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date Mon, 28 Dec 2009 13:00:58 +0000
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1 <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
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2 <!DOCTYPE html
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3 PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "file:///c:/cygwin/usr/local/share/lib/xml/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
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4 <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="LA" lang="LA">
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5 <head>
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9 <meta content="text/javascript" http-equiv="Content-Script-Type"/>
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10 <meta content="Thomas de Aquino, Summa Theologiae, Corpus Thomisticum" name="keywords"/>
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11 <meta content="Latin" name="language"/>
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13 <meta content="ealarcon@unav.es" name="owner"/>
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14 <meta content="Enrique Alarcón" name="author"/>
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15 <meta content="" name="abstract"/>
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17 <link type="text/css" href="vprint.css" media="print" rel="stylesheet"/>
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18 <title>Thomas de Aquino, Summa Theologiae, Iª q. 77-83</title>
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19 </head>
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20 <body><a href="http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/"/><div class="tres">CORPUS THOMISTICUM</div><div class="uno">Sancti Thomae de Aquino</div><div class="uno">Summa Theologiae</div><div class="dos">prima pars a quaestione LXXVII ad quaestionem
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21 LXXXIII</div><div class="centro">
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22 <table summary="Imago" align="center">
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23 <tr>
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24 <th><img align="middle" alt="Thomas de Aquino a Justo Ghent depictus" border="0" height="190" width="120" src="icons/ghent190.jpg"/></th>
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25 </tr>
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26 </table>
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27 <br/>
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28 <span class="tres">Textum Leoninum Romae 1889 editum<br/>
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29 ac automato translatum a Roberto Busa SJ in taenias
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30 magneticas<br/>
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31 denuo recognovit Enrique Alarcón atque instruxit<br/>
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32 <br/></span><br/>
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33 <hr/>
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34 <br/>
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35 <p><a href="sth1075.html"><img alt="age retro" border="0" align="middle" height="19" width="19" src="icons/ageretro.gif"/></a>  
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36 <a href="sth1084.html"><img alt="age ultra" border="0" align="middle" height="19" width="19" src="icons/ageultra.gif"/></a></p>
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37 <script type="text/javascript" language="JavaScript">
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38 //
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39 &lt;!--
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40 // original code by Bill Trefzger 12/12/96; revised by Enrique Alarcon 12/9/2000
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138 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31679"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 78 a. 1 ad 3');
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139 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31680"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 78 a. 1 ad 4');
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140 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31681"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 78 a. 2 arg. 1');
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141 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31682"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 78 a. 2 arg. 2');
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142 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31683"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 78 a. 2 arg. 3');
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143 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31684"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 78 a. 2 arg. 4');
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144 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31685"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 78 a. 2 s. c.');
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145 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31686"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 78 a. 2 co.');
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146 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31687"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 78 a. 2 ad 1');
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147 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31688"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 78 a. 2 ad 2');
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148 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31689"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 78 a. 2 ad 3');
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149 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31690"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 78 a. 2 ad 4');
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150 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31691"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 78 a. 3 arg. 1');
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151 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31692"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 78 a. 3 arg. 2');
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152 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31693"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 78 a. 3 arg. 3');
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153 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31694"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 78 a. 3 arg. 4');
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154 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31695"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 78 a. 3 s. c.');
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155 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31696"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 78 a. 3 co.');
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156 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31697"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 78 a. 3 ad 1');
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157 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31698"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 78 a. 3 ad 2');
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158 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31699"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 78 a. 3 ad 3');
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159 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31700"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 78 a. 3 ad 4');
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160 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31701"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 78 a. 4 arg. 1');
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161 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31702"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 78 a. 4 arg. 2');
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162 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31703"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 78 a. 4 arg. 3');
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163 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31704"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 78 a. 4 arg. 4');
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164 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31705"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 78 a. 4 arg. 5');
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165 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31706"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 78 a. 4 arg. 6');
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166 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31707"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 78 a. 4 s. c.');
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167 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31708"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 78 a. 4 co.');
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168 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31709"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 78 a. 4 ad 1');
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169 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31710"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 78 a. 4 ad 2');
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170 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31711"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 78 a. 4 ad 3');
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171 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31712"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 78 a. 4 ad 4');
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172 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31713"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 78 a. 4 ad 5');
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173 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31714"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 78 a. 4 ad 6');
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174 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31715"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 79 pr.');
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175 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31716"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 79 a. 1 arg. 1');
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176 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31717"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 79 a. 1 arg. 2');
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diff changeset
177 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31718"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 79 a. 1 arg. 3');
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178 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31719"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 79 a. 1 arg. 4');
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179 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31720"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 79 a. 1 s. c.');
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180 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31721"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 79 a. 1 co.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
181 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31722"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 79 a. 1 ad 1');
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182 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31723"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 79 a. 1 ad 2');
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183 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31724"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 79 a. 1 ad 3');
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184 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31725"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 79 a. 1 ad 4');
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185 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31726"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 79 a. 2 arg. 1');
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186 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31727"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 79 a. 2 arg. 2');
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187 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31728"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 79 a. 2 arg. 3');
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188 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31729"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 79 a. 2 s. c.');
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189 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31730"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 79 a. 2 co.');
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190 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31731"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 79 a. 2 ad 1');
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191 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31732"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 79 a. 2 ad 2');
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192 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31733"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 79 a. 2 ad 3');
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193 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31734"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 79 a. 3 arg. 1');
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194 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31735"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 79 a. 3 arg. 2');
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195 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31736"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 79 a. 3 arg. 3');
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196 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31737"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 79 a. 3 s. c.');
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197 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31738"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 79 a. 3 co.');
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198 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31739"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 79 a. 3 ad 1');
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parents: 28
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199 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31740"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 79 a. 3 ad 2');
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200 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31741"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 79 a. 3 ad 3');
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parents: 28
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201 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31742"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 79 a. 4 arg. 1');
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parents: 28
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202 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31743"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 79 a. 4 arg. 2');
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parents: 28
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203 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31744"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 79 a. 4 arg. 3');
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204 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31745"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 79 a. 4 arg. 4');
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205 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31746"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 79 a. 4 arg. 5');
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206 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31747"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 79 a. 4 s. c.');
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207 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31748"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 79 a. 4 co.');
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208 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31749"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 79 a. 4 ad 1');
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209 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31750"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 79 a. 4 ad 2');
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210 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31751"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 79 a. 4 ad 3');
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parents: 28
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211 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31752"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 79 a. 4 ad 4');
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212 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31753"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 79 a. 4 ad 5');
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213 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31754"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 79 a. 5 arg. 1');
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214 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31755"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 79 a. 5 arg. 2');
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215 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31756"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 79 a. 5 arg. 3');
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216 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31757"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 79 a. 5 s. c.');
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217 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31758"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 79 a. 5 co.');
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218 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31759"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 79 a. 5 ad 1');
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219 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31760"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 79 a. 5 ad 2');
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220 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31761"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 79 a. 5 ad 3');
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221 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31762"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 79 a. 6 arg. 1');
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222 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31763"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 79 a. 6 arg. 2');
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223 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31764"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 79 a. 6 arg. 3');
