. 8 a. 3 ad 2"><a name="33860"><span class="ref">[33860] Iª-IIae q. 8 a. 3 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1725 dicendum quod quandocumque videtur color, eodem actu videtur lumen,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1726 potest tamen videri lumen sine hoc quod videatur color. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1727 similiter quandocumque quis vult ea quae sunt ad finem, vult eodem
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1728 actu finem, non tamen e converso.</p><p title="I-II q. 8 a. 3 ad 3"><a name="33861"><span class="ref">[33861] Iª-IIae q. 8 a. 3 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1729 dicendum quod in executione operis, ea quae sunt ad finem se habent
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1730 ut media, et finis ut terminus. Unde sicut motus naturalis interdum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1731 sistit in medio, et non pertingit ad terminum; ita quandoque
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1732 operatur aliquis id quod est ad finem, et tamen non consequitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1733 finem. Sed in volendo est e converso, nam voluntas per finem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1734 devenit ad volendum ea quae sunt ad finem; sicut et intellectus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1735 devenit in conclusiones per principia, quae media dicuntur. Unde
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1736 intellectus aliquando intelligit medium, et ex eo non procedit ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1737 conclusionem. Et similiter voluntas aliquando vult finem, et tamen
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1738 non procedit ad volendum id quod est ad finem.</p><p title="I-II q. 8 a. 3 ad 4"><a name="33862"><span class="ref">[33862] Iª-IIae q. 8 a. 3 ad 4</span></a> Ad illud vero
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1739 quod in contrarium obiicitur, patet solutio per ea quae supra dicta
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1740 sunt. Nam utile et honestum non sunt species boni ex aequo divisae,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1741 sed se habent sicut propter se et propter alterum. Unde actus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1742 voluntatis in unum potest ferri sine hoc quod feratur in alterum,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1743 sed non e converso.</p></div></div><div class="q" id="q9"><h2>Quaestio 9</h2><div class="p"><h3>Prooemium</h3><p title="I-II q. 9 pr."><a name="33863"><span class="ref">[33863]
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1744 Iª-IIae q. 9 pr.</span></a> Deinde considerandum est de motivo
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1745 voluntatis. Et circa hoc quaeruntur sex. Primo, utrum voluntas
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1746 moveatur ab intellectu. Secundo, utrum moveatur ab appetitu
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1747 sensitivo. Tertio, utrum voluntas moveat seipsam. Quarto, utrum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1748 moveatur ab aliquo exteriori principio. Quinto, utrum moveatur a
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1749 corpore caelesti. Sexto, utrum voluntas moveatur a solo Deo, sicut
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1750 ab exteriori principio.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 1</h3><p title="I-II q. 9 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="33864"><span class="ref">[33864] Iª-IIae q. 9 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1751 sic proceditur. Videtur quod voluntas non moveatur ab intellectu.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1752 Dicit enim Augustinus, super illud Psalmi, <i>concupivit anima mea
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1753 desiderare iustificationes tuas, praevolat intellectus, sequitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1754 tardus aut nullus affectus, scimus bonum, nec delectat agere</i>.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1755 Hoc autem non esset, si voluntas ab intellectu moveretur, quia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1756 motus mobilis sequitur motionem moventis. Ergo intellectus non
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1757 movet voluntatem.</p><p title="I-II q. 9 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="33865"><span class="ref">[33865] Iª-IIae q. 9 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1758 intellectus se habet ad voluntatem ut demonstrans appetibile, sicut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1759 imaginatio demonstrat appetibile appetitui sensitivo. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1760 imaginatio demonstrans appetibile non movet appetitum sensitivum,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1761 immo quandoque ita nos habemus ad ea quae imaginamur, sicut ad ea
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1762 quae in pictura nobis ostenduntur, ex quibus non movemur, ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1763 dicitur in libro de anima. Ergo neque etiam intellectus movet
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1764 voluntatem.</p><p title="I-II q. 9 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="33866"><span class="ref">[33866] Iª-IIae q. 9 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1765 idem respectu eiusdem non est movens et motum. Sed voluntas movet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1766 intellectum, intelligimus enim quando volumus. Ergo intellectus non
53
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ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1767 movet voluntatem.</p><p title="I-II q. 9 a. 1 s. c."><a name="33867"><span class="ref">[33867] Iª-IIae q. 9 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1768 est quod philosophus dicit, in III de anima, quod <i>appetibile
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1769 intellectum est movens non motum, voluntas autem est movens
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1770 motum</i>.</p><p title="I-II q. 9 a. 1 co."><a name="33868"><span class="ref">[33868] Iª-IIae q. 9 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1771 dicendum quod intantum aliquid indiget moveri ab aliquo, inquantum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1772 est in potentia ad plura, oportet enim ut id quod est in potentia,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1773 reducatur in actum per aliquid quod est actu; et hoc est movere.
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1774 Dupliciter autem aliqua vis animae invenitur esse in potentia ad
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1775 diversa, uno modo, quantum ad agere et non agere; alio modo,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1776 quantum ad agere hoc vel illud. Sicut visus quandoque videt actu,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1777 et quandoque non videt; et quandoque videt album, et quandoque
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1778 videt nigrum. Indiget igitur movente quantum ad duo, scilicet
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1779 quantum ad exercitium vel usum actus; et quantum ad determinationem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1780 actus. Quorum primum est ex parte subiecti, quod quandoque
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1781 invenitur agens, quandoque non agens, aliud autem est ex parte
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1782 obiecti, secundum quod specificatur actus. Motio autem ipsius
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1783 subiecti est ex agente aliquo. Et cum omne agens agat propter
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1784 finem, ut supra ostensum est, principium huius motionis est ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1785 fine. Et inde est quod ars ad quam pertinet finis, movet suo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1786 imperio artem ad quam pertinet id quod est ad finem, sicut
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1787 gubernatoria ars imperat navifactivae, ut in II Physic. dicitur.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1788 Bonum autem in communi, quod habet rationem finis, est obiectum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1789 voluntatis. Et ideo ex hac parte voluntas movet alias potentias
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1790 animae ad suos actus, utimur enim aliis potentiis cum volumus. Nam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1791 fines et perfectiones omnium aliarum potentiarum comprehenduntur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1792 sub obiecto voluntatis, sicut quaedam particularia bona, semper
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1793 autem ars vel potentia ad quam pertinet finis universalis, movet ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1794 agendum artem vel potentiam ad quam pertinet finis particularis sub
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1795 illo universali comprehensus; sicut dux exercitus, qui intendit
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1796 bonum commune, scilicet ordinem totius exercitus, movet suo imperio
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1797 aliquem ex tribunis, qui intendit ordinem unius aciei. Sed obiectum
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1798 movet, determinando actum, ad modum principii formalis, a quo in
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1799 rebus naturalibus actio specificatur, sicut calefactio a calore.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1800 Primum autem principium formale est ens et verum universale, quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1801 est obiectum intellectus. Et ideo isto modo motionis intellectus
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1802 movet voluntatem, sicut praesentans ei obiectum suum.</p><p title="I-II q. 9 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="33869"><span class="ref">[33869] Iª-IIae q. 9 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1803 dicendum quod ex illa auctoritate non habetur quod intellectus non
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1804 moveat, sed quod non moveat ex necessitate.</p><p title="I-II q. 9 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="33870"><span class="ref">[33870] Iª-IIae q. 9 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1805 dicendum quod, sicut imaginatio formae sine aestimatione
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1806 convenientis vel nocivi, non movet appetitum sensitivum; ita nec
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1807 apprehensio veri sine ratione boni et appetibilis. Unde intellectus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1808 speculativus non movet, sed intellectus practicus, ut dicitur in
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1809 III de anima.</p><p title="I-II q. 9 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="33871"><span class="ref">[33871] Iª-IIae q. 9 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1810 dicendum quod voluntas movet intellectum quantum ad exercitium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1811 actus, quia et ipsum verum, quod est perfectio intellectus,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1812 continetur sub universali bono ut quoddam bonum particulare. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1813 quantum ad determinationem actus, quae est ex parte obiecti,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1814 intellectus movet voluntatem, quia et ipsum bonum apprehenditur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1815 secundum quandam specialem rationem comprehensam sub universali
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1816 ratione veri. Et sic patet quod non est idem movens et motum
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1817 secundum idem.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 2</h3><p title="I-II q. 9 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="33872"><span class="ref">[33872] Iª-IIae q. 9 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad secundum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1818 sic proceditur. Videtur quod voluntas ab appetitu sensitivo moveri
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1819 non possit. <i>Movens enim et agens est praestantius patiente</i>,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1820 ut Augustinus dicit, XII super Gen. ad Litt. Sed appetitus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1821 sensitivus est inferior voluntate, quae est appetitus
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1822 intellectivus; sicut sensus est inferior intellectu. Ergo appetitus
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1823 sensitivus non movet voluntatem.</p><p title="I-II q. 9 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="33873"><span class="ref">[33873] Iª-IIae q. 9 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1824 nulla virtus particularis potest facere effectum universalem. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1825 appetitus sensitivus est virtus particularis, consequitur enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1826 particularem sensus apprehensionem. Ergo non potest causare motum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1827 voluntatis, qui est universalis, velut consequens apprehensionem
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1828 universalem intellectus.</p><p title="I-II q. 9 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="33874"><span class="ref">[33874] Iª-IIae q. 9 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1829 ut probatur in VIII Physic., movens non movetur ab eo quod movet,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1830 ut sit motio reciproca. Sed voluntas movet appetitum sensitivum,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1831 inquantum appetitus sensitivus obedit rationi. Ergo appetitus
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1832 sensitivus non movet voluntatem.</p><p title="I-II q. 9 a. 2 s. c."><a name="33875"><span class="ref">[33875] Iª-IIae q. 9 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1833 est quod dicitur Iac. I, <i>unusquisque tentatur a concupiscentia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1834 sua abstractus et illectus</i>. Non autem abstraheretur quis a
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1835 concupiscentia, nisi voluntas eius moveretur ab appetitu sensitivo,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1836 in quo est concupiscentia. Ergo appetitus sensitivus movet
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1837 voluntatem.</p><p title="I-II q. 9 a. 2 co."><a name="33876"><span class="ref">[33876] Iª-IIae q. 9 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1838 dicendum quod, sicut supra dictum est, id quod apprehenditur sub
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1839 ratione boni et convenientis, movet voluntatem per modum obiecti.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1840 Quod autem aliquid videatur bonum et conveniens, ex duobus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1841 contingit, scilicet ex conditione eius quod proponitur, et eius cui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1842 proponitur. Conveniens enim secundum relationem dicitur, unde ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1843 utroque extremorum dependet. Et inde est quod gustus diversimode
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1844 dispositus, non eodem modo accipit aliquid ut conveniens et ut non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1845 conveniens. Unde, ut philosophus dicit in III Ethic., <i>qualis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1846 unusquisque est, talis finis videtur ei</i>. Manifestum est autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1847 quod secundum passionem appetitus sensitivi, immutatur homo ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1848 aliquam dispositionem. Unde secundum quod homo est in passione
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1849 aliqua, videtur sibi aliquid conveniens, quod non videtur extra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1850 passionem existenti, sicut irato videtur bonum, quod non videtur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1851 quieto. Et per hunc modum, ex parte obiecti, appetitus sensitivus
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1852 movet voluntatem.</p><p title="I-II q. 9 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="33877"><span class="ref">[33877] Iª-IIae q. 9 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1853 dicendum quod nihil prohibet id quod est simpliciter et secundum se
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1854 praestantius, quoad aliquid esse debilius. Voluntas igitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1855 simpliciter praestantior est quam appetitus sensitivus, sed quoad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1856 istum in quo passio dominatur, inquantum subiacet passioni,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1857 praeeminet appetitus sensitivus.</p><p title="I-II q. 9 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="33878"><span class="ref">[33878] Iª-IIae q. 9 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1858 dicendum quod actus et electiones hominum sunt circa singularia.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1859 Unde ex hoc ipso quod appetitus sensitivus est virtus particularis,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1860 habet magnam virtutem ad hoc quod per ipsum sic disponatur homo, ut
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1861 ei aliquid videatur sic vel aliter, circa singularia.</p><p title="I-II q. 9 a. 2 ad 3"><a name="33879"><span class="ref">[33879] Iª-IIae q. 9 a. 2 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1862 dicendum quod, sicut philosophus dicit in I Polit., ratio, in qua
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1863 est voluntas, movet suo imperio irascibilem et concupiscibilem, non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1864 quidem despotico principatu, sicut movetur servus a domino; sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1865 principatu regali seu politico, sicut liberi homines reguntur a
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1866 gubernante, qui tamen possunt contra movere. Unde et irascibilis et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1867 concupiscibilis possunt in contrarium movere ad voluntatem. Et sic
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1868 nihil prohibet voluntatem aliquando ab eis moveri.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 3</h3><p title="I-II q. 9 a. 3 arg. 1"><a name="33880"><span class="ref">[33880] Iª-IIae q. 9 a. 3 arg. 1</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1869 sic proceditur. Videtur quod voluntas non moveat seipsam. Omne enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1870 movens, inquantum huiusmodi, est in actu, quod autem movetur, est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1871 in potentia, nam motus est actus existentis in potentia, inquantum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1872 huiusmodi. Sed non est idem in potentia et in actu respectu
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1873 eiusdem. Ergo nihil movet seipsum. Neque ergo voluntas seipsam
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1874 movere potest.</p><p title="I-II q. 9 a. 3 arg. 2"><a name="33881"><span class="ref">[33881] Iª-IIae q. 9 a. 3 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1875 mobile movetur ad praesentiam moventis. Sed voluntas semper sibi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1876 est praesens. Si ergo ipsa seipsam moveret, semper moveretur. Quod
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1877 patet esse falsum.</p><p title="I-II q. 9 a. 3 arg. 3"><a name="33882"><span class="ref">[33882] Iª-IIae q. 9 a. 3 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1878 voluntas movetur ab intellectu, ut dictum est. Si igitur voluntas
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1879 movet seipsam, sequitur quod idem simul moveatur a duobus motoribus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1880 immediate, quod videtur inconveniens. Non ergo voluntas movet
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1881 seipsam.</p><p title="I-II q. 9 a. 3 s. c."><a name="33883"><span class="ref">[33883] Iª-IIae q. 9 a. 3 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1882 est quia voluntas domina est sui actus, et in ipsa est velle et non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1883 velle. Quod non esset, si non haberet in potestate movere seipsam
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1884 ad volendum. Ergo ipsa movet seipsam.</p><p title="I-II q. 9 a. 3 co."><a name="33884"><span class="ref">[33884] Iª-IIae q. 9 a. 3 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1885 dicendum quod, sicut supra dictum est, ad voluntatem pertinet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1886 movere alias potentias ex ratione finis, qui est voluntatis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1887 obiectum. Sed sicut dictum est, hoc modo se habet finis in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1888 appetibilibus, sicut principium in intelligibilibus. Manifestum est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1889 autem quod intellectus per hoc quod cognoscit principium, reducit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1890 seipsum de potentia in actum, quantum ad cognitionem conclusionum,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1891 et hoc modo movet seipsum. Et similiter voluntas per hoc quod vult
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1892 finem, movet seipsam ad volendum ea quae sunt ad finem.</p><p title="I-II q. 9 a. 3 ad 1"><a name="33885"><span class="ref">[33885] Iª-IIae q. 9 a. 3 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1893 dicendum quod voluntas non secundum idem movet et movetur. Unde nec
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1894 secundum idem est in actu et in potentia. Sed inquantum actu vult
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1895 finem, reducit se de potentia in actum respectu eorum quae sunt ad
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1896 finem, ut scilicet actu ea velit.</p><p title="I-II q. 9 a. 3 ad 2"><a name="33886"><span class="ref">[33886] Iª-IIae q. 9 a. 3 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1897 dicendum quod potentia voluntatis semper actu est sibi praesens,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1898 sed actus voluntatis, quo vult finem aliquem, non semper est in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1899 ipsa voluntate. Per hunc autem movet seipsam. Unde non sequitur
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1900 quod semper seipsam moveat.</p><p title="I-II q. 9 a. 3 ad 3"><a name="33887"><span class="ref">[33887] Iª-IIae q. 9 a. 3 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1901 dicendum quod non eodem modo voluntas movetur ab intellectu, et a
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1902 seipsa. Sed ab intellectu quidem movetur secundum rationem obiecti,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1903 a seipsa vero, quantum ad exercitium actus, secundum rationem
53
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diff changeset
1904 finis.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 4</h3><p title="I-II q. 9 a. 4 arg. 1"><a name="33888"><span class="ref">[33888] Iª-IIae q. 9 a. 4 arg. 1</span></a> Ad quartum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1905 sic proceditur. Videtur quod voluntas non moveatur ab aliquo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1906 exteriori. Motus enim voluntatis est voluntarius. Sed de ratione
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1907 voluntarii est quod sit a principio intrinseco, sicut et de ratione
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1908 naturalis. Non ergo motus voluntatis est ab aliquo extrinseco.</p><p title="I-II q. 9 a. 4 arg. 2"><a name="33889"><span class="ref">[33889] Iª-IIae q. 9 a. 4 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1909 voluntas violentiam pati non potest, ut supra ostensum est. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1910 violentum est cuius principium est extra. Ergo voluntas non potest
53
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ht
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diff changeset
1911 ab aliquo exteriori moveri.</p><p title="I-II q. 9 a. 4 arg. 3"><a name="33890"><span class="ref">[33890] Iª-IIae q. 9 a. 4 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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1912 quod sufficienter movetur ab uno motore, non indiget moveri ab
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1913 alio. Sed voluntas sufficienter movet seipsam. Non ergo movetur ab
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1914 aliquo exteriori.</p><p title="I-II q. 9 a. 4 s. c."><a name="33891"><span class="ref">[33891] Iª-IIae q. 9 a. 4 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra,
28
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1915 voluntas movetur ab obiecto, ut dictum est. Sed obiectum voluntatis
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1916 potest esse aliqua exterior res sensui proposita. Ergo voluntas
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1917 potest ab aliquo exteriori moveri.</p><p title="I-II q. 9 a. 4 co."><a name="33892"><span class="ref">[33892] Iª-IIae q. 9 a. 4 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
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1918 dicendum quod, secundum quod voluntas movetur ab obiecto,
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1919 manifestum est quod moveri potest ab aliquo exteriori. Sed eo modo
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1920 quo movetur quantum ad exercitium actus, adhuc necesse est ponere
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1921 voluntatem ab aliquo principio exteriori moveri. Omne enim quod
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1922 quandoque est agens in actu et quandoque in potentia, indiget
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1923 moveri ab aliquo movente. Manifestum est autem quod voluntas
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1924 incipit velle aliquid, cum hoc prius non vellet. Necesse est ergo
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1925 quod ab aliquo moveatur ad volendum. Et quidem, sicut dictum est,
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1926 ipsa movet seipsam, inquantum per hoc quod vult finem, reducit
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1927 seipsam ad volendum ea quae sunt ad finem. Hoc autem non potest
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1928 facere nisi consilio mediante, cum enim aliquis vult sanari,
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1929 incipit cogitare quomodo hoc consequi possit, et per talem
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1930 cogitationem pervenit ad hoc quod potest sanari per medicum, et hoc
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1931 vult. Sed quia non semper sanitatem actu voluit, necesse est quod
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1932 inciperet velle sanari, aliquo movente. Et si quidem ipsa moveret
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1933 seipsam ad volendum, oportuisset quod mediante consilio hoc ageret,
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1934 ex aliqua voluntate praesupposita. Hoc autem non est procedere in
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1935 infinitum. Unde necesse est ponere quod in primum motum voluntatis
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1936 voluntas prodeat ex instinctu alicuius exterioris moventis, ut
53
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1937 Aristoteles concludit in quodam capitulo Ethicae Eudemicae.</p><p title="I-II q. 9 a. 4 ad 1"><a name="33893"><span class="ref">[33893] Iª-IIae q. 9 a. 4 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
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1938 dicendum quod de ratione voluntarii est quod principium eius sit
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1939 intra, sed non oportet quod hoc principium intrinsecum sit primum
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1940 principium non motum ab alio. Unde motus voluntarius etsi habeat
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1941 principium proximum intrinsecum, tamen principium primum est ab
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1942 extra. Sicut et primum principium motus naturalis est ab extra,
53
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1943 quod scilicet movet naturam.</p><p title="I-II q. 9 a. 4 ad 2"><a name="33894"><span class="ref">[33894] Iª-IIae q. 9 a. 4 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
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1944 dicendum quod hoc non sufficit ad rationem violenti, quod
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1945 principium sit extra, sed oportet addere quod nil conferat vim
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1946 patiens. Quod non contingit, dum voluntas ab exteriori movetur, nam
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1947 ipsa est quae vult, ab alio tamen mota. Esset autem motus iste
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1948 violentus, si esset contrarius motui voluntatis. Quod in proposito
53
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1949 esse non potest, quia sic idem vellet et non vellet.</p><p title="I-II q. 9 a. 4 ad 3"><a name="33895"><span class="ref">[33895] Iª-IIae q. 9 a. 4 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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1950 dicendum quod voluntas quantum ad aliquid sufficienter se movet, et
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1951 in suo ordine, scilicet sicut agens proximum, sed non potest
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1952 seipsam movere quantum ad omnia, ut ostensum est. Unde indiget
53
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1953 moveri ab alio sicut a primo movente.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 5</h3><p title="I-II q. 9 a. 5 arg. 1"><a name="33896"><span class="ref">[33896] Iª-IIae q. 9 a. 5 arg. 1</span></a> Ad quintum
28
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1954 sic proceditur. Videtur quod voluntas humana a corpore caelesti
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1955 moveatur. Omnes enim motus varii et multiformes reducuntur, sicut
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1956 in causam, in motum uniformem, qui est motus caeli ut probatur VIII
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1957 Physic. Sed motus humani sunt varii et multiformes, incipientes
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1958 postquam prius non fuerant. Ergo reducuntur in motum caeli sicut in
53
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1959 causam, qui est uniformis secundum naturam.</p><p title="I-II q. 9 a. 5 arg. 2"><a name="33897"><span class="ref">[33897] Iª-IIae q. 9 a. 5 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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1960 secundum Augustinum, in III de Trin., <i>corpora inferiora moventur
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1961 per corpora superiora</i>. Sed motus humani corporis, qui causantur
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1962 a voluntate, non possent reduci in motum caeli sicut in causam,
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1963 nisi etiam voluntas a caelo moveretur. Ergo caelum movet voluntatem
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1964 humanam.</p><p title="I-II q. 9 a. 5 arg. 3"><a name="33898"><span class="ref">[33898] Iª-IIae q. 9 a. 5 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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1965 per observationem caelestium corporum astrologi quaedam vera
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1966 praenuntiant de humanis actibus futuris, qui sunt a voluntate. Quod
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1967 non esset, si corpora caelestia voluntatem hominis movere non
53
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1968 possent. Movetur ergo voluntas humana a caelesti corpore.</p><p title="I-II q. 9 a. 5 s. c."><a name="33899"><span class="ref">[33899] Iª-IIae q. 9 a. 5 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
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1969 est quod Damascenus dicit, in II libro, quod <i>corpora caelestia
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1970 non sunt causae nostrorum actuum</i>. Essent autem, si voluntas,
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1971 quae est humanorum actuum principium, a corporibus caelestibus
53
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1972 moveretur. Non ergo movetur voluntas a corporibus caelestibus.</p><p title="I-II q. 9 a. 5 co."><a name="33900"><span class="ref">[33900] Iª-IIae q. 9 a. 5 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
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1973 dicendum quod eo modo quo voluntas movetur ab exteriori obiecto,
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diff changeset
1974 manifestum est quod voluntas potest moveri a corporibus
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diff changeset
1975 caelestibus, inquantum scilicet corpora exteriora, quae sensui
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diff changeset
1976 proposita movent voluntatem, et etiam ipsa organa potentiarum
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diff changeset
1977 sensitivarum, subiacent motibus caelestium corporum. Sed eo modo
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1978 quo voluntas movetur, quantum ad exercitium actus, ab aliquo
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1979 exteriori agente, adhuc quidam posuerunt corpora caelestia directe
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diff changeset
1980 imprimere in voluntatem humanam. Sed hoc est impossibile. Voluntas
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1981 enim, ut dicitur in III de anima, est in ratione. Ratio autem est
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1982 potentia animae non alligata organo corporali. Unde relinquitur
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1983 quod voluntas sit potentia omnino immaterialis et incorporea.
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diff changeset
1984 Manifestum est autem quod nullum corpus agere potest in rem
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diff changeset
1985 incorpoream, sed potius e converso, eo quod res incorporeae et
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diff changeset
1986 immateriales sunt formalioris et universalioris virtutis quam
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diff changeset
1987 quaecumque res corporales. Unde impossibile est quod corpus
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diff changeset
1988 caeleste imprimat directe in intellectum aut voluntatem. Et propter
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diff changeset
1989 hoc Aristoteles, in libro de anima, opinionem dicentium quod talis
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diff changeset
1990 est voluntas in hominibus, <i>qualem in diem ducit pater deorum
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diff changeset
1991 virorumque</i> (scilicet Iupiter, per quem totum caelum
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diff changeset
1992 intelligunt), attribuit eis qui ponebant intellectum non differre a
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diff changeset
1993 sensu. Omnes enim vires sensitivae, cum sint actus organorum
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diff changeset
1994 corporalium, per accidens moveri possunt a caelestibus corporibus,
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diff changeset
1995 motis scilicet corporibus quorum sunt actus. Sed quia dictum est
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diff changeset
1996 quod appetitus intellectivus quodammodo movetur ab appetitu
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diff changeset
1997 sensitivo, indirecte redundat motus caelestium corporum in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
1998 voluntatem, inquantum scilicet per passiones appetitus sensitivi
53
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diff changeset
1999 voluntatem moveri contingit.</p><p title="I-II q. 9 a. 5 ad 1"><a name="33901"><span class="ref">[33901] Iª-IIae q. 9 a. 5 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
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diff changeset
2000 dicendum quod multiformes motus voluntatis humanae reducuntur in
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diff changeset
2001 aliquam causam uniformem, quae tamen est intellectu et voluntate
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diff changeset
2002 superior. Quod non potest dici de aliquo corpore, sed de aliqua
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diff changeset
2003 superiori substantia immateriali. Unde non oportet quod motus
53
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diff changeset
2004 voluntatis in motum caeli reducatur sicut in causam.</p><p title="I-II q. 9 a. 5 ad 2"><a name="33902"><span class="ref">[33902] Iª-IIae q. 9 a. 5 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
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diff changeset
2005 dicendum quod motus corporales humani reducuntur in motum caelestis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2006 corporis sicut in causam, inquantum ipsa dispositio organorum
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diff changeset
2007 congrua ad motum, est aliqualiter ex impressione caelestium
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diff changeset
2008 corporum; et inquantum etiam appetitus sensitivus commovetur ex
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diff changeset
2009 impressione caelestium corporum; et ulterius inquantum corpora
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2010 exteriora moventur secundum motum caelestium corporum, ex quorum
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diff changeset
2011 occursu voluntas incipit aliquid velle vel non velle, sicut
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diff changeset
2012 adveniente frigore incipit aliquis velle facere ignem. Sed ista
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diff changeset
2013 motio voluntatis est ex parte obiecti exterius praesentati, non ex
53
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diff changeset
2014 parte interioris instinctus.</p><p title="I-II q. 9 a. 5 ad 3"><a name="33903"><span class="ref">[33903] Iª-IIae q. 9 a. 5 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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diff changeset
2015 dicendum quod, sicut dictum est, appetitus sensitivus est actus
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diff changeset
2016 organi corporalis. Unde nihil prohibet ex impressione corporum
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diff changeset
2017 caelestium aliquos esse habiles ad irascendum vel concupiscendum,
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diff changeset
2018 vel aliquam huiusmodi passionem, sicut et ex complexione naturali.
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diff changeset
2019 Plures autem hominum sequuntur passiones, quibus soli sapientes
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2020 resistunt. Et ideo ut in pluribus verificantur ea quae
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2021 praenuntiantur de actibus hominum secundum considerationem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2022 caelestium corporum. Sed tamen, ut Ptolomaeus dicit in Centiloquio,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
2023 <i>sapiens dominatur astris</i>, scilicet quia, resistens
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2024 passionibus, impedit per voluntatem liberam, et nequaquam motui
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2025 caelesti subiectam, huiusmodi corporum caelestium effectus. Vel, ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2026 Augustinus dicit II super Gen. ad Litt., <i>fatendum est, quando ab
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2027 astrologis vera dicuntur, instinctu quodam occultissimo dici, quem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
2028 nescientes humanae mentes patiuntur. Quod cum ad decipiendum
53
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diff changeset
2029 homines fit, spirituum seductorum operatio est</i>.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 6</h3><p title="I-II q. 9 a. 6 arg. 1"><a name="33904"><span class="ref">[33904] Iª-IIae q. 9 a. 6 arg. 1</span></a> Ad sextum
28
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2030 sic proceditur. Videtur quod voluntas non a solo Deo moveatur sicut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2031 ab exteriori principio. Inferius enim natum est moveri a suo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
2032 superiori, sicut corpora inferiora a corporibus caelestibus. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2033 voluntas hominis habet aliquid superius post Deum; scilicet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
2034 Angelum. Ergo voluntas hominis potest moveri, sicut ab exteriori
53
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diff changeset
2035 principio, etiam ab Angelo.</p><p title="I-II q. 9 a. 6 arg. 2"><a name="33905"><span class="ref">[33905] Iª-IIae q. 9 a. 6 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2036 actus voluntatis sequitur actum intellectus. Sed intellectus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2037 hominis reducitur in suum actum non solum a Deo, sed etiam ab
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
2038 Angelo per illuminationes, ut Dionysius dicit. Ergo eadem ratione
53
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diff changeset
2039 et voluntas.</p><p title="I-II q. 9 a. 6 arg. 3"><a name="33906"><span class="ref">[33906] Iª-IIae q. 9 a. 6 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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diff changeset
2040 Deus non est causa nisi bonorum; secundum illud Gen. I, <i>vidit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
2041 Deus cuncta quae fecerat, et erant valde bona</i>. Si ergo a solo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
2042 Deo voluntas hominis moveretur, nunquam moveretur ad malum, cum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
2043 tamen voluntas sit qua peccatur et recte vivitur, ut Augustinus
53
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diff changeset
2044 dicit.</p><p title="I-II q. 9 a. 6 s. c."><a name="33907"><span class="ref">[33907] Iª-IIae q. 9 a. 6 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
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2045 est quod apostolus dicit, ad Philipp. II, <i>Deus est qui operatur
53
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diff changeset
2046 in nobis velle et perficere</i>.</p><p title="I-II q. 9 a. 6 co."><a name="33908"><span class="ref">[33908] Iª-IIae q. 9 a. 6 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
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diff changeset
2047 dicendum quod motus voluntatis est ab intrinseco, sicut et motus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
2048 naturalis. Quamvis autem rem naturalem possit aliquid movere quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
2049 non est causa naturae rei motae, tamen motum naturalem causare non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
2050 potest nisi quod est aliqualiter causa naturae. Movetur enim lapis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2051 sursum ab homine, qui naturam lapidis non causat, sed hic motus non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2052 est lapidi naturalis, naturalis autem motus eius non causatur nisi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2053 ab eo quod causat naturam. Unde dicitur in VIII Physic. quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2054 generans movet secundum locum gravia et levia. Sic ergo hominem,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2055 voluntatem habentem, contingit moveri ab aliquo qui non est causa
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2056 eius, sed quod motus voluntarius eius sit ab aliquo principio
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2057 extrinseco quod non est causa voluntatis, est impossibile.
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diff changeset
2058 Voluntatis autem causa nihil aliud esse potest quam Deus. Et hoc
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diff changeset
2059 patet dupliciter. Primo quidem, ex hoc quod voluntas est potentia
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2060 animae rationalis, quae a solo Deo causatur per creationem, ut in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2061 primo dictum est. Secundo vero ex hoc patet, quod voluntas habet
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2062 ordinem ad universale bonum. Unde nihil aliud potest esse
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2063 voluntatis causa, nisi ipse Deus, qui est universale bonum. Omne
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2064 autem aliud bonum per participationem dicitur, et est quoddam
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2065 particulare bonum, particularis autem causa non dat inclinationem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2066 universalem. Unde nec materia prima, quae est in potentia ad omnes
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2067 formas, potest causari ab aliquo particulari agente.</p><p title="I-II q. 9 a. 6 ad 1"><a name="33909"><span class="ref">[33909] Iª-IIae q. 9 a. 6 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2068 dicendum quod Angelus non sic est supra hominem, quod sit causa
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2069 voluntatis eius; sicut corpora caelestia sunt causa formarum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2070 naturalium, ad quas consequuntur naturales motus corporum
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2071 naturalium.</p><p title="I-II q. 9 a. 6 ad 2"><a name="33910"><span class="ref">[33910] Iª-IIae q. 9 a. 6 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2072 dicendum quod intellectus hominis movetur ab Angelo ex parte
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2073 obiecti, quod sibi proponitur virtute angelici luminis ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2074 cognoscendum. Et sic etiam voluntas ab exteriori creatura potest
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2075 moveri, ut dictum est.</p><p title="I-II q. 9 a. 6 ad 3"><a name="33911"><span class="ref">[33911] Iª-IIae q. 9 a. 6 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2076 dicendum quod Deus movet voluntatem hominis, sicut universalis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2077 motor, ad universale obiectum voluntatis, quod est bonum. Et sine
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2078 hac universali motione homo non potest aliquid velle. Sed homo per
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2079 rationem determinat se ad volendum hoc vel illud, quod est vere
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2080 bonum vel apparens bonum. Sed tamen interdum specialiter Deus movet
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2081 aliquos ad aliquid determinate volendum, quod est bonum, sicut in
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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diff changeset
2082 his quos movet per gratiam, ut infra dicetur.</p></div></div><div class="q" id="q10"><h2>Quaestio 10</h2><div class="p"><h3>Prooemium</h3><p title="I-II q. 10 pr."><a name="33912"><span class="ref">[33912]
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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diff changeset
2083 Iª-IIae q. 10 pr.</span></a> Deinde considerandum est de modo
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2084 quo voluntas movetur. Et circa hoc quaeruntur quatuor. Primo, utrum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2085 voluntas ad aliquid naturaliter moveatur. Secundo, utrum de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2086 necessitate moveatur a suo obiecto. Tertio, utrum de necessitate
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2087 moveatur ab appetitu inferiori. Quarto, utrum de necessitate
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2088 moveatur ab exteriori motivo quod est Deus.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 1</h3><p title="I-II q. 10 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="33913"><span class="ref">[33913] Iª-IIae q. 10 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2089 sic proceditur. Videtur quod voluntas non moveatur ad aliquid
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2090 naturaliter. Agens enim naturale dividitur contra agens
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2091 voluntarium, ut patet in principio II Physic. Non ergo voluntas ad
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2092 aliquid naturaliter movetur.</p><p title="I-II q. 10 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="33914"><span class="ref">[33914] Iª-IIae q. 10 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2093 id quod est naturale, inest alicui semper; sicut igni esse calidum.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2094 Sed nullus motus inest voluntati semper. Ergo nullus motus est
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2095 naturalis voluntati.</p><p title="I-II q. 10 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="33915"><span class="ref">[33915] Iª-IIae q. 10 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2096 natura est determinata ad unum. Sed voluntas se habet ad opposita.
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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diff changeset
2097 Ergo voluntas nihil naturaliter vult.</p><p title="I-II q. 10 a. 1 s. c."><a name="33916"><span class="ref">[33916] Iª-IIae q. 10 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2098 est quod motus voluntatis sequitur actum intellectus. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2099 intellectus aliqua intelligit naturaliter. Ergo et voluntas aliqua
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2100 vult naturaliter.</p><p title="I-II q. 10 a. 1 co."><a name="33917"><span class="ref">[33917] Iª-IIae q. 10 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2101 dicendum quod, sicut Boetius dicit in libro de duabus naturis, et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2102 philosophus in V Metaphys., natura dicitur multipliciter. Quandoque
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2103 enim dicitur principium intrinsecum in rebus mobilibus. Et talis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2104 natura est vel materia, vel forma materialis, ut patet ex II
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2105 Physic. Alio modo dicitur natura quaelibet substantia, vel etiam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2106 quodlibet ens. Et secundum hoc, illud dicitur esse naturale rei,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2107 quod convenit ei secundum suam substantiam. Et hoc est quod per se
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2108 inest rei. In omnibus autem, ea quae non per se insunt, reducuntur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2109 in aliquid quod per se inest, sicut in principium. Et ideo necesse
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2110 est quod, hoc modo accipiendo naturam, semper principium in his
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2111 quae conveniunt rei, sit naturale. Et hoc manifeste apparet in
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2112 intellectu, nam principia intellectualis cognitionis sunt
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2113 naturaliter nota. Similiter etiam principium motuum voluntariorum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2114 oportet esse aliquid naturaliter volitum. Hoc autem est bonum in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2115 communi, in quod voluntas naturaliter tendit, sicut etiam quaelibet
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2116 potentia in suum obiectum, et etiam ipse finis ultimus, qui hoc
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2117 modo se habet in appetibilibus, sicut prima principia
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2118 demonstrationum in intelligibilibus, et universaliter omnia illa
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2119 quae conveniunt volenti secundum suam naturam. Non enim per
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2120 voluntatem appetimus solum ea quae pertinent ad potentiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2121 voluntatis; sed etiam ea quae pertinent ad singulas potentias, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2122 ad totum hominem. Unde naturaliter homo vult non solum obiectum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2123 voluntatis, sed etiam alia quae conveniunt aliis potentiis, ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2124 cognitionem veri, quae convenit intellectui; et esse et vivere et
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2125 alia huiusmodi, quae respiciunt consistentiam naturalem; quae omnia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2126 comprehenduntur sub obiecto voluntatis, sicut quadam particularia
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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diff changeset
2127 bona.</p><p title="I-II q. 10 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="33918"><span class="ref">[33918] Iª-IIae q. 10 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2128 ergo dicendum quod voluntas dividitur contra naturam, sicut una
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2129 causa contra aliam, quaedam enim fiunt naturaliter, et quaedam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2130 fiunt voluntarie. Est autem alius modus causandi proprius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2131 voluntati, quae est domina sui actus, praeter modum qui convenit
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2132 naturae, quae est determinata ad unum. Sed quia voluntas in aliqua
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2133 natura fundatur, necesse est quod motus proprius naturae, quantum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2134 ad aliquid, participetur in voluntate, sicut quod est prioris
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2135 causae, participatur a posteriori. Est enim prius in unaquaque re
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2136 ipsum esse, quod est per naturam, quam velle, quod est per
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2137 voluntatem. Et inde est quod voluntas naturaliter aliquid vult.</p><p title="I-II q. 10 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="33919"><span class="ref">[33919] Iª-IIae q. 10 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2138 dicendum quod in rebus naturalibus id quod est naturale quasi
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2139 consequens formam tantum, semper actu inest, sicut calidum igni.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2140 Quod autem est naturale sicut consequens materiam, non semper actu
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2141 inest, sed quandoque secundum potentiam tantum. Nam forma est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2142 actus, materia vero potentia. Motus autem est actus existentis in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2143 potentia. Et ideo illa quae pertinent ad motum, vel quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2144 consequuntur motum, in rebus naturalibus, non semper insunt, sicut
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2145 ignis non semper movetur sursum, sed quando est extra locum suum.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2146 Et similiter non oportet quod voluntas, quae de potentia in actum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2147 reducitur dum aliquid vult, semper actu velit, sed solum quando est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2148 in aliqua dispositione determinata. Voluntas autem Dei, quae est
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2149 actus purus, semper est in actu volendi.</p><p title="I-II q. 10 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="33920"><span class="ref">[33920] Iª-IIae q. 10 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2150 dicendum quod naturae semper respondet unum, proportionatum tamen
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2151 naturae. Naturae enim in genere, respondet aliquid unum in genere;
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2152 et naturae in specie acceptae, respondet unum in specie; naturae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2153 autem individuatae respondet aliquid unum individuale. Cum igitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2154 voluntas sit quaedam vis immaterialis sicut et intellectus,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2155 respondet sibi naturaliter aliquod unum commune, scilicet bonum,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2156 sicut etiam intellectui aliquod unum commune, scilicet verum, vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2157 ens, vel quod quid est. Sub bono autem communi multa particularia
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2158 bona continentur, ad quorum nullum voluntas determinatur.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 2</h3><p title="I-II q. 10 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="33921"><span class="ref">[33921] Iª-IIae q. 10 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2159 sic proceditur. Videtur quod voluntas de necessitate moveatur a suo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2160 obiecto. Obiectum enim voluntatis comparatur ad ipsam sicut motivum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2161 ad mobile, ut patet in III de anima. Sed motivum, si sit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2162 sufficiens, ex necessitate movet mobile. Ergo voluntas ex
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2163 necessitate potest moveri a suo obiecto.</p><p title="I-II q. 10 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="33922"><span class="ref">[33922] Iª-IIae q. 10 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2164 sicut voluntas est vis immaterialis, ita et intellectus, et utraque
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2165 potentia ad obiectum universale ordinatur, ut dictum est. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2166 intellectus ex necessitate movetur a suo obiecto. Ergo et voluntas
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2167 a suo.</p><p title="I-II q. 10 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="33923"><span class="ref">[33923] Iª-IIae q. 10 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2168 omne quod quis vult, aut est finis, aut aliquid ordinatum ad finem.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2169 Sed finem aliquis ex necessitate vult, ut videtur, quia est sicut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2170 principium in speculativis, cui ex necessitate assentimus. Finis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2171 autem est ratio volendi ea quae sunt ad finem, et sic videtur quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2172 etiam ea quae sunt ad finem, ex necessitate velimus. Voluntas ergo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2173 ex necessitate movetur a suo obiecto.</p><p title="I-II q. 10 a. 2 s. c."><a name="33924"><span class="ref">[33924] Iª-IIae q. 10 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2174 est quod potentiae rationales, secundum philosophum, sunt ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2175 opposita. Sed voluntas est potentia rationalis, est enim in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2176 ratione, ut dicitur in III de anima. Ergo voluntas se habet ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2177 opposita. Non ergo ex necessitate movetur ad alterum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2178 oppositorum.</p><p title="I-II q. 10 a. 2 co."><a name="33925"><span class="ref">[33925] Iª-IIae q. 10 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2179 dicendum quod voluntas movetur dupliciter, uno modo, quantum ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2180 exercitium actus; alio modo, quantum ad specificationem actus, quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2181 est ex obiecto. Primo ergo modo, voluntas a nullo obiecto ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2182 necessitate movetur, potest enim aliquis de quocumque obiecto non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2183 cogitare, et per consequens neque actu velle illud. Sed quantum ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2184 secundum motionis modum, voluntas ab aliquo obiecto ex necessitate
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2185 movetur, ab aliquo autem non. In motu enim cuiuslibet potentiae a
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2186 suo obiecto, consideranda est ratio per quam obiectum movet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2187 potentiam. Visibile enim movet visum sub ratione coloris actu
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2188 visibilis. Unde si color proponatur visui, ex necessitate movet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2189 visum, nisi aliquis visum avertat, quod pertinet ad exercitium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2190 actus. Si autem proponeretur aliquid visui quod non omnibus modis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2191 esset color in actu, sed secundum aliquid esset tale, secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2192 autem aliquid non tale, non ex necessitate visus tale obiectum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2193 videret, posset enim intendere in ipsum ex ea parte qua non est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2194 coloratum in actu, et sic ipsum non videret. Sicut autem coloratum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2195 in actu est obiectum visus, ita bonum est obiectum voluntatis. Unde
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2196 si proponatur aliquod obiectum voluntati quod sit universaliter
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2197 bonum et secundum omnem considerationem, ex necessitate voluntas in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2198 illud tendet, si aliquid velit, non enim poterit velle oppositum.
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2199 Si autem proponatur sibi aliquod obiectum quod non secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2200 quamlibet considerationem sit bonum, non ex necessitate voluntas
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2201 feretur in illud. Et quia defectus cuiuscumque boni habet rationem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2202 non boni, ideo illud solum bonum quod est perfectum et cui nihil
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2203 deficit, est tale bonum quod voluntas non potest non velle, quod
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2204 est beatitudo. Alia autem quaelibet particularia bona, inquantum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2205 deficiunt ab aliquo bono, possunt accipi ut non bona, et secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2206 hanc considerationem, possunt repudiari vel approbari a voluntate,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2207 quae potest in idem ferri secundum diversas considerationes.</p><p title="I-II q. 10 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="33926"><span class="ref">[33926] Iª-IIae q. 10 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2208 ergo dicendum quod sufficiens motivum alicuius potentiae non est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2209 nisi obiectum quod totaliter habet rationem motivi. Si autem in
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2210 aliquo deficiat, non ex necessitate movebit, ut dictum est.</p><p title="I-II q. 10 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="33927"><span class="ref">[33927] Iª-IIae q. 10 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2211 dicendum quod intellectus ex necessitate movetur a tali obiecto
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2212 quod est semper et ex necessitate verum, non autem ab eo quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2213 potest esse verum et falsum, scilicet a contingenti, sicut et de
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2214 bono dictum est.</p><p title="I-II q. 10 a. 2 ad 3"><a name="33928"><span class="ref">[33928] Iª-IIae q. 10 a. 2 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2215 dicendum quod finis ultimus ex necessitate movet voluntatem, quia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2216 est bonum perfectum. Et similiter illa quae ordinantur ad hunc
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2217 finem, sine quibus finis haberi non potest, sicut esse et vivere et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2218 huiusmodi. Alia vero, sine quibus finis haberi potest, non ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2219 necessitate vult qui vult finem, sicut conclusiones sine quibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2220 principia possunt esse vera, non ex necessitate credit qui credit
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2221 principia.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 3</h3><p title="I-II q. 10 a. 3 arg. 1"><a name="33929"><span class="ref">[33929] Iª-IIae q. 10 a. 3 arg. 1</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2222 sic proceditur. Videtur quod voluntas ex necessitate moveatur a
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2223 passione appetitus inferioris. Dicit enim apostolus, Rom. VII,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2224 <i>non enim quod volo bonum, hoc ago; sed quod odi malum, illud
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2225 facio</i>, quod dicitur propter concupiscentiam, quae est passio
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2226 quaedam. Ergo voluntas ex necessitate movetur a passione.</p><p title="I-II q. 10 a. 3 arg. 2"><a name="33930"><span class="ref">[33930] Iª-IIae q. 10 a. 3 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2227 sicut dicitur in III Ethic., <i>qualis unusquisque est, talis finis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2228 videtur ei</i>. Sed non est in potestate voluntatis quod statim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2229 passionem abiiciat. Ergo non est in potestate voluntatis quod non
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2230 velit illud ad quod passio se inclinat.</p><p title="I-II q. 10 a. 3 arg. 3"><a name="33931"><span class="ref">[33931] Iª-IIae q. 10 a. 3 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2231 causa universalis non applicatur ad effectum particularem nisi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2232 mediante causa particulari, unde et ratio universalis non movet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2233 nisi mediante aestimatione particulari, ut dicitur in III de anima.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2234 Sed sicut se habet ratio universalis ad aestimationem particularem,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2235 ita se habet voluntas ad appetitum sensitivum. Ergo ad aliquod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2236 particulare volendum non movetur voluntas nisi mediante appetitu
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2237 sensitivo. Ergo si appetitus sensitivus sit per aliquam passionem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2238 ad aliquid dispositus, voluntas non poterit in contrarium
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2239 moveri.</p><p title="I-II q. 10 a. 3 s. c."><a name="33932"><span class="ref">[33932] Iª-IIae q. 10 a. 3 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2240 est quod dicitur Gen. IV, <i>subter te erit appetitus tuus, et tu
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2241 dominaberis illius</i>. Non ergo voluntas hominis ex necessitate
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2242 movetur ab appetitu inferiori.</p><p title="I-II q. 10 a. 3 co."><a name="33933"><span class="ref">[33933] Iª-IIae q. 10 a. 3 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2243 dicendum quod, sicut supra dictum est, passio appetitus sensitivi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2244 movet voluntatem ex ea parte qua voluntas movetur ab obiecto,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2245 inquantum scilicet homo aliqualiter dispositus per passionem,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2246 iudicat aliquid esse conveniens et bonum quod extra passionem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2247 existens non iudicaret. Huiusmodi autem immutatio hominis per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2248 passionem duobus modis contingit. Uno modo, sic quod totaliter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2249 ratio ligatur, ita quod homo usum rationis non habet, sicut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2250 contingit in his qui propter vehementem iram vel concupiscentiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2251 furiosi vel amentes fiunt, sicut et propter aliquam aliam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2252 perturbationem corporalem; huiusmodi enim passiones non sine
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2253 corporali transmutatione accidunt. Et de talibus eadem est ratio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2254 sicut et de animalibus brutis, quae ex necessitate sequuntur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2255 impetum passionis, in his enim non est aliquis rationis motus, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2256 per consequens nec voluntatis. Aliquando autem ratio non totaliter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2257 absorbetur a passione, sed remanet quantum ad aliquid iudicium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2258 rationis liberum. Et secundum hoc remanet aliquid de motu
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2259 voluntatis. Inquantum ergo ratio manet libera et passioni non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2260 subiecta, intantum voluntatis motus qui manet, non ex necessitate
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2261 tendit ad hoc ad quod passio inclinat. Et sic aut motus voluntatis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2262 non est in homine, sed sola passio dominatur, aut, si motus
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2263 voluntatis sit, non ex necessitate sequitur passionem.</p><p title="I-II q. 10 a. 3 ad 1"><a name="33934"><span class="ref">[33934] Iª-IIae q. 10 a. 3 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2264 ergo dicendum quod, etsi voluntas non possit facere quin motus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2265 concupiscentiae insurgat, de quo apostolus dicit Rom. VII, <i>quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2266 odi malum, illud facio</i>, idest concupisco; tamen potest voluntas
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2267 non velle concupiscere, aut concupiscentiae non consentire. Et sic
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2268 non ex necessitate sequitur concupiscentiae motum.</p><p title="I-II q. 10 a. 3 ad 2"><a name="33935"><span class="ref">[33935] Iª-IIae q. 10 a. 3 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2269 dicendum quod, cum in homine duae sint naturae, intellectualis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2270 scilicet et sensitiva, quandoque quidem est homo aliqualis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2271 uniformiter secundum totam animam, quia scilicet vel pars sensitiva
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2272 totaliter subiicitur rationi, sicut contingit in virtuosis; vel e
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2273 converso ratio totaliter absorbetur a passione sicut accidit in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2274 amentibus. Sed aliquando, etsi ratio obnubiletur a passione,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2275 remanet tamen aliquid rationis liberum. Et secundum hoc potest
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2276 aliquis vel totaliter passionem repellere; vel saltem se tenere ne
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2277 passionem sequatur. In tali enim dispositione, quia homo secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2278 diversas partes animae diversimode disponitur, aliud ei videtur
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2279 secundum rationem, et aliud secundum passionem.</p><p title="I-II q. 10 a. 3 ad 3"><a name="33936"><span class="ref">[33936] Iª-IIae q. 10 a. 3 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2280 dicendum quod voluntas non solum movetur a bono universali
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2281 apprehenso per rationem, sed etiam a bono apprehenso per sensum. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2282 ideo potest moveri ad aliquod particulare bonum absque passione
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2283 appetitus sensitivi. Multa enim volumus et operamur absque
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2284 passione, per solam electionem, ut maxime patet in his in quibus
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2285 ratio renititur passioni.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 4</h3><p title="I-II q. 10 a. 4 arg. 1"><a name="33937"><span class="ref">[33937] Iª-IIae q. 10 a. 4 arg. 1</span></a> Ad quartum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2286 sic proceditur. Videtur quod voluntas ex necessitate moveatur a
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2287 Deo. Omne enim agens cui resisti non potest, ex necessitate movet.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2288 Sed Deo, cum sit infinitae virtutis, resisti non potest, unde
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2289 dicitur Rom. IX, <i>voluntati eius quis resistit?</i> Ergo Deus ex
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2290 necessitate movet voluntatem.</p><p title="I-II q. 10 a. 4 arg. 2"><a name="33938"><span class="ref">[33938] Iª-IIae q. 10 a. 4 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2291 voluntas ex necessitate movetur in illa quae naturaliter vult, ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2292 dictum est. <i>Sed hoc est unicuique rei naturale, quod Deus in ea
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2293 operatur</i>, ut Augustinus dicit, XXVI contra Faustum. Ergo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2294 voluntas ex necessitate vult omne illud ad quod a Deo movetur.</p><p title="I-II q. 10 a. 4 arg. 3"><a name="33939"><span class="ref">[33939] Iª-IIae q. 10 a. 4 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2295 possibile est quo posito non sequitur impossibile. Sequitur autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2296 impossibile, si ponatur quod voluntas non velit hoc ad quod Deus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2297 eam movet, quia secundum hoc, operatio Dei esset inefficax. Non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2298 ergo est possibile voluntatem non velle hoc ad quod Deus eam movet.
