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annotate summa/latin/sth1090.html @ 53:d777cc3962f2

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author ht
date Mon, 28 Dec 2009 13:00:58 +0000
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1 <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
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2 <!DOCTYPE html
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3 PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "file:///c:/cygwin/usr/local/share/lib/xml/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
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4 <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="LA" lang="LA">
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5 <head>
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6 <meta content="HTML Tidy for Windows (vers 1st February 2005), see www.w3.org" name="generator"/>
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7 <meta content="text/html; charset=us-ascii" http-equiv="Content-Type"/>
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8 <meta content="text/css" http-equiv="Content-Style-Type"/>
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9 <meta content="text/javascript" http-equiv="Content-Script-Type"/>
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10 <meta content="Thomas de Aquino, Summa Theologiae, Corpus Thomisticum" name="keywords"/>
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11 <meta content="Latin" name="language"/>
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12 <meta content="public" name="security"/>
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13 <meta content="ealarcon@unav.es" name="owner"/>
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14 <meta content="Enrique Alarcón" name="author"/>
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15 <meta content="" name="abstract"/>
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16 <link type="text/css" href="vscreen.css" media="screen" rel="stylesheet"/>
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17 <link type="text/css" href="vprint.css" media="print" rel="stylesheet"/>
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18 <title>Thomas de Aquino, Summa Theologiae, Iª q.
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19 90-102</title>
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20 </head>
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21 <body><a href="http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/"/><div class="tres">CORPUS THOMISTICUM</div><div class="uno">Sancti Thomae de Aquino</div><div class="uno">Summa Theologiae</div><div class="dos">prima pars a quaestione XC ad quaestionem
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22 CII</div><div class="centro">
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23 <table summary="Imago" align="center">
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24 <tr>
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25 <th><img align="middle" alt="Thomas de Aquino a Justo Ghent depictus" border="0" height="190" width="120" src="icons/ghent190.jpg"/></th>
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26 </tr>
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27 </table>
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28 <br/>
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29 <span class="tres">Textum Leoninum Romae 1889 editum<br/>
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30 ac automato translatum a Roberto Busa SJ in taenias
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31 magneticas<br/>
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32 denuo recognovit Enrique Alarcón atque instruxit<br/>
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33 <br/></span><br/>
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34 <hr/>
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35 <br/>
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36 <p><a href="sth1084.html"><img alt="age retro" border="0" align="middle" height="19" width="19" src="icons/ageretro.gif"/></a>  
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37 <a href="sth1103.html"><img alt="age ultra" border="0" align="middle" height="19" width="19" src="icons/ageultra.gif"/></a></p>
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38 <script type="text/javascript" language="JavaScript">
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39 //
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40 &lt;!--
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41 // original code by Bill Trefzger 12/12/96; revised by Enrique Alarcon 12/9/2000
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138 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32336"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 92 a. 3 arg. 1');
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139 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32337"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 92 a. 3 arg. 2');
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140 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32338"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 92 a. 3 arg. 3');
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141 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32339"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 92 a. 3 s. c.');
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142 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32340"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 92 a. 3 co.');
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143 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32341"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 92 a. 3 ad 1');
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144 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32342"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 92 a. 3 ad 2');
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145 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32343"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 92 a. 3 ad 3');
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146 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32344"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 92 a. 4 arg. 1');
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147 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32345"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 92 a. 4 arg. 2');
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148 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32346"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 92 a. 4 arg. 3');
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149 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32347"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 92 a. 4 s. c.');
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150 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32348"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 92 a. 4 co.');
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151 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32349"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 92 a. 4 ad 1');
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152 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32350"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 92 a. 4 ad 2');
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153 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32351"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 92 a. 4 ad 3');
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154 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32352"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 93 pr.');
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155 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32353"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 93 a. 1 arg. 1');
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156 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32354"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 93 a. 1 arg. 2');
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157 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32355"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 93 a. 1 arg. 3');
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158 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32356"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 93 a. 1 s. c.');
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159 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32357"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 93 a. 1 co.');
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160 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32358"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 93 a. 1 ad 1');
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161 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32359"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 93 a. 1 ad 2');
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162 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32360"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 93 a. 1 ad 3');
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163 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32361"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 93 a. 2 arg. 1');
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164 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32362"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 93 a. 2 arg. 2');
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165 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32363"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 93 a. 2 arg. 3');
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166 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32364"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 93 a. 2 arg. 4');
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167 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32365"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 93 a. 2 s. c.');
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168 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32366"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 93 a. 2 co.');
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169 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32367"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 93 a. 2 ad 1');
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170 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32368"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 93 a. 2 ad 2');
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171 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32369"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 93 a. 2 ad 3');
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172 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32370"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 93 a. 2 ad 4');
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173 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32371"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 93 a. 3 arg. 1');
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174 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32372"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 93 a. 3 arg. 2');
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175 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32373"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 93 a. 3 arg. 3');
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176 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32374"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 93 a. 3 s. c.');
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177 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32375"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 93 a. 3 co.');
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178 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32376"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 93 a. 3 ad 1');
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179 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32377"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 93 a. 3 ad 2');
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180 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32378"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 93 a. 3 ad 3');
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181 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32379"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 93 a. 4 arg. 1');
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182 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32380"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 93 a. 4 arg. 2');
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183 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32381"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 93 a. 4 arg. 3');
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184 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32382"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 93 a. 4 s. c.');
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185 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32383"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 93 a. 4 co.');
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186 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32384"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 93 a. 4 ad 1');
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187 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32385"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 93 a. 4 ad 2');
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188 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32386"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 93 a. 5 arg. 1');
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189 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32387"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 93 a. 5 arg. 2');
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190 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32388"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 93 a. 5 arg. 3');
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191 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32389"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 93 a. 5 arg. 4');
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192 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32390"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 93 a. 5 s. c.');
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193 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32391"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 93 a. 5 co.');
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194 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32392"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 93 a. 5 ad 1');
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195 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32393"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 93 a. 5 ad 3');
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196 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32394"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 93 a. 5 ad 4');
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197 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32395"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 93 a. 6 arg. 1');
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198 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32396"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 93 a. 6 arg. 2');
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199 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32397"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 93 a. 6 arg. 3');
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200 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32398"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 93 a. 6 arg. 4');
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201 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32399"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 93 a. 6 s. c.');
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202 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32400"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 93 a. 6 co.');
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203 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32401"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 93 a. 6 ad 1');
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204 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32402"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 93 a. 6 ad 2');
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205 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32403"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 93 a. 6 ad 3');
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206 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32404"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 93 a. 6 ad 4');
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207 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32405"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 93 a. 7 arg. 1');
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208 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32406"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 93 a. 7 arg. 2');
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209 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32407"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 93 a. 7 arg. 3');
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210 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32408"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 93 a. 7 arg. 4');
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211 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32409"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 93 a. 7 s. c.');
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212 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32410"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 93 a. 7 co.');
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213 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32411"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 93 a. 7 ad 1');
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214 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32412"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 93 a. 7 ad 2');
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215 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32413"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 93 a. 7 ad 3');
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216 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32414"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 93 a. 7 ad 4');
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217 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32415"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 93 a. 8 arg. 1');
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218 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32416"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 93 a. 8 arg. 2');
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219 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32417"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 93 a. 8 arg. 3');
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220 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32418"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 93 a. 8 arg. 4');
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221 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32419"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 93 a. 8 s. c.');
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222 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32420"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 93 a. 8 co.');
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223 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32421"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 93 a. 8 ad 1');
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224 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32422"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 93 a. 8 ad 2');
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225 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32423"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 93 a. 8 ad 3');
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226 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32424"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 93 a. 8 ad 4');
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227 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32425"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 93 a. 9 arg. 1');
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228 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32426"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 93 a. 9 arg. 2');
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229 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32427"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 93 a. 9 arg. 3');
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230 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32428"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 93 a. 9 arg. 4');
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231 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32429"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 93 a. 9 s. c.');
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232 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32430"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 93 a. 9 co.');
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233 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32431"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 93 a. 9 ad 1');
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234 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32432"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 93 a. 9 ad 2');
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235 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32433"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 93 a. 9 ad 3');
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236 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32434"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 93 a. 9 ad 4');
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237 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32435"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 94 pr.');
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238 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32436"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 94 a. 1 arg. 1');
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239 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32437"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 94 a. 1 arg. 2');
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240 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32438"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 94 a. 1 arg. 3');
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241 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32439"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 94 a. 1 s. c.');
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242 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32440"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 94 a. 1 co.');
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243 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32441"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 94 a. 1 ad 1');
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244 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32442"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 94 a. 1 ad 2');
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245 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32443"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 94 a. 1 ad 3');
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246 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32444"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 94 a. 2 arg. 1');
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247 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32445"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 94 a. 2 arg. 2');
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248 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32446"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 94 a. 2 arg. 3');
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249 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32447"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 94 a. 2 s. c.');
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250 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32448"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 94 a. 2 co.');
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251 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32449"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 94 a. 2 ad 1');
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252 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32450"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 94 a. 2 ad 2');
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253 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32451"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 94 a. 2 ad 3');
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254 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32452"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 94 a. 3 arg. 1');
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255 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32453"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 94 a. 3 arg. 2');
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256 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32454"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 94 a. 3 arg. 3');
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257 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32455"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 94 a. 3 s. c.');
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258 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32456"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 94 a. 3 co.');
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259 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32457"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 94 a. 3 ad 1');
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260 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32458"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 94 a. 3 ad 2');
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261 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32459"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 94 a. 3 ad 3');
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262 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32460"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 94 a. 4 arg. 1');
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263 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32461"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 94 a. 4 arg. 2');
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264 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32462"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 94 a. 4 arg. 3');
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265 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32463"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 94 a. 4 arg. 4');
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266 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32464"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 94 a. 4 arg. 5');
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267 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32465"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 94 a. 4 s. c.');
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275 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32473"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 95 a. 1 arg. 1');
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276 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32474"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 95 a. 1 arg. 2');
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277 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32475"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 95 a. 1 arg. 3');
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278 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32476"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 95 a. 1 arg. 4');
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279 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32477"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 95 a. 1 arg. 5');
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diff changeset
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parents: 28
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parents: 28
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parents: 28
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parents: 28
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parents: 28
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309 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32507"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 95 a. 4 arg. 1');
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parents: 28
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310 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32508"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 95 a. 4 arg. 2');
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311 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32509"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 95 a. 4 arg. 3');
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parents: 28
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313 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32511"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 95 a. 4 co.');
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parents: 28
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314 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32512"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 95 a. 4 ad 1');
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315 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32513"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 95 a. 4 ad 2');
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316 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32514"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 95 a. 4 ad 3');
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parents: 28
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317 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32515"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 96 pr.');
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parents: 28
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318 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32516"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 96 a. 1 arg. 1');
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parents: 28
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319 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32517"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 96 a. 1 arg. 2');
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320 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32518"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 96 a. 1 arg. 3');
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321 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32519"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 96 a. 1 arg. 4');
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parents: 28
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322 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32520"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 96 a. 1 s. c.');
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parents: 28
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323 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32521"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 96 a. 1 co.');
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parents: 28
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324 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32522"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 96 a. 1 ad 1');
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parents: 28
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326 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32524"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 96 a. 1 ad 3');
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327 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32525"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 96 a. 1 ad 4');
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parents: 28
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328 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32526"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 96 a. 2 arg. 1');
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parents: 28
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329 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32527"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 96 a. 2 arg. 2');
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parents: 28
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330 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32528"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 96 a. 2 arg. 3');
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parents: 28
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parents: 28
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332 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32530"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 96 a. 2 co.');
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parents: 28
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333 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32531"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 96 a. 2 ad');
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parents: 28
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parents: 28
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parents: 28
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parents: 28
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parents: 28
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348 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32546"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 97 pr.');
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parents: 28
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349 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32547"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 97 a. 1 arg. 1');
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parents: 28
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parents: 28
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parents: 28
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parents: 28
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394 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32592"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 98 a. 2 arg. 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
395 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32593"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 98 a. 2 arg. 3');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
396 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32594"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 98 a. 2 arg. 4');
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parents: 28
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397 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32595"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 98 a. 2 s. c. 1');
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parents: 28
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398 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32596"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 98 a. 2 s. c. 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
399 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32597"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 98 a. 2 co.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
400 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32598"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 98 a. 2 ad 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
401 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32599"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 98 a. 2 ad 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
402 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32600"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 98 a. 2 ad 3');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
403 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32601"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 98 a. 2 ad 4');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
404 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32602"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 99 pr.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
405 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32603"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 99 a. 1 arg. 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
406 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32604"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 99 a. 1 arg. 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
407 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32605"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 99 a. 1 arg. 3');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
408 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32606"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 99 a. 1 arg. 4');
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parents: 28
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409 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32607"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 99 a. 1 s. c.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
410 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32608"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 99 a. 1 co.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
411 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32609"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 99 a. 1 ad 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
412 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32610"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 99 a. 1 ad 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
413 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32611"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 99 a. 1 ad 3');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
414 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32612"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 99 a. 1 ad 4');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
415 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32613"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 99 a. 2 arg. 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
416 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32614"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 99 a. 2 arg. 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
417 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32615"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 99 a. 2 arg. 3');
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parents: 28
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418 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32616"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 99 a. 2 s. c.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
419 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32617"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 99 a. 2 co.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
420 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32618"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 99 a. 2 ad 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
421 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32619"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 99 a. 2 ad 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
422 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32620"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 99 a. 2 ad 3');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
423 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32621"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 100 pr.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
424 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32622"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 100 a. 1 arg. 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
425 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32623"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 100 a. 1 arg. 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
426 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32624"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 100 a. 1 arg. 3');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
427 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32625"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 100 a. 1 s. c.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
428 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32626"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 100 a. 1 co.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
429 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32627"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 100 a. 1 ad 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
430 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32628"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 100 a. 1 ad 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
431 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32629"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 100 a. 1 ad 3');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
432 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32630"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 100 a. 2 arg. 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
433 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32631"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 100 a. 2 arg. 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
434 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32632"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 100 a. 2 arg. 3');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
435 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32633"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 100 a. 2 arg. 4');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
436 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32634"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 100 a. 2 s. c.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
437 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32635"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 100 a. 2 co.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
438 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32636"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 100 a. 2 ad 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
439 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32637"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 100 a. 2 ad 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
440 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32638"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 100 a. 2 ad 3');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
441 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32639"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 100 a. 2 ad 4');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
442 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32640"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 101 pr.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
443 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32641"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 101 a. 1 arg. 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
444 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32642"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 101 a. 1 arg. 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
445 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32643"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 101 a. 1 arg. 3');
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parents: 28
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446 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32644"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 101 a. 1 s. c.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
447 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32645"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 101 a. 1 co.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
448 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32646"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 101 a. 1 ad 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
449 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32647"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 101 a. 1 ad 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
450 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32648"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 101 a. 1 ad 3');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
451 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32649"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 101 a. 2 arg. 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
452 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32650"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 101 a. 2 arg. 2');
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453 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32651"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 101 a. 2 s. c.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
454 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32652"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 101 a. 2 co.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
455 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32653"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 101 a. 2 ad 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
456 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32654"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 101 a. 2 ad 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
457 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32655"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 102 pr.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
458 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32656"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 102 a. 1 arg. 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
459 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32657"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 102 a. 1 arg. 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
460 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32658"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 102 a. 1 arg. 3');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
461 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32659"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 102 a. 1 arg. 4');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
462 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32660"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 102 a. 1 arg. 5');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
463 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32661"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 102 a. 1 s. c.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
464 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32662"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 102 a. 1 co.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
465 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32663"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 102 a. 1 ad 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
466 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32664"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 102 a. 1 ad 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
467 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32665"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 102 a. 1 ad 3');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
468 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32666"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 102 a. 1 ad 4');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
469 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32667"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 102 a. 1 ad 5');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
470 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32668"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 102 a. 2 arg. 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
471 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32669"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 102 a. 2 arg. 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
472 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32670"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 102 a. 2 arg. 3');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
473 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32671"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 102 a. 2 arg. 4');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
474 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32672"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 102 a. 2 s. c.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
475 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32673"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 102 a. 2 co.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
476 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32674"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 102 a. 2 ad 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
477 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32675"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 102 a. 2 ad 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
478 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32676"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 102 a. 2 ad 3');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
479 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32677"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 102 a. 2 ad 4');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
480 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32678"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 102 a. 3 arg. 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
481 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32679"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 102 a. 3 arg. 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
482 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32680"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 102 a. 3 arg. 3');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
483 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32681"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 102 a. 3 s. c.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
484 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32682"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 102 a. 3 co.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
485 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32683"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 102 a. 3 ad');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
486 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32684"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 102 a. 4 arg. 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
487 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32685"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 102 a. 4 arg. 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
488 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32686"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 102 a. 4 arg. 3');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
489 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32687"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 102 a. 4 s. c.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
490 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32688"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 102 a. 4 co.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
491 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32689"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 102 a. 4 ad 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
492 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32690"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 102 a. 4 ad 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
493 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#32691"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 102 a. 4 ad 3');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
494 document.write('&lt;\/SELECT&gt;');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
495 document.write('&lt;BR&gt;&lt;BR&gt;');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
496 document.write('&lt;INPUT TYPE="button" VALUE="Agedum" ONCLICK="go()"&gt;');
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parents: 28
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497 document.write('&lt;\/FORM&gt;');
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diff changeset
498 // --&gt;
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499 //
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500 </script><br/>
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501 <hr/>
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502 <br/></div><div class="q" id="q90"><h2>Quaestio 90</h2><div class="p"><h3>Prooemium</h3><p title="I q. 90 pr."><a name="32248"><span class="ref">[32248]
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503 Iª q. 90 pr.</span></a> Post praemissa considerandum est de
28
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504 prima hominis productione. Et circa hoc consideranda sunt quatuor,
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505 primo considerandum est de productione ipsius hominis; secundo, de
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506 fine productionis; tertio, de statu et conditione hominis primo
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507 producti; quarto, de loco eius. Circa productionem autem
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508 consideranda sunt tria, primo, de productione hominis quantum ad
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509 animam; secundo, quantum ad corpus viri; tertio, quantum ad
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510 productionem mulieris. Circa primum quaeruntur quatuor. Primo,
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511 utrum anima humana sit aliquid factum, vel sit de substantia ipsius
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512 Dei. Secundo, supposito quod sit facta, utrum sit creata. Tertio,
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513 utrum sit facta mediantibus Angelis. Quarto, utrum sit facta ante
53
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514 corpus.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 1</h3><p title="I q. 90 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="32249"><span class="ref">[32249] Iª q. 90 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad primum sic
28
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515 proceditur. Videtur quod anima non sit facta, sed sit de substantia
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516 Dei. Dicitur enim Gen. II, <i>formavit Deus hominem de limo terrae,
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517 et inspiravit in faciem eius spiraculum vitae, et factus est homo
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518 in animam viventem</i>. Sed ille qui spirat, aliquid a se emittit.
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519 Ergo anima qua homo vivit, est aliquid de substantia Dei.</p><p title="I q. 90 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="32250"><span class="ref">[32250] Iª q. 90 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea, sicut
28
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520 supra habitum est, anima est forma simplex. Sed forma est actus.
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521 Ergo anima est actus purus, quod est solius Dei. Ergo anima est de
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522 substantia Dei.</p><p title="I q. 90 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="32251"><span class="ref">[32251] Iª q. 90 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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523 quaecumque sunt, et nullo modo differunt, sunt idem. Sed Deus et
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524 mens sunt, et nullo modo differunt, quia oporteret quod aliquibus
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525 differentiis differrent, et sic essent composita. Ergo Deus et mens
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526 humana idem sunt.</p><p title="I q. 90 a. 1 s. c."><a name="32252"><span class="ref">[32252] Iª q. 90 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
28
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527 quod Augustinus, in libro de origine animae, enumerat quaedam quae
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528 dicit esse multum aperteque perversa, et fidei Catholicae adversa;
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diff changeset
529 inter quae primum est, quod quidam dixerunt <i>Deum animam non de
53
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530 nihilo, sed de seipso fecisse</i>.</p><p title="I q. 90 a. 1 co."><a name="32253"><span class="ref">[32253] Iª q. 90 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
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diff changeset
531 quod dicere animam esse de substantia Dei, manifestam
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diff changeset
532 improbabilitatem continet. Ut enim ex dictis patet, anima humana
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diff changeset
533 est quandoque intelligens in potentia, et scientiam quodammodo a
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diff changeset
534 rebus acquirit, et habet diversas potentias, quae omnia aliena sunt
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diff changeset
535 a Dei natura, qui est actus purus, et nihil ab alio accipiens, et
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diff changeset
536 nullam in se diversitatem habens, ut supra probatum est. Sed hic
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diff changeset
537 error principium habuisse videtur ex duabus positionibus
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diff changeset
538 antiquorum. Primi enim qui naturas rerum considerare incoeperunt,
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diff changeset
539 imaginationem transcendere non valentes, nihil praeter corpora esse
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diff changeset
540 posuerunt. Et ideo Deum dicebant esse quoddam corpus, quod aliorum
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diff changeset
541 corporum iudicabant esse principium. Et quia animam ponebant esse
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parents: 26
diff changeset
542 de natura illius corporis quod dicebant esse principium, ut dicitur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
543 in I de anima, per consequens sequebatur quod anima esset de natura
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diff changeset
544 Dei. Iuxta quam positionem etiam Manichaei, Deum esse quandam lucem
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diff changeset
545 corpoream existimantes, quandam partem illius lucis animam esse
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diff changeset
546 posuerunt corpori alligatam. Secundo vero processum fuit ad hoc,
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diff changeset
547 quod aliqui aliquid incorporeum esse apprehenderunt, non tamen a
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diff changeset
548 corpore separatum, sed corporis formam. Unde et Varro dixit quod
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diff changeset
549 <i>Deus est anima mundum motu et ratione gubernans</i>; ut
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diff changeset
550 Augustinus narrat, VII de Civ. Dei. Sic igitur illius totalis
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diff changeset
551 animae partem aliqui posuerunt animam hominis, sicut homo est pars
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diff changeset
552 totius mundi; non valentes intellectu pertingere ad distinguendos
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diff changeset
553 spiritualium substantiarum gradus, nisi secundum distinctiones
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diff changeset
554 corporum. Haec autem omnia sunt impossibilia, ut supra probatum
53
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diff changeset
555 est. Unde manifeste falsum est animam esse de substantia Dei.</p><p title="I q. 90 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="32254"><span class="ref">[32254] Iª q. 90 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
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diff changeset
556 dicendum quod inspirare non est accipiendum corporaliter, sed idem
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diff changeset
557 est Deum inspirare, quod spiritum facere. Quamvis et homo
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diff changeset
558 corporaliter spirans non emittat aliquid de sua substantia, sed de
53
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diff changeset
559 natura extranea.</p><p title="I q. 90 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="32255"><span class="ref">[32255] Iª q. 90 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
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diff changeset
560 dicendum quod anima, etsi sit forma simplex secundum suam
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diff changeset
561 essentiam, non tamen est suum esse, sed est ens per
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diff changeset
562 participationem; ut ex supra dictis patet. Et ideo non est actus
53
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diff changeset
563 purus, sicut Deus.</p><p title="I q. 90 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="32256"><span class="ref">[32256] Iª q. 90 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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diff changeset
564 dicendum quod differens, proprie acceptum, aliquo differt, unde ibi
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diff changeset
565 quaeritur differentia, ubi est convenientia. Et propter hoc oportet
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diff changeset
566 differentia esse composita quodammodo, cum in aliquo differant, et
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diff changeset
567 in aliquo conveniant. Sed secundum hoc, licet omne differens sit
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parents: 26
diff changeset
568 diversum, non tamen omne diversum est differens; ut dicitur in X
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diff changeset
569 Metaphys. Nam simplicia diversa sunt seipsis, non autem differunt
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diff changeset
570 aliquibus differentiis, ex quibus componantur. Sicut homo et asinus
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diff changeset
571 differunt rationali et irrationali differentia, de quibus non est
53
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572 dicere quod ulterius aliis differentiis differant.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 2</h3><p title="I q. 90 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="32257"><span class="ref">[32257] Iª q. 90 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad secundum sic
28
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diff changeset
573 proceditur. Videtur quod anima non sit producta in esse per
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diff changeset
574 creationem. Quod enim in se habet aliquid materiale, fit ex
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diff changeset
575 materia. Sed anima habet in se aliquid materiale, cum non sit actus
53
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576 purus. Ergo anima est facta ex materia. Non ergo est creata.</p><p title="I q. 90 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="32258"><span class="ref">[32258] Iª q. 90 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea, omnis
28
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diff changeset
577 actus materiae alicuius videtur educi de potentia materiae, cum
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diff changeset
578 enim materia sit in potentia ad actum, actus quilibet praeexistit
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diff changeset
579 in materia in potentia. Sed anima est actus materiae corporalis, ut
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diff changeset
580 ex eius definitione apparet. Ergo anima educitur de potentia
53
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diff changeset
581 materiae.</p><p title="I q. 90 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="32259"><span class="ref">[32259] Iª q. 90 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea, anima
28
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diff changeset
582 est forma quaedam. Si igitur anima fit per creationem, pari ratione
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diff changeset
583 omnes aliae formae. Et sic nulla forma exibit in esse per
53
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diff changeset
584 generationem. Quod est inconveniens.</p><p title="I q. 90 a. 2 s. c."><a name="32260"><span class="ref">[32260] Iª q. 90 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
28
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diff changeset
585 quod dicitur Gen. I, <i>creavit Deus hominem ad imaginem suam</i>.
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diff changeset
586 Est autem homo ad imaginem Dei secundum animam. Ergo anima exivit
53
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diff changeset
587 in esse per creationem.</p><p title="I q. 90 a. 2 co."><a name="32261"><span class="ref">[32261] Iª q. 90 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
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diff changeset
588 quod anima rationalis non potest fieri nisi per creationem, quod
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diff changeset
589 non est verum de aliis formis. Cuius ratio est quia, cum fieri sit
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parents: 26
diff changeset
590 via ad esse, hoc modo alicui competit fieri, sicut ei competit
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parents: 26
diff changeset
591 esse. Illud autem proprie dicitur esse, quod ipsum habet esse,
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diff changeset
592 quasi in suo esse subsistens, unde solae substantiae proprie et
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diff changeset
593 vere dicuntur entia. Accidens vero non habet esse, sed eo aliquid
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diff changeset
594 est, et hac ratione ens dicitur; sicut albedo dicitur ens, quia ea
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diff changeset
595 aliquid est album. Et propter hoc dicitur in VII Metaphys., quod
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diff changeset
596 accidens dicitur magis entis quam ens. Et eadem ratio est de
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diff changeset
597 omnibus aliis formis non subsistentibus. Et ideo nulli formae non
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diff changeset
598 subsistenti proprie competit fieri, sed dicuntur fieri per hoc quod
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diff changeset
599 composita subsistentia fiunt. Anima autem rationalis est forma
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diff changeset
600 subsistens, ut supra habitum est. Unde sibi proprie competit esse
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diff changeset
601 et fieri. Et quia non potest fieri ex materia praeiacente, neque
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diff changeset
602 corporali, quia sic esset naturae corporeae; neque spirituali, quia
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diff changeset
603 sic substantiae spirituales in invicem transmutarentur, necesse est
53
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diff changeset
604 dicere quod non fiat nisi per creationem.</p><p title="I q. 90 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="32262"><span class="ref">[32262] Iª q. 90 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
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diff changeset
605 dicendum quod in anima est sicut materiale ipsa simplex essentia,
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diff changeset
606 formale autem in ipsa est esse participatum, quod quidem ex
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diff changeset
607 necessitate simul est cum essentia animae, quia esse per se
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diff changeset
608 consequitur ad formam. Et eadem ratio esset, si poneretur composita
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diff changeset
609 ex quadam materia spirituali, ut quidam dicunt. Quia illa materia
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diff changeset
610 non est in potentia ad aliam formam, sicut nec materia caelestis
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diff changeset
611 corporis, alioquin anima esset corruptibilis. Unde nullo modo anima
53
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diff changeset
612 potest fieri ex materia praeiacente.</p><p title="I q. 90 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="32263"><span class="ref">[32263] Iª q. 90 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
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diff changeset
613 dicendum quod actum extrahi de potentia materiae, nihil aliud est
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diff changeset
614 quam aliquid fieri actu, quod prius erat in potentia. Sed quia
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diff changeset
615 anima rationalis non habet esse suum dependens a materia corporali,
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diff changeset
616 sed habet esse subsistens, et excedit capacitatem materiae
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diff changeset
617 corporalis, ut supra dictum est; propterea non educitur de potentia
53
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618 materiae.</p><p title="I q. 90 a. 2 ad 3"><a name="32264"><span class="ref">[32264] Iª q. 90 a. 2 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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diff changeset
619 dicendum quod non est simile de anima rationali, et de aliis
53
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diff changeset
620 formis, ut dictum est.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 3</h3><p title="I q. 90 a. 3 arg. 1"><a name="32265"><span class="ref">[32265] Iª q. 90 a. 3 arg. 1</span></a> Ad tertium sic
28
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diff changeset
621 proceditur. Videtur quod anima rationalis non sit producta a Deo
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diff changeset
622 immediate, sed mediantibus Angelis. Maior enim ordo est in
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diff changeset
623 spiritualibus quam in corporalibus. Sed corpora inferiora
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diff changeset
624 producuntur per corpora superiora, ut Dionysius dicit, IV cap. de
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diff changeset
625 Div. Nom. Ergo et inferiores spiritus, qui sunt animae rationales,
53
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diff changeset
626 producuntur per spiritus superiores, qui sunt Angeli.</p><p title="I q. 90 a. 3 arg. 2"><a name="32266"><span class="ref">[32266] Iª q. 90 a. 3 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea, finis
28
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diff changeset
627 rerum respondet principio, Deus enim est principium et finis rerum.
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diff changeset
628 Ergo et exitus rerum a principio respondet reductioni rerum in
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diff changeset
629 finem. Sed infima reducuntur per prima, ut Dionysius dicit. Ergo et
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diff changeset
630 infima procedunt in esse per prima, scilicet animae per
53
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diff changeset
631 Angelos.</p><p title="I q. 90 a. 3 arg. 3"><a name="32267"><span class="ref">[32267] Iª q. 90 a. 3 arg. 3</span></a> <i>Praeterea,
28
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diff changeset
632 perfectum est quod potest sibi simile facere</i>, ut dicitur in IV
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
633 Meteor. Sed spirituales substantiae sunt multo magis perfectae quam
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diff changeset
634 corporales. Cum ergo corpora faciant sibi similia secundum speciem,
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diff changeset
635 multo magis Angeli poterunt facere aliquid infra se secundum
53
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diff changeset
636 speciem naturae, scilicet animam rationalem.</p><p title="I q. 90 a. 3 s. c."><a name="32268"><span class="ref">[32268] Iª q. 90 a. 3 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
28
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diff changeset
637 quod dicitur Gen. II, quod <i>Deus ipse inspiravit in faciem
53
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diff changeset
638 hominis spiraculum vitae</i>.</p><p title="I q. 90 a. 3 co."><a name="32269"><span class="ref">[32269] Iª q. 90 a. 3 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
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diff changeset
639 quod quidam posuerunt quod Angeli, secundum quod operantur in
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parents: 26
diff changeset
640 virtute Dei, causant animas rationales. Sed hoc est omnino
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diff changeset
641 impossibile, et a fide alienum. Ostensum est enim quod anima
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diff changeset
642 rationalis non potest produci nisi per creationem. Solus autem Deus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
643 potest creare. Quia solius primi agentis est agere, nullo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
644 praesupposito, cum semper agens secundum praesupponat aliquid a
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parents: 26
diff changeset
645 primo agente, ut supra habitum est. Quod autem agit aliquid ex
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diff changeset
646 aliquo praesupposito, agit transmutando. Et ideo nullum aliud agens
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parents: 26
diff changeset
647 agit nisi transmutando; sed solus Deus agit creando. Et quia anima
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diff changeset
648 rationalis non potest produci per transmutationem alicuius
53
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diff changeset
649 materiae, ideo non potest produci nisi a Deo immediate.</p><p title="I q. 90 a. 3 ad 1"><a name="32270"><span class="ref">[32270] Iª q. 90 a. 3 ad 1</span></a> Et per hoc patet
28
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diff changeset
650 solutio ad obiecta. Nam quod corpora causant vel sibi similia vel
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diff changeset
651 inferiora, et quod superiora reducunt inferiora, totum hoc provenit
53
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diff changeset
652 per quandam transmutationem.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 4</h3><p title="I q. 90 a. 4 arg. 1"><a name="32271"><span class="ref">[32271] Iª q. 90 a. 4 arg. 1</span></a> Ad quartum sic
28
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diff changeset
653 proceditur. Videtur quod anima humana fuerit producta ante corpus.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
654 Opus enim creationis praecessit opus distinctionis et ornatus, ut
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diff changeset
655 supra habitum est. Sed anima producta est in esse per creationem;
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diff changeset
656 corpus autem factum est in fine ornatus. Ergo anima hominis
53
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diff changeset
657 producta est ante corpus.</p><p title="I q. 90 a. 4 arg. 2"><a name="32272"><span class="ref">[32272] Iª q. 90 a. 4 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea, anima
28
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diff changeset
658 rationalis magis convenit cum Angelis quam cum animalibus brutis.
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diff changeset
659 Sed Angeli creati fuerunt ante corpora, vel statim a principio cum
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diff changeset
660 corporali materia; corpus autem hominis formatum est sexto die,
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diff changeset
661 quando et bruta animalia sunt producta. Ergo anima hominis fuit
53
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diff changeset
662 creata ante corpus.</p><p title="I q. 90 a. 4 arg. 3"><a name="32273"><span class="ref">[32273] Iª q. 90 a. 4 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea, finis
28
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diff changeset
663 proportionatur principio. Sed anima in fine remanet post corpus.
53
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diff changeset
664 Ergo et in principio fuit creata ante corpus.</p><p title="I q. 90 a. 4 s. c."><a name="32274"><span class="ref">[32274] Iª q. 90 a. 4 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
28
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diff changeset
665 quod actus proprius fit in potentia propria. Cum ergo anima sit
53
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diff changeset
666 proprius actus corporis, anima producta est in corpore.</p><p title="I q. 90 a. 4 co."><a name="32275"><span class="ref">[32275] Iª q. 90 a. 4 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
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diff changeset
667 quod Origenes posuit non solum animam primi hominis, sed animas
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diff changeset
668 omnium hominum ante corpora simul cum Angelis creatas; propter hoc
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diff changeset
669 quod credidit omnes spirituales substantias, tam animas quam
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diff changeset
670 Angelos, aequales esse secundum suae naturae conditionem, sed solum
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diff changeset
671 merito distare; sic ut quaedam earum corporibus alligarentur, quae
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diff changeset
672 sunt animae hominum vel caelestium corporum; quaedam vero in sui
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diff changeset
673 puritate, secundum diversos ordines, remanerent. De qua opinione
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diff changeset
674 supra iam diximus, et ideo relinquatur ad praesens. Augustinus
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diff changeset
675 vero, in VII super Gen. ad Litt., dicit quod anima primi hominis
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diff changeset
676 ante corpus cum Angelis est creata, propter aliam rationem. Quia
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diff changeset
677 scilicet ponit quod corpus hominis in illis operibus sex dierum non
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diff changeset
678 fuit productum in actu, sed solum secundum causales rationes, quod
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diff changeset
679 non potest de anima dici; quia nec ex aliqua materia corporali aut
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diff changeset
680 spirituali praeexistente facta fuit, nec ex aliqua virtute creata
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diff changeset
681 produci potuit. Et ideo videtur quod ipsamet anima in operibus sex
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diff changeset
682 dierum, in quibus omnia facta fuerunt, simul cum Angelis fuerit
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diff changeset
683 creata; et quod postmodum propria voluntate inclinata fuit ad
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diff changeset
684 corpus administrandum. Sed hoc non dicit asserendo, ut eius verba
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diff changeset
685 demonstrant. Dicit enim, <i>credatur, si nulla Scripturarum
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diff changeset
686 auctoritas seu veritatis ratio contradicit, hominem ita factum
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diff changeset
687 sexto die, ut corporis quidem humani ratio causalis in elementis
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diff changeset
688 mundi, anima vero iam ipsa crearetur</i>. Posset autem hoc utique
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diff changeset
689 tolerari secundum eos qui ponunt quod anima habet per se speciem et
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diff changeset
690 naturam completam, et quod non unitur corpori ut forma, sed solum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
691 ad ipsum administrandum. Si autem anima unitur corpori ut forma, et
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diff changeset
692 est naturaliter pars humanae naturae, hoc omnino esse non potest.