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224 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31765"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 79 a. 6 s. c.');
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225 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31766"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 79 a. 6 co.');
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226 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31767"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 79 a. 6 ad 1');
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227 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31768"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 79 a. 6 ad 2');
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228 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31769"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 79 a. 6 ad 3');
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229 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31770"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 79 a. 7 arg. 1');
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230 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31771"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 79 a. 7 arg. 2');
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231 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31772"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 79 a. 7 arg. 3');
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232 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31773"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 79 a. 7 s. c.');
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233 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31774"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 79 a. 7 co.');
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234 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31775"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 79 a. 7 ad 1');
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235 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31776"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 79 a. 7 ad 2');
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236 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31777"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 79 a. 7 ad 3');
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237 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31778"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 79 a. 8 arg. 1');
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238 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31779"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 79 a. 8 arg. 2');
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239 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31780"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 79 a. 8 arg. 3');
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240 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31781"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 79 a. 8 s. c.');
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241 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31782"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 79 a. 8 co.');
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242 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31783"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 79 a. 8 ad 1');
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243 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31784"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 79 a. 8 ad 2');
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244 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31785"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 79 a. 8 ad 3');
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245 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31786"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 79 a. 9 arg. 1');
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parents: 28
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246 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31787"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 79 a. 9 arg. 2');
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247 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31788"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 79 a. 9 arg. 3');
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parents: 28
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248 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31789"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 79 a. 9 arg. 4');
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249 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31790"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 79 a. 9 s. c.');
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250 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31791"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 79 a. 9 co.');
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251 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31792"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 79 a. 9 ad 1');
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252 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31793"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 79 a. 9 ad 2');
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253 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31794"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 79 a. 9 ad 3');
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254 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31795"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 79 a. 9 ad 4');
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255 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31796"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 79 a. 10 arg. 1');
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256 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31797"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 79 a. 10 arg. 2');
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257 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31798"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 79 a. 10 arg. 3');
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258 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31799"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 79 a. 10 s. c.');
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259 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31800"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 79 a. 10 co.');
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260 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31801"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 79 a. 10 ad 1');
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parents: 28
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261 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31802"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 79 a. 10 ad 2');
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parents: 28
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262 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31803"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 79 a. 10 ad 3');
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263 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31804"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 79 a. 11 arg. 1');
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264 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31805"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 79 a. 11 arg. 2');
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265 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31806"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 79 a. 11 arg. 3');
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266 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31807"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 79 a. 11 s. c.');
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267 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31808"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 79 a. 11 co.');
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parents: 28
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268 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31809"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 79 a. 11 ad 1');
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parents: 28
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269 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31810"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 79 a. 11 ad 2');
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parents: 28
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270 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31811"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 79 a. 11 ad 3');
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parents: 28
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271 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31812"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 79 a. 12 arg. 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
272 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31813"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 79 a. 12 arg. 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
273 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31814"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 79 a. 12 arg. 3');
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274 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31815"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 79 a. 12 s. c.');
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275 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31816"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 79 a. 12 co.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
276 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31817"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 79 a. 12 ad 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
277 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31818"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 79 a. 12 ad 2');
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parents: 28
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278 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31819"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 79 a. 12 ad 3');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
279 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31820"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 79 a. 13 arg. 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
280 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31821"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 79 a. 13 arg. 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
281 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31822"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 79 a. 13 arg. 3');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
282 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31823"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 79 a. 13 s. c.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
283 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31824"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 79 a. 13 co.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
284 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31825"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 79 a. 13 ad 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
285 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31826"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 79 a. 13 ad 2');
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parents: 28
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286 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31827"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 79 a. 13 ad 3');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
287 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31828"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 80 pr.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
288 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31829"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 80 a. 1 arg. 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
289 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31830"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 80 a. 1 arg. 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
290 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31831"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 80 a. 1 arg. 3');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
291 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31832"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 80 a. 1 s. c.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
292 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31833"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 80 a. 1 co.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
293 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31834"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 80 a. 1 ad 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
294 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31835"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 80 a. 1 ad 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
295 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31836"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 80 a. 1 ad 3');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
296 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31837"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 80 a. 2 arg. 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
297 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31838"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 80 a. 2 arg. 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
298 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31839"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 80 a. 2 arg. 3');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
299 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31840"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 80 a. 2 s. c.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
300 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31841"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 80 a. 2 co.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
301 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31842"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 80 a. 2 ad 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
302 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31843"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 80 a. 2 ad 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
303 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31844"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 80 a. 2 ad 3');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
304 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31845"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 81 pr.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
305 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31846"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 81 a. 1 arg. 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
306 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31847"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 81 a. 1 arg. 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
307 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31848"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 81 a. 1 arg. 3');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
308 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31849"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 81 a. 1 s. c.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
309 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31850"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 81 a. 1 co.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
310 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31851"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 81 a. 1 ad 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
311 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31852"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 81 a. 1 ad 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
312 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31853"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 81 a. 1 ad 3');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
313 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31854"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 81 a. 2 arg. 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
314 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31855"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 81 a. 2 arg. 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
315 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31856"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 81 a. 2 arg. 3');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
316 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31857"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 81 a. 2 s. c.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
317 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31858"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 81 a. 2 co.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
318 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31859"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 81 a. 2 ad 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
319 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31860"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 81 a. 2 ad 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
320 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31861"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 81 a. 2 ad 3');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
321 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31862"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 81 a. 3 arg. 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
322 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31863"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 81 a. 3 arg. 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
323 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31864"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 81 a. 3 arg. 3');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
324 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31865"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 81 a. 3 s. c.');
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parents: 28
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325 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31866"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 81 a. 3 co.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
326 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31867"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 81 a. 3 ad 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
327 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31868"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 81 a. 3 ad 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
328 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31869"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 81 a. 3 ad 3');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
329 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31870"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 82 pr.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