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2299 Ergo necesse est eam hoc velle.</p><p title="I-II q. 10 a. 4 s. c."><a name="33940"><span class="ref">[33940] Iª-IIae q. 10 a. 4 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2300 est quod dicitur Eccli. XV, <i>Deus ab initio constituit hominem,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2301 et reliquit eum in manu consilii sui</i>. Non ergo ex necessitate
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2302 movet voluntatem eius.</p><p title="I-II q. 10 a. 4 co."><a name="33941"><span class="ref">[33941] Iª-IIae q. 10 a. 4 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2303 dicendum quod, sicut Dionysius dicit, IV cap. de Div. Nom., <i>ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2304 providentiam divinam non pertinet naturam rerum corrumpere, sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2305 servare</i>. Unde omnia movet secundum eorum conditionem, ita quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2306 ex causis necessariis per motionem divinam consequuntur effectus ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2307 necessitate; ex causis autem contingentibus sequuntur effectus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2308 contingenter. Quia igitur voluntas est activum principium non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2309 determinatum ad unum, sed indifferenter se habens ad multa, sic
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2310 Deus ipsam movet, quod non ex necessitate ad unum determinat, sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2311 remanet motus eius contingens et non necessarius, nisi in his ad
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2312 quae naturaliter movetur.</p><p title="I-II q. 10 a. 4 ad 1"><a name="33942"><span class="ref">[33942] Iª-IIae q. 10 a. 4 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2313 ergo dicendum quod voluntas divina non solum se extendit ut aliquid
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2314 fiat per rem quam movet, sed ut etiam eo modo fiat quo congruit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2315 naturae ipsius. Et ideo magis repugnaret divinae motioni, si
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2316 voluntas ex necessitate moveretur, quod suae naturae non competit;
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2317 quam si moveretur libere, prout competit suae naturae.</p><p title="I-II q. 10 a. 4 ad 2"><a name="33943"><span class="ref">[33943] Iª-IIae q. 10 a. 4 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2318 dicendum quod naturale est unicuique quod Deus operatur in ipso ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2319 sit ei naturale, sic enim unicuique convenit aliquid, secundum quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2320 Deus vult quod ei conveniat. Non autem vult quod quidquid operatur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2321 in rebus, sit eis naturale, puta quod mortui resurgant. Sed hoc
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2322 vult unicuique esse naturale, quod potestati divinae subdatur.</p><p title="I-II q. 10 a. 4 ad 3"><a name="33944"><span class="ref">[33944] Iª-IIae q. 10 a. 4 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2323 dicendum quod, si Deus movet voluntatem ad aliquid, incompossibile
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2324 est huic positioni quod voluntas ad illud non moveatur. Non tamen
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2325 est impossibile simpliciter. Unde non sequitur quod voluntas a Deo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2326 ex necessitate moveatur.</p></div></div><div class="q" id="q11"><h2>Quaestio 11</h2><div class="p"><h3>Prooemium</h3><p title="I-II q. 11 pr."><a name="33945"><span class="ref">[33945]
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2327 Iª-IIae q. 11 pr.</span></a> Deinde considerandum est de
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2328 fruitione. Et circa hoc quaeruntur quatuor. Primo, utrum frui sit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2329 actus appetitivae potentiae. Secundo, utrum soli rationali
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2330 creaturae conveniat, an etiam animalibus brutis. Tertio, utrum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2331 fruitio sit tantum ultimi finis. Quarto, utrum sit solum finis
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2332 habiti.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 1</h3><p title="I-II q. 11 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="33946"><span class="ref">[33946] Iª-IIae q. 11 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2333 sic proceditur. Videtur quod frui non sit solum appetitivae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2334 potentiae. Frui enim nihil aliud esse videtur quam fructum capere.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2335 Sed fructum humanae vitae, qui est beatitudo, capit intellectus, in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2336 cuius actu beatitudo consistit, ut supra ostensum est. Ergo frui
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2337 non est appetitivae potentiae, sed intellectus.</p><p title="I-II q. 11 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="33947"><span class="ref">[33947] Iª-IIae q. 11 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2338 quaelibet potentia habet proprium finem, qui est eius perfectio,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2339 sicut visus finis est cognoscere visibile, auditus percipere sonos,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2340 et sic de aliis. Sed finis rei est fructus eius. Ergo frui est
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2341 potentiae cuiuslibet, et non solum appetitivae.</p><p title="I-II q. 11 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="33948"><span class="ref">[33948] Iª-IIae q. 11 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2342 fruitio delectationem quandam importat. Sed delectatio sensibilis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2343 pertinet ad sensum, qui delectatur in suo obiecto, et eadem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2344 ratione, delectatio intellectualis ad intellectum. Ergo fruitio
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2345 pertinet ad apprehensivam potentiam, et non ad appetitivam.</p><p title="I-II q. 11 a. 1 s. c."><a name="33949"><span class="ref">[33949] Iª-IIae q. 11 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2346 est quod Augustinus dicit, I de Doctr. Christ., et in X de Trin.,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2347 <i>frui est amore inhaerere alicui rei propter seipsam</i>. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2348 amor pertinet ad appetitivam potentiam. Ergo et frui est actus
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2349 appetitivae potentiae.</p><p title="I-II q. 11 a. 1 co."><a name="33950"><span class="ref">[33950] Iª-IIae q. 11 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2350 dicendum quod fruitio et fructus ad idem pertinere videntur, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2351 unum ex altero derivari. Quid autem a quo, nihil ad propositum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2352 refert; nisi quod hoc probabile videtur, quod id quod magis est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2353 manifestum, prius etiam fuerit nominatum. Sunt autem nobis primo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2354 manifesta quae sunt sensibilia magis. Unde a sensibilibus fructibus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2355 nomen fruitionis derivatum videtur. Fructus autem sensibilis est id
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2356 quod ultimum ex arbore expectatur, et cum quadam suavitate
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2357 percipitur. Unde fruitio pertinere videtur ad amorem vel
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2358 delectationem quam aliquis habet de ultimo expectato, quod est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2359 finis. Finis autem et bonum est obiectum appetitivae potentiae.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2360 Unde manifestum est quod fruitio est actus appetitivae
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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diff changeset
2361 potentiae.</p><p title="I-II q. 11 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="33951"><span class="ref">[33951] Iª-IIae q. 11 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2362 ergo dicendum quod nihil prohibet unum et idem, secundum diversas
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2363 rationes, ad diversas potentias pertinere. Ipsa igitur visio Dei,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2364 inquantum est visio, est actus intellectus, inquantum autem est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2365 bonum et finis, est voluntatis obiectum. Et hoc modo est eius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2366 fruitio. Et sic hunc finem intellectus consequitur tanquam potentia
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2367 agens, voluntas autem tanquam potentia movens ad finem, et fruens
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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diff changeset
2368 fine iam adepto.</p><p title="I-II q. 11 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="33952"><span class="ref">[33952] Iª-IIae q. 11 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2369 dicendum quod perfectio et finis cuiuslibet alterius potentiae,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2370 continetur sub obiecto appetitivae, sicut proprium sub communi, ut
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2371 dictum est supra. Unde perfectio et finis cuiuslibet potentiae,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2372 inquantum est quoddam bonum, pertinet ad appetitivam. Propter quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2373 appetitiva potentia movet alias ad suos fines; et ipsa consequitur
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2374 finem, quando quaelibet aliarum pertingit ad finem.</p><p title="I-II q. 11 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="33953"><span class="ref">[33953] Iª-IIae q. 11 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2375 dicendum quod in delectatione duo sunt, scilicet perceptio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2376 convenientis, quae pertinet ad apprehensivam potentiam; et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2377 complacentia eius quod offertur ut conveniens. Et hoc pertinet ad
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2378 appetitivam potentiam, in qua ratio delectationis completur.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 2</h3><p title="I-II q. 11 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="33954"><span class="ref">[33954] Iª-IIae q. 11 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad secundum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2379 sic proceditur. Videtur quod frui solummodo sit hominum. Dicit enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2380 Augustinus, in I de Doct. Christ., quod <i>nos homines sumus qui
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2381 fruimur et utimur</i>. Non ergo alia animalia frui possunt.</p><p title="I-II q. 11 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="33955"><span class="ref">[33955] Iª-IIae q. 11 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2382 frui est ultimi finis. Sed ad ultimum finem non possunt pertingere
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2383 bruta animalia. Ergo eorum non est frui.</p><p title="I-II q. 11 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="33956"><span class="ref">[33956] Iª-IIae q. 11 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2384 sicut appetitus sensitivus est sub intellectivo, ita appetitus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2385 naturalis est sub sensitivo. Si igitur frui pertinet ad appetitum
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2386 sensitivum, videtur quod pari ratione possit ad naturalem
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2387 pertinere. Quod patet esse falsum, quia eius non est delectari.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2388 Ergo appetitus sensitivi non est frui. Et ita non convenit brutis
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2389 animalibus.</p><p title="I-II q. 11 a. 2 s. c."><a name="33957"><span class="ref">[33957] Iª-IIae q. 11 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2390 est quod Augustinus dicit, in libro octoginta trium quaest.,
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diff changeset
2391 <i>frui quidem cibo et qualibet corporali voluptate, non absurde
53
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diff changeset
2392 existimantur et bestiae</i>.</p><p title="I-II q. 11 a. 2 co."><a name="33958"><span class="ref">[33958] Iª-IIae q. 11 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2393 dicendum quod, sicut ex praedictis habetur, frui non est actus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2394 potentiae pervenientis ad finem sicut exequentis, sed potentiae
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2395 imperantis executionem, dictum est enim quod est appetitivae
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2396 potentiae. In rebus autem cognitione carentibus invenitur quidem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2397 potentia pertingens ad finem per modum exequentis, sicut qua grave
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2398 tendit deorsum et leve sursum. Sed potentia ad quam pertineat finis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2399 per modum imperantis, non invenitur in eis; sed in aliqua superiori
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2400 natura, quae sic movet totam naturam per imperium, sicut in
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2401 habentibus cognitionem appetitus movet alias potentias ad suos
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2402 actus. Unde manifestum est quod in his quae cognitione carent,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2403 quamvis pertingant ad finem, non invenitur fruitio finis; sed solum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2404 in his quae cognitionem habent. Sed cognitio finis est duplex,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2405 perfecta, et imperfecta. Perfecta quidem, qua non solum cognoscitur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2406 id quod est finis et bonum, sed universalis ratio finis et boni, et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2407 talis cognitio est solius rationalis naturae. Imperfecta autem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2408 cognitio est qua cognoscitur particulariter finis et bonum, et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2409 talis cognitio est in brutis animalibus. Quorum etiam virtutes
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2410 appetitivae non sunt imperantes libere; sed secundum naturalem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2411 instinctum ad ea quae apprehenduntur, moventur. Unde rationali
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2412 naturae convenit fruitio secundum rationem perfectam, brutis autem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2413 animalibus secundum rationem imperfectam, aliis autem creaturis
53
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diff changeset
2414 nullo modo.</p><p title="I-II q. 11 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="33959"><span class="ref">[33959] Iª-IIae q. 11 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2415 ergo dicendum quod Augustinus loquitur de fruitione perfecta.</p><p title="I-II q. 11 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="33960"><span class="ref">[33960] Iª-IIae q. 11 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2416 dicendum quod non oportet quod fruitio sit ultimi finis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2417 simpliciter, sed eius quod habetur ab unoquoque pro ultimo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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diff changeset
2418 fine.</p><p title="I-II q. 11 a. 2 ad 3"><a name="33961"><span class="ref">[33961] Iª-IIae q. 11 a. 2 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2419 dicendum quod appetitus sensitivus consequitur aliquam cognitionem,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2420 non autem appetitus naturalis, praecipue prout est in his quae
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
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diff changeset
2421 cognitione carent.</p><p title="I-II q. 11 a. 2 ad 4"><a name="33962"><span class="ref">[33962] Iª-IIae q. 11 a. 2 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2422 dicendum, quod Augustinus ibi loquitur de fruitione imperfecta.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2423 Quod ex ipso modo loquendi apparet, dicit enim quod frui non adeo
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diff changeset
2424 absurde existimantur et bestiae, scilicet sicut uti absurdissime
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2425 dicerentur.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 3</h3><p title="I-II q. 11 a. 3 arg. 1"><a name="33963"><span class="ref">[33963] Iª-IIae q. 11 a. 3 arg. 1</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2426 sic proceditur. Videtur quod fruitio non sit tantum ultimi finis.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2427 Dicit enim apostolus, ad Philem., <i>ita, frater, ego te fruar in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2428 domino</i>. Sed manifestum est quod Paulus non posuerat ultimum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2429 suum finem in homine. Ergo frui non tantum est ultimi finis.</p><p title="I-II q. 11 a. 3 arg. 2"><a name="33964"><span class="ref">[33964] Iª-IIae q. 11 a. 3 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2430 fructus est quo aliquis fruitur. Sed apostolus dicit, ad Galat. V,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2431 fructus spiritus est caritas, gaudium, pax, et cetera huiusmodi;
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2432 quae non habent rationem ultimi finis. Non ergo fruitio est tantum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2433 ultimi finis.</p><p title="I-II q. 11 a. 3 arg. 3"><a name="33965"><span class="ref">[33965] Iª-IIae q. 11 a. 3 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2434 actus voluntatis supra seipsos reflectuntur, volo enim me velle, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2435 amo me amare. Sed frui est actus voluntatis, voluntas enim est per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2436 quam fruimur, ut Augustinus dicit X de Trin. Ergo aliquis fruitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2437 sua fruitione. Sed fruitio non est ultimus finis hominis, sed solum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2438 bonum increatum, quod est Deus. Non ergo fruitio est solum ultimi
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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diff changeset
2439 finis.</p><p title="I-II q. 11 a. 3 s. c."><a name="33966"><span class="ref">[33966] Iª-IIae q. 11 a. 3 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2440 est quod Augustinus dicit, X de Trin., <i>non fruitur si quis id
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2441 quod in facultatem voluntatis assumit, propter aliud appetit</i>.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2442 Sed solum ultimus finis est qui non propter aliud appetitur. Ergo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
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diff changeset
2443 solius ultimi finis est fruitio.</p><p title="I-II q. 11 a. 3 co."><a name="33967"><span class="ref">[33967] Iª-IIae q. 11 a. 3 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2444 dicendum quod, sicut dictum est, ad rationem fructus duo pertinent,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2445 scilicet quod sit ultimum; et quod appetitum quietet quadam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2446 dulcedine vel delectatione. Ultimum autem est simpliciter, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2447 secundum quid, simpliciter quidem, quod ad aliud non refertur; sed
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2448 secundum quid, quod est aliquorum ultimum. Quod ergo est
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2449 simpliciter ultimum, in quo aliquid delectatur sicut in ultimo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2450 fine, hoc proprie dicitur fructus, et eo proprie dicitur aliquis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2451 frui. Quod autem in seipso non est delectabile, sed tantum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2452 appetitur in ordine ad aliud, sicut potio amara ad sanitatem; nullo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2453 modo fructus dici potest. Quod autem in se habet quandam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2454 delectationem, ad quam quaedam praecedentia referuntur, potest
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2455 quidem aliquo modo dici fructus, sed non proprie, et secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2456 completam rationem fructus, eo dicimur frui. Unde Augustinus, in X
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2457 de Trin., dicit quod <i>fruimur cognitis in quibus voluntas
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2458 delectata conquiescit</i>. Non autem quiescit simpliciter nisi in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2459 ultimo, quia quandiu aliquid expectatur, motus voluntatis remanet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2460 in suspenso, licet iam ad aliquid pervenerit. Sicut in motu locali,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2461 licet illud quod est medium in magnitudine, sit principium et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2462 finis; non tamen accipitur ut finis in actu, nisi quando in eo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2463 quiescitur.</p><p title="I-II q. 11 a. 3 ad 1"><a name="33968"><span class="ref">[33968] Iª-IIae q. 11 a. 3 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2464 ergo dicendum quod, sicut Augustinus dicit in I de Doctr. Christ.,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2465 <i>si dixisset te fruar, et non addidisset in domino, videretur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2466 finem dilectionis in eo posuisse. Sed quia illud addidit, in domino
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2467 se posuisse finem, atque eo se frui significavit</i>. Ut sic fratre
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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diff changeset
2468 se frui dixerit non tanquam termino, sed tanquam medio.</p><p title="I-II q. 11 a. 3 ad 2"><a name="33969"><span class="ref">[33969] Iª-IIae q. 11 a. 3 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2469 dicendum quod fructus aliter comparatur ad arborem producentem, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2470 aliter ad hominem fruentem. Ad arborem quidem producentem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2471 comparatur ut effectus ad causam, ad fruentem autem, sicut ultimum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2472 expectatum et delectans. Dicuntur igitur ea quae enumerat ibi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2473 apostolus, fructus, quia sunt effectus quidam spiritus sancti in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2474 nobis, unde et fructus spiritus dicuntur, non autem ita quod eis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2475 fruamur tanquam ultimo fine. Vel aliter dicendum quod dicuntur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2476 fructus, secundum Ambrosium, quia propter se petenda sunt, non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2477 quidem ita quod ad beatitudinem non referantur; sed quia in seipsis
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2478 habent unde nobis placere debeant.</p><p title="I-II q. 11 a. 3 ad 3"><a name="33970"><span class="ref">[33970] Iª-IIae q. 11 a. 3 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2479 dicendum quod, sicut supra dictum est finis dicitur dupliciter, uno
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2480 modo, ipsa res; alio modo, adeptio rei. Quae quidem non sunt duo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2481 fines, sed unus finis, in se consideratus, et alteri applicatus.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2482 Deus igitur est ultimus finis sicut res quae ultimo quaeritur,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2483 fruitio autem sicut adeptio huius ultimi finis. Sicut igitur non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2484 est alius finis Deus, et fruitio Dei; ita eadem ratio fruitionis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2485 est qua fruimur Deo, et qua fruimur divina fruitione. Et eadem
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2486 ratio est de beatitudine creata, quae in fruitione consistit.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 4</h3><p title="I-II q. 11 a. 4 arg. 1"><a name="33971"><span class="ref">[33971] Iª-IIae q. 11 a. 4 arg. 1</span></a> Ad quartum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2487 sic proceditur. Videtur quod fruitio non sit nisi finis habiti.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2488 Dicit enim Augustinus, X de Trin., quod <i>frui est cum gaudio uti,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2489 non adhuc spei, sed iam rei</i>. Sed quandiu non habetur, non est
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2490 gaudium rei, sed spei. Ergo fruitio non est nisi finis habiti.</p><p title="I-II q. 11 a. 4 arg. 2"><a name="33972"><span class="ref">[33972] Iª-IIae q. 11 a. 4 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2491 sicut dictum est, fruitio non est proprie nisi ultimi finis, quia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2492 solus ultimus finis quietat appetitum. Sed appetitus non quietatur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2493 nisi in fine iam habito. Ergo fruitio, proprie loquendo, non est
53
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ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2494 nisi finis habiti.</p><p title="I-II q. 11 a. 4 arg. 3"><a name="33973"><span class="ref">[33973] Iª-IIae q. 11 a. 4 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2495 frui est capere fructum. Sed non capitur fructus, nisi quando iam
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2496 finis habetur. Ergo fruitio non est nisi finis habiti.</p><p title="I-II q. 11 a. 4 s. c."><a name="33974"><span class="ref">[33974] Iª-IIae q. 11 a. 4 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2497 <i>frui est amore inhaerere alicui rei propter seipsam</i>, ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2498 Augustinus dicit. Sed hoc potest fieri etiam de re non habita. Ergo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2499 frui potest esse etiam finis non habiti.</p><p title="I-II q. 11 a. 4 co."><a name="33975"><span class="ref">[33975] Iª-IIae q. 11 a. 4 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2500 dicendum quod frui importat comparationem quandam voluntatis ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2501 ultimum finem, secundum quod voluntas habet aliquid pro ultimo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2502 fine. Habetur autem finis dupliciter, uno modo, perfecte; et alio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2503 modo, imperfecte. Perfecte quidem, quando habetur non solum in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2504 intentione, sed etiam in re, imperfecte autem, quando habetur in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2505 intentione tantum. Est ergo perfecta fruitio finis iam habiti
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2506 realiter. Sed imperfecta est etiam finis non habiti realiter, sed
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2507 in intentione tantum.</p><p title="I-II q. 11 a. 4 ad 1"><a name="33976"><span class="ref">[33976] Iª-IIae q. 11 a. 4 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2508 ergo dicendum quod Augustinus loquitur de fruitione perfecta.</p><p title="I-II q. 11 a. 4 ad 2"><a name="33977"><span class="ref">[33977] Iª-IIae q. 11 a. 4 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2509 dicendum quod quies voluntatis dupliciter impeditur, uno modo, ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2510 parte obiecti, quia scilicet non est ultimus finis, sed ad aliud
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2511 ordinatur; alio modo, ex parte appetentis finem qui nondum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2512 adipiscitur finem. Obiectum autem est quod dat speciem actui, sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2513 ab agente dependet modus agendi, ut sit perfectus vel imperfectus,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2514 secundum conditionem agentis. Et ideo eius quod non est ultimus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2515 finis, fruitio est impropria, quasi deficiens a specie fruitionis.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2516 Finis autem ultimi non habiti, est fruitio propria quidem, sed
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2517 imperfecta, propter imperfectum modum habendi ultimum finem.</p><p title="I-II q. 11 a. 4 ad 3"><a name="33978"><span class="ref">[33978] Iª-IIae q. 11 a. 4 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2518 dicendum quod finem accipere vel habere dicitur aliquis, non solum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2519 secundum rem, sed etiam secundum intentionem, ut dictum est.</p></div></div><div class="q" id="q12"><h2>Quaestio 12</h2><div class="p"><h3>Prooemium</h3><p title="I-II q. 12 pr."><a name="33979"><span class="ref">[33979]
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2520 Iª-IIae q. 12 pr.</span></a> Deinde considerandum est de
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2521 intentione. Et circa hoc quaeruntur quinque. Primo, utrum intentio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2522 sit actus intellectus, vel voluntatis secundo, utrum sit tantum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2523 finis ultimi. Tertio, utrum aliquis possit simul duo intendere.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2524 Quarto, utrum intentio finis sit idem actus cum voluntate eius quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2525 est ad finem. Quinto, utrum intentio conveniat brutis
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2526 animalibus.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 1</h3><p title="I-II q. 12 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="33980"><span class="ref">[33980] Iª-IIae q. 12 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2527 sic proceditur. Videtur quod intentio sit actus intellectus, et non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2528 voluntatis. Dicitur enim Matth. VI, <i>si oculus tuus fuerit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2529 simplex, totum corpus tuum lucidum erit</i>, ubi per oculum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2530 significatur intentio, ut dicit Augustinus in libro de Serm. Dom.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2531 in Mont. Sed oculus, cum sit instrumentum visus, significat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2532 apprehensivam potentiam. Ergo intentio non est actus appetitivae
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2533 potentiae, sed apprehensivae.</p><p title="I-II q. 12 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="33981"><span class="ref">[33981] Iª-IIae q. 12 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2534 ibidem Augustinus dicit quod intentio lumen vocatur a domino, ubi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2535 dicit, si lumen quod in te est, tenebrae sunt, et cetera. Sed lumen
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2536 ad cognitionem pertinet. Ergo et intentio.</p><p title="I-II q. 12 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="33982"><span class="ref">[33982] Iª-IIae q. 12 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2537 intentio designat ordinationem quandam in finem. Sed ordinare est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2538 rationis. Ergo intentio non pertinet ad voluntatem, sed ad
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2539 rationem.</p><p title="I-II q. 12 a. 1 arg. 4"><a name="33983"><span class="ref">[33983] Iª-IIae q. 12 a. 1 arg. 4</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2540 actus voluntatis non est nisi vel finis, vel eorum quae sunt ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2541 finem. Sed actus voluntatis respectu finis, vocatur voluntas seu
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2542 fruitio, respectu autem eorum quae sunt ad finem, est electio, a
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2543 quibus differt intentio. Ergo intentio non est actus
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2544 voluntatis.</p><p title="I-II q. 12 a. 1 s. c."><a name="33984"><span class="ref">[33984] Iª-IIae q. 12 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2545 est quod Augustinus dicit, in XI de Trin., quod <i>voluntatis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2546 intentio copulat corpus visum visui, et similiter speciem in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2547 memoria existentem ad aciem animi interius cogitantis</i>. Est
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2548 igitur intentio actus voluntatis.</p><p title="I-II q. 12 a. 1 co."><a name="33985"><span class="ref">[33985] Iª-IIae q. 12 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2549 dicendum quod intentio, sicut ipsum nomen sonat, significat in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2550 aliquid tendere. In aliquid autem tendit et actio moventis, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2551 motus mobilis. Sed hoc quod motus mobilis in aliquid tendit, ab
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2552 actione moventis procedit. Unde intentio primo et principaliter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2553 pertinet ad id quod movet ad finem, unde dicimus architectorem, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2554 omnem praecipientem, movere suo imperio alios ad id quod ipse
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2555 intendit. Voluntas autem movet omnes alias vires animae ad finem,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2556 ut supra habitum est. Unde manifestum est quod intentio proprie est
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2557 actus voluntatis.</p><p title="I-II q. 12 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="33986"><span class="ref">[33986] Iª-IIae q. 12 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2558 ergo dicendum quod intentio nominatur oculus metaphorice, non quia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2559 ad cognitionem pertineat; sed quia cognitionem praesupponit, per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2560 quam proponitur voluntati finis ad quem movet; sicut oculo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2561 praevidemus quo tendere corporaliter debeamus.</p><p title="I-II q. 12 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="33987"><span class="ref">[33987] Iª-IIae q. 12 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2562 dicendum quod intentio dicitur lumen, quia manifesta est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2563 intendenti. Unde et opera dicuntur tenebrae, quia homo scit quid
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2564 intendit, sed nescit quid ex opere sequatur, sicut Augustinus
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2565 ibidem exponit.</p><p title="I-II q. 12 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="33988"><span class="ref">[33988] Iª-IIae q. 12 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2566 dicendum quod voluntas quidem non ordinat, sed tamen in aliquid
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2567 tendit secundum ordinem rationis. Unde hoc nomen intentio nominat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2568 actum voluntatis, praesupposita ordinatione rationis ordinantis
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2569 aliquid in finem.</p><p title="I-II q. 12 a. 1 ad 4"><a name="33989"><span class="ref">[33989] Iª-IIae q. 12 a. 1 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2570 dicendum quod intentio est actus voluntatis respectu finis. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2571 voluntas respicit finem tripliciter. Uno modo, absolute, et sic
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2572 dicitur voluntas, prout absolute volumus vel sanitatem, vel si quid
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2573 aliud est huiusmodi. Alio modo consideratur finis secundum quod in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2574 eo quiescitur, et hoc modo fruitio respicit finem. Tertio modo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2575 consideratur finis secundum quod est terminus alicuius quod in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2576 ipsum ordinatur, et sic intentio respicit finem. Non enim solum ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2577 hoc intendere dicimur sanitatem, quia volumus eam, sed quia volumus
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2578 ad eam per aliquid aliud pervenire.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 2</h3><p title="I-II q. 12 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="33990"><span class="ref">[33990] Iª-IIae q. 12 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2579 sic proceditur. Videtur quod intentio sit tantum ultimi finis.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2580 Dicitur enim in libro sententiarum prosperi, <i>clamor ad Deum est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2581 intentio cordis</i>. Sed Deus est ultimus finis humani cordis. Ergo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2582 intentio semper respicit ultimum finem.</p><p title="I-II q. 12 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="33991"><span class="ref">[33991] Iª-IIae q. 12 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2583 intentio respicit finem secundum quod est terminus, ut dictum est.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2584 Sed terminus habet rationem ultimi. Ergo intentio semper respicit
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2585 ultimum finem.</p><p title="I-II q. 12 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="33992"><span class="ref">[33992] Iª-IIae q. 12 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2586 sicut intentio respicit finem, ita et fruitio. Sed fruitio semper
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2587 est ultimi finis. Ergo et intentio.</p><p title="I-II q. 12 a. 2 s. c."><a name="33993"><span class="ref">[33993] Iª-IIae q. 12 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2588 ultimus finis humanarum voluntatum est unus, scilicet beatitudo, ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2589 supra dictum est. Si igitur intentio esset tantum ultimi finis, non
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2590 essent diversae hominum intentiones. Quod patet esse falsum.</p><p title="I-II q. 12 a. 2 co."><a name="33994"><span class="ref">[33994] Iª-IIae q. 12 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2591 dicendum quod, sicut dictum est, intentio respicit finem secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2592 quod est terminus motus voluntatis. In motu autem potest accipi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2593 terminus dupliciter, uno modo, ipse terminus ultimus, in quo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2594 quiescitur, qui est terminus totius motus; alio modo, aliquod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2595 medium, quod est principium unius partis motus, et finis vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2596 terminus alterius. Sicut in motu quo itur de a in c per b, c est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2597 terminus ultimus, b autem est terminus, sed non ultimus. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2598 utriusque potest esse intentio. Unde etsi semper sit finis, non
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2599 tamen oportet quod semper sit ultimi finis.</p><p title="I-II q. 12 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="33995"><span class="ref">[33995] Iª-IIae q. 12 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2600 ergo dicendum quod intentio cordis dicitur clamor ad Deum, non quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2601 Deus sit obiectum intentionis semper, sed quia est intentionis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2602 cognitor. Vel quia, cum oramus, intentionem nostram ad Deum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2603 dirigimus, quae quidem intentio vim clamoris habet.</p><p title="I-II q. 12 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="33996"><span class="ref">[33996] Iª-IIae q. 12 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2604 dicendum quod terminus habet rationem ultimi; sed non semper ultimi
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2605 respectu totius, sed quandoque respectu alicuius partis.</p><p title="I-II q. 12 a. 2 ad 3"><a name="33997"><span class="ref">[33997] Iª-IIae q. 12 a. 2 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2606 dicendum quod fruitio importat quietem in fine, quod pertinet solum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2607 ad ultimum finem. Sed intentio importat motum in finem, non autem
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2608 quietem. Unde non est similis ratio.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 3</h3><p title="I-II q. 12 a. 3 arg. 1"><a name="33998"><span class="ref">[33998] Iª-IIae q. 12 a. 3 arg. 1</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2609 sic proceditur. Videtur quod non possit aliquis simul plura
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2610 intendere. Dicit enim Augustinus, in libro de Serm. Dom. in monte,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2611 quod non potest homo simul intendere Deum et commodum corporale.
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2612 Ergo pari ratione, neque aliqua alia duo.</p><p title="I-II q. 12 a. 3 arg. 2"><a name="33999"><span class="ref">[33999] Iª-IIae q. 12 a. 3 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2613 intentio nominat motum voluntatis ad terminum. Sed unius motus non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2614 possunt esse plures termini ex una parte. Ergo voluntas non potest
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2615 simul multa intendere.</p><p title="I-II q. 12 a. 3 arg. 3"><a name="34000"><span class="ref">[34000] Iª-IIae q. 12 a. 3 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2616 intentio praesupponit actum rationis sive intellectus. Sed non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2617 contingit simul plura intelligere, secundum philosophum. Ergo etiam
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2618 neque contingit simul plura intendere.</p><p title="I-II q. 12 a. 3 s. c."><a name="34001"><span class="ref">[34001] Iª-IIae q. 12 a. 3 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2619 ars imitatur naturam. Sed natura ex uno instrumento intendit duas
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2620 utilitates, <i>sicut lingua ordinatur et ad gustum et ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2621 locutionem</i>, ut dicitur in II de anima. Ergo, pari ratione ars
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2622 vel ratio potest simul aliquid unum ad duos fines ordinare. Et ita
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2623 potest aliquis simul plura intendere.</p><p title="I-II q. 12 a. 3 co."><a name="34002"><span class="ref">[34002] Iª-IIae q. 12 a. 3 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2624 dicendum quod aliqua duo possunt accipi dupliciter, vel ordinata ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2625 invicem, vel ad invicem non ordinata. Et si quidem ad invicem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2626 fuerint ordinata, manifestum est ex praemissis quod homo potest
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2627 simul multa intendere. Est enim intentio non solum finis ultimi, ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2628 dictum est, sed etiam finis medii. Simul autem intendit aliquis et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2629 finem proximum, et ultimum; sicut confectionem medicinae, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2630 sanitatem. Si autem accipiantur duo ad invicem non ordinata, sic
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2631 etiam simul homo potest plura intendere. Quod patet ex hoc, quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2632 homo unum alteri praeeligit, quia melius est altero, inter alias
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2633 autem conditiones quibus aliquid est melius altero, una est quod ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2634 plura valet, unde potest aliquid praeeligi alteri, ex hoc quod ad
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2635 plura valet. Et sic manifeste homo simul plura intendit.</p><p title="I-II q. 12 a. 3 ad 1"><a name="34003"><span class="ref">[34003] Iª-IIae q. 12 a. 3 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2636 ergo dicendum quod Augustinus intelligit hominem non posse simul
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2637 Deum et commodum temporale intendere, sicut ultimos fines, quia, ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2638 supra ostensum est, non possunt esse plures fines ultimi unius
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2639 hominis.</p><p title="I-II q. 12 a. 3 ad 2"><a name="34004"><span class="ref">[34004] Iª-IIae q. 12 a. 3 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2640 dicendum quod unius motus possunt ex una parte esse plures termini,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2641 si unus ad alium ordinetur, sed duo termini ad invicem non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2642 ordinati, ex una parte, unius motus esse non possunt. Sed tamen
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2643 considerandum est quod id quod non est unum secundum rem, potest
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2644 accipi ut unum secundum rationem. Intentio autem est motus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2645 voluntatis in aliquid praeordinatum in ratione, sicut dictum est.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2646 Et ideo ea quae sunt plura secundum rem, possunt accipi ut unus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2647 terminus intentionis, prout sunt unum secundum rationem, vel quia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2648 aliqua duo concurrunt ad integrandum aliquid unum, sicut ad
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2649 sanitatem concurrunt calor et frigus commensurata; vel quia aliqua
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2650 duo sub uno communi continentur, quod potest esse intentum. Puta
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2651 acquisitio vini et vestis continetur sub lucro, sicut sub quodam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2652 communi, unde nihil prohibet quin ille qui intendit lucrum, simul
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2653 haec duo intendat.</p><p title="I-II q. 12 a. 3 ad 3"><a name="34005"><span class="ref">[34005] Iª-IIae q. 12 a. 3 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2654 dicendum quod, sicut in primo dictum est, contingit simul plura
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2655 intelligere, inquantum sunt aliquo modo unum.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 4</h3><p title="I-II q. 12 a. 4 arg. 1"><a name="34006"><span class="ref">[34006] Iª-IIae q. 12 a. 4 arg. 1</span></a> Ad quartum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2656 sic proceditur. Videtur quod non sit unus et idem motus intentio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2657 finis, et voluntas eius quod est ad finem. Dicit enim Augustinus,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2658 in XI de Trin., quod <i>voluntas videndi fenestram, finem habet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2659 fenestrae visionem; et altera est voluntas per fenestram videndi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2660 transeuntes</i>. Sed hoc pertinet ad intentionem, quod velim videre
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2661 transeuntes per fenestram, hoc autem ad voluntatem eius quod est ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2662 finem, quod velim videre fenestram. Ergo alius est motus voluntatis
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2663 intentio finis, et alius voluntas eius quod est ad finem.</p><p title="I-II q. 12 a. 4 arg. 2"><a name="34007"><span class="ref">[34007] Iª-IIae q. 12 a. 4 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2664 actus distinguuntur secundum obiecta. Sed finis, et id quod est ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2665 finem, sunt diversa obiecta. Ergo alius motus voluntatis est
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2666 intentio finis, et voluntas eius quod est ad finem.</p><p title="I-II q. 12 a. 4 arg. 3"><a name="34008"><span class="ref">[34008] Iª-IIae q. 12 a. 4 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2667 voluntas eius quod est ad finem, dicitur electio. Sed non est idem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2668 electio et intentio. Ergo non est idem motus intentio finis, cum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2669 voluntate eius quod est ad finem.</p><p title="I-II q. 12 a. 4 s. c."><a name="34009"><span class="ref">[34009] Iª-IIae q. 12 a. 4 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra,
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2670 id quod est ad finem, se habet ad finem ut medium ad terminum. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2671 idem motus est qui per medium transit ad terminum, in rebus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2672 naturalibus. Ergo et in rebus voluntariis idem motus est intentio
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2673 finis, et voluntas eius quod est ad finem.</p><p title="I-II q. 12 a. 4 co."><a name="34010"><span class="ref">[34010] Iª-IIae q. 12 a. 4 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2674 dicendum quod motus voluntatis in finem et in id quod est ad finem,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2675 potest considerari dupliciter. Uno modo, secundum quod voluntas in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2676 utrumque fertur absolute et secundum se. Et sic sunt simpliciter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2677 duo motus voluntatis in utrumque. Alio modo potest considerari
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2678 secundum quod voluntas fertur in id quod est ad finem, propter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2679 finem. Et sic unus et idem subiecto motus voluntatis est tendens ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2680 finem, et in id quod est ad finem. Cum enim dico, volo medicinam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2681 propter sanitatem, non designo nisi unum motum voluntatis. Cuius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2682 ratio est quia finis ratio est volendi ea quae sunt ad finem. Idem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2683 autem actus cadit super obiectum, et super rationem obiecti, sicut
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2684 eadem visio est coloris et luminis, ut supra dictum est. Et est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2685 simile de intellectu, quia si absolute principium et conclusionem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2686 consideret, diversa est consideratio utriusque; in hoc autem quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2687 conclusioni propter principia assentit, est unus actus intellectus
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2688 tantum.</p><p title="I-II q. 12 a. 4 ad 1"><a name="34011"><span class="ref">[34011] Iª-IIae q. 12 a. 4 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2689 ergo dicendum quod Augustinus loquitur de visione fenestrae, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2690 visione transeuntium per fenestram, secundum quod voluntas in
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2691 utrumque absolute fertur.</p><p title="I-II q. 12 a. 4 ad 2"><a name="34012"><span class="ref">[34012] Iª-IIae q. 12 a. 4 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2692 dicendum quod finis, inquantum est res quaedam, est aliud
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2693 voluntatis obiectum quam id quod est ad finem. Sed inquantum est
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2694 ratio volendi id quod est ad finem, est unum et idem obiectum.</p><p title="I-II q. 12 a. 4 ad 3"><a name="34013"><span class="ref">[34013] Iª-IIae q. 12 a. 4 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2695 dicendum quod motus qui est unus subiecto, potest ratione differre
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2696 secundum principium et finem, ut ascensio et descensio, sicut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2697 dicitur in III Physic. Sic igitur inquantum motus voluntatis fertur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2698 in id quod est ad finem, prout ordinatur ad finem, est electio.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2699 Motus autem voluntatis qui fertur in finem, secundum quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2700 acquiritur per ea quae sunt ad finem, vocatur intentio. Cuius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2701 signum est quod intentio finis esse potest, etiam nondum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2702 determinatis his quae sunt ad finem, quorum est electio.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 5</h3><p title="I-II q. 12 a. 5 arg. 1"><a name="34014"><span class="ref">[34014] Iª-IIae q. 12 a. 5 arg. 1</span></a> Ad quintum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2703 sic proceditur. Videtur quod bruta animalia intendant finem. Natura
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2704 enim in his quae cognitione carent, magis distat a rationali
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2705 natura, quam natura sensitiva, quae est in animalibus brutis. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2706 natura intendit finem etiam in his quae cognitione carent, ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2707 probatur in II Physic. Ergo multo magis bruta animalia intendunt
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2708 finem.</p><p title="I-II q. 12 a. 5 arg. 2"><a name="34015"><span class="ref">[34015] Iª-IIae q. 12 a. 5 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2709 sicut intentio est finis, ita et fruitio. Sed fruitio convenit
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2710 brutis animalibus, ut dictum est. Ergo et intentio.</p><p title="I-II q. 12 a. 5 arg. 3"><a name="34016"><span class="ref">[34016] Iª-IIae q. 12 a. 5 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2711 eius est intendere finem, cuius est agere propter finem, cum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2712 intendere nihil sit nisi in aliud tendere. Sed bruta animalia agunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2713 propter finem, movetur enim animal vel ad cibum quaerendum, vel ad
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2714 aliquid huiusmodi. Ergo bruta animalia intendunt finem.</p><p title="I-II q. 12 a. 5 s. c."><a name="34017"><span class="ref">[34017] Iª-IIae q. 12 a. 5 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra,
28
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2715 intentio finis importat ordinationem alicuius in finem quod est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2716 rationis. Cum igitur bruta animalia non habeant rationem, videtur
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2717 quod non intendant finem.</p><p title="I-II q. 12 a. 5 co."><a name="34018"><span class="ref">[34018] Iª-IIae q. 12 a. 5 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2718 dicendum quod, sicut supra dictum est, intendere est in aliud
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2719 tendere; quod quidem est et moventis, et moti. Secundum quidem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2720 igitur quod dicitur intendere finem id quod movetur ad finem ab
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2721 alio, sic natura dicitur intendere finem, quasi mota ad suum finem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2722 a Deo, sicut sagitta a sagittante. Et hoc modo etiam bruta animalia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2723 intendunt finem, inquantum moventur instinctu naturali ad aliquid.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2724 Alio modo intendere finem est moventis, prout scilicet ordinat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2725 motum alicuius, vel sui vel alterius, in finem. Quod est rationis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2726 tantum. Unde per hunc modum bruta non intendunt finem, quod est
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2727 proprie et principaliter intendere, ut dictum est.</p><p title="I-II q. 12 a. 5 ad 1"><a name="34019"><span class="ref">[34019] Iª-IIae q. 12 a. 5 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2728 ergo dicendum quod ratio illa procedit secundum quod intendere est
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2729 eius quod movetur ad finem.</p><p title="I-II q. 12 a. 5 ad 2"><a name="34020"><span class="ref">[34020] Iª-IIae q. 12 a. 5 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2730 dicendum quod fruitio non importat ordinationem alicuius in
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2731 aliquid, sicut intentio; sed absolutam quietem in fine.</p><p title="I-II q. 12 a. 5 ad 3"><a name="34021"><span class="ref">[34021] Iª-IIae q. 12 a. 5 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2732 dicendum quod bruta animalia moventur ad finem, non quasi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2733 considerantia quod per motum suum possunt consequi finem, quod est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2734 proprie intendentis, sed concupiscentia finem naturali instinctu,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2735 moventur ad finem quasi ab alio mota, sicut et cetera quae moventur
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2736 naturaliter.</p></div></div><div class="q" id="q13"><h2>Quaestio 13</h2><div class="p"><h3>Prooemium</h3><p title="I-II q. 13 pr."><a name="34022"><span class="ref">[34022]
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2737 Iª-IIae q. 13 pr.</span></a> Consequenter considerandum est de
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2738 actibus voluntatis qui sunt in comparatione ad ea quae sunt ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2739 finem. Et sunt tres, eligere, consentire, et uti. Electionem autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2740 praecedit consilium. Primo ergo considerandum est de electione;
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2741 secundo, de consilio; tertio, de consensu; quarto, de usu. Circa
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2742 electionem quaeruntur sex. Primo, cuius potentiae sit actus, utrum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2743 voluntatis vel rationis. Secundo, utrum electio conveniat brutis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2744 animalibus. Tertio, utrum electio sit solum eorum quae sunt ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2745 finem, vel etiam quandoque finis. Quarto, utrum electio sit tantum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2746 eorum quae per nos aguntur. Quinto, utrum electio sit solum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2747 possibilium. Sexto, utrum homo ex necessitate eligat, vel
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2748 libere.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 1</h3><p title="I-II q. 13 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="34023"><span class="ref">[34023] Iª-IIae q. 13 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2749 sic proceditur. Videtur quod electio non sit actus voluntatis, sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2750 rationis. Electio enim collationem quandam importat, qua unum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2751 alteri praefertur. Sed conferre est rationis. Ergo electio est
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2752 rationis.</p><p title="I-II q. 13 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="34024"><span class="ref">[34024] Iª-IIae q. 13 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2753 eiusdem est syllogizare et concludere. Sed syllogizare in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2754 operabilibus est rationis. Cum igitur electio sit quasi conclusio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2755 in operabilibus, ut dicitur in VII Ethic., videtur quod sit actus
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2756 rationis.</p><p title="I-II q. 13 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="34025"><span class="ref">[34025] Iª-IIae q. 13 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2757 ignorantia non pertinet ad voluntatem, sed ad vim cognitivam. Est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2758 autem quaedam ignorantia electionis, ut dicitur in III Ethic. Ergo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2759 videtur quod electio non pertineat ad voluntatem, sed ad
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2760 rationem.</p><p title="I-II q. 13 a. 1 s. c."><a name="34026"><span class="ref">[34026] Iª-IIae q. 13 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2761 est quod philosophus dicit, in III Ethic., quod <i>electio est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2762 desiderium eorum quae sunt in nobis</i>. Desiderium autem est actus
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2763 voluntatis. Ergo et electio.</p><p title="I-II q. 13 a. 1 co."><a name="34027"><span class="ref">[34027] Iª-IIae q. 13 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2764 dicendum quod in nomine electionis importatur aliquid pertinens ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2765 rationem sive intellectum, et aliquid pertinens ad voluntatem,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2766 dicit enim philosophus, in VI Ethic., quod <i>electio est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2767 appetitivus intellectus, vel appetitus intellectivus</i>.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2768 Quandocumque autem duo concurrunt ad aliquid unum constituendum,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2769 unum eorum est ut formale respectu alterius. Unde Gregorius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2770 Nyssenus dicit quod <i>electio neque est appetitus secundum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2771 seipsam, neque consilium solum, sed ex his aliquid compositum.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2772 Sicut enim dicimus animal ex anima et corpore compositum esse,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2773 neque vero corpus esse secundum seipsum, neque animam solam, sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2774 utrumque; ita et electionem</i>. Est autem considerandum in actibus
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2775 animae, quod actus qui est essentialiter unius potentiae vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2776 habitus, recipit formam et speciem a superiori potentia vel habitu,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2777 secundum quod ordinatur inferius a superiori, si enim aliquis actum
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2778 fortitudinis exerceat propter Dei amorem, actus quidem ille
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2779 materialiter est fortitudinis, formaliter vero caritatis.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2780 Manifestum est autem quod ratio quodammodo voluntatem praecedit, et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2781 ordinat actum eius, inquantum scilicet voluntas in suum obiectum
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2782 tendit secundum ordinem rationis, eo quod vis apprehensiva
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2783 appetitivae suum obiectum repraesentat. Sic igitur ille actus quo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2784 voluntas tendit in aliquid quod proponitur ut bonum, ex eo quod per
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2785 rationem est ordinatum ad finem, materialiter quidem est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2786 voluntatis, formaliter autem rationis. In huiusmodi autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2787 substantia actus materialiter se habet ad ordinem qui imponitur a
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2788 superiori potentia. Et ideo electio substantialiter non est actus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2789 rationis, sed voluntatis, perficitur enim electio in motu quodam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2790 animae ad bonum quod eligitur. Unde manifeste actus est appetitivae
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2791 potentiae.</p><p title="I-II q. 13 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="34028"><span class="ref">[34028] Iª-IIae q. 13 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2792 ergo dicendum quod electio importat collationem quandam
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2793 praecedentem, non quod essentialiter sit ipsa collatio.</p><p title="I-II q. 13 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="34029"><span class="ref">[34029] Iª-IIae q. 13 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2794 dicendum quod conclusio etiam syllogismi qui fit in operabilibus,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2795 ad rationem pertinet; et dicitur sententia vel iudicium, quam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2796 sequitur electio. Et ob hoc ipsa conclusio pertinere videtur ad
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2797 electionem, tanquam ad consequens.</p><p title="I-II q. 13 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="34030"><span class="ref">[34030] Iª-IIae q. 13 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2798 dicendum quod ignorantia dicitur esse electionis, non quod ipsa
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2799 electio sit scientia, sed quia ignoratur quid sit eligendum.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 2</h3><p title="I-II q. 13 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="34031"><span class="ref">[34031] Iª-IIae q. 13 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2800 sic proceditur. Videtur quod electio brutis animalibus conveniat.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2801 Electio enim est appetitus aliquorum propter finem, ut dicitur in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2802 III Ethic. Sed bruta animalia appetunt aliquid propter finem, agunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2803 enim propter finem, et ex appetitu. Ergo in brutis animalibus est
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2804 electio.</p><p title="I-II q. 13 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="34032"><span class="ref">[34032] Iª-IIae q. 13 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2805 ipsum nomen electionis significare videtur quod aliquid prae aliis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2806 accipiatur. Sed bruta animalia accipiunt aliquid prae aliis, sicut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2807 manifeste apparet quod ovis unam herbam comedit, et aliam refutat.