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diff changeset
693 Manifestum est enim quod Deus primas res instituit in perfecto
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diff changeset
694 statu suae naturae, secundum quod uniuscuiusque rei species
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diff changeset
695 exigebat. Anima autem, cum sit pars humanae naturae, non habet
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diff changeset
696 naturalem perfectionem nisi secundum quod est corpori unita. Unde
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diff changeset
697 non fuisset conveniens animam sine corpore creari. Sustinendo ergo
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diff changeset
698 opinionem Augustini de operibus sex dierum, dici poterit quod anima
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diff changeset
699 humana praecessit in operibus sex dierum secundum quandam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
700 similitudinem generis, prout convenit cum Angelis in intellectuali
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parents: 26
diff changeset
701 natura; ipsa vero fuit creata simul cum corpore. Secundum alios
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parents: 26
diff changeset
702 vero sanctos, tam anima quam corpus primi hominis in operibus sex
53
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diff changeset
703 dierum sunt producta.</p><p title="I q. 90 a. 4 ad 1"><a name="32276"><span class="ref">[32276] Iª q. 90 a. 4 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
704 dicendum quod, si natura animae haberet integram speciem, ita quod
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parents: 26
diff changeset
705 secundum se crearetur, ratio illa procederet, ut per se in
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parents: 26
diff changeset
706 principio crearetur. Sed quia naturaliter est forma corporis, non
53
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diff changeset
707 fuit seorsum creanda, sed debuit creari in corpore.</p><p title="I q. 90 a. 4 ad 2"><a name="32277"><span class="ref">[32277] Iª q. 90 a. 4 ad 2</span></a> Et similiter est
28
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diff changeset
708 dicendum ad secundum. Nam anima si per se speciem haberet, magis
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diff changeset
709 conveniret cum Angelis. Sed inquantum est forma corporis, pertinet
53
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diff changeset
710 ad genus animalium, ut formale principium.</p><p title="I q. 90 a. 4 ad 3"><a name="32278"><span class="ref">[32278] Iª q. 90 a. 4 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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diff changeset
711 dicendum quod animam remanere post corpus, accidit per defectum
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diff changeset
712 corporis, qui est mors. Qui quidem defectus in principio creationis
53
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diff changeset
713 animae, esse non debuit.</p></div></div><div class="q" id="q91"><h2>Quaestio 91</h2><div class="p"><h3>Prooemium</h3><p title="I q. 91 pr."><a name="32279"><span class="ref">[32279]
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diff changeset
714 Iª q. 91 pr.</span></a> Deinde considerandum est de
28
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diff changeset
715 productione corporis primi hominis. Et circa hoc quaeruntur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
716 quatuor. Primo, de materia ex qua productum est. Secundo, de
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diff changeset
717 auctore a quo productum est. Tertio, de dispositione quae ei per
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diff changeset
718 productionem est attributa. Quarto, de modo et ordine productionis
53
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diff changeset
719 ipsius.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 1</h3><p title="I q. 91 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="32280"><span class="ref">[32280] Iª q. 91 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad primum sic
28
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diff changeset
720 proceditur. Videtur quod corpus primi hominis non sit factum de
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diff changeset
721 limo terrae. Maioris enim virtutis est facere aliquid ex nihilo,
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diff changeset
722 quam ex aliquo, quia plus distat ab actu non ens quam ens in
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parents: 26
diff changeset
723 potentia. Sed cum homo sit dignissima creaturarum inferiorum,
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diff changeset
724 decuit ut virtus Dei maxime ostenderetur in productione corporis
53
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diff changeset
725 eius. Ergo non debuit fieri ex limo terrae, sed ex nihilo.</p><p title="I q. 91 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="32281"><span class="ref">[32281] Iª q. 91 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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diff changeset
726 corpora caelestia sunt nobiliora terrenis. Sed corpus humanum habet
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diff changeset
727 maximam nobilitatem, cum perficiatur a nobilissima forma, quae est
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diff changeset
728 anima rationalis. Ergo non debuit fieri de corpore terrestri, sed
53
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diff changeset
729 magis de corpore caelesti.</p><p title="I q. 91 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="32282"><span class="ref">[32282] Iª q. 91 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea, ignis
28
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diff changeset
730 et aer sunt nobiliora corpora quam terra et aqua, quod ex eorum
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diff changeset
731 subtilitate apparet. Cum igitur corpus humanum sit dignissimum,
53
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diff changeset
732 magis debuit fieri ex igne et ex aere quam ex limo terrae.</p><p title="I q. 91 a. 1 arg. 4"><a name="32283"><span class="ref">[32283] Iª q. 91 a. 1 arg. 4</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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diff changeset
733 corpus humanum est compositum ex quatuor elementis. Non ergo est
53
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diff changeset
734 factum ex limo terrae, sed ex omnibus elementis.</p><p title="I q. 91 a. 1 s. c."><a name="32284"><span class="ref">[32284] Iª q. 91 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
28
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diff changeset
735 quod dicitur Gen. II, <i>formavit Deus hominem de limo
53
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diff changeset
736 terrae</i>.</p><p title="I q. 91 a. 1 co."><a name="32285"><span class="ref">[32285] Iª q. 91 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
737 quod, cum Deus perfectus sit, operibus suis perfectionem dedit
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diff changeset
738 secundum eorum modum; secundum illud Deut. XXXII, <i>Dei perfecta
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diff changeset
739 sunt opera</i>. Ipse autem simpliciter perfectus est, ex hoc quod
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diff changeset
740 omnia in se praehabet, non per modum compositionis, sed simpliciter
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parents: 26
diff changeset
741 et unite, ut Dionysius dicit, eo modo quo diversi effectus
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diff changeset
742 praeexistunt in causa, secundum unam eius essentiam. Ista autem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
743 perfectio ad Angelos quidem derivatur, secundum quod omnia sunt in
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diff changeset
744 eorum cognitione quae sunt a Deo in natura producta, per formas
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diff changeset
745 diversas. Ad hominem vero derivatur inferiori modo huiusmodi
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parents: 26
diff changeset
746 perfectio. Non enim in sua cognitione naturali habet omnium
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diff changeset
747 naturalium notitiam; sed est ex rebus omnibus quodammodo
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diff changeset
748 compositus, dum de genere spiritualium substantiarum habet in se
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diff changeset
749 animam rationalem, de similitudine vero caelestium corporum habet
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diff changeset
750 elongationem a contrariis per maximam aequalitatem complexionis,
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diff changeset
751 elementa vero secundum substantiam. Ita tamen quod superiora
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diff changeset
752 elementa praedominantur in eo secundum virtutem, scilicet ignis et
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diff changeset
753 aer, quia vita praecipue consistit in calido, quod est ignis, et
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diff changeset
754 humido, quod est aeris. Inferiora vero elementa abundant in eo
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diff changeset
755 secundum substantiam, aliter enim non posset esse mixtionis
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diff changeset
756 aequalitas, nisi inferiora elementa, quae sunt minoris virtutis,
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diff changeset
757 secundum quantitatem in homine abundarent. Et ideo dicitur corpus
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diff changeset
758 hominis de limo terrae formatum, quia limus dicitur terra aquae
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diff changeset
759 permixta. Et propter hoc homo dicitur minor mundus, quia omnes
53
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diff changeset
760 creaturae mundi quodammodo inveniuntur in eo.</p><p title="I q. 91 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="32286"><span class="ref">[32286] Iª q. 91 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
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diff changeset
761 dicendum quod virtus Dei creantis manifestata est in corpore
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diff changeset
762 hominis, dum eius materia est per creationem producta. Oportuit
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diff changeset
763 autem ut ex materia quatuor elementorum fieret corpus humanum, ut
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diff changeset
764 homo haberet convenientiam cum inferioribus corporibus, quasi
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diff changeset
765 medium quoddam existens inter spirituales et corporales
53
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diff changeset
766 substantias.</p><p title="I q. 91 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="32287"><span class="ref">[32287] Iª q. 91 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
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diff changeset
767 dicendum quod, quamvis corpus caeleste sit simpliciter nobilius
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diff changeset
768 terrestri corpore, tamen quantum ad actus animae rationalis, est
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diff changeset
769 minus conveniens. Nam anima rationalis accipit notitiam veritatis
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diff changeset
770 quodammodo per sensus; quorum organa formari non possunt ex corpore
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diff changeset
771 caelesti, cum sit impassibile. Nec est verum quod quidam dicunt
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diff changeset
772 aliquid de quinta essentia materialiter ad compositionem humani
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diff changeset
773 corporis advenire, ponentes animam uniri corpori mediante quadam
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diff changeset
774 luce. Primo enim, falsum est quod dicunt, lucem esse corpus.
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diff changeset
775 Secundo vero, impossibile est aliquid de quinta essentia vel a
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diff changeset
776 corpore caelesti dividi, vel elementis permisceri, propter
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diff changeset
777 caelestis corporis impassibilitatem. Unde non venit in
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diff changeset
778 compositionem mixtorum corporum, nisi secundum suae virtutis
53
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diff changeset
779 effectum.</p><p title="I q. 91 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="32288"><span class="ref">[32288] Iª q. 91 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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diff changeset
780 dicendum quod, si ignis et aer, quae sunt maioris virtutis in
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diff changeset
781 agendo, etiam secundum quantitatem in compositione humani corporis
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diff changeset
782 abundarent, omnino ad se traherent alia, et non posset fieri
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diff changeset
783 aequalitas commixtionis, quae est necessaria in compositione
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diff changeset
784 hominis ad bonitatem sensus tactus, qui est fundamentum sensuum
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diff changeset
785 aliorum. Oportet enim organum cuiuslibet sensus non habere in actu
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diff changeset
786 contraria quorum sensus est perceptivus, sed in potentia tantum.
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diff changeset
787 Vel ita quod omnino careat toto genere contrariorum, sicut pupilla
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diff changeset
788 caret colore, ut sit in potentia ad omnes colores, quod in organo
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diff changeset
789 tactus non erat possibile, cum sit compositum ex elementis, quorum
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diff changeset
790 qualitates percipit tactus. Vel ita quod organum sit medium inter
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diff changeset
791 contraria, ut necesse est in tactu accidere, medium enim est
53
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diff changeset
792 quodammodo in potentia ad extrema.</p><p title="I q. 91 a. 1 ad 4"><a name="32289"><span class="ref">[32289] Iª q. 91 a. 1 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
28
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diff changeset
793 dicendum quod in limo terrae est terra, et aqua conglutinans partes
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diff changeset
794 terrae. De aliis autem elementis Scriptura mentionem non fecit, tum
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diff changeset
795 quia minus abundant secundum quantitatem in corpore hominis, ut
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diff changeset
796 dictum est; tum etiam quia in tota rerum productione, de igne et
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diff changeset
797 aere, quae sensu non percipiuntur a rudibus mentionem non fecit
53
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diff changeset
798 Scriptura, quae rudi populo tradebatur.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 2</h3><p title="I q. 91 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="32290"><span class="ref">[32290] Iª q. 91 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad secundum sic
28
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diff changeset
799 proceditur. Videtur quod corpus humanum non sit immediate a Deo
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diff changeset
800 productum. Dicit enim Augustinus, in III de Trin., quod corporalia
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parents: 26
diff changeset
801 disponuntur a Deo per angelicam creaturam. Sed corpus humanum
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diff changeset
802 formatum fuit ex materia corporali, ut dictum est. Ergo debuit
53
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diff changeset
803 produci mediantibus Angelis, et non immediate a Deo.</p><p title="I q. 91 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="32291"><span class="ref">[32291] Iª q. 91 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea, quod
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
804 fieri potest virtute creata, non est necessarium quod immediate
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parents: 26
diff changeset
805 producatur a Deo. Sed corpus humanum produci potest per virtutem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
806 creatam caelestis corporis, nam et quaedam animalia ex
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parents: 26
diff changeset
807 putrefactione generantur per virtutem activam corporis caelestis;
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diff changeset
808 et Albumasar dicit quod in locis in quibus nimis abundat calor aut
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diff changeset
809 frigus, homines non generantur, sed in locis temperatis tantum.
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diff changeset
810 Ergo non oportuit quod immediate corpus humanum formaretur a
53
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diff changeset
811 Deo.</p><p title="I q. 91 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="32292"><span class="ref">[32292] Iª q. 91 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea, nihil
28
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diff changeset
812 fit ex materia corporali nisi per aliquam materiae transmutationem.
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diff changeset
813 Sed omnis transmutatio corporalis causatur ex motu caelestis
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diff changeset
814 corporis, qui est primus motuum. Cum igitur corpus humanum sit
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parents: 26
diff changeset
815 productum ex materia corporali, videtur quod ad eius formationem
53
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diff changeset
816 aliquid operatum fuerit corpus caeleste.</p><p title="I q. 91 a. 2 arg. 4"><a name="32293"><span class="ref">[32293] Iª q. 91 a. 2 arg. 4</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
817 Augustinus dicit, super Gen. ad Litt., quod homo factus est
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diff changeset
818 secundum corpus, in operibus sex dierum, secundum causales rationes
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diff changeset
819 quas Deus inseruit creaturae corporali; postmodum vero fuit
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diff changeset
820 formatum in actu. Sed quod praeexistit in corporali creatura
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parents: 26
diff changeset
821 secundum causales rationes, per aliquam virtutem corpoream produci
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diff changeset
822 potest. Ergo corpus humanum productum est aliqua virtute creata, et
53
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diff changeset
823 non immediate a Deo.</p><p title="I q. 91 a. 2 s. c."><a name="32294"><span class="ref">[32294] Iª q. 91 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
824 quod dicitur Eccli. XVII, <i>Deus de terra creavit hominem</i>.</p><p title="I q. 91 a. 2 co."><a name="32295"><span class="ref">[32295] Iª q. 91 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
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diff changeset
825 quod prima formatio humani corporis non potuit esse per aliquam
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diff changeset
826 virtutem creatam, sed immediate a Deo. Posuerunt siquidem aliqui
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diff changeset
827 formas quae sunt in materia corporali, a quibusdam formis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
828 immaterialibus derivari. Sed hanc opinionem repellit philosophus,
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diff changeset
829 in VII Metaphys., per hoc quod formis non competit per se fieri,
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diff changeset
830 sed composito, ut supra expositum est; et quia oportet agens esse
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831 simile facto non convenit quod forma pura, quae est sine materia,
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832 producat formam quae est in materia, quae non fit nisi per hoc quod
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833 compositum fit. Et ideo oportet quod forma quae est in materia, sit
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diff changeset
834 causa formae quae est in materia, secundum quod compositum a
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835 composito generatur. Deus autem, quamvis omnino sit immaterialis,
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836 tamen solus est qui sua virtute materiam producere potest creando.
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diff changeset
837 Unde ipsius solius est formam producere in materia absque
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838 adminiculo praecedentis formae materialis. Et propter hoc, Angeli
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839 non possunt transmutare corpora ad formam aliquam, nisi adhibitis
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840 seminibus quibusdam, ut Augustinus dicit in III de Trin. Quia
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841 igitur corpus humanum nunquam formatum fuerat, cuius virtute per
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842 viam generationis aliud simile in specie formaretur, necesse fuit
53
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843 quod primum corpus hominis immediate formaretur a Deo.</p><p title="I q. 91 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="32296"><span class="ref">[32296] Iª q. 91 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
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844 dicendum quod, etsi Angeli aliquod ministerium Deo exhibeant in his
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diff changeset
845 quae circa corpora operatur; aliqua tamen Deus in creatura corporea
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846 facit, quae nullo modo Angeli facere possunt; sicut quod suscitat
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847 mortuos, et illuminat caecos. Secundum quam virtutem etiam corpus
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diff changeset
848 primi hominis de limo terrae formavit. Potuit tamen fieri ut
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849 aliquod ministerium in formatione corporis primi hominis Angeli
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850 exhiberent; sicut exhibebunt in ultima resurrectione, pulveres
53
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851 colligendo.</p><p title="I q. 91 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="32297"><span class="ref">[32297] Iª q. 91 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
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852 dicendum quod animalia perfecta, quae generantur ex semine, non
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diff changeset
853 possunt generari per solam virtutem caelestis corporis, ut Avicenna
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854 fingit; licet ad eorum generationem naturalem cooperetur virtus
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diff changeset
855 caelestis corporis, prout philosophus dicit, in II Physic., quod
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diff changeset
856 <i>homo generat hominem ex materia, et sol</i>. Et exinde est quod
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857 exigitur locus temperatus ad generationem hominum et aliorum
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858 animalium perfectorum. Sufficit autem virtus caelestium corporum ad
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diff changeset
859 generandum quaedam animalia imperfectiora ex materia disposita,
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diff changeset
860 manifestum est enim quod plura requiruntur ad productionem rei
53
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diff changeset
861 perfectae, quam ad productionem rei imperfectae.</p><p title="I q. 91 a. 2 ad 3"><a name="32298"><span class="ref">[32298] Iª q. 91 a. 2 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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862 dicendum quod motus caeli est causa transmutationum naturalium, non
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diff changeset
863 tamen transmutationum quae fiunt praeter naturae ordinem, et sola
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diff changeset
864 virtute divina, sicut quod mortui resuscitantur, quod caeci
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diff changeset
865 illuminantur. Quibus est simile quod homo ex limo terrae
53
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diff changeset
866 formatur.</p><p title="I q. 91 a. 2 ad 4"><a name="32299"><span class="ref">[32299] Iª q. 91 a. 2 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
28
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867 dicendum quod secundum rationes causales in creaturis dicitur
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diff changeset
868 aliquid praeexistere dupliciter. Uno modo, secundum potentiam
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diff changeset
869 activam et passivam, ut non solum ex materia praeexistenti fieri
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870 possit, sed etiam ut aliqua praeexistens creatura hoc facere
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diff changeset
871 possit. Alio modo, secundum potentiam passivam tantum, ut scilicet
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diff changeset
872 de materia praeexistenti fieri possit a Deo. Et hoc modo, secundum
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diff changeset
873 Augustinum, corpus hominis praeextitit in operibus productis
53
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874 secundum causales rationes.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 3</h3><p title="I q. 91 a. 3 arg. 1"><a name="32300"><span class="ref">[32300] Iª q. 91 a. 3 arg. 1</span></a> Ad tertium sic
28
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diff changeset
875 proceditur. Videtur quod corpus hominis non habuerit convenientem
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diff changeset
876 dispositionem. Cum enim homo sit nobilissimum animalium, corpus
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diff changeset
877 hominis debuit esse dispositum optime ad ea quae sunt propria
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diff changeset
878 animalis, scilicet ad sensum et motum. Sed quaedam animalia
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diff changeset
879 inveniuntur acutioris sensus quam homo, et velocioris motus; sicut
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diff changeset
880 canes melius odorant, et aves velocius moventur. Ergo corpus
53
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diff changeset
881 hominis non est convenienter dispositum.</p><p title="I q. 91 a. 3 arg. 2"><a name="32301"><span class="ref">[32301] Iª q. 91 a. 3 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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diff changeset
882 perfectum est cui nihil deest. Sed plura desunt humano corpori quam
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diff changeset
883 corporibus aliorum animalium, quae habent tegumenta et arma
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diff changeset
884 naturalia ad sui protectionem, quae homini desunt. Ergo corpus
53
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diff changeset
885 humanum est imperfectissime dispositum.</p><p title="I q. 91 a. 3 arg. 3"><a name="32302"><span class="ref">[32302] Iª q. 91 a. 3 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea, homo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
886 plus distat a plantis quam ab animalibus brutis. Sed plantae habent
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diff changeset
887 staturam rectam; animalia autem bruta pronam. Ergo homo non debuit
53
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diff changeset
888 habere staturam rectam.</p><p title="I q. 91 a. 3 s. c."><a name="32303"><span class="ref">[32303] Iª q. 91 a. 3 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
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889 quod dicitur Eccle. VII, <i>Deus fecit hominem rectum</i>.</p><p title="I q. 91 a. 3 co."><a name="32304"><span class="ref">[32304] Iª q. 91 a. 3 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
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diff changeset
890 quod omnes res naturales productae sunt ab arte divina, unde sunt
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diff changeset
891 quodammodo artificiata ipsius Dei. Quilibet autem artifex intendit
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diff changeset
892 suo operi dispositionem optimam inducere, non simpliciter, sed per
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diff changeset
893 comparationem ad finem. Et si talis dispositio habet secum
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diff changeset
894 adiunctum aliquem defectum, artifex non curat. Sicut artifex qui
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diff changeset
895 facit serram ad secandum, facit eam ex ferro, ut sit idonea ad
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diff changeset
896 secandum; nec curat eam facere ex vitro, quae est pulchrior
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diff changeset
897 materia, quia talis pulchritudo esset impedimentum finis. Sic
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diff changeset
898 igitur Deus unicuique rei naturali dedit optimam dispositionem, non
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diff changeset
899 quidem simpliciter, sed secundum ordinem ad proprium finem. Et hoc
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diff changeset
900 est quod philosophus dicit, in II Physic., <i>et quia dignius est
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diff changeset
901 sic, non tamen simpliciter, sed ad uniuscuiusque substantiam</i>.
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diff changeset
902 Finis autem proximus humani corporis est anima rationalis et
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diff changeset
903 operationes ipsius, materia enim est propter formam, et instrumenta
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diff changeset
904 propter actiones agentis. Dico ergo quod Deus instituit corpus
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diff changeset
905 humanum in optima dispositione secundum convenientiam ad talem
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diff changeset
906 formam et ad tales operationes. Et si aliquis defectus in
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diff changeset
907 dispositione humani corporis esse videtur, considerandum est quod
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diff changeset
908 talis defectus sequitur ex necessitate materiae, ad ea quae
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diff changeset
909 requiruntur in corpore ut sit debita proportio ipsius ad animam et
53
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diff changeset
910 ad animae operationes.</p><p title="I q. 91 a. 3 ad 1"><a name="32305"><span class="ref">[32305] Iª q. 91 a. 3 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
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911 dicendum quod tactus, qui est fundamentum aliorum sensuum, est
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diff changeset
912 perfectior in homine quam in aliquo alio animali, et propter hoc
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diff changeset
913 oportuit quod homo haberet temperatissimam complexionem inter omnia
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diff changeset
914 animalia. Praecedit etiam homo omnia alia animalia, quantum ad
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diff changeset
915 vires sensitivas interiores; sicut ex supra dictis apparet. Ex
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diff changeset
916 quadam autem necessitate contingit quod, quantum ad aliquos
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diff changeset
917 exteriores sensus, homo ab aliis animalibus deficiat. Sicut homo,
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diff changeset
918 inter omnia animalia, habet pessimum olfactum. Necessarium enim
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diff changeset
919 fuit quod homo, inter omnia animalia, respectu sui corporis haberet
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diff changeset
920 maximum cerebrum, tum ut liberius in eo perficerentur operationes
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diff changeset
921 interiorum virium sensitivarum, quae sunt necessariae ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
922 intellectus operationem, ut supra dictum est; tum etiam ut
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diff changeset
923 frigiditas cerebri temperaret calorem cordis, quem necesse est in
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diff changeset
924 homine abundare, ad hoc quod homo sit rectae staturae. Magnitudo
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diff changeset
925 autem cerebri, propter eius humiditatem, est impedimentum olfactus,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
926 qui requirit siccitatem. Et similiter potest assignari ratio quare
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diff changeset
927 quaedam animalia sunt acutioris visus et subtilioris auditus quam
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diff changeset
928 homo, propter impedimentum horum sensuum quod necesse est consequi
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diff changeset
929 in homine ex perfecta complexionis aequalitate. Et eadem etiam
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diff changeset
930 ratio est assignanda de hoc quod quaedam animalia sunt homine
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diff changeset
931 velociora, cui excellentiae velocitatis repugnat aequalitas humanae
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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diff changeset
932 complexionis.</p><p title="I q. 91 a. 3 ad 2"><a name="32306"><span class="ref">[32306] Iª q. 91 a. 3 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
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diff changeset
933 dicendum quod cornua et ungulae, quae sunt quorundam animalium
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diff changeset
934 arma, et spissitudo corii, et multitudo pilorum aut plumarum, quae
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diff changeset
935 sunt tegumenta animalium, attestantur abundantiae terrestris
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diff changeset
936 elementi; quae repugnat aequalitati et teneritudini complexionis
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diff changeset
937 humanae. Et ideo haec homini non competebant. Sed loco horum habet
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diff changeset
938 rationem et manus, quibus potest parare sibi arma et tegumenta et
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diff changeset
939 alia vitae necessaria, infinitis modis. Unde et manus, in III de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
940 anima, dicitur organum organorum. Et hoc etiam magis competebat
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diff changeset
941 rationali naturae, quae est infinitarum conceptionum, ut haberet
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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diff changeset
942 facultatem infinita instrumenta sibi parandi.</p><p title="I q. 91 a. 3 ad 3"><a name="32307"><span class="ref">[32307] Iª q. 91 a. 3 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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diff changeset
943 dicendum quod habere staturam rectam conveniens fuit homini propter
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diff changeset
944 quatuor. Primo quidem, quia sensus sunt dati homini non solum ad
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diff changeset
945 vitae necessaria procuranda, sicut aliis animalibus; sed etiam ad
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diff changeset
946 cognoscendum. Unde, cum cetera animalia non delectentur in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
947 sensibilibus nisi per ordinem ad cibos et venerea, solus homo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
948 delectatur in ipsa pulchritudine sensibilium secundum seipsam. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
949 ideo, quia sensus praecipue vigent in facie, alia animalia habent
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diff changeset
950 faciem pronam ad terram, quasi ad cibum quaerendum et providendum
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diff changeset
951 sibi de victu, homo vero habet faciem erectam, ut per sensus, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
952 praecipue per visum, qui est subtilior et plures differentias rerum
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diff changeset
953 ostendit, libere possit ex omni parte sensibilia cognoscere, et
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diff changeset
954 caelestia et terrena, ut ex omnibus intelligibilem colligat
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parents: 26
diff changeset
955 veritatem. Secundo, ut interiores vires liberius suas operationes
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parents: 26
diff changeset
956 habeant, dum cerebrum, in quo quodammodo perficiuntur, non est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
957 depressum, sed super omnes partes corporis elevatum. Tertio, quia
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diff changeset
958 oporteret quod, si homo haberet pronam staturam, uteretur manibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
959 loco anteriorum pedum. Et sic utilitas manuum ad diversa opera
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parents: 26
diff changeset
960 perficienda cessaret. Quarto, quia, si haberet pronam staturam, et
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diff changeset
961 uteretur manibus loco anteriorum pedum, oporteret quod cibum
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diff changeset
962 caperet ore. Et ita haberet os oblongum, et labia dura et grossa,
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diff changeset
963 et linguam etiam duram, ne ab exterioribus laederetur, sicut patet
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diff changeset
964 in aliis animalibus. Et talis dispositio omnino impediret
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diff changeset
965 locutionem, quae est proprium opus rationis. Et tamen homo staturam
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diff changeset
966 rectam habens, maxime distat a plantis. Nam homo habet superius
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diff changeset
967 sui, idest caput, versus superius mundi, et inferius sui versus
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diff changeset
968 inferius mundi, et ideo est optime dispositus secundum
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diff changeset
969 dispositionem totius. Plantae vero habent superius sui versus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
970 inferius mundi (nam radices sunt ori proportionales), inferius
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diff changeset
971 autem sui versus superius mundi. Animalia vero bruta medio modo,
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diff changeset
972 nam superius animalis est pars qua accipit alimentum, inferius
53
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973 autem est pars qua emittit superfluum.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 4</h3><p title="I q. 91 a. 4 arg. 1"><a name="32308"><span class="ref">[32308] Iª q. 91 a. 4 arg. 1</span></a> Ad quartum sic
28
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diff changeset
974 proceditur. Videtur quod inconvenienter corporis humani productio
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diff changeset
975 in Scriptura describatur. Sicut enim corpus humanum est factum a
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diff changeset
976 Deo, ita et alia opera sex dierum. Sed in aliis operibus dicitur,
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diff changeset
977 <i>dixit Deus, fiat, et factum est</i>. Ergo similiter dici debuit
53
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diff changeset
978 de hominis productione.</p><p title="I q. 91 a. 4 arg. 2"><a name="32309"><span class="ref">[32309] Iª q. 91 a. 4 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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diff changeset
979 corpus humanum a Deo immediate est factum, ut supra dictum est.
53
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diff changeset
980 Ergo inconvenienter dicitur, faciamus hominem.</p><p title="I q. 91 a. 4 arg. 3"><a name="32310"><span class="ref">[32310] Iª q. 91 a. 4 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea, forma
28
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diff changeset
981 humani corporis est ipsa anima, quae est spiraculum vitae.
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diff changeset
982 Inconvenienter ergo, postquam dixerat, <i>formavit Deus hominem de
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diff changeset
983 limo terrae</i>, subiunxit, <i>et inspiravit in faciem eius
53
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diff changeset
984 spiraculum vitae</i>.</p><p title="I q. 91 a. 4 arg. 4"><a name="32311"><span class="ref">[32311] Iª q. 91 a. 4 arg. 4</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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diff changeset
985 anima, quae est spiraculum vitae, est in toto corpore, et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
986 principaliter in corde. Non ergo debuit dicere, quod <i>inspiravit
53
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diff changeset
987 in faciem eius spiraculum vitae</i>.</p><p title="I q. 91 a. 4 arg. 5"><a name="32312"><span class="ref">[32312] Iª q. 91 a. 4 arg. 5</span></a> Praeterea, sexus
28
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diff changeset
988 masculinus et femininus pertinent ad corpus, imago vero Dei ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
989 animam. Sed anima, secundum Augustinum, fuit facta ante corpus.
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diff changeset
990 Inconvenienter ergo cum dixisset, <i>ad imaginem suam fecit
53
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diff changeset
991 illum</i>, addidit, <i>masculum et feminam creavit eos</i>.</p><p title="I q. 91 a. 4 s. c."><a name="32313"><span class="ref">[32313] Iª q. 91 a. 4 s. c.</span></a> In contrarium est
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diff changeset
992 auctoritas Scripturae.</p><p title="I q. 91 a. 4 ad 1"><a name="32314"><span class="ref">[32314] Iª q. 91 a. 4 ad 1</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
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diff changeset
993 ad primum quod, sicut Augustinus dicit in VI super Gen. ad Litt.,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
994 non in hoc praeeminet homo aliis rebus, quod Deus ipse fecit
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parents: 26
diff changeset
995 hominem, quasi alia ipse non fecerit; cum scriptum sit, <i>opera
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parents: 26
diff changeset
996 manuum tuarum sunt caeli</i>, et alibi, <i>aridam fundaverunt manus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
997 eius</i>, sed in hoc quod ad imaginem Dei factus est homo. Utitur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
998 tamen Scriptura in productione hominis speciali modo loquendi, ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
999 ostendendum quod alia propter hominem facta sunt. Ea enim quae
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1000 principaliter intendimus, cum maiori deliberatione et studio
53
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diff changeset
1001 consuevimus facere.</p><p title="I q. 91 a. 4 ad 2"><a name="32315"><span class="ref">[32315] Iª q. 91 a. 4 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1002 dicendum quod non est intelligendum Deum Angelis dixisse, faciamus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1003 hominem; ut quidam perverse intellexerunt. Sed hoc dicitur ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1004 significandum pluralitatem divinarum personarum, quarum imago
53
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diff changeset
1005 expressius invenitur in homine.</p><p title="I q. 91 a. 4 ad 3"><a name="32316"><span class="ref">[32316] Iª q. 91 a. 4 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1006 dicendum quod quidam intellexerunt corpus hominis prius tempore
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1007 formatum, et postmodum Deum formato iam corpori animam infudisse.
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1008 Sed contra rationem perfectionis primae institutionis rerum est,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1009 quod Deus vel corpus sine anima, vel animam sine corpore fecerit,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1010 cum utrumque sit pars humanae naturae. Et hoc etiam est magis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1011 inconveniens de corpore, quod dependet ex anima, et non e converso.
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diff changeset
1012 Et ideo ad hoc excludendum, quidam posuerunt quod, cum dicitur,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1013 formavit Deus hominem, intelligitur productio corporis simul cum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1014 anima; quod autem additur, et inspiravit in faciem eius spiraculum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1015 vitae, intelligitur de spiritu sancto; sicut et dominus insufflavit
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1016 in apostolos, dicens, accipite spiritum sanctum, Ioan. XX. Sed haec
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1017 expositio, ut dicit Augustinus in libro de Civ. Dei, excluditur per
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1018 verba Scripturae. Nam subditur ad praedicta, <i>et factus est homo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1019 in animam viventem</i>, quod apostolus, I ad Cor. XV, non ad vitam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1020 spiritualem, sed ad vitam animalem refert. Per spiraculum ergo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1021 vitae intelligitur anima, ut sic quod dicitur, <i>inspiravit in
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diff changeset
1022 faciem eius spiraculum vitae</i>, sit quasi expositio eius quod
53
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diff changeset
1023 praemiserat; nam anima est corporis forma.</p><p title="I q. 91 a. 4 ad 4"><a name="32317"><span class="ref">[32317] Iª q. 91 a. 4 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1024 dicendum quod, quia operationes vitae magis manifestantur in facie
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1025 hominis, propter sensus ibi existentes; ideo dicit in faciem
53
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diff changeset
1026 hominis inspiratum esse spiraculum vitae.</p><p title="I q. 91 a. 4 ad 5"><a name="32318"><span class="ref">[32318] Iª q. 91 a. 4 ad 5</span></a> Ad quintum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1027 dicendum quod, secundum Augustinum, omnia opera sex dierum simul
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diff changeset
1028 sunt facta. Unde animam primi hominis, quam ponit simul factam cum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1029 Angelis, non ponit factam ante sextum diem; sed in ipso sexto die
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1030 ponit esse factam et animam primi hominis in actu, et corpus eius
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1031 secundum rationes causales. Alii vero doctores ponunt et animam et
53
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diff changeset
1032 corpus hominis factum sexto die in actu.</p></div></div><div class="q" id="q92"><h2>Quaestio 92</h2><div class="p"><h3>Prooemium</h3><p title="I q. 92 pr."><a name="32319"><span class="ref">[32319]
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diff changeset
1033 Iª q. 92 pr.</span></a> Deinde considerandum est de
28
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diff changeset
1034 productione mulieris. Et circa hoc quaeruntur quatuor. Primo, utrum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1035 in illa rerum productione debuerit mulier produci. Secundo, utrum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1036 debuerit fieri de viro. Tertio, utrum de costa viri. Quarto, utrum
53
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diff changeset
1037 facta fuerit immediate a Deo.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 1</h3><p title="I q. 92 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="32320"><span class="ref">[32320] Iª q. 92 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad primum sic
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1038 proceditur. Videtur quod mulier non debuit produci in prima rerum
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diff changeset
1039 productione. Dicit enim philosophus, in libro de Generat. Animal.,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1040 quod <i>femina est mas occasionatus</i>. Sed nihil occasionatum et
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diff changeset
1041 deficiens debuit esse in prima rerum institutione. Ergo in illa
53
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diff changeset
1042 prima rerum institutione mulier producenda non fuit.</p><p title="I q. 92 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="32321"><span class="ref">[32321] Iª q. 92 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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diff changeset
1043 subiectio et minoratio ex peccato est subsecuta, nam, ad mulierem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1044 dictum est post peccatum, Gen. III, <i>sub viri potestate eris</i>;
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diff changeset
1045 et Gregorius dicit quod, <i>ubi non delinquimus, omnes pares
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diff changeset
1046 sumus</i>. Sed mulier naturaliter est minoris virtutis et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1047 dignitatis quam vir, semper enim honorabilius est agens patiente,
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diff changeset
1048 ut dicit Augustinus XII super Gen. ad Litt. Ergo non debuit mulier
53
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diff changeset
1049 produci in prima rerum productione ante peccatum.</p><p title="I q. 92 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="32322"><span class="ref">[32322] Iª q. 92 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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diff changeset
1050 occasiones peccatorum sunt amputandae. Sed Deus praescivit quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
1051 mulier esset futura viro in occasionem peccati. Ergo non debuit
53
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diff changeset
1052 mulierem producere.</p><p title="I q. 92 a. 1 s. c."><a name="32323"><span class="ref">[32323] Iª q. 92 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
28
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diff changeset
1053 quod dicitur Gen. II, <i>non est bonum hominem esse solum; faciamus
53
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diff changeset
1054 ei adiutorium simile sibi</i>.</p><p title="I q. 92 a. 1 co."><a name="32324"><span class="ref">[32324] Iª q. 92 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
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1055 quod necessarium fuit feminam fieri, sicut Scriptura dicit, in
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diff changeset
1056 adiutorium viri, non quidem in adiutorium alicuius alterius operis,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1057 ut quidam dixerunt, cum ad quodlibet aliud opus convenientius
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diff changeset
1058 iuvari possit vir per alium virum quam per mulierem; sed in
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diff changeset
1059 adiutorium generationis. Quod manifestius videri potest, si in
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diff changeset
1060 viventibus modus generationis consideretur. Sunt enim quaedam
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diff changeset
1061 viventia, quae in seipsis non habent virtutem activam generationis,
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diff changeset
1062 sed ab agente alterius speciei generantur; sicut plantae et
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diff changeset
1063 animalia quae generantur sine semine ex materia convenienti per
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1064 virtutem activam caelestium corporum. Quaedam vero habent virtutem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1065 generationis activam et passivam coniunctam; sicut accidit in
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diff changeset
1066 plantis quae generantur ex semine. Non enim est in plantis aliquod
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1067 nobilius opus vitae quam generatio, unde convenienter omni tempore
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diff changeset
1068 in eis virtuti passivae coniungitur virtus activa generationis.