330 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31871"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 82 a. 1 arg. 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
331 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31872"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 82 a. 1 arg. 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
332 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31873"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 82 a. 1 arg. 3');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
333 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31874"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 82 a. 1 s. c.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
334 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31875"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 82 a. 1 co.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
335 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31876"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 82 a. 1 ad 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
336 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31877"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 82 a. 1 ad 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
337 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31878"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 82 a. 1 ad 3');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
338 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31879"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 82 a. 2 arg. 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
339 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31880"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 82 a. 2 arg. 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
340 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31881"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 82 a. 2 arg. 3');
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parents: 28
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341 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31882"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 82 a. 2 s. c.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
342 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31883"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 82 a. 2 co.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
343 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31884"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 82 a. 2 ad 1');
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parents: 28
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344 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31885"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 82 a. 2 ad 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
345 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31886"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 82 a. 2 ad 3');
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parents: 28
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346 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31887"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 82 a. 3 arg. 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
347 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31888"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 82 a. 3 arg. 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
348 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31889"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 82 a. 3 arg. 3');
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parents: 28
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349 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31890"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 82 a. 3 s. c.');
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parents: 28
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350 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31891"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 82 a. 3 co.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
351 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31892"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 82 a. 3 ad 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
352 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31893"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 82 a. 3 ad 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
353 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31894"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 82 a. 3 ad 3');
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parents: 28
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354 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31895"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 82 a. 4 arg. 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
355 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31896"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 82 a. 4 arg. 2');
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diff changeset
356 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31897"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 82 a. 4 arg. 3');
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parents: 28
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357 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31898"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 82 a. 4 s. c.');
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parents: 28
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358 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31899"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 82 a. 4 co.');
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parents: 28
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parents: 28
diff changeset
362 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31903"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 82 a. 5 arg. 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
363 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31904"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 82 a. 5 arg. 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
364 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31905"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 82 a. 5 arg. 3');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
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parents: 28
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366 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31907"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 82 a. 5 co.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
367 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31908"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 82 a. 5 ad 1');
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diff changeset
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diff changeset
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parents: 28
diff changeset
370 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31911"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 83 pr.');
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parents: 28
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371 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31912"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 83 a. 1 arg. 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
372 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31913"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 83 a. 1 arg. 2');
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diff changeset
373 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31914"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 83 a. 1 arg. 3');
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diff changeset
374 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31915"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 83 a. 1 arg. 4');
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diff changeset
375 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31916"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 83 a. 1 arg. 5');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
376 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31917"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 83 a. 1 s. c.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
377 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31918"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 83 a. 1 co.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
378 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31919"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 83 a. 1 ad 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
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parents: 28
diff changeset
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parents: 28
diff changeset
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diff changeset
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parents: 28
diff changeset
383 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31924"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 83 a. 2 arg. 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
384 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31925"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 83 a. 2 arg. 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
385 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31926"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 83 a. 2 arg. 3');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
386 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31927"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 83 a. 2 s. c.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
387 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31928"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 83 a. 2 co.');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
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parents: 28
diff changeset
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diff changeset
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parents: 28
diff changeset
391 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31932"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 83 a. 3 arg. 1');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
392 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31933"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 83 a. 3 arg. 2');
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parents: 28
diff changeset
393 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31934"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 83 a. 3 arg. 3');
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parents: 28
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394 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31935"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 83 a. 3 s. c.');
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395 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31936"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 83 a. 3 co.');
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396 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31937"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 83 a. 3 ad 1');
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397 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31938"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 83 a. 3 ad 2');
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398 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31939"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 83 a. 3 ad 3');
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399 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31940"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 83 a. 4 arg. 1');
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400 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31941"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 83 a. 4 arg. 2');
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401 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31942"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 83 a. 4 arg. 3');
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402 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31943"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 83 a. 4 s. c.');
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403 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31944"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 83 a. 4 co.');
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404 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31945"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 83 a. 4 ad 1');
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405 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31946"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 83 a. 4 ad 2');
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406 document.write('&lt;OPTION VALUE="#31947"&gt;I&amp;ordf; q. 83 a. 4 ad 3');
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407 document.write('&lt;\/SELECT&gt;');
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408 document.write('&lt;BR&gt;&lt;BR&gt;');
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409 document.write('&lt;INPUT TYPE="button" VALUE="Agedum" ONCLICK="go()"&gt;');
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410 document.write('&lt;\/FORM&gt;');
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411 // --&gt;
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412 //
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413 </script><br/>
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414 <hr/>
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415 <br/></div><div class="q" id="q77"><h2>Quaestio 77</h2><div class="p"><h3>Prooemium</h3><p title="I q. 77 pr."><a name="31590"><span class="ref">[31590]
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416 Iª q. 77 pr.</span></a> Deinde considerandum est de his quae
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417 pertinent ad potentias animae. Et primo, in generali; secundo, in
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418 speciali. Circa primum quaeruntur octo. Primo, utrum essentia
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419 animae sit eius potentia. Secundo, utrum sit una tantum potentia
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420 animae, vel plures. Tertio, quomodo potentiae animae distinguantur.
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421 Quarto, de ordine ipsarum ad invicem. Quinto, utrum anima sit
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422 subiectum omnium potentiarum. Sexto, utrum potentiae fluant ab
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423 essentia animae. Septimo, utrum potentia una oriatur ex alia.
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424 Octavo, utrum omnes potentiae animae remaneant in ea post
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425 mortem.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 1</h3><p title="I q. 77 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="31591"><span class="ref">[31591] Iª q. 77 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad primum sic
28
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426 proceditur. Videtur quod ipsa essentia animae sit eius potentia.
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427 Dicit enim Augustinus, in IX de Trin., quod <i>mens, notitia et
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428 amor sunt substantialiter in anima, vel, ut idem dicam,
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429 essentialiter</i>. Et in X dicit quod <i>memoria, intelligentia et
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430 voluntas sunt una vita, una mens, una essentia</i>.</p><p title="I q. 77 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="31592"><span class="ref">[31592] Iª q. 77 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea, anima
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431 est nobilior quam materia prima. Sed materia prima est sua
53
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432 potentia. Ergo multo magis anima.</p><p title="I q. 77 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="31593"><span class="ref">[31593] Iª q. 77 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea, forma
28
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433 substantialis est simplicior quam accidentalis, cuius signum est,
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434 quod forma substantialis non intenditur vel remittitur, sed in
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435 indivisibili consistit. Forma autem accidentalis est ipsa sua
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436 virtus. Ergo multo magis forma substantialis, quae est anima.</p><p title="I q. 77 a. 1 arg. 4"><a name="31594"><span class="ref">[31594] Iª q. 77 a. 1 arg. 4</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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437 potentia sensitiva est qua sentimus, et potentia intellectiva qua
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438 intelligimus. Sed id quo primo sentimus et intelligimus est anima,
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439 secundum philosophum, in II de anima. Ergo anima est suae
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440 potentiae.</p><p title="I q. 77 a. 1 arg. 5"><a name="31595"><span class="ref">[31595] Iª q. 77 a. 1 arg. 5</span></a> Praeterea, omne
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441 quod non est de essentia rei, est accidens. Si ergo potentia animae
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442 est praeter essentiam eius, sequitur quod sit accidens. Quod est
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443 contra Augustinum, in IX de Trin., ubi dicit quod <i>praedicta non
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444 sunt in anima sicut in subiecto, ut color aut figura in corpore,
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445 aut ulla alia qualitas aut quantitas, quidquid enim tale est, non
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446 excedit subiectum in quo est; mens autem potest etiam alia amare et
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447 cognoscere</i>.</p><p title="I q. 77 a. 1 arg. 6"><a name="31596"><span class="ref">[31596] Iª q. 77 a. 1 arg. 6</span></a> Praeterea, forma
28
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448 simplex subiectum esse non potest. Anima autem est forma simplex,
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449 cum non sit composita ex materia et forma, ut supra dictum est. Non
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450 ergo potentia animae potest esse in ipsa sicut in subiecto.</p><p title="I q. 77 a. 1 arg. 7"><a name="31597"><span class="ref">[31597] Iª q. 77 a. 1 arg. 7</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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451 accidens non est principium substantialis differentiae. Sed
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452 sensibile et rationale sunt substantiales differentiae, et sumuntur
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453 a sensu et ratione, quae sunt potentiae animae. Ergo potentiae
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454 animae non sunt accidentia. Et ita videtur quod potentia animae sit
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455 eius essentia.</p><p title="I q. 77 a. 1 s. c."><a name="31598"><span class="ref">[31598] Iª q. 77 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
28
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456 quod Dionysius dicit, XI cap. Caelest. Hier., quod <i>caelestes
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457 spiritus dividuntur in essentiam, virtutem et operationem</i>.