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2808 Ergo in brutis animalibus est electio.</p><p title="I-II q. 13 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="34033"><span class="ref">[34033] Iª-IIae q. 13 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2809 ut dicitur in VI Ethic., <i>ad prudentiam pertinet quod aliquis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2810 bene eligat ea quae sunt ad finem</i>. Sed prudentia convenit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2811 brutis animalibus, unde dicitur in principio Metaphys., quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2812 <i>prudentia sunt sine disciplina quaecumque sonos audire non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2813 potentia sunt, ut apes</i>. Et hoc etiam sensui manifestum videtur,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2814 apparent enim mirabiles sagacitates in operibus animalium, ut apum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2815 et aranearum et canum. Canis enim insequens cervum, si ad trivium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2816 venerit, odoratu quidem explorat an cervus per primam vel secundam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2817 viam transiverit, quod si invenerit non transisse, iam securus per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2818 tertiam viam incedit non explorando, quasi utens syllogismo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2819 divisivo, quo concludi posset cervum per illam viam incedere, ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2820 quo non incedit per alias duas, cum non sint plures. Ergo videtur
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2821 quod electio brutis animalibus conveniat.</p><p title="I-II q. 13 a. 2 s. c."><a name="34034"><span class="ref">[34034] Iª-IIae q. 13 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2822 est quod Gregorius Nyssenus dicit, quod <i>pueri et irrationalia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2823 voluntarie quidem faciunt, non tamen eligentia</i>. Ergo in brutis
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2824 animalibus non est electio.</p><p title="I-II q. 13 a. 2 co."><a name="34035"><span class="ref">[34035] Iª-IIae q. 13 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2825 dicendum quod, cum electio sit praeacceptio unius respectu
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2826 alterius, necesse est quod electio sit respectu plurium quae eligi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2827 possunt. Et ideo in his quae sunt penitus determinata ad unum,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2828 electio locum non habet. Est autem differentia inter appetitum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2829 sensitivum et voluntatem, quia, ut ex praedictis patet, appetitus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2830 sensitivus est determinatus ad unum aliquid particulare secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2831 ordinem naturae; voluntas autem est quidem, secundum naturae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2832 ordinem, determinata ad unum commune, quod est bonum, sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2833 indeterminate se habet respectu particularium bonorum. Et ideo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2834 proprie voluntatis est eligere, non autem appetitus sensitivi, qui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2835 solus est in brutis animalibus. Et propter hoc brutis animalibus
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2836 electio non convenit.</p><p title="I-II q. 13 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="34036"><span class="ref">[34036] Iª-IIae q. 13 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2837 ergo dicendum quod non omnis appetitus alicuius propter finem,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2838 vocatur electio, sed cum quadam discretione unius ab altero. Quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2839 locum habere non potest, nisi ubi appetitus potest ferri ad
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2840 plura.</p><p title="I-II q. 13 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="34037"><span class="ref">[34037] Iª-IIae q. 13 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2841 dicendum quod brutum animal accipit unum prae alio, quia appetitus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2842 eius est naturaliter determinatus ad ipsum. Unde statim quando per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2843 sensum vel per imaginationem repraesentatur sibi aliquid ad quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2844 naturaliter inclinatur eius appetitus, absque electione in illud
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2845 solum movetur. Sicut etiam absque electione ignis movetur sursum,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2846 et non deorsum.</p><p title="I-II q. 13 a. 2 ad 3"><a name="34038"><span class="ref">[34038] Iª-IIae q. 13 a. 2 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2847 dicendum quod, sicut dicitur in III Physic., <i>motus est actus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2848 mobilis a movente</i>. Et ideo virtus moventis apparet in motu
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2849 mobilis. Et propter hoc in omnibus quae moventur a ratione, apparet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2850 ordo rationis moventis, licet ipsa rationem non habeant, sic enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2851 sagitta directe tendit ad signum ex motione sagittantis, ac si ipsa
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2852 rationem haberet dirigentem. Et idem apparet in motibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2853 horologiorum, et omnium ingeniorum humanorum, quae arte fiunt.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2854 Sicut autem comparantur artificialia ad artem humanam, ita
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2855 comparantur omnia naturalia ad artem divinam. Et ideo ordo apparet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2856 in his quae moventur secundum naturam, sicut et in his quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2857 moventur per rationem, ut dicitur in II Physic. Et ex hoc contingit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2858 quod in operibus brutorum animalium apparent quaedam sagacitates,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2859 inquantum habent inclinationem naturalem ad quosdam ordinatissimos
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2860 processus, utpote a summa arte ordinatos. Et propter hoc etiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2861 quaedam animalia dicuntur prudentia vel sagacia, non quod in eis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2862 sit aliqua ratio vel electio. Quod ex hoc apparet, quod omnia quae
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2863 sunt unius naturae, similiter operantur.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 3</h3><p title="I-II q. 13 a. 3 arg. 1"><a name="34039"><span class="ref">[34039] Iª-IIae q. 13 a. 3 arg. 1</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2864 sic proceditur. Videtur quod electio non sit tantum eorum quae sunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2865 ad finem. Dicit enim philosophus, in VI Ethic., quod <i>electionem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2866 rectam facit virtus, quaecumque autem illius gratia nata sunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2867 fieri, non sunt virtutis, sed alterius potentiae</i>. Illud autem
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2868 cuius gratia fit aliquid, est finis. Ergo electio est finis.</p><p title="I-II q. 13 a. 3 arg. 2"><a name="34040"><span class="ref">[34040] Iª-IIae q. 13 a. 3 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2869 electio importat praeacceptionem unius respectu alterius. Sed sicut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2870 eorum quae sunt ad finem unum potest praeaccipi alteri, ita etiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2871 et diversorum finium. Ergo electio potest esse finis, sicut et
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2872 eorum quae sunt ad finem.</p><p title="I-II q. 13 a. 3 s. c."><a name="34041"><span class="ref">[34041] Iª-IIae q. 13 a. 3 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2873 est quod philosophus dicit, in III Ethic., quod <i>voluntas est
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2874 finis, electio autem eorum quae sunt ad finem</i>.</p><p title="I-II q. 13 a. 3 co."><a name="34042"><span class="ref">[34042] Iª-IIae q. 13 a. 3 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2875 dicendum quod, sicut iam dictum est, electio consequitur sententiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2876 vel iudicium, quod est sicut conclusio syllogismi operativi. Unde
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2877 illud cadit sub electione, quod se habet ut conclusio in syllogismo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2878 operabilium. Finis autem in operabilibus se habet ut principium, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2879 non ut conclusio, ut philosophus dicit in II Physic. Unde finis,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2880 inquantum est huiusmodi, non cadit sub electione. Sed sicut in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2881 speculativis nihil prohibet id quod est unius demonstrationis vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2882 scientiae principium, esse conclusionem alterius demonstrationis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2883 vel scientiae; primum tamen principium indemonstrabile non potest
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2884 esse conclusio alicuius demonstrationis vel scientiae; ita etiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2885 contingit id quod est in una operatione ut finis, ordinari ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2886 aliquid ut ad finem. Et hoc modo sub electione cadit. Sicut in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2887 operatione medici, sanitas se habet ut finis, unde hoc non cadit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2888 sub electione medici, sed hoc supponit tanquam principium. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2889 sanitas corporis ordinatur ad bonum animae, unde apud eum qui habet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2890 curam de animae salute, potest sub electione cadere esse sanum vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2891 esse infirmum; nam apostolus dicit, II ad Cor. XII, <i>cum enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2892 infirmor, tunc potens sum</i>. Sed ultimus finis nullo modo sub
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2893 electione cadit.</p><p title="I-II q. 13 a. 3 ad 1"><a name="34043"><span class="ref">[34043] Iª-IIae q. 13 a. 3 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2894 ergo dicendum quod fines proprii virtutum ordinantur ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2895 beatitudinem sicut ad ultimum finem. Et hoc modo potest esse eorum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2896 electio.</p><p title="I-II q. 13 a. 3 ad 2"><a name="34044"><span class="ref">[34044] Iª-IIae q. 13 a. 3 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2897 dicendum quod, sicut supra habitum est, ultimus finis est unus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2898 tantum. Unde ubicumque occurrunt plures fines, inter eos potest
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2899 esse electio, secundum quod ordinantur ad ulteriorem finem.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 4</h3><p title="I-II q. 13 a. 4 arg. 1"><a name="34045"><span class="ref">[34045] Iª-IIae q. 13 a. 4 arg. 1</span></a> Ad quartum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2900 sic proceditur. Videtur quod electio non sit solum respectu
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2901 humanorum actuum. Electio enim est eorum quae sunt ad finem. Sed ea
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2902 quae sunt ad finem non solum sunt actus, sed etiam organa, ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2903 dicitur in II Physic. Ergo electiones non sunt tantum humanorum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2904 actuum.</p><p title="I-II q. 13 a. 4 arg. 2"><a name="34046"><span class="ref">[34046] Iª-IIae q. 13 a. 4 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2905 actio a contemplatione distinguitur. Sed electio etiam in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2906 contemplatione locum habet; prout scilicet una opinio alteri
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2907 praeeligitur. Ergo electio non est solum humanorum actuum.</p><p title="I-II q. 13 a. 4 arg. 3"><a name="34047"><span class="ref">[34047] Iª-IIae q. 13 a. 4 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2908 eliguntur homines ad aliqua officia, vel saecularia vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2909 ecclesiastica, ab his qui nihil erga eos agunt. Ergo electio non
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2910 solum est humanorum actuum.</p><p title="I-II q. 13 a. 4 s. c."><a name="34048"><span class="ref">[34048] Iª-IIae q. 13 a. 4 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2911 est quod philosophus dicit, in III Ethic., quod <i>nullus eligit
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2912 nisi ea quae existimat fieri per ipsum</i>.</p><p title="I-II q. 13 a. 4 co."><a name="34049"><span class="ref">[34049] Iª-IIae q. 13 a. 4 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2913 dicendum quod, sicut intentio est finis, ita electio est eorum quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2914 sunt ad finem. Finis autem vel est actio, vel res aliqua. Et cum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2915 res aliqua fuerit finis, necesse est quod aliqua humana actio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2916 interveniat, vel inquantum homo facit rem illam quae est finis,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2917 sicut medicus facit sanitatem, quae est finis eius (unde et facere
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2918 sanitatem dicitur finis medici); vel inquantum homo aliquo modo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2919 utitur vel fruitur re quae est finis, sicut avaro est finis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2920 pecunia, vel possessio pecuniae. Et eodem modo dicendum est de eo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2921 quod est ad finem. Quia necesse est ut id quod est ad finem, vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2922 sit actio; vel res aliqua, interveniente aliqua actione, per quam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2923 facit id quod est ad finem, vel utitur eo. Et per hunc modum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2924 electio semper est humanorum actuum.</p><p title="I-II q. 13 a. 4 ad 1"><a name="34050"><span class="ref">[34050] Iª-IIae q. 13 a. 4 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2925 ergo dicendum quod organa ordinantur ad finem, inquantum homo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2926 utitur eis propter finem.</p><p title="I-II q. 13 a. 4 ad 2"><a name="34051"><span class="ref">[34051] Iª-IIae q. 13 a. 4 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2927 dicendum quod in ipsa contemplatione est aliquis actus intellectus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2928 assentientis huic opinioni vel illi. Actio vero exterior est quae
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2929 contra contemplationem dividitur.</p><p title="I-II q. 13 a. 4 ad 3"><a name="34052"><span class="ref">[34052] Iª-IIae q. 13 a. 4 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2930 dicendum quod homo qui eligit episcopum vel principem civitatis,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2931 eligit nominare ipsum in talem dignitatem. Alioquin, si nulla esset
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2932 eius actio ad constitutionem episcopi vel principis, non competeret
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2933 ei electio. Et similiter dicendum est quod quandocumque dicitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2934 aliqua res praeeligi alteri, adiungitur ibi aliqua operatio
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2935 eligentis.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 5</h3><p title="I-II q. 13 a. 5 arg. 1"><a name="34053"><span class="ref">[34053] Iª-IIae q. 13 a. 5 arg. 1</span></a> Ad quintum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2936 sic proceditur. Videtur quod electio non sit solum possibilium.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2937 Electio enim est actus voluntatis, ut dictum est. Sed voluntas est
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2938 impossibilium, ut dicitur in III Ethic. Ergo et electio.</p><p title="I-II q. 13 a. 5 arg. 2"><a name="34054"><span class="ref">[34054] Iª-IIae q. 13 a. 5 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2939 electio est eorum quae per nos aguntur, sicut dictum est. Nihil
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2940 ergo refert, quantum ad electionem, utrum eligatur id quod est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2941 impossibile simpliciter, vel id quod est impossibile eligenti. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2942 frequenter ea quae eligimus, perficere non possumus, et sic sunt
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2943 impossibilia nobis. Ergo electio est impossibilium.</p><p title="I-II q. 13 a. 5 arg. 3"><a name="34055"><span class="ref">[34055] Iª-IIae q. 13 a. 5 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2944 nihil homo tentat agere nisi eligendo. Sed beatus Benedictus dicit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2945 quod, si praelatus aliquid impossibile praeceperit, tentandum est.
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2946 Ergo electio potest esse impossibilium.</p><p title="I-II q. 13 a. 5 s. c."><a name="34056"><span class="ref">[34056] Iª-IIae q. 13 a. 5 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2947 est quod philosophus dicit, in III Ethic., quod <i>electio non est
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2948 impossibilium</i>.</p><p title="I-II q. 13 a. 5 co."><a name="34057"><span class="ref">[34057] Iª-IIae q. 13 a. 5 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2949 dicendum quod, sicut dictum est, electiones nostrae referuntur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2950 semper ad nostras actiones. Ea autem quae per nos aguntur, sunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2951 nobis possibilia. Unde necesse est dicere quod electio non sit nisi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2952 possibilium. Similiter etiam ratio eligendi aliquid est ex hoc quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2953 ducit ad finem. Per id autem quod est impossibile, non potest
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2954 aliquis consequi finem. Cuius signum est quia, cum in consiliando
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2955 perveniunt homines ad id quod est eis impossibile, discedunt, quasi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2956 non valentes ulterius procedere. Apparet etiam hoc manifeste ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2957 processu rationis praecedente. Sic enim se habet id quod est ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2958 finem, de quo electio est, ad finem, sicut conclusio ad principium.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2959 Manifestum est autem quod conclusio impossibilis non sequitur ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2960 principio possibili. Unde non potest esse quod finis sit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2961 possibilis, nisi id quod est ad finem fuerit possibile. Ad id autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2962 quod est impossibile, nullus movetur. Unde nullus tenderet in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2963 finem, nisi per hoc quod apparet id quod est ad finem esse
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2964 possibile. Unde id quod est impossibile sub electione non
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2965 cadit.</p><p title="I-II q. 13 a. 5 ad 1"><a name="34058"><span class="ref">[34058] Iª-IIae q. 13 a. 5 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2966 ergo dicendum quod voluntas media est inter intellectum et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2967 exteriorem operationem, nam intellectus proponit voluntati suum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2968 obiectum, et ipsa voluntas causat exteriorem actionem. Sic igitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2969 principium motus voluntatis consideratur ex parte intellectus, qui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2970 apprehendit aliquid ut bonum in universali, sed terminatio, seu
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2971 perfectio actus voluntatis attenditur secundum ordinem ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2972 operationem, per quam aliquis tendit ad consecutionem rei; nam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2973 motus voluntatis est ab anima ad rem. Et ideo perfectio actus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2974 voluntatis attenditur secundum hoc quod est aliquid bonum alicui ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2975 agendum. Hoc autem est possibile. Et ideo voluntas completa non est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2976 nisi de possibili, quod est bonum volenti. Sed voluntas incompleta
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2977 est de impossibili, quae secundum quosdam velleitas dicitur, quia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2978 scilicet aliquis vellet illud, si esset possibile. Electio autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2979 nominat actum voluntatis iam determinatum ad id quod est huic
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2980 agendum. Et ideo nullo modo est nisi possibilium.</p><p title="I-II q. 13 a. 5 ad 2"><a name="34059"><span class="ref">[34059] Iª-IIae q. 13 a. 5 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2981 dicendum quod, cum obiectum voluntatis sit bonum apprehensum, hoc
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2982 modo iudicandum est de obiecto voluntatis, secundum quod cadit sub
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2983 apprehensione. Et ideo sicut quandoque voluntas est alicuius quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2984 apprehenditur ut bonum, et tamen non est vere bonum; ita quandoque
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2985 est electio eius quod apprehenditur ut possibile eligenti, quod
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2986 tamen non est ei possibile.</p><p title="I-II q. 13 a. 5 ad 3"><a name="34060"><span class="ref">[34060] Iª-IIae q. 13 a. 5 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2987 dicendum quod hoc ideo dicitur, quia an aliquid sit possibile,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2988 subditus non debet suo iudicio definire; sed in unoquoque, iudicio
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2989 superioris stare.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 6</h3><p title="I-II q. 13 a. 6 arg. 1"><a name="34061"><span class="ref">[34061] Iª-IIae q. 13 a. 6 arg. 1</span></a> Ad sextum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2990 sic proceditur. Videtur quod homo ex necessitate eligat. Sic enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2991 se habet finis ad eligibilia, ut principia ad ea quae ex principiis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2992 consequuntur, ut patet in VII Ethic. Sed ex principiis ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2993 necessitate deducuntur conclusiones. Ergo ex fine de necessitate
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2994 movetur aliquis ad eligendum.</p><p title="I-II q. 13 a. 6 arg. 2"><a name="34062"><span class="ref">[34062] Iª-IIae q. 13 a. 6 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2995 sicut dictum est, electio consequitur iudicium rationis de agendis.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2996 Sed ratio ex necessitate iudicat de aliquibus, propter necessitatem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2997 praemissarum. Ergo videtur quod etiam electio ex necessitate
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2998 sequatur.</p><p title="I-II q. 13 a. 6 arg. 3"><a name="34063"><span class="ref">[34063] Iª-IIae q. 13 a. 6 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2999 si aliqua duo sunt penitus aequalia, non magis movetur homo ad unum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3000 quam ad aliud, sicut famelicus, si habet cibum aequaliter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3001 appetibilem in diversis partibus, et secundum aequalem distantiam,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3002 non magis movetur ad unum quam ad alterum, ut Plato dixit,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3003 assignans rationem quietis terrae in medio, sicut dicitur in II de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3004 caelo. Sed multo minus potest eligi quod accipitur ut minus, quam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3005 quod accipitur ut aequale. Ergo si proponantur duo vel plura, inter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3006 quae unum maius appareat, impossibile est aliquod aliorum eligere.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3007 Ergo ex necessitate eligitur illud quod eminentius apparet. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3008 omnis electio est de omni eo quod videtur aliquo modo melius. Ergo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3009 omnis electio est ex necessitate.</p><p title="I-II q. 13 a. 6 s. c."><a name="34064"><span class="ref">[34064] Iª-IIae q. 13 a. 6 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3010 est quod electio est actus potentiae rationalis; quae se habet ad
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3011 opposita, secundum philosophum.</p><p title="I-II q. 13 a. 6 co."><a name="34065"><span class="ref">[34065] Iª-IIae q. 13 a. 6 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3012 dicendum quod homo non ex necessitate eligit. Et hoc ideo, quia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3013 quod possibile est non esse, non necesse est esse. Quod autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3014 possibile sit non eligere vel eligere, huius ratio ex duplici
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3015 hominis potestate accipi potest. Potest enim homo velle et non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3016 velle, agere et non agere, potest etiam velle hoc aut illud, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3017 agere hoc aut illud. Cuius ratio ex ipsa virtute rationis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3018 accipitur. Quidquid enim ratio potest apprehendere ut bonum, in hoc
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3019 voluntas tendere potest. Potest autem ratio apprehendere ut bonum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3020 non solum hoc quod est velle aut agere; sed hoc etiam quod est non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3021 velle et non agere. Et rursum in omnibus particularibus bonis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3022 potest considerare rationem boni alicuius, et defectum alicuius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3023 boni, quod habet rationem mali, et secundum hoc, potest unumquodque
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3024 huiusmodi bonorum apprehendere ut eligibile, vel fugibile. Solum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3025 autem perfectum bonum, quod est beatitudo, non potest ratio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3026 apprehendere sub ratione mali, aut alicuius defectus. Et ideo ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3027 necessitate beatitudinem homo vult, nec potest velle non esse
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3028 beatus, aut miser. Electio autem, cum non sit de fine, sed de his
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3029 quae sunt ad finem, ut iam dictum est; non est perfecti boni, quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3030 est beatitudo, sed aliorum particularium bonorum. Et ideo homo non
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3031 ex necessitate, sed libere eligit.</p><p title="I-II q. 13 a. 6 ad 1"><a name="34066"><span class="ref">[34066] Iª-IIae q. 13 a. 6 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3032 ergo dicendum quod non semper ex principiis ex necessitate procedit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3033 conclusio, sed tunc solum quando principia non possunt esse vera si
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3034 conclusio non sit vera. Et similiter non oportet quod semper ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3035 fine insit homini necessitas ad eligendum ea quae sunt ad finem,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3036 quia non omne quod est ad finem, tale est ut sine eo finis haberi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3037 non possit; aut, si tale sit, non semper sub tali ratione
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3038 consideratur.</p><p title="I-II q. 13 a. 6 ad 2"><a name="34067"><span class="ref">[34067] Iª-IIae q. 13 a. 6 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3039 dicendum quod sententia sive iudicium rationis de rebus agendis est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3040 circa contingentia, quae a nobis fieri possunt, in quibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3041 conclusiones non ex necessitate sequuntur ex principiis necessariis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3042 absoluta necessitate, sed necessariis solum ex conditione, ut, si
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3043 currit, movetur.</p><p title="I-II q. 13 a. 6 ad 3"><a name="34068"><span class="ref">[34068] Iª-IIae q. 13 a. 6 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3044 dicendum quod nihil prohibet, si aliqua duo aequalia proponantur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3045 secundum unam considerationem, quin circa alterum consideretur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3046 aliqua conditio per quam emineat, et magis flectatur voluntas in
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3047 ipsum quam in aliud.</p></div></div><div class="q" id="q14"><h2>Quaestio 14</h2><div class="p"><h3>Prooemium</h3><p title="I-II q. 14 pr."><a name="34069"><span class="ref">[34069]
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3048 Iª-IIae q. 14 pr.</span></a> Deinde considerandum est de
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3049 consilio. Et circa hoc quaeruntur sex. Primo, utrum consilium sit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3050 inquisitio. Secundo, utrum consilium sit de fine, vel solum de his
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3051 quae sunt ad finem. Tertio, utrum consilium sit solum de his quae a
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3052 nobis aguntur. Quarto, utrum consilium sit de omnibus quae a nobis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3053 aguntur. Quinto, utrum consilium procedat ordine resolutorio.
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3054 Sexto, utrum consilium procedat in infinitum.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 1</h3><p title="I-II q. 14 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="34070"><span class="ref">[34070] Iª-IIae q. 14 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3055 sic proceditur. Videtur quod consilium non sit inquisitio. Dicit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3056 enim Damascenus quod <i>consilium est appetitus</i>. Sed ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3057 appetitum non pertinet inquirere. Ergo consilium non est
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3058 inquisitio.</p><p title="I-II q. 14 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="34071"><span class="ref">[34071] Iª-IIae q. 14 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3059 inquirere intellectus discurrentis est; et sic Deo non convenit,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3060 cuius cognitio non est discursiva, ut in primo habitum est. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3061 consilium Deo attribuitur, dicitur enim ad Ephes. I, quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3062 <i>operatur omnia secundum consilium voluntatis suae</i>. Ergo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
3063 consilium non est inquisitio.</p><p title="I-II q. 14 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="34072"><span class="ref">[34072] Iª-IIae q. 14 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3064 inquisitio est de rebus dubiis. Sed consilium datur de his quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3065 sunt certa bona; secundum illud apostoli, I ad Cor. VII, <i>de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3066 virginibus autem praeceptum domini non habeo, consilium autem
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3067 do</i>. Ergo consilium non est inquisitio.</p><p title="I-II q. 14 a. 1 s. c."><a name="34073"><span class="ref">[34073] Iª-IIae q. 14 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3068 est quod Gregorius Nyssenus dicit, <i>omne quidem consilium
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3069 quaestio est; non autem omnis quaestio consilium</i>.</p><p title="I-II q. 14 a. 1 co."><a name="34074"><span class="ref">[34074] Iª-IIae q. 14 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3070 dicendum quod electio, sicut dictum est, consequitur iudicium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3071 rationis de rebus agendis. In rebus autem agendis multa incertitudo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3072 invenitur, quia actiones sunt circa singularia contingentia, quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3073 propter sui variabilitatem incerta sunt. In rebus autem dubiis et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3074 incertis ratio non profert iudicium absque inquisitione
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3075 praecedente. Et ideo necessaria est inquisitio rationis ante
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3076 iudicium de eligendis, et haec inquisitio consilium vocatur.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3077 Propter quod philosophus dicit, in III Ethic., quod <i>electio est
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3078 appetitus praeconsiliati</i>.</p><p title="I-II q. 14 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="34075"><span class="ref">[34075] Iª-IIae q. 14 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3079 ergo dicendum quod, quando actus duarum potentiarum ad invicem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3080 ordinantur, in utroque est aliquid quod est alterius potentiae, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3081 ideo uterque actus ab utraque potentia denominari potest.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3082 Manifestum est autem quod actus rationis dirigentis in his quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3083 sunt ad finem, et actus voluntatis secundum regimen rationis in ea
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3084 tendentis, ad se invicem ordinantur. Unde et in actu voluntatis,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3085 quae est electio, apparet aliquid rationis, scilicet ordo, et in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3086 consilio, quod est actus rationis, apparet aliquid voluntatis sicut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3087 materia, quia consilium est de his quae homo vult facere; et etiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3088 sicut motivum, quia ex hoc quod homo vult finem, movetur ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3089 consiliandum de his quae sunt ad finem. Et ideo sicut philosophus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3090 dicit, in VI Ethic., quod electio est intellectus appetitivus, ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3091 ad electionem utrumque concurrere ostendat; ita Damascenus dicit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3092 quod consilium est appetitus inquisitivus, ut consilium aliquo modo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3093 pertinere ostendat et ad voluntatem, circa quam et ex qua fit
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3094 inquisitio, et ad rationem inquirentem.</p><p title="I-II q. 14 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="34076"><span class="ref">[34076] Iª-IIae q. 14 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3095 dicendum quod ea quae dicuntur de Deo, accipienda sunt absque omni
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3096 defectu qui invenitur in nobis, sicut in nobis scientia est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3097 conclusionum per discursum a causis in effectus; sed scientia dicta
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3098 de Deo, significat certitudinem de omnibus effectibus in prima
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3099 causa, absque omni discursu. Et similiter consilium attribuitur Deo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3100 quantum ad certitudinem sententiae vel iudicii, quae in nobis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3101 provenit ex inquisitione consilii. Sed huiusmodi inquisitio in Deo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3102 locum non habet, et ideo consilium secundum hoc Deo non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3103 attribuitur. Et secundum hoc Damascenus dicit quod <i>Deus non
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3104 consiliatur, ignorantis enim est consiliari</i>.</p><p title="I-II q. 14 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="34077"><span class="ref">[34077] Iª-IIae q. 14 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3105 dicendum quod nihil prohibet aliqua esse certissima bona secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3106 sententiam sapientum et spiritualium virorum, quae tamen non sunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3107 certa bona secundum sententiam plurium, vel carnalium hominum. Et
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3108 ideo de talibus consilia dantur.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 2</h3><p title="I-II q. 14 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="34078"><span class="ref">[34078] Iª-IIae q. 14 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3109 sic proceditur. Videtur quod consilium non solum sit de his quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3110 sunt ad finem, sed etiam de fine. Quaecumque enim dubitationem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3111 habent, de his potest inquiri. Sed circa operabilia humana
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3112 contingit esse dubitationem de fine, et non solum de his quae sunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3113 ad finem. Cum igitur inquisitio circa operabilia sit consilium,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3114 videtur quod consilium possit esse de fine.</p><p title="I-II q. 14 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="34079"><span class="ref">[34079] Iª-IIae q. 14 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3115 materia consilii sunt operationes humanae. Sed quaedam operationes
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3116 humanae sunt fines, ut dicitur in I Ethic. ergo consilium potest
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3117 esse de fine.</p><p title="I-II q. 14 a. 2 s. c."><a name="34080"><span class="ref">[34080] Iª-IIae q. 14 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3118 est quod Gregorius Nyssenus dicit, quod <i>non de fine, sed de his
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3119 quae sunt ad finem, est consilium</i>.</p><p title="I-II q. 14 a. 2 co."><a name="34081"><span class="ref">[34081] Iª-IIae q. 14 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3120 dicendum quod finis in operabilibus habet rationem principii, eo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3121 quod rationes eorum quae sunt ad finem, ex fine sumuntur.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3122 Principium autem non cadit sub quaestione, sed principia oportet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3123 supponere in omni inquisitione. Unde cum consilium sit quaestio, de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3124 fine non est consilium, sed solum de his quae sunt ad finem. Tamen
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3125 contingit id quod est finis respectu quorundam, ordinari ad alium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3126 finem, sicut etiam id quod est principium unius demonstrationis,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3127 est conclusio alterius. Et ideo id quod accipitur ut finis in una
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3128 inquisitione, potest accipi ut ad finem in alia inquisitione. Et
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3129 sic de eo erit consilium.</p><p title="I-II q. 14 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="34082"><span class="ref">[34082] Iª-IIae q. 14 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3130 ergo dicendum quod id quod accipitur ut finis, est iam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3131 determinatum. Unde quandiu habetur ut dubium, non habetur ut finis.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3132 Et ideo si de eo consilium habetur, non erit consilium de fine, sed
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3133 de eo quod est ad finem.</p><p title="I-II q. 14 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="34083"><span class="ref">[34083] Iª-IIae q. 14 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3134 dicendum quod de operationibus est consilium, inquantum ordinantur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3135 ad aliquem finem. Unde si aliqua operatio humana sit finis, de ea,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3136 inquantum huiusmodi, non est consilium.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 3</h3><p title="I-II q. 14 a. 3 arg. 1"><a name="34084"><span class="ref">[34084] Iª-IIae q. 14 a. 3 arg. 1</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3137 sic proceditur. Videtur quod consilium non sit solum de his quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3138 aguntur a nobis. Consilium enim collationem quandam importat. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3139 collatio inter multos potest fieri etiam de rebus immobilibus, quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3140 non fiunt a nobis, puta de naturis rerum. Ergo consilium non solum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3141 est de his quae aguntur a nobis.</p><p title="I-II q. 14 a. 3 arg. 2"><a name="34085"><span class="ref">[34085] Iª-IIae q. 14 a. 3 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3142 homines interdum consilium quaerunt de his quae sunt lege statuta,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3143 unde et iurisconsulti dicuntur. Et tamen eorum qui quaerunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3144 huiusmodi consilium, non est leges facere. Ergo consilium non solum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3145 est de his quae a nobis aguntur.</p><p title="I-II q. 14 a. 3 arg. 3"><a name="34086"><span class="ref">[34086] Iª-IIae q. 14 a. 3 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3146 dicuntur etiam quidam consultationes facere de futuris eventibus;
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3147 qui tamen non sunt in potestate nostra. Ergo consilium non solum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3148 est de his quae a nobis fiunt.</p><p title="I-II q. 14 a. 3 arg. 4"><a name="34087"><span class="ref">[34087] Iª-IIae q. 14 a. 3 arg. 4</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3149 si consilium esset solum de his quae a nobis fiunt, nullus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3150 consiliaretur de his quae sunt per alium agenda. Sed hoc patet esse
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3151 falsum. Ergo consilium non solum est de his quae a nobis fiunt.</p><p title="I-II q. 14 a. 3 s. c."><a name="34088"><span class="ref">[34088] Iª-IIae q. 14 a. 3 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3152 est quod Gregorius Nyssenus dicit, <i>consiliamur de his quae sunt
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3153 in nobis, et per nos fieri possunt</i>.</p><p title="I-II q. 14 a. 3 co."><a name="34089"><span class="ref">[34089] Iª-IIae q. 14 a. 3 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3154 dicendum quod consilium proprie importat collationem inter plures
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3155 habitam. Quod et ipsum nomen designat, dicitur enim consilium quasi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3156 Considium, eo quod multi consident ad simul conferendum. Est autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3157 considerandum quod in particularibus contingentibus, ad hoc quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3158 aliquid certum cognoscatur, plures conditiones seu circumstantias
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3159 considerare oportet, quas ab uno non facile est considerari, sed a
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3160 pluribus certius percipiuntur, dum quod unus considerat, alii non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3161 occurrit, in necessariis autem et universalibus est absolutior et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3162 simplicior consideratio, ita quod magis ad huiusmodi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3163 considerationem unus per se sufficere potest. Et ideo inquisitio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3164 consilii proprie pertinet ad contingentia singularia. Cognitio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3165 autem veritatis in talibus non habet aliquid magnum, ut per se sit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3166 appetibilis, sicut cognitio universalium et necessariorum, sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3167 appetitur secundum quod est utilis ad operationem, quia actiones
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3168 sunt circa contingentia singularia. Et ideo dicendum est quod
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3169 proprie consilium est circa ea quae aguntur a nobis.</p><p title="I-II q. 14 a. 3 ad 1"><a name="34090"><span class="ref">[34090] Iª-IIae q. 14 a. 3 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3170 ergo dicendum quod consilium importat collationem non quamcumque,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3171 sed collationem de rebus agendis, ratione iam dicta.</p><p title="I-II q. 14 a. 3 ad 2"><a name="34091"><span class="ref">[34091] Iª-IIae q. 14 a. 3 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3172 dicendum quod id quod est lege positum, quamvis non sit ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3173 operatione quaerentis consilium, tamen est directivum eius ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3174 operandum, quia ista est una ratio aliquid operandi, mandatum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3175 legis.</p><p title="I-II q. 14 a. 3 ad 3"><a name="34092"><span class="ref">[34092] Iª-IIae q. 14 a. 3 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3176 dicendum quod consilium non solum est de his quae aguntur, sed de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3177 his quae ordinantur ad operationes. Et propter hoc consultatio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3178 dicitur fieri de futuris eventibus, inquantum homo per futuros
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3179 eventus cognitos dirigitur ad aliquid faciendum vel vitandum.</p><p title="I-II q. 14 a. 3 ad 4"><a name="34093"><span class="ref">[34093] Iª-IIae q. 14 a. 3 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3180 dicendum quod de aliorum factis consilium quaerimus, inquantum sunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3181 quodammodo unum nobiscum, vel per unionem affectus, sicut amicus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3182 sollicitus est de his quae ad amicum spectant, sicut de suis; vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3183 per modum instrumenti, nam agens principale et instrumentale sunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3184 quasi una causa, cum unum agat per alterum; et sic dominus
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3185 consiliatur de his quae sunt agenda per servum.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 4</h3><p title="I-II q. 14 a. 4 arg. 1"><a name="34094"><span class="ref">[34094] Iª-IIae q. 14 a. 4 arg. 1</span></a> Ad quartum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3186 sic proceditur. Videtur quod consilium sit de omnibus quae sunt per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3187 nos agenda. Electio enim est appetitus praeconsiliati, ut dictum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3188 est. Sed electio est de omnibus quae per nos aguntur. Ergo et
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3189 consilium.</p><p title="I-II q. 14 a. 4 arg. 2"><a name="34095"><span class="ref">[34095] Iª-IIae q. 14 a. 4 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3190 consilium importat inquisitionem rationis. Sed in omnibus quae non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3191 per impetum passionis agimus, procedimus ex inquisitione rationis.
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3192 Ergo de omnibus quae aguntur a nobis, est consilium.</p><p title="I-II q. 14 a. 4 arg. 3"><a name="34096"><span class="ref">[34096] Iª-IIae q. 14 a. 4 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3193 philosophus dicit, in III Ethic., quod <i>si per plura aliquid
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3194 fieri potest, consilio inquiritur per quod facillime et optime
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3195 fiat; si autem per unum, qualiter per illud fiat</i>. Sed omne quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3196 fit, fit per unum vel per multa. Ergo de omnibus quae fiunt a
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3197 nobis, est consilium.</p><p title="I-II q. 14 a. 4 s. c."><a name="34097"><span class="ref">[34097] Iª-IIae q. 14 a. 4 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3198 est quod Gregorius Nyssenus dicit, quod <i>de his quae secundum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3199 disciplinam vel artem sunt operibus, non est consilium</i>.</p><p title="I-II q. 14 a. 4 co."><a name="34098"><span class="ref">[34098] Iª-IIae q. 14 a. 4 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3200 dicendum quod consilium est inquisitio quaedam, ut dictum est. De
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3201 illis autem inquirere solemus, quae in dubium veniunt, unde et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3202 ratio inquisitiva, quae dicitur argumentum, est rei dubiae faciens
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3203 fidem. Quod autem aliquid in operabilibus humanis non sit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3204 dubitabile, ex duobus contingit. Uno modo, quia per determinatas
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3205 vias proceditur ad determinatos fines, sicut contingit in artibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3206 quae habent certas vias operandi; sicut scriptor non consiliatur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3207 quomodo debeat trahere litteras, hoc enim determinatum est per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3208 artem. Alio modo, quia non multum refert utrum sic vel sic fiat, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3209 ista sunt minima, quae parum adiuvant vel impediunt respectu finis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3210 consequendi; quod autem parum est, quasi nihil accipit ratio. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3211 ideo de duobus non consiliamur, quamvis ordinentur ad finem, ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3212 philosophus dicit, scilicet de rebus parvis; et de his quae sunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3213 determinata qualiter fieri debent, sicut est in operibus artium,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3214 praeter quasdam coniecturales, ut Gregorius Nyssenus dicit, ut puta
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3215 medicinalis, negotiativa, et huiusmodi.</p><p title="I-II q. 14 a. 4 ad 1"><a name="34099"><span class="ref">[34099] Iª-IIae q. 14 a. 4 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3216 ergo dicendum quod electio praesupponit consilium ratione iudicii
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3217 vel sententiae. Unde quando iudicium vel sententia manifesta est
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3218 absque inquisitione, non requiritur consilii inquisitio.</p><p title="I-II q. 14 a. 4 ad 2"><a name="34100"><span class="ref">[34100] Iª-IIae q. 14 a. 4 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3219 dicendum quod ratio in rebus manifestis non inquirit, sed statim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3220 iudicat. Et ideo non oportet in omnibus quae ratione aguntur, esse
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3221 inquisitionem consilii.</p><p title="I-II q. 14 a. 4 ad 3"><a name="34101"><span class="ref">[34101] Iª-IIae q. 14 a. 4 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3222 dicendum quod quando aliquid per unum potest fieri, sed diversis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3223 modis, potest dubitationem habere, sicut et quando fit per plura,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3224 et ideo opus est consilio. Sed quando determinatur non solum res,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3225 sed modus, tunc non est opus consilio.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 5</h3><p title="I-II q. 14 a. 5 arg. 1"><a name="34102"><span class="ref">[34102] Iª-IIae q. 14 a. 5 arg. 1</span></a> Ad quintum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3226 sic proceditur. Videtur quod consilium non procedat modo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3227 resolutorio. Consilium enim est de his quae a nobis aguntur. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3228 operationes nostrae non procedunt modo resolutorio, sed magis modo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3229 compositivo, scilicet de simplicibus ad composita. Ergo consilium
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3230 non semper procedit modo resolutorio.</p><p title="I-II q. 14 a. 5 arg. 2"><a name="34103"><span class="ref">[34103] Iª-IIae q. 14 a. 5 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3231 consilium est inquisitio rationis. Sed ratio a prioribus incipit,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3232 et ad posteriora devenit, secundum convenientiorem ordinem cum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3233 igitur praeterita sint priora praesentibus, et praesentia priora
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3234 futuris, in consiliando videtur esse procedendum a praesentibus et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3235 praeteritis in futura. Quod non pertinet ad ordinem resolutorium.