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diff changeset
1069 Animalibus vero perfectis competit virtus activa generationis
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diff changeset
1070 secundum sexum masculinum, virtus vero passiva secundum sexum
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diff changeset
1071 femininum. Et quia est aliquod opus vitae nobilius in animalibus
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diff changeset
1072 quam generatio, ad quod eorum vita principaliter ordinatur; ideo
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diff changeset
1073 non omni tempore sexus masculinus feminino coniungitur in
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diff changeset
1074 animalibus perfectis, sed solum tempore coitus; ut imaginemur per
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diff changeset
1075 coitum sic fieri unum ex mare et femina, sicut in planta omni
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diff changeset
1076 tempore coniunguntur vis masculina et feminina, etsi in quibusdam
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diff changeset
1077 plus abundet una harum, in quibusdam plus altera. Homo autem adhuc
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1078 ordinatur ad nobilius opus vitae, quod est intelligere. Et ideo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1079 adhuc in homine debuit esse maiori ratione distinctio utriusque
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1080 virtutis, ut seorsum produceretur femina a mare, et tamen
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1081 carnaliter coniungerentur in unum ad generationis opus. Et ideo
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diff changeset
1082 statim post formationem mulieris, dicitur Gen. II, <i>erunt duo in
53
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diff changeset
1083 carne una</i>.</p><p title="I q. 92 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="32325"><span class="ref">[32325] Iª q. 92 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
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diff changeset
1084 dicendum quod per respectum ad naturam particularem, femina est
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diff changeset
1085 aliquid deficiens et occasionatum. Quia virtus activa quae est in
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diff changeset
1086 semine maris, intendit producere sibi simile perfectum, secundum
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diff changeset
1087 masculinum sexum, sed quod femina generetur, hoc est propter
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diff changeset
1088 virtutis activae debilitatem, vel propter aliquam materiae
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1089 indispositionem, vel etiam propter aliquam transmutationem ab
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diff changeset
1090 extrinseco, puta a ventis Australibus, qui sunt humidi, ut dicitur
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diff changeset
1091 in libro de Generat. Animal. Sed per comparationem ad naturam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
1092 universalem, femina non est aliquid occasionatum, sed est de
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diff changeset
1093 intentione naturae ad opus generationis ordinata. Intentio autem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1094 naturae universalis dependet ex Deo, qui est universalis auctor
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diff changeset
1095 naturae. Et ideo instituendo naturam, non solum marem, sed etiam
53
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diff changeset
1096 feminam produxit.</p><p title="I q. 92 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="32326"><span class="ref">[32326] Iª q. 92 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1097 dicendum quod duplex est subiectio. Una servilis, secundum quam
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diff changeset
1098 praesidens utitur subiecto ad sui ipsius utilitatem et talis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1099 subiectio introducta est post peccatum. Est autem alia subiectio
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diff changeset
1100 oeconomica vel civilis, secundum quam praesidens utitur subiectis
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diff changeset
1101 ad eorum utilitatem et bonum. Et ista subiectio fuisset etiam ante
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diff changeset
1102 peccatum, defuisset enim bonum ordinis in humana multitudine, si
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diff changeset
1103 quidam per alios sapientiores gubernati non fuissent. Et sic ex
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1104 tali subiectione naturaliter femina subiecta est viro, quia
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diff changeset
1105 naturaliter in homine magis abundat discretio rationis. Nec
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diff changeset
1106 inaequalitas hominum excluditur per innocentiae statum, ut infra
53
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diff changeset
1107 dicetur.</p><p title="I q. 92 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="32327"><span class="ref">[32327] Iª q. 92 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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1108 dicendum quod, si omnia ex quibus homo sumpsit occasionem peccandi,
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diff changeset
1109 Deus subtraxisset a mundo, remansisset universum imperfectum. Nec
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diff changeset
1110 debuit bonum commune tolli, ut vitaretur particulare malum,
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diff changeset
1111 praesertim cum Deus sit adeo potens, ut quodlibet malum possit
53
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diff changeset
1112 ordinare in bonum.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 2</h3><p title="I q. 92 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="32328"><span class="ref">[32328] Iª q. 92 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad secundum sic
28
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diff changeset
1113 proceditur. Videtur quod mulier non debuit fieri ex viro. Sexus
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diff changeset
1114 enim communis est homini et aliis animalibus. Sed in aliis
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diff changeset
1115 animalibus feminae non sunt factae ex maribus. Ergo nec in homine
53
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diff changeset
1116 fieri debuit.</p><p title="I q. 92 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="32329"><span class="ref">[32329] Iª q. 92 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea, eorum
28
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diff changeset
1117 quae sunt eiusdem speciei, eadem est materia. Sed mas et femina
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1118 sunt eiusdem speciei. Cum igitur vir fuerit factus ex limo terrae,
53
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1119 ex eodem debuit fieri femina, et non ex viro.</p><p title="I q. 92 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="32330"><span class="ref">[32330] Iª q. 92 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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diff changeset
1120 mulier facta est in adiutorium viro ad generationem. Sed nimia
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diff changeset
1121 propinquitas reddit personam ad hoc ineptam, unde personae
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diff changeset
1122 propinquae a matrimonio excluduntur, ut patet Levit. XVIII. Ergo
53
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diff changeset
1123 mulier non debuit fieri ex viro.</p><p title="I q. 92 a. 2 s. c."><a name="32331"><span class="ref">[32331] Iª q. 92 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
28
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diff changeset
1124 quod dicitur Eccli. XVII, creavit ex ipso, scilicet viro,
53
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diff changeset
1125 adiutorium sibi simile, idest mulierem.</p><p title="I q. 92 a. 2 co."><a name="32332"><span class="ref">[32332] Iª q. 92 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
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1126 quod conveniens fuit mulierem, in prima rerum institutione, ex viro
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diff changeset
1127 formari, magis quam in aliis animalibus. Primo quidem, ut in hoc
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diff changeset
1128 quaedam dignitas primo homini servaretur, ut, secundum Dei
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diff changeset
1129 similitudinem, esset ipse principium totius suae speciei, sicut
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diff changeset
1130 Deus est principium totius universi. Unde et Paulus dicit, Act.
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diff changeset
1131 XVII, quod <i>Deus fecit ex uno omne genus hominum</i>. Secundo, ut
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diff changeset
1132 vir magis diligeret mulierem, et ei inseparabilius inhaereret, dum
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diff changeset
1133 cognosceret eam ex se esse productam. Unde dicitur Gen. II, <i>de
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diff changeset
1134 viro sumpta est, quamobrem relinquet homo patrem et matrem, et
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diff changeset
1135 adhaerebit uxori suae</i>. Et hoc maxime necessarium fuit in specie
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1136 humana, in qua mas et femina commanent per totam vitam, quod non
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1137 contingit in aliis animalibus. Tertio quia, ut philosophus dicit in
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1138 VIII Ethic., mas et femina coniunguntur in hominibus non solum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1139 propter necessitatem generationis, ut in aliis animalibus; sed
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diff changeset
1140 etiam propter domesticam vitam, in qua sunt alia opera viri et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1141 feminae, et in qua vir est caput mulieris. Unde convenienter ex
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1142 viro formata est femina, sicut ex suo principio. Quarto est ratio
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1143 sacramentalis; figuratur enim per hoc quod Ecclesia a Christo sumit
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1144 principium. Unde apostolus dicit, ad Ephes. V, <i>sacramentum hoc
53
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diff changeset
1145 magnum est, ego autem dico in Christo et in Ecclesia</i>.</p><p title="I q. 92 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="32333"><span class="ref">[32333] Iª q. 92 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Et per hoc patet
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1146 responsio ad primum.</p><p title="I q. 92 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="32334"><span class="ref">[32334] Iª q. 92 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1147 dicendum quod materia est ex qua aliquid fit. Natura autem creata
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1148 habet determinatum principium; et, cum sit determinata ad unum,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1149 etiam habet determinatum processum, unde ex determinata materia
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1150 producit aliquid in determinata specie. Sed virtus divina, cum sit
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1151 infinita, potest idem secundum speciem ex quacumque materia facere;
53
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diff changeset
1152 sicut virum ex limo terrae, et mulierem ex viro.</p><p title="I q. 92 a. 2 ad 3"><a name="32335"><span class="ref">[32335] Iª q. 92 a. 2 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1153 dicendum quod ex naturali generatione contrahitur quaedam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1154 propinquitas quae matrimonium impedit. Sed mulier non est producta
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1155 a viro per naturalem generationem, sed sola virtute divina, unde
53
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diff changeset
1156 Eva non dicitur filia Adae. Et propter hoc, ratio non sequitur.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 3</h3><p title="I q. 92 a. 3 arg. 1"><a name="32336"><span class="ref">[32336] Iª q. 92 a. 3 arg. 1</span></a> Ad tertium sic
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1157 proceditur. Videtur quod mulier non debuerit formari de costa viri.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1158 Costa enim viri fuit multo minor quam corpus mulieris. Sed ex
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1159 minori non potest fieri maius, nisi vel per additionem, quod si
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1160 fuisset, magis ex illo addito mulier formata diceretur quam de
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1161 costa; vel etiam per rarefactionem, quia, ut dicit Augustinus,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1162 super Gen. ad Litt., <i>non est possibile ut aliquod corpus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1163 crescat, nisi rarescat</i>. Non autem invenitur corpus mulieris
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1164 rarius quam viri, ad minus in ea proportione quam habet costa ad
53
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diff changeset
1165 corpus Evae. Ergo Eva non fuit formata de costa Adae.</p><p title="I q. 92 a. 3 arg. 2"><a name="32337"><span class="ref">[32337] Iª q. 92 a. 3 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea, in
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1166 operibus primo creatis non fuit aliquid superfluum. Costa ergo Adae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1167 fuit de perfectione corporis eius. Ergo, ea subtracta, remansit
53
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diff changeset
1168 imperfectum. Quod videtur inconveniens.</p><p title="I q. 92 a. 3 arg. 3"><a name="32338"><span class="ref">[32338] Iª q. 92 a. 3 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea, costa
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1169 non potest separari ab homine sine dolore. Sed dolor non fuit ante
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1170 peccatum. Ergo costa non debuit separari a viro, ut ex ea mulier
53
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diff changeset
1171 formaretur.</p><p title="I q. 92 a. 3 s. c."><a name="32339"><span class="ref">[32339] Iª q. 92 a. 3 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1172 quod dicitur Gen. II, <i>aedificavit dominus Deus costam quam
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1173 tulerat de Adam, in mulierem</i>.</p><p title="I q. 92 a. 3 co."><a name="32340"><span class="ref">[32340] Iª q. 92 a. 3 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1174 quod conveniens fuit mulierem formari de costa viri. Primo quidem,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1175 ad significandum quod inter virum et mulierem debet esse socialis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1176 coniunctio. Neque enim mulier debet dominari in virum, et ideo non
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1177 est formata de capite. Neque debet a viro despici, tanquam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1178 serviliter subiecta, et ideo non est formata de pedibus. Secundo,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1179 propter sacramentum, quia de latere Christi dormientis in cruce
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1180 fluxerunt sacramenta, idest sanguis et aqua, quibus est Ecclesia
53
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diff changeset
1181 instituta.</p><p title="I q. 92 a. 3 ad 1"><a name="32341"><span class="ref">[32341] Iª q. 92 a. 3 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1182 dicendum quod quidam dicunt per multiplicationem materiae absque
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1183 alterius additione, formatum fuisse corpus mulieris; ad modum quo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1184 dominus quinque panes multiplicavit. Sed hoc est omnino
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1185 impossibile. Multiplicatio enim praedicta aut accidit secundum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1186 transmutationem substantiae ipsius materiae; aut secundum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1187 transmutationem dimensionum eius. Non autem secundum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1188 transmutationem substantiae ipsius materiae, tum quia materia in se
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1189 considerata, est omnino intransmutabilis, utpote existens in
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1190 potentia, et habens solum rationem subiecti; tum etiam quia
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1191 multitudo et magnitudo sunt praeter essentiam ipsius materiae. Et
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diff changeset
1192 ideo nullo modo potest multiplicatio materiae intelligi, eadem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1193 materia manente absque additione, nisi per hoc quod maiores
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1194 dimensiones accipiat. Hoc autem est rarefieri, scilicet materiam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1195 eandem accipere maiores dimensiones, ut philosophus dicit in IV
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1196 Physic. Dicere ergo materiam multiplicari absque rarefactione, est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1197 ponere contradictoria simul, scilicet definitionem absque definito.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1198 Unde, cum non appareat rarefactio in talibus multiplicationibus,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1199 necesse est ponere additionem materiae, vel per creationem; vel,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1200 quod probabilius est, per conversionem. Unde Augustinus dicit,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1201 super Ioan., quod <i>hoc modo Christus ex quinque panibus satiavit
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1202 quinque millia hominum, quomodo ex paucis granis producit
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1203 multitudinem segetum</i>; quod fit per conversionem alimenti.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1204 Dicitur tamen vel ex quinque panibus turbas pavisse, vel ex costa
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1205 mulierem formasse, quia additio facta est ad materiam
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1206 praeexistentem costae vel panum.</p><p title="I q. 92 a. 3 ad 2"><a name="32342"><span class="ref">[32342] Iª q. 92 a. 3 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1207 dicendum quod costa illa fuit de perfectione Adae, non prout erat
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diff changeset
1208 individuum quoddam, sed prout erat principium speciei, sicut semen
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1209 est de perfectione generantis, quod operatione naturali cum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1210 delectatione resolvitur. Unde multo magis virtute divina corpus
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1211 mulieris potuit de costa viri formari absque dolore.</p><p title="I q. 92 a. 3 ad 3"><a name="32343"><span class="ref">[32343] Iª q. 92 a. 3 ad 3</span></a> Et per hoc patet
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1212 solutio ad tertium.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 4</h3><p title="I q. 92 a. 4 arg. 1"><a name="32344"><span class="ref">[32344] Iª q. 92 a. 4 arg. 1</span></a> Ad quartum sic
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1213 proceditur. Videtur quod mulier non fuerit immediate formata a Deo.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1214 Nullum enim individuum ex simili secundum speciem productum, fit
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1215 immediate a Deo. Sed mulier facta est de viro, qui est eiusdem
53
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diff changeset
1216 speciei cum ipsa. Ergo non est facta immediate a Deo.</p><p title="I q. 92 a. 4 arg. 2"><a name="32345"><span class="ref">[32345] Iª q. 92 a. 4 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1217 Augustinus dicit, III de Trin., quod corporalia dispensantur a Deo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1218 per Angelos. Sed corpus mulieris ex materia corporali est formatum.
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diff changeset
1219 Ergo est factum per ministerium Angelorum, et non immediate a
53
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diff changeset
1220 Deo.</p><p title="I q. 92 a. 4 arg. 3"><a name="32346"><span class="ref">[32346] Iª q. 92 a. 4 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea, ea
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1221 quae praeextiterunt in creaturis secundum rationes causales,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1222 producuntur virtute alicuius creaturae, et non immediate a Deo. Sed
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1223 secundum causales rationes corpus mulieris in primis operibus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1224 productum fuit, ut Augustinus dicit IX super Gen. ad Litt. Ergo non
53
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diff changeset
1225 fuit producta mulier immediate a Deo.</p><p title="I q. 92 a. 4 s. c."><a name="32347"><span class="ref">[32347] Iª q. 92 a. 4 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1226 quod Augustinus dicit, in eodem libro, <i>formare vel aedificare
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1227 costam ut mulier esset, non potuit nisi Deus, a quo universa natura
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1228 subsistit</i>.</p><p title="I q. 92 a. 4 co."><a name="32348"><span class="ref">[32348] Iª q. 92 a. 4 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1229 quod, sicut supra dictum est, uniuscuiusque speciei generatio
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1230 naturalis est ex determinata materia. Materia autem ex qua
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1231 naturaliter generatur homo, est semen humanum viri vel feminae.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1232 Unde ex alia quacumque materia individuum humanae speciei generari
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1233 non potest naturaliter. Solus autem Deus, qui est naturae
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1234 institutor, potest praeter naturae ordinem res in esse producere.
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diff changeset
1235 Et ideo solus Deus potuit vel virum de limo terrae, vel mulierem de
53
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diff changeset
1236 costa viri formare.</p><p title="I q. 92 a. 4 ad 1"><a name="32349"><span class="ref">[32349] Iª q. 92 a. 4 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1237 dicendum quod ratio illa procedit, quando individuum generatur ex
53
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diff changeset
1238 simili secundum speciem, generatione naturali.</p><p title="I q. 92 a. 4 ad 2"><a name="32350"><span class="ref">[32350] Iª q. 92 a. 4 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1239 dicendum quod, sicut Augustinus dicit IX super Gen. ad Litt., an
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1240 ministerium Angeli exhibuerint Deo in formatione mulieris,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1241 nescimus, certum tamen est quod, sicut corpus viri de limo non fuit
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1242 formatum per Angelos, ita nec corpus mulieris de costa viri.</p><p title="I q. 92 a. 4 ad 3"><a name="32351"><span class="ref">[32351] Iª q. 92 a. 4 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1243 dicendum quod, sicut Augustinus in eodem libro dicit, <i>non habuit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1244 prima rerum conditio ut femina omnino sic fieret; sed tantum hoc
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1245 habuit, ut sic fieri posset</i>. Et ideo secundum causales rationes
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1246 praeextitit corpus mulieris in primis operibus, non secundum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1247 potentiam activam, sed secundum potentiam passivam tantum, in
53
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diff changeset
1248 ordine ad potentiam activam creatoris.</p></div></div><div class="q" id="q93"><h2>Quaestio 93</h2><div class="p"><h3>Prooemium</h3><p title="I q. 93 pr."><a name="32352"><span class="ref">[32352]
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1249 Iª q. 93 pr.</span></a> Deinde considerandum est de fine sive
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1250 termino productionis hominis, prout dicitur factus ad imaginem et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1251 similitudinem Dei. Et circa hoc quaeruntur novem. Primo, utrum in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1252 homine sit imago Dei. Secundo, utrum imago Dei sit in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1253 irrationalibus creaturis. Tertio, utrum imago Dei sit magis in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1254 Angelo quam in homine. Quarto, utrum imago Dei sit in omni homine.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1255 Quinto, utrum in homine sit imago Dei per comparationem ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1256 essentiam, vel ad personas divinas omnes, aut unam earum. Sexto,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1257 utrum imago Dei inveniatur in homine solum secundum mentem.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1258 Septimo, utrum imago Dei sit in homine secundum potentias, aut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1259 secundum habitus, aut actus. Octavo, utrum per comparationem ad
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1260 omnia obiecta. Nono, de differentia imaginis et similitudinis.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 1</h3><p title="I q. 93 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="32353"><span class="ref">[32353] Iª q. 93 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad primum sic
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1261 proceditur. Videtur quod imago Dei non sit in homine. Dicitur enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1262 Isaiae XL, <i>cui similem fecistis Deum; aut quam imaginem ponetis
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1263 ei?</i></p><p title="I q. 93 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="32354"><span class="ref">[32354] Iª q. 93 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea, esse
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1264 Dei imaginem est proprium primogeniti, de quo dicit apostolus, ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1265 Colos. I, <i>qui est imago Dei invisibilis, primogenitus omnis
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1266 creaturae</i>. Non ergo in homine invenitur Dei imago.</p><p title="I q. 93 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="32355"><span class="ref">[32355] Iª q. 93 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1267 Hilarius dicit, in libro de Synod., quod <i>imago est eius rei ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1268 quam imaginatur, species indifferens</i>; et iterum dicit quod
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1269 <i>imago est rei ad rem coaequandam indiscreta et unita
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1270 similitudo</i>. Sed non est species indifferens Dei et hominis; nec
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1271 potest esse aequalitas hominis ad Deum. Ergo in homine non potest
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1272 esse imago Dei.</p><p title="I q. 93 a. 1 s. c."><a name="32356"><span class="ref">[32356] Iª q. 93 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1273 quod dicitur Gen. I, <i>faciamus hominem ad imaginem et
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1274 similitudinem nostram</i>.</p><p title="I q. 93 a. 1 co."><a name="32357"><span class="ref">[32357] Iª q. 93 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1275 quod, sicut Augustinus dicit in libro octoginta trium quaest.,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
1276 <i>ubi est imago, continuo est et similitudo; sed ubi est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1277 similitudo, non continuo est imago</i>. Ex quo patet quod
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1278 similitudo est de ratione imaginis, et quod imago aliquid addit
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1279 supra rationem similitudinis, scilicet quod sit ex alio expressum,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1280 imago enim dicitur ex eo quod agitur ad imitationem alterius. Unde
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1281 ovum, quantumcumque sit alteri ovo simile et aequale, quia tamen
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1282 non est expressum ex illo, non dicitur imago eius. Aequalitas autem
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diff changeset
1283 non est de ratione imaginis, quia, ut Augustinus ibidem dicit,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1284 <i>ubi est imago, non continuo est aequalitas</i>; ut patet in
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1285 imagine alicuius in speculo relucente. Est tamen de ratione
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1286 perfectae imaginis, nam in perfecta imagine non deest aliquid
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1287 imagini, quod insit illi de quo expressa est. Manifestum est autem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1288 quod in homine invenitur aliqua Dei similitudo, quae deducitur a
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1289 Deo sicut ab exemplari, non tamen est similitudo secundum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1290 aequalitatem, quia in infinitum excedit exemplar hoc tale
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1291 exemplatum. Et ideo in homine dicitur esse imago Dei, non tamen
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1292 perfecta, sed imperfecta. Et hoc significat Scriptura, cum dicit
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1293 hominem factum ad imaginem Dei, praepositio enim ad accessum
53
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diff changeset
1294 quendam significat, qui competit rei distanti.</p><p title="I q. 93 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="32358"><span class="ref">[32358] Iª q. 93 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1295 dicendum quod propheta loquitur de corporalibus imaginibus ab
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1296 homine fabricatis, et ideo signanter dicit, <i>quam imaginem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1297 ponetis ei?</i> Sed Deus ipse sibi in homine posuit spiritualem
53
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diff changeset
1298 imaginem.</p><p title="I q. 93 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="32359"><span class="ref">[32359] Iª q. 93 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
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diff changeset
1299 dicendum quod primogenitus omnis creaturae est imago Dei perfecta,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1300 perfecte implens illud cuius imago est, et ideo dicitur imago, et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1301 nunquam ad imaginem. Homo vero et propter similitudinem dicitur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1302 imago; et propter imperfectionem similitudinis, dicitur ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1303 imaginem. Et quia similitudo perfecta Dei non potest esse nisi in
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1304 identitate naturae, imago Dei est in filio suo primogenito sicut
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1305 imago regis in filio sibi connaturali; in homine autem sicut in
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1306 aliena natura, sicut imago regis in nummo argenteo; ut patet per
53
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diff changeset
1307 Augustinum in libro de decem chordis.</p><p title="I q. 93 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="32360"><span class="ref">[32360] Iª q. 93 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1308 dicendum quod, cum unum sit ens indivisum, eo modo dicitur species
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1309 indifferens, quo una. Unum autem dicitur aliquid non solum numero
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1310 aut specie aut genere, sed etiam secundum analogiam vel
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1311 proportionem quandam, et sic est unitas vel convenientia creaturae
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1312 ad Deum. Quod autem dicit rei ad rem coaequandam, pertinet ad
53
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diff changeset
1313 rationem perfectae imaginis.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 2</h3><p title="I q. 93 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="32361"><span class="ref">[32361] Iª q. 93 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad secundum sic
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1314 proceditur. Videtur quod imago Dei inveniatur in irrationalibus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1315 creaturis. Dicit enim Dionysius, in libro de Div. Nom., <i>habent
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1316 causata causarum suarum contingentes imagines</i>. Sed Deus est
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diff changeset
1317 causa non solum rationalium creaturarum, sed etiam irrationalium.
53
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diff changeset
1318 Ergo imago Dei invenitur in irrationalibus creaturis.</p><p title="I q. 93 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="32362"><span class="ref">[32362] Iª q. 93 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1319 quanto est expressior similitudo in aliquo, tanto magis accedit ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1320 rationem imaginis. Sed Dionysius dicit, IV cap. de Div. Nom., quod
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1321 radius solaris maxime habet similitudinem divinae bonitatis. Ergo
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1322 est ad imaginem Dei.</p><p title="I q. 93 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="32363"><span class="ref">[32363] Iª q. 93 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1323 quanto aliquid est magis perfectum in bonitate, tanto magis est Deo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1324 simile. Sed totum universum est perfectius in bonitate quam homo,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1325 quia etsi bona sint singula, tamen simul omnia dicuntur valde bona,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1326 Gen. I. Ergo totum universum est ad imaginem Dei, et non solum
53
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diff changeset
1327 homo.</p><p title="I q. 93 a. 2 arg. 4"><a name="32364"><span class="ref">[32364] Iª q. 93 a. 2 arg. 4</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1328 Boetius in libro de Consol., dicit de Deo, <i>mundum mente gerens,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1329 similique in imagine formans</i>. Ergo totus mundus est ad imaginem
53
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diff changeset
1330 Dei, et non solum rationalis creatura.</p><p title="I q. 93 a. 2 s. c."><a name="32365"><span class="ref">[32365] Iª q. 93 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1331 quod dicit Augustinus, VI super Gen. ad Litt., <i>hoc excellit in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1332 homine, quia Deus ad imaginem suam hominem fecit, propter hoc quod
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1333 dedit ei mentem intellectualem, qua praestat pecoribus</i>. Ea ergo
53
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diff changeset
1334 quae non habent intellectum, non sunt ad imaginem Dei.</p><p title="I q. 93 a. 2 co."><a name="32366"><span class="ref">[32366] Iª q. 93 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1335 quod non quaelibet similitudo, etiam si sit expressa ex altero,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1336 sufficit ad rationem imaginis. Si enim similitudo sit secundum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1337 genus tantum, vel secundum aliquod accidens commune, non propter
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1338 hoc dicetur aliquid esse ad imaginem alterius, non enim posset dici
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1339 quod vermis qui oritur ex homine, sit imago hominis propter
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1340 similitudinem generis; neque iterum potest dici quod, si aliquid
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1341 fiat album ad similitudinem alterius, quod propter hoc sit ad eius
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1342 imaginem, quia album est accidens commune pluribus speciebus.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1343 Requiritur autem ad rationem imaginis quod sit similitudo secundum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1344 speciem, sicut imago regis est in filio suo, vel ad minus secundum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1345 aliquod accidens proprium speciei, et praecipue secundum figuram,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1346 sicut hominis imago dicitur esse in cupro. Unde signanter Hilarius
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1347 dicit quod imago est species indifferens. Manifestum est autem quod
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1348 similitudo speciei attenditur secundum ultimam differentiam.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1349 Assimilantur autem aliqua Deo, primo quidem, et maxime communiter,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1350 inquantum sunt; secundo vero, inquantum vivunt; tertio vero,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1351 inquantum sapiunt vel intelligunt. Quae, ut Augustinus dicit in
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1352 libro octoginta trium quaest., <i>ita sunt Deo similitudine
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diff changeset
1353 proxima, ut in creaturis nihil sit propinquius</i>. Sic ergo patet
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diff changeset
1354 quod solae intellectuales creaturae, proprie loquendo, sunt ad
53
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diff changeset
1355 imaginem Dei.</p><p title="I q. 93 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="32367"><span class="ref">[32367] Iª q. 93 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1356 dicendum quod omne imperfectum est quaedam participatio perfecti.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1357 Et ideo etiam ea quae deficiunt a ratione imaginis, inquantum tamen
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1358 aliqualem Dei similitudinem habent, participant aliquid de ratione
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1359 imaginis. Et ideo Dionysius dicit quod causata habent causarum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1360 contingentes imagines, idest quantum contingit ea habere, et non
53
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diff changeset
1361 simpliciter.</p><p title="I q. 93 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="32368"><span class="ref">[32368] Iª q. 93 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1362 dicendum quod Dionysius assimilat radium solarem divinae bonitati
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diff changeset
1363 quantum ad causalitatem; non secundum dignitatem naturae, quae
53
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diff changeset
1364 requiritur ad rationem imaginis.</p><p title="I q. 93 a. 2 ad 3"><a name="32369"><span class="ref">[32369] Iª q. 93 a. 2 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1365 dicendum quod universum est perfectius in bonitate quam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1366 intellectualis creatura extensive et diffusive. Sed intensive et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1367 collective similitudo divinae perfectionis magis invenitur in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1368 intellectuali creatura, quae est capax summi boni. Vel dicendum
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1369 quod pars non dividitur contra totum, sed contra aliam partem. Unde
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1370 cum dicitur quod sola natura intellectualis est ad imaginem Dei,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1371 non excluditur quin universum, secundum aliquam sui partem, sit ad
53
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diff changeset
1372 imaginem Dei; sed excluduntur aliae partes universi.</p><p title="I q. 93 a. 2 ad 4"><a name="32370"><span class="ref">[32370] Iª q. 93 a. 2 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1373 dicendum quod imago accipitur a Boetio secundum rationem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1374 similitudinis qua artificiatum imitatur speciem artis quae est in
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1375 mente artificis, sic autem quaelibet creatura est imago rationis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1376 exemplaris quam habet in mente divina. Sic autem non loquimur nunc
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1377 de imagine, sed secundum quod attenditur secundum similitudinem in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1378 natura; prout scilicet primo enti assimilantur omnia, inquantum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1379 sunt entia; et primae vitae inquantum sunt viventia; et summae
53
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diff changeset
1380 sapientiae, inquantum sunt intelligentia.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 3</h3><p title="I q. 93 a. 3 arg. 1"><a name="32371"><span class="ref">[32371] Iª q. 93 a. 3 arg. 1</span></a> Ad tertium sic
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1381 proceditur. Videtur quod Angelus non sit magis ad imaginem Dei quam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1382 homo. Dicit enim Augustinus, in sermone de imagine, quod Deus nulli
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1383 alii creaturae dedit quod sit ad imaginem suam, nisi homini. Non
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1384 ergo verum est quod Angelus magis dicatur ad imaginem Dei quam
53
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diff changeset
1385 homo.</p><p title="I q. 93 a. 3 arg. 2"><a name="32372"><span class="ref">[32372] Iª q. 93 a. 3 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1386 secundum Augustinum, in libro octoginta trium quaest., <i>homo ita
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1387 est ad imaginem Dei, ut, nulla interposita creatura, formetur a
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1388 Deo. Et ideo nihil est illi coniunctius</i>. Sed imago Dei dicitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
1389 aliqua creatura, inquantum Deo coniungitur. Ergo Angelus non est
53
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diff changeset
1390 magis ad imaginem Dei quam homo.</p><p title="I q. 93 a. 3 arg. 3"><a name="32373"><span class="ref">[32373] Iª q. 93 a. 3 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1391 creatura dicitur ad imaginem Dei, inquantum est intellectualis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1392 naturae. Sed intellectualis natura non intenditur nec remittitur,
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diff changeset
1393 non enim est de genere accidentis, cum sit in genere substantiae.
53
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diff changeset
1394 Ergo Angelus non est magis ad imaginem Dei quam homo.</p><p title="I q. 93 a. 3 s. c."><a name="32374"><span class="ref">[32374] Iª q. 93 a. 3 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1395 quod dicit Gregorius, in quadam homilia, quod <i>Angelus dicitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1396 signaculum similitudinis, quia in eo similitudo divinae imaginis
53
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diff changeset
1397 magis insinuatur expressa</i>.</p><p title="I q. 93 a. 3 co."><a name="32375"><span class="ref">[32375] Iª q. 93 a. 3 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1398 quod de imagine Dei loqui dupliciter possumus. Uno modo, quantum ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1399 id in quo primo consideratur ratio imaginis, quod est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1400 intellectualis natura. Et sic imago Dei est magis in Angelis quam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
1401 sit in hominibus, quia intellectualis natura perfectior est in eis,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1402 ut ex supra dictis patet. Secundo potest considerari imago Dei in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1403 homine, quantum ad id in quo secundario consideratur, prout
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1404 scilicet in homine invenitur quaedam Dei imitatio, inquantum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1405 scilicet homo est de homine, sicut Deus de Deo; et inquantum anima
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diff changeset
1406 hominis est tota in toto corpore eius, et iterum tota in qualibet
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diff changeset
1407 parte ipsius, sicut Deus se habet ad mundum. Et secundum haec et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1408 similia, magis invenitur Dei imago in homine quam in Angelo. Sed
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diff changeset
1409 quantum ad hoc non attenditur per se ratio divinae imaginis in
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1410 homine, nisi praesupposita prima imitatione, quae est secundum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1411 intellectualem naturam, alioquin etiam animalia bruta essent ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1412 imaginem Dei. Et ideo, cum quantum ad intellectualem naturam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
1413 Angelus sit magis ad imaginem Dei quam homo, simpliciter
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1414 concedendum est Angelum magis esse ad imaginem Dei; hominem autem
53
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diff changeset
1415 secundum quid.</p><p title="I q. 93 a. 3 ad 1"><a name="32376"><span class="ref">[32376] Iª q. 93 a. 3 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
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diff changeset
1416 dicendum quod Augustinus excludit a Dei imagine alias inferiores
53
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diff changeset
1417 creaturas intellectu carentes, non autem Angelos.</p><p title="I q. 93 a. 3 ad 2"><a name="32377"><span class="ref">[32377] Iª q. 93 a. 3 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
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diff changeset
1418 dicendum quod, sicut ignis dicitur esse subtilissimum corporum
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diff changeset
1419 secundum suam speciem, cum tamen unus ignis sit alio subtilior; ita
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1420 dicitur quod nihil est coniunctius Deo quam mens humana, secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
1421 genus intellectualis naturae; quia, sicut ipse supra praemiserat,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1422 <i>quae sapiunt, ita sunt illi similitudine proxima, ut in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1423 creaturis nihil sit propinquius</i>. Unde per hoc non excluditur
53
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diff changeset
1424 quin Angelus sit magis ad Dei imaginem.</p><p title="I q. 93 a. 3 ad 3"><a name="32378"><span class="ref">[32378] Iª q. 93 a. 3 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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diff changeset
1425 dicendum quod, cum dicitur quod substantia non recipit magis et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1426 minus, non intelligitur quod una species substantiae non sit
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1427 perfectior quam alia, sed quod unum et idem individuum non
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1428 participet suam speciem quandoque magis, quandoque minus. Nec etiam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1429 a diversis individuis participatur species substantiae secundum
53
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diff changeset
1430 magis et minus.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 4</h3><p title="I q. 93 a. 4 arg. 1"><a name="32379"><span class="ref">[32379] Iª q. 93 a. 4 arg. 1</span></a> Ad quartum sic
28
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diff changeset
1431 proceditur. Videtur quod imago Dei non inveniatur in quolibet
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1432 homine. Dicit enim apostolus, I ad Cor. XI, quod <i>vir est imago
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1433 Dei, mulier autem est imago viri</i>. Cum ergo mulier sit
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1434 individuum humanae speciei, non cuilibet individuo convenit esse
53
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diff changeset
1435 imaginem Dei.</p><p title="I q. 93 a. 4 arg. 2"><a name="32380"><span class="ref">[32380] Iª q. 93 a. 4 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1436 apostolus dicit, Rom. VIII, quod <i>illos quos Deus praescivit
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1437 conformes fieri imagini filii sui, hos praedestinavit</i>. Sed non
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1438 omnes homines praedestinati sunt. Ergo non omnes homines habent
53
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diff changeset
1439 conformitatem imaginis.</p><p title="I q. 93 a. 4 arg. 3"><a name="32381"><span class="ref">[32381] Iª q. 93 a. 4 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1440 similitudo est de ratione imaginis, ut supra dictum est. Sed per
53
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diff changeset
1441 peccatum fit homo Deo dissimilis. Ergo amittit Dei imaginem.</p><p title="I q. 93 a. 4 s. c."><a name="32382"><span class="ref">[32382] Iª q. 93 a. 4 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1442 quod dicitur in Psalmo XXXVIII, <i>veruntamen in imagine pertransit
53
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diff changeset
1443 homo</i>.</p><p title="I q. 93 a. 4 co."><a name="32383"><span class="ref">[32383] Iª q. 93 a. 4 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1444 quod, cum homo secundum intellectualem naturam ad imaginem Dei esse
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1445 dicatur, secundum hoc est maxime ad imaginem Dei, secundum quod
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1446 intellectualis natura Deum maxime imitari potest. Imitatur autem
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1447 intellectualis natura maxime Deum quantum ad hoc, quod Deus seipsum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1448 intelligit et amat. Unde imago Dei tripliciter potest considerari
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1449 in homine. Uno quidem modo, secundum quod homo habet aptitudinem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1450 naturalem ad intelligendum et amandum Deum, et haec aptitudo
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1451 consistit in ipsa natura mentis, quae est communis omnibus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1452 hominibus. Alio modo, secundum quod homo actu vel habitu Deum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1453 cognoscit et amat, sed tamen imperfecte, et haec est imago per
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1454 conformitatem gratiae. Tertio modo, secundum quod homo Deum actu
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1455 cognoscit et amat perfecte, et sic attenditur imago secundum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1456 similitudinem gloriae. Unde super illud Psalmi IV, <i>signatum est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1457 super nos lumen vultus tui, domine</i>, Glossa distinguit triplicem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1458 imaginem, scilicet creationis, recreationis et similitudinis. Prima
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1459 ergo imago invenitur in omnibus hominibus; secunda in iustis
53
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diff changeset
1460 tantum; tertia vero solum in beatis.</p><p title="I q. 93 a. 4 ad 1"><a name="32384"><span class="ref">[32384] Iª q. 93 a. 4 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1461 dicendum quod tam in viro quam in muliere invenitur Dei imago
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1462 quantum ad id in quo principaliter ratio imaginis consistit,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1463 scilicet quantum ad intellectualem naturam. Unde Gen. I, cum
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diff changeset
1464 dixisset, <i>ad imaginem Dei creavit illum</i>, scilicet hominem,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1465 subdidit, <i>masculum et feminam creavit eos</i>, et dixit
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1466 pluraliter eos, ut Augustinus dicit, ne intelligatur in uno
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1467 individuo uterque sexus fuisse coniunctus. Sed quantum ad aliquid
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1468 secundario imago Dei invenitur in viro, secundum quod non invenitur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1469 in muliere, nam vir est principium mulieris et finis, sicut Deus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1470 est principium et finis totius creaturae. Unde cum apostolus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1471 dixisset quod <i>vir imago et gloria est Dei, mulier autem est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1472 gloria viri</i>; ostendit quare hoc dixerit, subdens, <i>non enim
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1473 vir est ex muliere, sed mulier ex viro; et vir non est creatus
53
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diff changeset
1474 propter mulierem, sed mulier propter virum</i>.</p><p title="I q. 93 a. 4 ad 2"><a name="32385"><span class="ref">[32385] Iª q. 93 a. 4 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum et
28
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diff changeset
1475 tertium dicendum quod illae rationes procedunt de imagine quae est
53
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diff changeset
1476 secundum conformitatem gratiae et gloriae.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 5</h3><p title="I q. 93 a. 5 arg. 1"><a name="32386"><span class="ref">[32386] Iª q. 93 a. 5 arg. 1</span></a> Ad quintum sic
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1477 proceditur. Videtur quod in homine non sit imago Dei quantum ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1478 Trinitatem divinarum personarum. Dicit enim Augustinus, in libro de
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1479 fide ad Petrum, <i>una est sanctae Trinitatis essentialiter
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1480 divinitas, et imago ad quam factus est homo</i>. Et Hilarius, in V
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1481 de Trin., dicit quod <i>homo fit ad communem Trinitatis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1482 imaginem</i>. Est ergo in homine imago Dei quantum ad essentiam, et
53
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diff changeset
1483 non quantum ad Trinitatem personarum.</p><p title="I q. 93 a. 5 arg. 2"><a name="32387"><span class="ref">[32387] Iª q. 93 a. 5 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea, in
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1484 libro de Eccles. Dogmat. dicitur quod imago Dei attenditur in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1485 homine secundum aeternitatem. Damascenus etiam dicit quod
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1486 <i>hominem esse ad imaginem Dei, significat intellectuale, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1487 arbitrio liberum, et per se potestativum</i>. Gregorius etiam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1488 Nyssenus dicit quod, cum Scriptura dixit hominem factum ad imaginem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1489 Dei, <i>aequale est ac si diceret humanam naturam omnis boni factam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1490 esse participem; bonitatis enim plenitudo divinitas est</i>. Haec
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1491 autem omnia non pertinent ad distinctionem personarum, sed magis ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1492 essentiae unitatem. Ergo in homine est imago Dei, non secundum
53
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diff changeset
1493 Trinitatem personarum, sed secundum essentiae unitatem.</p><p title="I q. 93 a. 5 arg. 3"><a name="32388"><span class="ref">[32388] Iª q. 93 a. 5 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea, imago
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1494 ducit in cognitionem eius cuius est imago. Si igitur in homine est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1495 imago Dei secundum Trinitatem personarum, cum homo per naturalem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1496 rationem seipsum cognoscere possit, sequeretur quod per naturalem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1497 cognitionem posset homo cognoscere Trinitatem divinarum personarum.