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458 Multo igitur magis in anima aliud est essentia, et aliud virtus
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459 sive potentia.</p><p title="I q. 77 a. 1 co."><a name="31599"><span class="ref">[31599] Iª q. 77 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
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460 quod impossibile est dicere quod essentia animae sit eius potentia;
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461 licet hoc quidam posuerint. Et hoc dupliciter ostenditur, quantum
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462 ad praesens. Primo quia, cum potentia et actus dividant ens et
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463 quodlibet genus entis, oportet quod ad idem genus referatur
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464 potentia et actus. Et ideo, si actus non est in genere substantiae,
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465 potentia quae dicitur ad illum actum, non potest esse in genere
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466 substantiae. Operatio autem animae non est in genere substantiae;
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467 sed in solo Deo, cuius operatio est eius substantia. Unde Dei
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468 potentia, quae est operationis principium, est ipsa Dei essentia.
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469 Quod non potest esse verum neque in anima, neque in aliqua
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470 creatura; ut supra etiam de Angelo dictum est. Secundo, hoc etiam
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471 impossibile apparet in anima. Nam anima secundum suam essentiam est
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472 actus. Si ergo ipsa essentia animae esset immediatum operationis
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473 principium, semper habens animam actu haberet opera vitae; sicut
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474 semper habens animam actu est vivum. Non enim, inquantum est forma,
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475 est actus ordinatus ad ulteriorem actum, sed est ultimus terminus
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476 generationis. Unde quod sit in potentia adhuc ad alium actum, hoc
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477 non competit ei secundum suam essentiam, inquantum est forma; sed
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478 secundum suam potentiam. Et sic ipsa anima, secundum quod subest
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479 suae potentiae, dicitur actus primus, ordinatus ad actum secundum.
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480 Invenitur autem habens animam non semper esse in actu operum vitae.
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481 Unde etiam in definitione animae dicitur quod est actus corporis
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482 potentia vitam habentis, quae tamen potentia non abiicit animam.
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483 Relinquitur ergo quod essentia animae non est eius potentia. Nihil
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484 enim est in potentia secundum actum, inquantum est actus.</p><p title="I q. 77 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="31600"><span class="ref">[31600] Iª q. 77 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
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485 dicendum quod Augustinus loquitur de mente secundum quod noscit se
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486 et amat se. Sic ergo notitia et amor, inquantum referuntur ad ipsam
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487 ut cognitam et amatam, substantialiter vel essentialiter sunt in
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488 anima, quia ipsa substantia vel essentia animae cognoscitur et
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489 amatur. Et similiter intelligendum est quod alibi dicit, quod sunt
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490 una vita, una mens, una essentia. Vel, sicut quidam dicunt, haec
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491 locutio verificatur secundum modum quo totum potestativum
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492 praedicatur de suis partibus, quod medium est inter totum
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493 universale et totum integrale. Totum enim universale adest cuilibet
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494 parti secundum totam suam essentiam et virtutem, ut animal homini
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495 et equo, et ideo proprie de singulis partibus praedicatur. Totum
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496 vero integrale non est in qualibet parte, neque secundum totam
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497 essentiam, neque secundum totam virtutem. Et ideo nullo modo de
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498 singulis partibus praedicatur; sed aliquo modo, licet improprie,
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499 praedicatur de omnibus simul, ut si dicamus quod paries, tectum et
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500 fundamentum sunt domus. Totum vero potentiale adest singulis
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501 partibus secundum totam suam essentiam, sed non secundum totam
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502 virtutem. Et ideo quodammodo potest praedicari de qualibet parte;
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503 sed non ita proprie sicut totum universale. Et per hunc modum
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504 Augustinus dicit quod memoria, intelligentia et voluntas sunt una
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505 animae essentia.</p><p title="I q. 77 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="31601"><span class="ref">[31601] Iª q. 77 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
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506 dicendum quod actus ad quem est in potentia materia prima, est
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507 substantialis forma. Et ideo potentia materiae non est aliud quam
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508 eius essentia.</p><p title="I q. 77 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="31602"><span class="ref">[31602] Iª q. 77 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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509 dicendum quod actio est compositi, sicut et esse, existentis enim
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510 est agere. Compositum autem per formam substantialem habet esse
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511 substantialiter; per virtutem autem quae consequitur formam
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512 substantialem, operatur. Unde sic se habet forma accidentalis
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513 activa ad formam substantialem agentis (ut calor ad formam ignis),
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514 sicut se habet potentia animae ad animam.</p><p title="I q. 77 a. 1 ad 4"><a name="31603"><span class="ref">[31603] Iª q. 77 a. 1 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
28
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515 dicendum quod hoc ipsum quod forma accidentalis est actionis
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516 principium, habet a forma substantiali. Et ideo forma substantialis
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517 est primum actionis principium, sed non proximum. Et secundum hoc
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518 philosophus dicit quod <i>id quo intelligimus et sentimus, est
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519 anima</i>.</p><p title="I q. 77 a. 1 ad 5"><a name="31604"><span class="ref">[31604] Iª q. 77 a. 1 ad 5</span></a> Ad quintum
28
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520 dicendum quod, si accidens accipiatur secundum quod dividitur
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521 contra substantiam, sic nihil potest esse medium inter substantiam
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522 et accidens, quia dividuntur secundum affirmationem et negationem,
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523 scilicet secundum esse in subiecto et non esse in subiecto. Et hoc
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524 modo, cum potentia animae non sit eius essentia, oportet quod sit
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525 accidens, et est in secunda specie qualitatis. Si vero accipiatur
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526 accidens secundum quod ponitur unum quinque universalium, sic
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527 aliquid est medium inter substantiam et accidens. Quia ad
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528 substantiam pertinet quidquid est essentiale rei, non autem
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529 quidquid est extra essentiam, potest sic dici accidens, sed solum
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530 id quod non causatur ex principiis essentialibus speciei. Proprium
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531 enim non est de essentia rei, sed ex principiis essentialibus
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532 speciei causatur, unde medium est inter essentiam et accidens sic
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533 dictum. Et hoc modo potentiae animae possunt dici mediae inter
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534 substantiam et accidens, quasi proprietates animae naturales. Quod
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535 autem Augustinus dicit, quod notitia et amor non sunt in anima
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536 sicut accidentia in subiecto, intelligitur secundum modum
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537 praedictum, prout comparantur ad animam, non sicut ad amantem et
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538 cognoscentem; sed prout comparantur ad eam sicut ad amatam et
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539 cognitam. Et hoc modo procedit sua probatio, quia si amor esset in
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540 anima amata sicut in subiecto, sequeretur quod accidens
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541 transcenderet suum subiectum; cum etiam alia sint amata per
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542 animam.</p><p title="I q. 77 a. 1 ad 6"><a name="31605"><span class="ref">[31605] Iª q. 77 a. 1 ad 6</span></a> Ad sextum dicendum
28
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543 quod anima, licet non sit composita ex materia et forma, habet
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544 tamen aliquid de potentialitate admixtum ut supra dictum est. Et
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545 ideo potest esse subiectum accidentis. Propositio autem inducta
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546 locum habet in Deo, qui est actus purus, in qua materia Boetius eam