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3236 Ergo in consiliis non servatur ordo resolutorius.</p><p title="I-II q. 14 a. 5 arg. 3"><a name="34104"><span class="ref">[34104] Iª-IIae q. 14 a. 5 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3237 consilium non est nisi de his quae sunt nobis possibilia, ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3238 dicitur in III Ethic. Sed an sit nobis aliquid possibile,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3239 perpenditur ex eo quod possumus facere, vel non possumus facere, ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3240 perveniamus in illud. Ergo in inquisitione consilii a praesentibus
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3241 incipere oportet.</p><p title="I-II q. 14 a. 5 s. c."><a name="34105"><span class="ref">[34105] Iª-IIae q. 14 a. 5 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3242 est quod philosophus dicit, in III Ethic., quod <i>ille qui
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3243 consiliatur, videtur quaerere et resolvere</i>.</p><p title="I-II q. 14 a. 5 co."><a name="34106"><span class="ref">[34106] Iª-IIae q. 14 a. 5 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3244 dicendum quod in omni inquisitione oportet incipere ab aliquo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3245 principio. Quod quidem si, sicut est prius in cognitione, ita etiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3246 sit prius in esse, non est processus resolutorius, sed magis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3247 compositivus, procedere enim a causis in effectus, est processus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3248 compositivus, nam causae sunt simpliciores effectibus. Si autem id
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3249 quod est prius in cognitione, sit posterius in esse, est processus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3250 resolutorius, utpote cum de effectibus manifestis iudicamus,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3251 resolvendo in causas simplices. Principium autem in inquisitione
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3252 consilii est finis, qui quidem est prior in intentione, posterior
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3253 tamen in esse. Et secundum hoc, oportet quod inquisitio consilii
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3254 sit resolutiva, incipiendo scilicet ab eo quod in futuro
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3255 intenditur, quousque perveniatur ad id quod statim agendum est.</p><p title="I-II q. 14 a. 5 ad 1"><a name="34107"><span class="ref">[34107] Iª-IIae q. 14 a. 5 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3256 ergo dicendum quod consilium est quidem de operationibus. Sed ratio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3257 operationum accipitur ex fine, et ideo ordo ratiocinandi de
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3258 operationibus, est contrarius ordini operandi.</p><p title="I-II q. 14 a. 5 ad 2"><a name="34108"><span class="ref">[34108] Iª-IIae q. 14 a. 5 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3259 dicendum quod ratio incipit ab eo quod est prius secundum rationem,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3260 non autem semper ab eo quod est prius tempore.</p><p title="I-II q. 14 a. 5 ad 3"><a name="34109"><span class="ref">[34109] Iª-IIae q. 14 a. 5 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3261 dicendum quod de eo quod est agendum propter finem, non quaereremus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3262 scire an sit possibile, si non esset congruum fini. Et ideo prius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3263 oportet inquirere an conveniat ad ducendum in finem, quam
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3264 consideretur an sit possibile.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 6</h3><p title="I-II q. 14 a. 6 arg. 1"><a name="34110"><span class="ref">[34110] Iª-IIae q. 14 a. 6 arg. 1</span></a> Ad sextum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3265 sic proceditur. Videtur quod inquisitio consilii procedat in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3266 infinitum. Consilium enim est inquisitio de particularibus, in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3267 quibus est operatio. Sed singularia sunt infinita. Ergo inquisitio
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3268 consilii est infinita.</p><p title="I-II q. 14 a. 6 arg. 2"><a name="34111"><span class="ref">[34111] Iª-IIae q. 14 a. 6 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3269 sub inquisitione consilii cadit considerare non solum quid agendum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3270 sit, sed etiam quomodo impedimenta tollantur. Sed quaelibet humana
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3271 actio potest impediri, et impedimentum tolli potest per aliquam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3272 rationem humanam. Ergo in infinitum remanet quaerere de
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3273 impedimentis tollendis.</p><p title="I-II q. 14 a. 6 arg. 3"><a name="34112"><span class="ref">[34112] Iª-IIae q. 14 a. 6 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3274 inquisitio scientiae demonstrativae non procedit in infinitum, quia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3275 est devenire in aliqua principia per se nota, quae omnimodam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3276 certitudinem habent. Sed talis certitudo non potest inveniri in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3277 singularibus contingentibus, quae sunt variabilia et incerta. Ergo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3278 inquisitio consilii procedit in infinitum.</p><p title="I-II q. 14 a. 6 s. c."><a name="34113"><span class="ref">[34113] Iª-IIae q. 14 a. 6 s. c.</span></a> <i>Sed
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3279 contra, nullus movetur ad id ad quod impossibile est quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3280 perveniat</i>, ut dicitur in I de caelo. Sed infinitum impossibile
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3281 est transire. Si igitur inquisitio consilii sit infinita, nullus
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3282 consiliari inciperet. Quod patet esse falsum.</p><p title="I-II q. 14 a. 6 co."><a name="34114"><span class="ref">[34114] Iª-IIae q. 14 a. 6 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3283 dicendum quod inquisitio consilii est finita in actu ex duplici
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3284 parte, scilicet ex parte principii, et ex parte termini. Accipitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3285 enim in inquisitione consilii duplex principium. Unum proprium, ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3286 ipso genere operabilium, et hoc est finis, de quo non est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3287 consilium, sed supponitur in consilio ut principium, ut dictum est.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3288 Aliud quasi ex alio genere assumptum sicut et in scientiis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3289 demonstrativis una scientia supponit aliqua ab alia, de quibus non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3290 inquirit. Huiusmodi autem principia quae in inquisitione consilii
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3291 supponuntur, sunt quaecumque sunt per sensum accepta, utpote quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3292 hoc sit panis vel ferrum; et quaecumque sunt per aliquam scientiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3293 speculativam vel practicam in universali cognita, sicut quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3294 moechari est a Deo prohibitum, et quod homo non potest vivere nisi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3295 nutriatur nutrimento convenienti. Et de istis non inquirit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3296 consiliator. Terminus autem inquisitionis est id quod statim est in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3297 potestate nostra ut faciamus. Sicut enim finis habet rationem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3298 principii, ita id quod agitur propter finem, habet rationem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3299 conclusionis. Unde id quod primo agendum occurrit, habet rationem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3300 ultimae conclusionis, ad quam inquisitio terminatur. Nihil autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3301 prohibet consilium potentia infinitum esse, secundum quod in
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3302 infinitum possunt aliqua occurrere consilio inquirenda.</p><p title="I-II q. 14 a. 6 ad 1"><a name="34115"><span class="ref">[34115] Iª-IIae q. 14 a. 6 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3303 ergo dicendum quod singularia non sunt infinita actu, sed in
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3304 potentia tantum.</p><p title="I-II q. 14 a. 6 ad 2"><a name="34116"><span class="ref">[34116] Iª-IIae q. 14 a. 6 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3305 dicendum quod, licet humana actio possit impediri, non tamen semper
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3306 habet impedimentum paratum. Et ideo non semper oportet consiliari
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3307 de impedimento tollendo.</p><p title="I-II q. 14 a. 6 ad 3"><a name="34117"><span class="ref">[34117] Iª-IIae q. 14 a. 6 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3308 dicendum quod in singularibus contingentibus potest aliquid accipi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3309 certum, etsi non simpliciter, tamen ut nunc, prout assumitur in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3310 operatione. Socratem enim sedere non est necessarium, sed eum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3311 sedere, dum sedet, est necessarium. Et hoc per certitudinem accipi
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3312 potest.</p></div></div><div class="q" id="q15"><h2>Quaestio 15</h2><div class="p"><h3>Prooemium</h3><p title="I-II q. 15 pr."><a name="34118"><span class="ref">[34118]
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3313 Iª-IIae q. 15 pr.</span></a> Deinde considerandum est de
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3314 consensu. Et circa hoc quaeruntur quatuor. Primo, utrum consensus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3315 sit actus appetitivae, vel apprehensivae virtutis. Secundo, utrum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3316 conveniat brutis animalibus. Tertio, utrum sit de fine, vel de his
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3317 quae sunt ad finem. Quarto, utrum consensus in actum pertineat
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3318 solum ad superiorem animae partem.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 1</h3><p title="I-II q. 15 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="34119"><span class="ref">[34119] Iª-IIae q. 15 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3319 sic proceditur. Videtur quod consentire pertineat solum ad partem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3320 animae apprehensivam. Augustinus enim, XII de Trin., consensum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3321 attribuit superiori rationi. Sed ratio nominat apprehensivam
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3322 virtutem. Ergo consentire pertinet ad apprehensivam virtutem.</p><p title="I-II q. 15 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="34120"><span class="ref">[34120] Iª-IIae q. 15 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3323 consentire est simul sentire. Sed sentire est apprehensivae
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3324 potentiae. Ergo et consentire.</p><p title="I-II q. 15 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="34121"><span class="ref">[34121] Iª-IIae q. 15 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3325 sicut assentire dicit applicationem intellectus ad aliquid, ita et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3326 consentire. Sed assentire pertinet ad intellectum, qui est vis
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3327 apprehensiva. Ergo et consentire ad vim apprehensivam pertinet.</p><p title="I-II q. 15 a. 1 s. c."><a name="34122"><span class="ref">[34122] Iª-IIae q. 15 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3328 est quod Damascenus dicit, in II libro, quod <i>si aliquis iudicet,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3329 et non diligat, non est sententia</i>, idest consensus. Sed
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3330 diligere ad appetitivam virtutem pertinet. Ergo et consensus.</p><p title="I-II q. 15 a. 1 co."><a name="34123"><span class="ref">[34123] Iª-IIae q. 15 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3331 dicendum quod consentire importat applicationem sensus ad aliquid.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3332 Est autem proprium sensus quod cognoscitivus est rerum praesentium,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3333 vis enim imaginativa est apprehensiva similitudinum corporalium,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3334 etiam rebus absentibus quarum sunt similitudines; intellectus autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3335 apprehensivus est universalium rationum, quas potest apprehendere
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3336 indifferenter et praesentibus et absentibus singularibus. Et quia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3337 actus appetitivae virtutis est quaedam inclinatio ad rem ipsam,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3338 secundum quandam similitudinem ipsa applicatio appetitivae virtutis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3339 ad rem, secundum quod ei inhaeret, accipit nomen sensus, quasi
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3340 experientiam quandam sumens de re cui inhaeret, inquantum complacet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3341 sibi in ea. Unde et Sap. I, dicitur, <i>sentite de domino in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3342 bonitate</i>. Et secundum hoc, consentire est actus appetitivae
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
3343 virtutis.</p><p title="I-II q. 15 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="34124"><span class="ref">[34124] Iª-IIae q. 15 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3344 ergo dicendum quod, sicut dicitur in III de anima, voluntas in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3345 ratione est. Unde cum Augustinus attribuit consensum rationi,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3346 accipit rationem secundum quod in ea includitur voluntas.</p><p title="I-II q. 15 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="34125"><span class="ref">[34125] Iª-IIae q. 15 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3347 dicendum, quod sentire proprie dictum ad apprehensivam potentiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3348 pertinet, sed secundum similitudinem cuiusdam experientiae,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3349 pertinet ad appetitivam, ut dictum est.</p><p title="I-II q. 15 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="34126"><span class="ref">[34126] Iª-IIae q. 15 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3350 dicendum quod assentire est quasi ad aliud sentire, et sic importat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3351 quandam distantiam ad id cui assentitur. Sed consentire est simul
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3352 sentire, et sic importat quandam coniunctionem ad id cui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3353 consentitur. Et ideo voluntas, cuius est tendere ad ipsam rem,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3354 magis proprie dicitur consentire, intellectus autem, cuius operatio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3355 non est secundum motum ad rem, sed potius e converso, ut in primo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3356 dictum est, magis proprie dicitur assentire, quamvis unum pro alio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3357 poni soleat. Potest etiam dici quod intellectus assentit, inquantum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3358 a voluntate movetur.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 2</h3><p title="I-II q. 15 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="34127"><span class="ref">[34127] Iª-IIae q. 15 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3359 sic proceditur. Videtur quod consensus conveniat brutis animalibus.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3360 Consensus enim importat determinationem appetitus ad unum. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3361 appetitus brutorum animalium sunt determinati ad unum. Ergo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3362 consensus in brutis animalibus invenitur.</p><p title="I-II q. 15 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="34128"><span class="ref">[34128] Iª-IIae q. 15 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3363 remoto priori, removetur posterius. Sed consensus praecedit operis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3364 executionem. Si ergo in brutis non esset consensus, non esset in
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3365 eis operis executio. Quod patet esse falsum.</p><p title="I-II q. 15 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="34129"><span class="ref">[34129] Iª-IIae q. 15 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3366 homines interdum consentire dicuntur in aliquid agendum ex aliqua
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3367 passione, puta concupiscentia vel ira. Sed bruta animalia ex
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3368 passione agunt. Ergo in eis est consensus.</p><p title="I-II q. 15 a. 2 s. c."><a name="34130"><span class="ref">[34130] Iª-IIae q. 15 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3369 est quod Damascenus dicit quod <i>post iudicium, homo disponit et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3370 amat quod ex consilio iudicatum est, quod vocatur sententia</i>,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3371 idest consensus. Sed consilium non est in brutis animalibus. Ergo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3372 nec consensus.</p><p title="I-II q. 15 a. 2 co."><a name="34131"><span class="ref">[34131] Iª-IIae q. 15 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3373 dicendum quod consensus, proprie loquendo, non est in brutis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3374 animalibus. Cuius ratio est quia consensus importat applicationem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3375 appetitivi motus ad aliquid agendum. Eius autem est applicare
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3376 appetitivum motum ad aliquid agendum, in cuius potestate est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3377 appetitivus motus, sicut tangere lapidem convenit quidem baculo,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3378 sed applicare baculum ad tactum lapidis, est eius qui habet in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3379 potestate movere baculum. Bruta autem animalia non habent in sui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3380 potestate appetitivum motum, sed talis motus in eis est ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3381 instinctu naturae. Unde brutum animal appetit quidem, sed non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3382 applicat appetitivum motum ad aliquid. Et propter hoc non proprie
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3383 dicitur consentire, sed solum rationalis natura, quae habet in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3384 potestate sua appetitivum motum, et potest ipsum applicare vel non
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3385 applicare ad hoc vel ad illud.</p><p title="I-II q. 15 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="34132"><span class="ref">[34132] Iª-IIae q. 15 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3386 ergo dicendum quod in brutis animalibus invenitur determinatio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3387 appetitus ad aliquid passive tantum. Consensus vero importat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3388 determinationem appetitus non solum passivam, sed magis
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3389 activam.</p><p title="I-II q. 15 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="34133"><span class="ref">[34133] Iª-IIae q. 15 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3390 dicendum quod, remoto priori, removetur posterius quod proprie ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3391 eo tantum sequitur. Si autem aliquid ex pluribus sequi possit, non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3392 propter hoc posterius removetur, uno priorum remoto, sicut si
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3393 induratio possit fieri et a calido et frigido (nam lateres
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3394 indurantur ab igne, et aqua congelata induratur ex frigore), non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3395 oportet quod, remoto calore, removeatur induratio. Executio autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3396 operis non solum sequitur ex consensu, sed etiam ex impetuoso
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3397 appetitu, qualis est in brutis animalibus.</p><p title="I-II q. 15 a. 2 ad 3"><a name="34134"><span class="ref">[34134] Iª-IIae q. 15 a. 2 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3398 dicendum quod homines qui ex passione agunt, possunt passionem non
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3399 sequi. Non autem bruta animalia. Unde non est similis ratio.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 3</h3><p title="I-II q. 15 a. 3 arg. 1"><a name="34135"><span class="ref">[34135] Iª-IIae q. 15 a. 3 arg. 1</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3400 sic proceditur. Videtur quod consensus sit de fine. Quia propter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3401 quod unumquodque, illud magis. Sed his quae sunt ad finem
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3402 consentimus propter finem. Ergo fini consentimus magis.</p><p title="I-II q. 15 a. 3 arg. 2"><a name="34136"><span class="ref">[34136] Iª-IIae q. 15 a. 3 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3403 actio intemperati est finis eius, sicut et actio virtuosi est finis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3404 eius. Sed intemperatus consentit in proprium actum. Ergo consensus
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3405 potest esse de fine.</p><p title="I-II q. 15 a. 3 arg. 3"><a name="34137"><span class="ref">[34137] Iª-IIae q. 15 a. 3 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3406 appetitus eorum quae sunt ad finem, est electio, ut supra dictum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3407 est. Si igitur consensus esset solum de his quae sunt ad finem, in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3408 nullo ab electione differre videretur. Quod patet esse falsum per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3409 Damascenum, qui dicit quod post dispositionem, quam vocaverat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3410 sententiam, fit electio. Non ergo consensus est solum de his quae
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3411 sunt ad finem.</p><p title="I-II q. 15 a. 3 s. c."><a name="34138"><span class="ref">[34138] Iª-IIae q. 15 a. 3 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3412 est quod Damascenus ibidem dicit, quod <i>sententia, sive
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3413 consensus, est quando homo disponit et amat quod ex consilio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3414 iudicatum est</i>. Sed consilium non est nisi de his quae sunt ad
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3415 finem. Ergo nec consensus.</p><p title="I-II q. 15 a. 3 co."><a name="34139"><span class="ref">[34139] Iª-IIae q. 15 a. 3 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3416 dicendum quod consensus nominat applicationem appetitivi motus ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3417 aliquid praeexistens in potestate applicantis in ordine autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3418 agibilium, primo quidem oportet sumere apprehensionem finis; deinde
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3419 appetitum finis; deinde consilium de his quae sunt ad finem; deinde
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3420 appetitum eorum quae sunt ad finem. Appetitus autem in ultimum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3421 finem tendit naturaliter, unde et applicatio motus appetitivi in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3422 finem apprehensum, non habet rationem consensus, sed simplicis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3423 voluntatis. De his autem quae sunt post ultimum finem, inquantum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3424 sunt ad finem, sub consilio cadunt, et sic potest esse de eis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3425 consensus, inquantum motus appetitivus applicatur ad id quod ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3426 consilio iudicatum est. Motus vero appetitivus in finem, non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3427 applicatur consilio, sed magis consilium ipsi, quia consilium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3428 praesupponit appetitum finis. Sed appetitus eorum quae sunt ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3429 finem, praesupponit determinationem consilii. Et ideo applicatio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3430 appetitivi motus ad determinationem consilii, proprie est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3431 consensus. Unde, cum consilium non sit nisi de his quae sunt ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3432 finem, consensus, proprie loquendo, non est nisi de his quae sunt
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3433 ad finem.</p><p title="I-II q. 15 a. 3 ad 1"><a name="34140"><span class="ref">[34140] Iª-IIae q. 15 a. 3 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3434 ergo dicendum quod, sicut conclusiones scimus per principia, horum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3435 tamen non est scientia, sed quod maius est, scilicet intellectus;
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3436 ita consentimus his quae sunt ad finem propter finem, cuius tamen
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3437 non est consensus, sed quod maius est, scilicet voluntas.</p><p title="I-II q. 15 a. 3 ad 2"><a name="34141"><span class="ref">[34141] Iª-IIae q. 15 a. 3 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3438 dicendum quod intemperatus habet pro fine delectationem operis,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3439 propter quam consentit in opus, magis quam ipsam operationem.</p><p title="I-II q. 15 a. 3 ad 3"><a name="34142"><span class="ref">[34142] Iª-IIae q. 15 a. 3 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3440 dicendum quod electio addit supra consensum quandam relationem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3441 respectu eius cui aliquid praeeligitur, et ideo post consensum,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3442 adhuc remanet electio. Potest enim contingere quod per consilium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3443 inveniantur plura ducentia ad finem, quorum dum quodlibet placet,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3444 in quodlibet eorum consentitur, sed ex multis quae placent,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3445 praeaccipimus unum eligendo. Sed si inveniatur unum solum quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3446 placeat, non differunt re consensus et electio, sed ratione tantum,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3447 ut consensus dicatur secundum quod placet ad agendum; electio
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3448 autem, secundum quod praefertur his quae non placent.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 4</h3><p title="I-II q. 15 a. 4 arg. 1"><a name="34143"><span class="ref">[34143] Iª-IIae q. 15 a. 4 arg. 1</span></a> Ad quartum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3449 sic proceditur. Videtur quod consensus ad agendum non semper
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3450 pertineat ad superiorem rationem. <i>Delectatio enim consequitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3451 operationem, et perficit eam, sicut decor iuventutem</i>, sicut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3452 dicitur in X Ethic. Sed consensus in delectationem pertinet ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3453 inferiorem rationem, ut dicit Augustinus in XII de Trin. Ergo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3454 consensus in actum non pertinet ad solam superiorem rationem.</p><p title="I-II q. 15 a. 4 arg. 2"><a name="34144"><span class="ref">[34144] Iª-IIae q. 15 a. 4 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3455 actio in quam consentimus, dicitur esse voluntaria. Sed multarum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3456 potentiarum est producere actiones voluntarias. Ergo non sola
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3457 superior ratio consentit in actum.</p><p title="I-II q. 15 a. 4 arg. 3"><a name="34145"><span class="ref">[34145] Iª-IIae q. 15 a. 4 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3458 superior ratio intendit aeternis inspiciendis ac consulendis, ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3459 Augustinus dicit in XII de Trin. Sed multoties homo consentit in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3460 actum non propter rationes aeternas, sed propter aliquas rationes
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3461 temporales, vel etiam propter aliquas animae passiones. Non ergo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3462 consentire in actum pertinet ad solam superiorem rationem.</p><p title="I-II q. 15 a. 4 s. c."><a name="34146"><span class="ref">[34146] Iª-IIae q. 15 a. 4 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3463 est quod Augustinus dicit, XII de Trin., <i>non potest peccatum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3464 efficaciter perpetrandum mente decerni, nisi illa mentis intentio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3465 penes quam summa potestas est membra in opus movendi vel ab opere
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3466 cohibendi, malae actioni cedat et serviat</i>.</p><p title="I-II q. 15 a. 4 co."><a name="34147"><span class="ref">[34147] Iª-IIae q. 15 a. 4 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3467 dicendum quod finalis sententia semper pertinet ad eum qui superior
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3468 est, ad quem pertinet de aliis iudicare, quandiu enim iudicandum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3469 restat quod proponitur, nondum datur finalis sententia. Manifestum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3470 est autem quod superior ratio est quae habet de omnibus iudicare,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3471 quia de sensibilibus per rationem iudicamus; de his vero quae ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3472 rationes humanas pertinent, iudicamus secundum rationes divinas,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3473 quae pertinent ad rationem superiorem. Et ideo quandiu incertum est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3474 an secundum rationes divinas resistatur vel non, nullum iudicium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3475 rationis habet rationem finalis sententiae. Finalis autem sententia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3476 de agendis est consensus in actum. Et ideo consensus in actum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3477 pertinet ad rationem superiorem, secundum tamen quod in ratione
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3478 voluntas includitur, sicut supra dictum est.</p><p title="I-II q. 15 a. 4 ad 1"><a name="34148"><span class="ref">[34148] Iª-IIae q. 15 a. 4 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3479 ergo dicendum quod consensus in delectationem operis pertinet ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3480 superiorem rationem, sicut et consensus in opus, sed consensus in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3481 delectationem cogitationis, pertinet ad rationem inferiorem, sicut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3482 ad ipsam pertinet cogitare. Et tamen de hoc ipso quod est cogitare
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3483 vel non cogitare, inquantum consideratur ut actio quaedam, habet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3484 iudicium superior ratio, et similiter de delectatione consequente.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3485 Sed inquantum accipitur ut ad actionem aliam ordinatum, sic
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3486 pertinet ad inferiorem rationem. Quod enim ad aliud ordinatur, ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3487 inferiorem artem vel potentiam pertinet quam finis ad quem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3488 ordinatur, unde ars quae est de fine, architectonica, seu
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3489 principalis, vocatur.</p><p title="I-II q. 15 a. 4 ad 2"><a name="34149"><span class="ref">[34149] Iª-IIae q. 15 a. 4 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3490 dicendum quod, quia actiones dicuntur voluntariae ex hoc quod eis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3491 consentimus, non oportet quod consensus sit cuiuslibet potentiae,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3492 sed voluntatis, a qua dicitur voluntarium; quae est in ratione,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3493 sicut dictum est.</p><p title="I-II q. 15 a. 4 ad 3"><a name="34150"><span class="ref">[34150] Iª-IIae q. 15 a. 4 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3494 dicendum quod ratio superior dicitur consentire, non solum quia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3495 secundum rationes aeternas semper moveat ad agendum; sed etiam quia
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3496 secundum rationes aeternas non dissentit.</p></div></div><div class="q" id="q16"><h2>Quaestio 16</h2><div class="p"><h3>Prooemium</h3><p title="I-II q. 16 pr."><a name="34151"><span class="ref">[34151]
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3497 Iª-IIae q. 16 pr.</span></a> Deinde considerandum est de usu.
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3498 Et circa hoc quaeruntur quatuor. Primo, utrum uti sit actus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3499 voluntatis. Secundo, utrum conveniat brutis animalibus. Tertio,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3500 utrum sit tantum eorum quae sunt ad finem, vel etiam finis. Quarto,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3501 de ordine usus ad electionem.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 1</h3><p title="I-II q. 16 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="34152"><span class="ref">[34152] Iª-IIae q. 16 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3502 sic proceditur. Videtur quod uti non sit actus voluntatis. Dicit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3503 enim Augustinus, in I de Doctr. Christ., quod <i>uti est id quod in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3504 usum venerit, ad aliud obtinendum referre</i>. Sed referre aliquid
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3505 ad aliud est rationis, cuius est conferre et ordinare. Ergo uti est
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3506 actus rationis. Non ergo voluntatis.</p><p title="I-II q. 16 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="34153"><span class="ref">[34153] Iª-IIae q. 16 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3507 Damascenus dicit quod <i>homo impetum facit ad operationem, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3508 dicitur impetus, deinde utitur, et dicitur usus</i>. Sed operatio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3509 pertinet ad potentiam executivam. Actus autem voluntatis non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3510 sequitur actum executivae potentiae, sed executio est ultimum. Ergo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3511 usus non est actus voluntatis.</p><p title="I-II q. 16 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="34154"><span class="ref">[34154] Iª-IIae q. 16 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3512 Augustinus dicit, in libro octoginta trium quaest., <i>omnia quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3513 facta sunt, in usum hominis facta sunt, quia omnibus utitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3514 iudicando ratio quae hominibus data est</i>. Sed iudicare de rebus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3515 a Deo creatis pertinet ad rationem speculativam; quae omnino
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3516 separata videtur a voluntate, quae est principium humanorum actuum.
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3517 Ergo uti non est actus voluntatis.</p><p title="I-II q. 16 a. 1 s. c."><a name="34155"><span class="ref">[34155] Iª-IIae q. 16 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3518 est quod Augustinus dicit, in X de Trin., <i>uti est assumere
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3519 aliquid in facultatem voluntatis</i>.</p><p title="I-II q. 16 a. 1 co."><a name="34156"><span class="ref">[34156] Iª-IIae q. 16 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3520 dicendum quod usus rei alicuius importat applicationem rei illius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3521 ad aliquam operationem, unde et operatio ad quam applicamus rem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3522 aliquam, dicitur usus eius; sicut equitare est usus equi, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3523 percutere est usus baculi. Ad operationem autem applicamus et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3524 principia interiora agendi, scilicet ipsas potentias animae vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3525 membra corporis, ut intellectum ad intelligendum, et oculum ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3526 videndum; et etiam res exteriores, sicut baculum ad percutiendum.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3527 Sed manifestum est quod res exteriores non applicamus ad aliquam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3528 operationem nisi per principia intrinseca, quae sunt potentiae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3529 animae, aut habitus potentiarum, aut organa, quae sunt corporis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3530 membra. Ostensum est autem supra quod voluntas est quae movet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3531 potentias animae ad suos actus; et hoc est applicare eas ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3532 operationem. Unde manifestum est quod uti primo et principaliter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3533 est voluntatis, tanquam primi moventis; rationis autem tanquam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3534 dirigentis; sed aliarum potentiarum tanquam exequentium, quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3535 comparantur ad voluntatem, a qua applicantur ad agendum, sicut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3536 instrumenta ad principale agens. Actio autem proprie non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3537 attribuitur instrumento, sed principali agenti, sicut aedificatio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3538 aedificatori, non autem instrumentis. Unde manifestum est quod uti
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3539 proprie est actus voluntatis.</p><p title="I-II q. 16 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="34157"><span class="ref">[34157] Iª-IIae q. 16 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3540 ergo dicendum quod ratio quidem in aliud refert, sed voluntas
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3541 tendit in id quod est in aliud relatum per rationem. Et secundum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3542 hoc dicitur quod uti est referre aliquid in alterum.</p><p title="I-II q. 16 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="34158"><span class="ref">[34158] Iª-IIae q. 16 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3543 dicendum quod Damascenus loquitur de usu, secundum quod pertinet ad
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3544 executivas potentias.</p><p title="I-II q. 16 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="34159"><span class="ref">[34159] Iª-IIae q. 16 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3545 dicendum quod etiam ipsa ratio speculativa applicatur ad opus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3546 intelligendi vel iudicandi, a voluntate. Et ideo intellectus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3547 speculativus uti dicitur tanquam a voluntate motus, sicut aliae
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3548 executivae potentiae.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 2</h3><p title="I-II q. 16 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="34160"><span class="ref">[34160] Iª-IIae q. 16 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3549 sic proceditur. Videtur quod uti conveniat brutis animalibus. Frui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3550 enim est nobilius quam uti, quia, ut Augustinus dicit in X de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3551 Trin., <i>utimur eis quae ad aliud referimus, quo fruendum est</i>.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3552 Sed frui convenit brutis animalibus, ut supra dictum est. Ergo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3553 multo magis convenit eis uti.</p><p title="I-II q. 16 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="34161"><span class="ref">[34161] Iª-IIae q. 16 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3554 applicare membra ad agendum est uti membris. Sed bruta animalia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3555 applicant membra ad aliquid agendum; sicut pedes ad ambulandum,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3556 cornua ad percutiendum. Ergo brutis animalibus convenit uti.</p><p title="I-II q. 16 a. 2 s. c."><a name="34162"><span class="ref">[34162] Iª-IIae q. 16 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3557 est quod Augustinus dicit, in libro octoginta trium quaest., <i>uti
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3558 aliqua re non potest nisi animal quod rationis est
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3559 particeps</i>.</p><p title="I-II q. 16 a. 2 co."><a name="34163"><span class="ref">[34163] Iª-IIae q. 16 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3560 dicendum quod, sicut dictum est, uti est applicare aliquod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3561 principium actionis ad actionem, sicut consentire est applicare
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3562 motum appetitivum ad aliquid appetendum, ut dictum est. Applicare
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3563 autem aliquid ad alterum non est nisi eius quod habet arbitrium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3564 super illud, quod non est nisi eius qui scit referre aliquid in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3565 alterum, quod ad rationem pertinet. Et ideo solum animal rationale
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3566 et consentit, et utitur.</p><p title="I-II q. 16 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="34164"><span class="ref">[34164] Iª-IIae q. 16 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3567 ergo dicendum quod frui importat absolutum motum appetitus in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3568 appetibile, sed uti importat motum appetitus ad aliquid in ordine
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3569 ad alterum. Si ergo comparentur uti et frui quantum ad obiecta, sic
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3570 frui est nobilius quam uti, quia id quod est absolute appetibile,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3571 est melius quam id quod est appetibile solum in ordine ad aliud.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3572 Sed si comparentur quantum ad vim apprehensivam praecedentem, maior
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3573 nobilitas requiritur ex parte usus, quia ordinare aliquid in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3574 alterum est rationis; absolute autem aliquid apprehendere potest
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3575 etiam sensus.</p><p title="I-II q. 16 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="34165"><span class="ref">[34165] Iª-IIae q. 16 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3576 dicendum quod animalia per sua membra aliquid agunt instinctu
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3577 naturae, non per hoc quod cognoscant ordinem membrorum ad illas
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3578 operationes. Unde non dicuntur proprie applicare membra ad agendum,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3579 nec uti membris.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 3</h3><p title="I-II q. 16 a. 3 arg. 1"><a name="34166"><span class="ref">[34166] Iª-IIae q. 16 a. 3 arg. 1</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3580 sic proceditur. Videtur quod usus possit esse etiam ultimi finis.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3581 Dicit enim Augustinus, in X de Trin., <i>omnis qui fruitur,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3582 utitur</i>. Sed ultimo fine fruitur aliquis. Ergo ultimo fine
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3583 aliquis utitur.</p><p title="I-II q. 16 a. 3 arg. 2"><a name="34167"><span class="ref">[34167] Iª-IIae q. 16 a. 3 arg. 2</span></a>
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3584 <i>Praeterea, uti est assumere aliquid in facultatem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3585 voluntatis</i>, ut ibidem dicitur. Sed nihil magis assumitur a
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3586 voluntate quam ultimus finis. Ergo usus potest esse ultimi
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3587 finis.</p><p title="I-II q. 16 a. 3 arg. 3"><a name="34168"><span class="ref">[34168] Iª-IIae q. 16 a. 3 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3588 Hilarius dicit, in II de Trin., quod aeternitas est in patre,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3589 species in imagine, idest in filio, usus in munere, idest in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3590 spiritu sancto. Sed spiritus sanctus, cum sit Deus, est ultimus
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3591 finis. Ergo ultimo fine contingit uti.</p><p title="I-II q. 16 a. 3 s. c."><a name="34169"><span class="ref">[34169] Iª-IIae q. 16 a. 3 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3592 est quod dicit Augustinus, in libro octoginta trium quaest., <i>Deo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3593 nullus recte utitur, sed fruitur</i>. Sed solus Deus est ultimus
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3594 finis. Ergo ultimo fine non est utendum.</p><p title="I-II q. 16 a. 3 co."><a name="34170"><span class="ref">[34170] Iª-IIae q. 16 a. 3 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3595 dicendum quod uti, sicut dictum est, importat applicationem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3596 alicuius ad aliquid. Quod autem applicatur ad aliud, se habet in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3597 ratione eius quod est ad finem. Et ideo uti semper est eius quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3598 est ad finem. Propter quod et ea quae sunt ad finem accommoda,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3599 utilia dicuntur; et ipsa utilitas interdum usus nominatur. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3600 considerandum est quod ultimus finis dicitur dupliciter, uno modo,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3601 simpliciter; et alio modo, quoad aliquem. Cum enim finis, ut supra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3602 dictum est, dicatur quandoque quidem res, quandoque autem adeptio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3603 rei vel possessio eius, sicut avaro finis est vel pecunia vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3604 possessio pecuniae; manifestum est quod, simpliciter loquendo,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3605 ultimus finis est ipsa res, non enim possessio pecuniae est bona,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3606 nisi propter bonum pecuniae. Sed quoad hunc, adeptio pecuniae est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3607 finis ultimus, non enim quaereret pecuniam avarus, nisi ut haberet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3608 eam. Ergo, simpliciter loquendo et proprie, pecunia homo aliquis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3609 fruitur, quia in ea ultimum finem constituit, sed inquantum refert
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3610 eam ad possessionem, dicitur uti ea.</p><p title="I-II q. 16 a. 3 ad 1"><a name="34171"><span class="ref">[34171] Iª-IIae q. 16 a. 3 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3611 ergo dicendum quod Augustinus loquitur de usu communiter, secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3612 quod importat ordinem finis ad ipsam finis fruitionem, quam aliquis
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3613 quaerit de fine.</p><p title="I-II q. 16 a. 3 ad 2"><a name="34172"><span class="ref">[34172] Iª-IIae q. 16 a. 3 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3614 dicendum quod finis assumitur in facultatem voluntatis, ut voluntas
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3615 in illo quiescat. Unde ipsa requies in fine, quae fruitio est,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3616 dicitur hoc modo usus finis. Sed id quod est ad finem, assumitur in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3617 facultatem voluntatis non solum in ordine ad usum eius quod est ad
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3618 finem, sed in ordine ad aliam rem, in qua voluntas quiescit.</p><p title="I-II q. 16 a. 3 ad 3"><a name="34173"><span class="ref">[34173] Iª-IIae q. 16 a. 3 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3619 dicendum quod usus accipitur in verbis Hilarii pro quiete in ultimo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3620 fine, eo modo quo aliquis, communiter loquendo, dicitur uti fine ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3621 obtinendum ipsum, sicut dictum est. Unde Augustinus, in VI de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3622 Trin., dicit quod <i>illa dilectio, delectatio, felicitas vel
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
3623 beatitudo usus ab eo appellatur</i>.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 4</h3><p title="I-II q. 16 a. 4 arg. 1"><a name="34174"><span class="ref">[34174] Iª-IIae q. 16 a. 4 arg. 1</span></a> Ad quartum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3624 sic proceditur. Videtur quod usus praecedat electionem. Post
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3625 electionem enim nihil sequitur nisi executio. Sed usus, cum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3626 pertineat ad voluntatem, praecedit executionem. Ergo praecedit
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
3627 etiam electionem.</p><p title="I-II q. 16 a. 4 arg. 2"><a name="34175"><span class="ref">[34175] Iª-IIae q. 16 a. 4 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3628 absolutum est ante relatum. Ergo minus relatum est ante magis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3629 relatum. Sed electio importat duas relationes, unam eius quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3630 eligitur ad finem, aliam vero ad id cui praeeligitur, usus autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3631 importat solam relationem ad finem. Ergo usus est prior
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3632 electione.</p><p title="I-II q. 16 a. 4 arg. 3"><a name="34176"><span class="ref">[34176] Iª-IIae q. 16 a. 4 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3633 voluntas utitur aliis potentiis inquantum movet eas. Sed voluntas
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3634 movet etiam seipsam ut dictum est. Ergo etiam utitur seipsa,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3635 applicando se ad agendum. Sed hoc facit cum consentit. Ergo in ipso
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3636 consensu est usus. Sed consensus praecedit electionem ut dictum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
3637 est. Ergo et usus.</p><p title="I-II q. 16 a. 4 s. c."><a name="34177"><span class="ref">[34177] Iª-IIae q. 16 a. 4 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3638 est quod Damascenus dicit, quod <i>voluntas post electionem impetum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3639 facit ad operationem, et postea utitur</i>. Ergo usus sequitur
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
3640 electionem.</p><p title="I-II q. 16 a. 4 co."><a name="34178"><span class="ref">[34178] Iª-IIae q. 16 a. 4 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3641 dicendum quod voluntas duplicem habitudinem habet ad volitum. Unam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3642 quidem, secundum quod volitum est quodammodo in volente, per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3643 quandam proportionem vel ordinem ad volitum. Unde et res quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3644 naturaliter sunt proportionatae ad aliquem finem, dicuntur appetere
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3645 illum naturaliter. Sed sic habere finem, est imperfecte habere
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3646 ipsum. Omne autem imperfectum tendit in perfectionem. Et ideo tam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3647 appetitus naturalis, quam voluntarius, tendit ut habeat ipsum finem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3648 realiter, quod est perfecte habere ipsum. Et haec est secunda
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3649 habitudo voluntatis ad volitum. Volitum autem non solum est finis,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3650 sed id quod est ad finem. Ultimum autem quod pertinet ad primam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3651 habitudinem voluntatis, respectu eius quod est ad finem, est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3652 electio, ibi enim completur proportio voluntatis, ut complete velit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3653 id quod est ad finem. Sed usus iam pertinet ad secundam habitudinem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3654 voluntatis, qua tendit ad consequendum rem volitam. Unde manifestum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3655 est quod usus sequitur electionem, si tamen accipiatur usus,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3656 secundum quod voluntas utitur executiva potentia movendo ipsam. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3657 quia voluntas etiam quodammodo rationem movet, et utitur ea, potest
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3658 intelligi usus eius quod est ad finem, secundum quod est in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3659 consideratione rationis referentis ipsum in finem. Et hoc modo usus
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3660 praecedit electionem.</p><p title="I-II q. 16 a. 4 ad 1"><a name="34179"><span class="ref">[34179] Iª-IIae q. 16 a. 4 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3661 ergo dicendum quod ipsam executionem operis praecedit motio qua
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3662 voluntas movet ad exequendum, sequitur autem electionem. Et sic,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3663 cum usus pertineat ad praedictam motionem voluntatis, medium est
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3664 inter electionem et executionem.</p><p title="I-II q. 16 a. 4 ad 2"><a name="34180"><span class="ref">[34180] Iª-IIae q. 16 a. 4 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3665 dicendum quod id quod est per essentiam suam relatum, posterius est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3666 absoluto, sed id cui attribuuntur relationes, non oportet quod sit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3667 posterius. Immo quanto causa est prior, tanto habet relationem ad
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3668 plures effectus.</p><p title="I-II q. 16 a. 4 ad 3"><a name="34181"><span class="ref">[34181] Iª-IIae q. 16 a. 4 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3669 dicendum quod electio praecedit usum, si referantur ad idem. Nihil
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3670 autem prohibet quod usus unius praecedat electionem alterius. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3671 quia actus voluntatis reflectuntur supra seipsos, in quolibet actu
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3672 voluntatis potest accipi et consensus, et electio, et usus, ut si
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3673 dicatur quod voluntas consentit se eligere, et consentit se
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3674 consentire, et utitur se ad consentiendum et eligendum. Et semper
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3675 isti actus ordinati ad id quod est prius, sunt priores.</p></div></div><div class="q" id="q17"><h2>Quaestio 17</h2><div class="p"><h3>Prooemium</h3><p title="I-II q. 17 pr."><a name="34182"><span class="ref">[34182]
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3676 Iª-IIae q. 17 pr.</span></a> Deinde considerandum est de
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3677 actibus imperatis a voluntate. Et circa hoc quaeruntur novem.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3678 Primo, utrum imperare sit actus voluntatis, vel rationis. Secundo,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3679 utrum imperare pertineat ad bruta animalia. Tertio, de ordine
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3680 imperii ad usum. Quarto, utrum imperium et actus imperatus sint
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3681 unus actus, vel diversi. Quinto, utrum actus voluntatis imperetur.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3682 Sexto, utrum actus rationis. Septimo, utrum actus appetitus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3683 sensitivi. Octavo, utrum actus animae vegetabilis. Nono, utrum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3684 actus exteriorum membrorum.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 1</h3><p title="I-II q. 17 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="34183"><span class="ref">[34183] Iª-IIae q. 17 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3685 sic proceditur. Videtur quod imperare non sit actus rationis, sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3686 voluntatis. Imperare enim est movere quoddam, dicit enim Avicenna
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3687 quod quadruplex est movens, scilicet perficiens, disponens,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3688 imperans et consilians. Sed ad voluntatem pertinet movere omnes
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3689 alias vires animae, ut dictum est supra. Ergo imperare est actus
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3690 voluntatis.</p><p title="I-II q. 17 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="34184"><span class="ref">[34184] Iª-IIae q. 17 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3691 sicut imperari pertinet ad id quod est subiectum, ita imperare
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3692 pertinere videtur ad id quod est maxime liberum. Sed radix
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3693 libertatis est maxime in voluntate. Ergo voluntatis est
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3694 imperare.</p><p title="I-II q. 17 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="34185"><span class="ref">[34185] Iª-IIae q. 17 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3695 ad imperium statim sequitur actus. Sed ad actum rationis non statim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3696 sequitur actus, non enim qui iudicat aliquid esse faciendum, statim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3697 illud operatur. Ergo imperare non est actus rationis, sed
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3698 voluntatis.</p><p title="I-II q. 17 a. 1 s. c."><a name="34186"><span class="ref">[34186] Iª-IIae q. 17 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3699 est quod Gregorius Nyssenus dicit, et etiam philosophus quod
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3700 appetitivum obedit rationi. Ergo rationis est imperare.</p><p title="I-II q. 17 a. 1 co."><a name="34187"><span class="ref">[34187] Iª-IIae q. 17 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3701 dicendum quod imperare est actus rationis, praesupposito tamen actu
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3702 voluntatis. Ad cuius evidentiam, considerandum est quod, quia actus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3703 voluntatis et rationis supra se invicem possunt ferri, prout
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3704 scilicet ratio ratiocinatur de volendo, et voluntas vult
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3705 ratiocinari; contingit actum voluntatis praeveniri ab actu
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3706 rationis, et e converso. Et quia virtus prioris actus remanet in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3707 actu sequenti, contingit quandoque quod est aliquis actus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3708 voluntatis, secundum quod manet virtute in ipso aliquid de actu
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3709 rationis, ut dictum est de usu et de electione; et e converso
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3710 aliquis est actus rationis, secundum quod virtute manet in ipso
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3711 aliquid de actu voluntatis. Imperare autem est quidem essentialiter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3712 actus rationis, imperans enim ordinat eum cui imperat, ad aliquid
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3713 agendum, intimando vel denuntiando; sic autem ordinare per modum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3714 cuiusdam intimationis, est rationis. Sed ratio potest aliquid
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3715 intimare vel denuntiare dupliciter. Uno modo, absolute, quae quidem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3716 intimatio exprimitur per verbum indicativi modi; sicut si aliquis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3717 alicui dicat, hoc est tibi faciendum. Aliquando autem ratio intimat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3718 aliquid alicui, movendo ipsum ad hoc, et talis intimatio exprimitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3719 per verbum imperativi modi; puta cum alicui dicitur, fac hoc.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3720 Primum autem movens in viribus animae ad exercitium actus, est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3721 voluntas, ut supra dictum est. Cum ergo secundum movens non moveat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3722 nisi in virtute primi moventis, sequitur quod hoc ipsum quod ratio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3723 movet imperando, sit ei ex virtute voluntatis. Unde relinquitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3724 quod imperare sit actus rationis, praesupposito actu voluntatis, in
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3725 cuius virtute ratio movet per imperium ad exercitium actus.</p><p title="I-II q. 17 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="34188"><span class="ref">[34188] Iª-IIae q. 17 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3726 ergo dicendum quod imperare non est movere quocumque modo, sed cum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3727 quadam intimatione denuntiativa ad alterum. Quod est rationis.</p><p title="I-II q. 17 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="34189"><span class="ref">[34189] Iª-IIae q. 17 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3728 dicendum quod radix libertatis est voluntas sicut subiectum, sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3729 sicut causa, est ratio. Ex hoc enim voluntas libere potest ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3730 diversa ferri, quia ratio potest habere diversas conceptiones boni.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3731 Et ideo philosophi definiunt liberum arbitrium quod est liberum de
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3732 ratione iudicium, quasi ratio sit causa libertatis.</p><p title="I-II q. 17 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="34190"><span class="ref">[34190] Iª-IIae q. 17 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3733 dicendum quod ratio illa concludit quod imperium non sit actus
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3734 rationis absolute, sed cum quadam motione, ut dictum est.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 2</h3><p title="I-II q. 17 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="34191"><span class="ref">[34191] Iª-IIae q. 17 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3735 sic proceditur. Videtur quod imperare conveniat brutis animalibus.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3736 Quia secundum Avicennam, <i>virtus imperans motum est appetitiva,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3737 et virtus exequens motum est in musculis et in nervis</i>. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3738 utraque virtus est in brutis animalibus. Ergo imperium invenitur in
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3739 brutis animalibus.</p><p title="I-II q. 17 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="34192"><span class="ref">[34192] Iª-IIae q. 17 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3740 de ratione servi est quod ei imperetur. Sed corpus comparatur ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3741 animam sicut servus ad dominum, sicut dicit philosophus in I Polit.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3742 Ergo corpori imperatur ab anima, etiam in brutis, quae sunt
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3743 composita ex anima et corpore.</p><p title="I-II q. 17 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="34193"><span class="ref">[34193] Iª-IIae q. 17 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3744 per imperium homo facit impetum ad opus. Sed impetus in opus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3745 invenitur in brutis animalibus, ut Damascenus dicit. Ergo in brutis
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3746 animalibus invenitur imperium.</p><p title="I-II q. 17 a. 2 s. c."><a name="34194"><span class="ref">[34194] Iª-IIae q. 17 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3747 imperium est actus rationis, ut dictum est. Sed in brutis non est
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3748 ratio. Ergo neque imperium.</p><p title="I-II q. 17 a. 2 co."><a name="34195"><span class="ref">[34195] Iª-IIae q. 17 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3749 dicendum quod imperare nihil aliud est quam ordinare aliquem ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3750 aliquid agendum, cum quadam intimativa motione. Ordinare autem est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3751 proprius actus rationis. Unde impossibile est quod in brutis
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3752 animalibus, in quibus non est ratio, sit aliquo modo imperium.</p><p title="I-II q. 17 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="34196"><span class="ref">[34196] Iª-IIae q. 17 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3753 ergo dicendum quod vis appetitiva dicitur imperare motum, inquantum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3754 movet rationem imperantem. Sed hoc est solum in hominibus. In
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3755 brutis autem animalibus virtus appetitiva non est proprie
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3756 imperativa, nisi imperativum sumatur large pro motivo.</p><p title="I-II q. 17 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="34197"><span class="ref">[34197] Iª-IIae q. 17 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3757 dicendum quod in brutis animalibus corpus quidem habet unde
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3758 obediat, sed anima non habet unde imperet, quia non habet unde
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3759 ordinet. Et ideo non est ibi ratio imperantis et imperati; sed
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3760 solum moventis et moti.</p><p title="I-II q. 17 a. 2 ad 3"><a name="34198"><span class="ref">[34198] Iª-IIae q. 17 a. 2 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3761 dicendum quod aliter invenitur impetus ad opus in brutis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3762 animalibus, et aliter in hominibus. Homines enim faciunt impetum ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3763 opus per ordinationem rationis, unde habet in eis impetus rationem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3764 imperii. In brutis autem fit impetus ad opus per instinctum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3765 naturae, quia scilicet appetitus eorum statim apprehenso
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3766 convenienti vel inconvenienti, naturaliter movetur ad prosecutionem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3767 vel fugam. Unde ordinantur ab alio ad agendum, non autem ipsa
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3768 seipsa ordinant ad actionem. Et ideo in eis est impetus, sed non
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3769 imperium.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 3</h3><p title="I-II q. 17 a. 3 arg. 1"><a name="34199"><span class="ref">[34199] Iª-IIae q. 17 a. 3 arg. 1</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3770 sic proceditur. Videtur quod usus praecedat imperium. Imperium enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3771 est actus rationis praesupponens actum voluntatis, ut supra dictum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3772 est. Sed usus est actus voluntatis, ut supra dictum est. Ergo usus
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3773 praecedit imperium.</p><p title="I-II q. 17 a. 3 arg. 2"><a name="34200"><span class="ref">[34200] Iª-IIae q. 17 a. 3 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3774 imperium est aliquid eorum quae ad finem ordinantur. Eorum autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3775 quae sunt ad finem, est usus. Ergo videtur quod usus sit prius quam
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3776 imperium.</p><p title="I-II q. 17 a. 3 arg. 3"><a name="34201"><span class="ref">[34201] Iª-IIae q. 17 a. 3 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3777 omnis actus potentiae motae a voluntate, usus dicitur, quia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3778 voluntas utitur aliis potentiis, ut supra dictum est. Sed imperium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3779 est actus rationis prout mota est a voluntate, sicut dictum est.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3780 Ergo imperium est quidam usus. Commune autem est prius proprio.