53
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diff changeset
1498 Quod est falsum, ut supra ostensum est.</p><p title="I q. 93 a. 5 arg. 4"><a name="32389"><span class="ref">[32389] Iª q. 93 a. 5 arg. 4</span></a> Praeterea, nomen
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1499 imaginis non cuilibet trium personarum convenit, sed soli filio,
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diff changeset
1500 dicit enim Augustinus, in VI de Trin., quod <i>solus filius est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1501 imago patris</i>. Si igitur in homine attenderetur Dei imago
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diff changeset
1502 secundum personam, non esset in homine imago totius Trinitatis, sed
53
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diff changeset
1503 filii tantum.</p><p title="I q. 93 a. 5 s. c."><a name="32390"><span class="ref">[32390] Iª q. 93 a. 5 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1504 quod Hilarius, in IV de Trin., per hoc quod homo dicitur ad
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diff changeset
1505 imaginem Dei factus, ostendit pluralitatem divinarum
53
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diff changeset
1506 personarum.</p><p title="I q. 93 a. 5 co."><a name="32391"><span class="ref">[32391] Iª q. 93 a. 5 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1507 quod, sicut supra habitum est, distinctio divinarum personarum non
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diff changeset
1508 est nisi secundum originem, vel potius secundum relationes
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1509 originis. Non autem est idem modus originis in omnibus, sed modus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1510 originis uniuscuiusque est secundum convenientiam suae naturae,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1511 aliter enim producuntur animata, aliter inanimata; aliter animalia,
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diff changeset
1512 atque aliter plantae. Unde manifestum est quod distinctio divinarum
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diff changeset
1513 personarum est secundum quod divinae naturae convenit. Unde esse ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1514 imaginem Dei secundum imitationem divinae naturae, non excludit hoc
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1515 quod est esse ad imaginem Dei secundum repraesentationem trium
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1516 personarum; sed magis unum ad alterum sequitur. Sic igitur dicendum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1517 est in homine esse imaginem Dei et quantum ad naturam divinam, et
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diff changeset
1518 quantum ad Trinitatem personarum, nam et in ipso Deo in tribus
53
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diff changeset
1519 personis una existit natura.</p><p title="I q. 93 a. 5 ad 1"><a name="32392"><span class="ref">[32392] Iª q. 93 a. 5 ad 1</span></a> Et per hoc patet
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1520 responsio ad duo prima.</p><p title="I q. 93 a. 5 ad 3"><a name="32393"><span class="ref">[32393] Iª q. 93 a. 5 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1521 dicendum quod ratio illa procederet, si imago Dei esset in homine
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1522 perfecte repraesentans Deum. Sed, sicut Augustinus dicit in XV de
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1523 Trin., maxima est differentia huius Trinitatis quae est in nobis,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1524 ad Trinitatem divinam. Et ideo, ut ipse ibidem dicit, <i>Trinitatem
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diff changeset
1525 quae in nobis est, videmus potius quam credimus, Deum vero esse
53
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diff changeset
1526 Trinitatem, credimus potius quam videmus</i>.</p><p title="I q. 93 a. 5 ad 4"><a name="32394"><span class="ref">[32394] Iª q. 93 a. 5 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1527 dicendum quod quidam dixerunt in homine esse solum imaginem filii.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1528 Sed hoc improbat Augustinus, in XII de Trin. Primo quidem, per hoc
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1529 quod, cum secundum aequalitatem essentiae filius sit patri similis,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1530 necesse est, si homo sit factus ad similitudinem filii, quod sit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1531 factus ad similitudinem patris. Secundo quia, si homo esset factus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1532 solum ad imaginem filii, non diceret pater, <i>faciamus hominem ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1533 imaginem et similitudinem nostram</i>, sed tuam. Cum ergo dicitur,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1534 ad imaginem Dei fecit illum, non est intelligendum quod pater
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1535 fecerit hominem solum ad imaginem filii, qui est Deus, ut quidam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1536 exposuerunt, sed intelligendum est quod Deus Trinitas fecit hominem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1537 ad imaginem suam, idest totius Trinitatis. Cum autem dicitur quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1538 Deus fecit hominem ad imaginem suam, dupliciter potest intelligi.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1539 Uno modo, quod haec praepositio ad designet terminum factionis, ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1540 sit sensus, faciamus hominem taliter, ut sit in eo imago. Alio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1541 modo, haec praepositio ad potest designare causam exemplarem; sicut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1542 cum dicitur, iste liber est factus ad illum. Et sic imago Dei est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1543 ipsa essentia divina, quae abusive imago dicitur, secundum quod
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1544 imago ponitur pro exemplari. Vel, secundum quod quidam dicunt,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1545 divina essentia dicitur imago, quia secundum eam una persona aliam
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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diff changeset
1546 imitatur.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 6</h3><p title="I q. 93 a. 6 arg. 1"><a name="32395"><span class="ref">[32395] Iª q. 93 a. 6 arg. 1</span></a> Ad sextum sic
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1547 proceditur. Videtur quod imago Dei non sit in homine solum secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1548 mentem. Dicit enim apostolus, I ad Cor. XI, quod vir est imago Dei.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
1549 Sed vir non est solum mens. Ergo imago Dei non attenditur solum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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diff changeset
1550 secundum mentem.</p><p title="I q. 93 a. 6 arg. 2"><a name="32396"><span class="ref">[32396] Iª q. 93 a. 6 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea, Gen.
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1551 I, <i>creavit Deus hominem ad imaginem suam, ad imaginem Dei
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1552 creavit illum, masculum et feminam creavit eos</i>. Sed distinctio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1553 masculi et feminae est secundum corpus. Ergo etiam secundum corpus
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1554 attenditur Dei imago in homine, et non secundum mentem tantum.</p><p title="I q. 93 a. 6 arg. 3"><a name="32397"><span class="ref">[32397] Iª q. 93 a. 6 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea, imago
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1555 praecipue videtur attendi secundum figuram. Sed figura ad corpus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1556 pertinet. Ergo imago Dei attenditur in homine etiam secundum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1557 corpus, et non secundum mentem tantum.</p><p title="I q. 93 a. 6 arg. 4"><a name="32398"><span class="ref">[32398] Iª q. 93 a. 6 arg. 4</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1558 secundum Augustinum, XII super Gen. ad Litt., triplex visio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1559 invenitur in nobis, scilicet corporalis, spiritualis sive
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1560 imaginaria, et intellectualis. Si ergo secundum visionem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1561 intellectualem, quae ad mentem pertinet, est aliqua Trinitas in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1562 nobis, secundum quam sumus ad imaginem Dei; pari ratione et in
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
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diff changeset
1563 aliis visionibus.</p><p title="I q. 93 a. 6 s. c."><a name="32399"><span class="ref">[32399] Iª q. 93 a. 6 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1564 quod apostolus dicit, ad Eph. IV, <i>renovamini spiritu mentis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1565 vestrae, et induite novum hominem</i>, ex quo datur intelligi quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1566 renovatio nostra, quae fit secundum novi hominis indumentum, ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1567 mentem pertinet. Sed ad Col. III, dicit, <i>induentes novum
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1568 hominem, qui renovatur in agnitionem Dei, secundum imaginem eius
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1569 qui creavit eum</i>, ubi renovationem quae est secundum novi
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diff changeset
1570 hominis indumentum, attribuit imagini Dei. Esse ergo ad imaginem
53
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diff changeset
1571 Dei pertinet solum ad mentem.</p><p title="I q. 93 a. 6 co."><a name="32400"><span class="ref">[32400] Iª q. 93 a. 6 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
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diff changeset
1572 quod, cum in omnibus creaturis sit aliqualis Dei similitudo, in
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diff changeset
1573 sola creatura rationali invenitur similitudo Dei per modum
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diff changeset
1574 imaginis, ut supra dictum est, in aliis autem creaturis per modum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1575 vestigii. Id autem in quo creatura rationalis excedit alias
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diff changeset
1576 creaturas, est intellectus sive mens. Unde relinquitur quod nec in
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diff changeset
1577 ipsa rationali creatura invenitur Dei imago, nisi secundum mentem.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1578 In aliis vero partibus, si quas habet rationalis creatura,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1579 invenitur similitudo vestigii; sicut et in ceteris rebus quibus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1580 secundum partes huiusmodi assimilatur. Cuius ratio manifeste
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1581 cognosci potest, si attendatur modus quo repraesentat vestigium, et
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diff changeset
1582 quo repraesentat imago. Imago enim repraesentat secundum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1583 similitudinem speciei, ut dictum est. Vestigium autem repraesentat
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1584 per modum effectus qui sic repraesentat suam causam, quod tamen ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1585 speciei similitudinem non pertingit, impressiones enim quae ex motu
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diff changeset
1586 animalium relinquuntur, dicuntur vestigia; et similiter cinis
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diff changeset
1587 dicitur vestigium ignis; et desolatio terrae, vestigium hostilis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1588 exercitus. Potest ergo huiusmodi differentia attendi inter
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1589 creaturas rationales et alias creaturas, et quantum ad hoc quod in
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1590 creaturis repraesentatur similitudo divinae naturae, et quantum ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1591 hoc quod in eis repraesentatur similitudo Trinitatis increatae. Nam
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diff changeset
1592 quantum ad similitudinem divinae naturae pertinet, creaturae
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1593 rationales videntur quodammodo ad repraesentationem speciei
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1594 pertingere, inquantum imitantur Deum non solum in hoc quod est et
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diff changeset
1595 vivit, sed etiam in hoc quod intelligit, ut supra dictum est. Aliae
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diff changeset
1596 vero creaturae non intelligunt; sed apparet in eis quoddam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1597 vestigium intellectus producentis, si earum dispositio
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1598 consideretur. Similiter, cum increata Trinitas distinguatur
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diff changeset
1599 secundum processionem verbi a dicente, et amoris ab utroque, ut
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diff changeset
1600 supra habitum est; in creatura rationali, in qua invenitur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1601 processio verbi secundum intellectum, et processio amoris secundum
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diff changeset
1602 voluntatem, potest dici imago Trinitatis increatae per quandam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1603 repraesentationem speciei. In aliis autem creaturis non invenitur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1604 principium verbi, et verbum, et amor; sed apparet in eis quoddam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1605 vestigium quod haec inveniantur in causa producente. Nam hoc ipsum
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diff changeset
1606 quod creatura habet substantiam modificatam et finitam, demonstrat
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diff changeset
1607 quod sit a quodam principio; species vero eius demonstrat verbum
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diff changeset
1608 facientis, sicut forma domus demonstrat conceptionem artificis;
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diff changeset
1609 ordo vero demonstrat amorem producentis, quo effectus ordinatur ad
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diff changeset
1610 bonum, sicut usus aedificii demonstrat artificis voluntatem. Sic
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diff changeset
1611 igitur in homine invenitur Dei similitudo per modum imaginis
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diff changeset
1612 secundum mentem; sed secundum alias partes eius, per modum
53
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diff changeset
1613 vestigii.</p><p title="I q. 93 a. 6 ad 1"><a name="32401"><span class="ref">[32401] Iª q. 93 a. 6 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
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diff changeset
1614 dicendum quod homo dicitur imago Dei, non quia ipse essentialiter
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diff changeset
1615 sit imago, sed quia in eo est Dei imago impressa secundum mentem;
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diff changeset
1616 sicut denarius dicitur imago Caesaris, inquantum habet Caesaris
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diff changeset
1617 imaginem. Unde non oportet quod secundum quamlibet partem hominis
53
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diff changeset
1618 accipiatur Dei imago.</p><p title="I q. 93 a. 6 ad 2"><a name="32402"><span class="ref">[32402] Iª q. 93 a. 6 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
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diff changeset
1619 dicendum quod, sicut Augustinus dicit XII de Trin., quidam imaginem
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diff changeset
1620 Trinitatis in homine posuerunt, non secundum unum individuum, sed
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diff changeset
1621 secundum plura; dicentes quod <i>vir patris personam intimat; filii
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diff changeset
1622 vero personam, quod de viro ita processit ut de illo nasceretur;
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diff changeset
1623 atque ita tertiam personam, velut spiritum sanctum, dicunt esse
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diff changeset
1624 mulierem, quae ita de viro processit ut non ipsa esset filius aut
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diff changeset
1625 filia</i>. Quod prima facie absurdum videtur. Primo quidem, quia
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1626 sequeretur quod spiritus sanctus esset principium filii, sicut
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diff changeset
1627 mulier est principium prolis quae nascitur de viro. Secundo, quia
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diff changeset
1628 unus homo non esset nisi ad imaginem unius personae. Tertio, quia
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1629 secundum hoc Scriptura de imagine Dei in homine mentionem facere
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diff changeset
1630 non debuisset, nisi producta iam prole. Et ideo dicendum est quod
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1631 Scriptura, postquam dixerat, ad imaginem Dei creavit illum,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1632 addidit, masculum et feminam creavit eos, non ut imago Dei secundum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1633 distinctiones sexuum attendatur; sed quia imago Dei utrique sexui
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1634 est communis, cum sit secundum mentem, in qua non est distinctio
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diff changeset
1635 sexuum. Unde apostolus, ad Col. III, postquam dixerat, secundum
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diff changeset
1636 imaginem eius qui creavit illum, subdit, ubi non est masculus et
53
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diff changeset
1637 femina.</p><p title="I q. 93 a. 6 ad 3"><a name="32403"><span class="ref">[32403] Iª q. 93 a. 6 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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diff changeset
1638 dicendum quod, quamvis imago Dei in homine non accipiatur secundum
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diff changeset
1639 figuram corpoream, tamen <i>corpus hominis, quia solum inter
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1640 terrenorum animalium corpora non pronum in alvum prostratum est,
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diff changeset
1641 sed tale est ut ad contemplandum caelum sit aptius, magis in hoc ad
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diff changeset
1642 imaginem et similitudinem Dei, quam cetera corpora animalium,
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diff changeset
1643 factum iure videri potest</i>; ut Augustinus dicit in libro
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diff changeset
1644 octoginta trium quaest. Quod tamen non est sic intelligendum, quasi
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1645 in corpore hominis sit imago Dei, sed quia ipsa figura humani
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diff changeset
1646 corporis repraesentat imaginem Dei in anima, per modum
53
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diff changeset
1647 vestigii.</p><p title="I q. 93 a. 6 ad 4"><a name="32404"><span class="ref">[32404] Iª q. 93 a. 6 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
28
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diff changeset
1648 dicendum quod tam in visione corporali quam in visione imaginaria
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diff changeset
1649 invenitur quaedam Trinitas, ut Augustinus dicit in libro de Trin.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1650 In visione enim corporali est quidem primo species exterioris
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diff changeset
1651 corporis; secundo vero ipsa visio, quae fit per impressionem
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diff changeset
1652 cuiusdam similitudinis praedictae speciei in visum; tertio est ibi
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1653 intentio voluntatis applicans visum ad videndum, et eum in re visa
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diff changeset
1654 detinens. Similiter etiam in visione imaginaria invenitur primo
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diff changeset
1655 quidem species in memoria reservata; secundo ipsa imaginaria visio,
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diff changeset
1656 quae provenit ex hoc quod acies animae, idest ipsa vis imaginaria,
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diff changeset
1657 informatur secundum praedictam speciem; tertio vero invenitur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1658 intentio voluntatis coniungens utrumque. Sed utraque Trinitas
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1659 deficit a ratione divinae imaginis. Nam ipsa species exterioris
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1660 corporis est extra naturam animae, species autem quae est in
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1661 memoria, etsi non sit extra animam, est tamen adventitia animae, et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1662 ita utrobique deficit repraesentatio connaturalitatis et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1663 coaeternitatis divinarum personarum. Visio vero corporalis non
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1664 procedit tantum a specie exterioris corporis, sed simul cum hoc a
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1665 sensu videntis, et similiter visio imaginaria non solum procedit a
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1666 specie quae in memoria conservatur, sed etiam a virtute
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1667 imaginativa, et ita per hoc non repraesentatur convenienter
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diff changeset
1668 processio filii a solo patre. Intentio vero voluntatis, quae
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diff changeset
1669 coniungit duo praedicta, non ex eis procedit, neque in visione
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diff changeset
1670 corporea neque in spirituali, unde non convenienter repraesentatur
53
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diff changeset
1671 processio spiritus sancti a patre et filio.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 7</h3><p title="I q. 93 a. 7 arg. 1"><a name="32405"><span class="ref">[32405] Iª q. 93 a. 7 arg. 1</span></a> Ad septimum sic
28
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diff changeset
1672 proceditur. Videtur quod imago Dei non inveniatur in anima secundum
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diff changeset
1673 actus. Dicit enim Augustinus, XI de Civ. Dei, quod homo factus est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1674 ad imaginem Dei, secundum quod <i>sumus, et nos esse novimus, et id
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1675 esse ac nosse diligimus</i>. Sed esse non significat actum. Ergo
53
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diff changeset
1676 imago Dei non attenditur in anima secundum actus.</p><p title="I q. 93 a. 7 arg. 2"><a name="32406"><span class="ref">[32406] Iª q. 93 a. 7 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1677 Augustinus, in IX de Trin., assignat imaginem Dei in anima secundum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1678 haec tria, quae sunt mens, notitia et amor. Mens autem non
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1679 significat actum; sed magis potentiam, vel etiam essentiam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1680 intellectivae animae. Ergo imago Dei non attenditur secundum
53
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diff changeset
1681 actus.</p><p title="I q. 93 a. 7 arg. 3"><a name="32407"><span class="ref">[32407] Iª q. 93 a. 7 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1682 Augustinus, X de Trin., assignat imaginem Trinitatis in anima
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1683 secundum memoriam, intelligentiam et voluntatem. Sed haec tria sunt
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1684 vires naturales animae, ut Magister dicit, III distinctione I libri
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1685 Sent. Ergo imago attenditur secundum potentias, et non secundum
53
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diff changeset
1686 actus.</p><p title="I q. 93 a. 7 arg. 4"><a name="32408"><span class="ref">[32408] Iª q. 93 a. 7 arg. 4</span></a> Praeterea, imago
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1687 Trinitatis semper manet in anima. Sed actus non semper manet. Ergo
53
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diff changeset
1688 imago Dei non attenditur in anima secundum actus.</p><p title="I q. 93 a. 7 s. c."><a name="32409"><span class="ref">[32409] Iª q. 93 a. 7 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1689 quod Augustinus, XI de Trin., assignat Trinitatem in inferioribus
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1690 animae partibus secundum actualem visionem sensibilem et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1691 imaginariam. Ergo et Trinitas quae est in mente, secundum quam homo
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1692 est ad imaginem Dei, debet attendi secundum actualem visionem.</p><p title="I q. 93 a. 7 co."><a name="32410"><span class="ref">[32410] Iª q. 93 a. 7 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1693 quod, sicut supra dictum est, ad rationem imaginis pertinet
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1694 aliqualis repraesentatio speciei. Si ergo imago Trinitatis divinae
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1695 debet accipi in anima, oportet quod secundum illud principaliter
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1696 attendatur, quod maxime accedit, prout possibile est, ad
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1697 repraesentandum speciem divinarum personarum. Divinae autem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1698 personae distinguuntur secundum processionem verbi a dicente, et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1699 amoris connectentis utrumque. Verbum autem in anima nostra sine
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1700 actuali cogitatione esse non potest, ut Augustinus dicit XIV de
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1701 Trin. Et ideo primo et principaliter attenditur imago Trinitatis in
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1702 mente secundum actus, prout scilicet ex notitia quam habemus,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1703 cogitando interius verbum formamus, et ex hoc in amorem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1704 prorumpimus. Sed quia principia actuum sunt habitus et potentiae;
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1705 unumquodque autem virtualiter est in suo principio, secundario, et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1706 quasi ex consequenti, imago Trinitatis potest attendi in anima
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1707 secundum potentias, et praecipue secundum habitus, prout in eis
53
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diff changeset
1708 scilicet actus virtualiter existunt.</p><p title="I q. 93 a. 7 ad 1"><a name="32411"><span class="ref">[32411] Iª q. 93 a. 7 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1709 dicendum quod esse nostrum ad imaginem Dei pertinet, quod est nobis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1710 proprium supra alia animalia; quod quidem esse competit nobis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1711 inquantum mentem habemus. Et ideo eadem est haec Trinitas cum illa
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1712 quam Augustinus ponit in IX de Trin., quae consistit in mente,
53
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diff changeset
1713 notitia et amore.</p><p title="I q. 93 a. 7 ad 2"><a name="32412"><span class="ref">[32412] Iª q. 93 a. 7 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1714 dicendum quod Augustinus hanc Trinitatem primo adinvenit in mente.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1715 Sed quia mens, etsi se totam quodammodo cognoscat, etiam quodammodo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1716 se ignorat, prout scilicet est ab aliis distincta; et sic etiam se
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1717 quaerit, ut Augustinus consequenter probat in X de Trin., ideo,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1718 quasi notitia non totaliter menti coaequetur, accipit in anima tria
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1719 quaedam propria mentis, scilicet memoriam, intelligentiam et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1720 voluntatem, quae nullus ignorat se habere, et in istis tribus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1721 potius imaginem Trinitatis assignat, quasi prima assignatio sit
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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diff changeset
1722 quodammodo deficiens.</p><p title="I q. 93 a. 7 ad 3"><a name="32413"><span class="ref">[32413] Iª q. 93 a. 7 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1723 dicendum quod, sicut Augustinus probat XIV de Trin., intelligere
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1724 dicimur et velle seu amare aliqua, et quando de his cogitamus, et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1725 quando de his non cogitamus. Sed quando sine cogitatione sunt, ad
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diff changeset
1726 solam memoriam pertinent; quae nihil est aliud, secundum ipsum,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1727 quam habitualis retentio notitiae et amoris. Sed quia, ut ipse
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1728 dicit, <i>verbum ibi esse sine cogitatione non potest (cogitamus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1729 enim omne quod dicimus etiam illo interiori verbo quod ad nullius
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1730 gentis pertinet linguam), in tribus potius illis imago ista
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1731 cognoscitur, memoria scilicet, intelligentia et voluntate. Hanc
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1732 autem nunc dico intelligentiam, qua intelligimus cogitantes; et eam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1733 voluntatem sive amorem vel dilectionem, quae istam prolem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1734 parentemque coniungit</i>. Ex quo patet quod imaginem divinae
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1735 Trinitatis potius ponit in intelligentia et voluntate actuali, quam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1736 secundum quod sunt in habituali retentione memoriae, licet etiam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1737 quantum ad hoc, aliquo modo sit imago Trinitatis in anima, ut
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1738 ibidem dicitur. Et sic patet quod memoria, intelligentia et
53
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diff changeset
1739 voluntas non sunt tres vires, ut in sententiis dicitur.</p><p title="I q. 93 a. 7 ad 4"><a name="32414"><span class="ref">[32414] Iª q. 93 a. 7 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1740 dicendum quod aliquis respondere posset per hoc quod Augustinus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1741 dicit XIV de Trin., quod <i>mens semper sui meminit, semper se
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1742 intelligit et amat</i>. Quod quidam sic intelligunt, quasi animae
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1743 adsit actualis intelligentia et amor sui ipsius. Sed hunc
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1744 intellectum excludit per hoc quod subdit, quod <i>non semper se
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1745 cogitat discretam ab his quae non sunt quod ipsa</i>. Et sic patet
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1746 quod anima semper intelligit et amat se, non actualiter, sed
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1747 habitualiter. Quamvis etiam dici possit quod, percipiendo actum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1748 suum, seipsam intelligit quandocumque aliquid intelligit. Sed quia
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1749 non semper est actu intelligens, ut patet in dormiente, ideo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1750 oportet dicere quod actus, etsi non semper maneant in seipsis,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1751 manent tamen semper in suis principiis, scilicet potentiis et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1752 habitibus. Unde Augustinus dicit, XIV de Trin., <i>si secundum hoc
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1753 facta est ad imaginem Dei anima rationalis, quod uti ratione atque
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1754 intellectu ad intelligendum et conspiciendum Deum potest, ab initio
53
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diff changeset
1755 quo esse coepit, fuit in ea Dei imago</i>.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 8</h3><p title="I q. 93 a. 8 arg. 1"><a name="32415"><span class="ref">[32415] Iª q. 93 a. 8 arg. 1</span></a> Ad octavum sic
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1756 proceditur. Videtur quod imago divinae Trinitatis sit in anima non
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1757 solum per comparationem ad obiectum quod est Deus. Imago enim
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1758 divinae Trinitatis invenitur in anima, sicut dictum est, secundum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1759 quod verbum in nobis procedit a dicente et amor ab utroque. Sed hoc
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1760 invenitur in nobis secundum quodcumque obiectum. Ergo secundum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1761 quodcumque obiectum invenitur in mente nostra imago divinae
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1762 Trinitatis.</p><p title="I q. 93 a. 8 arg. 2"><a name="32416"><span class="ref">[32416] Iª q. 93 a. 8 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1763 Augustinus dicit, in XII de Trin., quod <i>cum quaerimus in anima
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1764 Trinitatem, in tota quaerimus, non separantes actionem rationalem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1765 in temporalibus a contemplatione aeternorum</i>. Ergo etiam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1766 secundum temporalia obiecta invenitur imago Trinitatis in
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1767 anima.</p><p title="I q. 93 a. 8 arg. 3"><a name="32417"><span class="ref">[32417] Iª q. 93 a. 8 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea, quod
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1768 Deum intelligamus et amemus, convenit nobis secundum gratiae donum.
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1769 Si igitur secundum memoriam, intelligentiam et voluntatem seu
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1770 dilectionem Dei, attendatur imago Trinitatis in anima, non erit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1771 imago Dei in homine secundum naturam, sed secundum gratiam. Et sic
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1772 non erit omnibus communis.</p><p title="I q. 93 a. 8 arg. 4"><a name="32418"><span class="ref">[32418] Iª q. 93 a. 8 arg. 4</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1773 sancti qui sunt in patria, maxime conformantur imagini Dei secundum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1774 gloriae visionem, unde dicitur, II ad Cor. III, <i>in eandem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1775 imaginem transformamur, a claritate in claritatem</i>. Sed secundum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1776 visionem gloriae temporalia cognoscuntur. Ergo etiam per
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1777 comparationem ad temporalia, Dei imago attenditur in nobis.</p><p title="I q. 93 a. 8 s. c."><a name="32419"><span class="ref">[32419] Iª q. 93 a. 8 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1778 quod Augustinus dicit, XIV de Trin., quod <i>non propterea est Dei
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1779 imago in mente, quia sui meminit, et intelligit et diligit se, sed
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1780 quia potest etiam meminisse, intelligere et amare Deum, a quo facta
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1781 est</i>. Multo igitur minus secundum alia obiecta attenditur imago
53
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diff changeset
1782 Dei in mente.</p><p title="I q. 93 a. 8 co."><a name="32420"><span class="ref">[32420] Iª q. 93 a. 8 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1783 quod, sicut supra dictum est, imago importat similitudinem utcumque
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1784 pertingentem ad speciei repraesentationem. Unde oportet quod imago
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1785 divinae Trinitatis attendatur in anima secundum aliquid quod
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1786 repraesentat divinas personas repraesentatione speciei, sicut est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1787 possibile creaturae. Distinguuntur autem divinae personae, ut
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1788 dictum est, secundum processionem verbi a dicente, et amoris ab
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1789 utroque. Verbum autem Dei nascitur de Deo secundum notitiam sui
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1790 ipsius, et amor procedit a Deo secundum quod seipsum amat.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1791 Manifestum est autem quod diversitas obiectorum diversificat
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1792 speciem verbi et amoris, non enim idem est specie in corde hominis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1793 verbum conceptum de lapide et de equo, nec idem specie amor.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1794 Attenditur igitur divina imago in homine secundum verbum conceptum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1795 de Dei notitia, et amorem exinde derivatum. Et sic imago Dei
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1796 attenditur in anima secundum quod fertur, vel nata est ferri in
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1797 Deum. Fertur autem in aliquid mens dupliciter, uno modo, directe et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1798 immediate; alio modo, indirecte et mediate, sicut cum aliquis,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1799 videndo imaginem hominis in speculo, dicitur ferri in ipsum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1800 hominem. Et ideo Augustinus dicit, in XIV de Trin., quod <i>mens
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1801 meminit sui, intelligit se, et diligit se, hoc si cernimus,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1802 cernimus Trinitatem; nondum quidem Deum, sed iam imaginem Dei</i>.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1803 Sed hoc est, non quia fertur mens in seipsam absolute, sed prout
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1804 per hoc ulterius potest ferri in Deum; ut patet per auctoritatem
53
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diff changeset
1805 supra inductam.</p><p title="I q. 93 a. 8 ad 1"><a name="32421"><span class="ref">[32421] Iª q. 93 a. 8 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1806 dicendum quod ad rationem imaginis, non solum oportet attendere
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diff changeset
1807 quod aliquid procedat ab aliquo; sed etiam quid a quo procedat,
53
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diff changeset
1808 scilicet quod verbum Dei procedit a notitia de Deo.</p><p title="I q. 93 a. 8 ad 2"><a name="32422"><span class="ref">[32422] Iª q. 93 a. 8 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1809 dicendum quod in tota quidem anima invenitur aliqua Trinitas, non
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1810 quidem ita quod praeter actionem temporalium et contemplationem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1811 aeternorum, <i>quaeratur aliquod tertium quo Trinitas
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1812 impleatur</i>, prout ibidem subditur. Sed in illa parte rationis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1813 quae derivatur a parte temporalium, etsi <i>Trinitas inveniri
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1814 possit, non tamen imago Dei potest inveniri</i>, ut postea dicitur,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1815 quia huiusmodi temporalium notitia adventitia est animae. Et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1816 habitus etiam ipsi quibus temporalia cognoscuntur, non semper
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1817 adsunt; sed quandoque quidem praesentialiter adsunt, quandoque
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1818 autem secundum memoriam tantum, etiam postquam adesse incipiunt.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1819 Sicut patet de fide, quae temporaliter nobis advenit in praesenti,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1820 in statu autem futurae beatitudinis iam non erit fides, sed memoria
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1821 fidei.</p><p title="I q. 93 a. 8 ad 3"><a name="32423"><span class="ref">[32423] Iª q. 93 a. 8 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1822 dicendum quod meritoria Dei cognitio et dilectio non est nisi per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1823 gratiam. Est tamen aliqua Dei cognitio et dilectio naturalis, ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1824 supra habitum est. Et hoc etiam ipsum naturale est, quod mens ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1825 intelligendum Deum ratione uti potest, secundum quod imaginem Dei
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1826 semper diximus permanere in mente, sive haec imago Dei ita sit
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1827 obsoleta, quasi obumbrata, ut pene nulla sit, ut in his qui non
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1828 habent usum rationis; sive sit obscura atque deformis, ut in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1829 peccatoribus; sive sit clara et pulchra, ut in iustis, sicut
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1830 Augustinus dicit, XIV de Trin.</p><p title="I q. 93 a. 8 ad 4"><a name="32424"><span class="ref">[32424] Iª q. 93 a. 8 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1831 dicendum quod secundum visionem gloriae, temporalia videbuntur in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1832 ipso Deo; et ideo huiusmodi temporalium visio ad Dei imaginem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1833 pertinebit. Et hoc est quod Augustinus dicit, XIV de Trin., quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1834 <i>in illa natura cui mens feliciter adhaerebit, immutabile videbit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1835 omne quod viderit</i>. Nam et in ipso verbo increato sunt rationes
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1836 omnium creaturarum.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 9</h3><p title="I q. 93 a. 9 arg. 1"><a name="32425"><span class="ref">[32425] Iª q. 93 a. 9 arg. 1</span></a> Ad nonum sic
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1837 proceditur. Videtur quod similitudo ab imagine non convenienter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1838 distinguatur. Genus enim non convenienter distinguitur a specie.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1839 Sed similitudo comparatur ad imaginem, ut genus ad speciem, quia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1840 <i>ubi est imago, ibi est continuo similitudo, sed non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1841 convertitur</i>, ut dicitur in libro octoginta trium quaest. Ergo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1842 inconvenienter similitudo ab imagine distinguitur.</p><p title="I q. 93 a. 9 arg. 2"><a name="32426"><span class="ref">[32426] Iª q. 93 a. 9 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea, ratio
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1843 imaginis attenditur non solum secundum repraesentationem divinarum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1844 personarum, sed etiam secundum repraesentationem divinae essentiae,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1845 ad quam repraesentationem pertinet immortalitas et indivisibilitas.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1846 Non ergo convenienter dicitur quod <i>similitudo est in essentia,
53
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ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1847 quia est immortalis et indivisibilis; imago autem in aliis</i>.</p><p title="I q. 93 a. 9 arg. 3"><a name="32427"><span class="ref">[32427] Iª q. 93 a. 9 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea, imago
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1848 Dei in homine est triplex, scilicet naturae, gratiae et gloriae, ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1849 supra habitum est. Sed innocentia et iustitia ad gratiam pertinent.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1850 Inconvenienter ergo dicitur quod <i>imago accipitur secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1851 memoriam, intelligentiam et voluntatem; similitudo autem secundum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1852 innocentiam et iustitiam</i>.</p><p title="I q. 93 a. 9 arg. 4"><a name="32428"><span class="ref">[32428] Iª q. 93 a. 9 arg. 4</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1853 cognitio veritatis ad intelligentiam pertinet, amor autem virtutis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1854 ad voluntatem, quae sunt duae partes imaginis. Non ergo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1855 convenienter dicitur quod <i>imago sit in cognitione veritatis,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1856 similitudo in dilectione virtutis</i>.</p><p title="I q. 93 a. 9 s. c."><a name="32429"><span class="ref">[32429] Iª q. 93 a. 9 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1857 quod Augustinus dicit, in libro octoginta trium quaest., <i>sunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1858 qui non frustra intelligunt duo dicta esse ad imaginem et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1859 similitudinem; cum, si una res esset, unum nomen sufficere
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1860 potuisset</i>.</p><p title="I q. 93 a. 9 co."><a name="32430"><span class="ref">[32430] Iª q. 93 a. 9 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1861 quod similitudo quaedam unitas est, unum enim in qualitate
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1862 similitudinem causat, ut dicitur in V Metaphys. Unum autem, cum sit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1863 de transcendentibus, et commune est omnibus, et ad singula potest
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1864 aptari; sicut et bonum et verum. Unde, sicut bonum alicui rei
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1865 particulari potest comparari ut praeambulum ad ipsam, et ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1866 subsequens, prout designat aliquam perfectionem ipsius; ita etiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1867 est de comparatione similitudinis ad imaginem. Est enim bonum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1868 praeambulum ad hominem, secundum quod homo est quoddam particulare
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1869 bonum, et rursus bonum subsequitur ad hominem, inquantum aliquem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1870 hominem specialiter dicimus esse bonum, propter perfectionem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1871 virtutis. Et similiter similitudo consideratur ut praeambulum ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1872 imaginem, inquantum est communius quam imago, ut supra dictum est,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1873 consideratur etiam ut subsequens ad imaginem, inquantum significat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1874 quandam imaginis perfectionem; dicimus enim imaginem alicuius esse
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1875 similem vel non similem ei cuius est imago, inquantum perfecte vel
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1876 imperfecte repraesentat ipsum. Sic ergo similitudo potest ab
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1877 imagine distingui dupliciter. Uno modo, prout est praeambula ad
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1878 ipsam, et in pluribus existens. Et sic similitudo attenditur
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diff changeset
1879 secundum ea quae sunt communiora proprietatibus naturae
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diff changeset
1880 intellectualis, secundum quas proprie attenditur imago. Et secundum
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diff changeset
1881 hoc dicitur in libro octoginta trium quaest., quod spiritus, idest
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diff changeset
1882 mens, ad imaginem Dei, nullo dubitante, factus est, cetera autem
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1883 hominis, scilicet quae pertinent ad inferiores partes animae, vel
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1884 etiam ad ipsum corpus, ad similitudinem facta esse aliqui volunt.
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diff changeset
1885 Secundum hoc etiam in libro de quantitate animae dicitur quod
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diff changeset
1886 similitudo Dei attenditur in anima, inquantum est incorruptibilis,
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1887 nam corruptibile et incorruptibile sunt differentiae entis
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1888 communis. Alio modo potest considerari similitudo, secundum quod
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diff changeset
1889 significat imaginis expressionem et perfectionem. Et secundum hoc
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diff changeset
1890 Damascenus dicit quod <i>id quod est secundum imaginem,
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1891 intellectuale significat, et arbitrio liberum per se potestativum,
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diff changeset
1892 quod autem secundum similitudinem, virtutis, secundum quod homini
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1893 possibile est inesse, similitudinem</i>. Et ad idem refertur quod
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1894 similitudo dicitur ad dilectionem virtutis pertinere, non enim est
53
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1895 virtus sine dilectione virtutis.</p><p title="I q. 93 a. 9 ad 1"><a name="32431"><span class="ref">[32431] Iª q. 93 a. 9 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
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1896 dicendum quod similitudo non distinguitur ab imagine secundum
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1897 communem rationem similitudinis (sic enim includitur in ratione
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1898 ipsius imaginis), sed secundum quod aliqua similitudo deficit a
53
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1899 ratione imaginis, vel etiam est imaginis perfectiva.</p><p title="I q. 93 a. 9 ad 2"><a name="32432"><span class="ref">[32432] Iª q. 93 a. 9 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
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1900 dicendum quod essentia animae pertinet ad imaginem, prout
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1901 repraesentat divinam essentiam secundum ea quae sunt propria
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1902 intellectualis naturae, non autem secundum conditiones consequentes
53
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1903 ens in communi, ut est esse simplicem et indissolubilem.</p><p title="I q. 93 a. 9 ad 3"><a name="32433"><span class="ref">[32433] Iª q. 93 a. 9 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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1904 dicendum quod etiam virtutes quaedam naturaliter insunt animae, ad
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1905 minus secundum quaedam earum semina, et secundum has posset attendi
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1906 similitudo naturalis. Quamvis non sit inconveniens ut id quod
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1907 secundum assignationem unam dicitur imago, secundum aliam dicatur
53
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1908 similitudo.</p><p title="I q. 93 a. 9 ad 4"><a name="32434"><span class="ref">[32434] Iª q. 93 a. 9 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
28
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1909 dicendum quod dilectio verbi, quod est amata notitia, pertinet ad
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1910 rationem imaginis, sed dilectio virtutis pertinet ad similitudinem,
53
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1911 sicut et virtus.</p></div></div><div class="q" id="q94"><h2>Quaestio 94</h2><div class="p"><h3>Prooemium</h3><p title="I q. 94 pr."><a name="32435"><span class="ref">[32435]
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1912 Iª q. 94 pr.</span></a> Deinde considerandum est de statu vel
28
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1913 conditione primi hominis. Et primo, quantum ad animam; secundo,
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1914 quantum ad corpus. Circa primum consideranda sunt duo, primo, de
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1915 conditione hominis quantum ad intellectum; secundo, de conditione
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1916 hominis quantum ad voluntatem. Circa primum quaeruntur quatuor.
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1917 Primo, utrum primus homo viderit Deum per essentiam. Secundo, utrum
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1918 videre potuerit substantias separatas, idest Angelos. Tertio, utrum
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1919 habuerit omnium scientiam. Quarto, utrum potuerit errare vel
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1920 decipi.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 1</h3><p title="I q. 94 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="32436"><span class="ref">[32436] Iª q. 94 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad primum sic
28
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1921 proceditur. Videtur quod primus homo per essentiam Deum viderit.