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547 introducit.</p><p title="I q. 77 a. 1 ad 7"><a name="31606"><span class="ref">[31606] Iª q. 77 a. 1 ad 7</span></a> Ad septimum
28
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diff changeset
548 dicendum quod rationale et sensibile, prout sunt differentiae, non
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diff changeset
549 sumuntur a potentiis sensus et rationis; sed ab ipsa anima
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parents: 26
diff changeset
550 sensitiva et rationali. Quia tamen formae substantiales, quae
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diff changeset
551 secundum se sunt nobis ignotae, innotescunt per accidentia; nihil
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parents: 26
diff changeset
552 prohibet interdum accidentia loco differentiarum substantialium
53
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553 poni.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 2</h3><p title="I q. 77 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="31607"><span class="ref">[31607] Iª q. 77 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad secundum sic
28
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diff changeset
554 proceditur. Videtur quod non sint plures potentiae animae. Anima
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diff changeset
555 enim intellectiva maxime ad divinam similitudinem accedit. Sed in
53
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556 Deo est una et simplex potentia. Ergo et in anima intellectiva.</p><p title="I q. 77 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="31608"><span class="ref">[31608] Iª q. 77 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
557 quanto virtus est superior, tanto est magis unita. Sed anima
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parents: 26
diff changeset
558 intellectiva excedit omnes alias formas in virtute. Ergo maxime
53
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diff changeset
559 debet habere unam virtutem seu potentiam.</p><p title="I q. 77 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="31609"><span class="ref">[31609] Iª q. 77 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
560 operari est existentis in actu. Sed per eandem essentiam animae
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parents: 26
diff changeset
561 homo habet esse secundum diversos gradus perfectionis, ut supra
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parents: 26
diff changeset
562 habitum est. Ergo per eandem potentiam animae operatur diversas
53
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diff changeset
563 operationes diversorum graduum.</p><p title="I q. 77 a. 2 s. c."><a name="31610"><span class="ref">[31610] Iª q. 77 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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diff changeset
564 quod philosophus, in II de anima ponit plures animae potentias.</p><p title="I q. 77 a. 2 co."><a name="31611"><span class="ref">[31611] Iª q. 77 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
565 quod necesse est ponere plures animae potentias. Ad cuius
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parents: 26
diff changeset
566 evidentiam, considerandum est quod, sicut philosophus dicit in II
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parents: 26
diff changeset
567 de caelo, quae sunt in rebus infima, non possunt consequi perfectam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
568 bonitatem, sed aliquam imperfectam consequuntur paucis motibus;
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parents: 26
diff changeset
569 superiora vero his adipiscuntur perfectam bonitatem motibus multis;
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parents: 26
diff changeset
570 his autem superiora sunt quae adipiscuntur perfectam bonitatem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
571 motibus paucis; summa vero perfectio invenitur in his quae absque
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parents: 26
diff changeset
572 motu perfectam possident bonitatem. Sicut infime est ad sanitatem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
573 dispositus qui non potest perfectam consequi sanitatem, sed aliquam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
574 modicam consequitur paucis remediis; melius autem dispositus est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
575 qui potest perfectam consequi sanitatem, sed remediis multis; et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
576 adhuc melius, qui remediis paucis; optime autem, qui absque remedio
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parents: 26
diff changeset
577 perfectam sanitatem habet. Dicendum est ergo quod res quae sunt
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parents: 26
diff changeset
578 infra hominem, quaedam particularia bona consequuntur, et ideo
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
579 quasdam paucas et determinatas operationes habent et virtutes. Homo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
580 autem potest consequi universalem et perfectam bonitatem, quia
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parents: 26
diff changeset
581 potest adipisci beatitudinem. Est tamen in ultimo gradu, secundum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
582 naturam, eorum quibus competit beatitudo, et ideo multis et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
583 diversis operationibus et virtutibus indiget anima humana. Angelis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
584 vero minor diversitas potentiarum competit. In Deo vero non est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
585 aliqua potentia vel actio, praeter eius essentiam. Est et alia
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parents: 26
diff changeset
586 ratio quare anima humana abundat diversitate potentiarum, videlicet
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parents: 26
diff changeset
587 quia est in confinio spiritualium et corporalium creaturarum, et
53
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588 ideo concurrunt in ipsa virtutes utrarumque creaturarum.</p><p title="I q. 77 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="31612"><span class="ref">[31612] Iª q. 77 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
589 dicendum quod in hoc ipso magis ad similitudinem Dei accedit anima
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diff changeset
590 intellectiva quam creaturae inferiores, quod perfectam bonitatem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
591 consequi potest; licet per multa et diversa; in quo deficit a
53
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diff changeset
592 superioribus.</p><p title="I q. 77 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="31613"><span class="ref">[31613] Iª q. 77 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
593 dicendum quod virtus unita est superior, si ad aequalia se
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parents: 26
diff changeset
594 extendat. Sed virtus multiplicata est superior, si plura ei
53
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diff changeset
595 subiiciantur.</p><p title="I q. 77 a. 2 ad 3"><a name="31614"><span class="ref">[31614] Iª q. 77 a. 2 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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diff changeset
596 dicendum quod unius rei est unum esse substantiale, sed possunt
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parents: 26
diff changeset
597 esse operationes plures. Et ideo est una essentia animae, sed
53
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diff changeset
598 potentiae plures.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 3</h3><p title="I q. 77 a. 3 arg. 1"><a name="31615"><span class="ref">[31615] Iª q. 77 a. 3 arg. 1</span></a> Ad tertium sic
28
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diff changeset
599 proceditur. Videtur quod potentiae non distinguantur per actus et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
600 obiecta. Nihil enim determinatur ad speciem per illud quod
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parents: 26
diff changeset
601 posterius, vel extrinsecum est. Actus autem est posterior potentia;
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parents: 26
diff changeset
602 obiectum autem est extrinsecum. Ergo per ea potentiae non
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
603 distinguuntur secundum speciem.</p><p title="I q. 77 a. 3 arg. 2"><a name="31616"><span class="ref">[31616] Iª q. 77 a. 3 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
604 contraria sunt quae maxime differunt. Si igitur potentiae
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parents: 26
diff changeset
605 distinguerentur penes obiecta, sequeretur quod contrariorum non
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parents: 26
diff changeset
606 esset eadem potentia. Quod patet esse falsum fere in omnibus, nam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
607 potentia visiva eadem est albi et nigri, et gustus idem est dulcis
53
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diff changeset
608 et amari.</p><p title="I q. 77 a. 3 arg. 3"><a name="31617"><span class="ref">[31617] Iª q. 77 a. 3 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
609 remota causa, removetur effectus. Si igitur potentiarum differentia
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parents: 26
diff changeset
610 esset ex differentia obiectorum, idem obiectum non pertineret ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
611 diversas potentias. Quod patet esse falsum, nam idem est quod
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
612 potentia cognoscitiva cognoscit, et appetitiva appetit.</p><p title="I q. 77 a. 3 arg. 4"><a name="31618"><span class="ref">[31618] Iª q. 77 a. 3 arg. 4</span></a> Praeterea, id
28
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diff changeset
613 quod per se est causa alicuius, in omnibus causat illud. Sed
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parents: 26
diff changeset
614 quaedam obiecta diversa, quae pertinent ad diversas potentias,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
615 pertinent etiam ad aliquam unam potentiam, sicut sonus et color
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parents: 26
diff changeset
616 pertinent ad visum et auditum, quae sunt diversae potentiae; et
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diff changeset
617 tamen pertinent ad unam potentiam sensus communis. Non ergo
53
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diff changeset
618 potentiae distinguuntur secundum differentiam obiectorum.</p><p title="I q. 77 a. 3 s. c."><a name="31619"><span class="ref">[31619] Iª q. 77 a. 3 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra,
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
619 posteriora distinguuntur secundum priora. Sed philosophus dicit II
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diff changeset
620 de anima, quod <i>priores potentiis actus et operationes secundum
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diff changeset
621 rationem sunt</i>; et adhuc his priora sunt opposita, sive obiecta.