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3781 Ergo usus est prius quam imperium.</p><p title="I-II q. 17 a. 3 s. c."><a name="34202"><span class="ref">[34202] Iª-IIae q. 17 a. 3 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3782 est quod Damascenus dicit, quod impetus ad operationem praecedit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3783 usum. Sed impetus ad operationem fit per imperium. Ergo imperium
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3784 praecedit usum.</p><p title="I-II q. 17 a. 3 co."><a name="34203"><span class="ref">[34203] Iª-IIae q. 17 a. 3 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3785 dicendum quod usus eius quod est ad finem, secundum quod est in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3786 ratione referente ipsum in finem, praecedit electionem, ut supra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3787 dictum est. Unde multo magis praecedit imperium. Sed usus eius quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3788 est ad finem, secundum quod subditur potentiae executivae, sequitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3789 imperium, eo quod usus utentis coniunctus est cum actu eius quo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3790 quis utitur; non enim utitur aliquis baculo, antequam aliquo modo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3791 per baculum operetur. Imperium autem non est simul cum actu eius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3792 cui imperatur, sed naturaliter prius est imperium quam imperio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3793 obediatur, et aliquando etiam est prius tempore. Unde manifestum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3794 est quod imperium est prius quam usus.</p><p title="I-II q. 17 a. 3 ad 1"><a name="34204"><span class="ref">[34204] Iª-IIae q. 17 a. 3 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3795 ergo dicendum quod non omnis actus voluntatis praecedit hunc actum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3796 rationis qui est imperium, sed aliquis praecedit, scilicet electio;
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3797 et aliquis sequitur, scilicet usus. Quia post determinationem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3798 consilii, quae est iudicium rationis, voluntas eligit; et post
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3799 electionem, ratio imperat ei per quod agendum est quod eligitur; et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3800 tunc demum voluntas alicuius incipit uti, exequendo imperium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3801 rationis; quandoque quidem voluntas alterius, cum aliquis imperat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3802 alteri; quandoque autem voluntas ipsius imperantis, cum aliquis
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3803 imperat sibi ipsi.</p><p title="I-II q. 17 a. 3 ad 2"><a name="34205"><span class="ref">[34205] Iª-IIae q. 17 a. 3 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3804 dicendum quod, sicut actus sunt praevii potentiis, ita obiecta
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3805 actibus. Obiectum autem usus est id quod est ad finem. Ex hoc ergo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3806 quod ipsum imperium est ad finem, magis potest concludi quod
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3807 imperium sit prius usu, quam quod sit posterius.</p><p title="I-II q. 17 a. 3 ad 3"><a name="34206"><span class="ref">[34206] Iª-IIae q. 17 a. 3 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3808 dicendum quod, sicut actus voluntatis utentis ratione ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3809 imperandum, praecedit ipsum imperium; ita etiam potest dici quod et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3810 istum usum voluntatis praecedit aliquod imperium rationis, eo quod
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3811 actus harum potentiarum supra seipsos invicem reflectuntur.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 4</h3><p title="I-II q. 17 a. 4 arg. 1"><a name="34207"><span class="ref">[34207] Iª-IIae q. 17 a. 4 arg. 1</span></a> Ad quartum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3812 sic proceditur. Videtur quod actus imperatus non sit unus actus cum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3813 ipso imperio. Diversarum enim potentiarum diversi sunt actus. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3814 alterius potentiae est actus imperatus, et alterius ipsum imperium,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3815 quia alia est potentia quae imperat, et alia cui imperatur. Ergo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3816 non est idem actus imperatus cum imperio.</p><p title="I-II q. 17 a. 4 arg. 2"><a name="34208"><span class="ref">[34208] Iª-IIae q. 17 a. 4 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3817 quaecumque possunt ab invicem separari, sunt diversa, nihil enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3818 separatur a seipso. Sed aliquando actus imperatus separatur ab
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3819 imperio, praecedit enim quandoque imperium, et non sequitur actus
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3820 imperatus. Ergo alius actus est imperium ab actu imperato.</p><p title="I-II q. 17 a. 4 arg. 3"><a name="34209"><span class="ref">[34209] Iª-IIae q. 17 a. 4 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3821 quaecumque se habent secundum prius et posterius, sunt diversa. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3822 imperium naturaliter praecedit actum imperatum. Ergo sunt
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3823 diversa.</p><p title="I-II q. 17 a. 4 s. c."><a name="34210"><span class="ref">[34210] Iª-IIae q. 17 a. 4 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3824 est quod philosophus dicit, quod <i>ubi est unum propter alterum,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3825 ibi est unum tantum</i>. Sed actus imperatus non est nisi propter
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3826 imperium. Ergo sunt unum.</p><p title="I-II q. 17 a. 4 co."><a name="34211"><span class="ref">[34211] Iª-IIae q. 17 a. 4 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3827 dicendum quod nihil prohibet aliqua esse secundum quid multa, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3828 secundum quid unum. Quinimmo omnia multa sunt secundum aliquid
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3829 unum, ut Dionysius dicit, ult. cap. de Div. Nom. Est tamen
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3830 differentia attendenda in hoc, quod quaedam sunt simpliciter multa,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3831 et secundum quid unum, quaedam vero e converso. Unum autem hoc modo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3832 dicitur sicut et ens. Ens autem simpliciter est substantia, sed ens
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3833 secundum quid est accidens, vel etiam ens rationis. Et ideo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3834 quaecumque sunt unum secundum substantiam, sunt unum simpliciter,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3835 et multa secundum quid. Sicut totum in genere substantiae,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3836 compositum ex suis partibus vel integralibus vel essentialibus, est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3837 unum simpliciter, nam totum est ens et substantia simpliciter,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3838 partes vero sunt entia et substantiae in toto. Quae vero sunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3839 diversa secundum substantiam, et unum secundum accidens, sunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3840 diversa simpliciter, et unum secundum quid, sicut multi homines
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3841 sunt unus populus, et multi lapides sunt unus acervus; quae est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3842 unitas compositionis, aut ordinis. Similiter etiam multa individua,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3843 quae sunt unum genere vel specie, sunt simpliciter multa, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3844 secundum quid unum, nam esse unum genere vel specie, est esse unum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3845 secundum rationem. Sicut autem in genere rerum naturalium, aliquod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3846 totum componitur ex materia et forma, ut homo ex anima et corpore,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3847 qui est unum ens naturale, licet habeat multitudinem partium; ita
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3848 etiam in actibus humanis, actus inferioris potentiae materialiter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3849 se habet ad actum superioris, inquantum inferior potentia agit in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3850 virtute superioris moventis ipsam, sic enim et actus moventis primi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3851 formaliter se habet ad actum instrumenti. Unde patet quod imperium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3852 et actus imperatus sunt unus actus humanus, sicut quoddam totum est
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3853 unum, sed est secundum partes multa.</p><p title="I-II q. 17 a. 4 ad 1"><a name="34212"><span class="ref">[34212] Iª-IIae q. 17 a. 4 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3854 ergo dicendum quod, si essent potentiae diversae ad invicem non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3855 ordinatae, actus earum essent simpliciter diversi. Sed quando una
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3856 potentia est movens alteram, tunc actus earum sunt quodammodo unus,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3857 nam idem est actus moventis et moti, ut dicitur in III Physic.</p><p title="I-II q. 17 a. 4 ad 2"><a name="34213"><span class="ref">[34213] Iª-IIae q. 17 a. 4 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3858 dicendum quod ex hoc quod imperium et actus imperatus possunt ab
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3859 invicem separari, habetur quod sunt multa partibus. Nam partes
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3860 hominis possunt ab invicem separari, quae tamen sunt unum toto.</p><p title="I-II q. 17 a. 4 ad 3"><a name="34214"><span class="ref">[34214] Iª-IIae q. 17 a. 4 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3861 dicendum quod nihil prohibet in his quae sunt multa partibus et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3862 unum toto, unum esse prius alio. Sicut anima quodammodo est prius
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3863 corpore, et cor est prius aliis membris.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 5</h3><p title="I-II q. 17 a. 5 arg. 1"><a name="34215"><span class="ref">[34215] Iª-IIae q. 17 a. 5 arg. 1</span></a> Ad quintum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3864 sic proceditur. Videtur quod actus voluntatis non sit imperatus.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3865 Dicit enim Augustinus, in VIII Confess., <i>imperat animus ut velit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3866 animus, nec tamen facit</i>. Velle autem est actus voluntatis. Ergo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3867 actus voluntatis non imperatur.</p><p title="I-II q. 17 a. 5 arg. 2"><a name="34216"><span class="ref">[34216] Iª-IIae q. 17 a. 5 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3868 ei convenit imperari, cui convenit imperium intelligere. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3869 voluntatis non est intelligere imperium, differt enim voluntas ab
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3870 intellectu, cuius est intelligere. Ergo actus voluntatis non
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3871 imperatur.</p><p title="I-II q. 17 a. 5 arg. 3"><a name="34217"><span class="ref">[34217] Iª-IIae q. 17 a. 5 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3872 si aliquis actus voluntatis imperatur, pari ratione omnes
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3873 imperantur. Sed si omnes actus voluntatis imperantur, necesse est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3874 in infinitum procedere, quia actus voluntatis praecedit actum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3875 imperantis rationis, ut dictum est; qui voluntatis actus si iterum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3876 imperatur, illud iterum imperium praecedet alius rationis actus, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3877 sic in infinitum. Hoc autem est inconveniens, quod procedatur in
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3878 infinitum. Non ergo actus voluntatis imperatur.</p><p title="I-II q. 17 a. 5 s. c."><a name="34218"><span class="ref">[34218] Iª-IIae q. 17 a. 5 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3879 omne quod est in potestate nostra, subiacet imperio nostro. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3880 actus voluntatis sunt maxime in potestate nostra, nam omnes actus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3881 nostri intantum dicuntur in potestate nostra esse, inquantum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3882 voluntarii sunt. Ergo actus voluntatis imperantur a nobis.</p><p title="I-II q. 17 a. 5 co."><a name="34219"><span class="ref">[34219] Iª-IIae q. 17 a. 5 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3883 dicendum quod, sicut dictum est, imperium nihil aliud est quam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3884 actus rationis ordinantis, cum quadam motione, aliquid ad agendum.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3885 Manifestum est autem quod ratio potest ordinare de actu voluntatis,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3886 sicut enim potest iudicare quod bonum sit aliquid velle, ita potest
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3887 ordinare imperando quod homo velit. Ex quo patet quod actus
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3888 voluntatis potest esse imperatus.</p><p title="I-II q. 17 a. 5 ad 1"><a name="34220"><span class="ref">[34220] Iª-IIae q. 17 a. 5 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3889 ergo dicendum quod, sicut Augustinus ibidem dicit, animus, quando
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3890 perfecte imperat sibi ut velit, tunc iam vult, sed quod aliquando
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3891 imperet et non velit, hoc contingit ex hoc quod non perfecte
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3892 imperat. Imperfectum autem imperium contingit ex hoc, quod ratio ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3893 diversis partibus movetur ad imperandum vel non imperandum, unde
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3894 fluctuat inter duo, et non perfecte imperat.</p><p title="I-II q. 17 a. 5 ad 2"><a name="34221"><span class="ref">[34221] Iª-IIae q. 17 a. 5 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3895 dicendum quod, sicut in membris corporalibus quodlibet membrum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3896 operatur non sibi soli, sed toti corpori, ut oculus videt toti
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3897 corpori; ita etiam est in potentiis animae. Nam intellectus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3898 intelligit non solum sibi, sed omnibus potentiis; et voluntas vult
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3899 non solum sibi, sed omnibus potentiis. Et ideo homo imperat sibi
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3900 ipsi actum voluntatis, inquantum est intelligens et volens.</p><p title="I-II q. 17 a. 5 ad 3"><a name="34222"><span class="ref">[34222] Iª-IIae q. 17 a. 5 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3901 dicendum quod, cum imperium sit actus rationis, ille actus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3902 imperatur, qui rationi subditur. Primus autem voluntatis actus non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3903 est ex rationis ordinatione, sed ex instinctu naturae, aut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3904 superioris causae, ut supra dictum est. Et ideo non oportet quod in
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3905 infinitum procedatur.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 6</h3><p title="I-II q. 17 a. 6 arg. 1"><a name="34223"><span class="ref">[34223] Iª-IIae q. 17 a. 6 arg. 1</span></a> Ad sextum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3906 sic proceditur. Videtur quod actus rationis non possit esse
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3907 imperatus. Inconveniens enim videtur quod aliquid imperet sibi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3908 ipsi. Sed ratio est quae imperat, ut supra dictum est. Ergo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3909 rationis actus non imperatur.</p><p title="I-II q. 17 a. 6 arg. 2"><a name="34224"><span class="ref">[34224] Iª-IIae q. 17 a. 6 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3910 id quod est per essentiam, diversum est ab eo quod est per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3911 participationem. Sed potentia cuius actus imperatur a ratione, est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3912 ratio per participationem, ut dicitur in I Ethic. Ergo illius
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3913 potentiae actus non imperatur, quae est ratio per essentiam.</p><p title="I-II q. 17 a. 6 arg. 3"><a name="34225"><span class="ref">[34225] Iª-IIae q. 17 a. 6 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3914 ille actus imperatur, qui est in potestate nostra. Sed cognoscere
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3915 et iudicare verum, quod est actus rationis, non est semper in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3916 potestate nostra. Non ergo actus rationis potest esse
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3917 imperatus.</p><p title="I-II q. 17 a. 6 s. c."><a name="34226"><span class="ref">[34226] Iª-IIae q. 17 a. 6 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3918 id quod libero arbitrio agimus, nostro imperio agi potest. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3919 actus rationis exercentur per liberum arbitrium, dicit enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3920 Damascenus quod <i>libero arbitrio homo exquirit, et scrutatur, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3921 iudicat, et disponit</i>. Ergo actus rationis possunt esse
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3922 imperati.</p><p title="I-II q. 17 a. 6 co."><a name="34227"><span class="ref">[34227] Iª-IIae q. 17 a. 6 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3923 dicendum quod, quia ratio supra seipsam reflectitur, sicut ordinat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3924 de actibus aliarum potentiarum, ita etiam potest ordinare de actu
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3925 suo. Unde etiam actus suus potest esse imperatus. Sed attendendum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3926 est quod actus rationis potest considerari dupliciter. Uno modo,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3927 quantum ad exercitium actus. Et sic actus rationis semper imperari
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3928 potest, sicut cum indicitur alicui quod attendat, et ratione
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3929 utatur. Alio modo, quantum ad obiectum, respectu cuius, duo actus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3930 rationis attenduntur. Primo quidem, ut veritatem circa aliquid
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3931 apprehendat. Et hoc non est in potestate nostra, hoc enim contingit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3932 per virtutem alicuius luminis, vel naturalis vel supernaturalis. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3933 ideo quantum ad hoc, actus rationis non est in potestate nostra,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3934 nec imperari potest. Alius autem actus rationis est, dum his quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3935 apprehendit assentit. Si igitur fuerint talia apprehensa, quibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3936 naturaliter intellectus assentiat, sicut prima principia, assensus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3937 talium vel dissensus non est in potestate nostra, sed in ordine
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3938 naturae, et ideo, proprie loquendo, nec imperio subiacet. Sunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3939 autem quaedam apprehensa, quae non adeo convincunt intellectum,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3940 quin possit assentire vel dissentire, vel saltem assensum vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3941 dissensum suspendere, propter aliquam causam, et in talibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3942 assensus ipse vel dissensus in potestate nostra est, et sub imperio
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3943 cadit.</p><p title="I-II q. 17 a. 6 ad 1"><a name="34228"><span class="ref">[34228] Iª-IIae q. 17 a. 6 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3944 ergo dicendum quod ratio hoc modo imperat sibi ipsi, sicut et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3945 voluntas movet seipsam, ut supra dictum est, inquantum scilicet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3946 utraque potentia reflectitur supra suum actum, et ex uno in aliud
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3947 tendit.</p><p title="I-II q. 17 a. 6 ad 2"><a name="34229"><span class="ref">[34229] Iª-IIae q. 17 a. 6 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3948 dicendum quod, propter diversitatem obiectorum quae actui rationis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3949 subduntur, nihil prohibet rationem seipsam participare, sicut in
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3950 cognitione conclusionum participatur cognitio principiorum.</p><p title="I-II q. 17 a. 6 ad 3"><a name="34230"><span class="ref">[34230] Iª-IIae q. 17 a. 6 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3951 patet responsio ex dictis.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 7</h3><p title="I-II q. 17 a. 7 arg. 1"><a name="34231"><span class="ref">[34231] Iª-IIae q. 17 a. 7 arg. 1</span></a> Ad septimum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3952 sic proceditur. Videtur quod actus sensitivi appetitus non sit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3953 imperatus. Dicit enim apostolus, Rom. VII, <i>non enim quod volo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3954 bonum, hoc ago</i>, et Glossa exponit quod homo vult non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3955 concupiscere, et tamen concupiscit. Sed concupiscere est actus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3956 appetitus sensitivi. Ergo actus appetitus sensitivi non subditur
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3957 imperio nostro.</p><p title="I-II q. 17 a. 7 arg. 2"><a name="34232"><span class="ref">[34232] Iª-IIae q. 17 a. 7 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3958 materia corporalis soli Deo obedit, quantum ad transmutationem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3959 formalem, ut in primo habitum est. Sed actus appetitus sensitivi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3960 habet quandam formalem transmutationem corporis, scilicet calorem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3961 vel frigus. Ergo actus appetitus sensitivi non subditur imperio
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3962 humano.</p><p title="I-II q. 17 a. 7 arg. 3"><a name="34233"><span class="ref">[34233] Iª-IIae q. 17 a. 7 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3963 proprium motivum appetitus sensitivi est apprehensum secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3964 sensum vel imaginationem. Sed non est in potestate nostra semper
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3965 quod aliquid apprehendamus sensu vel imaginatione. Ergo actus
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3966 appetitus sensitivi non subiacet imperio nostro.</p><p title="I-II q. 17 a. 7 s. c."><a name="34234"><span class="ref">[34234] Iª-IIae q. 17 a. 7 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3967 est quod Gregorius Nyssenus dicit, quod <i>obediens rationi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3968 dividitur in duo, in desiderativum et irascitivum</i>, quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3969 pertinent ad appetitum sensitivum. Ergo actus appetitus sensitivi
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3970 subiacet imperio rationis.</p><p title="I-II q. 17 a. 7 co."><a name="34235"><span class="ref">[34235] Iª-IIae q. 17 a. 7 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3971 dicendum quod secundum hoc aliquis actus imperio nostro subiacet,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3972 prout est in potestate nostra, ut supra dictum est. Et ideo ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3973 intelligendum qualiter actus appetitus sensitivi subdatur imperio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3974 rationis, oportet considerare qualiter sit in potestate nostra. Est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3975 autem sciendum quod appetitus sensitivus in hoc differt ab appetitu
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3976 intellectivo, qui dicitur voluntas, quod appetitus sensitivus est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3977 virtus organi corporalis, non autem voluntas. Omnis autem actus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3978 virtutis utentis organo corporali, dependet non solum ex potentia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3979 animae, sed etiam ex corporalis organi dispositione, sicut visio ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3980 potentia visiva, et qualitate oculi, per quam iuvatur vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3981 impeditur. Unde et actus appetitus sensitivi non solum dependet ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3982 vi appetitiva, sed etiam ex dispositione corporis. Illud autem quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3983 est ex parte potentiae animae, sequitur apprehensionem. Apprehensio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3984 autem imaginationis, cum sit particularis, regulatur ab
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3985 apprehensione rationis, quae est universalis, sicut virtus activa
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3986 particularis a virtute activa universali. Et ideo ex ista parte,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3987 actus appetitus sensitivi subiacet imperio rationis. Qualitas autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3988 et dispositio corporis non subiacet imperio rationis. Et ideo ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3989 hac parte, impeditur quin motus sensitivi appetitus totaliter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3990 subdatur imperio rationis. Contingit etiam quandoque quod motus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3991 appetitus sensitivi subito concitatur ad apprehensionem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3992 imaginationis vel sensus. Et tunc ille motus est praeter imperium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3993 rationis, quamvis potuisset impediri a ratione, si praevidisset.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3994 Unde philosophus dicit, in I Polit., quod ratio praeest irascibili
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3995 et concupiscibili non principatu despotico, qui est domini ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3996 servum; sed principatu politico aut regali, qui est ad liberos, qui
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3997 non totaliter subduntur imperio.</p><p title="I-II q. 17 a. 7 ad 1"><a name="34236"><span class="ref">[34236] Iª-IIae q. 17 a. 7 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3998 ergo dicendum quod hoc quod homo vult non concupiscere, et tamen
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3999 concupiscit, contingit ex dispositione corporis, per quam impeditur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4000 appetitus sensitivus ne totaliter sequatur imperium rationis. Unde
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4001 et apostolus ibidem subdit, <i>video aliam legem in membris meis,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4002 repugnantem legi mentis meae</i>. Hoc etiam contingit propter
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4003 subitum motum concupiscentiae, ut dictum est.</p><p title="I-II q. 17 a. 7 ad 2"><a name="34237"><span class="ref">[34237] Iª-IIae q. 17 a. 7 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4004 dicendum quod qualitas corporalis dupliciter se habet ad actum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4005 appetitus sensitivi. Uno modo, ut praecedens, prout aliquis est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4006 aliqualiter dispositus secundum corpus, ad hanc vel illam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4007 passionem. Alio modo, ut consequens, sicut cum ex ira aliquis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4008 incalescit. Qualitas igitur praecedens non subiacet imperio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4009 rationis, quia vel est ex natura, vel ex aliqua praecedenti
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4010 motione, quae non statim quiescere potest. Sed qualitas consequens
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4011 sequitur imperium rationis, quia sequitur motum localem cordis,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4012 quod diversimode movetur secundum diversos actus sensitivi
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4013 appetitus.</p><p title="I-II q. 17 a. 7 ad 3"><a name="34238"><span class="ref">[34238] Iª-IIae q. 17 a. 7 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4014 dicendum quod, quia ad apprehensionem sensus requiritur sensibile
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4015 exterius, non est in potestate nostra apprehendere aliquid sensu,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4016 nisi sensibili praesente; cuius praesentia non semper est in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4017 potestate nostra. Tunc enim homo potest uti sensu cum voluerit,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4018 nisi sit impedimentum ex parte organi. Apprehensio autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4019 imaginationis subiacet ordinationi rationis, secundum modum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4020 virtutis vel debilitatis imaginativae potentiae. Quod enim homo non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4021 possit imaginari quae ratio considerat, contingit vel ex hoc quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4022 non sunt imaginabilia, sicut incorporalia; vel propter debilitatem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4023 virtutis imaginativae, quae est ex aliqua indispositione
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4024 organi.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 8</h3><p title="I-II q. 17 a. 8 arg. 1"><a name="34239"><span class="ref">[34239] Iª-IIae q. 17 a. 8 arg. 1</span></a> Ad octavum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4025 sic proceditur. Videtur quod actus vegetabilis animae imperio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4026 rationis subdantur. Vires enim sensitivae nobiliores sunt viribus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4027 animae vegetabilis. Sed vires animae sensitivae subduntur imperio
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4028 rationis. Ergo multo magis vires animae vegetabilis.</p><p title="I-II q. 17 a. 8 arg. 2"><a name="34240"><span class="ref">[34240] Iª-IIae q. 17 a. 8 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4029 homo dicitur minor mundus, quia sic est anima in corpore, sicut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4030 Deus in mundo. Sed Deus sic est in mundo, quod omnia quae sunt in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4031 mundo, obediunt eius imperio. Ergo et omnia quae sunt in homine,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4032 obediunt imperio rationis, etiam vires vegetabilis animae.</p><p title="I-II q. 17 a. 8 arg. 3"><a name="34241"><span class="ref">[34241] Iª-IIae q. 17 a. 8 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4033 laus et vituperium non contingit nisi in actibus qui subduntur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4034 imperio rationis. Sed in actibus nutritivae et generativae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4035 potentiae, contingit esse laudem et vituperium, et virtutem et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4036 vitium, sicut patet in gula et luxuria, et virtutibus oppositis.
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4037 Ergo actus harum potentiarum subduntur imperio rationis.</p><p title="I-II q. 17 a. 8 s. c."><a name="34242"><span class="ref">[34242] Iª-IIae q. 17 a. 8 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4038 est quod Gregorius Nyssenus dicit, quod <i>id quod non persuadetur
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4039 a ratione, est nutritivum et generativum</i>.</p><p title="I-II q. 17 a. 8 co."><a name="34243"><span class="ref">[34243] Iª-IIae q. 17 a. 8 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4040 dicendum quod actuum quidam procedunt ex appetitu naturali, quidam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4041 autem ex appetitu animali vel intellectuali, omne enim agens aliquo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4042 modo appetit finem. Appetitus autem naturalis non consequitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4043 aliquam apprehensionem, sicut sequitur appetitus animalis et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4044 intellectualis. Ratio autem imperat per modum apprehensivae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4045 virtutis. Et ideo actus illi qui procedunt ab appetitu intellectivo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4046 vel animali, possunt a ratione imperari, non autem actus illi qui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4047 procedunt ex appetitu naturali. Huiusmodi autem sunt actus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4048 vegetabilis animae, unde Gregorius Nyssenus dicit quod vocatur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4049 naturale quod generativum et nutritivum. Et propter hoc, actus
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4050 vegetabilis animae non subduntur imperio rationis.</p><p title="I-II q. 17 a. 8 ad 1"><a name="34244"><span class="ref">[34244] Iª-IIae q. 17 a. 8 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4051 ergo dicendum quod, quanto aliquis actus est immaterialior, tanto
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4052 est nobilior, et magis subditus imperio rationis. Unde ex hoc ipso
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4053 quod vires animae vegetabilis non obediunt rationi, apparet has
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4054 vires infimas esse.</p><p title="I-II q. 17 a. 8 ad 2"><a name="34245"><span class="ref">[34245] Iª-IIae q. 17 a. 8 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4055 dicendum quod similitudo attenditur quantum ad aliquid, quia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4056 scilicet, sicut Deus movet mundum, ita anima movet corpus. Non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4057 autem quantum ad omnia, non enim anima creavit corpus ex nihilo,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4058 sicut Deus mundum; propter quod totaliter subditur eius
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4059 imperio.</p><p title="I-II q. 17 a. 8 ad 3"><a name="34246"><span class="ref">[34246] Iª-IIae q. 17 a. 8 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4060 dicendum quod virtus et vitium, laus et vituperium, non debentur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4061 ipsis actibus nutritivae vel generativae potentiae, qui sunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4062 digestio et formatio corporis humani; sed actibus sensitivae partis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4063 ordinatis ad actus generativae vel nutritivae; puta in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4064 concupiscendo delectationem cibi et venereorum, et utendo, secundum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4065 quod oportet, vel non secundum quod oportet.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 9</h3><p title="I-II q. 17 a. 9 arg. 1"><a name="34247"><span class="ref">[34247] Iª-IIae q. 17 a. 9 arg. 1</span></a> Ad nonum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4066 sic proceditur. Videtur quod membra corporis non obediant rationi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4067 quantum ad actus suos. Constat enim quod membra corporis magis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4068 distant a ratione quam vires animae vegetabilis. Sed vires animae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4069 vegetabilis non obediunt rationi, ut dictum est. Ergo multo minus
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4070 membra corporis.</p><p title="I-II q. 17 a. 9 arg. 2"><a name="34248"><span class="ref">[34248] Iª-IIae q. 17 a. 9 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4071 cor est principium motus animalis. Sed motus cordis non subditur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4072 imperio rationis, dicit enim Gregorius Nyssenus quod <i>pulsativum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4073 non est persuasibile ratione</i>. Ergo motus membrorum corporalium
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4074 non subiacet imperio rationis.</p><p title="I-II q. 17 a. 9 arg. 3"><a name="34249"><span class="ref">[34249] Iª-IIae q. 17 a. 9 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4075 Augustinus dicit, XIV de Civ. Dei, quod <i>motus membrorum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4076 genitalium aliquando importunus est, nullo poscente, aliquando
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4077 autem destituit inhiantem, et cum in animo concupiscentia ferveat,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4078 friget in corpore</i>. Ergo motus membrorum non obediunt
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4079 rationi.</p><p title="I-II q. 17 a. 9 s. c."><a name="34250"><span class="ref">[34250] Iª-IIae q. 17 a. 9 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4080 est quod Augustinus dicit, VIII Confess., <i>imperat animus ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4081 moveatur manus, et tanta est facilitas, ut vix a servitio
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4082 discernatur imperium</i>.</p><p title="I-II q. 17 a. 9 co."><a name="34251"><span class="ref">[34251] Iª-IIae q. 17 a. 9 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4083 dicendum quod membra corporis sunt organa quaedam potentiarum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4084 animae. Unde eo modo quo potentiae animae se habent ad hoc quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4085 obediant rationi, hoc modo se habent etiam corporis membra. Quia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4086 igitur vires sensitivae subduntur imperio rationis, non autem vires
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4087 naturales; ideo omnes motus membrorum quae moventur a potentiis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4088 sensitivis, subduntur imperio rationis; motus autem membrorum qui
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4089 consequuntur vires naturales, non subduntur imperio rationis.</p><p title="I-II q. 17 a. 9 ad 1"><a name="34252"><span class="ref">[34252] Iª-IIae q. 17 a. 9 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4090 ergo dicendum quod membra non movent seipsa, sed moventur per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4091 potentias animae; quarum quaedam sunt rationi viciniores quam vires
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4092 animae vegetabilis.</p><p title="I-II q. 17 a. 9 ad 2"><a name="34253"><span class="ref">[34253] Iª-IIae q. 17 a. 9 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4093 dicendum quod in his quae ad intellectum et voluntatem pertinent,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4094 primum invenitur id quod est secundum naturam, ex quo alia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4095 derivantur, ut a cognitione principiorum naturaliter notorum,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4096 cognitio conclusionum; et a voluntate finis naturaliter desiderati,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4097 derivatur electio eorum quae sunt ad finem. Ita etiam in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4098 corporalibus motibus principium est secundum naturam. Principium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4099 autem corporalis motus est a motu cordis. Unde motus cordis est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4100 secundum naturam, et non secundum voluntatem, consequitur enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4101 sicut per se accidens vitam, quae est ex unione animae et corporis.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4102 Sicut motus gravium et levium consequitur formam substantialem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4103 ipsorum, unde et a generante moveri dicuntur, secundum philosophum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4104 in VIII Physic. Et propter hoc motus iste vitalis dicitur. Unde
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4105 Gregorius Nyssenus dicit quod sicut generativum et nutritivum non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4106 obedit rationi, ita nec pulsativum, quod est vitale. Pulsativum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4107 autem appellat motum cordis, qui manifestatur per venas
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4108 pulsatiles.</p><p title="I-II q. 17 a. 9 ad 3"><a name="34254"><span class="ref">[34254] Iª-IIae q. 17 a. 9 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4109 dicendum quod, sicut Augustinus dicit in XIV de Civ. Dei, hoc quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4110 motus genitalium membrorum rationi non obedit, est ex poena
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4111 peccati, ut scilicet anima suae inobedientiae ad Deum in illo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4112 praecipue membro poenam inobedientiae patiatur, per quod peccatum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4113 originale ad posteros traducitur. Sed quia per peccatum primi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4114 parentis, ut infra dicetur, natura est sibi relicta, subtracto
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4115 supernaturali dono quod homini divinitus erat collatum; ideo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4116 consideranda est ratio naturalis quare motus huiusmodi membrorum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4117 specialiter rationi non obedit. Cuius causam assignat Aristoteles
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4118 in libro de causis motus animalium, dicens involuntarios esse motus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4119 cordis et membri pudendi, quia scilicet ex aliqua apprehensione
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4120 huiusmodi membra commoventur, inquantum scilicet intellectus et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4121 phantasia repraesentant aliqua ex quibus consequuntur passiones
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4122 animae, ad quas consequitur motus horum membrorum. Non tamen
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4123 moventur secundum iussum rationis aut intellectus, quia scilicet ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4124 motum horum membrorum requiritur aliqua alteratio naturalis,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4125 scilicet caliditatis et frigiditatis, quae quidem alteratio non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4126 subiacet imperio rationis. Specialiter autem hoc accidit in his
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4127 duobus membris, quia utrumque istorum membrorum est quasi quoddam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4128 animal separatum, inquantum est principium vitae, principium autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4129 est virtute totum. Cor enim principium est sensuum, et ex membro
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4130 genitali virtus exit seminalis, quae est virtute totum animal. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4131 ideo habent proprios motus naturaliter, quia principia oportet esse
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4132 naturalia, ut dictum est.</p></div></div><div class="q" id="q18"><h2>Quaestio 18</h2><div class="p"><h3>Prooemium</h3><p title="I-II q. 18 pr."><a name="34255"><span class="ref">[34255]
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4133 Iª-IIae q. 18 pr.</span></a> Post hoc considerandum est de
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4134 bonitate et malitia humanorum actuum. Et primo, quomodo actio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4135 humana sit bona vel mala; secundo, de his quae consequuntur ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4136 bonitatem vel malitiam humanorum actuum, puta meritum vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4137 demeritum, peccatum et culpa. Circa primum occurrit triplex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4138 consideratio, prima est de bonitate et malitia humanorum actuum in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4139 generali; secunda, de bonitate et malitia interiorum actuum;
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4140 tertia, de bonitate et malitia exteriorum actuum. Circa primum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4141 quaeruntur undecim. Primo, utrum omnis actio sit bona, vel aliqua
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4142 sit mala. Secundo, utrum actio hominis habeat quod sit bona vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4143 mala, ex obiecto. Tertio, utrum hoc habeat ex circumstantia.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4144 Quarto, utrum hoc habeat ex fine. Quinto, utrum aliqua actio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4145 hominis sit bona vel mala in sua specie. Sexto, utrum actus habeat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4146 speciem boni vel mali ex fine. Septimo, utrum species quae est ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4147 fine, contineatur sub specie quae est ex obiecto, sicut sub genere,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4148 aut e converso. Octavo, utrum sit aliquis actus indifferens
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4149 secundum suam speciem. Nono, utrum aliquis actus sit indifferens
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4150 secundum individuum. Decimo, utrum aliqua circumstantia constituat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4151 actum moralem in specie boni vel mali. Undecimo, utrum omnis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4152 circumstantia augens bonitatem vel malitiam, constituat actum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4153 moralem in specie boni vel mali.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 1</h3><p title="I-II q. 18 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="34256"><span class="ref">[34256] Iª-IIae q. 18 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4154 sic proceditur. Videtur quod omnis actio hominis sit bona, et nulla
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4155 sit mala. Dicit enim Dionysius, IV cap. de Div. Nom., quod malum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4156 non agit nisi virtute boni. Sed virtute boni non fit malum. Ergo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4157 nulla actio est mala.</p><p title="I-II q. 18 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="34257"><span class="ref">[34257] Iª-IIae q. 18 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4158 nihil agit nisi secundum quod est actu. Non est autem aliquid malum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4159 secundum quod est actu, sed secundum quod potentia privatur actu,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4160 inquantum autem potentia perficitur per actum, est bonum, ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4161 dicitur in IX Metaphys. Nihil ergo agit inquantum est malum, sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4162 solum inquantum est bonum. Omnis ergo actio est bona, et nulla
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4163 mala.</p><p title="I-II q. 18 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="34258"><span class="ref">[34258] Iª-IIae q. 18 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4164 malum non potest esse causa nisi per accidens, ut patet per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4165 Dionysium, IV cap. de Div. Nom. Sed omnis actionis est aliquis per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4166 se effectus. Nulla ergo actio est mala, sed omnis actio est
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4167 bona.</p><p title="I-II q. 18 a. 1 s. c."><a name="34259"><span class="ref">[34259] Iª-IIae q. 18 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4168 est quod dominus dicit, Ioan. III, <i>omnis qui male agit, odit
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4169 lucem</i>. Est ergo aliqua actio hominis mala.</p><p title="I-II q. 18 a. 1 co."><a name="34260"><span class="ref">[34260] Iª-IIae q. 18 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4170 dicendum quod de bono et malo in actionibus oportet loqui sicut de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4171 bono et malo in rebus, eo quod unaquaeque res talem actionem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4172 producit, qualis est ipsa. In rebus autem unumquodque tantum habet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4173 de bono, quantum habet de esse, bonum enim et ens convertuntur, ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4174 in primo dictum est. Solus autem Deus habet totam plenitudinem sui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4175 esse secundum aliquid unum et simplex, unaquaeque vero res alia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4176 habet plenitudinem essendi sibi convenientem secundum diversa. Unde
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4177 in aliquibus contingit quod quantum ad aliquid habent esse, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4178 tamen eis aliquid deficit ad plenitudinem essendi eis debitam.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4179 Sicut ad plenitudinem esse humani requiritur quod sit quoddam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4180 compositum ex anima et corpore, habens omnes potentias et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4181 instrumenta cognitionis et motus, unde si aliquid horum deficiat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4182 alicui homini deficit ei aliquid de plenitudine sui esse. Quantum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4183 igitur habet de esse, tantum habet de bonitate, inquantum vero
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4184 aliquid ei deficit de plenitudine essendi, intantum deficit a
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4185 bonitate, et dicitur malum, sicut homo caecus habet de bonitate
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4186 quod vivit, et malum est ei quod caret visu. Si vero nihil haberet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4187 de entitate vel bonitate, neque malum neque bonum dici posset. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4188 quia de ratione boni est ipsa plenitudo essendi, si quidem alicui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4189 aliquid defuerit de debita essendi plenitudine, non dicetur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4190 simpliciter bonum, sed secundum quid, inquantum est ens, poterit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4191 tamen dici simpliciter ens et secundum quid non ens, ut in primo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4192 dictum est. Sic igitur dicendum est quod omnis actio, inquantum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4193 habet aliquid de esse, intantum habet de bonitate, inquantum vero
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4194 deficit ei aliquid de plenitudine essendi quae debetur actioni
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4195 humanae, intantum deficit a bonitate, et sic dicitur mala, puta si
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4196 deficiat ei vel determinata quantitas secundum rationem, vel
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4197 debitus locus, vel aliquid huiusmodi.</p><p title="I-II q. 18 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="34261"><span class="ref">[34261] Iª-IIae q. 18 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4198 ergo dicendum quod malum agit in virtute boni deficientis. Si enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4199 nihil esset ibi de bono, neque esset ens, neque agere posset. Si
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4200 autem non esset deficiens, non esset malum. Unde et actio causata
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4201 est quoddam bonum deficiens, quod secundum quid est bonum,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4202 simpliciter autem malum.</p><p title="I-II q. 18 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="34262"><span class="ref">[34262] Iª-IIae q. 18 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4203 dicendum quod nihil prohibet aliquid esse secundum quid in actu,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4204 unde agere possit; et secundum aliud privari actu, unde causet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4205 deficientem actionem. Sicut homo caecus actu habet virtutem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4206 gressivam, per quam ambulare potest, sed inquantum caret visu, qui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4207 dirigit in ambulando, patitur defectum in ambulando, dum ambulat
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4208 cespitando.</p><p title="I-II q. 18 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="34263"><span class="ref">[34263] Iª-IIae q. 18 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4209 dicendum quod actio mala potest habere aliquem effectum per se,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4210 secundum id quod habet de bonitate et entitate. Sicut adulterium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4211 est causa generationis humanae, inquantum habet commixtionem maris
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4212 et feminae, non autem inquantum caret ordine rationis.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 2</h3><p title="I-II q. 18 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="34264"><span class="ref">[34264] Iª-IIae q. 18 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4213 sic proceditur. Videtur quod actio non habeat bonitatem vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4214 malitiam ex obiecto. Obiectum enim actionis est res. In rebus autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4215 non est malum, sed in usu peccantium, ut Augustinus dicit in libro
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4216 III de Doct. Christ. Ergo actio humana non habet bonitatem vel
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4217 malitiam ex obiecto.</p><p title="I-II q. 18 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="34265"><span class="ref">[34265] Iª-IIae q. 18 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4218 obiectum comparatur ad actionem ut materia. Bonitas autem rei non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4219 est ex materia, sed magis ex forma, quae est actus. Ergo bonum et
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4220 malum non est in actibus ex obiecto.</p><p title="I-II q. 18 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="34266"><span class="ref">[34266] Iª-IIae q. 18 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4221 obiectum potentiae activae comparatur ad actionem sicut effectus ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4222 causam. Sed bonitas causae non dependet ex effectu, sed magis e
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4223 converso. Ergo actio humana non habet bonitatem vel malitiam ex
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4224 obiecto.</p><p title="I-II q. 18 a. 2 s. c."><a name="34267"><span class="ref">[34267] Iª-IIae q. 18 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4225 est quod dicitur Osee IX, <i>facti sunt abominabiles, sicut ea quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4226 dilexerunt</i>. Fit autem homo Deo abominabilis propter malitiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4227 suae operationis. Ergo malitia operationis est secundum obiecta
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4228 mala quae homo diligit. Et eadem ratio est de bonitate
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4229 actionis.</p><p title="I-II q. 18 a. 2 co."><a name="34268"><span class="ref">[34268] Iª-IIae q. 18 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4230 dicendum quod, sicut dictum est, bonum et malum actionis, sicut et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4231 ceterarum rerum, attenditur ex plenitudine essendi vel defectu
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4232 ipsius. Primum autem quod ad plenitudinem essendi pertinere
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4233 videtur, est id quod dat rei speciem. Sicut autem res naturalis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4234 habet speciem ex sua forma, ita actio habet speciem ex obiecto;
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4235 sicut et motus ex termino. Et ideo sicut prima bonitas rei
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4236 naturalis attenditur ex sua forma, quae dat speciem ei, ita et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4237 prima bonitas actus moralis attenditur ex obiecto convenienti; unde
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4238 et a quibusdam vocatur bonum ex genere; puta, uti re sua. Et sicut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4239 in rebus naturalibus primum malum est, si res generata non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4240 consequitur formam specificam, puta si non generetur homo, sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4241 aliquid loco hominis; ita primum malum in actionibus moralibus est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4242 quod est ex obiecto, sicut accipere aliena. Et dicitur malum ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4243 genere, genere pro specie accepto, eo modo loquendi quo dicimus
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4244 humanum genus totam humanam speciem.</p><p title="I-II q. 18 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="34269"><span class="ref">[34269] Iª-IIae q. 18 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4245 ergo dicendum quod, licet res exteriores sint in seipsis bonae,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4246 tamen non semper habent debitam proportionem ad hanc vel illam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4247 actionem. Et ideo inquantum considerantur ut obiecta talium
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4248 actionum, non habent rationem boni.</p><p title="I-II q. 18 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="34270"><span class="ref">[34270] Iª-IIae q. 18 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4249 dicendum quod obiectum non est materia ex qua, sed materia circa
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4250 quam, et habet quodammodo rationem formae, inquantum dat
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4251 speciem.</p><p title="I-II q. 18 a. 2 ad 3"><a name="34271"><span class="ref">[34271] Iª-IIae q. 18 a. 2 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4252 dicendum quod non semper obiectum actionis humanae est obiectum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4253 activae potentiae. Nam appetitiva potentia est quodammodo passiva,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4254 inquantum movetur ab appetibili, et tamen est principium humanorum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4255 actuum. Neque etiam potentiarum activarum obiecta semper habent
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4256 rationem effectus, sed quando iam sunt transmutata, sicut alimentum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4257 transmutatum est effectus nutritivae potentiae, sed alimentum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4258 nondum transmutatum comparatur ad potentiam nutritivam sicut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4259 materia circa quam operatur. Ex hoc autem quod obiectum est aliquo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4260 modo effectus potentiae activae, sequitur quod sit terminus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4261 actionis eius, et per consequens quod det ei formam et speciem,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4262 motus enim habet speciem a terminis. Et quamvis etiam bonitas
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4263 actionis non causetur ex bonitate effectus, tamen ex hoc dicitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4264 actio bona, quod bonum effectum inducere potest. Et ita ipsa
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4265 proportio actionis ad effectum, est ratio bonitatis ipsius.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 3</h3><p title="I-II q. 18 a. 3 arg. 1"><a name="34272"><span class="ref">[34272] Iª-IIae q. 18 a. 3 arg. 1</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4266 sic proceditur. Videtur quod actio non sit bona vel mala ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4267 circumstantia. Circumstantiae enim circumstant actum sicut extra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4268 ipsum existentes, ut dictum est. Sed bonum et malum sunt in ipsis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4269 rebus, ut dicitur in VI Metaphys. Ergo actio non habet bonitatem
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4270 vel malitiam ex circumstantia.</p><p title="I-II q. 18 a. 3 arg. 2"><a name="34273"><span class="ref">[34273] Iª-IIae q. 18 a. 3 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4271 bonitas vel malitia actus maxime consideratur in doctrina morum.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4272 Sed circumstantiae, cum sint quaedam accidentia actuum, videntur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4273 esse praeter considerationem artis, quia nulla ars considerat id
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4274 quod est per accidens, ut dicitur in VI Metaphys. Ergo bonitas vel
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4275 malitia actionis non est ex circumstantia.</p><p title="I-II q. 18 a. 3 arg. 3"><a name="34274"><span class="ref">[34274] Iª-IIae q. 18 a. 3 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4276 id quod convenit alicui secundum suam substantiam, non attribuitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4277 ei per aliquod accidens. Sed bonum et malum convenit actioni
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4278 secundum suam substantiam, quia actio ex suo genere potest esse
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4279 bona vel mala, ut dictum est. Ergo non convenit actioni ex
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4280 circumstantia quod sit bona vel mala.</p><p title="I-II q. 18 a. 3 s. c."><a name="34275"><span class="ref">[34275] Iª-IIae q. 18 a. 3 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4281 est quod philosophus dicit, in libro Ethic., quod <i>virtuosus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4282 operatur secundum quod oportet, et quando oportet, et secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4283 alias circumstantias</i>. Ergo ex contrario vitiosus, secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4284 unumquodque vitium, operatur quando non oportet, ubi non oportet,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4285 et sic de aliis circumstantiis. Ergo actiones humanae secundum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4286 circumstantias sunt bonae vel malae.</p><p title="I-II q. 18 a. 3 co."><a name="34276"><span class="ref">[34276] Iª-IIae q. 18 a. 3 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4287 dicendum quod in rebus naturalibus non invenitur tota plenitudo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4288 perfectionis quae debetur rei, ex forma substantiali, quae dat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4289 speciem; sed multum superadditur ex supervenientibus accidentibus,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4290 sicut in homine ex figura, ex colore, et huiusmodi; quorum si
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4291 aliquod desit ad decentem habitudinem, consequitur malum. Ita etiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4292 est in actione. Nam plenitudo bonitatis eius non tota consistit in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4293 sua specie, sed aliquid additur ex his quae adveniunt tanquam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4294 accidentia quaedam. Et huiusmodi sunt circumstantiae debitae. Unde
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4295 si aliquid desit quod requiratur ad debitas circumstantias, erit
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4296 actio mala.</p><p title="I-II q. 18 a. 3 ad 1"><a name="34277"><span class="ref">[34277] Iª-IIae q. 18 a. 3 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4297 ergo dicendum quod circumstantiae sunt extra actionem, inquantum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4298 non sunt de essentia actionis, sunt tamen in ipsa actione velut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4299 quaedam accidentia eius. Sicut et accidentia quae sunt in
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4300 substantiis naturalibus, sunt extra essentias earum.</p><p title="I-II q. 18 a. 3 ad 2"><a name="34278"><span class="ref">[34278] Iª-IIae q. 18 a. 3 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4301 dicendum quod non omnia accidentia per accidens se habent ad sua
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4302 subiecta, sed quaedam sunt per se accidentia; quae in unaquaque
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4303 arte considerantur. Et per hunc modum considerantur circumstantiae
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4304 actuum in doctrina morali.</p><p title="I-II q. 18 a. 3 ad 3"><a name="34279"><span class="ref">[34279] Iª-IIae q. 18 a. 3 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4305 dicendum quod, cum bonum convertatur cum ente, sicut ens dicitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4306 secundum substantiam et secundum accidens, ita et bonum attribuitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4307 alicui et secundum esse suum essentiale, et secundum esse
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4308 accidentale, tam in rebus naturalibus, quam in actionibus
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4309 moralibus.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 4</h3><p title="I-II q. 18 a. 4 arg. 1"><a name="34280"><span class="ref">[34280] Iª-IIae q. 18 a. 4 arg. 1</span></a> Ad quartum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4310 sic proceditur. Videtur quod bonum et malum in actibus humanis non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4311 sint ex fine. Dicit enim Dionysius, IV cap. de Div. Nom., quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4312 <i>nihil respiciens ad malum operatur</i>. Si igitur ex fine
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4313 derivaretur operatio bona vel mala, nulla actio esset mala. Quod
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4314 patet esse falsum.</p><p title="I-II q. 18 a. 4 arg. 2"><a name="34281"><span class="ref">[34281] Iª-IIae q. 18 a. 4 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4315 bonitas actus est aliquid in ipso existens. Finis autem est causa
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4316 extrinseca. Non ergo secundum finem dicitur actio bona vel
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4317 mala.</p><p title="I-II q. 18 a. 4 arg. 3"><a name="34282"><span class="ref">[34282] Iª-IIae q. 18 a. 4 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4318 contingit aliquam bonam operationem ad malum finem ordinari, sicut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4319 cum aliquis dat eleemosynam propter inanem gloriam, et e converso
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4320 aliquam malam operationem ordinari ad bonum finem, sicut cum quis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4321 furatur ut det pauperi. Non ergo est ex fine actio bona vel
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4322 mala.</p><p title="I-II q. 18 a. 4 s. c."><a name="34283"><span class="ref">[34283] Iª-IIae q. 18 a. 4 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4323 est quod Boetius dicit, in Topic., quod <i>cuius finis bonus est,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4324 ipsum quoque bonum est, et cuius finis malus est, ipsum quoque
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4325 malum est</i>.</p><p title="I-II q. 18 a. 4 co."><a name="34284"><span class="ref">[34284] Iª-IIae q. 18 a. 4 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4326 dicendum quod eadem est dispositio rerum in bonitate, et in esse.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4327 Sunt enim quaedam quorum esse ex alio non dependet, et in his
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4328 sufficit considerare ipsum eorum esse absolute. Quaedam vero sunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4329 quorum esse dependet ab alio, unde oportet quod consideretur per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4330 considerationem ad causam a qua dependet. Sicut autem esse rei
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4331 dependet ab agente et forma, ita bonitas rei dependet a fine. Unde