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1922 Beatitudo enim hominis in visione divinae essentiae consistit. Sed
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1923 primus homo, in Paradiso conversans, beatam et omnium divitem
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1924 habuit vitam, ut Damascenus dicit in II libro. Et Augustinus dicit,
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1925 in XIV de Civ. Dei, <i>si homines habebant affectus suos quales
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1926 nunc habemus, quomodo erant beati in illo inenarrabilis
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1927 beatitudinis loco, idest Paradiso?</i> Ergo primus homo in Paradiso
53
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1928 vidit Deum per essentiam.</p><p title="I q. 94 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="32437"><span class="ref">[32437] Iª q. 94 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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1929 Augustinus dicit, XIV de Civ. Dei, quod <i>primo homini non aberat
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1930 quidquam quod bona voluntas adipisceretur</i>. Sed nihil melius
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1931 bona voluntas adipisci potest quam divinae essentiae visionem. Ergo
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1932 homo per essentiam Deum videbat.</p><p title="I q. 94 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="32438"><span class="ref">[32438] Iª q. 94 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea, visio
28
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1933 Dei per essentiam est qua videtur Deus sine medio et sine
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1934 aenigmate. Sed homo in statu innocentiae vidit Deum sine medio; ut
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1935 Magister dicit in I distinctione IV libri Sent. Vidit etiam sine
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1936 aenigmate, quia aenigma obscuritatem importat, ut Augustinus dicit,
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1937 XV de Trin.; obscuritas autem introducta est per peccatum. Ergo
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1938 homo in primo statu vidit Deum per essentiam.</p><p title="I q. 94 a. 1 s. c."><a name="32439"><span class="ref">[32439] Iª q. 94 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
28
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1939 quod apostolus dicit, I ad Cor. XV, quod <i>non prius quod
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1940 spirituale est, sed quod animale</i>. Sed maxime spirituale est
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1941 videre Deum per essentiam. Ergo primus homo, in primo statu
53
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1942 animalis vitae, Deum per essentiam non vidit.</p><p title="I q. 94 a. 1 co."><a name="32440"><span class="ref">[32440] Iª q. 94 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
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1943 quod primus homo Deum per essentiam non vidit, secundum communem
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1944 statum illius vitae; nisi forte dicatur quod viderit eum in raptu,
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1945 quando Deus immisit soporem in Adam, ut dicitur Gen. II. Et huius
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1946 ratio est quia, cum divina essentia sit ipsa beatitudo, hoc modo se
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1947 habet intellectus videntis divinam essentiam ad Deum, sicut se
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1948 habet quilibet homo ad beatitudinem. Manifestum est autem quod
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1949 nullus homo potest per voluntatem a beatitudine averti, naturaliter
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1950 enim, et ex necessitate, homo vult beatitudinem, et fugit miseriam.
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1951 Unde nullus videns Deum per essentiam, potest voluntate averti a
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1952 Deo, quod est peccare. Et propter hoc, omnes videntes Deum per
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1953 essentiam, sic in amore Dei stabiliuntur, quod in aeternum peccare
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1954 non possunt. Cum ergo Adam peccaverit, manifestum est quod Deum per
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1955 essentiam non videbat. Cognoscebat tamen Deum quadam altiori
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1956 cognitione quam nos cognoscamus, et sic quodammodo eius cognitio
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1957 media erat inter cognitionem praesentis status, et cognitionem
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1958 patriae, qua Deus per essentiam videtur. Ad cuius evidentiam,
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1959 considerandum est quod visio Dei per essentiam dividitur contra
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1960 visionem Dei per creaturam. Quanto autem aliqua creatura est altior
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1961 et Deo similior, tanto per eam Deus clarius videtur, sicut homo
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1962 perfectius videtur per speculum in quo expressius imago eius
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1963 resultat. Et sic patet quod multo eminentius videtur Deus per
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1964 intelligibiles effectus, quam per sensibiles et corporeos. A
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1965 consideratione autem plena et lucida intelligibilium effectuum
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1966 impeditur homo in statu praesenti, per hoc quod distrahitur a
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1967 sensibilibus, et circa ea occupatur. Sed, sicut dicitur Eccle. VII,
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1968 Deus fecit hominem rectum. Haec autem fuit rectitudo hominis
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1969 divinitus instituti, ut inferiora superioribus subderentur, et
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1970 superiora ab inferioribus non impedirentur. Unde homo primus non
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1971 impediebatur per res exteriores a clara et firma contemplatione
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1972 intelligibilium effectuum, quos ex irradiatione primae veritatis
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1973 percipiebat, sive naturali cognitione sive gratuita. Unde dicit
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1974 Augustinus, in XI super Gen. ad Litt., quod <i>fortassis Deus
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1975 primis hominibus antea loquebatur, sicut cum Angelis loquitur, ipsa
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1976 incommutabili veritate illustrans mentes eorum; etsi non tanta
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1977 participatione divinae essentiae, quantam capiunt Angeli</i>. Sic
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1978 igitur per huiusmodi intelligibiles effectus Dei, Deum clarius
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1979 cognoscebat quam modo cognoscamus.</p><p title="I q. 94 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="32441"><span class="ref">[32441] Iª q. 94 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
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1980 dicendum quod homo in Paradiso beatus fuit, non illa perfecta
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1981 beatitudine in quam transferendus erat, quae in divinae essentiae
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1982 visione consistit, habebat tamen beatam vitam secundum quendam
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1983 modum, ut Augustinus dicit XI super Gen. ad Litt., inquantum
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1984 habebat integritatem et perfectionem quandam naturalem.</p><p title="I q. 94 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="32442"><span class="ref">[32442] Iª q. 94 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
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1985 dicendum quod bona voluntas est ordinata voluntas. Non autem
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1986 fuisset primi hominis ordinata voluntas, si in statu meriti habere
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1987 voluisset quod ei promittebatur pro praemio.</p><p title="I q. 94 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="32443"><span class="ref">[32443] Iª q. 94 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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1988 dicendum quod duplex est medium. Quoddam, in quo simul videtur quod
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1989 per medium videri dicitur; sicut cum homo videtur per speculum, et
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1990 simul videtur cum ipso speculo. Aliud medium est, per cuius
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1991 notitiam in aliquid ignotum devenimus; sicut est medium
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1992 demonstrationis. Et sine tali medio Deus videbatur, non tamen sine
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1993 primo medio. Non enim oportebat primum hominem pervenire in Dei
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1994 cognitionem per demonstrationem sumptam ab aliquo effectu, sicut
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1995 nobis est necessarium; sed simul in effectibus, praecipue
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1996 intelligibilibus, suo modo Deum cognoscebat. Similiter etiam est
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1997 considerandum quod obscuritas quae importatur in nomine aenigmatis,
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1998 dupliciter potest accipi. Uno modo, secundum quod quaelibet
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1999 creatura est quoddam obscurum, si comparetur ad immensitatem
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2000 divinae claritatis, et sic Adam videbat Deum in aenigmate, quia
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2001 videbat Deum per effectum creatum. Alio modo potest accipi
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2002 obscuritas quae consecuta est ex peccato, prout scilicet impeditur
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2003 homo a consideratione intelligibilium per sensibilium occupationem,
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2004 et secundum hoc, non vidit Deum in aenigmate.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 2</h3><p title="I q. 94 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="32444"><span class="ref">[32444] Iª q. 94 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad secundum sic
28
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2005 proceditur. Videtur quod Adam in statu innocentiae Angelos per
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2006 essentiam viderit. Dicit enim Gregorius, in IV Dialog., <i>in
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2007 Paradiso quippe assueverat homo verbis Dei perfrui, beatorum
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2008 Angelorum spiritibus cordis munditia et celsitudine visionis
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2009 interesse</i>.</p><p title="I q. 94 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="32445"><span class="ref">[32445] Iª q. 94 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea, anima
28
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2010 in statu praesenti impeditur a cognitione substantiarum
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2011 separatarum, ex hoc quod est unita corpori corruptibili, quod
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2012 aggravat animam, ut dicitur Sap. IX. Unde et anima separata
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2013 substantias separatas videre potest, ut supra dictum est. Sed anima
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2014 primi hominis non aggravabatur a corpore, cum non esset
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2015 corruptibile. Ergo poterat videre substantias separatas.</p><p title="I q. 94 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="32446"><span class="ref">[32446] Iª q. 94 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea, una
28
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2016 substantia separata cognoscit aliam cognoscendo seipsam, ut dicitur
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2017 in libro de causis. Sed anima primi hominis cognoscebat seipsam.
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2018 Ergo cognoscebat substantias separatas.</p><p title="I q. 94 a. 2 s. c."><a name="32447"><span class="ref">[32447] Iª q. 94 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra, anima
28
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2019 Adae fuit eiusdem naturae cum animabus nostris. Sed animae nostrae
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2020 non possunt nunc intelligere substantias separatas. Ergo nec anima
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2021 primi hominis potuit.</p><p title="I q. 94 a. 2 co."><a name="32448"><span class="ref">[32448] Iª q. 94 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
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2022 quod status animae hominis distingui potest dupliciter. Uno modo,
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2023 secundum diversum modum naturalis esse, et hoc modo distinguitur
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2024 status animae separatae, a statu animae coniunctae corpori. Alio
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2025 modo distinguitur status animae secundum integritatem et
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2026 corruptionem, servato eodem modo essendi secundum naturam, et sic
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2027 status innocentiae distinguitur a statu hominis post peccatum.
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diff changeset
2028 Anima enim hominis in statu innocentiae erat corpori perficiendo et
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diff changeset
2029 gubernando accommodata, sicut et nunc, unde dicitur primus homo
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diff changeset
2030 factus fuisse in animam viventem, idest corpori vitam dantem,
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diff changeset
2031 scilicet animalem. Sed huius vitae integritatem habebat, inquantum
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diff changeset
2032 corpus erat totaliter animae subditum, in nullo ipsam impediens, ut
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diff changeset
2033 supra dictum est. Manifestum est autem ex praemissis quod ex hoc
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diff changeset
2034 quod anima est accommodata ad corporis gubernationem et
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diff changeset
2035 perfectionem secundum animalem vitam, competit animae nostrae talis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2036 modus intelligendi, qui est per conversionem ad phantasmata. Unde
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diff changeset
2037 et hic modus intelligendi etiam animae primi hominis competebat.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2038 Secundum autem hunc modum intelligendi, motus quidam invenitur in
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diff changeset
2039 anima, ut Dionysius dicit IV cap. de Div. Nom., secundum tres
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2040 gradus. Quorum primus est, secundum quod a rebus exterioribus
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diff changeset
2041 congregatur anima ad seipsam; secundus autem est, prout anima
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diff changeset
2042 ascendit ad hoc quod uniatur virtutibus superioribus unitis,
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diff changeset
2043 scilicet Angelis; tertius autem gradus est, secundum quod ulterius
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diff changeset
2044 manuducitur ad bonum quod est supra omnia, scilicet Deum. Secundum
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diff changeset
2045 igitur primum processum animae, qui est a rebus exterioribus ad
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diff changeset
2046 seipsam, perficitur animae cognitio. Quia scilicet intellectualis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2047 operatio animae naturalem ordinem habet ad ea quae sunt extra, ut
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diff changeset
2048 supra dictum est, et ita per eorum cognitionem perfecte cognosci
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2049 potest nostra intellectualis operatio, sicut actus per obiectum. Et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2050 per ipsam intellectualem operationem perfecte potest cognosci
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2051 humanus intellectus, sicut potentia per proprium actum. Sed in
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2052 secundo processu non invenitur perfecta cognitio. Quia, cum Angelus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2053 non intelligat per conversionem ad phantasmata, sed longe
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2054 eminentiori modo, ut supra dictum est; praedictus modus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2055 cognoscendi, quo anima cognoscit seipsam, non sufficienter ducit in
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2056 Angeli cognitionem. Multo autem minus tertius processus ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2057 perfectam notitiam terminatur, quia etiam ipsi Angeli, per hoc quod
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2058 cognoscunt seipsos, non possunt pertingere ad cognitionem divinae
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2059 substantiae propter eius excessum. Sic igitur anima primi hominis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2060 non poterat videre Angelos per essentiam. Sed tamen excellentiorem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2061 modum cognitionis habebat de eis, quam nos habeamus, quia eius
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2062 cognitio erat magis certa et fixa circa interiora intelligibilia,
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diff changeset
2063 quam cognitio nostra. Et propter tantam eminentiam dicit Gregorius
53
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diff changeset
2064 quod intererat Angelorum spiritibus.</p><p title="I q. 94 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="32449"><span class="ref">[32449] Iª q. 94 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Unde patet solutio
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diff changeset
2065 ad primum.</p><p title="I q. 94 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="32450"><span class="ref">[32450] Iª q. 94 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
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diff changeset
2066 dicendum quod hoc quod anima primi hominis deficiebat ab intellectu
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diff changeset
2067 substantiarum separatarum, non erat ex aggravatione corporis; sed
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diff changeset
2068 ex hoc quod obiectum ei connaturale erat deficiens ab excellentia
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diff changeset
2069 substantiarum separatarum. Nos autem deficimus propter
53
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diff changeset
2070 utrumque.</p><p title="I q. 94 a. 2 ad 3"><a name="32451"><span class="ref">[32451] Iª q. 94 a. 2 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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diff changeset
2071 dicendum quod anima primi hominis non poterat per cognitionem sui
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diff changeset
2072 ipsius pertingere ad cognoscendas substantias separatas, ut supra
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2073 dictum est, quia etiam unaquaeque substantia separata cognoscit
53
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diff changeset
2074 aliam per modum sui ipsius.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 3</h3><p title="I q. 94 a. 3 arg. 1"><a name="32452"><span class="ref">[32452] Iª q. 94 a. 3 arg. 1</span></a> Ad tertium sic
28
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diff changeset
2075 proceditur. Videtur quod primus homo non habuerit scientiam omnium.
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diff changeset
2076 Aut enim habuit talem scientiam per species acquisitas, aut per
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2077 species connaturales, aut per species infusas. Non autem per
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2078 species acquisitas, huiusmodi enim cognitio ab experientia
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2079 causatur, ut dicitur in I Metaphys.; ipse autem non tunc fuerat
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2080 omnia expertus. Similiter etiam nec per species connaturales, quia
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diff changeset
2081 erat eiusdem naturae nobiscum; anima autem nostra est sicut tabula
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diff changeset
2082 in qua nihil est scriptum, ut dicitur in III de anima. Si autem per
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diff changeset
2083 species infusas, ergo scientia eius quam habebat de rebus, non erat
53
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diff changeset
2084 eiusdem rationis cum scientia nostra, quam a rebus acquirimus.</p><p title="I q. 94 a. 3 arg. 2"><a name="32453"><span class="ref">[32453] Iª q. 94 a. 3 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea, in
28
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diff changeset
2085 omnibus individuis eiusdem speciei est idem modus consequendi
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diff changeset
2086 perfectionem. Sed alii homines non statim in sui principio habent
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diff changeset
2087 omnium scientiam, sed eam per temporis successionem acquirunt
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diff changeset
2088 secundum suum modum. Ergo nec Adam, statim formatus, habuit omnium
53
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diff changeset
2089 scientiam.</p><p title="I q. 94 a. 3 arg. 3"><a name="32454"><span class="ref">[32454] Iª q. 94 a. 3 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2090 status praesentis vitae homini conceditur ut in eo proficiat anima
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diff changeset
2091 et quantum ad cognitionem, et quantum ad meritum; propter hoc enim
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2092 anima corpori videtur esse unita. Sed homo in statu illo
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diff changeset
2093 profecisset quantum ad meritum. Ergo etiam profecisset quantum ad
53
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diff changeset
2094 cognitionem rerum. Non ergo habuit omnium rerum scientiam.</p><p title="I q. 94 a. 3 s. c."><a name="32455"><span class="ref">[32455] Iª q. 94 a. 3 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
28
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diff changeset
2095 quod ipse imposuit nomina animalibus, ut dicitur Gen. II. Nomina
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diff changeset
2096 autem debent naturis rerum congruere. Ergo Adam scivit naturas
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diff changeset
2097 omnium animalium, et pari ratione, habuit omnium aliorum
53
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diff changeset
2098 scientiam.</p><p title="I q. 94 a. 3 co."><a name="32456"><span class="ref">[32456] Iª q. 94 a. 3 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
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diff changeset
2099 quod naturali ordine perfectum praecedit imperfectum, sicut et
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diff changeset
2100 actus potentiam, quia ea quae sunt in potentia, non reducuntur ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2101 actum nisi per aliquod ens actu. Et quia res primitus a Deo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2102 institutae sunt, non solum ut in seipsis essent, sed etiam ut
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diff changeset
2103 essent aliorum principia; ideo productae sunt in statu perfecto, in
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diff changeset
2104 quo possent esse principia aliorum. Homo autem potest esse
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2105 principium alterius non solum per generationem corporalem, sed
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diff changeset
2106 etiam per instructionem et gubernationem. Et ideo, sicut primus
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diff changeset
2107 homo institutus est in statu perfecto quantum ad corpus, ut statim
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diff changeset
2108 posset generare; ita etiam institutus est in statu perfecto quantum
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diff changeset
2109 ad animam, ut statim posset alios instruere et gubernare. Non
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diff changeset
2110 potest autem aliquis instruere, nisi habeat scientiam. Et ideo
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diff changeset
2111 primus homo sic institutus est a Deo, ut haberet omnium scientiam
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diff changeset
2112 in quibus homo natus est instrui. Et haec sunt omnia illa quae
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diff changeset
2113 virtualiter existunt in primis principiis per se notis, quaecumque
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diff changeset
2114 scilicet naturaliter homines cognoscere possunt. Ad gubernationem
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diff changeset
2115 autem vitae propriae et aliorum, non solum requiritur cognitio
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diff changeset
2116 eorum quae naturaliter sciri possunt, sed etiam cognitio eorum quae
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diff changeset
2117 naturalem cognitionem excedunt; eo quod vita hominis ordinatur ad
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diff changeset
2118 quendam finem supernaturalem; sicut nobis, ad gubernationem vitae
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diff changeset
2119 nostrae, necessarium est cognoscere quae fidei sunt. Unde et de his
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diff changeset
2120 supernaturalibus tantam cognitionem primus homo accepit, quanta
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diff changeset
2121 erat necessaria ad gubernationem vitae humanae secundum statum
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diff changeset
2122 illum. Alia vero, quae nec naturali hominis studio cognosci
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diff changeset
2123 possunt, nec sunt necessaria ad gubernationem vitae humanae, primus
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diff changeset
2124 homo non cognovit; sicut sunt cogitationes hominum, futura
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diff changeset
2125 contingentia, et quaedam singularia, puta quot lapilli iaceant in
53
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diff changeset
2126 flumine, et alia huiusmodi.</p><p title="I q. 94 a. 3 ad 1"><a name="32457"><span class="ref">[32457] Iª q. 94 a. 3 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
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diff changeset
2127 dicendum quod primus homo habuit scientiam omnium per species a Deo
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diff changeset
2128 infusas. Nec tamen scientia illa fuit alterius rationis a scientia
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diff changeset
2129 nostra; sicut nec oculi quos caeco nato Christus dedit, fuerunt
53
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diff changeset
2130 alterius rationis ab oculis quos natura produxit.</p><p title="I q. 94 a. 3 ad 2"><a name="32458"><span class="ref">[32458] Iª q. 94 a. 3 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
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diff changeset
2131 dicendum quod Adam debebat aliquid habere perfectionis, inquantum
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diff changeset
2132 erat primus homo, quod ceteris hominibus non competit; ut ex dictis
53
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diff changeset
2133 patet.</p><p title="I q. 94 a. 3 ad 3"><a name="32459"><span class="ref">[32459] Iª q. 94 a. 3 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2134 dicendum quod Adam in scientia naturalium scibilium non profecisset
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diff changeset
2135 quantum ad numerum scitorum, sed quantum ad modum sciendi, quia
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2136 quae sciebat intellectualiter, scivisset postmodum per
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2137 experimentum. Quantum vero ad supernaturalia cognita, profecisset
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2138 etiam quantum ad numerum, per novas revelationes; sicut et Angeli
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2139 proficiunt per novas illuminationes. Nec tamen est simile de
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diff changeset
2140 profectu meriti, et scientiae, quia unus homo non est alteri
53
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diff changeset
2141 principium merendi, sicut est sciendi.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 4</h3><p title="I q. 94 a. 4 arg. 1"><a name="32460"><span class="ref">[32460] Iª q. 94 a. 4 arg. 1</span></a> Ad quartum sic
28
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diff changeset
2142 proceditur. Videtur quod homo in primo statu decipi potuisset.
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diff changeset
2143 Dicit enim apostolus, I ad Tim. II, quod <i>mulier seducta in
53
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diff changeset
2144 praevaricatione fuit</i>.</p><p title="I q. 94 a. 4 arg. 2"><a name="32461"><span class="ref">[32461] Iª q. 94 a. 4 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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diff changeset
2145 Magister dicit, XXI dist. II Sent., quod <i>ideo mulier non horruit
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2146 serpentem loquentem, quia officium loquendi eum accepisse a Deo
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diff changeset
2147 putavit</i>. Sed hoc falsum erat. Ergo mulier decepta fuit ante
53
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diff changeset
2148 peccatum.</p><p title="I q. 94 a. 4 arg. 3"><a name="32462"><span class="ref">[32462] Iª q. 94 a. 4 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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diff changeset
2149 naturale est quod quanto aliquid remotius videtur, tanto minus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2150 videtur. Sed natura oculi non est contracta per peccatum. Ergo hoc
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diff changeset
2151 idem in statu innocentiae contigisset. Fuisset ergo homo deceptus
53
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diff changeset
2152 circa quantitatem rei visae, sicut et modo.</p><p title="I q. 94 a. 4 arg. 4"><a name="32463"><span class="ref">[32463] Iª q. 94 a. 4 arg. 4</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2153 Augustinus dicit, XII super Gen. ad Litt., quod in somno adhaeret
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2154 anima similitudini tanquam ipsi rei. Sed homo in statu innocentiae
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diff changeset
2155 comedisset, et per consequens dormivisset et somniasset. Ergo
53
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diff changeset
2156 deceptus fuisset, adhaerendo similitudinibus tanquam rebus.</p><p title="I q. 94 a. 4 arg. 5"><a name="32464"><span class="ref">[32464] Iª q. 94 a. 4 arg. 5</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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diff changeset
2157 primus homo nescivisset cogitationes hominum et futura
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diff changeset
2158 contingentia, ut dictum est. Si igitur aliquis super his sibi
53
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diff changeset
2159 falsum diceret, deceptus fuisset.</p><p title="I q. 94 a. 4 s. c."><a name="32465"><span class="ref">[32465] Iª q. 94 a. 4 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
28
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diff changeset
2160 quod Augustinus dicit, <i>approbare vera pro falsis, non est natura
53
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diff changeset
2161 instituti hominis, sed poena damnati</i>.</p><p title="I q. 94 a. 4 co."><a name="32466"><span class="ref">[32466] Iª q. 94 a. 4 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
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diff changeset
2162 quod quidam dixerunt quod in nomine deceptionis duo possunt
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diff changeset
2163 intelligi, scilicet qualiscumque existimatio levis, qua aliquis
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diff changeset
2164 adhaeret falso tanquam vero, sine assensu credulitatis; et iterum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2165 firma credulitas. Quantum ergo ad ea quorum scientiam Adam habebat,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2166 neutro istorum modorum homo decipi poterat ante peccatum. Sed
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diff changeset
2167 quantum ad ea quorum scientiam non habebat, decipi poterat, large
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2168 accepta deceptione pro existimatione qualicumque sine assensu
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2169 credulitatis. Quod ideo dicunt, quia existimare falsum in talibus,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2170 non est noxium homini; et ex quo temere assensus non adhibetur, non
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2171 est culpabile. Sed haec positio non convenit integritati primi
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diff changeset
2172 status, quia, ut Augustinus dicit XIV de Civit. Dei, <i>in illo
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diff changeset
2173 statu erat devitatio tranquilla peccati, qua manente, nullum malum
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diff changeset
2174 omnino esse poterat</i>. Manifestum est autem quod, sicut verum est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2175 bonum intellectus, ita falsum est malum eius, ut dicitur in VI
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diff changeset
2176 Ethic. Unde non poterat esse quod, innocentia manente, intellectus
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diff changeset
2177 hominis alicui falso acquiesceret quasi vero. Sicut enim in membris
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diff changeset
2178 corporis primi hominis erat quidem carentia perfectionis alicuius,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2179 puta claritatis, non tamen aliquod malum inesse poterat; ita in
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2180 intellectu poterat esse carentia notitiae alicuius, nulla tamen
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2181 poterat ibi esse existimatio falsi. Quod etiam ex ipsa rectitudine
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2182 primi status apparet, secundum quam, quandiu anima maneret Deo
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2183 subdita, tandiu in homine inferiora superioribus subderentur, nec
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2184 superiora per inferiora impedirentur. Manifestum est autem ex
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2185 praemissis quod intellectus circa proprium obiectum semper verus
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2186 est. Unde ex seipso nunquam decipitur, sed omnis deceptio accidit
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2187 in intellectu ex aliquo inferiori, puta phantasia vel aliquo
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2188 huiusmodi. Unde videmus quod, quando naturale iudicatorium non est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2189 ligatum, non decipimur per huiusmodi apparitiones, sed solum quando
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2190 ligatur, ut patet in dormientibus. Unde manifestum est quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2191 rectitudo primi status non compatiebatur aliquam deceptionem circa
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2192 intellectum.</p><p title="I q. 94 a. 4 ad 1"><a name="32467"><span class="ref">[32467] Iª q. 94 a. 4 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2193 dicendum quod illa seductio mulieris, etsi praecesserit peccatum
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2194 operis, subsecuta tamen est peccatum internae elationis. Dicit enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2195 Augustinus, XI super Gen. ad Litt., quod <i>mulier verbis serpentis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2196 non crederet, nisi iam inesset menti eius amor propriae potestatis,
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2197 et quaedam de se superba praesumptio</i>.</p><p title="I q. 94 a. 4 ad 2"><a name="32468"><span class="ref">[32468] Iª q. 94 a. 4 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2198 dicendum quod mulier putavit serpentem hoc accepisse loquendi
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2199 officium, non per naturam, sed aliqua supernaturali operatione.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2200 Quamvis non sit necessarium auctoritatem Magistri sententiarum
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2201 sequi in hac parte.</p><p title="I q. 94 a. 4 ad 3"><a name="32469"><span class="ref">[32469] Iª q. 94 a. 4 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2202 dicendum quod, si aliquid repraesentatum fuisset sensui vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2203 phantasiae primi hominis aliter quam sit in rerum natura, non tamen
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2204 deciperetur, quia per rationem veritatem diiudicaret.</p><p title="I q. 94 a. 4 ad 4"><a name="32470"><span class="ref">[32470] Iª q. 94 a. 4 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2205 dicendum quod id quod accidit in somno, non imputatur homini, quia
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2206 non habet usum rationis, qui est proprius hominis actus.</p><p title="I q. 94 a. 4 ad 5"><a name="32471"><span class="ref">[32471] Iª q. 94 a. 4 ad 5</span></a> Ad quintum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2207 dicendum quod alicui dicenti falsum de contingentibus futuris vel
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2208 cogitationibus cordium, homo in statu innocentiae non credidisset
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2209 ita esse, sed credidisset quod hoc esset possibile, et hoc non
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2210 esset existimare falsum. Vel potest dici quod divinitus ei
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2211 subventum fuisset, ne deciperetur in his quorum scientiam non
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2212 habebat. Nec est instantia, quam quidam afferunt, quod in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2213 tentatione non fuit ei subventum ne deciperetur, licet tunc maxime
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2214 indigeret. Quia iam praecesserat peccatum in animo, et ad divinum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2215 auxilium recursum non habuit.</p></div></div><div class="q" id="q95"><h2>Quaestio 95</h2><div class="p"><h3>Prooemium</h3><p title="I q. 95 pr."><a name="32472"><span class="ref">[32472]
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2216 Iª q. 95 pr.</span></a> Deinde considerandum est de his quae
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2217 pertinent ad voluntatem primi hominis. Et circa hoc consideranda
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2218 sunt duo, primo quidem, de gratia et iustitia primi hominis;
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2219 secundo, de usu iustitiae quantum ad dominium super alia. Circa
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2220 primum quaeruntur quatuor. Primo, utrum primus homo creatus fuerit
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2221 in gratia. Secundo, utrum in statu innocentiae habuerit animae
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2222 passiones. Tertio, utrum habuit virtutes omnes. Quarto, utrum opera
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2223 eius fuissent aeque efficacia ad merendum, sicut modo sunt.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 1</h3><p title="I q. 95 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="32473"><span class="ref">[32473] Iª q. 95 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad primum sic
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2224 proceditur. Videtur quod primus homo non fuerit creatus in gratia.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2225 Apostolus enim, I Cor. XV, distinguens Adam a Christo, dicit,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2226 <i>factus est primus Adam in animam viventem; novissimus autem in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2227 spiritum vivificantem</i>. Sed vivificatio spiritus est per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2228 gratiam. Ergo hoc est proprium Christi, quod fuerit factus in
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2229 gratia.</p><p title="I q. 95 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="32474"><span class="ref">[32474] Iª q. 95 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2230 Augustinus dicit, in libro de quaestionibus veteris et novi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2231 testamenti, quod <i>Adam non habuit spiritum sanctum</i>. Sed
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2232 quicumque habet gratiam, habet spiritum sanctum. Ergo Adam non fuit
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2233 creatus in gratia.</p><p title="I q. 95 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="32475"><span class="ref">[32475] Iª q. 95 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2234 Augustinus dicit, in libro de correptione et gratia, quod <i>Deus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2235 sic ordinavit Angelorum et hominum vitam, ut prius in eis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2236 ostenderet quid posset eorum liberum arbitrium, deinde quid posset
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2237 suae gratiae beneficium, iustitiaeque iudicium</i>. Primo ergo
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2238 condidit hominem et Angelum in sola naturali arbitrii libertate, et
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2239 postmodum eis gratiam contulit.</p><p title="I q. 95 a. 1 arg. 4"><a name="32476"><span class="ref">[32476] Iª q. 95 a. 1 arg. 4</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2240 Magister dicit, in XXIV distinctione libri II Sent., quod <i>homini
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2241 in creatione datum est auxilium per quod stare poterat, sed non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2242 poterat proficere</i>. Quicumque autem habet gratiam, potest
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2243 proficere per meritum. Ergo primus homo non fuit creatus in
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2244 gratia.</p><p title="I q. 95 a. 1 arg. 5"><a name="32477"><span class="ref">[32477] Iª q. 95 a. 1 arg. 5</span></a> Praeterea, ad
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2245 hoc quod aliquis accipiat gratiam, requiritur consensus ex parte
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2246 recipientis, cum per hoc perficiatur matrimonium quoddam spirituale
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2247 inter Deum et animam. Sed consensus in gratiam esse non potest nisi
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2248 prius existentis. Ergo homo non accepit gratiam in primo instanti
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2249 suae creationis.</p><p title="I q. 95 a. 1 arg. 6"><a name="32478"><span class="ref">[32478] Iª q. 95 a. 1 arg. 6</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2250 natura plus distat a gratia quam gratia a gloria, quae nihil est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2251 aliud quam gratia consummata. Sed in homine gratia praecessit
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2252 gloriam. Ergo multo magis natura praecessit gratiam.</p><p title="I q. 95 a. 1 s. c."><a name="32479"><span class="ref">[32479] Iª q. 95 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra, homo
28
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2253 et Angelus aequaliter ordinantur ad gratiam. Sed Angelus est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2254 creatus in gratia, dicit enim Augustinus, XII de Civ. Dei, quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2255 <i>Deus simul erat in eis condens naturam et largiens gratiam</i>.
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2256 Ergo et homo creatus fuit in gratia.</p><p title="I q. 95 a. 1 co."><a name="32480"><span class="ref">[32480] Iª q. 95 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2257 quod quidam dicunt quod primus homo non fuit quidem creatus in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2258 gratia, sed tamen postmodum gratia fuit sibi collata antequam
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2259 peccasset, plurimae enim sanctorum auctoritates attestantur hominem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2260 in statu innocentiae gratiam habuisse. Sed quod etiam fuerit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2261 conditus in gratia, ut alii dicunt, videtur requirere ipsa
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2262 rectitudo primi status, in qua Deus hominem fecit, secundum illud
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2263 Eccle. VII, <i>Deus fecit hominem rectum</i>. Erat enim haec
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2264 rectitudo secundum hoc, quod ratio subdebatur Deo, rationi vero
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2265 inferiores vires, et animae corpus. Prima autem subiectio erat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2266 causa et secundae et tertiae, quandiu enim ratio manebat Deo
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2267 subiecta, inferiora ei subdebantur, ut Augustinus dicit. Manifestum
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2268 est autem quod illa subiectio corporis ad animam, et inferiorum
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2269 virium ad rationem, non erat naturalis, alioquin post peccatum
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2270 mansisset, cum etiam in Daemonibus data naturalia post peccatum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2271 permanserint, ut Dionysius dicit cap. IV de Div. Nom. Unde
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2272 manifestum est quod et illa prima subiectio, qua ratio Deo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2273 subdebatur, non erat solum secundum naturam, sed secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2274 supernaturale donum gratiae, non enim potest esse quod effectus sit
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2275 potior quam causa. Unde Augustinus dicit, XIII de Civ. Dei, quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2276 <i>posteaquam praecepti facta transgressio est, confestim, gratia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2277 deserente divina, de corporum suorum nuditate confusi sunt,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2278 senserunt enim motum inobedientis carnis suae, tanquam reciprocam
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2279 poenam inobedientiae suae</i>. Ex quo datur intelligi, si deserente
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2280 gratia soluta est obedientia carnis ad animam, quod per gratiam in
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2281 anima existentem inferiora ei subdebantur.</p><p title="I q. 95 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="32481"><span class="ref">[32481] Iª q. 95 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2282 dicendum quod apostolus illa verba inducit ad ostendendum esse
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2283 corpus spirituale, si est corpus animale, quia vita spiritualis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2284 corporis incoepit in Christo, qui est primogenitus ex mortuis,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2285 sicut vita corporis animalis incoepit in Adam. Non ergo ex verbis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2286 apostoli habetur quod Adam non fuit spiritualis secundum animam;
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
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diff changeset
2287 sed quod non fuit spiritualis secundum corpus.</p><p title="I q. 95 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="32482"><span class="ref">[32482] Iª q. 95 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2288 dicendum quod, sicut Augustinus dicit in eodem loco, non negatur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2289 quin aliquo modo fuerit in Adam spiritus sanctus, sicut et in aliis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2290 iustis, sed quod non sic fuerit in eo, sicut nunc est in fidelibus,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2291 qui admittuntur ad perceptionem haereditatis aeternae statim post
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2292 mortem.</p><p title="I q. 95 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="32483"><span class="ref">[32483] Iª q. 95 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2293 dicendum quod ex illa auctoritate Augustini non habetur quod
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2294 Angelus vel homo prius fuerit creatus in naturali libertate
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2295 arbitrii, quam habuisset gratiam, sed quod prius ostendit quid in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
2296 eis posset liberum arbitrium ante confirmationem, et quid postmodum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2297 consecuti sunt per auxilium gratiae confirmantis.</p><p title="I q. 95 a. 1 ad 4"><a name="32484"><span class="ref">[32484] Iª q. 95 a. 1 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2298 dicendum quod Magister loquitur secundum opinionem illorum qui
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2299 posuerunt hominem non esse creatum in gratia, sed in naturalibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2300 tantum. Vel potest dici quod, etsi homo fuerit creatus in gratia,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
2301 non tamen habuit ex creatione naturae quod posset proficere per
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2302 meritum, sed ex superadditione gratiae.</p><p title="I q. 95 a. 1 ad 5"><a name="32485"><span class="ref">[32485] Iª q. 95 a. 1 ad 5</span></a> Ad quintum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2303 dicendum quod, cum motus voluntatis non sit continuus, nihil
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
2304 prohibet etiam in primo instanti suae creationis primum hominem
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2305 gratiae consensisse.</p><p title="I q. 95 a. 1 ad 6"><a name="32486"><span class="ref">[32486] Iª q. 95 a. 1 ad 6</span></a> Ad sextum dicendum
28
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diff changeset
2306 quod gloriam meremur per actum gratiae, non autem gratiam per actum
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2307 naturae. Unde non est similis ratio.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 2</h3><p title="I q. 95 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="32487"><span class="ref">[32487] Iª q. 95 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad secundum sic
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2308 proceditur. Videtur quod in primo homine non fuerint animae
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2309 passiones. Secundum enim passiones animae contingit quod caro
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2310 concupiscit adversus spiritum. Sed hoc non erat in statu
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2311 innocentiae. Ergo in statu innocentiae non erant animae
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2312 passiones.</p><p title="I q. 95 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="32488"><span class="ref">[32488] Iª q. 95 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea, anima
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2313 Adae erat nobilior quam corpus. Sed corpus Adae fuit impassibile.