53
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622 Ergo potentiae distinguuntur secundum actus et obiecta.</p><p title="I q. 77 a. 3 co."><a name="31620"><span class="ref">[31620] Iª q. 77 a. 3 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
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diff changeset
623 quod potentia, secundum illud quod est potentia, ordinatur ad
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diff changeset
624 actum. Unde oportet rationem potentiae accipi ex actu ad quem
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diff changeset
625 ordinatur, et per consequens oportet quod ratio potentiae
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diff changeset
626 diversificetur, ut diversificatur ratio actus. Ratio autem actus
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diff changeset
627 diversificatur secundum diversam rationem obiecti. Omnis enim actio
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diff changeset
628 vel est potentiae activae, vel passivae. Obiectum autem comparatur
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diff changeset
629 ad actum potentiae passivae, sicut principium et causa movens,
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diff changeset
630 color enim inquantum movet visum, est principium visionis. Ad actum
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diff changeset
631 autem potentiae activae comparatur obiectum ut terminus et finis,
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diff changeset
632 sicut augmentativae virtutis obiectum est quantum perfectum, quod
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diff changeset
633 est finis augmenti. Ex his autem duobus actio speciem recipit,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
634 scilicet ex principio, vel ex fine seu termino, differt enim
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diff changeset
635 calefactio ab infrigidatione, secundum quod haec quidem a calido,
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diff changeset
636 scilicet activo, ad calidum; illa autem a frigido ad frigidum
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diff changeset
637 procedit. Unde necesse est quod potentiae diversificentur secundum
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diff changeset
638 actus et obiecta. Sed tamen considerandum est quod ea quae sunt per
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diff changeset
639 accidens, non diversificant speciem. Quia enim coloratum accidit
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diff changeset
640 animali, non diversificantur species animalis per differentiam
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diff changeset
641 coloris, sed per differentiam eius quod per se accidit animali, per
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diff changeset
642 differentiam scilicet animae sensitivae, quae quandoque invenitur
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diff changeset
643 cum ratione, quandoque sine ratione. Unde rationale et irrationale
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diff changeset
644 sunt differentiae divisivae animalis, diversas eius species
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parents: 26
diff changeset
645 constituentes. Sic igitur non quaecumque diversitas obiectorum
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diff changeset
646 diversificat potentias animae; sed differentia eius ad quod per se
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parents: 26
diff changeset
647 potentia respicit. Sicut sensus per se respicit passibilem
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diff changeset
648 qualitatem, quae per se dividitur in colorem, sonum et huiusmodi,
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diff changeset
649 et ideo alia potentia sensitiva est coloris, scilicet visus, et
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diff changeset
650 alia soni, scilicet auditus. Sed passibili qualitati, ut colorato
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parents: 26
diff changeset
651 accidit esse musicum vel grammaticum, vel magnum et parvum, aut
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parents: 26
diff changeset
652 hominem vel lapidem. Et ideo penes huiusmodi differentias potentiae
53
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diff changeset
653 animae non distinguuntur.</p><p title="I q. 77 a. 3 ad 1"><a name="31621"><span class="ref">[31621] Iª q. 77 a. 3 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
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diff changeset
654 dicendum quod actus, licet sit posterior potentia in esse, est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
655 tamen prior in intentione et secundum rationem, sicut finis agente.
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diff changeset
656 Obiectum autem, licet sit extrinsecum, est tamen principium vel
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parents: 26
diff changeset
657 finis actionis. Principio autem et fini proportionantur ea quae
53
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diff changeset
658 sunt intrinseca rei.</p><p title="I q. 77 a. 3 ad 2"><a name="31622"><span class="ref">[31622] Iª q. 77 a. 3 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
659 dicendum quod, si potentia aliqua per se respiceret unum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
660 contrariorum sicut obiectum, oporteret quod contrarium ad aliam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
661 potentiam pertineret. Sed potentia animae non per se respicit
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parents: 26
diff changeset
662 propriam rationem contrarii, sed communem rationem utriusque
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parents: 26
diff changeset
663 contrariorum, sicut visus non respicit per se rationem albi, sed
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parents: 26
diff changeset
664 rationem coloris. Et hoc ideo, quia unum contrariorum est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
665 quodammodo ratio alterius, cum se habeant sicut perfectum et
53
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diff changeset
666 imperfectum.</p><p title="I q. 77 a. 3 ad 3"><a name="31623"><span class="ref">[31623] Iª q. 77 a. 3 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
667 dicendum quod nihil prohibet id quod est subiecto idem esse
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parents: 26
diff changeset
668 diversum secundum rationem. Et ideo potest ad diversas potentias
53
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diff changeset
669 animae pertinere.</p><p title="I q. 77 a. 3 ad 4"><a name="31624"><span class="ref">[31624] Iª q. 77 a. 3 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
670 dicendum quod potentia superior per se respicit universaliorem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
671 rationem obiecti, quam potentia inferior, quia quanto potentia est
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diff changeset
672 superior, tanto ad plura se extendit. Et ideo multa conveniunt in
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parents: 26
diff changeset
673 una ratione obiecti, quam per se respicit superior potentia, quae
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parents: 26
diff changeset
674 tamen differunt secundum rationes quas per se respiciunt inferiores
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parents: 26
diff changeset
675 potentiae. Et inde est quod diversa obiecta pertinent ad diversas
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parents: 26
diff changeset
676 inferiores potentias, quae tamen uni superiori potentiae
53
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diff changeset
677 subduntur.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 4</h3><p title="I q. 77 a. 4 arg. 1"><a name="31625"><span class="ref">[31625] Iª q. 77 a. 4 arg. 1</span></a> Ad quartum sic
28
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diff changeset
678 proceditur. Videtur quod in potentiis animae non sit ordo. In his
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parents: 26
diff changeset
679 enim quae cadunt sub una divisione, non est prius et posterius, sed
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parents: 26
diff changeset
680 sunt naturaliter simul. Sed potentiae animae contra se invicem
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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diff changeset
681 dividuntur. Ergo inter eas non est ordo.</p><p title="I q. 77 a. 4 arg. 2"><a name="31626"><span class="ref">[31626] Iª q. 77 a. 4 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
682 potentiae animae comparantur ad obiecta, et ad ipsam animam. Sed ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
683 parte animae, inter eas non est ordo, quia anima est una. Similiter
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parents: 26
diff changeset
684 etiam nec ex parte obiectorum, cum sint diversa et penitus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
685 disparata, ut patet de colore et sono. In potentiis ergo animae non