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4332 in personis divinis, quae non habent bonitatem dependentem ab alio,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4333 non consideratur aliqua ratio bonitatis ex fine. Actiones autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4334 humanae, et alia quorum bonitas dependet ab alio, habent rationem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4335 bonitatis ex fine a quo dependent, praeter bonitatem absolutam quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4336 in eis existit. Sic igitur in actione humana bonitas quadruplex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4337 considerari potest. Una quidem secundum genus, prout scilicet est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4338 actio, quia quantum habet de actione et entitate, tantum habet de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4339 bonitate, ut dictum est. Alia vero secundum speciem, quae accipitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4340 secundum obiectum conveniens. Tertia secundum circumstantias, quasi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4341 secundum accidentia quaedam. Quarta autem secundum finem, quasi
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4342 secundum habitudinem ad causam bonitatis.</p><p title="I-II q. 18 a. 4 ad 1"><a name="34285"><span class="ref">[34285] Iª-IIae q. 18 a. 4 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4343 ergo dicendum quod bonum ad quod aliquis respiciens operatur, non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4344 semper est verum bonum; sed quandoque verum bonum, et quandoque
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4345 apparens. Et secundum hoc, ex fine sequitur actio mala.</p><p title="I-II q. 18 a. 4 ad 2"><a name="34286"><span class="ref">[34286] Iª-IIae q. 18 a. 4 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4346 dicendum quod, quamvis finis sit causa extrinseca, tamen debita
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4347 proportio ad finem et relatio in ipsum, inhaeret actioni.</p><p title="I-II q. 18 a. 4 ad 3"><a name="34287"><span class="ref">[34287] Iª-IIae q. 18 a. 4 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4348 dicendum quod nihil prohibet actioni habenti unam praedictarum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4349 bonitatum, deesse aliam. Et secundum hoc, contingit actionem quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4350 est bona secundum speciem suam vel secundum circumstantias,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4351 ordinari ad finem malum, et e converso. Non tamen est actio bona
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4352 simpliciter, nisi omnes bonitates concurrant, quia <i>quilibet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4353 singularis defectus causat malum, bonum autem causatur ex integra
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4354 causa</i>, ut Dionysius dicit, IV cap. de Div. Nom.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 5</h3><p title="I-II q. 18 a. 5 arg. 1"><a name="34288"><span class="ref">[34288] Iª-IIae q. 18 a. 5 arg. 1</span></a> Ad quintum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4355 sic proceditur. Videtur quod actus morales non differant specie
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4356 secundum bonum et malum. Bonum enim et malum in actibus invenitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4357 conformiter rebus, ut dictum est. Sed in rebus bonum et malum non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4358 diversificant speciem, idem enim specie est homo bonus et malus.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4359 Ergo neque etiam bonum et malum in actibus diversificant
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4360 speciem.</p><p title="I-II q. 18 a. 5 arg. 2"><a name="34289"><span class="ref">[34289] Iª-IIae q. 18 a. 5 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4361 malum, cum sit privatio, est quoddam non ens. Sed non ens non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4362 potest esse differentia, secundum philosophum, in III Metaphys. Cum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4363 ergo differentia constituat speciem, videtur quod aliquis actus, ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4364 hoc quod est malus, non constituatur in aliqua specie. Et ita bonum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4365 et malum non diversificant speciem humanorum actuum.</p><p title="I-II q. 18 a. 5 arg. 3"><a name="34290"><span class="ref">[34290] Iª-IIae q. 18 a. 5 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4366 diversorum actuum secundum speciem, diversi sunt effectus. Sed idem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4367 specie effectus potest consequi ex actu bono et malo, sicut homo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4368 generatur ex adulterio, et ex matrimoniali concubitu. Ergo actus
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4369 bonus et malus non differunt specie.</p><p title="I-II q. 18 a. 5 arg. 4"><a name="34291"><span class="ref">[34291] Iª-IIae q. 18 a. 5 arg. 4</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4370 bonum et malum dicitur in actibus quandoque secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4371 circumstantiam, ut dictum est. Sed circumstantia, cum sit accidens,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4372 non dat speciem actui. Ergo actus humani non differunt specie
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4373 propter bonitatem et malitiam.</p><p title="I-II q. 18 a. 5 s. c."><a name="34292"><span class="ref">[34292] Iª-IIae q. 18 a. 5 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4374 secundum philosophum, in II Ethic., <i>similes habitus similes
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4375 actus reddunt</i>. Sed habitus bonus et malus differunt specie, ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4376 liberalitas et prodigalitas. Ergo et actus bonus et malus differunt
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4377 specie.</p><p title="I-II q. 18 a. 5 co."><a name="34293"><span class="ref">[34293] Iª-IIae q. 18 a. 5 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4378 dicendum quod omnis actus speciem habet ex suo obiecto, sicut supra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4379 dictum est. Unde oportet quod aliqua differentia obiecti faciat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4380 diversitatem speciei in actibus. Est autem considerandum quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4381 aliqua differentia obiecti facit differentiam speciei in actibus,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4382 secundum quod referuntur ad unum principium activum, quod non facit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4383 differentiam in actibus, secundum quod referuntur ad aliud
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4384 principium activum. Quia nihil quod est per accidens, constituit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4385 speciem, sed solum quod est per se, potest autem aliqua differentia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4386 obiecti esse per se in comparatione ad unum activum principium, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4387 per accidens in comparatione ad aliud; sicut cognoscere colorem et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4388 sonum, per se differunt per comparationem ad sensum, non autem per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4389 comparationem ad intellectum. In actibus autem humanis bonum et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4390 malum dicitur per comparationem ad rationem, quia, ut Dionysius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4391 dicit, IV cap. de Div. Nom., bonum hominis est secundum rationem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4392 esse, malum autem quod est praeter rationem. Unicuique enim rei est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4393 bonum quod convenit ei secundum suam formam; et malum quod est ei
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4394 praeter ordinem suae formae. Patet ergo quod differentia boni et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4395 mali circa obiectum considerata, comparatur per se ad rationem,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4396 scilicet secundum quod obiectum est ei conveniens vel non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4397 conveniens. Dicuntur autem aliqui actus humani, vel morales,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4398 secundum quod sunt a ratione. Unde manifestum est quod bonum et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4399 malum diversificant speciem in actibus moralibus, differentiae enim
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4400 per se diversificant speciem.</p><p title="I-II q. 18 a. 5 ad 1"><a name="34294"><span class="ref">[34294] Iª-IIae q. 18 a. 5 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4401 ergo dicendum quod etiam in rebus naturalibus bonum et malum, quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4402 est secundum naturam et contra naturam, diversificant speciem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4403 naturae, corpus enim mortuum et corpus vivum non sunt eiusdem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4404 speciei. Et similiter bonum, inquantum est secundum rationem, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4405 malum, inquantum est praeter rationem, diversificant speciem
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4406 moris.</p><p title="I-II q. 18 a. 5 ad 2"><a name="34295"><span class="ref">[34295] Iª-IIae q. 18 a. 5 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4407 dicendum quod malum importat privationem non absolutam, sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4408 consequentem talem potentiam. Dicitur enim malus actus secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4409 suam speciem, non ex eo quod nullum habeat obiectum; sed quia habet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4410 obiectum non conveniens rationi, sicut tollere aliena. Unde
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4411 inquantum obiectum est aliquid positive, potest constituere speciem
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4412 mali actus.</p><p title="I-II q. 18 a. 5 ad 3"><a name="34296"><span class="ref">[34296] Iª-IIae q. 18 a. 5 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4413 dicendum quod actus coniugalis et adulterium, secundum quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4414 comparantur ad rationem, differunt specie, et habent effectus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4415 specie differentes, quia unum eorum meretur laudem et praemium,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4416 aliud vituperium et poenam. Sed secundum quod comparantur ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4417 potentiam generativam, non differunt specie. Et sic habent unum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4418 effectum secundum speciem.</p><p title="I-II q. 18 a. 5 ad 4"><a name="34297"><span class="ref">[34297] Iª-IIae q. 18 a. 5 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4419 dicendum quod circumstantia quandoque sumitur ut differentia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4420 essentialis obiecti, secundum quod ad rationem comparatur, et tunc
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4421 potest dare speciem actui morali. Et hoc oportet esse, quandocumque
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4422 circumstantia transmutat actum de bonitate in malitiam, non enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4423 circumstantia faceret actum malum, nisi per hoc quod rationi
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4424 repugnat.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 6</h3><p title="I-II q. 18 a. 6 arg. 1"><a name="34298"><span class="ref">[34298] Iª-IIae q. 18 a. 6 arg. 1</span></a> Ad sextum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4425 sic proceditur. Videtur quod bonum et malum quod est ex fine, non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4426 diversificent speciem in actibus. Actus enim habent speciem ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4427 obiecto. Sed finis est praeter rationem obiecti. Ergo bonum et
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4428 malum quod est ex fine, non diversificant speciem actus.</p><p title="I-II q. 18 a. 6 arg. 2"><a name="34299"><span class="ref">[34299] Iª-IIae q. 18 a. 6 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4429 id quod est per accidens, non constituit speciem, ut dictum est.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4430 Sed accidit alicui actui quod ordinetur ad aliquem finem; sicut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4431 quod aliquis det eleemosynam propter inanem gloriam. Ergo secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4432 bonum et malum quod est ex fine, non diversificantur actus secundum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4433 speciem.</p><p title="I-II q. 18 a. 6 arg. 3"><a name="34300"><span class="ref">[34300] Iª-IIae q. 18 a. 6 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4434 diversi actus secundum speciem, ad unum finem ordinari possunt,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4435 sicut ad finem inanis gloriae ordinari possunt actus diversarum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4436 virtutum, et diversorum vitiorum. Non ergo bonum et malum quod
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4437 accipitur secundum finem, diversificat speciem actuum.</p><p title="I-II q. 18 a. 6 s. c."><a name="34301"><span class="ref">[34301] Iª-IIae q. 18 a. 6 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4438 est quod supra ostensum est, quod actus humani habent speciem a
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4439 fine. Ergo bonum et malum quod accipitur secundum finem,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4440 diversificat speciem actuum.</p><p title="I-II q. 18 a. 6 co."><a name="34302"><span class="ref">[34302] Iª-IIae q. 18 a. 6 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4441 dicendum quod aliqui actus dicuntur humani, inquantum sunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4442 voluntarii, sicut supra dictum est. In actu autem voluntario
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4443 invenitur duplex actus, scilicet actus interior voluntatis, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4444 actus exterior, et uterque horum actuum habet suum obiectum. Finis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4445 autem proprie est obiectum interioris actus voluntarii, id autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4446 circa quod est actio exterior, est obiectum eius. Sicut igitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4447 actus exterior accipit speciem ab obiecto circa quod est; ita actus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4448 interior voluntatis accipit speciem a fine, sicut a proprio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4449 obiecto. Ita autem quod est ex parte voluntatis, se habet ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4450 formale ad id quod est ex parte exterioris actus, quia voluntas
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4451 utitur membris ad agendum, sicut instrumentis; neque actus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4452 exteriores habent rationem moralitatis, nisi inquantum sunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4453 voluntarii. Et ideo actus humani species formaliter consideratur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4454 secundum finem, materialiter autem secundum obiectum exterioris
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4455 actus. Unde philosophus dicit, in V Ethic., quod <i>ille qui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4456 furatur ut committat adulterium, est, per se loquendo, magis
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4457 adulter quam fur</i>.</p><p title="I-II q. 18 a. 6 ad 1"><a name="34303"><span class="ref">[34303] Iª-IIae q. 18 a. 6 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4458 ergo dicendum quod etiam finis habet rationem obiecti, ut dictum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4459 est.</p><p title="I-II q. 18 a. 6 ad 2"><a name="34304"><span class="ref">[34304] Iª-IIae q. 18 a. 6 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4460 dicendum quod ordinari ad talem finem, etsi accidat exteriori
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4461 actui, non tamen accidit actui interiori voluntatis, qui comparatur
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4462 ad exteriorem sicut formale ad materiale.</p><p title="I-II q. 18 a. 6 ad 3"><a name="34305"><span class="ref">[34305] Iª-IIae q. 18 a. 6 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4463 dicendum quod quando multi actus specie differentes ordinantur ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4464 unum finem, est quidem diversitas speciei ex parte exteriorum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4465 actuum; sed unitas speciei ex parte actus interioris.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 7</h3><p title="I-II q. 18 a. 7 arg. 1"><a name="34306"><span class="ref">[34306] Iª-IIae q. 18 a. 7 arg. 1</span></a> Ad septimum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4466 sic proceditur. Videtur quod species bonitatis quae est ex fine,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4467 contineatur sub specie bonitatis quae est ex obiecto, sicut species
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4468 sub genere, puta cum aliquis vult furari ut det eleemosynam. Actus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4469 enim habet speciem ex obiecto, ut dictum est. Sed impossibile est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4470 quod aliquid contineatur in aliqua alia specie, quae sub propria
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4471 specie non continetur, quia idem non potest esse in diversis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4472 speciebus non subalternis. Ergo species quae est ex fine,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4473 continetur sub specie quae est ex obiecto.</p><p title="I-II q. 18 a. 7 arg. 2"><a name="34307"><span class="ref">[34307] Iª-IIae q. 18 a. 7 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4474 semper ultima differentia constituit speciem specialissimam. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4475 differentia quae est ex fine, videtur esse posterior quam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4476 differentia quae est ex obiecto, quia finis habet rationem ultimi.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4477 Ergo species quae est ex fine, continetur sub specie quae est ex
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4478 obiecto, sicut species specialissima.</p><p title="I-II q. 18 a. 7 arg. 3"><a name="34308"><span class="ref">[34308] Iª-IIae q. 18 a. 7 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4479 quanto aliqua differentia est magis formalis, tanto magis est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4480 specialis, quia differentia comparatur ad genus ut forma ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4481 materiam. Sed species quae est ex fine, est formalior ea quae est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4482 ex obiecto, ut dictum est. Ergo species quae est ex fine,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4483 continetur sub specie quae est ex obiecto, sicut species
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4484 specialissima sub genere subalterno.</p><p title="I-II q. 18 a. 7 s. c."><a name="34309"><span class="ref">[34309] Iª-IIae q. 18 a. 7 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4485 cuiuslibet generis sunt determinatae differentiae. Sed actus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4486 eiusdem speciei ex parte obiecti, potest ad infinitos fines
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4487 ordinari, puta furtum ad infinita bona vel mala. Ergo species quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4488 est ex fine, non continetur sub specie quae est ex obiecto, sicut
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4489 sub genere.</p><p title="I-II q. 18 a. 7 co."><a name="34310"><span class="ref">[34310] Iª-IIae q. 18 a. 7 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4490 dicendum quod obiectum exterioris actus dupliciter potest se habere
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4491 ad finem voluntatis, uno modo, sicut per se ordinatum ad ipsum,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4492 sicut bene pugnare per se ordinatur ad victoriam; alio modo, per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4493 accidens, sicut accipere rem alienam per accidens ordinatur ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4494 dandum eleemosynam. Oportet autem, ut philosophus dicit in VII
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4495 Metaphys., quod differentiae dividentes aliquod genus, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4496 constituentes speciem illius generis, per se dividant illud. Si
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4497 autem per accidens, non recte procedit divisio, puta si quis dicat,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4498 animalium aliud rationale, aliud irrationale; et animalium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4499 irrationalium aliud alatum, aliud non alatum, alatum enim et non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4500 alatum non sunt per se determinativa eius quod est irrationale.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4501 Oportet autem sic dividere, animalium aliud habens pedes, aliud non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4502 habens pedes; et habentium pedes, aliud habet duos, aliud quatuor,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4503 aliud multos, haec enim per se determinant priorem differentiam.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4504 Sic igitur quando obiectum non est per se ordinatum ad finem,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4505 differentia specifica quae est ex obiecto, non est per se
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4506 determinativa eius quae est ex fine, nec e converso. Unde una
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4507 istarum specierum non est sub alia, sed tunc actus moralis est sub
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4508 duabus speciebus quasi disparatis. Unde dicimus quod ille qui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4509 furatur ut moechetur, committit duas malitias in uno actu. Si vero
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4510 obiectum per se ordinetur ad finem, una dictarum differentiarum est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4511 per se determinativa alterius. Unde una istarum specierum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4512 continebitur sub altera. Considerandum autem restat quae sub qua.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4513 Ad cuius evidentiam, primo considerandum est quod quanto aliqua
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4514 differentia sumitur a forma magis particulari, tanto magis est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4515 specifica. Secundo, quod quanto agens est magis universale, tanto
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4516 ex eo est forma magis universalis. Tertio, quod quanto aliquis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4517 finis est posterior, tanto respondet agenti universaliori, sicut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4518 victoria, quae est ultimus finis exercitus, est finis intentus a
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4519 summo duce; ordinatio autem huius aciei vel illius, est finis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4520 intentus ab aliquo inferiorum ducum. Et ex istis sequitur quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4521 differentia specifica quae est ex fine, est magis generalis; et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4522 differentia quae est ex obiecto per se ad talem finem ordinato, est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4523 specifica respectu eius. Voluntas enim, cuius proprium obiectum est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4524 finis, est universale motivum respectu omnium potentiarum animae,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4525 quarum propria obiecta sunt obiecta particularium actuum.</p><p title="I-II q. 18 a. 7 ad 1"><a name="34311"><span class="ref">[34311] Iª-IIae q. 18 a. 7 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4526 ergo dicendum quod secundum substantiam suam non potest aliquid
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4527 esse in duabus speciebus, quarum una sub altera non ordinetur. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4528 secundum ea quae rei adveniunt, potest aliquid sub diversis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4529 speciebus contineri. Sicut hoc pomum, secundum colorem, continetur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4530 sub hac specie, scilicet albi, et secundum odorem, sub specie bene
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4531 redolentis. Et similiter actus qui secundum substantiam suam est in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4532 una specie naturae, secundum conditiones morales supervenientes, ad
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4533 duas species referri potest, ut supra dictum est.</p><p title="I-II q. 18 a. 7 ad 2"><a name="34312"><span class="ref">[34312] Iª-IIae q. 18 a. 7 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4534 dicendum quod finis est postremum in executione; sed est primum in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4535 intentione rationis, secundum quam accipiuntur moralium actuum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4536 species.</p><p title="I-II q. 18 a. 7 ad 3"><a name="34313"><span class="ref">[34313] Iª-IIae q. 18 a. 7 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4537 dicendum quod differentia comparatur ad genus ut forma ad materiam,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4538 inquantum facit esse genus in actu. Sed etiam genus consideratur ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4539 formalius specie, secundum quod est absolutius, et minus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4540 contractum. Unde et partes definitionis reducuntur ad genus causae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4541 formalis, ut dicitur in libro Physic. Et secundum hoc, genus est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4542 causa formalis speciei, et tanto erit formalius, quanto
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4543 communius.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 8</h3><p title="I-II q. 18 a. 8 arg. 1"><a name="34314"><span class="ref">[34314] Iª-IIae q. 18 a. 8 arg. 1</span></a> Ad octavum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4544 sic proceditur. Videtur quod non sit aliquis actus indifferens
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4545 secundum suam speciem. Malum enim est privatio boni, secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4546 Augustinum. Sed privatio et habitus sunt opposita immediata,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4547 secundum philosophum. Ergo non est aliquis actus qui secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4548 speciem suam sit indifferens, quasi medium existens inter bonum et
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4549 malum.</p><p title="I-II q. 18 a. 8 arg. 2"><a name="34315"><span class="ref">[34315] Iª-IIae q. 18 a. 8 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4550 actus humani habent speciem a fine vel obiecto, ut dictum est. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4551 omne obiectum, et omnis finis habet rationem boni vel mali. Ergo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4552 omnis actus humanus secundum suam speciem est bonus vel malus.
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4553 Nullus ergo est indifferens secundum speciem.</p><p title="I-II q. 18 a. 8 arg. 3"><a name="34316"><span class="ref">[34316] Iª-IIae q. 18 a. 8 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4554 sicut dictum est, actus dicitur bonus, qui habet debitam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4555 perfectionem bonitatis; malus, cui aliquid de hoc deficit. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4556 necesse est quod omnis actus vel habeat totam plenitudinem suae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4557 bonitatis, vel aliquid ei deficiat. Ergo necesse est quod omnis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4558 actus secundum speciem suam sit bonus vel malus, et nullus
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4559 indifferens.</p><p title="I-II q. 18 a. 8 s. c."><a name="34317"><span class="ref">[34317] Iª-IIae q. 18 a. 8 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4560 est quod Augustinus dicit, in libro de Serm. Dom. in Mont., quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4561 <i>sunt quaedam facta media, quae possunt bono vel malo animo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4562 fieri, de quibus est temerarium iudicare</i>. Sunt ergo aliqui
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4563 actus secundum speciem suam indifferentes.</p><p title="I-II q. 18 a. 8 co."><a name="34318"><span class="ref">[34318] Iª-IIae q. 18 a. 8 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4564 dicendum quod, sicut dictum est, actus omnis habet speciem ab
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4565 obiecto; et actus humanus, qui dicitur moralis, habet speciem ab
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4566 obiecto relato ad principium actuum humanorum, quod est ratio. Unde
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4567 si obiectum actus includat aliquid quod conveniat ordini rationis,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4568 erit actus bonus secundum suam speciem, sicut dare eleemosynam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4569 indigenti. Si autem includat aliquid quod repugnet ordini rationis,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4570 erit malus actus secundum speciem, sicut furari, quod est tollere
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4571 aliena. Contingit autem quod obiectum actus non includit aliquid
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4572 pertinens ad ordinem rationis, sicut levare festucam de terra, ire
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4573 ad campum, et huiusmodi, et tales actus secundum speciem suam sunt
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4574 indifferentes.</p><p title="I-II q. 18 a. 8 ad 1"><a name="34319"><span class="ref">[34319] Iª-IIae q. 18 a. 8 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4575 ergo dicendum quod duplex est privatio. Quaedam quae consistit in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4576 privatum esse, et haec nihil relinquit, sed totum aufert; ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4577 caecitas totaliter aufert visum, et tenebrae lucem, et mors vitam.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4578 Et inter hanc privationem et habitum oppositum, non potest esse
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4579 aliquod medium circa proprium susceptibile. Est autem alia privatio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4580 quae consistit in privari, sicut aegritudo est privatio sanitatis,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4581 non quod tota sanitas sit sublata, sed quod est quasi quaedam via
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4582 ad totalem ablationem sanitatis, quae fit per mortem. Et ideo talis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4583 privatio, cum aliquid relinquat, non semper est immediata cum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4584 opposito habitu. Et hoc modo malum est privatio boni, ut Simplicius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4585 dicit in commento super librum Praedic., quia non totum bonum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4586 aufert, sed aliquid relinquit. Unde potest esse aliquod medium
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4587 inter bonum et malum.</p><p title="I-II q. 18 a. 8 ad 2"><a name="34320"><span class="ref">[34320] Iª-IIae q. 18 a. 8 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4588 dicendum quod omne obiectum vel finis habet aliquam bonitatem vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4589 malitiam, saltem naturalem, non tamen semper importat bonitatem vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4590 malitiam moralem, quae consideratur per comparationem ad rationem,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4591 ut dictum est. Et de hac nunc agitur.</p><p title="I-II q. 18 a. 8 ad 3"><a name="34321"><span class="ref">[34321] Iª-IIae q. 18 a. 8 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4592 dicendum quod non quidquid habet actus, pertinet ad speciem eius.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4593 Unde etsi in ratione suae speciei non contineatur quidquid pertinet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4594 ad plenitudinem bonitatis ipsius, non propter hoc est ex specie sua
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4595 malus, nec etiam bonus, sicut homo secundum suam speciem neque
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4596 virtuosus, neque vitiosus est.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 9</h3><p title="I-II q. 18 a. 9 arg. 1"><a name="34322"><span class="ref">[34322] Iª-IIae q. 18 a. 9 arg. 1</span></a> Ad nonum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4597 sic proceditur. Videtur quod aliquis actus secundum individuum sit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4598 indifferens. Nulla enim species est quae sub se non contineat vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4599 continere possit aliquod individuum. Sed aliquis actus est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4600 indifferens secundum suam speciem, ut dictum est. Ergo aliquis
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4601 actus individualis potest esse indifferens.</p><p title="I-II q. 18 a. 9 arg. 2"><a name="34323"><span class="ref">[34323] Iª-IIae q. 18 a. 9 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4602 ex individualibus actibus causantur habitus conformes ipsis, ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4603 dicitur in II Ethic. Sed aliquis habitus est indifferens. Dicit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4604 enim philosophus, in IV Ethic., de quibusdam, sicut de placidis et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4605 prodigis, quod non sunt mali, et tamen constat quod non sunt boni,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4606 cum recedant a virtute, et sic sunt indifferentes secundum habitum.
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4607 Ergo aliqui actus individuales sunt indifferentes.</p><p title="I-II q. 18 a. 9 arg. 3"><a name="34324"><span class="ref">[34324] Iª-IIae q. 18 a. 9 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4608 bonum morale pertinet ad virtutem, malum autem morale pertinet ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4609 vitium. Sed contingit quandoque quod homo actum qui ex specie sua
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4610 est indifferens, non ordinat ad aliquem finem vel vitii vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4611 virtutis. Ergo contingit aliquem actum individualem esse
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4612 indifferentem.</p><p title="I-II q. 18 a. 9 s. c."><a name="34325"><span class="ref">[34325] Iª-IIae q. 18 a. 9 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4613 est quod Gregorius dicit in quadam homilia, <i>otiosum verbum est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4614 quod utilitate rectitudinis, aut ratione iustae necessitatis aut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4615 piae utilitatis, caret</i>. Sed verbum otiosum est malum, quia de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4616 eo reddent homines rationem in die iudicii, ut dicitur Matth. XII.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4617 Si autem non caret ratione iustae necessitatis aut piae utilitatis,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4618 est bonum. Ergo omne verbum aut est bonum aut malum. Pari ergo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4619 ratione, et quilibet alius actus vel est bonus vel malus. Nullus
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4620 ergo individualis actus est indifferens.</p><p title="I-II q. 18 a. 9 co."><a name="34326"><span class="ref">[34326] Iª-IIae q. 18 a. 9 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4621 dicendum quod contingit quandoque aliquem actum esse indifferentem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4622 secundum speciem, qui tamen est bonus vel malus in individuo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4623 consideratus. Et hoc ideo, quia actus moralis, sicut dictum est,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4624 non solum habet bonitatem ex obiecto, a quo habet speciem; sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4625 etiam ex circumstantiis, quae sunt quasi quaedam accidentia; sicut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4626 aliquid convenit individuo hominis secundum accidentia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4627 individualia, quod non convenit homini secundum rationem speciei.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4628 Et oportet quod quilibet individualis actus habeat aliquam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4629 circumstantiam per quam trahatur ad bonum vel malum, ad minus ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4630 parte intentionis finis. Cum enim rationis sit ordinare, actus a
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4631 ratione deliberativa procedens, si non sit ad debitum finem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4632 ordinatus, ex hoc ipso repugnat rationi, et habet rationem mali. Si
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4633 vero ordinetur ad debitum finem, convenit cum ordine rationis, unde
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4634 habet rationem boni. Necesse est autem quod vel ordinetur, vel non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4635 ordinetur ad debitum finem. Unde necesse est omnem actum hominis a
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4636 deliberativa ratione procedentem, in individuo consideratum, bonum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4637 esse vel malum. Si autem non procedit a ratione deliberativa, sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4638 ex quadam imaginatione, sicut cum aliquis fricat barbam, vel movet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4639 manum aut pedem; talis actus non est, proprie loquendo, moralis vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4640 humanus; cum hoc habeat actus a ratione. Et sic erit indifferens,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4641 quasi extra genus moralium actuum existens.</p><p title="I-II q. 18 a. 9 ad 1"><a name="34327"><span class="ref">[34327] Iª-IIae q. 18 a. 9 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4642 ergo dicendum quod aliquem actum esse indifferentem secundum suam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4643 speciem, potest esse multipliciter. Uno modo, sic quod ex sua
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4644 specie debeatur ei quod sit indifferens. Et sic procedit ratio. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4645 tamen isto modo nullus actus ex sua specie est indifferens, non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4646 enim est aliquod obiectum humani actus, quod non possit ordinari
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4647 vel ad bonum vel ad malum, per finem vel circumstantiam. Alio modo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4648 potest dici indifferens ex sua specie, quia non habet ex sua specie
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4649 quod sit bonus vel malus. Unde per aliquid aliud potest fieri bonus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4650 vel malus. Sicut homo non habet ex sua specie quod sit albus vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4651 niger, nec tamen habet ex sua specie quod non sit albus aut niger,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4652 potest enim albedo vel nigredo supervenire homini aliunde quam a
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4653 principiis speciei.</p><p title="I-II q. 18 a. 9 ad 2"><a name="34328"><span class="ref">[34328] Iª-IIae q. 18 a. 9 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4654 dicendum quod philosophus dicit illum esse malum proprie, qui est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4655 aliis hominibus nocivus. Et secundum hoc, dicit prodigum non esse
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4656 malum, quia nulli alteri nocet nisi sibi ipsi. Et similiter de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4657 omnibus aliis qui non sunt proximis nocivi. Nos autem hic dicimus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4658 malum communiter omne quod est rationi rectae repugnans. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4659 secundum hoc, omnis individualis actus est bonus vel malus, ut
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4660 dictum est.</p><p title="I-II q. 18 a. 9 ad 3"><a name="34329"><span class="ref">[34329] Iª-IIae q. 18 a. 9 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4661 dicendum quod omnis finis a ratione deliberativa intentus, pertinet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4662 ad bonum alicuius virtutis, vel ad malum alicuius vitii. Nam hoc
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4663 ipsum quod aliquis agit ordinate ad sustentationem vel quietem sui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4664 corporis, ad bonum virtutis ordinatur in eo qui corpus suum ordinat
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4665 ad bonum virtutis. Et idem patet in aliis.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 10</h3><p title="I-II q. 18 a. 10 arg. 1"><a name="34330"><span class="ref">[34330] Iª-IIae q. 18 a. 10 arg. 1</span></a> Ad decimum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4666 sic proceditur. Videtur quod circumstantia non possit constituere
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4667 aliquam speciem boni vel mali actus. Species enim actus est ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4668 obiecto. Sed circumstantiae differunt ab obiecto. Ergo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4669 circumstantiae non dant speciem actus.</p><p title="I-II q. 18 a. 10 arg. 2"><a name="34331"><span class="ref">[34331] Iª-IIae q. 18 a. 10 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4670 circumstantiae comparantur ad actum moralem sicut accidentia eius,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4671 ut dictum est. Sed accidens non constituit speciem. Ergo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4672 circumstantia non constituit aliquam speciem boni vel mali.</p><p title="I-II q. 18 a. 10 arg. 3"><a name="34332"><span class="ref">[34332] Iª-IIae q. 18 a. 10 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4673 unius rei non sunt plures species. Unius autem actus sunt plures
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4674 circumstantiae. Ergo circumstantia non constituit actum moralem in
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4675 aliqua specie boni vel mali.</p><p title="I-II q. 18 a. 10 s. c."><a name="34333"><span class="ref">[34333] Iª-IIae q. 18 a. 10 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4676 locus est circumstantia quaedam. Sed locus constituit actum moralem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4677 in quadam specie mali, furari enim aliquid de loco sacro est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4678 sacrilegium. Ergo circumstantia constituit actum moralem in aliqua
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4679 specie boni vel mali.</p><p title="I-II q. 18 a. 10 co."><a name="34334"><span class="ref">[34334] Iª-IIae q. 18 a. 10 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4680 dicendum quod, sicut species rerum naturalium constituuntur ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4681 naturalibus formis, ita species moralium actuum constituuntur ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4682 formis prout sunt a ratione conceptae, sicut ex supradictis patet.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4683 Quia vero natura determinata est ad unum, nec potest esse processus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4684 naturae in infinitum, necesse est pervenire ad aliquam ultimam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4685 formam, ex qua sumatur differentia specifica, post quam alia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4686 differentia specifica esse non possit. Et inde est quod in rebus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4687 naturalibus, id quod est accidens alicui rei, non potest accipi ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4688 differentia constituens speciem. Sed processus rationis non est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4689 determinatus ad aliquid unum, sed quolibet dato, potest ulterius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4690 procedere. Et ideo quod in uno actu accipitur ut circumstantia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4691 superaddita obiecto quod determinat speciem actus, potest iterum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4692 accipi a ratione ordinante ut principalis conditio obiecti
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4693 determinantis speciem actus. Sicut tollere alienum habet speciem ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4694 ratione alieni, ex hoc enim constituitur in specie furti, et si
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4695 consideretur super hoc ratio loci vel temporis, se habebit in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4696 ratione circumstantiae. Sed quia ratio etiam de loco vel de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4697 tempore, et aliis huiusmodi, ordinare potest; contingit conditionem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4698 loci circa obiectum accipi ut contrariam ordini rationis; puta quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4699 ratio ordinat non esse iniuriam faciendam loco sacro. Unde tollere
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4700 aliquid alienum de loco sacro addit specialem repugnantiam ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4701 ordinem rationis. Et ideo locus, qui prius considerabatur ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4702 circumstantia, nunc consideratur ut principalis conditio obiecti
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4703 rationi repugnans. Et per hunc modum, quandocumque aliqua
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4704 circumstantia respicit specialem ordinem rationis vel pro vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4705 contra, oportet quod circumstantia det speciem actui morali vel
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4706 bono vel malo.</p><p title="I-II q. 18 a. 10 ad 1"><a name="34335"><span class="ref">[34335] Iª-IIae q. 18 a. 10 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4707 ergo dicendum quod circumstantia secundum quod dat speciem actui,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4708 consideratur ut quaedam conditio obiecti, sicut dictum est, et
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4709 quasi quaedam specifica differentia eius.</p><p title="I-II q. 18 a. 10 ad 2"><a name="34336"><span class="ref">[34336] Iª-IIae q. 18 a. 10 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4710 dicendum quod circumstantia manens in ratione circumstantiae, cum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4711 habeat rationem accidentis, non dat speciem, sed inquantum mutatur
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4712 in principalem conditionem obiecti, secundum hoc dat speciem.</p><p title="I-II q. 18 a. 10 ad 3"><a name="34337"><span class="ref">[34337] Iª-IIae q. 18 a. 10 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4713 dicendum quod non omnis circumstantia constituit actum moralem in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4714 aliqua specie boni vel mali, cum non quaelibet circumstantia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4715 importet aliquam consonantiam vel dissonantiam ad rationem. Unde
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4716 non oportet, licet sint multae circumstantiae unius actus, quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4717 unus actus sit in pluribus speciebus. Licet etiam non sit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4718 inconveniens quod unus actus moralis sit in pluribus speciebus
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4719 moris etiam disparatis, ut dictum est.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 11</h3><p title="I-II q. 18 a. 11 arg. 1"><a name="34338"><span class="ref">[34338] Iª-IIae q. 18 a. 11 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4720 undecimum sic proceditur. Videtur quod omnis circumstantia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4721 pertinens ad bonitatem vel malitiam, det speciem actui. Bonum enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4722 et malum sunt differentiae specificae moralium actuum. Quod ergo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4723 facit differentiam in bonitate vel malitia moralis actus, facit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4724 differre secundum differentiam specificam, quod est differre
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4725 secundum speciem. Sed id quod addit in bonitate vel malitia actus,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4726 facit differre secundum bonitatem et malitiam. Ergo facit differre
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4727 secundum speciem. Ergo omnis circumstantia addens in bonitate vel
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4728 malitia actus, constituit speciem.</p><p title="I-II q. 18 a. 11 arg. 2"><a name="34339"><span class="ref">[34339] Iª-IIae q. 18 a. 11 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4729 aut circumstantia adveniens habet in se aliquam rationem bonitatis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4730 vel malitiae, aut non. Si non, non potest addere in bonitate vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4731 malitia actus, quia quod non est bonum, non potest facere maius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4732 bonum; et quod non est malum, non potest facere maius malum. Si
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4733 autem habet in se rationem bonitatis vel malitiae, ex hoc ipso
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4734 habet quandam speciem boni vel mali. Ergo omnis circumstantia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4735 augens bonitatem vel malitiam, constituit novam speciem boni vel
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4736 mali.</p><p title="I-II q. 18 a. 11 arg. 3"><a name="34340"><span class="ref">[34340] Iª-IIae q. 18 a. 11 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4737 secundum Dionysium, IV cap. de Div. Nom., <i>malum causatur ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4738 singularibus defectibus</i>. Quaelibet autem circumstantia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4739 aggravans malitiam, habet specialem defectum. Ergo quaelibet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4740 circumstantia addit novam speciem peccati. Et eadem ratione,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4741 quaelibet augens bonitatem, videtur addere novam speciem boni,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4742 sicut quaelibet unitas addita numero, facit novam speciem numeri;
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4743 bonum enim consistit in numero, pondere et mensura.</p><p title="I-II q. 18 a. 11 s. c."><a name="34341"><span class="ref">[34341] Iª-IIae q. 18 a. 11 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4744 magis et minus non diversificant speciem. Sed magis et minus est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4745 circumstantia addens in bonitate vel malitia. Ergo non omnis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4746 circumstantia addens in bonitate vel malitia, constituit actum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4747 moralem in specie boni vel mali.</p><p title="I-II q. 18 a. 11 co."><a name="34342"><span class="ref">[34342] Iª-IIae q. 18 a. 11 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4748 dicendum quod, sicut dictum est, circumstantia dat speciem boni vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4749 mali actui morali, inquantum respicit specialem ordinem rationis.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4750 Contingit autem quandoque quod circumstantia non respicit ordinem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4751 rationis in bono vel malo, nisi praesupposita alia circumstantia, a
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4752 qua actus moralis habet speciem boni vel mali. Sicut tollere
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4753 aliquid in magna quantitate vel parva, non respicit ordinem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4754 rationis in bono vel malo, nisi praesupposita aliqua alia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4755 conditione, per quam actus habeat malitiam vel bonitatem, puta hoc
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4756 quod est esse alienum, quod repugnat rationi. Unde tollere alienum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4757 in magna vel parva quantitate, non diversificat speciem peccati.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4758 Tamen potest aggravare vel diminuere peccatum. Et similiter est in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4759 aliis malis vel bonis. Unde non omnis circumstantia addens in
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4760 bonitate vel malitia, variat speciem moralis actus.</p><p title="I-II q. 18 a. 11 ad 1"><a name="34343"><span class="ref">[34343] Iª-IIae q. 18 a. 11 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4761 ergo dicendum quod in his quae intenduntur et remittuntur,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4762 differentia intensionis et remissionis non diversificat speciem,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4763 sicut quod differt in albedine secundum magis et minus, non differt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4764 secundum speciem coloris. Et similiter quod facit diversitatem in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4765 bono vel malo secundum intensionem et remissionem, non facit
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4766 differentiam moralis actus secundum speciem.</p><p title="I-II q. 18 a. 11 ad 2"><a name="34344"><span class="ref">[34344] Iª-IIae q. 18 a. 11 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4767 dicendum quod circumstantia aggravans peccatum, vel augens
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4768 bonitatem actus, quandoque non habet bonitatem vel malitiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4769 secundum se, sed per ordinem ad aliam conditionem actus, ut dictum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4770 est. Et ideo non dat novam speciem, sed auget bonitatem vel
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4771 malitiam quae est ex alia conditione actus.</p><p title="I-II q. 18 a. 11 ad 3"><a name="34345"><span class="ref">[34345] Iª-IIae q. 18 a. 11 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4772 dicendum quod non quaelibet circumstantia inducit singularem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4773 defectum secundum seipsam, sed solum secundum ordinem ad aliquid
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4774 aliud. Et similiter non semper addit novam perfectionem, nisi per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4775 comparationem ad aliquid aliud. Et pro tanto, licet augeat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4776 bonitatem vel malitiam, non semper variat speciem boni vel
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4777 mali.</p></div></div><div class="q" id="q19"><h2>Quaestio 19</h2><div class="p"><h3>Prooemium</h3><p title="I-II q. 19 pr."><a name="34346"><span class="ref">[34346]
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4778 Iª-IIae q. 19 pr.</span></a> Deinde considerandum est de
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4779 bonitate actus interioris voluntatis. Et circa hoc quaeruntur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4780 decem. Primo, utrum bonitas voluntatis dependeat ex obiecto.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4781 Secundo, utrum ex solo obiecto dependeat. Tertio, utrum dependeat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4782 ex ratione. Quarto, utrum dependeat ex lege aeterna. Quinto, utrum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4783 ratio errans obliget. Sexto, utrum voluntas contra legem Dei
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4784 sequens rationem errantem, sit mala. Septimo, utrum bonitas
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4785 voluntatis in his quae sunt ad finem, dependeat ex intentione
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4786 finis. Octavo, utrum quantitas bonitatis vel malitiae in voluntate,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4787 sequatur quantitatem boni vel mali in intentione. Nono, utrum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4788 bonitas voluntatis dependeat ex conformitate ad voluntatem divinam.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4789 Decimo, utrum necesse sit voluntatem humanam conformari divinae
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4790 voluntati in volito, ad hoc quod sit bona.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 1</h3><p title="I-II q. 19 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="34347"><span class="ref">[34347] Iª-IIae q. 19 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
4791 sic proceditur. Videtur quod bonitas voluntatis non dependeat ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4792 obiecto. Voluntas enim non potest esse nisi boni, quia malum est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4793 praeter voluntatem, ut Dionysius dicit, IV cap. de Div. Nom. Si
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4794 igitur bonitas voluntatis iudicaretur ex obiecto, sequeretur quod
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
4795 omnis voluntas esset bona, et nulla esset mala.</p><p title="I-II q. 19 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="34348"><span class="ref">[34348] Iª-IIae q. 19 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4796 bonum per prius invenitur in fine, unde bonitas finis, inquantum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4797 huiusmodi, non dependet ab aliquo alio. Sed secundum philosophum,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4798 in VI Ethic., <i>bona actio est finis, licet factio nunquam sit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4799 finis</i>, ordinatur enim semper, sicut ad finem, ad aliquid
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4800 factum. Ergo bonitas actus voluntatis non dependet ex aliquo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4801 obiecto.</p><p title="I-II q. 19 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="34349"><span class="ref">[34349] Iª-IIae q. 19 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4802 unumquodque quale est, tale alterum facit. Sed obiectum voluntatis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4803 est bonum bonitate naturae. Non ergo potest praestare voluntati
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4804 bonitatem moralem. Moralis ergo bonitas voluntatis non dependet ex
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4805 obiecto.</p><p title="I-II q. 19 a. 1 s. c."><a name="34350"><span class="ref">[34350] Iª-IIae q. 19 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4806 est quod philosophus dicit, in V Ethic., quod iustitia est secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4807 quam aliqui volunt iusta, et eadem ratione, virtus est secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4808 quam aliqui volunt bona. Sed bona voluntas est quae est secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4809 virtutem. Ergo bonitas voluntatis est ex hoc quod aliquis vult
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4810 bonum.</p><p title="I-II q. 19 a. 1 co."><a name="34351"><span class="ref">[34351] Iª-IIae q. 19 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4811 dicendum quod bonum et malum sunt per se differentiae actus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4812 voluntatis. Nam bonum et malum per se ad voluntatem pertinent;
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4813 sicut verum et falsum ad rationem, cuius actus per se distinguitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4814 differentia veri et falsi, prout dicimus opinionem esse veram vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4815 falsam. Unde voluntas bona et mala sunt actus differentes secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4816 speciem. Differentia autem speciei in actibus est secundum obiecta,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4817 ut dictum est. Et ideo bonum et malum in actibus voluntatis proprie
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4818 attenditur secundum obiecta.</p><p title="I-II q. 19 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="34352"><span class="ref">[34352] Iª-IIae q. 19 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4819 ergo dicendum quod voluntas non semper est veri boni, sed quandoque
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4820 est apparentis boni, quod quidem habet aliquam rationem boni, non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4821 tamen simpliciter convenientis ad appetendum. Et propter hoc actus
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4822 voluntatis non est bonus semper, sed aliquando malus.</p><p title="I-II q. 19 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="34353"><span class="ref">[34353] Iª-IIae q. 19 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4823 dicendum quod, quamvis aliquis actus possit esse ultimus finis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4824 hominis secundum aliquem modum, non tamen talis actus est actus
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4825 voluntatis, ut supra dictum est.</p><p title="I-II q. 19 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="34354"><span class="ref">[34354] Iª-IIae q. 19 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4826 dicendum quod bonum per rationem repraesentatur voluntati ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4827 obiectum; et inquantum cadit sub ordine rationis, pertinet ad genus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4828 moris, et causat bonitatem moralem in actu voluntatis. Ratio enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4829 principium est humanorum et moralium actuum, ut supra dictum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4830 est.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 2</h3><p title="I-II q. 19 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="34355"><span class="ref">[34355] Iª-IIae q. 19 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4831 sic proceditur. Videtur quod bonitas voluntatis non dependeat solum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4832 ex obiecto. Finis enim affinior est voluntati quam alteri
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4833 potentiae. Sed actus aliarum potentiarum recipiunt bonitatem non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4834 solum ex obiecto, sed etiam ex fine, ut ex supradictis patet. Ergo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4835 etiam actus voluntatis recipit bonitatem non solum ex obiecto, sed
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4836 etiam ex fine.</p><p title="I-II q. 19 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="34356"><span class="ref">[34356] Iª-IIae q. 19 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4837 bonitas actus non solum est ex obiecto, sed etiam ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4838 circumstantiis, ut supra dictum est. Sed secundum diversitatem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4839 circumstantiarum contingit esse diversitatem bonitatis et malitiae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4840 in actu voluntatis, puta quod aliquis velit quando debet et ubi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4841 debet, et quantum debet, et quomodo debet, vel prout non debet.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4842 Ergo bonitas voluntatis non solum dependet ex obiecto, sed etiam ex
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4843 circumstantiis.</p><p title="I-II q. 19 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="34357"><span class="ref">[34357] Iª-IIae q. 19 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4844 ignorantia circumstantiarum excusat malitiam voluntatis, ut supra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4845 habitum est. Sed hoc non esset, nisi bonitas et malitia voluntatis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4846 a circumstantiis dependeret. Ergo bonitas et malitia voluntatis
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4847 dependet ex circumstantiis, et non a solo obiecto.</p><p title="I-II q. 19 a. 2 s. c."><a name="34358"><span class="ref">[34358] Iª-IIae q. 19 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4848 ex circumstantiis, inquantum huiusmodi, actus non habet speciem, ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4849 supra dictum est. Sed bonum et malum sunt specificae differentiae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4850 actus voluntatis, ut dictum est. Ergo bonitas et malitia voluntatis
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4851 non dependet ex circumstantiis, sed ex solo obiecto.</p><p title="I-II q. 19 a. 2 co."><a name="34359"><span class="ref">[34359] Iª-IIae q. 19 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4852 dicendum quod in quolibet genere, quanto aliquid est prius, tanto
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4853 est simplicius et in paucioribus consistens, sicut prima corpora
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4854 sunt simplicia. Et ideo invenimus quod ea quae sunt prima in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4855 quolibet genere, sunt aliquo modo simplicia, et in uno consistunt.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4856 Principium autem bonitatis et malitiae humanorum actuum est ex actu
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4857 voluntatis. Et ideo bonitas et malitia voluntatis secundum aliquid
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4858 unum attenditur, aliorum vero actuum bonitas et malitia potest
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4859 secundum diversa attendi. Illud autem unum quod est principium in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4860 quolibet genere, non est per accidens, sed per se, quia omne quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4861 est per accidens, reducitur ad id quod est per se, sicut ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4862 principium. Et ideo bonitas voluntatis ex solo uno illo dependet,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4863 quod per se facit bonitatem in actu, scilicet ex obiecto, et non ex
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4864 circumstantiis, quae sunt quaedam accidentia actus.</p><p title="I-II q. 19 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="34360"><span class="ref">[34360] Iª-IIae q. 19 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4865 ergo dicendum quod finis est obiectum voluntatis, non autem aliarum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4866 virium. Unde quantum ad actum voluntatis, non differt bonitas quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4867 est ex obiecto, a bonitate quae est ex fine, sicut in actibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4868 aliarum virium, nisi forte per accidens, prout finis dependet ex
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4869 fine, et voluntas ex voluntate.</p><p title="I-II q. 19 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="34361"><span class="ref">[34361] Iª-IIae q. 19 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4870 dicendum quod, supposito quod voluntas sit boni, nulla
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4871 circumstantia potest eam facere malam. Quod ergo dicitur quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4872 aliquis vult aliquod bonum quando non debet vel ubi non debet,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4873 potest intelligi dupliciter. Uno modo, ita quod ista circumstantia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4874 referatur ad volitum. Et sic voluntas non est boni, quia velle
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4875 facere aliquid quando non debet fieri, non est velle bonum. Alio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4876 modo, ita quod referatur ad actum volendi. Et sic impossibile est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4877 quod aliquis velit bonum quando non debet, quia semper homo debet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4878 velle bonum, nisi forte per accidens, inquantum aliquis, volendo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4879 hoc bonum, impeditur ne tunc velit aliquod bonum debitum. Et tunc
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4880 non incidit malum ex eo quod aliquis vult illud bonum; sed ex eo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4881 quod non vult aliud bonum. Et similiter dicendum est de aliis
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4882 circumstantiis.</p><p title="I-II q. 19 a. 2 ad 3"><a name="34362"><span class="ref">[34362] Iª-IIae q. 19 a. 2 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4883 dicendum quod circumstantiarum ignorantia excusat malitiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4884 voluntatis, secundum quod circumstantiae se tenent ex parte voliti,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4885 inquantum scilicet ignorat circumstantias actus quem vult.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 3</h3><p title="I-II q. 19 a. 3 arg. 1"><a name="34363"><span class="ref">[34363] Iª-IIae q. 19 a. 3 arg. 1</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4886 sic proceditur. Videtur quod bonitas voluntatis non dependeat a
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4887 ratione. Prius enim non dependet a posteriori. Sed bonum per prius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4888 pertinet ad voluntatem quam ad rationem, ut ex supradictis patet.