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2314 Ergo nec in anima eius fuerunt passiones.</p><p title="I q. 95 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="32489"><span class="ref">[32489] Iª q. 95 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea, per
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2315 virtutem moralem comprimuntur animae passiones. Sed in Adam fuit
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2316 virtus moralis perfecta. Ergo totaliter passiones excludebantur ab
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2317 eo.</p><p title="I q. 95 a. 2 s. c."><a name="32490"><span class="ref">[32490] Iª q. 95 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2318 quod dicit Augustinus, XIV de Civ. Dei, quod erat in eis amor
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2319 imperturbatus in Deum, et quaedam aliae animae passiones.</p><p title="I q. 95 a. 2 co."><a name="32491"><span class="ref">[32491] Iª q. 95 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2320 quod passiones animae sunt in appetitu sensuali, cuius obiectum est
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2321 bonum et malum. Unde omnium passionum animae quaedam ordinantur ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2322 bonum, ut amor et gaudium; quaedam ad malum, ut timor et dolor. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2323 quia in primo statu nullum malum aderat nec imminebat; nec aliquod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2324 bonum aberat, quod cuperet bona voluntas pro tempore illo habendum,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2325 ut patet per Augustinum XIV de Civ. Dei, omnes illae passiones quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2326 respiciunt malum, in Adam non erant ut timor et dolor et huiusmodi;
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2327 similiter nec illae passiones quae respiciunt bonum non habitum et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2328 nunc habendum, ut cupiditas aestuans. Illae vero passiones quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2329 possunt esse boni praesentis, ut gaudium et amor; vel quae sunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2330 futuri boni ut suo tempore habendi, ut desiderium et spes non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2331 affligens; fuerunt in statu innocentiae. Aliter tamen quam in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2332 nobis. Nam in nobis appetitus sensualis, in quo sunt passiones, non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2333 totaliter subest rationi, unde passiones quandoque sunt in nobis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2334 praevenientes iudicium rationis, et impedientes; quandoque vero ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2335 iudicio rationis consequentes, prout sensualis appetitus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2336 aliqualiter rationi obedit. In statu vero innocentiae inferior
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2337 appetitus erat rationi totaliter subiectus, unde non erant in eo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2338 passiones animae, nisi ex rationis iudicio consequentes.</p><p title="I q. 95 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="32492"><span class="ref">[32492] Iª q. 95 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2339 dicendum quod caro concupiscit adversus spiritum, per hoc quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2340 passiones rationi repugnant, quod in statu innocentiae non
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2341 erat.</p><p title="I q. 95 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="32493"><span class="ref">[32493] Iª q. 95 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2342 dicendum quod corpus humanum in statu innocentiae erat impassibile
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2343 quantum ad passiones quae removent dispositionem naturalem, ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2344 infra dicetur. Et similiter anima fuit impassibilis quantum ad
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2345 passiones quae impediunt rationem.</p><p title="I q. 95 a. 2 ad 3"><a name="32494"><span class="ref">[32494] Iª q. 95 a. 2 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2346 dicendum quod perfecta virtus moralis non totaliter tollit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2347 passiones, sed ordinat eas, <i>temperati enim est concupiscere
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2348 sicut oportet, et quae oportet</i>, ut dicitur in III Ethic.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 3</h3><p title="I q. 95 a. 3 arg. 1"><a name="32495"><span class="ref">[32495] Iª q. 95 a. 3 arg. 1</span></a> Ad tertium sic
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2349 proceditur. Videtur quod Adam non habuerit omnes virtutes. Quaedam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2350 enim virtutes ordinantur ad refraenandam immoderantiam passionum;
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2351 sicut per temperantiam refraenatur immoderata concupiscentia, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2352 per fortitudinem immoderatus timor. Sed immoderantia passionum non
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2353 erat in statu innocentiae. Ergo nec dictae virtutes.</p><p title="I q. 95 a. 3 arg. 2"><a name="32496"><span class="ref">[32496] Iª q. 95 a. 3 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2354 quaedam virtutes sunt circa passiones respicientes malum; ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2355 mansuetudo circa iras, et fortitudo circa timores. Sed tales
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2356 passiones non erant in statu innocentiae, ut dictum est. Ergo nec
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2357 huiusmodi virtutes.</p><p title="I q. 95 a. 3 arg. 3"><a name="32497"><span class="ref">[32497] Iª q. 95 a. 3 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2358 poenitentia est quaedam virtus respiciens peccatum prius commissum.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2359 Misericordia etiam est quaedam virtus respiciens miseriam. Sed in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2360 statu innocentiae non erat peccatum nec miseria. Ergo neque
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2361 huiusmodi virtutes.</p><p title="I q. 95 a. 3 arg. 4"><a name="32498"><span class="ref">[32498] Iª q. 95 a. 3 arg. 4</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2362 perseverantia est quaedam virtus. Sed hanc Adam non habuit; ut
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2363 sequens peccatum ostendit. Ergo non habuit omnes virtutes.</p><p title="I q. 95 a. 3 arg. 5"><a name="32499"><span class="ref">[32499] Iª q. 95 a. 3 arg. 5</span></a> Praeterea, fides
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2364 quaedam virtus est. Sed haec in statu innocentiae non fuit,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2365 importat enim aenigmaticam cognitionem, quae perfectioni primi
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2366 status repugnare videtur.</p><p title="I q. 95 a. 3 s. c."><a name="32500"><span class="ref">[32500] Iª q. 95 a. 3 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2367 quod Augustinus dicit, in quadam homilia, <i>princeps vitiorum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2368 devicit Adam de limo terrae ad imaginem Dei factum, pudicitia
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2369 armatum, temperantia compositum, claritate splendidum</i>.</p><p title="I q. 95 a. 3 co."><a name="32501"><span class="ref">[32501] Iª q. 95 a. 3 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2370 quod homo in statu innocentiae aliqualiter habuit omnes virtutes.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2371 Et hoc ex dictis potest esse manifestum. Dictum est enim supra quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2372 talis erat rectitudo primi status, quod ratio erat Deo subiecta,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2373 inferiores autem vires rationi. Virtutes autem nihil aliud sunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2374 quam perfectiones quaedam, quibus ratio ordinatur in Deum, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2375 inferiores vires disponuntur secundum regulam rationis; ut magis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2376 patebit cum de virtutibus agetur. Unde rectitudo primi status
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2377 exigebat ut homo aliqualiter omnes virtutes haberet. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2378 considerandum est quod virtutum quaedam sunt, quae de sui ratione
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2379 nullam imperfectionem important, ut caritas et iustitia. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2380 huiusmodi virtutes fuerunt in statu innocentiae simpliciter, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2381 quantum ad habitum et quantum ad actum. Quaedam vero sunt, quae de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2382 sui ratione imperfectionem important, vel ex parte actus vel ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2383 parte materiae. Et si huiusmodi imperfectio non repugnat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2384 perfectioni primi status, nihilominus huiusmodi virtutes poterant
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2385 esse in primo statu; sicut fides, quae est eorum quae non videntur,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2386 et spes, quae est eorum quae non habentur. Perfectio enim primi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2387 status non se extendebat ad hoc, ut videret Deum per essentiam, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2388 ut haberet eum cum fruitione finalis beatitudinis, unde fides et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2389 spes esse poterant in primo statu, et quantum ad habitum et quantum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2390 ad actum. Si vero imperfectio quae est de ratione virtutis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2391 alicuius, repugnat perfectioni primi status, poterat huiusmodi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2392 virtus ibi esse secundum habitum, sed non secundum actum, ut patet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2393 de poenitentia, quae est dolor de peccato commisso, et de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2394 misericordia, quae est dolor de miseria aliena; perfectioni enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2395 primi status repugnat tam dolor, quam culpa et miseria. Unde
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2396 huiusmodi virtutes erant in primo homine secundum habitum, sed non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2397 secundum actum, erat enim primus homo sic dispositus, ut si
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2398 peccatum praecessisset, doleret; et similiter si miseriam in alio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2399 videret, eam pro posse repelleret. Sicut philosophus dicit, in IV
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2400 Ethic., quod verecundia, quae est de turpi facto, <i>contingit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2401 studioso solum sub conditione, est enim sic dispositus, quod
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2402 verecundaretur si turpe aliquid committeret</i>.</p><p title="I q. 95 a. 3 ad 1"><a name="32502"><span class="ref">[32502] Iª q. 95 a. 3 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2403 dicendum quod accidit temperantiae et fortitudini quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2404 superabundantiam passionum repellat, inquantum invenit passiones
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2405 superabundantes in subiecto. Sed per se convenit huiusmodi
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2406 virtutibus passiones moderari.</p><p title="I q. 95 a. 3 ad 2"><a name="32503"><span class="ref">[32503] Iª q. 95 a. 3 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2407 dicendum quod illae passiones ad malum ordinatae, repugnant
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2408 perfectioni primi status, quae habent respectum ad malum in ipso
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2409 qui afficitur passione, ut timor et dolor. Sed passiones quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2410 respiciunt malum in altero, non repugnant perfectioni primi status,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2411 poterat enim homo in primo statu habere odio malitiam Daemonum,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2412 sicut et diligere bonitatem Dei. Unde et virtutes quae circa tales
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2413 passiones essent, possent esse in primo statu, et quantum ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2414 habitum et quantum ad actum. Quae vero sunt circa passiones
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2415 respicientes malum in eodem subiecto, si circa huiusmodi solas
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2416 passiones sunt, non poterant esse in primo statu secundum actum,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2417 sed solum secundum habitum; sicut de poenitentia et misericordia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2418 dictum est. Sed sunt quaedam virtutes quae non sunt circa has
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2419 passiones solum, sed etiam circa alias; sicut temperantia, quae non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2420 solum est circa tristitias, sed etiam circa delectationes; et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2421 fortitudo, quae non solum est circa timores, sed etiam circa
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2422 audaciam et spem. Unde poterat esse in primo statu actus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2423 temperantiae, secundum quod est moderativa delectationum; et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2424 similiter fortitudo, secundum quod est moderativa audaciae sive
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2425 spei; non autem secundum quod moderantur tristitiam et timorem.</p><p title="I q. 95 a. 3 ad 3"><a name="32504"><span class="ref">[32504] Iª q. 95 a. 3 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium patet
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2426 solutio ex his quae dicta sunt.</p><p title="I q. 95 a. 3 ad 4"><a name="32505"><span class="ref">[32505] Iª q. 95 a. 3 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2427 dicendum quod perseverantia dupliciter sumitur. Uno modo, prout est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2428 quaedam virtus, et sic significat quendam habitum, quo quis eligit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2429 perseverare in bono. Et sic Adam perseverantiam habuit. Alio modo,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2430 prout est circumstantia virtutis, et sic significat continuationem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2431 quandam virtutis absque interruptione. Et hoc modo Adam
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2432 perseverantiam non habuit.</p><p title="I q. 95 a. 3 ad 5"><a name="32506"><span class="ref">[32506] Iª q. 95 a. 3 ad 5</span></a> Ad quintum patet
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2433 responsio per ea quae dicta sunt.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 4</h3><p title="I q. 95 a. 4 arg. 1"><a name="32507"><span class="ref">[32507] Iª q. 95 a. 4 arg. 1</span></a> Ad quartum sic
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2434 proceditur. Videtur quod opera primi hominis fuerint minus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2435 efficacia ad merendum quam opera nostra. Gratia enim ex Dei
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2436 misericordia datur, quae magis indigentibus subvenit magis. Sed nos
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2437 indigemus magis gratia quam primus homo in statu innocentiae. Ergo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2438 copiosius infunditur nobis gratia. Quae cum sit radix meriti, opera
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2439 nostra efficaciora ad merendum redduntur.</p><p title="I q. 95 a. 4 arg. 2"><a name="32508"><span class="ref">[32508] Iª q. 95 a. 4 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea, ad
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2440 meritum requiritur pugna quaedam et difficultas. Dicitur enim II ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2441 Tim. II, <i>non coronabitur nisi qui legitime certaverit</i>. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2442 philosophus dicit, in II Ethic., quod <i>virtus est circa difficile
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2443 et bonum</i>. Sed nunc est maior pugna et difficultas. Ergo et
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2444 maior efficacia ad merendum.</p><p title="I q. 95 a. 4 arg. 3"><a name="32509"><span class="ref">[32509] Iª q. 95 a. 4 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2445 Magister dicit, XXIV distinctione II libri Sent., quod <i>homo non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2446 meruisset, tentationi resistendo; nunc autem meretur qui tentationi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2447 resistit</i>. Ergo efficaciora sunt opera nostra ad merendum quam
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2448 in primo statu.</p><p title="I q. 95 a. 4 s. c."><a name="32510"><span class="ref">[32510] Iª q. 95 a. 4 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2449 quia secundum hoc, homo esset melioris conditionis post
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2450 peccatum.</p><p title="I q. 95 a. 4 co."><a name="32511"><span class="ref">[32511] Iª q. 95 a. 4 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2451 quod quantitas meriti ex duobus potest pensari. Uno modo, ex radice
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2452 caritatis et gratiae. Et talis quantitas meriti respondet praemio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2453 essentiali, quod consistit in Dei fruitione, qui enim ex maiori
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2454 caritate aliquid facit, perfectius Deo fruetur. Alio modo pensari
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2455 potest quantitas meriti ex quantitate operis. Quae quidem est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2456 duplex, scilicet absoluta, et proportionalis. Vidua enim quae misit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2457 duo aera minuta in gazophylacium; minus opus fecit quantitate
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2458 absoluta, quam illi qui magna munera posuerunt, sed quantitate
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2459 proportionali vidua plus fecit, secundum sententiam domini, quia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2460 magis eius facultatem superabat. Utraque tamen quantitas meriti
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2461 respondet praemio accidentali; quod est gaudium de bono creato. Sic
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2462 igitur dicendum quod efficaciora fuissent hominis opera ad merendum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2463 in statu innocentiae quam post peccatum, si attendatur quantitas
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2464 meriti ex parte gratiae; quae tunc copiosior fuisset, nullo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2465 obstaculo in natura humana invento. Similiter etiam, si
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2466 consideretur absoluta quantitas operis, quia, cum homo esset
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2467 maioris virtutis, maiora opera fecisset. Sed si consideretur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2468 quantitas proportionalis, maior invenitur ratio meriti post
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2469 peccatum, propter hominis imbecillitatem, magis enim excedit parvum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2470 opus potestatem eius qui cum difficultate operatur illud, quam opus
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2471 magnum potestatem eius qui sine difficultate operatur.</p><p title="I q. 95 a. 4 ad 1"><a name="32512"><span class="ref">[32512] Iª q. 95 a. 4 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2472 dicendum quod homo post peccatum ad plura indiget gratia quam ante
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2473 peccatum, sed non magis. Quia homo, etiam ante peccatum, indigebat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2474 gratia ad vitam aeternam consequendam, quae est principalis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2475 necessitas gratiae. Sed homo post peccatum, super hoc, indiget
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2476 gratia etiam ad peccati remissionem, et infirmitatis
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2477 sustentationem.</p><p title="I q. 95 a. 4 ad 2"><a name="32513"><span class="ref">[32513] Iª q. 95 a. 4 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2478 dicendum quod difficultas et pugna pertinent ad quantitatem meriti,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2479 secundum quantitatem operis proportionalem, ut dictum est. Et est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2480 signum promptitudinis voluntatis, quae conatur ad id quod est sibi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2481 difficile, promptitudo autem voluntatis causatur ex magnitudine
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2482 caritatis. Et tamen potest contingere quod aliquis ita prompta
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2483 voluntate faciat opus aliquod facile, sicut alius difficile, quia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2484 paratus esset facere etiam quod sibi esset difficile. Difficultas
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2485 tamen actualis, inquantum est poenalis, habet etiam quod sit
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2486 satisfactoria pro peccato.</p><p title="I q. 95 a. 4 ad 3"><a name="32514"><span class="ref">[32514] Iª q. 95 a. 4 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2487 dicendum quod resistere tentationi primo homini non fuisset
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2488 meritorium, secundum opinionem ponentium quod gratiam non haberet;
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2489 sicut nec modo est meritorium non habenti gratiam. Sed in hoc est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2490 differentia, quia in primo statu nihil erat interius impellens ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2491 malum, sicut modo est, unde magis tunc poterat homo resistere
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2492 tentationi sine gratia, quam modo.</p></div></div><div class="q" id="q96"><h2>Quaestio 96</h2><div class="p"><h3>Prooemium</h3><p title="I q. 96 pr."><a name="32515"><span class="ref">[32515]
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2493 Iª q. 96 pr.</span></a> Deinde considerandum est de dominio
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2494 quod competebat homini in statu innocentiae. Et circa hoc
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2495 quaeruntur quatuor. Primo, utrum homo in statu innocentiae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2496 animalibus dominaretur. Secundo, utrum dominaretur omni creaturae.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2497 Tertio, utrum in statu innocentiae omnes homines fuissent aequales.
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2498 Quarto, utrum in illo statu homo hominibus dominaretur.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 1</h3><p title="I q. 96 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="32516"><span class="ref">[32516] Iª q. 96 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad primum sic
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2499 proceditur. Videtur quod Adam in statu innocentiae animalibus non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2500 dominabatur. Dicit enim Augustinus, IX super Gen. ad Litt., quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2501 ministerio Angelorum animalia sunt adducta ad Adam, ut eis nomina
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2502 imponeret. Non autem fuisset ibi necessarium Angelorum ministerium,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2503 si homo per seipsum animalibus dominabatur. Non ergo in statu
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2504 innocentiae habuit dominium homo super alia animalia.</p><p title="I q. 96 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="32517"><span class="ref">[32517] Iª q. 96 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea, ea
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2505 quae ad invicem discordant, non recte sub uno dominio congregantur.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2506 Sed multa animalia naturaliter ad invicem discordant, sicut ovis et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2507 lupus. Ergo omnia animalia sub hominis dominio non
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2508 continebantur.</p><p title="I q. 96 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="32518"><span class="ref">[32518] Iª q. 96 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2509 Hieronymus dicit quod <i>homini ante peccatum non indigenti, Deus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2510 animalium dominationem dedit, praesciebat enim hominem adminiculo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2511 animalium adiuvandum fore post lapsum</i>. Ergo ad minus usus
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2512 dominii super animalia non competebat homini ante peccatum.</p><p title="I q. 96 a. 1 arg. 4"><a name="32519"><span class="ref">[32519] Iª q. 96 a. 1 arg. 4</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2513 proprium domini esse videtur praecipere. Sed praeceptum non recte
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2514 fertur nisi ad habentem rationem. Ergo homo non habebat dominium
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2515 super animalia irrationalia.</p><p title="I q. 96 a. 1 s. c."><a name="32520"><span class="ref">[32520] Iª q. 96 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2516 quod dicitur Gen. I, de homine, <i>praesit piscibus maris, et
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2517 volatilibus caeli, et bestiis terrae</i>.</p><p title="I q. 96 a. 1 co."><a name="32521"><span class="ref">[32521] Iª q. 96 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2518 quod, sicut supra dictum est, inobedientia ad hominem eorum quae ei
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2519 debent esse subiecta, subsecuta est in poenam eius, eo quod ipse
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2520 fuit inobediens Deo. Et ideo in statu innocentiae, ante
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2521 inobedientiam praedictam, nihil ei repugnabat quod naturaliter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2522 deberet ei esse subiectum. Omnia autem animalia sunt homini
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2523 naturaliter subiecta. Quod apparet ex tribus. Primo quidem, ex ipso
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2524 naturae processu. Sicut enim in generatione rerum intelligitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2525 quidam ordo quo proceditur de imperfecto ad perfectum (nam materia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2526 est propter formam, et forma imperfectior propter perfectiorem),
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2527 ita etiam est in usu rerum naturalium, nam imperfectiora cedunt in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2528 usum perfectorum; plantae enim utuntur terra ad sui nutrimentum,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2529 animalia vero plantis, et homines plantis et animalibus. Unde
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2530 naturaliter homo dominatur animalibus. Et propter hoc philosophus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2531 dicit, in I Politic., quod venatio sylvestrium animalium est iusta
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2532 et naturalis, quia per eam homo vindicat sibi quod est naturaliter
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2533 suum. Secundo apparet hoc ex ordine divinae providentiae, quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2534 semper inferiora per superiora gubernat. Unde, cum homo sit supra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2535 cetera animalia, utpote ad imaginem Dei factus, convenienter eius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2536 gubernationi alia animalia subduntur. Tertio apparet idem ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2537 proprietate hominis, et aliorum animalium. In aliis enim animalibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2538 invenitur, secundum aestimationem naturalem, quaedam participatio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2539 prudentiae ad aliquos particulares actus, in homine autem invenitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2540 universalis prudentia, quae est ratio omnium agibilium. Omne autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2541 quod est per participationem, subditur ei quod est per essentiam et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2542 universaliter. Unde patet quod naturalis est subiectio aliorum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2543 animalium ad hominem.</p><p title="I q. 96 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="32522"><span class="ref">[32522] Iª q. 96 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2544 dicendum quod in subiectos multa potest facere superior potestas,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2545 quae non potest facere inferior. Angelus autem est naturaliter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2546 superior homine. Unde aliquis effectus poterat fieri circa animalia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2547 virtute angelica, qui non poterat fieri potestate humana; scilicet
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2548 quod statim omnia animalia congregarentur.</p><p title="I q. 96 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="32523"><span class="ref">[32523] Iª q. 96 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2549 dicendum quod quidam dicunt quod animalia quae nunc sunt ferocia et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2550 occidunt alia animalia, in statu illo fuissent mansueta non solum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2551 circa hominem, sed etiam circa alia animalia. Sed hoc est omnino
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2552 irrationabile. Non enim per peccatum hominis natura animalium est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2553 mutata, ut quibus nunc naturale est comedere aliorum animalium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2554 carnes, tunc vixissent de herbis, sicut leones et falcones. Nec
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2555 Glossa Bedae dicit, Gen. I, quod ligna et herbae datae sunt omnibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2556 animalibus et avibus in cibum, sed quibusdam. Fuisset ergo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2557 naturalis discordia inter quaedam animalia. Nec tamen propter hoc
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2558 subtraherentur dominio hominis; sicut nec nunc propter hoc
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2559 subtrahuntur dominio Dei, cuius providentia hoc totum dispensatur.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2560 Et huius providentiae homo executor fuisset, ut etiam nunc apparet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2561 in animalibus domesticis, ministrantur enim falconibus domesticis
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2562 per homines gallinae in cibum.</p><p title="I q. 96 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="32524"><span class="ref">[32524] Iª q. 96 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2563 dicendum quod homines in statu innocentiae non indigebant
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2564 animalibus ad necessitatem corporalem, neque ad tegumentum, quia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2565 nudi erant, et non erubescebant, nullo instante inordinatae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2566 concupiscentiae motu; neque ad cibum, quia lignis Paradisi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2567 vescebantur; neque ad vehiculum, propter corporis robur. Indigebant
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2568 tamen eis ad experimentalem cognitionem sumendam de naturis eorum.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2569 Quod significatum est per hoc, quod Deus ad eum animalia adduxit,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2570 ut eis nomina imponeret, quae eorum naturas designant.</p><p title="I q. 96 a. 1 ad 4"><a name="32525"><span class="ref">[32525] Iª q. 96 a. 1 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2571 dicendum quod alia animalia habent quandam participationem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2572 prudentiae et rationis secundum aestimationem naturalem; ex qua
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2573 contingit quod grues sequuntur ducem, et apes obediunt regi. Et sic
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2574 tunc omnia animalia per seipsa homini obedivissent, sicut nunc
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2575 quaedam domestica ei obediunt.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 2</h3><p title="I q. 96 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="32526"><span class="ref">[32526] Iª q. 96 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad secundum sic
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2576 proceditur. Videtur quod homo non habuisset dominium super omnes
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2577 alias creaturas. Angelus enim naturaliter est maioris potestatis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2578 quam homo. Sed, sicut dicit Augustinus III de Trin., <i>materia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2579 corporalis non obedivisset ad nutum etiam sanctis Angelis</i>. Ergo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2580 multo minus homini in statu innocentiae.</p><p title="I q. 96 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="32527"><span class="ref">[32527] Iª q. 96 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea, in
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2581 plantis non sunt de viribus animae nisi nutritiva et augmentativa
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2582 et generativa. Hae autem non sunt natae obedire rationi; ut in uno
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2583 et eodem homine apparet. Ergo, cum dominium competat homini
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2584 secundum rationem, videtur quod plantis homo in statu innocentiae
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2585 non dominaretur.</p><p title="I q. 96 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="32528"><span class="ref">[32528] Iª q. 96 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2586 quicumque dominatur alicui rei, potest illam rem mutare. Sed homo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2587 non potuisset mutare cursum caelestium corporum, hoc enim solius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2588 Dei est, ut Dionysius dicit in epistola ad Polycarpum. Ergo non
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2589 dominabatur eis.</p><p title="I q. 96 a. 2 s. c."><a name="32529"><span class="ref">[32529] Iª q. 96 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2590 quod dicitur Gen. I, de homine, <i>praesit universae
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2591 creaturae</i>.</p><p title="I q. 96 a. 2 co."><a name="32530"><span class="ref">[32530] Iª q. 96 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2592 quod in homine quodammodo sunt omnia, et ideo secundum modum quo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2593 dominatur his quae in seipso sunt, secundum hunc modum competit ei
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2594 dominari aliis. Est autem in homine quatuor considerare, scilicet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2595 rationem, secundum quam convenit cum Angelis; vires sensitivas,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2596 secundum quas convenit cum animalibus; vires naturales, secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2597 quas convenit cum plantis; et ipsum corpus, secundum quod convenit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2598 cum rebus inanimatis. Ratio autem in homine habet locum dominantis,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2599 et non subiecti dominio. Unde homo Angelis non dominabatur in primo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2600 statu, et quod dicitur omni creaturae, intelligitur quae non est ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2601 imaginem Dei. Viribus autem sensitivis, sicut irascibili et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2602 concupiscibili, quae aliqualiter obediunt rationi, dominatur anima
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2603 imperando. Unde et in statu innocentiae animalibus aliis per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2604 imperium dominabatur. Viribus autem naturalibus, et ipsi corpori,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2605 homo dominatur non quidem imperando, sed utendo. Et sic etiam homo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2606 in statu innocentiae dominabatur plantis et rebus inanimatis, non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2607 per imperium vel immutationem, sed absque impedimento utendo eorum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2608 auxilio.</p><p title="I q. 96 a. 2 ad arg."><a name="32531"><span class="ref">[32531] Iª q. 96 a. 2 ad arg.</span></a> Et per hoc
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2609 patet responsio ad obiecta.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 3</h3><p title="I q. 96 a. 3 arg. 1"><a name="32532"><span class="ref">[32532] Iª q. 96 a. 3 arg. 1</span></a> Ad tertium sic
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2610 proceditur. Videtur quod homines in statu innocentiae omnes
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2611 fuissent aequales. Dicit enim Gregorius quod, <i>ubi non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2612 delinquimus, omnes pares sumus</i>. Sed in statu innocentiae non
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2613 erat delictum. Ergo omnes erant pares.</p><p title="I q. 96 a. 3 arg. 2"><a name="32533"><span class="ref">[32533] Iª q. 96 a. 3 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2614 similitudo et aequalitas est ratio mutuae dilectionis; secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2615 illud Eccli. XIII, <i>omne animal diligit sibi simile, sic et omnis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2616 homo proximum sibi</i>. In illo autem statu inter homines abundabat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2617 dilectio, quae est vinculum pacis. Ergo omnes fuissent pares in
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2618 statu innocentiae.</p><p title="I q. 96 a. 3 arg. 3"><a name="32534"><span class="ref">[32534] Iª q. 96 a. 3 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2619 cessante causa, cessat effectus. Sed causa inaequalitatis inter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2620 homines videtur nunc esse, ex parte quidem Dei, quod quosdam pro
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2621 meritis praemiat, quosdam vero punit, ex parte vero naturae, quia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2622 propter naturae defectum quidam nascuntur debiles et orbati, quidam
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2623 autem fortes et perfecti. Quae in primo statu non fuissent.</p><p title="I q. 96 a. 3 s. c."><a name="32535"><span class="ref">[32535] Iª q. 96 a. 3 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2624 quod dicitur Rom. XIII, <i>quae a Deo sunt, ordinata sunt</i>. Ordo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2625 autem maxime videtur in disparitate consistere, dicit enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2626 Augustinus, XIX de Civ. Dei, <i>ordo est parium dispariumque rerum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2627 sua cuique loca tribuens dispositio</i>. Ergo in primo statu, qui
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2628 decentissimus fuisset, disparitas inveniretur.</p><p title="I q. 96 a. 3 co."><a name="32536"><span class="ref">[32536] Iª q. 96 a. 3 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2629 quod necesse est dicere aliquam disparitatem in primo statu fuisse,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2630 ad minus quantum ad sexum, quia sine diversitate sexus, generatio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2631 non fuisset. Similiter etiam quantum ad aetatem, sic enim quidam ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2632 aliis nascebantur; nec illi qui miscebantur, steriles erant. Sed et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2633 secundum animam diversitas fuisset, et quantum ad iustitiam et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2634 quantum ad scientiam. Non enim ex necessitate homo operabatur, sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2635 per liberum arbitrium; ex quo homo habet quod possit magis et minus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2636 animum applicare ad aliquid faciendum vel volendum vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2637 cognoscendum. Unde quidam magis profecissent in iustitia et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2638 scientia quam alii. Ex parte etiam corporis, poterat esse
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2639 disparitas. Non enim erat exemptum corpus humanum totaliter a
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2640 legibus naturae, quin ex exterioribus agentibus aliquod commodum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2641 aut auxilium reciperet magis et minus, cum etiam et cibis eorum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2642 vita sustentaretur. Et sic nihil prohibet dicere quin secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2643 diversam dispositionem aeris et diversum situm stellarum, aliqui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2644 robustiores corpore generarentur quam alii, et maiores et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2645 pulchriores et melius complexionati. Ita tamen quod in illis qui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2646 excederentur, nullus esset defectus sive peccatum, sive circa
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2647 animam sive circa corpus.</p><p title="I q. 96 a. 3 ad 1"><a name="32537"><span class="ref">[32537] Iª q. 96 a. 3 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2648 dicendum quod Gregorius per verba illa intendit excludere
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2649 disparitatem quae est secundum differentiam iustitiae et peccati;
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2650 ex qua contingit quod aliqui poenaliter sunt sub aliis
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2651 coercendi.</p><p title="I q. 96 a. 3 ad 2"><a name="32538"><span class="ref">[32538] Iª q. 96 a. 3 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2652 dicendum quod aequalitas est causa quod dilectio mutua sit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2653 aequalis. Sed tamen inter inaequales potest esse maior dilectio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2654 quam inter aequales, licet non aequaliter utrinque respondeat.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2655 Pater enim plus diligit filium naturaliter, quam frater fratrem;
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2656 licet filius non tantundem diligat patrem, sicut ab eo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2657 diligitur.</p><p title="I q. 96 a. 3 ad 3"><a name="32539"><span class="ref">[32539] Iª q. 96 a. 3 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2658 dicendum quod causa disparitatis poterat esse et ex parte Dei, non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2659 quidem ut puniret quosdam et quosdam praemiaret; sed ut quosdam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2660 plus, quosdam minus sublimaret, ut pulchritudo ordinis magis in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2661 hominibus reluceret. Et etiam ex parte naturae poterat disparitas
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2662 causari secundum praedictum modum, absque aliquo defectu
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2663 naturae.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 4</h3><p title="I q. 96 a. 4 arg. 1"><a name="32540"><span class="ref">[32540] Iª q. 96 a. 4 arg. 1</span></a> Ad quartum sic
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2664 proceditur. Videtur quod homo in statu innocentiae homini non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2665 dominabatur. Dicit enim Augustinus, XIX de Civ. Dei, <i>hominem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2666 rationalem, ad imaginem suam factum, non voluit Deus nisi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2667 irrationabilibus dominari; non hominem homini, sed hominem
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2668 pecori</i>.</p><p title="I q. 96 a. 4 arg. 2"><a name="32541"><span class="ref">[32541] Iª q. 96 a. 4 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea, illud
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2669 quod est introductum in poenam peccati, non fuisset in statu
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2670 innocentiae. Sed hominem subesse homini, introductum est in poenam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2671 peccati, dictum est enim mulieri post peccatum, sub potestate viri
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2672 eris, ut dicitur Gen. III. Ergo in statu innocentiae non erat homo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2673 homini subiectus.</p><p title="I q. 96 a. 4 arg. 3"><a name="32542"><span class="ref">[32542] Iª q. 96 a. 4 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2674 subiectio libertati opponitur. Sed libertas est unum de praecipuis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2675 bonis, quod in statu innocentiae non defuisset, quando nihil aberat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2676 quod bona voluntas cupere posset, ut Augustinus dicit XIV de Civ.