53
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diff changeset
686 est ordo.</p><p title="I q. 77 a. 4 arg. 3"><a name="31627"><span class="ref">[31627] Iª q. 77 a. 4 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea, in
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
687 potentiis ordinatis hoc invenitur, quod operatio unius dependet ab
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parents: 26
diff changeset
688 operatione alterius. Sed actus unius potentiae animae non dependet
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parents: 26
diff changeset
689 ab actu alterius, potest enim visus exire in actum absque auditu,
53
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diff changeset
690 et e converso. Non ergo inter potentias animae est ordo.</p><p title="I q. 77 a. 4 s. c."><a name="31628"><span class="ref">[31628] Iª q. 77 a. 4 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
691 quod philosophus, in II de anima, comparat partes sive potentias
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parents: 26
diff changeset
692 animae figuris. Sed figurae habent ordinem ad invicem. Ergo et
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
693 potentiae animae.</p><p title="I q. 77 a. 4 co."><a name="31629"><span class="ref">[31629] Iª q. 77 a. 4 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
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diff changeset
694 quod, cum anima sit una, potentiae vero plures; ordine autem quodam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
695 ab uno in multitudinem procedatur; necesse est inter potentias
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parents: 26
diff changeset
696 animae ordinem esse. Triplex autem ordo inter eas attenditur.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
697 Quorum duo considerantur secundum dependentiam unius potentiae ab
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diff changeset
698 altera, tertius autem accipitur secundum ordinem obiectorum.
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diff changeset
699 Dependentia autem unius potentiae ab altera dupliciter accipi
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diff changeset
700 potest, uno modo, secundum naturae ordinem, prout perfecta sunt
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parents: 26
diff changeset
701 naturaliter imperfectis priora; alio modo, secundum ordinem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
702 generationis et temporis, prout ex imperfecto ad perfectum venitur.
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diff changeset
703 Secundum igitur primum potentiarum ordinem, potentiae intellectivae
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diff changeset
704 sunt priores potentiis sensitivis, unde dirigunt eas et imperant
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parents: 26
diff changeset
705 eis. Et similiter potentiae sensitivae hoc ordine sunt priores
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parents: 26
diff changeset
706 potentiis animae nutritivae. Secundum vero ordinem secundum, e
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parents: 26
diff changeset
707 converso se habet. Nam potentiae animae nutritivae sunt priores, in
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parents: 26
diff changeset
708 via generationis, potentiis animae sensitivae, unde ad earum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
709 actiones praeparant corpus. Et similiter est de potentiis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
710 sensitivis respectu intellectivarum. Secundum autem ordinem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
711 tertium, ordinantur quaedam vires sensitivae ad invicem, scilicet
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diff changeset
712 visus, auditus et olfactus. Nam visibile est prius naturaliter,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
713 quia est commune superioribus et inferioribus corporibus. Sonus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
714 autem audibilis fit in aere, qui est naturaliter prior commixtione
53
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diff changeset
715 elementorum, quam consequitur odor.</p><p title="I q. 77 a. 4 ad 1"><a name="31630"><span class="ref">[31630] Iª q. 77 a. 4 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
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diff changeset
716 dicendum quod alicuius generis species se habent secundum prius et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
717 posterius, sicut numeri et figurae, quantum ad esse; licet simul
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parents: 26
diff changeset
718 esse dicantur inquantum suscipiunt communis generis
53
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diff changeset
719 praedicationem.</p><p title="I q. 77 a. 4 ad 2"><a name="31631"><span class="ref">[31631] Iª q. 77 a. 4 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
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diff changeset
720 dicendum quod ordo iste potentiarum animae est et ex parte animae,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
721 quae secundum ordinem quendam habet aptitudinem ad diversos actus,
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diff changeset
722 licet sit una secundum essentiam; et ex parte obiectorum; et etiam
53
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diff changeset
723 ex parte actuum, ut dictum est.</p><p title="I q. 77 a. 4 ad 3"><a name="31632"><span class="ref">[31632] Iª q. 77 a. 4 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
724 dicendum quod ratio illa procedit de illis potentiis in quibus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
725 attenditur ordo solum secundum tertium modum. Illae autem potentiae
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diff changeset
726 quae ordinantur secundum alios duos modos, ita se habent quod actus
53
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diff changeset
727 unius dependet ab altera.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 5</h3><p title="I q. 77 a. 5 arg. 1"><a name="31633"><span class="ref">[31633] Iª q. 77 a. 5 arg. 1</span></a> Ad quintum sic
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
728 proceditur. Videtur quod omnes potentiae animae sint in anima sicut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
729 in subiecto. Sicut enim se habent potentiae corporis ad corpus, ita
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parents: 26
diff changeset
730 se habent potentiae animae ad animam. Sed corpus est subiectum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
731 corporalium potentiarum. Ergo anima est subiectum potentiarum
53
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diff changeset
732 animae.</p><p title="I q. 77 a. 5 arg. 2"><a name="31634"><span class="ref">[31634] Iª q. 77 a. 5 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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diff changeset
733 operationes potentiarum animae attribuuntur corpori propter animam,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
734 quia, ut dicitur in II de anima, <i>anima est quo sentimus et
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diff changeset
735 intelligimus primum</i>. Sed propria principia operationum animae
53
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diff changeset
736 sunt potentiae. Ergo potentiae per prius sunt in anima.</p><p title="I q. 77 a. 5 arg. 3"><a name="31635"><span class="ref">[31635] Iª q. 77 a. 5 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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diff changeset
737 Augustinus dicit, XII super Gen. ad Litt., quod anima quaedam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
738 sentit non per corpus, immo sine corpore, ut est timor et
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diff changeset
739 huiusmodi; quaedam vero sentit per corpus. Sed si potentia
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parents: 26
diff changeset
740 sensitiva non esset in sola anima sicut in subiecto, nihil posset
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diff changeset
741 sine corpore sentire. Ergo anima est subiectum potentiae
53
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diff changeset
742 sensitivae; et pari ratione, omnium aliarum potentiarum.</p><p title="I q. 77 a. 5 s. c."><a name="31636"><span class="ref">[31636] Iª q. 77 a. 5 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
743 quod philosophus dicit, in libro de somno et vigilia quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
744 <i>sentire non est proprium animae neque corporis, sed
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parents: 26
diff changeset
745 coniuncti</i>. Potentia ergo sensitiva est in coniuncto sicut in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
746 subiecto. Non ergo sola anima est subiectum omnium potentiarum
53
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diff changeset
747 suarum.</p><p title="I q. 77 a. 5 co."><a name="31637"><span class="ref">[31637] Iª q. 77 a. 5 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