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4889 Ergo bonum voluntatis non dependet a ratione.</p><p title="I-II q. 19 a. 3 arg. 2"><a name="34364"><span class="ref">[34364] Iª-IIae q. 19 a. 3 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4890 philosophus dicit, in VI Ethic., quod bonitas intellectus practici
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4891 est verum conforme appetitui recto. Appetitus autem rectus est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4892 voluntas bona. Ergo bonitas rationis practicae magis dependet a
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4893 bonitate voluntatis, quam e converso.</p><p title="I-II q. 19 a. 3 arg. 3"><a name="34365"><span class="ref">[34365] Iª-IIae q. 19 a. 3 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4894 movens non dependet ab eo quod movetur, sed e converso. Voluntas
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4895 autem movet rationem et alias vires, ut supra dictum est. Ergo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4896 bonitas voluntatis non dependet a ratione.</p><p title="I-II q. 19 a. 3 s. c."><a name="34366"><span class="ref">[34366] Iª-IIae q. 19 a. 3 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4897 est quod Hilarius dicit, in X de Trin., <i>immoderata est omnis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4898 susceptarum voluntatum pertinacia, ubi non rationi voluntas
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4899 subiicitur</i>. Sed bonitas voluntatis consistit in hoc quod non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4900 sit immoderata. Ergo bonitas voluntatis dependet ex hoc quod sit
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4901 subiecta rationi.</p><p title="I-II q. 19 a. 3 co."><a name="34367"><span class="ref">[34367] Iª-IIae q. 19 a. 3 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4902 dicendum quod, sicut dictum est, bonitas voluntatis proprie ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4903 obiecto dependet. Obiectum autem voluntatis proponitur ei per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4904 rationem. Nam bonum intellectum est obiectum voluntatis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4905 proportionatum ei; bonum autem sensibile, vel imaginarium, non est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4906 proportionatum voluntati, sed appetitui sensitivo, quia voluntas
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4907 potest tendere in bonum universale, quod ratio apprehendit;
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4908 appetitus autem sensitivus non tendit nisi in bonum particulare,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4909 quod apprehendit vis sensitiva. Et ideo bonitas voluntatis dependet
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4910 a ratione, eo modo quo dependet ab obiecto.</p><p title="I-II q. 19 a. 3 ad 1"><a name="34368"><span class="ref">[34368] Iª-IIae q. 19 a. 3 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4911 ergo dicendum quod bonum sub ratione boni, idest appetibilis, per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4912 prius pertinet ad voluntatem quam ad rationem. Sed tamen per prius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4913 pertinet ad rationem sub ratione veri, quam ad voluntatem sub
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4914 ratione appetibilis, quia appetitus voluntatis non potest esse de
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4915 bono, nisi prius a ratione apprehendatur.</p><p title="I-II q. 19 a. 3 ad 2"><a name="34369"><span class="ref">[34369] Iª-IIae q. 19 a. 3 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4916 dicendum quod philosophus ibi loquitur de intellectu practico,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4917 secundum quod est consiliativus et ratiocinativus eorum quae sunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4918 ad finem, sic enim perficitur per prudentiam. In his autem quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4919 sunt ad finem, rectitudo rationis consistit in conformitate ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4920 appetitum finis debiti. Sed tamen et ipse appetitus finis debiti
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4921 praesupponit rectam apprehensionem de fine, quae est per
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4922 rationem.</p><p title="I-II q. 19 a. 3 ad 3"><a name="34370"><span class="ref">[34370] Iª-IIae q. 19 a. 3 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4923 dicendum quod voluntas quodam modo movet rationem; et ratio alio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4924 modo movet voluntatem, ex parte scilicet obiecti, ut supra dictum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4925 est.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 4</h3><p title="I-II q. 19 a. 4 arg. 1"><a name="34371"><span class="ref">[34371] Iª-IIae q. 19 a. 4 arg. 1</span></a> Ad quartum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4926 sic proceditur. Videtur quod bonitas voluntatis humanae non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4927 dependeat a lege aeterna. Unius enim una est regula et mensura. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4928 regula humanae voluntatis, ex qua eius bonitas dependet, est ratio
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4929 recta. Ergo non dependet bonitas voluntatis a lege aeterna.</p><p title="I-II q. 19 a. 4 arg. 2"><a name="34372"><span class="ref">[34372] Iª-IIae q. 19 a. 4 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4930 mensura est homogenea mensurato, ut dicitur X Metaphys. Sed lex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4931 aeterna non est homogenea voluntati humanae. Ergo lex aeterna non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4932 potest esse mensura voluntatis humanae, ut ab ea bonitas eius
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4933 dependeat.</p><p title="I-II q. 19 a. 4 arg. 3"><a name="34373"><span class="ref">[34373] Iª-IIae q. 19 a. 4 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4934 mensura debet esse certissima. Sed lex aeterna est nobis ignota.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4935 Ergo non potest esse nostrae voluntatis mensura, ut ab ea bonitas
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4936 voluntatis nostrae dependeat.</p><p title="I-II q. 19 a. 4 s. c."><a name="34374"><span class="ref">[34374] Iª-IIae q. 19 a. 4 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4937 est quod Augustinus dicit, XXII libro contra Faustum, quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4938 <i>peccatum est factum, dictum vel concupitum aliquid contra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4939 aeternam legem</i>. Sed malitia voluntatis est radix peccati. Ergo,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4940 cum malitia bonitati opponatur, bonitas voluntatis dependet a lege
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4941 aeterna.</p><p title="I-II q. 19 a. 4 co."><a name="34375"><span class="ref">[34375] Iª-IIae q. 19 a. 4 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4942 dicendum quod in omnibus causis ordinatis, effectus plus dependet a
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4943 causa prima quam a causa secunda, quia causa secunda non agit nisi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4944 in virtute primae causae. Quod autem ratio humana sit regula
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4945 voluntatis humanae, ex qua eius bonitas mensuretur, habet ex lege
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4946 aeterna, quae est ratio divina. Unde in Psalmo IV, dicitur,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4947 <i>multi dicunt, quis ostendit nobis bona? Signatum est super nos
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4948 lumen vultus tui, domine</i>, quasi diceret, lumen rationis quod in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4949 nobis est, intantum potest nobis ostendere bona, et nostram
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4950 voluntatem regulare, inquantum est lumen vultus tui, idest a vultu
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4951 tuo derivatum. Unde manifestum est quod multo magis dependet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4952 bonitas voluntatis humanae a lege aeterna, quam a ratione humana,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4953 et ubi deficit humana ratio, oportet ad rationem aeternam
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4954 recurrere.</p><p title="I-II q. 19 a. 4 ad 1"><a name="34376"><span class="ref">[34376] Iª-IIae q. 19 a. 4 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4955 ergo dicendum quod unius rei non sunt plures mensurae proximae,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4956 possunt tamen esse plures mensurae, quarum una sub alia
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4957 ordinetur.</p><p title="I-II q. 19 a. 4 ad 2"><a name="34377"><span class="ref">[34377] Iª-IIae q. 19 a. 4 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4958 dicendum quod mensura proxima est homogenea mensurato, non autem
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4959 mensura remota.</p><p title="I-II q. 19 a. 4 ad 3"><a name="34378"><span class="ref">[34378] Iª-IIae q. 19 a. 4 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4960 dicendum quod, licet lex aeterna sit nobis ignota secundum quod est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4961 in mente divina; innotescit tamen nobis aliqualiter vel per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4962 rationem naturalem, quae ab ea derivatur ut propria eius imago; vel
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4963 per aliqualem revelationem superadditam.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 5</h3><p title="I-II q. 19 a. 5 arg. 1"><a name="34379"><span class="ref">[34379] Iª-IIae q. 19 a. 5 arg. 1</span></a> Ad quintum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4964 sic proceditur. Videtur quod voluntas discordans a ratione errante,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4965 non sit mala. Ratio enim est regula voluntatis humanae, inquantum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4966 derivatur a lege aeterna, ut dictum est. Sed ratio errans non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4967 derivatur a lege aeterna. Ergo ratio errans non est regula
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4968 voluntatis humanae. Non est ergo voluntas mala, si discordat a
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4969 ratione errante.</p><p title="I-II q. 19 a. 5 arg. 2"><a name="34380"><span class="ref">[34380] Iª-IIae q. 19 a. 5 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4970 secundum Augustinum, inferioris potestatis praeceptum non obligat,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4971 si contrarietur praecepto potestatis superioris, sicut si proconsul
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4972 iubeat aliquid quod imperator prohibet. Sed ratio errans quandoque
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4973 proponit aliquid quod est contra praeceptum superioris, scilicet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4974 Dei, cuius est summa potestas. Ergo dictamen rationis errantis non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4975 obligat. Non est ergo voluntas mala, si discordet a ratione
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4976 errante.</p><p title="I-II q. 19 a. 5 arg. 3"><a name="34381"><span class="ref">[34381] Iª-IIae q. 19 a. 5 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4977 omnis voluntas mala reducitur ad aliquam speciem malitiae. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4978 voluntas discordans a ratione errante, non potest reduci ad aliquam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4979 speciem malitiae, puta, si ratio errans errat in hoc, quod dicat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4980 esse fornicandum, voluntas eius qui fornicari non vult, ad nullam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4981 malitiam reduci potest. Ergo voluntas discordans a ratione errante,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4982 non est mala.</p><p title="I-II q. 19 a. 5 s. c."><a name="34382"><span class="ref">[34382] Iª-IIae q. 19 a. 5 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4983 sicut in primo dictum est, conscientia nihil aliud est quam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4984 applicatio scientiae ad aliquem actum. Scientia autem in ratione
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4985 est. Voluntas ergo discordans a ratione errante, est contra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4986 conscientiam. Sed omnis talis voluntas est mala, dicitur enim Rom.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4987 XIV, <i>omne quod non est ex fide, peccatum est</i>, idest omne
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4988 quod est contra conscientiam. Ergo voluntas discordans a ratione
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
4989 errante, est mala.</p><p title="I-II q. 19 a. 5 co."><a name="34383"><span class="ref">[34383] Iª-IIae q. 19 a. 5 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4990 dicendum quod, cum conscientia sit quodammodo dictamen rationis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4991 (est enim quaedam applicatio scientiae ad actum, ut in primo dictum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4992 est), idem est quaerere utrum voluntas discordans a ratione errante
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4993 sit mala, quod quaerere utrum conscientia errans obliget. Circa
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4994 quod, aliqui distinxerunt tria genera actuum, quidam enim sunt boni
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4995 ex genere; quidam sunt indifferentes; quidam sunt mali ex genere.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4996 Dicunt ergo quod, si ratio vel conscientia dicat aliquid esse
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4997 faciendum quod sit bonum ex suo genere, non est ibi error.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4998 Similiter, si dicat aliquid non esse faciendum quod est malum ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
4999 suo genere, eadem enim ratione praecipiuntur bona, qua prohibentur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5000 mala. Sed si ratio vel conscientia dicat alicui quod illa quae sunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5001 secundum se mala, homo teneatur facere ex praecepto; vel quod illa
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5002 quae sunt secundum se bona, sint prohibita; erit ratio vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5003 conscientia errans. Et similiter si ratio vel conscientia dicat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5004 alicui quod id quod est secundum se indifferens, ut levare festucam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5005 de terra, sit prohibitum vel praeceptum, erit ratio vel conscientia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5006 errans. Dicunt ergo quod ratio vel conscientia errans circa
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5007 indifferentia, sive praecipiendo sive prohibendo, obligat, ita quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5008 voluntas discordans a tali ratione errante, erit mala et peccatum.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5009 Sed ratio vel conscientia errans praecipiendo ea quae sunt per se
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5010 mala, vel prohibendo ea quae sunt per se bona et necessaria ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5011 salutem, non obligat, unde in talibus voluntas discordans a ratione
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5012 vel conscientia errante, non est mala. Sed hoc irrationabiliter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5013 dicitur. In indifferentibus enim, voluntas discordans a ratione vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5014 conscientia errante, est mala aliquo modo propter obiectum, a quo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5015 bonitas vel malitia voluntatis dependet, non autem propter obiectum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5016 secundum sui naturam; sed secundum quod per accidens a ratione
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5017 apprehenditur ut malum ad faciendum vel ad vitandum. Et quia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5018 obiectum voluntatis est id quod proponitur a ratione, ut dictum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5019 est, ex quo aliquid proponitur a ratione ut malum, voluntas, dum in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5020 illud fertur, accipit rationem mali. Hoc autem contingit non solum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5021 in indifferentibus, sed etiam in per se bonis vel malis. Non solum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5022 enim id quod est indifferens, potest accipere rationem boni vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5023 mali per accidens; sed etiam id quod est bonum, potest accipere
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5024 rationem mali, vel illud quod est malum, rationem boni, propter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5025 apprehensionem rationis. Puta, abstinere a fornicatione bonum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5026 quoddam est, tamen in hoc bonum non fertur voluntas, nisi secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5027 quod a ratione proponitur. Si ergo proponatur ut malum a ratione
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5028 errante, feretur in hoc sub ratione mali. Unde voluntas erit mala,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5029 quia vult malum, non quidem id quod est malum per se, sed id quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5030 est malum per accidens, propter apprehensionem rationis. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5031 similiter credere in Christum est per se bonum, et necessarium ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5032 salutem, sed voluntas non fertur in hoc, nisi secundum quod a
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5033 ratione proponitur. Unde si a ratione proponatur ut malum, voluntas
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5034 feretur in hoc ut malum, non quia sit malum secundum se, sed quia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5035 est malum per accidens ex apprehensione rationis. Et ideo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5036 philosophus dicit, in VII Ethic., quod, per se loquendo,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5037 <i>incontinens est qui non sequitur rationem rectam, per accidens
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5038 autem, qui non sequitur etiam rationem falsam</i>. Unde dicendum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5039 est simpliciter quod omnis voluntas discordans a ratione, sive
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5040 recta sive errante, semper est mala.</p><p title="I-II q. 19 a. 5 ad 1"><a name="34384"><span class="ref">[34384] Iª-IIae q. 19 a. 5 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5041 ergo dicendum quod iudicium rationis errantis licet non derivetur a
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5042 Deo, tamen ratio errans iudicium suum proponit ut verum, et per
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5043 consequens ut a Deo derivatum, a quo est omnis veritas.</p><p title="I-II q. 19 a. 5 ad 2"><a name="34385"><span class="ref">[34385] Iª-IIae q. 19 a. 5 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5044 dicendum quod verbum Augustini habet locum, quando cognoscitur quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5045 inferior potestas praecipit aliquid contra praeceptum superioris
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5046 potestatis. Sed si aliquis crederet quod praeceptum proconsulis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5047 esset praeceptum imperatoris, contemnendo praeceptum proconsulis,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5048 contemneret praeceptum imperatoris. Et similiter si aliquis homo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5049 cognosceret quod ratio humana dictaret aliquid contra praeceptum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5050 Dei, non teneretur rationem sequi, sed tunc ratio non totaliter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5051 esset errans. Sed quando ratio errans proponit aliquid ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5052 praeceptum Dei, tunc idem est contemnere dictamen rationis, et Dei
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5053 praeceptum.</p><p title="I-II q. 19 a. 5 ad 3"><a name="34386"><span class="ref">[34386] Iª-IIae q. 19 a. 5 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5054 dicendum quod ratio, quando apprehendit aliquid ut malum, semper
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5055 apprehendit illud sub aliqua ratione mali, puta quia contrariatur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5056 divino praecepto, vel quia est scandalum, vel propter aliquid
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5057 huiusmodi. Et tunc ad talem speciem malitiae reducitur talis mala
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5058 voluntas.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 6</h3><p title="I-II q. 19 a. 6 arg. 1"><a name="34387"><span class="ref">[34387] Iª-IIae q. 19 a. 6 arg. 1</span></a> Ad sextum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5059 sic proceditur. Videtur quod voluntas concordans rationi erranti,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5060 sit bona. Sicut enim voluntas discordans a ratione tendit in id
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5061 quod ratio iudicat malum; ita voluntas concordans rationi, tendit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5062 in id quod ratio iudicat bonum. Sed voluntas discordans a ratione,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5063 etiam errante, est mala. Ergo voluntas concordans rationi, etiam
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5064 erranti, est bona.</p><p title="I-II q. 19 a. 6 arg. 2"><a name="34388"><span class="ref">[34388] Iª-IIae q. 19 a. 6 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5065 voluntas concordans praecepto Dei et legi aeternae, semper est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5066 bona. Sed lex aeterna et praeceptum Dei proponitur nobis per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5067 apprehensionem rationis, etiam errantis. Ergo voluntas concordans
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5068 etiam rationi erranti, est bona.</p><p title="I-II q. 19 a. 6 arg. 3"><a name="34389"><span class="ref">[34389] Iª-IIae q. 19 a. 6 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5069 voluntas discordans a ratione errante, est mala. Si ergo voluntas
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5070 concordans rationi erranti sit etiam mala, videtur quod omnis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5071 voluntas habentis rationem errantem, sit mala. Et sic talis homo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5072 erit perplexus, et ex necessitate peccabit, quod est inconveniens.
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5073 Ergo voluntas concordans rationi erranti, est bona.</p><p title="I-II q. 19 a. 6 s. c."><a name="34390"><span class="ref">[34390] Iª-IIae q. 19 a. 6 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5074 voluntas occidentium apostolos erat mala. Sed tamen concordabat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5075 rationi erranti ipsorum, secundum illud Ioan. XVI, <i>venit hora,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5076 ut omnis qui interficit vos, arbitretur obsequium se praestare
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5077 Deo</i>. Ergo voluntas concordans rationi erranti, potest esse
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5078 mala.</p><p title="I-II q. 19 a. 6 co."><a name="34391"><span class="ref">[34391] Iª-IIae q. 19 a. 6 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5079 dicendum quod, sicut praemissa quaestio eadem est cum quaestione
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5080 qua quaeritur utrum conscientia erronea liget; ita ista quaestio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5081 eadem est cum illa qua quaeritur utrum conscientia erronea excuset.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5082 Haec autem quaestio dependet ab eo quod supra de ignorantia dictum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5083 est. Dictum est enim supra quod ignorantia quandoque causat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5084 involuntarium, quandoque autem non. Et quia bonum et malum morale
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5085 consistit in actu inquantum est voluntarius, ut ex praemissis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5086 patet; manifestum est quod illa ignorantia quae causat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5087 involuntarium, tollit rationem boni et mali moralis; non autem illa
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5088 quae involuntarium non causat. Dictum est etiam supra quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5089 ignorantia quae est aliquo modo volita, sive directe sive
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5090 indirecte, non causat involuntarium. Et dico ignorantiam directe
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5091 voluntariam, in quam actus voluntatis fertur, indirecte autem,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5092 propter negligentiam, ex eo quod aliquis non vult illud scire quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5093 scire tenetur, ut supra dictum est. Si igitur ratio vel conscientia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5094 erret errore voluntario, vel directe, vel propter negligentiam,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5095 quia est error circa id quod quis scire tenetur; tunc talis error
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5096 rationis vel conscientiae non excusat quin voluntas concordans
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5097 rationi vel conscientiae sic erranti, sit mala. Si autem sit error
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5098 qui causet involuntarium, proveniens ex ignorantia alicuius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5099 circumstantiae absque omni negligentia; tunc talis error rationis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5100 vel conscientiae excusat, ut voluntas concordans rationi erranti
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5101 non sit mala. Puta, si ratio errans dicat quod homo teneatur ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5102 uxorem alterius accedere, voluntas concordans huic rationi erranti
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5103 est mala, eo quod error iste provenit ex ignorantia legis Dei, quam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5104 scire tenetur. Si autem ratio erret in hoc, quod credat aliquam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5105 mulierem submissam, esse suam uxorem, et, ea petente debitum, velit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5106 eam cognoscere; excusatur voluntas eius, ut non sit mala, quia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5107 error iste ex ignorantia circumstantiae provenit, quae excusat, et
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5108 involuntarium causat.</p><p title="I-II q. 19 a. 6 ad 1"><a name="34392"><span class="ref">[34392] Iª-IIae q. 19 a. 6 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5109 ergo dicendum quod, sicut Dionysius dicit in IV cap. de Div. Nom.,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5110 <i>bonum causatur ex integra causa, malum autem ex singularibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5111 defectibus</i>. Et ideo ad hoc quod dicatur malum id in quod fertur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5112 voluntas, sufficit sive quod secundum suam naturam sit malum, sive
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5113 quod apprehendatur ut malum. Sed ad hoc quod sit bonum, requiritur
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5114 quod utroque modo sit bonum.</p><p title="I-II q. 19 a. 6 ad 2"><a name="34393"><span class="ref">[34393] Iª-IIae q. 19 a. 6 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5115 dicendum quod lex aeterna errare non potest, sed ratio humana
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5116 potest errare. Et ideo voluntas concordans rationi humanae non
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5117 semper est recta, nec semper est concordans legis aeternae.</p><p title="I-II q. 19 a. 6 ad 3"><a name="34394"><span class="ref">[34394] Iª-IIae q. 19 a. 6 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5118 dicendum quod, sicut in syllogisticis, uno inconvenienti dato,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5119 necesse est alia sequi; ita in moralibus, uno inconvenienti posito,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5120 ex necessitate alia sequuntur. Sicut, supposito quod aliquis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5121 quaerat inanem gloriam, sive propter inanem gloriam faciat quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5122 facere tenetur, sive dimittat, peccabit. Nec tamen est perplexus,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5123 quia potest intentionem malam dimittere. Et similiter, supposito
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5124 errore rationis vel conscientiae qui procedit ex ignorantia non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5125 excusante, necesse est quod sequatur malum in voluntate. Nec tamen
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5126 est homo perplexus, quia potest ab errore recedere, cum ignorantia
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5127 sit vincibilis et voluntaria.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 7</h3><p title="I-II q. 19 a. 7 arg. 1"><a name="34395"><span class="ref">[34395] Iª-IIae q. 19 a. 7 arg. 1</span></a> Ad septimum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5128 sic proceditur. Videtur quod bonitas voluntatis non dependeat ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5129 intentione finis. Dictum est enim supra quod bonitas voluntatis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5130 dependet ex solo obiecto. Sed in his quae sunt ad finem, aliud est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5131 obiectum voluntatis, et aliud finis intentus. Ergo in talibus
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5132 bonitas voluntatis non dependet ab intentione finis.</p><p title="I-II q. 19 a. 7 arg. 2"><a name="34396"><span class="ref">[34396] Iª-IIae q. 19 a. 7 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5133 velle servare mandatum Dei, pertinet ad voluntatem bonam. Sed hoc
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5134 potest referri ad malum finem, scilicet ad finem inanis gloriae,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5135 vel cupiditatis, dum aliquis vult obedire Deo propter temporalia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5136 consequenda. Ergo bonitas voluntatis non dependet ab intentione
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5137 finis.</p><p title="I-II q. 19 a. 7 arg. 3"><a name="34397"><span class="ref">[34397] Iª-IIae q. 19 a. 7 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5138 bonum et malum, sicut diversificant voluntatem, ita diversificant
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5139 finem. Sed malitia voluntatis non dependet a malitia finis intenti,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5140 qui enim vult furari ut det eleemosynam, voluntatem malam habet,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5141 licet intendat finem bonum. Ergo etiam bonitas voluntatis non
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5142 dependet a bonitate finis intenti.</p><p title="I-II q. 19 a. 7 s. c."><a name="34398"><span class="ref">[34398] Iª-IIae q. 19 a. 7 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5143 est quod Augustinus dicit, IX Confess., quod intentio remuneratur a
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5144 Deo. Sed ex eo aliquid remuneratur a Deo, quia est bonum. Ergo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5145 bonitas voluntatis ex intentione finis dependet.</p><p title="I-II q. 19 a. 7 co."><a name="34399"><span class="ref">[34399] Iª-IIae q. 19 a. 7 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5146 dicendum quod intentio dupliciter se potest habere ad voluntatem,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5147 uno modo, ut praecedens; alio modo, ut concomitans. Praecedit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5148 quidem causaliter intentio voluntatem, quando aliquid volumus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5149 propter intentionem alicuius finis. Et tunc ordo ad finem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5150 consideratur ut ratio quaedam bonitatis ipsius voliti, puta cum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5151 aliquis vult ieiunare propter Deum, habet enim ieiunium rationem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5152 boni ex hoc ipso quod fit propter Deum. Unde, cum bonitas
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5153 voluntatis dependeat a bonitate voliti, ut supra dictum est,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5154 necesse est quod dependeat ex intentione finis. Consequitur autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5155 intentio voluntatem, quando accedit voluntati praeexistenti, puta
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5156 si aliquis velit aliquid facere, et postea referat illud in Deum.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5157 Et tunc primae voluntatis bonitas non dependet ex intentione
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5158 sequenti, nisi quatenus reiteratur actus voluntatis cum sequenti
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5159 intentione.</p><p title="I-II q. 19 a. 7 ad 1"><a name="34400"><span class="ref">[34400] Iª-IIae q. 19 a. 7 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5160 ergo dicendum quod, quando intentio est causa volendi, ordo ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5161 finem accipitur ut quaedam ratio bonitatis in obiecto, ut dictum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5162 est.</p><p title="I-II q. 19 a. 7 ad 2"><a name="34401"><span class="ref">[34401] Iª-IIae q. 19 a. 7 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5163 dicendum quod voluntas non potest dici bona, si sit intentio mala
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5164 causa volendi. Qui enim vult dare eleemosynam propter inanem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5165 gloriam consequendam, vult id quod de se est bonum, sub ratione
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5166 mali, et ideo, prout est volitum ab ipso, est malum. Unde voluntas
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5167 eius est mala. Sed si intentio sit consequens, tunc voluntas potuit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5168 esse bona, et per intentionem sequentem non depravatur ille actus
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5169 voluntatis qui praecessit, sed actus voluntatis qui iteratur.</p><p title="I-II q. 19 a. 7 ad 3"><a name="34402"><span class="ref">[34402] Iª-IIae q. 19 a. 7 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5170 dicendum quod, sicut iam dictum est, malum contingit ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5171 singularibus defectibus, bonum vero ex tota et integra causa. Unde
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5172 sive voluntas sit eius quod est secundum se malum, etiam sub
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5173 ratione boni; sive sit boni sub ratione mali; semper voluntas erit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5174 mala. Sed ad hoc quod sit voluntas bona, requiritur quod sit boni
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5175 sub ratione boni; idest quod velit bonum, et propter bonum.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 8</h3><p title="I-II q. 19 a. 8 arg. 1"><a name="34403"><span class="ref">[34403] Iª-IIae q. 19 a. 8 arg. 1</span></a> Ad octavum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5176 sic proceditur. Videtur quod quantitas bonitatis in voluntate,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5177 dependeat ex quantitate bonitatis in intentione. Quia super illud
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5178 Matth. XII, <i>bonus homo de thesauro bono cordis sui profert
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5179 bona</i>, dicit Glossa, tantum boni quis facit, quantum intendit.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5180 Sed intentio non solum dat bonitatem actui exteriori, sed etiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5181 voluntati, ut dictum est. Ergo tantum aliquis habet bonam
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5182 voluntatem, quantum intendit.</p><p title="I-II q. 19 a. 8 arg. 2"><a name="34404"><span class="ref">[34404] Iª-IIae q. 19 a. 8 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5183 augmentata causa, augmentatur effectus. Sed intentionis bonitas est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5184 causa bonae voluntatis. Ergo quantum quis intendit de bono, tantum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5185 voluntas est bona.</p><p title="I-II q. 19 a. 8 arg. 3"><a name="34405"><span class="ref">[34405] Iª-IIae q. 19 a. 8 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5186 in malis quantum aliquis intendit, tantum peccat, si enim aliquis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5187 proiiciens lapidem, intenderet facere homicidium, reus esset
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5188 homicidii. Ergo, pari ratione, in bonis tantum est bona voluntas,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5189 quantum aliquis bonum intendit.</p><p title="I-II q. 19 a. 8 s. c."><a name="34406"><span class="ref">[34406] Iª-IIae q. 19 a. 8 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5190 potest esse intentio bona, et voluntas mala. Ergo, pari ratione,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5191 potest esse intentio magis bona, et voluntas minus bona.</p><p title="I-II q. 19 a. 8 co."><a name="34407"><span class="ref">[34407] Iª-IIae q. 19 a. 8 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5192 dicendum quod circa actum et intentionem finis, duplex quantitas
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5193 potest considerari, una ex parte obiecti, quia vult maius bonum,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5194 vel agit; alia ex intensione actus, quia intense vult vel agit,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5195 quod est maius ex parte agentis. Si igitur loquamur de quantitate
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5196 utriusque quantum ad obiectum, manifestum est quod quantitas actus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5197 non sequitur quantitatem intentionis. Quod quidem ex parte actus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5198 exterioris, contingere potest dupliciter. Uno modo, quia obiectum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5199 quod ordinatur ad finem intentum, non est proportionatum fini illi,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5200 sicut si quis daret decem libras, non posset consequi suam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5201 intentionem, si intenderet emere rem valentem centum libras. Alio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5202 modo, propter impedimenta quae supervenire possunt circa exteriorem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5203 actum, quae non est in potestate nostra removere, puta, aliquis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5204 intendit ire usque Romam, et occurrunt ei impedimenta, quod non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5205 potest hoc facere. Sed ex parte interioris actus voluntatis, non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5206 est nisi uno modo, quia interiores actus voluntatis sunt in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5207 potestate nostra, non autem exteriores actus. Sed voluntas potest
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5208 velle aliquod obiectum non proportionatum fini intento, et sic
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5209 voluntas quae fertur in illud obiectum absolute consideratum, non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5210 est tantum bona, quantum est intentio. Sed quia etiam ipsa intentio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5211 quodammodo pertinet ad actum voluntatis, inquantum scilicet est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5212 ratio eius; propter hoc redundat quantitas bonae intentionis in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5213 voluntatem, inquantum scilicet voluntas vult aliquod bonum magnum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5214 ut finem, licet illud per quod vult consequi tantum bonum, non sit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5215 dignum illo bono. Si vero consideretur quantitas intentionis et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5216 actus secundum intensionem utriusque, sic intensio intentionis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5217 redundat in actum interiorem et exteriorem voluntatis, quia ipsa
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5218 intentio quodammodo se habet formaliter ad utrumque, ut ex supra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5219 dictis patet. Licet materialiter, intentione existente intensa,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5220 possit esse actus interior vel exterior non ita intensus,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5221 materialiter loquendo, puta cum aliquis non ita intense vult
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5222 medicinam sumere, sicut vult sanitatem. Tamen hoc ipsum quod est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5223 intense intendere sanitatem, redundat formaliter in hoc quod est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5224 intense velle medicinam. Sed tamen hoc est considerandum, quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5225 intensio actus interioris vel exterioris potest referri ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5226 intentionem ut obiectum, puta cum aliquis intendit intense velle,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5227 vel aliquid intense operari. Et tamen non propter hoc intense vult
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5228 vel operatur, quia quantitatem boni intenti non sequitur bonitas
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5229 actus interioris vel exterioris, ut dictum est. Et inde est quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5230 non quantum aliquis intendit mereri, meretur, quia quantitas meriti
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5231 consistit in intensione actus, ut infra dicetur.</p><p title="I-II q. 19 a. 8 ad 1"><a name="34408"><span class="ref">[34408] Iª-IIae q. 19 a. 8 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5232 ergo dicendum quod Glossa illa loquitur quantum ad reputationem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5233 Dei, qui praecipue considerat intentionem finis. Unde alia Glossa
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5234 dicit ibidem quod <i>thesaurus cordis intentio est, ex qua Deus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5235 iudicat opera</i>. Bonitas enim intentionis, ut dictum est,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5236 redundat quodammodo in bonitatem voluntatis, quae facit etiam
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5237 exteriorem actum meritorium apud Deum.</p><p title="I-II q. 19 a. 8 ad 2"><a name="34409"><span class="ref">[34409] Iª-IIae q. 19 a. 8 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5238 dicendum quod bonitas intentionis non est tota causa bonae
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5239 voluntatis. Unde ratio non sequitur.</p><p title="I-II q. 19 a. 8 ad 3"><a name="34410"><span class="ref">[34410] Iª-IIae q. 19 a. 8 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5240 dicendum quod sola malitia intentionis sufficit ad malitiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5241 voluntatis, et ideo etiam quantum mala est intentio, tantum mala
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5242 est voluntas. Sed non est eadem ratio de bonitate, ut dictum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5243 est.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 9</h3><p title="I-II q. 19 a. 9 arg. 1"><a name="34411"><span class="ref">[34411] Iª-IIae q. 19 a. 9 arg. 1</span></a> Ad nonum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5244 sic proceditur. Videtur quod bonitas voluntatis humanae non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5245 dependeat ex conformitate voluntatis divinae. Impossibile est enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5246 voluntatem hominis conformari voluntati divinae, ut patet per id
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5247 quod dicitur Isaiae LV, <i>sicut exaltantur caeli a terra, ita
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5248 exaltatae sunt viae meae a viis vestris, et cogitationes meae a
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5249 cogitationibus vestris</i>. Si ergo ad bonitatem voluntatis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5250 requireretur conformitas ad divinam voluntatem, sequeretur quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5251 impossibile esset hominis voluntatem esse bonam. Quod est
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5252 inconveniens.</p><p title="I-II q. 19 a. 9 arg. 2"><a name="34412"><span class="ref">[34412] Iª-IIae q. 19 a. 9 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5253 sicut voluntas nostra derivatur a voluntate divina, ita scientia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5254 nostra derivatur a scientia divina. Sed non requiritur ad scientiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5255 nostram quod sit conformis scientiae divinae, multa enim Deus scit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5256 quae nos ignoramus. Ergo non requiritur quod voluntas nostra sit
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5257 conformis voluntati divinae.</p><p title="I-II q. 19 a. 9 arg. 3"><a name="34413"><span class="ref">[34413] Iª-IIae q. 19 a. 9 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5258 voluntas est actionis principium. Sed actio nostra non potest
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5259 conformari actioni divinae. Ergo nec voluntas voluntati.</p><p title="I-II q. 19 a. 9 s. c."><a name="34414"><span class="ref">[34414] Iª-IIae q. 19 a. 9 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5260 est quod dicitur Matth. XXVI, <i>non sicut ego volo, sed sicut tu
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5261 vis</i>, quod dicit quia rectum vult esse hominem, et ad Deum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5262 dirigi, ut Augustinus exponit in Enchirid. Rectitudo autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5263 voluntatis est bonitas eius. Ergo bonitas voluntatis dependet ex
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5264 conformitate ad voluntatem divinam.</p><p title="I-II q. 19 a. 9 co."><a name="34415"><span class="ref">[34415] Iª-IIae q. 19 a. 9 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5265 dicendum quod, sicut dictum est, bonitas voluntatis dependet ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5266 intentione finis. Finis autem ultimus voluntatis humanae est summum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5267 bonum, quod est Deus, ut supra dictum est. Requiritur ergo ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5268 bonitatem humanae voluntatis, quod ordinetur ad summum bonum, quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5269 est Deus. Hoc autem bonum primo quidem et per se comparatur ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5270 voluntatem divinam ut obiectum proprium eius. Illud autem quod est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5271 primum in quolibet genere, est mensura et ratio omnium quae sunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5272 illius generis. Unumquodque autem rectum et bonum est, inquantum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5273 attingit ad propriam mensuram. Ergo ad hoc quod voluntas hominis
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5274 sit bona, requiritur quod conformetur voluntati divinae.</p><p title="I-II q. 19 a. 9 ad 1"><a name="34416"><span class="ref">[34416] Iª-IIae q. 19 a. 9 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5275 ergo dicendum quod voluntas hominis non potest conformari voluntati
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5276 divinae per aequiparantiam, sed per imitationem. Et similiter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5277 conformatur scientia hominis scientiae divinae, inquantum cognoscit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5278 verum. Et actio hominis actioni divinae, inquantum est agenti
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5279 conveniens. Et hoc per imitationem, non autem per
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5280 aequiparantiam.</p><p title="I-II q. 19 a. 9 ad 2"><a name="34417"><span class="ref">[34417] Iª-IIae q. 19 a. 9 ad 2</span></a> Unde patet
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5281 solutio ad secundum, et ad tertium argumentum.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 10</h3><p title="I-II q. 19 a. 10 arg. 1"><a name="34418"><span class="ref">[34418] Iª-IIae q. 19 a. 10 arg. 1</span></a> Ad decimum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5282 sic proceditur. Videtur quod voluntas hominis non debeat semper
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5283 conformari divinae voluntati in volito. Non enim possumus velle
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5284 quod ignoramus, bonum enim apprehensum est obiectum voluntatis. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5285 quid Deus velit, ignoramus in plurimis. Ergo non potest humana
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5286 voluntas divinae voluntati conformari in volito.</p><p title="I-II q. 19 a. 10 arg. 2"><a name="34419"><span class="ref">[34419] Iª-IIae q. 19 a. 10 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5287 Deus vult damnare aliquem, quem praescit in mortali peccato
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5288 moriturum. Si ergo homo teneretur conformare voluntatem suam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5289 divinae voluntati in volito, sequeretur quod homo teneretur velle
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5290 suam damnationem. Quod est inconveniens.</p><p title="I-II q. 19 a. 10 arg. 3"><a name="34420"><span class="ref">[34420] Iª-IIae q. 19 a. 10 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5291 nullus tenetur velle aliquid quod est contra pietatem. Sed si homo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5292 vellet illud quod Deus vult, hoc esset quandoque contra pietatem,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5293 puta, cum Deus vult mori patrem alicuius, si filius hoc idem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5294 vellet, contra pietatem esset. Ergo non tenetur homo conformare
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5295 voluntatem suam voluntati divinae in volito.</p><p title="I-II q. 19 a. 10 s. c. 1"><a name="34421"><span class="ref">[34421] Iª-IIae q. 19 a. 10 s. c. 1</span></a> Sed
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5296 contra est quia super illud Psalmi XXXII, <i>rectos decet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5297 collaudatio</i>, dicit Glossa, <i>rectum cor habet qui vult quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5298 Deus vult</i>. Sed quilibet tenetur habere rectum cor. Ergo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5299 quilibet tenetur velle quod Deus vult.</p><p title="I-II q. 19 a. 10 s. c. 2"><a name="34422"><span class="ref">[34422] Iª-IIae q. 19 a. 10 s. c. 2</span></a>
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5300 Praeterea, forma voluntatis est ex obiecto sicut et cuiuslibet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5301 actus. Si ergo tenetur homo conformare voluntatem suam voluntati
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5302 divinae, sequitur quod teneatur conformare in volito.</p><p title="I-II q. 19 a. 10 s. c. 3"><a name="34423"><span class="ref">[34423] Iª-IIae q. 19 a. 10 s. c. 3</span></a>
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5303 Praeterea, repugnantia voluntatum consistit in hoc, quod homines
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5304 diversa volunt. Sed quicumque habet voluntatem repugnantem divinae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5305 voluntati, habet malam voluntatem. Ergo quicumque non conformat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5306 voluntatem suam voluntati divinae in volito, habet malam
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5307 voluntatem.</p><p title="I-II q. 19 a. 10 co."><a name="34424"><span class="ref">[34424] Iª-IIae q. 19 a. 10 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5308 dicendum quod, sicut ex praedictis patet, voluntas fertur in suum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5309 obiectum secundum quod a ratione proponitur. Contingit autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5310 aliquid a ratione considerari diversimode, ita quod sub una ratione
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5311 est bonum, et secundum aliam rationem non bonum. Et ideo voluntas
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5312 alicuius, si velit illud esse, secundum quod habet rationem boni,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5313 est bona, et voluntas alterius, si velit illud idem non esse,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5314 secundum quod habet rationem mali, erit voluntas etiam bona. Sicut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5315 iudex habet bonam voluntatem, dum vult occisionem latronis, quia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5316 iusta est, voluntas autem alterius, puta uxoris vel filii, qui non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5317 vult occidi ipsum, inquantum est secundum naturam mala occisio, est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5318 etiam bona. Cum autem voluntas sequatur apprehensionem rationis vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5319 intellectus, secundum quod ratio boni apprehensi fuerit communior,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5320 secundum hoc et voluntas fertur in bonum communius. Sicut patet in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5321 exemplo proposito, nam iudex habet curam boni communis, quod est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5322 iustitia, et ideo vult occisionem latronis, quae habet rationem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5323 boni secundum relationem ad statum communem; uxor autem latronis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5324 considerare habet bonum privatum familiae, et secundum hoc vult
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5325 maritum latronem non occidi. Bonum autem totius universi est id
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5326 quod est apprehensum a Deo, qui est universi factor et gubernator,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5327 unde quidquid vult, vult sub ratione boni communis, quod est sua
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5328 bonitas, quae est bonum totius universi. Apprehensio autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5329 creaturae, secundum suam naturam, est alicuius boni particularis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5330 proportionati suae naturae. Contingit autem aliquid esse bonum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5331 secundum rationem particularem, quod non est bonum secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5332 rationem universalem, aut e converso, ut dictum est. Et ideo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5333 contingit quod aliqua voluntas est bona volens aliquid secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5334 rationem particularem consideratum, quod tamen Deus non vult
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5335 secundum rationem universalem, et e converso. Et inde est etiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5336 quod possunt diversae voluntates diversorum hominum circa opposita
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5337 esse bonae, prout sub diversis rationibus particularibus volunt hoc
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5338 esse vel non esse. Non est autem recta voluntas alicuius hominis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5339 volentis aliquod bonum particulare, nisi referat illud in bonum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5340 commune sicut in finem, cum etiam naturalis appetitus cuiuslibet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5341 partis ordinetur in bonum commune totius. Ex fine autem sumitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5342 quasi formalis ratio volendi illud quod ad finem ordinatur. Unde ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5343 hoc quod aliquis recta voluntate velit aliquod particulare bonum,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5344 oportet quod illud particulare bonum sit volitum materialiter,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5345 bonum autem commune divinum sit volitum formaliter. Voluntas igitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5346 humana tenetur conformari divinae voluntati in volito formaliter,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5347 tenetur enim velle bonum divinum et commune, sed non materialiter,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5348 ratione iam dicta. Sed tamen quantum ad utrumque, aliquo modo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5349 voluntas humana conformatur voluntati divinae. Quia secundum quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5350 conformatur voluntati divinae in communi ratione voliti,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5351 conformatur ei in fine ultimo. Secundum autem quod non conformatur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5352 ei in volito materialiter, conformatur ei secundum rationem causae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5353 efficientis, quia hanc propriam inclinationem consequentem naturam,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5354 vel apprehensionem particularem huius rei, habet res a Deo sicut a
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5355 causa effectiva. Unde consuevit dici quod conformatur, quantum ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5356 hoc, voluntas hominis voluntati divinae, quia vult hoc quod Deus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5357 vult eum velle. Est et alius modus conformitatis secundum rationem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5358 causae formalis, ut scilicet homo velit aliquid ex caritate, sicut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5359 Deus vult. Et ista etiam conformitas reducitur ad conformitatem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5360 formalem quae attenditur ex ordine ad ultimum finem, quod est
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5361 proprium obiectum caritatis.</p><p title="I-II q. 19 a. 10 ad 1"><a name="34425"><span class="ref">[34425] Iª-IIae q. 19 a. 10 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5362 ergo dicendum quod volitum divinum, secundum rationem communem,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5363 quale sit, scire possumus. Scimus enim quod Deus quidquid vult,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5364 vult sub ratione boni. Et ideo quicumque vult aliquid sub quacumque
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5365 ratione boni, habet voluntatem conformem voluntati divinae, quantum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5366 ad rationem voliti. Sed in particulari nescimus quid Deus velit. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5367 quantum ad hoc, non tenemur conformare voluntatem nostram divinae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5368 voluntati. In statu tamen gloriae, omnes videbunt in singulis quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5369 volent, ordinem eorum ad id quod Deus circa hoc vult. Et ideo non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5370 solum formaliter, sed materialiter in omnibus suam voluntatem Deo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5371 conformabunt.</p><p title="I-II q. 19 a. 10 ad 2"><a name="34426"><span class="ref">[34426] Iª-IIae q. 19 a. 10 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5372 dicendum quod Deus non vult damnationem alicuius sub ratione
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5373 damnationis, nec mortem alicuius inquantum est mors, <i>quia ipse
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5374 vult omnes homines salvos fieri</i>, sed vult ista sub ratione
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5375 iustitiae. Unde sufficit circa talia quod homo velit iustitiam Dei,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5376 et ordinem naturae servari.</p><p title="I-II q. 19 a. 10 ad 3"><a name="34427"><span class="ref">[34427] Iª-IIae q. 19 a. 10 ad 3</span></a> Unde patet
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5377 solutio ad tertium.</p><p title="I-II q. 19 a. 10 ad 4"><a name="34428"><span class="ref">[34428] Iª-IIae q. 19 a. 10 ad 4</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5378 vero quod in contrarium obiiciebatur, dicendum quod magis vult quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5379 Deus vult, qui conformat voluntatem suam voluntati divinae quantum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5380 ad rationem voliti, quam qui conformat quantum ad ipsam rem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5381 volitam, quia voluntas principalius fertur in finem, quam in id
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5382 quod est ad finem.</p><p title="I-II q. 19 a. 10 ad 5"><a name="34429"><span class="ref">[34429] Iª-IIae q. 19 a. 10 ad 5</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5383 dicendum quod species et forma actus magis attenditur secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5384 rationem obiecti, quam secundum id quod est materiale in
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5385 obiecto.</p><p title="I-II q. 19 a. 10 ad 6"><a name="34430"><span class="ref">[34430] Iª-IIae q. 19 a. 10 ad 6</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5386 dicendum quod non est repugnantia voluntatum, quando aliqui diversa
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5387 volunt non secundum eandem rationem. Sed si sub una ratione esset
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5388 aliquid ab uno volitum, quod alius nollet, hoc induceret
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5389 repugnantiam voluntatum. Quod tamen non est in proposito.</p></div></div><div class="q" id="q20"><h2>Quaestio 20</h2><div class="p"><h3>Prooemium</h3><p title="I-II q. 20 pr."><a name="34431"><span class="ref">[34431]
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5390 Iª-IIae q. 20 pr.</span></a> Deinde considerandum est de
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5391 bonitate et malitia quantum ad exteriores actus. Et circa hoc
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5392 quaeruntur sex. Primo, utrum bonitas et malitia per prius sit in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5393 actu voluntatis, vel in actu exteriori secundo, utrum tota bonitas
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5394 vel malitia actus exterioris dependeat ex bonitate voluntatis.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5395 Tertio, utrum sit eadem bonitas et malitia interioris et exterioris
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5396 actus. Quarto, utrum actus exterior aliquid addat de bonitate vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5397 malitia supra actum interiorem. Quinto, utrum eventus sequens
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5398 aliquid addat de bonitate vel malitia ad actum exteriorem. Sexto,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5399 utrum idem actus exterior possit esse bonus et malus.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 1</h3><p title="I-II q. 20 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="34432"><span class="ref">[34432] Iª-IIae q. 20 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5400 sic proceditur. Videtur quod bonum et malum per prius consistat in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5401 actu exteriori quam in actu voluntatis. Voluntas enim habet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5402 bonitatem ex obiecto, ut supra dictum est. Sed actus exterior est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5403 obiectum interioris actus voluntatis, dicimur enim velle furtum,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5404 vel velle dare eleemosynam. Ergo malum et bonum per prius est in
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5405 actu exteriori, quam in actu voluntatis.</p><p title="I-II q. 20 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="34433"><span class="ref">[34433] Iª-IIae q. 20 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5406 bonum per prius convenit fini, quia ea quae sunt ad finem, habent
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5407 rationem boni ex ordine ad finem. Actus autem voluntatis non potest
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5408 esse finis, ut supra dictum est, actus alicuius alterius potentiae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5409 potest esse finis. Ergo per prius consistit bonum in actu potentiae
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5410 alterius, quam in actu voluntatis.</p><p title="I-II q. 20 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="34434"><span class="ref">[34434] Iª-IIae q. 20 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5411 actus voluntatis formaliter se habet ad actum exteriorem, ut supra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5412 dictum est. Sed id quod est formale, est posterius, nam forma
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5413 advenit materiae. Ergo per prius est bonum et malum in actu
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5414 exteriori quam in actu voluntatis.</p><p title="I-II q. 20 a. 1 s. c."><a name="34435"><span class="ref">[34435] Iª-IIae q. 20 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5415 est quod Augustinus dicit, in libro Retract., quod <i>voluntas est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5416 qua peccatur, et recte vivitur</i>. Ergo bonum et malum morale per
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5417 prius consistit in voluntate.</p><p title="I-II q. 20 a. 1 co."><a name="34436"><span class="ref">[34436] Iª-IIae q. 20 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5418 dicendum quod aliqui actus exteriores possunt dici boni vel mali
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5419 dupliciter. Uno modo, secundum genus suum, et secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5420 circumstantias in ipsis consideratas, sicut dare eleemosynam,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5421 servatis debitis circumstantiis, dicitur esse bonum. Alio modo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5422 dicitur aliquid esse bonum vel malum ex ordine ad finem, sicut dare
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5423 eleemosynam propter inanem gloriam, dicitur esse malum. Cum autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5424 finis sit proprium obiectum voluntatis, manifestum est quod ista
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5425 ratio boni vel mali quam habet actus exterior ex ordine ad finem,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5426 per prius invenitur in actu voluntatis, et ex eo derivatur ad actum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5427 exteriorem. Bonitas autem vel malitia quam habet actus exterior
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5428 secundum se, propter debitam materiam et debitas circumstantias,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5429 non derivatur a voluntate, sed magis a ratione. Unde si
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5430 consideretur bonitas exterioris actus secundum quod est in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5431 ordinatione et apprehensione rationis, prior est quam bonitas actus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5432 voluntatis, sed si consideretur secundum quod est in executione