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2677 Dei. Ergo homo homini in statu innocentiae non dominabatur.</p><p title="I q. 96 a. 4 s. c."><a name="32543"><span class="ref">[32543] Iª q. 96 a. 4 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2678 conditio hominum in statu innocentiae non erat dignior quam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2679 conditio Angelorum. Sed inter Angelos quidam aliis dominantur, unde
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2680 et unus ordo dominationum vocatur. Ergo non est contra dignitatem
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2681 status innocentiae, quod homo homini dominaretur.</p><p title="I q. 96 a. 4 co."><a name="32544"><span class="ref">[32544] Iª q. 96 a. 4 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2682 quod dominium accipitur dupliciter. Uno modo, secundum quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2683 opponitur servituti, et sic dominus dicitur cui aliquis subditur ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2684 servus. Alio modo accipitur dominium, secundum quod communiter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2685 refertur ad subiectum qualitercumque, et sic etiam ille qui habet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2686 officium gubernandi et dirigendi liberos, dominus dici potest.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2687 Primo ergo modo accepto dominio, in statu innocentiae homo homini
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2688 non dominaretur, sed secundo modo accepto dominio, in statu
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2689 innocentiae homo homini dominari potuisset. Cuius ratio est, quia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2690 servus in hoc differt a libero, quod liber est causa sui, ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2691 dicitur in principio Metaphys.; servus autem ordinatur ad alium.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2692 Tunc ergo aliquis dominatur alicui ut servo, quando eum cui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2693 dominatur ad propriam utilitatem sui, scilicet dominantis, refert.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2694 Et quia unicuique est appetibile proprium bonum, et per consequens
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2695 contristabile est unicuique quod illud bonum quod deberet esse
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2696 suum, cedat alteri tantum; ideo tale dominium non potest esse sine
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2697 poena subiectorum. Propter quod, in statu innocentiae non fuisset
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2698 tale dominium hominis ad hominem. Tunc vero dominatur aliquis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2699 alteri ut libero, quando dirigit ipsum ad proprium bonum eius qui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2700 dirigitur, vel ad bonum commune. Et tale dominium hominis, ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2701 hominem in statu innocentiae fuisset, propter duo. Primo quidem,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2702 quia homo naturaliter est animal sociale, unde homines in statu
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2703 innocentiae socialiter vixissent. Socialis autem vita multorum esse
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2704 non posset, nisi aliquis praesideret, qui ad bonum commune
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2705 intenderet, multi enim per se intendunt ad multa, unus vero ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2706 unum. Et ideo philosophus dicit, in principio Politic., quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2707 quandocumque multa ordinantur ad unum, semper invenitur unum ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2708 principale et dirigens. Secundo quia, si unus homo habuisset super
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2709 alium supereminentiam scientiae et iustitiae, inconveniens fuisset
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2710 nisi hoc exequeretur in utilitatem aliorum; secundum quod dicitur I
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2711 Petr. IV, <i>unusquisque gratiam quam accepit, in alterutrum illam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2712 administrantes</i>. Unde Augustinus dicit, XIX de Civ. Dei, quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2713 <i>iusti non dominandi cupiditate imperant, sed officio consulendi,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2714 hoc naturalis ordo praescribit, ita Deus hominem condidit</i>.</p><p title="I q. 96 a. 4 ad arg."><a name="32545"><span class="ref">[32545] Iª q. 96 a. 4 ad arg.</span></a> Et per hoc
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2715 patet responsio ad omnia obiecta, quae procedunt de primo modo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2716 dominii.</p></div></div><div class="q" id="q97"><h2>Quaestio 97</h2><div class="p"><h3>Prooemium</h3><p title="I q. 97 pr."><a name="32546"><span class="ref">[32546]
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2717 Iª q. 97 pr.</span></a> Deinde considerandum est de his quae
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2718 pertinent ad statum primi hominis secundum corpus. Et primo,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2719 quantum ad conservationem individui; secundo, quantum ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2720 conservationem speciei. Circa primum quaeruntur quatuor. Primo,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2721 utrum homo in statu innocentiae esset immortalis. Secundo, utrum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2722 esset impassibilis. Tertio, utrum indigeret cibis. Quarto, utrum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2723 per lignum vitae immortalitatem consequeretur.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 1</h3><p title="I q. 97 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="32547"><span class="ref">[32547] Iª q. 97 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad primum sic
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2724 proceditur. Videtur quod homo in statu innocentiae non erat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2725 immortalis. Mortale enim ponitur in definitione hominis. Sed remota
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2726 definitione, aufertur definitum. Ergo si homo erat, non poterat
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2727 esse immortalis.</p><p title="I q. 97 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="32548"><span class="ref">[32548] Iª q. 97 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2728 corruptibile et incorruptibile genere differunt, ut dicitur in X
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2729 Metaphys. Sed eorum quae differunt genere, non est transmutatio in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2730 invicem. Si ergo primus homo fuit incorruptibilis, non posset homo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2731 in statu isto esse corruptibilis.</p><p title="I q. 97 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="32549"><span class="ref">[32549] Iª q. 97 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea, si
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2732 homo in statu innocentiae fuit immortalis, aut hoc habuit per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2733 naturam, aut per gratiam. Sed non per naturam, quia, cum natura
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2734 eadem maneat secundum speciem, nunc quoque esset immortalis.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2735 Similiter nec per gratiam, quia primus homo gratiam per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2736 poenitentiam recuperavit, secundum illud Sap. X, <i>eduxit illum a
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2737 delicto suo</i>; ergo immortalitatem recuperasset; quod patet esse
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2738 falsum. Non ergo homo erat immortalis in statu innocentiae.</p><p title="I q. 97 a. 1 arg. 4"><a name="32550"><span class="ref">[32550] Iª q. 97 a. 1 arg. 4</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2739 immortalitas promittitur homini in praemium; secundum illud Apoc.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2740 XXI, <i>mors ultra non erit</i>. Sed homo non fuit conditus in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2741 statu praemii, sed ut praemium mereretur. Ergo homo in statu
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2742 innocentiae non fuit immortalis.</p><p title="I q. 97 a. 1 s. c."><a name="32551"><span class="ref">[32551] Iª q. 97 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2743 quod dicitur ad Rom. V, quod <i>per peccatum intravit mors in
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2744 mundum</i>. Ergo ante peccatum homo erat immortalis.</p><p title="I q. 97 a. 1 co."><a name="32552"><span class="ref">[32552] Iª q. 97 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2745 quod aliquid potest dici incorruptibile tripliciter. Uno modo, ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2746 parte materiae, eo scilicet quod vel non habet materiam, sicut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2747 Angelus; vel habet materiam quae non est in potentia nisi ad unam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2748 formam, sicut corpus caeleste. Et hoc dicitur secundum naturam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2749 incorruptibile. Alio modo dicitur aliquid incorruptibile ex parte
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2750 formae, quia scilicet rei corruptibili per naturam, inhaeret aliqua
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2751 dispositio per quam totaliter a corruptione prohibetur. Et hoc
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2752 dicitur incorruptibile secundum gloriam, quia, ut dicit Augustinus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2753 in epistola ad Dioscorum, <i>tam potenti natura Deus fecit animam,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2754 ut ex eius beatitudine redundet in corpus plenitudo sanitatis</i>,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2755 idest incorruptionis vigor. Tertio modo dicitur aliquid
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2756 incorruptibile ex parte causae efficientis. Et hoc modo homo in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2757 statu innocentiae fuisset incorruptibilis et immortalis. Quia, ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2758 Augustinus dicit in libro de quaest. Vet. et Nov. Test., <i>Deus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2759 hominem fecit, qui quandiu non peccaret, immortalitate vigeret, ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2760 ipse sibi auctor esset aut ad vitam aut ad mortem</i>. Non enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2761 corpus eius erat indissolubile per aliquem immortalitatis vigorem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2762 in eo existentem; sed inerat animae vis quaedam supernaturaliter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2763 divinitus data, per quam poterat corpus ab omni corruptione
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2764 praeservare, quandiu ipsa Deo subiecta mansisset. Quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2765 rationabiliter factum est. Quia enim anima rationalis excedit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2766 proportionem corporalis materiae, ut supra dictum est. Conveniens
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2767 fuit ut in principio ei virtus daretur, per quam corpus conservare
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2768 posset supra naturam corporalis materiae.</p><p title="I q. 97 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="32553"><span class="ref">[32553] Iª q. 97 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo et
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2769 secundum dicendum quod rationes illae procedunt de incorruptibili
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2770 et immortali per naturam.</p><p title="I q. 97 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="32554"><span class="ref">[32554] Iª q. 97 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2771 dicendum quod vis illa praeservandi corpus a corruptione, non erat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2772 animae humanae naturalis, sed per donum gratiae. Et quamvis gratiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2773 recuperaverit ad remissionem culpae et meritum gloriae, non tamen
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2774 ad amissae immortalitatis effectum. Hoc enim reservabatur Christo,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2775 per quem naturae defectus in melius reparandus erat, ut infra
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2776 dicetur.</p><p title="I q. 97 a. 1 ad 4"><a name="32555"><span class="ref">[32555] Iª q. 97 a. 1 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2777 dicendum quod differt immortalitas gloriae, quae promittitur in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2778 praemium, ab immortalitate quae fuit homini collata in statu
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2779 innocentiae.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 2</h3><p title="I q. 97 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="32556"><span class="ref">[32556] Iª q. 97 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad secundum sic
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2780 proceditur. Videtur quod homo in statu innocentiae fuisset
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2781 passibilis. Sentire enim est pati quoddam. Sed homo in statu
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2782 innocentiae fuisset sensibilis. Ergo fuisset passibilis.</p><p title="I q. 97 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="32557"><span class="ref">[32557] Iª q. 97 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2783 somnus passio quaedam est. Sed homo in statu innocentiae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2784 dormivisset; secundum illud Gen. II, <i>immisit Deus soporem in
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2785 Adam</i>. Ergo fuisset passibilis.</p><p title="I q. 97 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="32558"><span class="ref">[32558] Iª q. 97 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2786 ibidem subditur quod tulit unam de costis eius. Ergo fuisset
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2787 passibilis etiam per abscissionem partis.</p><p title="I q. 97 a. 2 arg. 4"><a name="32559"><span class="ref">[32559] Iª q. 97 a. 2 arg. 4</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2788 corpus hominis molle fuit. Sed molle naturaliter passivum est a
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2789 duro. Ergo si corpori primi hominis obvium fuisset aliquod corpus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2790 durum, ab eo passum fuisset. Et sic primus homo fuit
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2791 passibilis.</p><p title="I q. 97 a. 2 s. c."><a name="32560"><span class="ref">[32560] Iª q. 97 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2792 quia, si fuit passibilis, fuit etiam corruptibilis, quia passio,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2793 magis facta, abiicit a substantia.</p><p title="I q. 97 a. 2 co."><a name="32561"><span class="ref">[32561] Iª q. 97 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2794 quod passio dupliciter dicitur. Uno modo, proprie, et sic pati
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2795 dicitur quod a sua naturali dispositione removetur. Passio enim est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2796 effectus actionis, in rebus autem naturalibus contraria agunt et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2797 patiuntur ad invicem, quorum unum removet alterum a sua naturali
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2798 dispositione. Alio modo, dicitur passio communiter, secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2799 quamcumque mutationem, etiam si pertineat ad perfectionem naturae;
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2800 sicut intelligere vel sentire dicitur pati quoddam. Hoc igitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2801 secundo modo, homo in statu innocentiae passibilis erat, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2802 patiebatur, et secundum animam et secundum corpus. Primo autem modo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2803 dicta passione, erat impassibilis et secundum animam et secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2804 corpus, sicut et immortalis, poterat enim passionem prohibere,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2805 sicut et mortem, si absque peccato perstitisset.</p><p title="I q. 97 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="32562"><span class="ref">[32562] Iª q. 97 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Et per hoc patet
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2806 responsio ad duo prima. Nam sentire et dormire non removent hominem
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2807 a naturali dispositione, sed ad bonum naturae ordinantur.</p><p title="I q. 97 a. 2 ad 3"><a name="32563"><span class="ref">[32563] Iª q. 97 a. 2 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2808 dicendum quod, sicut supra dictum est, costa illa fuit in Adam,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2809 inquantum erat principium humani generis; sicut semen est in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2810 homine, inquantum est principium per generationem. Sicut igitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2811 decisio seminis non est cum passione quae removeat hominem a
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2812 naturali dispositione, ita etiam est dicendum de separatione illius
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2813 costae.</p><p title="I q. 97 a. 2 ad 4"><a name="32564"><span class="ref">[32564] Iª q. 97 a. 2 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2814 dicendum quod corpus hominis in statu innocentiae poterat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2815 praeservari ne pateretur laesionem ab aliquo duro, partim quidem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2816 per propriam rationem, per quam poterat nociva vitare; partim etiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2817 per divinam providentiam, quae sic ipsum tuebatur, ut nihil ei
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2818 occurreret ex improviso, a quo laederetur.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 3</h3><p title="I q. 97 a. 3 arg. 1"><a name="32565"><span class="ref">[32565] Iª q. 97 a. 3 arg. 1</span></a> Ad tertium sic
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2819 proceditur. Videtur quod homo in statu innocentiae non indigebat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2820 cibis. Cibus enim necessarius est homini ad restaurationem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2821 deperditi. Sed in corpore Adae, ut videtur, nulla fiebat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2822 deperditio, quia incorruptibile erat. Ergo non erat ei cibus
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2823 necessarius.</p><p title="I q. 97 a. 3 arg. 2"><a name="32566"><span class="ref">[32566] Iª q. 97 a. 3 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea, cibus
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2824 est necessarius ad nutriendum. Sed nutritio non est sine passione.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2825 Cum ergo corpus hominis esset impassibile, non erat ei cibus
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2826 necessarius, ut videtur.</p><p title="I q. 97 a. 3 arg. 3"><a name="32567"><span class="ref">[32567] Iª q. 97 a. 3 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea, cibus
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2827 dicitur esse nobis necessarius ad vitae conservationem. Sed Adam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2828 aliter vitam poterat conservare, quia si non peccaret, non
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2829 moreretur. Ergo cibus non erat ei necessarius.</p><p title="I q. 97 a. 3 arg. 4"><a name="32568"><span class="ref">[32568] Iª q. 97 a. 3 arg. 4</span></a> Praeterea, ad
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2830 sumptionem cibi sequitur emissio superfluitatum, quae habent
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2831 quandam turpitudinem non convenientem dignitati primi status. Ergo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2832 videtur quod homo in primo statu cibis non uteretur.</p><p title="I q. 97 a. 3 s. c."><a name="32569"><span class="ref">[32569] Iª q. 97 a. 3 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2833 quod dicitur Gen. II, <i>de omni ligno quod est in Paradiso,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2834 comedetis</i>.</p><p title="I q. 97 a. 3 co."><a name="32570"><span class="ref">[32570] Iª q. 97 a. 3 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2835 quod homo in statu innocentiae habuit vitam animalem cibis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2836 indigentem; post resurrectionem vero habebit vitam spiritualem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2837 cibis non indigentem. Ad cuius evidentiam, considerandum est quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2838 anima rationalis et anima est et spiritus. Dicitur autem esse anima
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2839 secundum illud quod est sibi commune et aliis animabus, quod est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2840 vitam corpori dare, unde dicitur Gen. II, <i>factus est homo in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2841 animam viventem</i>, idest vitam corpori dantem. Sed spiritus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2842 dicitur secundum illud quod est proprium sibi et non aliis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2843 animabus, quod scilicet habeat virtutem intellectivam immaterialem.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2844 In primo igitur statu anima rationalis communicabat corpori id quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2845 competit ei inquantum est anima, et ideo corpus illud dicebatur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2846 animale, inquantum scilicet habebat vitam ab anima. Primum autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2847 principium vitae in istis inferioribus, ut dicitur in libro de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2848 anima, est anima vegetabilis, cuius opera sunt alimento uti et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2849 generare et augeri. Et ideo haec opera homini in primo statu
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2850 competebant. In ultimo vero statu post resurrectionem, anima
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2851 communicabit quodammodo corpori ea quae sunt sibi propria inquantum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2852 est spiritus, immortalitatem quidem, quantum ad omnes;
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2853 impassibilitatem vero et gloriam et virtutem, quantum ad bonos,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2854 quorum corpora spiritualia dicentur. Unde post resurrectionem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2855 homines cibis non indigebunt, sed in statu innocentiae eis
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2856 indigebant.</p><p title="I q. 97 a. 3 ad 1"><a name="32571"><span class="ref">[32571] Iª q. 97 a. 3 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2857 dicendum quod, sicut dicit Augustinus in libro de quaest. Vet. et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2858 Nov. Test., <i>quomodo immortale corpus habebat, quod cibo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2859 sustentabatur? Immortale enim non eget esca neque potu</i>. Dictum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2860 est enim supra quod immortalitas primi status erat secundum vim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2861 quandam supernaturalem in anima residentem; non autem secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2862 aliquam dispositionem corpori inhaerentem. Unde per actionem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2863 caloris aliquid de humido illius corporis poterat deperdi; et ne
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2864 totaliter consumeretur, necesse erat per assumptionem cibi homini
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2865 subveniri.</p><p title="I q. 97 a. 3 ad 2"><a name="32572"><span class="ref">[32572] Iª q. 97 a. 3 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2866 dicendum quod in nutritione est quaedam passio et alteratio,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2867 scilicet ex parte alimenti, quod convertitur in substantiam eius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2868 quod alitur. Unde ex hoc non potest concludi quod corpus hominis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2869 fuerit passibile, sed quod cibus assumptus erat passibilis. Quamvis
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2870 etiam talis passio esset ad perfectionem naturae.</p><p title="I q. 97 a. 3 ad 3"><a name="32573"><span class="ref">[32573] Iª q. 97 a. 3 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2871 dicendum quod, si homo sibi non subveniret de cibo, peccaret; sicut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2872 peccavit sumendo vetitum cibum. Simul enim sibi praeceptum fuit ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2873 a ligno scientiae boni et mali abstineret, et ut de omni alio ligno
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2874 Paradisi vesceretur.</p><p title="I q. 97 a. 3 ad 4"><a name="32574"><span class="ref">[32574] Iª q. 97 a. 3 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2875 dicendum quod quidam dicunt quod homo in statu innocentiae non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2876 assumpsisset de cibo nisi quantum fuisset ei necessarium, unde non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2877 fuisset ibi superfluitatum emissio. Sed hoc irrationabile videtur,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2878 quod in cibo assumpto non esset aliqua faeculentia, quae non esset
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2879 apta ut converteretur in hominis nutrimentum. Unde oportebat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2880 superfluitates emitti. Tamen fuisset divinitus provisum ut nulla ex
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2881 hoc indecentia esset.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 4</h3><p title="I q. 97 a. 4 arg. 1"><a name="32575"><span class="ref">[32575] Iª q. 97 a. 4 arg. 1</span></a> Ad quartum sic
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2882 proceditur. Videtur quod lignum vitae non poterat esse causa
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2883 immortalitatis. Nihil enim potest agere ultra suam speciem,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2884 effectus enim non excedit causam. Sed lignum vitae erat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2885 corruptibile, alioquin non potuisset in nutrimentum assumi, quia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2886 alimentum convertitur in substantiam nutriti, ut dictum est. Ergo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2887 lignum vitae incorruptibilitatem seu immortalitatem conferre non
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2888 poterat.</p><p title="I q. 97 a. 4 arg. 2"><a name="32576"><span class="ref">[32576] Iª q. 97 a. 4 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2889 effectus qui causantur a virtutibus plantarum et aliarum naturalium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2890 rerum, sunt naturales. Si ergo lignum vitae immortalitatem
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2891 causasset, fuisset illa immortalitas naturalis.</p><p title="I q. 97 a. 4 arg. 3"><a name="32577"><span class="ref">[32577] Iª q. 97 a. 4 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea, hoc
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2892 videtur redire in fabulas antiquorum, qui dixerunt quod dii qui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2893 comedebant de quodam cibo, facti sunt immortales, quos irridet
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2894 philosophus in III Metaphys.</p><p title="I q. 97 a. 4 s. c. 1"><a name="32578"><span class="ref">[32578] Iª q. 97 a. 4 s. c. 1</span></a> Sed contra est
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2895 quod dicitur Gen. III, <i>ne forte mittat manum suam et sumat de
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2896 ligno vitae, et comedat et vivat in aeternum</i>.</p><p title="I q. 97 a. 4 s. c. 2"><a name="32579"><span class="ref">[32579] Iª q. 97 a. 4 s. c. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2897 Augustinus in libro de quaest. Vet. et Nov. Test., dicit, <i>gustus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2898 arboris vitae corruptionem corporis inhibebat, denique etiam post
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2899 peccatum potuit insolubilis manere, si permissum esset illi edere
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2900 de arbore vitae</i>.</p><p title="I q. 97 a. 4 co."><a name="32580"><span class="ref">[32580] Iª q. 97 a. 4 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2901 quod lignum vitae quodammodo immortalitatem causabat, non autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2902 simpliciter. Ad cuius evidentiam, considerandum est quod duo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2903 remedia ad conservationem vitae habebat homo in primo statu, contra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2904 duos defectus. Primus enim defectus est deperditio humidi per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2905 actionem caloris naturalis, qui est animae instrumentum. Et contra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2906 hunc defectum subveniebatur homini per esum aliorum lignorum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2907 Paradisi, sicut et nunc subvenitur nobis, per cibos quos sumimus.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2908 Secundus autem defectus est quia, ut philosophus dicit I de
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2909 Generat., illud quod generatur ex aliquo extraneo, adiunctum ei
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2910 quod prius erat humido praeexistenti, imminuit virtutem activam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2911 speciei, sicut aqua adiuncta vino, primo quidem convertitur in
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2912 saporem vini, sed secundum quod magis et magis additur, diminuit
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2913 vini fortitudinem, et tandem vinum fit aquosum. Sic igitur videmus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2914 quod in principio virtus activa speciei est adeo fortis, quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2915 potest convertere de alimento non solum quod sufficit ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2916 restaurationem deperditi, sed etiam quod sufficit ad augmentum.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2917 Postmodum vero quod aggeneratur non sufficit ad augmentum, sed
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2918 solum ad restaurationem deperditi. Tandem vero, in statu
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2919 senectutis, nec ad hoc sufficit, unde sequitur decrementum, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2920 finaliter naturalis dissolutio corporis. Et contra hunc defectum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2921 subveniebatur homini per lignum vitae, habebat enim virtutem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2922 fortificandi virtutem speciei contra debilitatem provenientem ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2923 admixtione extranei. Unde Augustinus dicit, in XIV de Civ. Dei,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2924 quod <i>cibus aderat homini ne esuriret, potus ne sitiret, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2925 lignum vitae ne senectus eum dissolveret</i>. Et in libro de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2926 quaest. Vet. et Nov. Test., dicit quod <i>vitae arbor medicinae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2927 modo corruptionem hominum prohibebat</i>. Non tamen simpliciter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2928 immortalitatem causabat. Quia neque virtus quae inerat animae ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2929 conservandum corpus, causabatur ex ligno vitae, neque etiam poterat
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2930 immortalitatis dispositionem corpori praestare, ut nunquam dissolvi
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2931 posset. Quod ex hoc patet, quia virtus cuiuscumque corporis est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2932 finita. Unde non poterat virtus ligni vitae ad hoc se extendere ut
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2933 daret corpori virtutem Durandi tempore infinito, sed usque ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2934 determinatum tempus. Manifestum est enim quod, quanto aliqua virtus
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2935 est maior, tanto imprimit durabiliorem effectum. Unde cum virtus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2936 ligni vitae esset finita, semel sumptum praeservabat a corruptione
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2937 usque ad determinatum tempus; quo finito, vel homo translatus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2938 fuisset ad spiritualem vitam, vel indiguisset iterum sumere de
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2939 ligno vitae.</p><p title="I q. 97 a. 4 ad 1"><a name="32581"><span class="ref">[32581] Iª q. 97 a. 4 ad 1</span></a> Et per hoc patet
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2940 responsio ab obiecta. Nam primae rationes concludunt quod non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2941 causabat incorruptibilitatem simpliciter. Aliae vero concludunt
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2942 quod causabat incorruptibilitatem impediendo corruptionem, secundum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2943 modum praedictum.</p></div></div><div class="q" id="q98"><h2>Quaestio 98</h2><div class="p"><h3>Prooemium</h3><p title="I q. 98 pr."><a name="32582"><span class="ref">[32582]
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2944 Iª q. 98 pr.</span></a> Deinde considerandum est de his quae
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2945 pertinent ad conservationem speciei. Et primo, de ipsa generatione;
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2946 secundo, de conditione prolis genitae. Circa primum quaeruntur duo.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2947 Primo, utrum in statu innocentiae fuisset generatio. Secundo, utrum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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diff changeset
2948 fuisset generatio per coitum.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 1</h3><p title="I q. 98 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="32583"><span class="ref">[32583] Iª q. 98 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad primum sic
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2949 proceditur. Videtur quod in statu innocentiae non fuisset
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2950 generatio. Generationi enim corruptio est contraria, ut dicitur in
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2951 V Physic. Contraria autem sunt circa idem. In statu autem
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2952 innocentiae non fuisset corruptio. Ergo neque generatio.</p><p title="I q. 98 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="32584"><span class="ref">[32584] Iª q. 98 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2953 generatio ordinatur ad hoc quod conservetur in specie quod secundum
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2954 individuum conservari non potest, unde et in illis individuis quae
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2955 in perpetuum durant, generatio non invenitur. Sed in statu
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2956 innocentiae homo in perpetuum absque morte vixisset. Ergo in statu
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2957 innocentiae generatio, non fuisset.</p><p title="I q. 98 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="32585"><span class="ref">[32585] Iª q. 98 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea, per
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2958 generationem homines multiplicantur. Sed multiplicatis dominis,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2959 necesse est fieri possessionum divisionem, ad evitandam confusionem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2960 dominii. Ergo, cum homo sit institutus dominus animalium, facta
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2961 multiplicatione humani generis per generationem, secuta fuisset
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2962 divisio dominii. Quod videtur esse contrarium iuri naturali,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2963 secundum quod omnia sunt communia, ut Isidorus dicit. Non ergo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2964 fuisset generatio in statu innocentiae.</p><p title="I q. 98 a. 1 s. c."><a name="32586"><span class="ref">[32586] Iª q. 98 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2965 quod dicitur Gen. I, <i>crescite et multiplicamini, et replete
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2966 terram</i>. Huiusmodi autem multiplicatio absque nova generatione
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2967 fieri non potuisset, cum duo tantum fuerint primitus instituti.
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2968 Ergo in primo statu generatio fuisset.</p><p title="I q. 98 a. 1 co."><a name="32587"><span class="ref">[32587] Iª q. 98 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2969 quod in statu innocentiae fuisset generatio ad multiplicationem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2970 humani generis, alioquin peccatum hominis fuisset valde
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2971 necessarium, ex quo tantum bonum consecutum est. Est ergo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2972 considerandum quod homo, secundum suam naturam, est constitutus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2973 quasi medium quoddam inter creaturas corruptibiles et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2974 incorruptibiles, nam anima eius est naturaliter incorruptibilis,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2975 corpus vero naturaliter corruptibile. Est autem considerandum quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2976 alio modo intentio naturae fertur ad corruptibiles, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2977 incorruptibiles creaturas. Id enim per se videtur esse de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2978 intentione naturae, quod est semper et perpetuum. Quod autem est
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2979 solum secundum aliquod tempus, non videtur esse principaliter de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2980 intentione naturae, sed quasi ad aliud ordinatum, alioquin, eo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2981 corrupto, naturae intentio cassaretur. Quia igitur in rebus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2982 corruptibilibus nihil est perpetuum et semper manens nisi species,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2983 bonum speciei est de principali intentione naturae, ad cuius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2984 conservationem naturalis generatio ordinatur. Substantiae vero
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2985 incorruptibiles manent semper non solum secundum speciem, sed etiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2986 secundum individua, et ideo etiam ipsa individua sunt de principali
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2987 intentione naturae. Sic igitur homini ex parte corporis, quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2988 corruptibile est secundum naturam suam, competit generatio. Ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2989 parte vero animae, quae incorruptibilis est, competit ei quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2990 multitudo individuorum sit per se intenta a natura, vel potius a
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2991 naturae auctore, qui solus est humanarum animarum creator. Et ideo,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2992 ad multiplicationem humani generis, generationem in humano genere
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2993 statuit, etiam in statu innocentiae.</p><p title="I q. 98 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="32588"><span class="ref">[32588] Iª q. 98 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2994 dicendum quod corpus hominis in statu innocentiae, quantum erat de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2995 se, corruptibile erat, sed potuit praeservari a corruptione per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2996 animam. Et ideo non fuit homini subtrahenda generatio, quae debetur
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2997 corruptibilibus rebus.</p><p title="I q. 98 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="32589"><span class="ref">[32589] Iª q. 98 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2998 dicendum quod generatio in statu innocentiae, etsi non fuisset
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2999 propter conservationem speciei, fuisset tamen propter
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3000 multiplicationem individuorum.</p><p title="I q. 98 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="32590"><span class="ref">[32590] Iª q. 98 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3001 dicendum quod in statu isto, multiplicatis dominis, necesse est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3002 fieri divisionem possessionum, quia communitas possessionis est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3003 occasio discordiae, ut philosophus dicit in II Politic. Sed in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3004 statu innocentiae fuissent voluntates hominum sic ordinatae, quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3005 absque omni periculo discordiae communiter usi fuissent, secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3006 quod unicuique eorum competeret, rebus quae eorum dominio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3007 subdebantur, cum hoc etiam modo apud multos bonos viros
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3008 observetur.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 2</h3><p title="I q. 98 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="32591"><span class="ref">[32591] Iª q. 98 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad secundum sic
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3009 proceditur. Videtur quod in statu innocentiae non fuisset generatio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3010 per coitum. Quia, ut Damascenus dicit, primus homo erat in Paradiso
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3011 terrestri sicut Angelus quidam. Sed in futuro resurrectionis statu,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3012 quando erunt homines Angelis similes, neque nubent neque nubentur,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3013 ut dicitur Matth. XXII. Ergo neque in Paradiso fuisset generatio
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3014 per coitum.</p><p title="I q. 98 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="32592"><span class="ref">[32592] Iª q. 98 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea, primi
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3015 homines in perfecta aetate conditi fuerunt. Si igitur in eis ante
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3016 peccatum generatio fuisset per coitum, fuissent etiam in Paradiso
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3017 carnaliter coniuncti. Quod patet esse falsum, secundum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3018 Scripturam.</p><p title="I q. 98 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="32593"><span class="ref">[32593] Iª q. 98 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea, in
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3019 coniunctione carnali maxime efficitur homo similis bestiis, propter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3020 vehementiam delectationis, unde etiam continentia laudatur, per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3021 quam homines ab huiusmodi delectationibus abstinent. Sed bestiis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3022 homo comparatur propter peccatum, secundum illud Psalmi XLVIII,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3023 <i>homo cum in honore esset, non intellexit, comparatus est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3024 iumentis insipientibus, et similis factus est illis</i>. Ergo ante
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3025 peccatum non fuisset maris et feminae carnalis coniunctio.</p><p title="I q. 98 a. 2 arg. 4"><a name="32594"><span class="ref">[32594] Iª q. 98 a. 2 arg. 4</span></a> Praeterea, in
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3026 statu innocentiae nulla fuisset corruptio. Sed per coitum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3027 corrumpitur integritas virginalis. Ergo coitus in statu innocentiae
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3028 non fuisset.</p><p title="I q. 98 a. 2 s. c. 1"><a name="32595"><span class="ref">[32595] Iª q. 98 a. 2 s. c. 1</span></a> Sed contra est
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3029 quod Deus ante peccatum masculum et feminam fecit, ut dicitur Gen.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3030 I et II. Nihil autem est frustra in operibus Dei. Ergo etiam si
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3031 homo non peccasset, fuisset coitus, ad quem distinctio sexuum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3032 ordinatur.</p><p title="I q. 98 a. 2 s. c. 2"><a name="32596"><span class="ref">[32596] Iª q. 98 a. 2 s. c. 2</span></a> Praeterea, Gen.
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3033 II, dicitur mulier esse facta in adiutorium viri. Sed non ad aliud
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3034 nisi ad generationem quae fit per coitum, quia ad quodlibet aliud
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3035 opus, convenientius adiuvari posset vir per virum quam per feminam.
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3036 Ergo etiam in statu innocentiae fuisset generatio per coitum.</p><p title="I q. 98 a. 2 co."><a name="32597"><span class="ref">[32597] Iª q. 98 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3037 quod quidam antiquorum doctorum, considerantes concupiscentiae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3038 foeditatem quae invenitur in coitu in isto statu, posuerunt quod in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3039 statu innocentiae non fuisset generatio per coitum. Unde Gregorius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3040 Nyssenus dicit in libro quem fecit de homine, quod in Paradiso
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3041 aliter fuisset multiplicatum genus humanum, sicut multiplicati sunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3042 Angeli, absque concubitu, per operationem divinae virtutis. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3043 dicit quod Deus ante peccatum fecit masculum et feminam, respiciens
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3044 ad modum generationis qui futurus erat post peccatum, cuius Deus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3045 praescius erat. Sed hoc non dicitur rationabiliter. Ea enim quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3046 sunt naturalia homini, neque subtrahuntur neque dantur homini per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3047 peccatum. Manifestum est autem quod homini, secundum animalem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3048 vitam, quam etiam ante peccatum habebat, ut supra dictum est,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3049 naturale est generare per coitum, sicut et ceteris animalibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3050 perfectis. Et hoc declarant naturalia membra ad hunc usum deputata.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3051 Et ideo non est dicendum quod usus horum membrorum naturalium non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3052 fuisset ante peccatum, sicut et ceterorum membrorum. Sunt igitur in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3053 coitu duo consideranda, secundum praesentem statum. Unum quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3054 naturae est, scilicet coniunctio maris et feminae ad generandum. In
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3055 omni enim generatione requiritur virtus activa et passiva. Unde,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3056 cum in omnibus in quibus est distinctio sexuum, virtus activa sit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3057 in mare, virtus vero passiva in femina; naturae ordo exigit ut ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3058 generandum conveniant per coitum mas et femina. Aliud autem quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3059 considerari potest, est quaedam deformitas immoderatae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3060 concupiscentiae. Quae in statu innocentiae non fuisset quando
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3061 inferiores vires omnino rationi subdebantur. Unde Augustinus dicit,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3062 in XIV de Civ. Dei, <i>absit ut suspicemur non potuisse prolem seri
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3063 sine libidinis morbo. Sed eo voluntatis nutu moverentur illa membra
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3064 quo cetera, et sine ardore et illecebroso stimulo, cum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
3065 tranquillitate animi et corporis</i>.</p><p title="I q. 98 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="32598"><span class="ref">[32598] Iª q. 98 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3066 dicendum quod homo in Paradiso fuisset sicut Angelus per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3067 spiritualem mentem, cum tamen haberet, vitam animalem quantum ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3068 corpus. Sed post resurrectionem erit homo similis Angelo,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3069 spiritualis effectus et secundum animam et secundum corpus. Unde
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3070 non est similis ratio.</p><p title="I q. 98 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="32599"><span class="ref">[32599] Iª q. 98 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3071 dicendum quod, sicut Augustinus dicit IX super Gen. ad Litt., ideo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3072 primi parentes in Paradiso non coierunt, quia, formata muliere,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3073 post modicum propter peccatum de Paradiso eiecti sunt, vel quia
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3074 expectabatur divina auctoritas ad determinatum tempus commixtionis,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3075 a qua acceperunt universale mandatum.</p><p title="I q. 98 a. 2 ad 3"><a name="32600"><span class="ref">[32600] Iª q. 98 a. 2 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3076 dicendum quod bestiae carent ratione. Unde secundum hoc homo in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3077 coitu bestialis efficitur, quod delectationem coitus et fervorem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3078 concupiscentiae ratione moderari non potest. Sed in statu
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3079 innocentiae nihil huiusmodi fuisset quod ratione non moderaretur,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3080 non quia esset minor delectatio secundum sensum, ut quidam dicunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3081 (fuisset enim tanto maior delectatio sensibilis, quanto esset
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3082 purior natura, et corpus magis sensibile); sed quia vis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3083 concupiscibilis non ita inordinate se effudisset super huiusmodi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3084 delectatione, regulata per rationem, ad quam non pertinet ut sit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3085 minor delectatio in sensu, sed ut vis concupiscibilis non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3086 immoderate delectationi inhaereat; et dico immoderate, praeter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3087 mensuram rationis. Sicut sobrius in cibo moderate assumpto non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3088 minorem habet delectationem quam gulosus; sed minus eius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3089 concupiscibilis super huiusmodi delectatione requiescit. Et hoc
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3090 sonant verba Augustini, quae a statu innocentiae non excludunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3091 magnitudinem delectationis, sed ardorem libidinis et inquietudinem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3092 animi. Et ideo continentia in statu innocentiae non fuisset
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3093 laudabilis, quae in tempore isto laudatur non propter defectum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3094 fecunditatis, sed propter remotionem inordinatae libidinis. Tunc
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3095 autem fuisset fecunditas absque libidine.</p><p title="I q. 98 a. 2 ad 4"><a name="32601"><span class="ref">[32601] Iª q. 98 a. 2 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3096 dicendum quod, sicut Augustinus dicit XIV de Civ. Dei, <i>in illo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3097 statu nulla corruptione integritatis infunderetur gremio maritus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3098 uxoris. Ita enim potuit utero coniugis, salva integritate feminei
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3099 genitalis, virile semen immitti, sicut nunc potest, eadem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3100 integritate salva, ex utero virginis fluxus menstrui cruoris
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3101 emitti. Ut enim ad pariendum non doloris gemitus, sed maturitatis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3102 impulsus feminea viscera relaxaret; sic ad concipiendum non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3103 libidinis appetitus, sed voluntarius usus naturam utramque
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3104 coniungeret</i>.</p></div></div><div class="q" id="q99"><h2>Quaestio 99</h2><div class="p"><h3>Prooemium</h3><p title="I q. 99 pr."><a name="32602"><span class="ref">[32602]
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3105 Iª q. 99 pr.</span></a> Deinde considerandum est de conditione
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3106 prolis generandae. Et primo, quantum ad corpus; secundo, quantum ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3107 iustitiam; tertio, quantum ad scientiam. Circa primum quaeruntur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3108 duo. Primo, utrum in statu innocentiae pueri mox geniti habuissent
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3109 perfectam virtutem corpoream. Secundo, utrum omnes fuissent nati in
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3110 sexu masculino.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 1</h3><p title="I q. 99 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="32603"><span class="ref">[32603] Iª q. 99 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad primum sic
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3111 proceditur. Videtur quod pueri in statu innocentiae, mox nati,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3112 virtutem perfectam habuissent ad motum membrorum. Dicit enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3113 Augustinus, in libro de Bapt. Parvul., quod <i>infirmitati mentis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3114 congruit haec infirmitas corporis</i>, quae scilicet in pueris
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3115 apparet. Sed in statu innocentiae nulla fuisset infirmitas mentis.
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3116 Ergo neque talis infirmitas corporis fuisset in parvulis.</p><p title="I q. 99 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="32604"><span class="ref">[32604] Iª q. 99 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3117 quaedam animalia statim cum nascuntur, habent virtutem sufficientem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3118 ad usum membrorum. Sed homo est nobilior aliis animalibus. Ergo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3119 multo magis est naturale homini quod statim natus virtutem habeat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3120 ad usum membrorum. Et ita videtur esse poena ex peccato
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3121 consequens.</p><p title="I q. 99 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="32605"><span class="ref">[32605] Iª q. 99 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea, non
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3122 posse consequi delectabile propositum, afflictionem inducit. Sed si
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3123 pueri non habuissent virtutem ad movendum membra, frequenter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3124 accidisset quod non possent consequi aliquod delectabile eis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3125 propositum. Ergo fuisset in eis afflictio; quae non poterat esse
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3126 ante peccatum. Non ergo in statu innocentiae defuisset pueris
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3127 virtus ad movendum membra.</p><p title="I q. 99 a. 1 arg. 4"><a name="32606"><span class="ref">[32606] Iª q. 99 a. 1 arg. 4</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3128 defectus senectutis videtur correspondere defectui pueritiae. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3129 in statu innocentiae non fuisset defectus senectutis. Ergo neque
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3130 etiam defectus pueritiae.</p><p title="I q. 99 a. 1 s. c."><a name="32607"><span class="ref">[32607] Iª q. 99 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3131 quod omne generatum prius est imperfectum quam perficiatur. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3132 pueri in statu innocentiae fuissent per generationem producti. Ergo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3133 a principio imperfecti fuissent et quantitate et virtute
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3134 corporis.</p><p title="I q. 99 a. 1 co."><a name="32608"><span class="ref">[32608] Iª q. 99 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3135 quod ea quae sunt supra naturam, sola fide tenemus; quod autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3136 credimus, auctoritati debemus. Unde in omnibus asserendis sequi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3137 debemus naturam rerum, praeter ea quae auctoritate divina
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3138 traduntur, quae sunt supra naturam. Manifestum est autem naturale
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3139 hoc esse, utpote et principiis humanae naturae competens, quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3140 pueri mox nati non habeant sufficientem virtutem ad movendum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3141 membra. Quia homo naturaliter habet cerebrum maius in quantitate,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3142 secundum proportionem sui corporis, quam cetera animalia. Unde
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3143 naturale est quod, propter maximam humiditatem cerebri in pueris,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3144 nervi, qui sunt instrumenta motus, non sunt idonei ad movendum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3145 membra. Ex alia vero parte nulli Catholico dubium est quin divina
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3146 virtute fieri possit, ut pueri mox nati perfectam virtutem habeant
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3147 ad motum membrorum. Constat autem per auctoritatem Scripturae, quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3148 Deus fecit hominem rectum, et haec rectitudo consistit, ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3149 Augustinus dicit, in perfecta subiectione corporis ad animam. Sicut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3150 ergo in primo statu non poterat esse in membris hominis aliquid
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3151 quod repugnaret ordinatae hominis voluntati, ita membra hominis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3152 deficere non poterant humanae voluntati. Voluntas autem hominis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3153 ordinata est quae tendit in actus sibi convenientes. Non sunt autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3154 iidem actus convenientes homini secundum quamlibet aetatem.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3155 Dicendum est ergo quod pueri mox nati non habuissent sufficientem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3156 virtutem ad movendum membra ad quoslibet actus; sed ad actus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3157 pueritiae convenientes, puta ad sugendum ubera, et ad alia
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3158 huiusmodi.</p><p title="I q. 99 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="32609"><span class="ref">[32609] Iª q. 99 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3159 dicendum quod Augustinus loquitur de ista infirmitate quae nunc in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3160 pueris apparet etiam quantum ad actus eorum pueritiae convenientes;
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3161 ut patet per ea quae praemittit, quod <i>iuxta se iacentibus
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3162 mammis, magis possunt esurientes flere quam sugere</i>.</p><p title="I q. 99 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="32610"><span class="ref">[32610] Iª q. 99 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3163 dicendum quod hoc quod quaedam animalia statim nata habent usum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3164 membrorum, non est ex eorum nobilitate, cum quaedam animalia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3165 perfectiora hoc non habeant, sed hoc eis contingit ex siccitate
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3166 cerebri, et quia actus proprii talium animalium sunt imperfecti, ad
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3167 quos etiam parva virtus sufficere potest.</p><p title="I q. 99 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="32611"><span class="ref">[32611] Iª q. 99 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium patet
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3168 solutio per ea quae dicta sunt in corpore. Vel potest dici quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3169 nihil appetivissent, nisi ordinata voluntate convenisset res
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3170 secundum statum suum.</p><p title="I q. 99 a. 1 ad 4"><a name="32612"><span class="ref">[32612] Iª q. 99 a. 1 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3171 dicendum quod homo in statu innocentiae generatus fuisset, sed non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3172 fuisset corruptus. Et ideo in statu illo potuissent esse aliqui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3173 defectus pueriles, qui consequuntur generationem; non autem
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3174 defectus seniles, qui ordinantur ad corruptionem.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 2</h3><p title="I q. 99 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="32613"><span class="ref">[32613] Iª q. 99 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad secundum sic
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3175 proceditur. Videtur quod in primo statu feminae natae non fuissent.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3176 Dicit enim philosophus, in libro II de Generat. Animal., quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3177 femina est mas occasionatus, quasi praeter intentionem naturae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3178 proveniens. Sed in statu illo nihil evenisset innaturale in hominis
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3179 generatione. Ergo feminae natae non fuissent.</p><p title="I q. 99 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="32614"><span class="ref">[32614] Iª q. 99 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea, omne
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3180 agens generat sibi simile, nisi impediatur vel propter defectum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3181 virtutis, vel propter indispositionem materiae, sicut parvus ignis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3182 non potest comburere ligna viridia. In generatione autem vis activa
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3183 est in mare. Cum igitur in statu innocentiae nullus fuisset
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3184 defectus virtutis ex parte maris, nec indispositio materiae ex
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3185 parte feminae, videtur quod semper masculi nati fuissent.</p><p title="I q. 99 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="32615"><span class="ref">[32615] Iª q. 99 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea, in
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3186 statu innocentiae generatio ad multiplicationem hominum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3187 ordinabatur. Sed sufficienter homines multiplicari potuissent per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3188 primum hominem et per primam feminam, ex quo in perpetuum victuri
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3189 erant. Ergo non fuit necessarium quod in statu innocentiae feminae
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3190 nascerentur.</p><p title="I q. 99 a. 2 s. c."><a name="32616"><span class="ref">[32616] Iª q. 99 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3191 quod sic natura processisset in generando, sicut eam Deus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3192 instituit. Sed Deus instituit marem et feminam in natura humana, ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3193 dicitur Gen. I et II. Ergo etiam in statu illo fuissent mares et
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3194 feminae generati.</p><p title="I q. 99 a. 2 co."><a name="32617"><span class="ref">[32617] Iª q. 99 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3195 quod nihil eorum quae ad complementum humanae naturae pertinent, in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3196 statu innocentiae defuisset. Sicut autem ad perfectionem universi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3197 pertinent diversi gradus rerum, ita etiam diversitas sexus est ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3198 perfectionem humanae naturae. Et ideo in statu innocentiae uterque
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3199 sexus per generationem productus fuisset.</p><p title="I q. 99 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="32618"><span class="ref">[32618] Iª q. 99 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3200 dicendum quod femina dicitur mas occasionatus, quia est praeter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3201 intentionem naturae particularis, non autem praeter intentionem
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3202 naturae universalis, ut supra dictum est.</p><p title="I q. 99 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="32619"><span class="ref">[32619] Iª q. 99 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3203 dicendum quod generatio feminae non solum contingit ex defectu
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3204 virtutis activae vel indispositione materiae, ut obiectio tangit.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3205 Sed quandoque quidem ex aliquo accidenti extrinseco; sicut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3206 philosophus dicit, in libro de animalibus, quod <i>ventus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3207 Septentrionalis coadiuvat ad generationem masculorum, Australis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3208 vero ad generationem feminarum</i>. Quandoque etiam ex conceptione
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3209 animae, ad quam de facili immutatur corpus. Et praecipue in statu
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3210 innocentiae hoc esse poterat, quando corpus magis erat animae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3211 subiectum; ut scilicet secundum voluntatem generantis,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3212 distingueretur sexus in prole.</p><p title="I q. 99 a. 2 ad 3"><a name="32620"><span class="ref">[32620] Iª q. 99 a. 2 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3213 dicendum quod proles fuisset genita vivens vita animali, ad quam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3214 sicut pertinet alimento uti, sic etiam generare. Unde conveniebat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3215 quod omnes generarent, et non solum primi parentes. Ad quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3216 consequens videtur quod tot fuissent generatae feminae, quot et
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3217 mares.</p></div></div><div class="q" id="q100"><h2>Quaestio 100</h2><div class="p"><h3>Prooemium</h3><p title="I q. 100 pr."><a name="32621"><span class="ref">[32621]
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3218 Iª q. 100 pr.</span></a> Deinde considerandum est de
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3219 conditione prolis generandae quantum ad iustitiam. Et circa hoc
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3220 quaeruntur duo. Primo, utrum homines fuissent nati cum iustitia.
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3221 Secundo, utrum nascerentur in iustitia confirmati.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 1</h3><p title="I q. 100 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="32622"><span class="ref">[32622] Iª q. 100 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad primum sic
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3222 proceditur. Videtur quod homines non fuissent cum iustitia nati.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3223 Dicit enim Hugo de sancto Victore quod <i>primus homo ante peccatum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3224 generaret quidem filios sine peccato, sed non paternae iustitiae
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3225 haeredes</i>.</p><p title="I q. 100 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="32623"><span class="ref">[32623] Iª q. 100 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3226 iustitia est per gratiam, ut apostolus dicit ad Rom. V. Sed gratia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3227 non transfunditur, quia sic esset naturalis; sed a solo Deo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3228 infunditur. Ergo pueri cum iustitia nati non fuissent.</p><p title="I q. 100 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="32624"><span class="ref">[32624] Iª q. 100 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3229 iustitia in anima est. Sed anima non est ex traduce. Ergo nec
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3230 iustitia traducta fuisset a parentibus in filios.</p><p title="I q. 100 a. 1 s. c."><a name="32625"><span class="ref">[32625] Iª q. 100 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3231 quod Anselmus dicit, in libro de conceptu Virg., <i>quod simul cum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3232 rationalem haberent animam, iusti essent quos generaret homo, si
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3233 non peccaret</i>.</p><p title="I q. 100 a. 1 co."><a name="32626"><span class="ref">[32626] Iª q. 100 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3234 quod naturaliter homo generat sibi simile secundum speciem. Unde
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3235 quaecumque accidentia consequuntur naturam speciei, in his necesse
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3236 est quod filii parentibus similentur, nisi sit error in operatione
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3237 naturae, qui in statu innocentiae non fuisset. In accidentibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3238 autem individualibus non est necesse quod filii parentibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3239 similentur. Iustitia autem originalis, in qua primus homo conditus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3240 fuit, fuit accidens naturae speciei, non quasi ex principiis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3241 speciei causatum, sed sicut quoddam donum divinitus datum toti
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3242 naturae. Et hoc apparet, quia opposita sunt unius generis, peccatum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3243 autem originale, quod opponitur illi iustitiae, dicitur esse
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3244 peccatum naturae; unde traducitur a parente in posteros. Et propter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3245 hoc etiam filii parentibus assimilati fuissent quantum ad
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3246 originalem iustitiam.</p><p title="I q. 100 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="32627"><span class="ref">[32627] Iª q. 100 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3247 dicendum quod verbum Hugonis est intelligendum non quantum ad
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3248 habitum iustitiae, sed quantum ad executionem actus.</p><p title="I q. 100 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="32628"><span class="ref">[32628] Iª q. 100 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3249 dicendum quod quidam dicunt quod pueri non fuissent nati cum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3250 iustitia gratuita, quae est merendi principium, sed cum iustitia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3251 originali. Sed cum radix originalis iustitiae, in cuius rectitudine
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3252 factus est homo, consistat in subiectione supernaturali rationis ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3253 Deum, quae est per gratiam gratum facientem, ut supra dictum est;
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3254 necesse est dicere quod, si pueri nati fuissent in originali
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3255 iustitia, quod etiam nati fuissent cum gratia; sicut et de primo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3256 homine supra diximus quod fuit cum gratia conditus. Non tamen
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3257 fuisset propter hoc gratia naturalis, quia non fuisset transfusa
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3258 per virtutem seminis, sed fuisset collata homini statim cum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3259 habuisset animam rationalem. Sicut etiam statim cum corpus est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3260 dispositum infunditur a Deo anima rationalis, quae tamen non est ex
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3261 traduce.</p><p title="I q. 100 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="32629"><span class="ref">[32629] Iª q. 100 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Unde patet
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3262 solutio ad tertium.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 2</h3><p title="I q. 100 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="32630"><span class="ref">[32630] Iª q. 100 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad secundum sic
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3263 proceditur. Videtur quod pueri in statu innocentiae nati fuissent
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3264 in iustitia confirmati. Dicit enim Gregorius, IV Moralium, super
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3265 illud, <i>somno meo requiescerem etc., si parentem primum nulla
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3266 putredo peccati corrumperet, nequaquam ex se filios Gehennae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3267 generaret; sed hi qui nunc per redemptorem salvandi sunt, soli ab
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3268 illo electi nascerentur</i>. Ergo nascerentur omnes in iustitia
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3269 confirmati.</p><p title="I q. 100 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="32631"><span class="ref">[32631] Iª q. 100 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3270 Anselmus dicit, in libro cur Deus homo, quod <i>si primi parentes
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3271 sic vixissent ut tentati non peccassent, ita confirmarentur cum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3272 omni propagine sua, ut ultra peccare non possent</i>. Ergo pueri
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3273 nascerentur in iustitia confirmati.</p><p title="I q. 100 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="32632"><span class="ref">[32632] Iª q. 100 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3274 bonum est potentius quam malum. Sed propter peccatum primi hominis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3275 consecuta est necessitas peccandi in his qui nascuntur ex eo. Ergo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3276 si primus homo in iustitia perstitisset, derivaretur ad posteros
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3277 necessitas observandi iustitiam.</p><p title="I q. 100 a. 2 arg. 4"><a name="32633"><span class="ref">[32633] Iª q. 100 a. 2 arg. 4</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3278 Angelus adhaerens Deo aliis peccantibus, statim est in iustitia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3279 confirmatus, ut ulterius peccare non posset. Ergo similiter et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3280 homo, si tentationi restitisset, confirmatus fuisset. Sed qualis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3281 ipse fuit, tales alios generasset. Ergo et eius filii confirmati in
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3282 iustitia nascerentur.</p><p title="I q. 100 a. 2 s. c."><a name="32634"><span class="ref">[32634] Iª q. 100 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3283 quod Augustinus dicit, XIV de Civ. Dei, <i>tam felix universa esset
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3284 humana societas si nec illi</i>, scilicet primi parentes, <i>malum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3285 quod in posteros traiicerent, nec quisquam ex stirpe eorum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3286 iniquitatem committeret, quae damnationem reciperet</i>. Ex quo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3287 datur intelligi quod, etiam si primi homines non peccassent, aliqui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3288 ex eorum stirpe potuissent iniquitatem committere. Non ergo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3289 nascerentur in iustitia confirmati.</p><p title="I q. 100 a. 2 co."><a name="32635"><span class="ref">[32635] Iª q. 100 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3290 quod non videtur possibile quod pueri in statu innocentiae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3291 nascerentur in iustitia confirmati. Manifestum est enim quod pueri
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3292 in sua nativitate non habuissent plus perfectionis quam eorum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3293 parentes in statu generationis. Parentes autem, quandiu
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3294 generassent, non fuissent confirmati in iustitia. Ex hoc enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3295 creatura rationalis in iustitia confirmatur, quod efficitur beata
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3296 per apertam Dei visionem, cui viso non potest non inhaerere, cum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3297 ipse sit ipsa essentia bonitatis, a qua nullus potest averti, cum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3298 nihil desideretur et ametur nisi sub ratione boni. Et hoc dico
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3299 secundum legem communem, quia ex aliquo privilegio speciali secus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3300 accidere potest, sicut creditur de virgine matre Dei. Quam cito
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3301 autem Adam ad illam beatitudinem pervenisset quod Deum per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3302 essentiam videret, efficeretur spiritualis et mente et corpore, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3303 animalis vita cessaret, in qua sola generationis usus fuisset. Unde
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3304 manifestum est quod parvuli non nascerentur in iustitia
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3305 confirmati.</p><p title="I q. 100 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="32636"><span class="ref">[32636] Iª q. 100 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3306 dicendum quod, si Adam non peccasset, non generaret ex se filios
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3307 Gehennae, ita scilicet quod ab ipso peccatum contraherent, quod est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3308 causa Gehennae. Possent tamen fieri filii Gehennae per liberum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3309 arbitrium peccando. Vel, si filii Gehennae non fierent per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3310 peccatum, hoc non esset propter hoc, quia essent in iustitia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3311 confirmati; sed propter divinam providentiam, per quam a peccato
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3312 conservarentur immunes.</p><p title="I q. 100 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="32637"><span class="ref">[32637] Iª q. 100 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3313 dicendum quod Anselmus hoc non dicit asserendo, sed opinando. Quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3314 patet ex ipso modo loquendi, cum dicit, videtur quod, si vixissent
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3315 et cetera.</p><p title="I q. 100 a. 2 ad 3"><a name="32638"><span class="ref">[32638] Iª q. 100 a. 2 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3316 dicendum quod ratio ista non est efficax, quamvis per eam Anselmus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3317 motus fuisse videatur, ut ex eius verbis apparet. Non enim sic per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3318 peccatum primi parentis eius posteri necessitatem peccandi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3319 incurrunt, ut ad iustitiam redire non possint, quod est tantum in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3320 damnatis. Unde nec ita necessitatem non peccandi transmisisset ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3321 posteros, quod omnino peccare non possent, quod est tantum in
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3322 beatis.</p><p title="I q. 100 a. 2 ad 4"><a name="32639"><span class="ref">[32639] Iª q. 100 a. 2 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3323 dicendum quod non est simile de homine et Angelo. Nam homo habet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3324 liberum arbitrium vertibile et ante electionem et post, non autem
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3325 Angelus, sicut supra dictum est, cum de Angelis ageretur.</p></div></div><div class="q" id="q101"><h2>Quaestio 101</h2><div class="p"><h3>Prooemium</h3><p title="I q. 101 pr."><a name="32640"><span class="ref">[32640]
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3326 Iª q. 101 pr.</span></a> Deinde considerandum est de
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3327 conditione prolis generandae quantum ad scientiam. Et circa hoc
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3328 quaeruntur duo. Primo, utrum pueri nascerentur in scientia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3329 perfecti. Secundo, utrum statim post nativitatem habuissent
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3330 perfectum usum rationis.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 1</h3><p title="I q. 101 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="32641"><span class="ref">[32641] Iª q. 101 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad primum sic
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3331 proceditur. Videtur quod in statu innocentiae pueri nati fuissent
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3332 in scientia perfecti. Qualis enim fuit Adam, tales filios
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3333 generasset. Sed Adam fuit in scientia perfectus, ut supra dictum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3334 est. Ergo filii nascerentur ab eo in scientia perfecti.</p><p title="I q. 101 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="32642"><span class="ref">[32642] Iª q. 101 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3335 ignorantia ex peccato causatur, ut Beda dicit. Sed ignorantia est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3336 privatio scientiae. Ergo ante peccatum pueri mox nati omnem
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3337 scientiam habuissent.</p><p title="I q. 101 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="32643"><span class="ref">[32643] Iª q. 101 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3338 pueri mox nati iustitiam habuissent. Sed ad iustitiam requiritur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3339 scientia, quae dirigit in agendis. Ergo etiam scientiam
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3340 habuissent.</p><p title="I q. 101 a. 1 s. c."><a name="32644"><span class="ref">[32644] Iª q. 101 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3341 quod anima nostra per naturam est sicut tabula rasa in qua nihil
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3342 est scriptum, ut dicitur in III de anima. Sed eadem animae natura
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3343 est modo, quae tunc fuisset. Ergo animae puerorum in principio
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3344 scientia caruissent.</p><p title="I q. 101 a. 1 co."><a name="32645"><span class="ref">[32645] Iª q. 101 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3345 quod, sicut supra dictum est, de his quae sunt supra naturam, soli
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3346 auctoritati creditur, unde ubi auctoritas deficit, sequi debemus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3347 naturae conditionem. Est autem naturale homini ut scientiam per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3348 sensus acquirat, sicut supra dictum est, et ideo anima unitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3349 corpori, quia indiget eo ad suam propriam operationem; quod non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3350 esset, si statim a principio scientiam haberet non acquisitam per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3351 sensitivas virtutes. Et ideo dicendum est quod pueri in statu
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3352 innocentiae non nascerentur perfecti in scientia; sed eam in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3353 processu temporis absque difficultate acquisivissent, inveniendo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3354 vel addiscendo.</p><p title="I q. 101 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="32646"><span class="ref">[32646] Iª q. 101 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3355 dicendum quod esse perfectum in scientia fuit individuale accidens
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3356 primi parentis, inquantum scilicet ipse instituebatur ut pater et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3357 instructor totius humani generis. Et ideo quantum ad hoc, non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3358 generabat filios similes sibi; sed solum quantum ad accidentia
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3359 naturalia vel gratuita totius naturae.</p><p title="I q. 101 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="32647"><span class="ref">[32647] Iª q. 101 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3360 dicendum quod ignorantia est privatio scientiae quae debet haberi
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3361 pro tempore illo. Quod in pueris mox natis non fuisset, habuissent
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3362 enim scientiam quae eis competebat secundum tempus illud. Unde
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3363 ignorantia in eis non fuisset, sed nescientia respectu aliquorum.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3364 Quam etiam Dionysius ponit in Angelis sanctis, in VII Cael.
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
3365 Hier.</p><p title="I q. 101 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="32648"><span class="ref">[32648] Iª q. 101 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3366 dicendum quod pueri habuissent sufficientem scientiam ad dirigendum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3367 eos in operibus iustitiae in quibus homines diriguntur per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3368 universalia principia iuris; quam multo plenius tunc habuissent
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3369 quam nunc naturaliter habemus, et similiter aliorum universalium
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3370 principiorum.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 2</h3><p title="I q. 101 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="32649"><span class="ref">[32649] Iª q. 101 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad secundum sic
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3371 proceditur. Videtur quod pueri in statu innocentiae mox nati
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3372 habuissent perfectum usum rationis. Nunc enim pueri perfectum usum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3373 rationis non habent propter hoc, quod anima per corpus aggravatur.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3374 Hoc autem tunc non erat, quia, ut dicitur Sap. IX, <i>corpus quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3375 corrumpitur, aggravat animam</i>. Ergo ante peccatum et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3376 corruptionem a peccato subsecutam, pueri mox nati perfectum usum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3377 rationis habuissent.</p><p title="I q. 101 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="32650"><span class="ref">[32650] Iª q. 101 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3378 quaedam alia animalia mox nata habent naturalis industriae usum,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3379 sicut agnus statim fugit lupum. Multo ergo magis homines in statu
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3380 innocentiae mox nati habuissent usum perfectum rationis.</p><p title="I q. 101 a. 2 s. c."><a name="32651"><span class="ref">[32651] Iª q. 101 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3381 quod natura procedit ab imperfecto ad perfectum in omnibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3382 generatis. Ergo pueri non statim a principio habuissent perfectum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3383 usum rationis.</p><p title="I q. 101 a. 2 co."><a name="32652"><span class="ref">[32652] Iª q. 101 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3384 quod, sicut ex supra dictis patet, usus rationis dependet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3385 quodammodo ex usu virium sensitivarum, unde ligato sensu, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3386 impeditis interioribus viribus sensitivis, homo perfectum usum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3387 rationis non habet, ut patet in dormientibus et phreneticis. Vires
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3388 autem sensitivae sunt virtutes quaedam corporalium organorum, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3389 ideo, impeditis earum organis, necesse est quod earum actus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3390 impediantur, et per consequens rationis usus. In pueris autem est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3391 impedimentum harum virium, propter nimiam humiditatem cerebri. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3392 ideo in eis non est perfectus usus rationis, sicut nec aliorum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3393 membrorum. Et ideo pueri in statu innocentiae non habuissent
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3394 perfectum usum rationis, sicut habituri erant in perfecta aetate.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3395 Habuissent tamen perfectiorem quam nunc, quantum ad ea quae ad eos
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3396 pertinebant quantum ad statum illum; sicut et de usu membrorum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3397 superius est dictum.</p><p title="I q. 101 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="32653"><span class="ref">[32653] Iª q. 101 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3398 dicendum quod aggravatio additur ex corruptione corporis in hoc,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3399 quod usus rationis impeditur quantum ad ea etiam quae pertinent ad
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3400 hominem secundum quamcumque aetatem.</p><p title="I q. 101 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="32654"><span class="ref">[32654] Iª q. 101 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3401 dicendum quod etiam alia animalia non habent ita perfectum usum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3402 industriae naturalis statim a principio, sicut postea. Quod ex hoc
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3403 patet, quod aves docent volare pullos suos, et similia in aliis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3404 generibus animalium inveniuntur. Et tamen in homine est speciale
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3405 impedimentum propter abundantiam humiditatis cerebri, ut supra
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3406 dictum est.</p></div></div><div class="q" id="q102"><h2>Quaestio 102</h2><div class="p"><h3>Prooemium</h3><p title="I q. 102 pr."><a name="32655"><span class="ref">[32655]
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3407 Iª q. 102 pr.</span></a> Deinde considerandum est de loco
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3408 hominis, qui est Paradisus. Et circa hoc quaeruntur quatuor. Primo,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3409 utrum Paradisus sit locus corporeus. Secundo, utrum sit conveniens
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3410 locus habitationis humanae. Tertio, ad quid homo in Paradiso
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3411 positus fuit. Quarto, utrum in Paradiso debuit fieri.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 1</h3><p title="I q. 102 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="32656"><span class="ref">[32656] Iª q. 102 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad primum sic
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3412 proceditur. Videtur quod Paradisus non sit locus corporeus. Dicit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3413 enim Beda quod <i>Paradisus pertingit usque ad lunarem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3414 circulum</i>. Sed nullus locus terrenus talis esse potest, tum quia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3415 contra naturam terrae esset quod tantum elevaretur; tum etiam quia
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3416 sub globo lunari est regio ignis, qui terram consumeret. Non est
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3417 ergo Paradisus locus corporeus.</p><p title="I q. 102 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="32657"><span class="ref">[32657] Iª q. 102 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3418 Scriptura commemorat quatuor flumina in Paradiso oriri, ut patet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3419 Gen. II. Illa autem flumina quae ibi nominantur, alibi habent
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3420 manifestas origines; ut patet etiam per philosophum in libro
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3421 Meteor. Ergo Paradisus non est locus corporeus.</p><p title="I q. 102 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="32658"><span class="ref">[32658] Iª q. 102 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3422 aliqui diligentissime inquisierunt omnia loca terrae habitabilis,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3423 qui tamen nullam mentionem faciunt de loco Paradisi. Ergo non
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3424 videtur esse locus corporeus.</p><p title="I q. 102 a. 1 arg. 4"><a name="32659"><span class="ref">[32659] Iª q. 102 a. 1 arg. 4</span></a> Praeterea, in
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3425 Paradiso describitur lignum vitae esse. Sed lignum vitae est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3426 aliquid spirituale, dicitur enim Prov. III, de sapientia, quod est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3427 lignum vitae his qui apprehendunt eam. Ergo et Paradisus non est
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3428 locus corporeus, sed spiritualis.</p><p title="I q. 102 a. 1 arg. 5"><a name="32660"><span class="ref">[32660] Iª q. 102 a. 1 arg. 5</span></a> Praeterea, si
28
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3429 Paradisus est locus corporalis, oportet quod et ligna Paradisi sint
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3430 corporalia. Sed hoc non videtur, cum corporalia ligna sint producta
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3431 tertio die; de plantatione autem lignorum Paradisi legitur Gen. II,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3432 post opera sex dierum. Ergo Paradisus non est locus corporeus.</p><p title="I q. 102 a. 1 s. c."><a name="32661"><span class="ref">[32661] Iª q. 102 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3433 quod Augustinus dicit, VIII super Gen. ad Litt., <i>tres sunt de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3434 Paradiso generales sententiae, una eorum qui tantummodo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3435 corporaliter Paradisum intelligi volunt; alia eorum qui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3436 spiritualiter tantum; tertia eorum qui utroque modo Paradisum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3437 accipiunt, quam mihi fateor placere sententiam</i>.</p><p title="I q. 102 a. 1 co."><a name="32662"><span class="ref">[32662] Iª q. 102 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3438 quod, sicut Augustinus dicit XIII de Civ. Dei, <i>quae commode dici
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3439 possunt de intelligendo spiritualiter Paradiso, nemine prohibente
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3440 dicantur; dum tamen et illius historiae fidelissima veritas rerum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3441 gestarum narratione commendata credatur</i>. Ea enim quae de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3442 Paradiso in Scriptura dicuntur, per modum narrationis historicae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3443 proponuntur, in omnibus autem quae sic Scriptura tradit, est pro
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3444 fundamento tenenda veritas historiae, et desuper spirituales
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3445 expositiones fabricandae. Est ergo Paradisus, ut Isidorus dicit in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3446 libro Etymol., <i>locus in orientis partibus constitutus, cuius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3447 vocabulum a Graeco in Latinum vertitur hortus</i>. Convenienter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3448 autem in parte Orientali dicitur situs. Quia credendum est quod in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3449 nobilissimo loco totius terrae sit constitutus. Cum autem oriens
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3450 sit dextera caeli, ut patet per philosophum in II de caelo; dextera
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3451 autem est nobilior quam sinistra; conveniens fuit ut in Orientali
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3452 parte Paradisus terrenus institueretur a Deo.</p><p title="I q. 102 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="32663"><span class="ref">[32663] Iª q. 102 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3453 dicendum quod Bedae verbum non est verum, si secundum sensum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3454 manifestum intelligatur. Potest tamen exponi quod usque ad locum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3455 lunaris globi ascendit, non secundum situs eminentiam, sed secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3456 similitudinem, quia est ibi perpetua aeris temperies, ut Isidorus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3457 dicit, et in hoc assimilatur corporibus caelestibus, quae sunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3458 absque contrarietate. Magis tamen fit mentio de lunari globo quam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3459 de aliis sphaeris, quia lunaris globus est terminus caelestium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3460 corporum versus nos; et luna etiam est magis terrae affinis inter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3461 omnia corpora caelestia; unde et quasdam tenebras nebulosas habet,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3462 quasi accedens ad opacitatem. Quidam autem dicunt quod Paradisus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3463 pertingebat usque ad lunarem globum, idest usque ad medium aeris
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3464 interstitium, in quo generantur pluviae et venti et huiusmodi, quia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3465 dominium super huiusmodi evaporationes maxime attribuitur lunae.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3466 Sed secundum hoc, locus ille non esset conveniens habitationi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3467 humanae, tum quia ibi est maxima intemperies; tum quia non est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3468 contemperatus complexioni humanae, sicut aer inferior magis terrae
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3469 vicinus.</p><p title="I q. 102 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="32664"><span class="ref">[32664] Iª q. 102 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3470 dicendum quod, sicut Augustinus dicit VIII super Gen. ad Litt.,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3471 <i>credendum est, quoniam locus Paradisi a cognitione hominum est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3472 remotissimus, flumina, quorum fontes noti esse dicuntur, alicubi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3473 isse sub terras, et post tractus prolixarum regionum, locis aliis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3474 erupisse. Nam hoc solere nonnullas aquas facere, quis
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3475 ignorat?</i></p><p title="I q. 102 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="32665"><span class="ref">[32665] Iª q. 102 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3476 dicendum quod locus ille seclusus est a nostra habitatione
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3477 aliquibus impedimentis vel montium, vel marium, vel alicuius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3478 aestuosae regionis, quae pertransiri non potest. Et ideo scriptores
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3479 locorum de hoc loco mentionem non fecerunt.</p><p title="I q. 102 a. 1 ad 4"><a name="32666"><span class="ref">[32666] Iª q. 102 a. 1 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3480 dicendum quod lignum vitae est quaedam materialis arbor, sic dicta
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3481 quia eius fructus habebat virtutem conservandi vitam, ut supra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3482 dictum est. Et tamen aliquid significabat spiritualiter, sicut et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3483 petra in deserto fuit aliquod materiale, et tamen significavit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3484 Christum. Similiter etiam lignum scientiae boni et mali materialis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3485 arbor fuit, sic nominata propter eventum futurum, quia post eius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3486 esum homo, per experimentum poenae, didicit quid interesset inter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3487 obedientiae bonum et inobedientiae malum. Et tamen spiritualiter
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3488 potuit significare liberum arbitrium, ut quidam dicunt.</p><p title="I q. 102 a. 1 ad 5"><a name="32667"><span class="ref">[32667] Iª q. 102 a. 1 ad 5</span></a> Ad quintum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3489 dicendum quod, secundum Augustinum, tertio die productae sunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3490 plantae non in actu, sed secundum quasdam rationes seminales; sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3491 post opera sex dierum productae sunt plantae tam Paradisi quam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3492 aliae in actu. Secundum alios vero sanctos, oportet dicere quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3493 omnes plantae productae sunt in actu tertio die, et etiam ligna
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3494 Paradisi, sed quod dicitur de plantatione lignorum Paradisi post
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3495 opera sex dierum, intelligitur per recapitulationem esse dictum.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3496 Unde littera nostra habet, <i>plantaverat dominus Deus Paradisum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3497 voluptatis a principio</i>.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 2</h3><p title="I q. 102 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="32668"><span class="ref">[32668] Iª q. 102 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad secundum sic
28
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diff changeset
3498 proceditur. Videtur quod Paradisus non fuerit locus conveniens
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3499 habitationi humanae. Homo enim et Angelus similiter ad beatitudinem
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diff changeset
3500 ordinantur. Sed Angelus statim a principio factus est habitator
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3501 loci beatorum, scilicet caeli Empyrei. Ergo etiam ibi debuit
53
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diff changeset
3502 institui habitatio hominis.</p><p title="I q. 102 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="32669"><span class="ref">[32669] Iª q. 102 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea, si
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3503 locus aliquis debetur homini, aut debetur ei ratione animae, aut
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3504 ratione corporis. Si ratione animae, debetur ei pro loco caelum,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3505 qui videtur esse locus naturalis animae, cum omnibus insitus sit
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3506 appetitus caeli. Ratione autem corporis, non debetur ei alius locus
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diff changeset
3507 quam aliis animalibus. Ergo Paradisus nullo modo fuit locus
53
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diff changeset
3508 conveniens habitationi humanae.</p><p title="I q. 102 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="32670"><span class="ref">[32670] Iª q. 102 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3509 frustra est locus in quo nullum locatum continetur. Sed post
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3510 peccatum Paradisus non est locus habitationis humanae. Ergo, si est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3511 locus habitationi humanae congruus, in vanum videtur a Deo
53
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diff changeset
3512 institutus fuisse.</p><p title="I q. 102 a. 2 arg. 4"><a name="32671"><span class="ref">[32671] Iª q. 102 a. 2 arg. 4</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3513 homini, cum sit temperatae complexionis congruus est locus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3514 temperatus. Sed locus Paradisi non est locus temperatus, dicitur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3515 enim esse sub aequinoctiali circulo, qui locus videtur esse
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3516 calidissimus, cum bis in anno sol pertranseat super summitatem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3517 capitum eorum qui ibi habitant. Ergo Paradisus non est locus
53
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diff changeset
3518 congruus habitationi humanae.</p><p title="I q. 102 a. 2 s. c."><a name="32672"><span class="ref">[32672] Iª q. 102 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
28
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diff changeset
3519 quod Damascenus dicit de Paradiso, quod <i>est divina regio, et
53
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diff changeset
3520 digna eius qui secundum imaginem Dei erat, conversatio</i>.</p><p title="I q. 102 a. 2 co."><a name="32673"><span class="ref">[32673] Iª q. 102 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3521 quod, sicut supra dictum est, homo sic erat incorruptibilis et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3522 immortalis, non quia corpus eius dispositionem incorruptibilitatis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3523 haberet, sed quia inerat animae vis quaedam ad praeservandum corpus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3524 a corruptione. Corrumpi autem potest corpus humanum et ab interiori
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3525 et ab exteriori. Ab interiori quidem corrumpitur per consumptionem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3526 humidi, et per senectutem, ut supra dictum est, cui corruptioni
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3527 occurrere poterat primus homo per esum ciborum. Inter ea vero quae
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3528 exterius corrumpunt, praecipuum videtur esse distemperatus aer,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3529 unde huic corruptioni maxime occurritur per temperiem aeris. In
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3530 Paradiso autem utrumque invenitur, quia, ut Damascenus dicit,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3531 <i>est locus temperato et tenuissimo et purissimo aere
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3532 circumfulgens, plantis semper floridis comatus</i>. Unde manifestum
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diff changeset
3533 est quod Paradisus est locus conveniens habitationi humanae,
53
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diff changeset
3534 secundum primae immortalitatis statum.</p><p title="I q. 102 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="32674"><span class="ref">[32674] Iª q. 102 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3535 dicendum quod caelum Empyreum est supremum corporalium locorum, et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3536 est extra omnem mutabilitatem. Et quantum ad primum horum, est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3537 locus congruus naturae angelicae, quia, sicut Augustinus dicit in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3538 III de Trin., <i>Deus regit creaturam corporalem per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3539 spiritualem</i>; unde conveniens est quod spiritualis natura sit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3540 supra omnem corporalem constituta, sicut ei praesidens. Quantum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3541 autem ad secundum, convenit statui beatitudinis, qui est firmatus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3542 in summa stabilitate. Sic igitur locus beatitudinis congruit Angelo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3543 secundum naturam suam, unde ibi creatus est. Non autem congruit
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3544 homini secundum suam naturam, cum non praesideat toti corporali
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3545 creaturae per modum gubernationis, sed competit ei solum ratione
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3546 beatitudinis. Unde non est positus a principio in caelo Empyreo;
53
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diff changeset
3547 sed illuc transferendus erat in statu finalis beatitudinis.</p><p title="I q. 102 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="32675"><span class="ref">[32675] Iª q. 102 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3548 dicendum quod ridiculum est dicere quod animae, aut alicui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3549 spirituali substantiae, sit aliquis locus naturalis, sed per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3550 congruentiam quandam aliquis specialis locus creaturae incorporali
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3551 attribuitur. Paradisus ergo terrestris erat locus congruens homini
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3552 et quantum ad animam et quantum ad corpus, inquantum scilicet in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3553 anima erat vis praeservandi corpus humanum a corruptione. Quod non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3554 competebat aliis animalibus. Et ideo, ut Damascenus dicit, <i>in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3555 Paradiso nullum irrationalium habitabat</i>, licet ex quadam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3556 dispensatione animalia fuerint illuc divinitus adducta ad Adam, et
53
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diff changeset
3557 serpens illuc accesserit per operationem Diaboli.</p><p title="I q. 102 a. 2 ad 3"><a name="32676"><span class="ref">[32676] Iª q. 102 a. 2 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3558 dicendum quod non propter hoc locus est frustra, quia non est ibi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3559 hominum habitatio post peccatum, sicut etiam non frustra fuit
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3560 homini attributa immortalitas quaedam, quam conservaturus non erat.
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3561 Per huiusmodi enim ostenditur benignitas Dei ad hominem, et quid
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3562 homo peccando amiserit. Quamvis, ut dicitur, nunc Enoch et Elias in
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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diff changeset
3563 illo Paradiso habitent.</p><p title="I q. 102 a. 2 ad 4"><a name="32677"><span class="ref">[32677] Iª q. 102 a. 2 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3564 dicendum quod illi qui dicunt Paradisum esse sub circulo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3565 aequinoctiali, opinantur sub circulo illo esse locum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3566 temperatissimum, propter aequalitatem dierum et noctium omni
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3567 tempore; et quia sol nunquam multum ab eis elongatur, ut sit apud
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3568 eos superabundantia frigoris; nec iterum est apud eos, ut dicunt,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3569 superabundantia caloris, quia etsi sol pertranseat super eorum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3570 capita, non tamen diu moratur ibi in hac dispositione. Aristoteles
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3571 tamen, in libro Meteor., expresse dicit quod regio illa est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3572 inhabitabilis propter aestum. Quod videtur probabilius, quia terrae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3573 per quas nunquam sol pertransit in directum capitis, sunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3574 intemperatae in calore propter solam vicinitatem solis. Quidquid
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3575 autem de hoc sit, credendum est Paradisum in loco temperatissimo
53
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diff changeset
3576 constitutum esse, vel sub aequinoctiali vel alibi.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 3</h3><p title="I q. 102 a. 3 arg. 1"><a name="32678"><span class="ref">[32678] Iª q. 102 a. 3 arg. 1</span></a> Ad tertium sic
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3577 proceditur. Videtur quod homo non sit positus in Paradiso ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3578 operaretur et custodiret illum. Quod enim introductum est in poenam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3579 peccati, non fuisset in Paradiso in statu innocentiae. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3580 agricultura introducta est in poenam peccati, ut dicitur Gen. III.
53
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diff changeset
3581 Ergo homo non fuit positus in Paradiso ut operaretur ipsum.</p><p title="I q. 102 a. 3 arg. 2"><a name="32679"><span class="ref">[32679] Iª q. 102 a. 3 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3582 custodia non est necessaria, ubi non timetur violentus invasor. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
3583 in Paradiso nullus timebatur violentus invasor. Ergo non erat
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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diff changeset
3584 necessarium ut Paradisum custodiret.</p><p title="I q. 102 a. 3 arg. 3"><a name="32680"><span class="ref">[32680] Iª q. 102 a. 3 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea, si
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3585 homo positus est in Paradiso ut operaretur et custodiret ipsum,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3586 videtur sequi quod homo factus sit propter Paradisum, et non e
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3587 converso, quod videtur esse falsum. Ergo homo non est positus in
53
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diff changeset
3588 Paradiso ut operaretur et custodiret illum.</p><p title="I q. 102 a. 3 s. c."><a name="32681"><span class="ref">[32681] Iª q. 102 a. 3 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3589 quod dicitur Gen. II, <i>tulit dominus Deus hominem, et posuit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3590 illum in Paradiso voluptatis, ut operaretur et custodiret
53
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diff changeset
3591 illum</i>.</p><p title="I q. 102 a. 3 co."><a name="32682"><span class="ref">[32682] Iª q. 102 a. 3 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3592 quod, sicut Augustinus dicit VIII super Gen. ad Litt., verbum istud
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3593 Genesis dupliciter potest intelligi. Uno modo sic, quod Deus posuit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3594 hominem in Paradiso, ut ipse Deus operaretur et custodiret hominem,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3595 operaretur, inquam, iustificando ipsum, cuius operatio si ab homine
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3596 cesset, continuo obtenebratur, sicut aer obtenebratur si cesset
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3597 influentia luminis; ut custodiret vero ab omni corruptione et malo.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3598 Alio modo potest intelligi, ut homo operaretur et custodiret
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3599 Paradisum. Nec tamen illa operatio esset laboriosa, sicut post
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3600 peccatum, sed fuisset iucunda, propter experientiam virtutis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3601 naturae. Custodia etiam illa non esset contra invasores, sed esset
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3602 ad hoc quod homo sibi Paradisum custodiret, ne ipsum peccando
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3603 amitteret. Et hoc totum in bonum hominis cedebat, et sic Paradisus
53
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diff changeset
3604 ordinatur ad bonum hominis, et non e converso.</p><p title="I q. 102 a. 3 ad arg."><a name="32683"><span class="ref">[32683] Iª q. 102 a. 3 ad arg.</span></a> Et per hoc
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
3605 patet responsio ad obiecta.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 4</h3><p title="I q. 102 a. 4 arg. 1"><a name="32684"><span class="ref">[32684] Iª q. 102 a. 4 arg. 1</span></a> Ad quartum sic
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3606 proceditur. Videtur quod homo factus fuerit in Paradiso. Angelus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3607 enim in loco suae habitationis creatus fuit, scilicet in caelo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3608 Empyreo. Sed Paradisus fuit locus congruus habitationi humanae ante
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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diff changeset
3609 peccatum. Ergo videtur quod in Paradiso homo debuit fieri.</p><p title="I q. 102 a. 4 arg. 2"><a name="32685"><span class="ref">[32685] Iª q. 102 a. 4 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea, alia
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3610 animalia conservantur in loco suae generationis; sicut pisces in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3611 aquis, et animalia gressibilia in terra, unde producta sunt. Homo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3612 autem conservatus fuisset in Paradiso, ut dictum est. Ergo in
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
3613 Paradiso fieri debuit.</p><p title="I q. 102 a. 4 arg. 3"><a name="32686"><span class="ref">[32686] Iª q. 102 a. 4 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3614 mulier in Paradiso facta fuit. Sed vir dignior est muliere. Ergo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
3615 multo magis vir debuit fieri in Paradiso.</p><p title="I q. 102 a. 4 s. c."><a name="32687"><span class="ref">[32687] Iª q. 102 a. 4 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3616 quod dicitur Gen. II, <i>tulit Deus hominem, et posuit eum in
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
3617 Paradiso</i>.</p><p title="I q. 102 a. 4 co."><a name="32688"><span class="ref">[32688] Iª q. 102 a. 4 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3618 quod Paradisus fuit locus congruus habitationi humanae, quantum ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3619 incorruptionem primi status. Incorruptio autem illa non erat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3620 hominis secundum naturam, sed ex supernaturali Dei dono. Ut ergo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3621 hoc gratiae Dei imputaretur, non humanae naturae, Deus hominem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3622 extra Paradisum fecit, et postea ipsum in Paradiso posuit, ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3623 habitaret ibi toto tempore animalis vitae, postmodum, cum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
3624 spiritualem vitam adeptus esset, transferendus in caelum.</p><p title="I q. 102 a. 4 ad 1"><a name="32689"><span class="ref">[32689] Iª q. 102 a. 4 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3625 dicendum quod caelum Empyreum est locus congruus Angelis etiam
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
3626 quantum ad eorum naturam, et ideo ibi sunt creati.</p><p title="I q. 102 a. 4 ad 2"><a name="32690"><span class="ref">[32690] Iª q. 102 a. 4 ad 2</span></a> Et similiter
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3627 dicendum ad secundum. Loca enim illa congruunt animalibus secundum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3628 suam naturam.</p><p title="I q. 102 a. 4 ad 3"><a name="32691"><span class="ref">[32691] Iª q. 102 a. 4 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3629 dicendum quod mulier facta fuit in Paradiso non propter dignitatem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3630 suam, sed propter dignitatem principii ex quo corpus eius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3631 formabatur. Quia similiter et filii in Paradiso fuissent nati, in
53
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diff changeset
3632 quo parentes iam erant positi.</p></div></div><div class="centro"><br/>
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diff changeset
3633 <p><a href="sth1084.html"><img alt="age retro" border="0" align="middle" height="19" width="19" src="icons/ageretro.gif"/></a>  
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diff changeset
3634 <a href="sth1103.html"><img alt="age ultra" border="0" align="middle" height="19" width="19" src="icons/ageultra.gif"/></a></p>
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diff changeset
3635 <br/>
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diff changeset
3636 <hr/>
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3637 <br/>
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diff changeset
3638 <address>© 2006 Fundación Tomás de Aquino quoad
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diff changeset
3639 hanc editionem<br/>
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diff changeset
3640 Iura omnia asservantur<br/>
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3641 OCLC nr. <a style="text-decoration=none" href="http://worldcatlibraries.org/wcpa/oclc/49644264">49644264</a></address>
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3642 </div></body>
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3643 </html>