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5433 operis, sequitur bonitatem voluntatis, quae est principium
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5434 eius.</p><p title="I-II q. 20 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="34437"><span class="ref">[34437] Iª-IIae q. 20 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5435 ergo dicendum quod actus exterior est obiectum voluntatis,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5436 inquantum proponitur voluntati a ratione ut quoddam bonum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5437 apprehensum et ordinatum per rationem, et sic est prius quam bonum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5438 actus voluntatis. Inquantum vero consistit in executione operis,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5439 est effectus voluntatis, et sequitur voluntatem.</p><p title="I-II q. 20 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="34438"><span class="ref">[34438] Iª-IIae q. 20 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5440 dicendum quod finis est prior in intentione, sed est posterior in
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5441 executione.</p><p title="I-II q. 20 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="34439"><span class="ref">[34439] Iª-IIae q. 20 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5442 dicendum quod forma, secundum quod est recepta in materia, est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5443 posterior in via generationis quam materia, licet sit prior natura,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5444 sed secundum quod est in causa agente, est omnibus modis prior.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5445 Voluntas autem comparatur ad actum exteriorem sicut causa
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5446 efficiens. Unde bonitas actus voluntatis est forma exterioris
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5447 actus, sicut in causa agente existens.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 2</h3><p title="I-II q. 20 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="34440"><span class="ref">[34440] Iª-IIae q. 20 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5448 sic proceditur. Videtur quod tota bonitas et malitia actus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5449 exterioris dependeat ex voluntate. Dicitur enim Matth. VII, <i>non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5450 potest arbor bona malos fructus facere, nec arbor mala facere
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5451 fructus bonos</i>. Per arborem autem intelligitur voluntas, et per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5452 fructum opus, secundum Glossam. Ergo non potest esse quod voluntas
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5453 interior sit bona, et actus exterior sit malus; aut e converso.</p><p title="I-II q. 20 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="34441"><span class="ref">[34441] Iª-IIae q. 20 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5454 Augustinus dicit, in libro Retract., quod non nisi voluntate
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5455 peccatur. Si ergo non sit peccatum in voluntate, non erit peccatum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5456 in exteriori actu. Et ita tota bonitas vel malitia exterioris actus
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5457 ex voluntate dependet.</p><p title="I-II q. 20 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="34442"><span class="ref">[34442] Iª-IIae q. 20 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5458 bonum et malum de quo nunc loquimur, sunt differentiae moralis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5459 actus. Differentiae autem per se dividunt genus, secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5460 philosophum, in VII Metaphys. Cum igitur actus sit moralis ex eo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5461 quod est voluntarius, videtur quod bonum et malum accipitur in actu
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5462 solum ex parte voluntatis.</p><p title="I-II q. 20 a. 2 s. c."><a name="34443"><span class="ref">[34443] Iª-IIae q. 20 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5463 est quod Augustinus dicit, in libro contra mendacium, quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5464 <i>quaedam sunt quae nullo quasi bono fine, aut bona voluntate,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5465 possunt bene fieri</i>.</p><p title="I-II q. 20 a. 2 co."><a name="34444"><span class="ref">[34444] Iª-IIae q. 20 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5466 dicendum quod, sicut iam dictum est, in actu exteriori potest
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5467 considerari duplex bonitas vel malitia, una secundum debitam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5468 materiam et circumstantias; alia secundum ordinem ad finem. Et illa
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5469 quidem quae est secundum ordinem ad finem, tota dependet ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5470 voluntate. Illa autem quae est ex debita materia vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5471 circumstantiis, dependet ex ratione, et ex hac dependet bonitas
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5472 voluntatis, secundum quod in ipsam fertur. Est autem considerandum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5473 quod, sicut supra dictum est, ad hoc quod aliquid sit malum,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5474 sufficit unus singularis defectus, ad hoc autem quod sit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5475 simpliciter bonum, non sufficit unum singulare bonum, sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5476 requiritur integritas bonitatis. Si igitur voluntas sit bona et ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5477 obiecto proprio, et ex fine, consequens est actum exteriorem esse
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5478 bonum. Sed non sufficit ad hoc quod actus exterior sit bonus,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5479 bonitas voluntatis quae est ex intentione finis, sed si voluntas
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5480 sit mala sive ex intentione finis, sive ex actu volito, consequens
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5481 est actum exteriorem esse malum.</p><p title="I-II q. 20 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="34445"><span class="ref">[34445] Iª-IIae q. 20 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5482 ergo dicendum quod voluntas bona, prout significatur per arborem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5483 bonam, est accipienda secundum quod habet bonitatem ex actu volito,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5484 et ex fine intento.</p><p title="I-II q. 20 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="34446"><span class="ref">[34446] Iª-IIae q. 20 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5485 dicendum quod non solum aliquis voluntate peccat, quando vult malum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5486 finem; sed etiam quando vult malum actum.</p><p title="I-II q. 20 a. 2 ad 3"><a name="34447"><span class="ref">[34447] Iª-IIae q. 20 a. 2 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5487 dicendum quod voluntarium dicitur non solum actus interior
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5488 voluntatis, sed etiam actus exteriores, prout a voluntate procedunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5489 et ratione. Et ideo circa utrosque actus potest esse differentia
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5490 boni et mali.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 3</h3><p title="I-II q. 20 a. 3 arg. 1"><a name="34448"><span class="ref">[34448] Iª-IIae q. 20 a. 3 arg. 1</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5491 sic proceditur. Videtur quod non eadem sit bonitas vel malitia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5492 actus interioris voluntatis, et exterioris actus. Actus enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5493 interioris principium est vis animae interior apprehensiva vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5494 appetitiva, actus autem exterioris principium est potentia exequens
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5495 motum. Ubi autem sunt diversa principia actionis, ibi sunt diversi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5496 actus. Actus autem est subiectum bonitatis vel malitiae. Non potest
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5497 autem esse idem accidens in diversis subiectis. Ergo non potest
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5498 esse eadem bonitas interioris et exterioris actus.</p><p title="I-II q. 20 a. 3 arg. 2"><a name="34449"><span class="ref">[34449] Iª-IIae q. 20 a. 3 arg. 2</span></a>
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5499 <i>Praeterea, virtus est quae bonum facit habentem, et opus eius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5500 bonum reddit</i>, ut dicitur in II Ethic. Sed alia est virtus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5501 intellectualis in potentia imperante, et alia virtus moralis in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5502 potentia imperata, ut patet ex I Ethic. Ergo alia est bonitas actus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5503 interioris, qui est potentiae imperantis, et alia est bonitas actus
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5504 exterioris, qui est potentiae imperatae.</p><p title="I-II q. 20 a. 3 arg. 3"><a name="34450"><span class="ref">[34450] Iª-IIae q. 20 a. 3 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5505 causa et effectus idem esse non possunt, nihil enim est causa sui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5506 ipsius. Sed bonitas actus interioris est causa bonitatis actus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5507 exterioris, aut e converso, ut dictum est. Ergo non potest esse
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5508 eadem bonitas utriusque.</p><p title="I-II q. 20 a. 3 s. c."><a name="34451"><span class="ref">[34451] Iª-IIae q. 20 a. 3 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5509 est quod supra ostensum est quod actus voluntatis se habet ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5510 formale ad actum exteriorem. Ex formali autem et materiali fit
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5511 unum. Ergo est una bonitas actus interioris et exterioris.</p><p title="I-II q. 20 a. 3 co."><a name="34452"><span class="ref">[34452] Iª-IIae q. 20 a. 3 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5512 dicendum quod, sicut supra dictum est, actus interior voluntatis et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5513 actus exterior, prout considerantur in genere moris, sunt unus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5514 actus. Contingit autem quandoque actum qui est unus subiecto,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5515 habere plures rationes bonitatis vel malitiae; et quandoque unam
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5516 tantum. Sic ergo dicendum quod quandoque est eadem bonitas vel
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5517 malitia interioris et exterioris actus; quandoque alia et alia.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5518 Sicut enim iam dictum est, praedictae duae bonitates vel malitiae,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5519 scilicet interioris et exterioris actus, ad invicem ordinantur.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5520 Contingit autem in his quae ad aliud ordinantur, quod aliquid est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5521 bonum ex hoc solum quod ad aliud ordinatur, sicut potio amara ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5522 hoc solo est bona, quod est sanativa. Unde non est alia bonitas
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5523 sanitatis et potionis, sed una et eadem. Quandoque vero illud quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5524 ad aliud ordinatur, habet in se aliquam rationem boni, etiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5525 praeter ordinem ad aliud bonum, sicut medicina saporosa habet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5526 rationem boni delectabilis, praeter hoc quod est sanativa. Sic ergo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5527 dicendum quod, quando actus exterior est bonus vel malus solum ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5528 ordine ad finem, tunc est omnino eadem bonitas vel malitia actus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5529 voluntatis, qui per se respicit finem, et actus exterioris, qui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5530 respicit finem mediante actu voluntatis. Quando autem actus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5531 exterior habet bonitatem vel malitiam secundum se, scilicet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5532 secundum materiam vel circumstantias, tunc bonitas exterioris actus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5533 est una, et bonitas voluntatis quae est ex fine, est alia, ita
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5534 tamen quod et bonitas finis ex voluntate redundat in actum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5535 exteriorem, et bonitas materiae et circumstantiarum redundat in
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5536 actum voluntatis, sicut iam dictum est.</p><p title="I-II q. 20 a. 3 ad 1"><a name="34453"><span class="ref">[34453] Iª-IIae q. 20 a. 3 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5537 ergo dicendum quod ratio illa probat quod actus interior et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5538 exterior sunt diversi secundum genus naturae. Sed tamen ex eis sic
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5539 diversis constituitur unum in genere moris, ut supra dictum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5540 est.</p><p title="I-II q. 20 a. 3 ad 2"><a name="34454"><span class="ref">[34454] Iª-IIae q. 20 a. 3 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5541 dicendum quod, sicut dicitur in VI Ethic., virtutes morales
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5542 ordinantur ad ipsos actus virtutum, qui sunt quasi fines; prudentia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5543 autem, quae est in ratione, ad ea quae sunt ad finem. Et propter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5544 hoc requiruntur diversae virtutes. Sed ratio recta de ipso fine
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5545 virtutum non habet aliam bonitatem quam bonitatem virtutis,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5546 secundum quod bonitas rationis participatur in qualibet
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5547 virtute.</p><p title="I-II q. 20 a. 3 ad 3"><a name="34455"><span class="ref">[34455] Iª-IIae q. 20 a. 3 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5548 dicendum quod, quando aliquid ex uno derivatur in alterum sicut ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5549 causa agente univoca, tunc aliud est quod est in utroque, sicut cum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5550 calidum calefacit, alius numero est calor calefacientis, et calor
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5551 calefacti, licet idem specie. Sed quando aliquid derivatur ab uno
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5552 in alterum secundum analogiam vel proportionem, tunc est tantum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5553 unum numero, sicut a sano quod est in corpore animalis, derivatur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5554 sanum ad medicinam et urinam; nec alia sanitas est medicinae et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5555 urinae, quam sanitas animalis, quam medicina facit, et urina
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5556 significat. Et hoc modo a bonitate voluntatis derivatur bonitas
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5557 actus exterioris, et e converso, scilicet secundum ordinem unius ad
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5558 alterum.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 4</h3><p title="I-II q. 20 a. 4 arg. 1"><a name="34456"><span class="ref">[34456] Iª-IIae q. 20 a. 4 arg. 1</span></a> Ad quartum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5559 sic proceditur. Videtur quod exterior actus non addat in bonitate
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5560 vel malitia supra actum interiorem. Dicit enim Chrysostomus, super
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5561 Matth., <i>voluntas est quae aut remuneratur pro bono, aut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5562 condemnatur pro malo</i>. Opera autem testimonia sunt voluntatis.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5563 Non ergo quaerit Deus opera propter se, ut sciat quomodo iudicet;
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5564 sed propter alios, ut omnes intelligant quia iustus est Deus. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5565 malum vel bonum magis est aestimandum secundum iudicium Dei, quam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5566 secundum iudicium hominum. Ergo actus exterior nihil addit ad
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5567 bonitatem vel malitiam super actum interiorem.</p><p title="I-II q. 20 a. 4 arg. 2"><a name="34457"><span class="ref">[34457] Iª-IIae q. 20 a. 4 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5568 una et eadem est bonitas interioris et exterioris actus, ut dictum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5569 est. Sed augmentum fit per additionem unius ad alterum. Ergo actus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5570 exterior non addit in bonitate vel malitia super actum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5571 interiorem.</p><p title="I-II q. 20 a. 4 arg. 3"><a name="34458"><span class="ref">[34458] Iª-IIae q. 20 a. 4 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5572 tota bonitas creaturae nihil addit supra bonitatem divinam, quia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5573 tota derivatur a bonitate divina. Sed bonitas actus exterioris
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5574 quandoque tota derivatur ex bonitate actus interioris, quandoque
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5575 autem e converso, ut dictum est. Non ergo unum eorum addit in
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5576 bonitate vel malitia super alterum.</p><p title="I-II q. 20 a. 4 s. c."><a name="34459"><span class="ref">[34459] Iª-IIae q. 20 a. 4 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5577 omne agens intendit consequi bonum et vitare malum. Si ergo per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5578 actum exteriorem nihil additur de bonitate vel malitia, frustra qui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5579 habet bonam voluntatem vel malam, facit opus bonum, aut desistit a
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5580 malo opere. Quod est inconveniens.</p><p title="I-II q. 20 a. 4 co."><a name="34460"><span class="ref">[34460] Iª-IIae q. 20 a. 4 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5581 dicendum quod, si loquamur de bonitate exterioris actus quam habet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5582 ex voluntate finis, tunc actus exterior nihil addit ad bonitatem,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5583 nisi contingat ipsam voluntatem secundum se fieri meliorem in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5584 bonis, vel peiorem in malis. Quod quidem videtur posse contingere
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5585 tripliciter. Uno modo, secundum numerum. Puta, cum aliquis vult
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5586 aliquid facere bono fine vel malo, et tunc quidem non facit,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5587 postmodum autem vult et facit; duplicatur actus voluntatis, et sic
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5588 fit duplex bonum vel duplex malum. Alio modo, quantum ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5589 extensionem. Puta, cum aliquis vult facere aliquid bono fine vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5590 malo et propter aliquod impedimentum desistit; alius autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5591 continuat motum voluntatis quousque opere perficiat; manifestum est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5592 quod huiusmodi voluntas est diuturnior in bono vel malo, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5593 secundum hoc est peior vel melior. Tertio, secundum intensionem.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5594 Sunt enim quidam actus exteriores qui, inquantum sunt delectabiles
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5595 vel poenosi, nati sunt intendere voluntatem vel remittere. Constat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5596 autem quod quanto voluntas intensius tendit in bonum vel malum,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5597 tanto est melior vel peior. Si autem loquamur de bonitate actus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5598 exterioris quam habet secundum materiam et debitas circumstantias,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5599 sic comparatur ad voluntatem ut terminus et finis. Et hoc modo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5600 addit ad bonitatem vel malitiam voluntatis, quia omnis inclinatio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5601 vel motus perficitur in hoc quod consequitur finem, vel attingit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5602 terminum. Unde non est perfecta voluntas, nisi sit talis quae,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5603 opportunitate data, operetur. Si vero possibilitas desit, voluntate
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5604 existente perfecta, ut operaretur si posset; defectus perfectionis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5605 quae est ex actu exteriori, est simpliciter involuntarium.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5606 Involuntarium autem, sicut non meretur poenam vel praemium in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5607 operando bonum aut malum, ita non tollit aliquid de praemio vel de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5608 poena, si homo involuntarie simpliciter deficiat ad faciendum bonum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5609 vel malum.</p><p title="I-II q. 20 a. 4 ad 1"><a name="34461"><span class="ref">[34461] Iª-IIae q. 20 a. 4 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5610 ergo dicendum quod Chrysostomus loquitur, quando voluntas hominis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5611 est consummata, et non cessatur ab actu nisi propter impotentiam
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5612 faciendi.</p><p title="I-II q. 20 a. 4 ad 2"><a name="34462"><span class="ref">[34462] Iª-IIae q. 20 a. 4 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5613 dicendum quod ratio illa procedit de bonitate actus exterioris quam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5614 habet a voluntate finis. Sed bonitas actus exterioris quam habet ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5615 materia et circumstantiis, est alia a bonitate voluntatis quae est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5616 ex fine, non autem alia a bonitate voluntatis quam habet ex ipso
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5617 actu volito, sed comparatur ad ipsam ut ratio et causa eius, sicut
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5618 supra dictum est.</p><p title="I-II q. 20 a. 4 ad 3"><a name="34463"><span class="ref">[34463] Iª-IIae q. 20 a. 4 ad 3</span></a> Et per hoc
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5619 etiam patet solutio ad tertium.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 5</h3><p title="I-II q. 20 a. 5 arg. 1"><a name="34464"><span class="ref">[34464] Iª-IIae q. 20 a. 5 arg. 1</span></a> Ad quintum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5620 sic proceditur. Videtur quod eventus sequens addat ad bonitatem vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5621 malitiam actus. Effectus enim virtute praeexistit in causa. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5622 eventus consequuntur actus sicut effectus causas. Ergo virtute
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5623 praeexistunt in actibus. Sed unumquodque secundum suam virtutem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5624 iudicatur bonum vel malum, nam virtus est quae bonum facit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5625 habentem, ut dicitur in II Ethic. Ergo eventus addunt ad bonitatem
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5626 vel malitiam actus.</p><p title="I-II q. 20 a. 5 arg. 2"><a name="34465"><span class="ref">[34465] Iª-IIae q. 20 a. 5 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5627 bona quae faciunt auditores, sunt effectus quidam consequentes ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5628 praedicatione doctoris. Sed huiusmodi bona redundant ad meritum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5629 praedicatoris, ut patet per id quod dicitur Philipp. IV, <i>fratres
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5630 mei carissimi et desideratissimi, gaudium meum et corona mea</i>.
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5631 Ergo eventus sequens addit ad bonitatem vel malitiam actus.</p><p title="I-II q. 20 a. 5 arg. 3"><a name="34466"><span class="ref">[34466] Iª-IIae q. 20 a. 5 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5632 poena non additur nisi crescente culpa, unde dicitur Deut. XXV,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5633 <i>pro mensura peccati, erit et plagarum modus</i>. Sed ex eventu
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5634 sequente additur ad poenam, dicitur enim Exod. XXI, <i>quod si bos
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5635 fuerit cornupeta ab heri et nudius tertius, et contestati sunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5636 dominum eius, nec recluserit eum, occideritque virum aut mulierem;
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5637 et bos lapidibus obruetur, et dominum eius occident</i>. Non autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5638 occideretur, si bos non occidisset hominem, etiam non reclusus.
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5639 Ergo eventus sequens addit ad bonitatem vel malitiam actus.</p><p title="I-II q. 20 a. 5 arg. 4"><a name="34467"><span class="ref">[34467] Iª-IIae q. 20 a. 5 arg. 4</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5640 si aliquis ingerat causam mortis percutiendo vel sententiam dando,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5641 et mors non sequatur, non contrahitur irregularitas. Contraheretur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5642 autem si mors sequeretur. Ergo eventus sequens addit ad bonitatem
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5643 vel malitiam actus.</p><p title="I-II q. 20 a. 5 s. c."><a name="34468"><span class="ref">[34468] Iª-IIae q. 20 a. 5 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5644 eventus sequens non facit actum malum qui erat bonus, nec bonum qui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5645 erat malus. Puta si aliquis det eleemosynam pauperi, qua ille
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5646 abutatur ad peccatum, nihil deperit ei qui eleemosynam fecit, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5647 similiter si aliquis patienter ferat iniuriam sibi factam, non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5648 propter hoc excusatur ille qui fecit. Ergo eventus sequens non
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5649 addit ad bonitatem vel malitiam actus.</p><p title="I-II q. 20 a. 5 co."><a name="34469"><span class="ref">[34469] Iª-IIae q. 20 a. 5 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5650 dicendum quod eventus sequens aut est praecogitatus, aut non. Si
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5651 est praecogitatus, manifestum est quod addit ad bonitatem vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5652 malitiam. Cum enim aliquis cogitans quod ex opere suo multa mala
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5653 possunt sequi, nec propter hoc dimittit, ex hoc apparet voluntas
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5654 eius esse magis inordinata. Si autem eventus sequens non sit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5655 praecogitatus, tunc distinguendum est. Quia si per se sequitur ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5656 tali actu, et ut in pluribus, secundum hoc eventus sequens addit ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5657 bonitatem vel malitiam actus, manifestum est enim meliorem actum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5658 esse ex suo genere, ex quo possunt plura bona sequi; et peiorem, ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5659 quo nata sunt plura mala sequi. Si vero per accidens, et ut in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5660 paucioribus, tunc eventus sequens non addit ad bonitatem vel ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5661 malitiam actus, non enim datur iudicium de re aliqua secundum illud
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5662 quod est per accidens, sed solum secundum illud quod est per
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5663 se.</p><p title="I-II q. 20 a. 5 ad 1"><a name="34470"><span class="ref">[34470] Iª-IIae q. 20 a. 5 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5664 ergo dicendum quod virtus causae existimatur secundum effectus per
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5665 se, non autem secundum effectus per accidens.</p><p title="I-II q. 20 a. 5 ad 2"><a name="34471"><span class="ref">[34471] Iª-IIae q. 20 a. 5 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5666 dicendum quod bona quae auditores faciunt, consequuntur ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5667 praedicatione doctoris sicut effectus per se. Unde redundant ad
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5668 praemium praedicatoris, et praecipue quando sunt praeintenta.</p><p title="I-II q. 20 a. 5 ad 3"><a name="34472"><span class="ref">[34472] Iª-IIae q. 20 a. 5 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5669 dicendum quod eventus ille pro quo illi poena infligenda mandatur,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5670 et per se sequitur ex tali causa, et iterum ponitur ut
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5671 praecogitatus. Et ideo imputatur ad poenam.</p><p title="I-II q. 20 a. 5 ad 4"><a name="34473"><span class="ref">[34473] Iª-IIae q. 20 a. 5 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5672 dicendum quod ratio illa procederet, si irregularitas sequeretur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5673 culpam. Non autem sequitur culpam, sed factum, propter aliquem
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5674 defectum sacramenti.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 6</h3><p title="I-II q. 20 a. 6 arg. 1"><a name="34474"><span class="ref">[34474] Iª-IIae q. 20 a. 6 arg. 1</span></a> Ad sextum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5675 sic proceditur. Videtur quod unus actus possit esse bonus et malus.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5676 Motus enim est unus qui est continuus, ut dicitur in V Physic. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5677 unus motus continuus potest esse bonus et malus, puta si aliquis,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5678 continue ad Ecclesiam vadens, primo quidem intendat inanem gloriam,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5679 postea intendat Deo servire. Ergo unus actus potest esse bonus et
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5680 malus.</p><p title="I-II q. 20 a. 6 arg. 2"><a name="34475"><span class="ref">[34475] Iª-IIae q. 20 a. 6 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5681 secundum philosophum, in III Physic., actio et passio sunt unus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5682 actus. Sed potest esse passio bona, sicut Christi; et actio mala,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5683 sicut Iudaeorum. Ergo unus actus potest esse bonus et malus.</p><p title="I-II q. 20 a. 6 arg. 3"><a name="34476"><span class="ref">[34476] Iª-IIae q. 20 a. 6 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5684 cum servus sit quasi instrumentum domini, actio servi est actio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5685 domini, sicut actio instrumenti est actio artificis. Sed potest
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5686 contingere quod actio servi procedat ex bona voluntate domini, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5687 sic sit bona, et ex mala voluntate servi, et sic sit mala. Ergo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5688 idem actus potest esse bonus et malus.</p><p title="I-II q. 20 a. 6 s. c."><a name="34477"><span class="ref">[34477] Iª-IIae q. 20 a. 6 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5689 contraria non possunt esse in eodem. Sed bonum et malum sunt
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5690 contraria. Ergo unus actus non potest esse bonus et malus.</p><p title="I-II q. 20 a. 6 co."><a name="34478"><span class="ref">[34478] Iª-IIae q. 20 a. 6 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5691 dicendum quod nihil prohibet aliquid esse unum, secundum quod est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5692 in uno genere; et esse multiplex, secundum quod refertur ad aliud
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5693 genus. Sicut superficies continua est una, secundum quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5694 consideratur in genere quantitatis, tamen est multiplex, secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5695 quod refertur ad genus coloris, si partim sit alba, et partim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5696 nigra. Et secundum hoc, nihil prohibet aliquem actum esse unum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5697 secundum quod refertur ad genus naturae, qui tamen non est unus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5698 secundum quod refertur ad genus moris, sicut et e converso, ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5699 dictum est. Ambulatio enim continua est unus actus secundum genus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5700 naturae, potest tamen contingere quod sint plures secundum genus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5701 moris, si mutetur ambulantis voluntas, quae est principium actuum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5702 moralium. Si ergo accipiatur unus actus prout est in genere moris,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5703 impossibile est quod sit bonus et malus bonitate et malitia morali.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5704 Si tamen sit unus unitate naturae, et non unitate moris, potest
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5705 esse bonus et malus.</p><p title="I-II q. 20 a. 6 ad 1"><a name="34479"><span class="ref">[34479] Iª-IIae q. 20 a. 6 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5706 ergo dicendum quod ille motus continuus qui procedit ex diversa
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5707 intentione, licet sit unus unitate naturae, non est tamen unus
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5708 unitate moris.</p><p title="I-II q. 20 a. 6 ad 2"><a name="34480"><span class="ref">[34480] Iª-IIae q. 20 a. 6 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5709 dicendum quod actio et passio pertinent ad genus moris, inquantum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5710 habent rationem voluntarii. Et ideo secundum quod diversa voluntate
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5711 dicuntur voluntaria, secundum hoc sunt duo moraliter, et potest ex
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5712 una parte inesse bonum, et ex alia malum.</p><p title="I-II q. 20 a. 6 ad 3"><a name="34481"><span class="ref">[34481] Iª-IIae q. 20 a. 6 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5713 dicendum quod actus servi, inquantum procedit ex voluntate servi,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5714 non est actus domini, sed solum inquantum procedit ex mandato
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5715 domini. Unde sic non facit ipsum malum mala voluntas servi.</p></div></div><div class="q" id="q21"><h2>Quaestio 21</h2><div class="p"><h3>Prooemium</h3><p title="I-II q. 21 pr."><a name="34482"><span class="ref">[34482]
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5716 Iª-IIae q. 21 pr.</span></a> Deinde considerandum est de his
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
5717 quae consequuntur actus humanos ratione bonitatis vel malitiae. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5718 circa hoc quaeruntur quatuor. Primo, utrum actus humanus, inquantum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5719 est bonus vel malus, habeat rationem rectitudinis vel peccati.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5720 Secundo, utrum habeat rationem laudabilis vel culpabilis. Tertio,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5721 utrum habeat rationem meriti vel demeriti. Quarto, utrum habeat
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5722 rationem meriti vel demeriti apud Deum.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 1</h3><p title="I-II q. 21 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="34483"><span class="ref">[34483] Iª-IIae q. 21 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5723 sic proceditur. Videtur quod actus humanus, inquantum est bonus vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5724 malus, non habeat rationem rectitudinis vel peccati. Peccata enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5725 sunt monstra in natura, ut dicitur in II Physic. Monstra autem non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5726 sunt actus, sed sunt quaedam res generatae praeter ordinem naturae.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5727 Ea autem quae sunt secundum artem et rationem, imitantur ea quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5728 sunt secundum naturam, ut ibidem dicitur. Ergo actus ex hoc quod
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5729 est inordinatus et malus, non habet rationem peccati.</p><p title="I-II q. 21 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="34484"><span class="ref">[34484] Iª-IIae q. 21 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5730 peccatum, ut dicitur in II Physic., accidit in natura et arte, cum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5731 non pervenitur ad finem intentum a natura vel arte. Sed bonitas vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5732 malitia actus humani maxime consistit in intentione finis, et eius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5733 prosecutione. Ergo videtur quod malitia actus non inducat rationem
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5734 peccati.</p><p title="I-II q. 21 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="34485"><span class="ref">[34485] Iª-IIae q. 21 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5735 si malitia actus induceret rationem peccati, sequeretur quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5736 ubicumque esset malum, ibi esset peccatum. Hoc autem est falsum,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5737 nam poena, licet habeat rationem mali, non tamen habet rationem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5738 peccati. Non ergo ex hoc quod aliquis actus est malus, habet
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5739 rationem peccati.</p><p title="I-II q. 21 a. 1 s. c."><a name="34486"><span class="ref">[34486] Iª-IIae q. 21 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5740 bonitas actus humani, ut supra ostensum est, principaliter dependet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5741 a lege aeterna, et per consequens malitia eius in hoc consistit,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5742 quod discordat a lege aeterna. Sed hoc facit rationem peccati,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5743 dicit enim Augustinus, XXII contra Faustum, quod <i>peccatum est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5744 dictum, vel factum, vel concupitum aliquid contra legem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5745 aeternam</i>. Ergo actus humanus ex hoc quod est malus, habet
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5746 rationem peccati.</p><p title="I-II q. 21 a. 1 co."><a name="34487"><span class="ref">[34487] Iª-IIae q. 21 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5747 dicendum quod malum in plus est quam peccatum, sicut et bonum in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5748 plus est quam rectum. Quaelibet enim privatio boni in quocumque
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5749 constituit rationem mali, sed peccatum proprie consistit in actu
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5750 qui agitur propter finem aliquem, cum non habet debitum ordinem ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5751 finem illum. Debitus autem ordo ad finem secundum aliquam regulam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5752 mensuratur. Quae quidem regula in his quae secundum naturam agunt,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5753 est ipsa virtus naturae, quae inclinat in talem finem. Quando ergo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5754 actus procedit a virtute naturali secundum naturalem inclinationem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5755 in finem, tunc servatur rectitudo in actu, quia medium non exit ab
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5756 extremis, scilicet actus ab ordine activi principii ad finem.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5757 Quando autem a rectitudine tali actus aliquis recedit, tunc incidit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5758 ratio peccati. In his vero quae aguntur per voluntatem, regula
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5759 proxima est ratio humana; regula autem suprema est lex aeterna.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5760 Quando ergo actus hominis procedit in finem secundum ordinem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5761 rationis et legis aeternae, tunc actus est rectus, quando autem ab
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5762 hac rectitudine obliquatur, tunc dicitur esse peccatum. Manifestum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5763 est autem ex praemissis quod omnis actus voluntarius est malus per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5764 hoc quod recedit ab ordine rationis et legis aeternae, et omnis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5765 actus bonus concordat rationi et legi aeternae. Unde sequitur quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5766 actus humanus ex hoc quod est bonus vel malus, habeat rationem
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5767 rectitudinis vel peccati.</p><p title="I-II q. 21 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="34488"><span class="ref">[34488] Iª-IIae q. 21 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5768 ergo dicendum quod monstra dicuntur esse peccata, inquantum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5769 producta sunt ex peccato in actu naturae existente.</p><p title="I-II q. 21 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="34489"><span class="ref">[34489] Iª-IIae q. 21 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5770 dicendum quod duplex est finis, scilicet ultimus, et propinquus. In
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5771 peccato autem naturae, deficit quidem actus a fine ultimo, qui est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5772 perfectio generati; non tamen deficit a quocumque fine proximo;
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5773 operatur enim natura aliquid formando. Similiter in peccato
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5774 voluntatis, semper est defectus ab ultimo fine intento, quia nullus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5775 actus voluntarius malus est ordinabilis ad beatitudinem, quae est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5776 ultimus finis, licet non deficiat ab aliquo fine proximo, quem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5777 voluntas intendit et consequitur. Unde etiam cum ipsa intentio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5778 huius finis ordinetur ad finem ultimum, in ipsa intentione
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5779 huiusmodi finis potest inveniri ratio rectitudinis et peccati.</p><p title="I-II q. 21 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="34490"><span class="ref">[34490] Iª-IIae q. 21 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5780 dicendum quod unumquodque ordinatur ad finem per actum suum, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5781 ideo ratio peccati, quae consistit in deviatione ab ordine ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5782 finem, proprie consistit in actu. Sed poena respicit personam
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5783 peccantem, ut in primo dictum est.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 2</h3><p title="I-II q. 21 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="34491"><span class="ref">[34491] Iª-IIae q. 21 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5784 sic proceditur. Videtur quod actus humanus, ex hoc quod est bonus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5785 vel malus, non habeat rationem laudabilis vel culpabilis.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5786 <i>Peccatum enim contingit etiam in his quae aguntur a natura</i>,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5787 ut dicitur in II Physic. Sed tamen ea quae sunt naturalia, non sunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5788 laudabilia nec culpabilia, ut dicitur in III Ethic. Ergo actus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5789 humanus, ex hoc quod est malus vel peccatum, non habet rationem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5790 culpae, et per consequens nec ex hoc quod est bonus, habet rationem
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5791 laudabilis.</p><p title="I-II q. 21 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="34492"><span class="ref">[34492] Iª-IIae q. 21 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5792 sicut contingit peccatum in actibus moralibus, ita et in actibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5793 artis, quia, ut dicitur in II Physic., <i>peccat grammaticus non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5794 recte scribens, et medicus non recte dans potionem</i>. Sed non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5795 culpatur artifex ex hoc quod aliquod malum facit, quia ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5796 industriam artificis pertinet quod possit et bonum opus facere et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5797 malum, cum voluerit. Ergo videtur quod etiam actus moralis, ex hoc
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5798 quod est malus, non habeat rationem culpabilis.</p><p title="I-II q. 21 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="34493"><span class="ref">[34493] Iª-IIae q. 21 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5799 Dionysius dicit, in IV cap. de Div. Nom., quod malum est infirmum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5800 et impotens. Sed infirmitas vel impotentia vel tollit vel diminuit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5801 rationem culpae. Non ergo actus humanus est culpabilis ex hoc quod
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5802 est malus.</p><p title="I-II q. 21 a. 2 s. c."><a name="34494"><span class="ref">[34494] Iª-IIae q. 21 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5803 est quod philosophus dicit, quod <i>laudabilia sunt virtutum opera;
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5804 vituperabilia autem, vel culpabilia, opera contraria</i>. Sed actus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5805 boni sunt actus virtutis, quia <i>virtus est quae bonum facit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5806 habentem, et opus eius bonum reddit</i>, ut dicitur in II Ethic.,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5807 unde actus oppositi sunt actus mali. Ergo actus humanus ex hoc quod
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5808 est bonus vel malus, habet rationem laudabilis vel culpabilis.</p><p title="I-II q. 21 a. 2 co."><a name="34495"><span class="ref">[34495] Iª-IIae q. 21 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5809 dicendum quod, sicut malum est in plus quam peccatum, ita peccatum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5810 est in plus quam culpa. Ex hoc enim dicitur aliquis actus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5811 culpabilis vel laudabilis, quod imputatur agenti, nihil enim est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5812 aliud laudari vel culpari, quam imputari alicui malitiam vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5813 bonitatem sui actus. Tunc autem actus imputatur agenti, quando est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5814 in potestate ipsius, ita quod habeat dominium sui actus. Hoc autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5815 est in omnibus actibus voluntariis, quia per voluntatem homo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5816 dominium sui actus habet, ut ex supradictis patet. Unde relinquitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5817 quod bonum vel malum in solis actibus voluntariis constituit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5818 rationem laudis vel culpae; in quibus idem est malum, peccatum et
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5819 culpa.</p><p title="I-II q. 21 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="34496"><span class="ref">[34496] Iª-IIae q. 21 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5820 ergo dicendum quod actus naturales non sunt in potestate naturalis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5821 agentis, cum natura sit determinata ad unum. Et ideo, licet in
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5822 actibus naturalibus sit peccatum, non tamen est ibi culpa.</p><p title="I-II q. 21 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="34497"><span class="ref">[34497] Iª-IIae q. 21 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5823 dicendum quod ratio aliter se habet in artificialibus et aliter in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5824 moralibus. In artificialibus enim ratio ordinatur ad finem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5825 particularem, quod est aliquid per rationem excogitatum. In
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5826 moralibus autem ordinatur ad finem communem totius humanae vitae.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5827 Finis autem particularis ordinatur ad finem communem. Cum ergo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5828 peccatum sit per deviationem ab ordine ad finem, ut dictum est, in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5829 actu artis contingit dupliciter esse peccatum. Uno modo, per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5830 deviationem a fine particulari intento ab artifice, et hoc peccatum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5831 erit proprium arti; puta si artifex, intendens facere bonum opus,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5832 faciat malum, vel intendens facere malum, faciat bonum. Alio modo,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5833 per deviationem a fine communi humanae vitae, et hoc modo dicetur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5834 peccare, si intendat facere malum opus, et faciat, per quod alius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5835 decipiatur. Sed hoc peccatum non est proprium artificis inquantum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5836 artifex, sed inquantum homo est. Unde ex primo peccato culpatur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5837 artifex inquantum artifex, sed ex secundo culpatur homo inquantum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5838 homo. Sed in moralibus, ubi attenditur ordo rationis ad finem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5839 communem humanae vitae, semper peccatum et malum attenditur per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5840 deviationem ab ordine rationis ad finem communem humanae vitae. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5841 ideo culpatur ex tali peccato homo et inquantum est homo, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5842 inquantum est moralis. Unde philosophus dicit, in VI Ethic., quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5843 <i>in arte volens peccans est eligibilior; circa prudentiam autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5844 minus, sicut et in virtutibus moralibus</i>, quarum prudentia est
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5845 directiva.</p><p title="I-II q. 21 a. 2 ad 3"><a name="34498"><span class="ref">[34498] Iª-IIae q. 21 a. 2 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5846 dicendum quod illa infirmitas quae est in malis voluntariis,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5847 subiacet potestati hominis. Et ideo nec tollit nec diminuit
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5848 rationem culpae.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 3</h3><p title="I-II q. 21 a. 3 arg. 1"><a name="34499"><span class="ref">[34499] Iª-IIae q. 21 a. 3 arg. 1</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5849 sic proceditur. Videtur quod actus humanus non habeat rationem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5850 meriti et demeriti, propter suam bonitatem vel malitiam. Meritum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5851 enim et demeritum dicitur per ordinem ad retributionem, quae locum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5852 solum habet in his quae ad alterum sunt. Sed non omnes actus humani
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5853 boni vel mali sunt ad alterum, sed quidam sunt ad seipsum. Ergo non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5854 omnis actus humanus bonus vel malus habet rationem meriti vel
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5855 demeriti.</p><p title="I-II q. 21 a. 3 arg. 2"><a name="34500"><span class="ref">[34500] Iª-IIae q. 21 a. 3 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5856 nullus meretur poenam vel praemium ex hoc quod disponit ut vult de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5857 eo cuius est dominus, sicut si homo destruat rem suam, non punitur,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5858 sicut si destrueret rem alterius. Sed homo est dominus suorum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5859 actuum. Ergo ex hoc quod bene vel male disponit de suo actu, non
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5860 meretur poenam vel praemium.</p><p title="I-II q. 21 a. 3 arg. 3"><a name="34501"><span class="ref">[34501] Iª-IIae q. 21 a. 3 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5861 ex hoc quod aliquis sibi ipsi acquirit bonum, non meretur ut ei
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5862 bene fiat ab alio, et eadem ratio est de malis. Sed ipse actus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5863 bonus est quoddam bonum et perfectio agentis, actus autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5864 inordinatus est quoddam malum ipsius. Non ergo ex hoc quod homo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5865 facit malum actum vel bonum, meretur vel demeretur.</p><p title="I-II q. 21 a. 3 s. c."><a name="34502"><span class="ref">[34502] Iª-IIae q. 21 a. 3 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5866 est quod dicitur Isaiae III, <i>dicite iusto quoniam bene, quoniam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5867 fructum adinventionum suarum comedet. Vae impio in malum,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5868 retributio enim manuum eius fiet ei</i>.</p><p title="I-II q. 21 a. 3 co."><a name="34503"><span class="ref">[34503] Iª-IIae q. 21 a. 3 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5869 dicendum quod meritum et demeritum dicuntur in ordine ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5870 retributionem quae fit secundum iustitiam. Retributio autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5871 secundum iustitiam fit alicui ex eo quod agit in profectum vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5872 nocumentum alterius. Est autem considerandum quod unusquisque in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5873 aliqua societate vivens, est aliquo modo pars et membrum totius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5874 societatis. Quicumque ergo agit aliquid in bonum vel malum alicuius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5875 in societate existentis, hoc redundat in totam societatem sicut qui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5876 laedit manum, per consequens laedit hominem. Cum ergo aliquis agit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5877 in bonum vel malum alterius singularis personae, cadit ibi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5878 dupliciter ratio meriti vel demeriti. Uno modo, secundum quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5879 debetur ei retributio a singulari persona quam iuvat vel offendit.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5880 Alio modo, secundum quod debetur ei retributio a toto collegio.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5881 Quando vero aliquis ordinat actum suum directe in bonum vel malum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5882 totius collegii, debetur ei retributio primo quidem et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5883 principaliter a toto collegio, secundario vero, ab omnibus collegii
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5884 partibus. Cum vero aliquis agit quod in bonum proprium vel malum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5885 vergit, etiam debetur ei retributio, inquantum etiam hoc vergit in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5886 commune secundum quod ipse est pars collegii, licet non debeatur ei
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5887 retributio inquantum est bonum vel malum singularis personae, quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5888 est eadem agenti, nisi forte a seipso secundum quandam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5889 similitudinem, prout est iustitia hominis ad seipsum. Sic igitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5890 patet quod actus bonus vel malus habet rationem laudabilis vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5891 culpabilis, secundum quod est in potestate voluntatis; rationem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5892 vero rectitudinis et peccati, secundum ordinem ad finem; rationem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5893 vero meriti et demeriti, secundum retributionem iustitiae ad
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5894 alterum.</p><p title="I-II q. 21 a. 3 ad 1"><a name="34504"><span class="ref">[34504] Iª-IIae q. 21 a. 3 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5895 ergo dicendum quod quandoque actus hominis boni vel mali, etsi non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5896 ordinantur ad bonum vel malum alterius singularis personae, tamen
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5897 ordinantur ad bonum vel ad malum alterius quod est ipsa
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5898 communitas.</p><p title="I-II q. 21 a. 3 ad 2"><a name="34505"><span class="ref">[34505] Iª-IIae q. 21 a. 3 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5899 dicendum quod homo, qui habet dominium sui actus, ipse etiam,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5900 inquantum est alterius, scilicet communitatis, cuius est pars
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5901 meretur aliquid vel demeretur, inquantum actus suos bene vel male
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5902 disponit, sicut etiam si alia sua, de quibus communitati servire
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5903 debet, bene vel male dispenset.</p><p title="I-II q. 21 a. 3 ad 3"><a name="34506"><span class="ref">[34506] Iª-IIae q. 21 a. 3 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5904 dicendum quod hoc ipsum bonum vel malum quod aliquis sibi facit per
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5905 suum actum, redundat in communitatem, ut dictum est.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 4</h3><p title="I-II q. 21 a. 4 arg. 1"><a name="34507"><span class="ref">[34507] Iª-IIae q. 21 a. 4 arg. 1</span></a> Ad quartum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5906 sic proceditur. Videtur quod actus hominis bonus vel malus non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5907 habeat rationem meriti vel demeriti per comparationem ad Deum.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5908 Quia, ut dictum est, meritum et demeritum importat ordinem ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5909 recompensationem profectus vel damni ad alterum illati. Sed actus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5910 hominis bonus vel malus non cedit in aliquem profectum vel damnum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5911 ipsius Dei, dicitur enim Iob XXXV, <i>si peccaveris quid ei
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5912 nocebis? Porro si iuste egeris, quid donabis ei?</i> Ergo actus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5913 hominis bonus vel malus non habet rationem meriti vel demeriti apud
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5914 Deum.</p><p title="I-II q. 21 a. 4 arg. 2"><a name="34508"><span class="ref">[34508] Iª-IIae q. 21 a. 4 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5915 instrumentum nihil meretur vel demeretur apud eum qui utitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5916 instrumento, quia tota actio instrumenti est utentis ipso. Sed homo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5917 in agendo est instrumentum divinae virtutis principaliter ipsum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5918 moventis, unde dicitur Isaiae X, <i>numquid gloriabitur securis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5919 contra eum qui secat in ea? Aut exaltabitur serra contra eum a quo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5920 trahitur?</i> Ubi manifeste hominem agentem comparat instrumento.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5921 Ergo homo, bene agendo vel male, nihil meretur vel demeretur apud
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5922 Deum.</p><p title="I-II q. 21 a. 4 arg. 3"><a name="34509"><span class="ref">[34509] Iª-IIae q. 21 a. 4 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5923 actus humanus habet rationem meriti vel demeriti, inquantum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5924 ordinatur ad alterum. Sed non omnes actus humani ordinantur ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5925 Deum. Ergo non omnes actus boni vel mali habent rationem meriti vel
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5926 demeriti apud Deum.</p><p title="I-II q. 21 a. 4 s. c."><a name="34510"><span class="ref">[34510] Iª-IIae q. 21 a. 4 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5927 est quod dicitur Eccle. ult., <i>cuncta quae fiunt adducet Deus in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5928 iudicium, sive bonum sit sive malum</i>. Sed iudicium importat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5929 retributionem, respectu cuius meritum et demeritum dicitur. Ergo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5930 omnis actus hominis bonus vel malus habet rationem meriti vel
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5931 demeriti apud Deum.</p><p title="I-II q. 21 a. 4 co."><a name="34511"><span class="ref">[34511] Iª-IIae q. 21 a. 4 co.</span></a> Respondeo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5932 dicendum quod, sicut dictum est, actus alicuius hominis habet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5933 rationem meriti vel demeriti, secundum quod ordinatur ad alterum,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5934 vel ratione eius, vel ratione communitatis. Utroque autem modo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5935 actus nostri boni vel mali habent rationem meriti vel demeriti apud
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5936 Deum. Ratione quidem ipsius, inquantum est ultimus hominis finis,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5937 est autem debitum ut ad finem ultimum omnes actus referantur, ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5938 supra habitum est. Unde qui facit actum malum non referibilem in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5939 Deum, non servat honorem Dei, qui ultimo fini debetur. Ex parte
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5940 vero totius communitatis universi, quia in qualibet communitate
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5941 ille qui regit communitatem, praecipue habet curam boni communis,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5942 unde ad eum pertinet retribuere pro his quae bene vel male fiunt in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5943 communitate. Est autem Deus gubernator et rector totius universi,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5944 sicut in primo habitum est, et specialiter rationalium creaturarum.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5945 Unde manifestum est quod actus humani habent rationem meriti vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5946 demeriti per comparationem ad ipsum, alioquin sequeretur quod Deus
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5947 non haberet curam de actibus humanis.</p><p title="I-II q. 21 a. 4 ad 1"><a name="34512"><span class="ref">[34512] Iª-IIae q. 21 a. 4 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5948 ergo dicendum quod per actum hominis Deo secundum se nihil potest
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5949 accrescere vel deperire, sed tamen homo, quantum in se est, aliquid
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5950 subtrahit Deo, vel ei exhibet, cum servat vel non servat ordinem
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5951 quem Deus instituit.</p><p title="I-II q. 21 a. 4 ad 2"><a name="34513"><span class="ref">[34513] Iª-IIae q. 21 a. 4 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5952 dicendum quod homo sic movetur a Deo ut instrumentum, quod tamen
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5953 non excluditur quin moveat seipsum per liberum arbitrium, ut ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5954 supradictis patet. Et ideo per suum actum meretur vel demeretur
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
5955 apud Deum.</p><p title="I-II q. 21 a. 4 ad 3"><a name="34514"><span class="ref">[34514] Iª-IIae q. 21 a. 4 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
5956 dicendum quod homo non ordinatur ad communitatem politicam secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
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diff changeset
5957 se totum, et secundum omnia sua, et ideo non oportet quod quilibet
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5958 actus eius sit meritorius vel demeritorius per ordinem ad
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5959 communitatem politicam. Sed totum quod homo est, et quod potest et
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5960 habet, ordinandum est ad Deum, et ideo omnis actus hominis bonus
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5961 vel malus habet rationem meriti vel demeriti apud Deum, quantum est
53
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5962 ex ipsa ratione actus.</p></div></div><div class="centro"><br/>
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5963 <p><a href="sth2001.html"><img alt="age retro" border="0" align="middle" height="19" width="19" src="icons/ageretro.gif"/></a>  
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5964 <a href="sth2022.html"><img alt="age ultra" border="0" align="middle" height="19" width="19" src="icons/ageultra.gif"/></a></p>
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5965 <br/>
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5966 <hr/>
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5967 <br/>
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5968 <address>© 2006 Fundación Tomás de Aquino quoad
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5969 hanc editionem<br/>
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5970 Iura omnia asservantur<br/>
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5971 OCLC nr. <a style="text-decoration=none" href="http://worldcatlibraries.org/wcpa/oclc/49644264">49644264</a></address>
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5972 </div></body>
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5973 </html>