748 quod illud est subiectum operativae potentiae, quod est potens
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parents: 26
diff changeset
749 operari, omne enim accidens denominat proprium subiectum. Idem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
750 autem est quod potest operari, et quod operatur. Unde oportet quod
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parents: 26
diff changeset
751 eius sit potentia sicut subiecti, cuius est operatio; ut etiam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
752 philosophus dicit, in principio de somno et vigilia. Manifestum est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
753 autem ex supra dictis quod quaedam operationes sunt animae, quae
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parents: 26
diff changeset
754 exercentur sine organo corporali, ut intelligere et velle. Unde
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diff changeset
755 potentiae quae sunt harum operationum principia, sunt in anima
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diff changeset
756 sicut in subiecto. Quaedam vero operationes sunt animae, quae
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diff changeset
757 exercentur per organa corporalia; sicut visio per oculum, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
758 auditus per aurem. Et simile est de omnibus aliis operationibus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
759 nutritivae et sensitivae partis. Et ideo potentiae quae sunt talium
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diff changeset
760 operationum principia, sunt in coniuncto sicut in subiecto, et non
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
761 in anima sola.</p><p title="I q. 77 a. 5 ad 1"><a name="31638"><span class="ref">[31638] Iª q. 77 a. 5 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
762 dicendum quod omnes potentiae dicuntur esse animae, non sicut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
763 subiecti, sed sicut principii, quia per animam coniunctum habet
53
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diff changeset
764 quod tales operationes operari possit.</p><p title="I q. 77 a. 5 ad 2"><a name="31639"><span class="ref">[31639] Iª q. 77 a. 5 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
765 dicendum quod omnes huiusmodi potentiae per prius sunt in anima
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diff changeset
766 quam in coniuncto, non sicut in subiecto, sed sicut in
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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diff changeset
767 principio.</p><p title="I q. 77 a. 5 ad 3"><a name="31640"><span class="ref">[31640] Iª q. 77 a. 5 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
768 dicendum quod opinio Platonis fuit quod sentire est operatio animae
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diff changeset
769 propria, sicut et intelligere. In multis autem quae ad philosophiam
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diff changeset
770 pertinent, Augustinus utitur opinionibus Platonis, non asserendo,
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diff changeset
771 sed recitando. Tamen, quantum ad praesens pertinet, hoc quod
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diff changeset
772 dicitur anima quaedam sentire cum corpore et quaedam sine corpore,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
773 dupliciter potest intelligi. Uno modo, quod hoc quod dico cum
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diff changeset
774 corpore vel sine corpore, determinet actum sentiendi secundum quod
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diff changeset
775 exit a sentiente. Et sic nihil sentit sine corpore, quia actio
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parents: 26
diff changeset
776 sentiendi non potest procedere ab anima nisi per organum corporale.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
777 Alio modo potest intelligi ita quod praedicta determinent actum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
778 sentiendi ex parte obiecti quod sentitur. Et sic quaedam sentit cum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
779 corpore, idest in corpore existentia, sicut cum sentit vulnus vel
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parents: 26
diff changeset
780 aliquid huiusmodi, quaedam vero sentit sine corpore, idest non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
781 existentia in corpore, sed solum in apprehensione animae, sicut cum
53
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diff changeset
782 sentit se tristari vel gaudere de aliquo audito.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 6</h3><p title="I q. 77 a. 6 arg. 1"><a name="31641"><span class="ref">[31641] Iª q. 77 a. 6 arg. 1</span></a> Ad sextum sic
28
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diff changeset
783 proceditur. Videtur quod potentiae animae non fluant ab eius
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diff changeset
784 essentia. Ab uno enim simplici non procedunt diversa. Essentia
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diff changeset
785 autem animae est una et simplex. Cum ergo potentiae animae sint
53
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diff changeset
786 multae et diversae, non possunt procedere ab eius essentia.</p><p title="I q. 77 a. 6 arg. 2"><a name="31642"><span class="ref">[31642] Iª q. 77 a. 6 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea, illud
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
787 a quo aliud procedit, est causa eius. Sed essentia animae non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
788 potest dici causa potentiarum; ut patet discurrenti per singula
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parents: 26
diff changeset
789 causarum genera. Ergo potentiae animae non fluunt ab eius
53
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diff changeset
790 essentia.</p><p title="I q. 77 a. 6 arg. 3"><a name="31643"><span class="ref">[31643] Iª q. 77 a. 6 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
791 emanatio quendam motum nominat. Sed nihil movetur a seipso, ut
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diff changeset
792 probatur in VII libro Physic.; nisi forte ratione partis, sicut
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parents: 26
diff changeset
793 animal dicitur moveri a seipso, quia una pars eius est movens et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
794 alia mota. Neque etiam anima movetur, ut probatur in I de anima.
53
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diff changeset
795 Non ergo anima causat in se suas potentias.</p><p title="I q. 77 a. 6 s. c."><a name="31644"><span class="ref">[31644] Iª q. 77 a. 6 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra,
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
796 potentiae animae sunt quaedam proprietates naturales ipsius. Sed
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parents: 26
diff changeset
797 subiectum est causa propriorum accidentium, unde et ponitur in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
798 definitione accidentis, ut patet in VII Metaphys. Ergo potentiae
53
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diff changeset
799 animae procedunt ab eius essentia sicut a causa.</p><p title="I q. 77 a. 6 co."><a name="31645"><span class="ref">[31645] Iª q. 77 a. 6 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
800 quod forma substantialis et accidentalis partim conveniunt, et
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diff changeset
801 partim differunt. Conveniunt quidem in hoc, quod utraque est actus,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
802 et secundum utramque est aliquid quodammodo in actu. Differunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
803 autem in duobus. Primo quidem, quia forma substantialis facit esse
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
804 simpliciter, et eius subiectum est ens in potentia tantum. Forma
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
805 autem accidentalis non facit esse simpliciter; sed esse tale, aut
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parents: 26
diff changeset
806 tantum, aut aliquo modo se habens, subiectum enim eius est ens in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
807 actu. Unde patet quod actualitas per prius invenitur in forma
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parents: 26
diff changeset
808 substantiali quam in eius subiecto, et quia primum est causa in
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parents: 26
diff changeset
809 quolibet genere, forma substantialis causat esse in actu in suo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
810 subiecto. Sed e converso, actualitas per prius invenitur in
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parents: 26
diff changeset
811 subiecto formae accidentalis, quam in forma accidentali, unde
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parents: 26
diff changeset
812 actualitas formae accidentalis causatur ab actualitate subiecti.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
813 Ita quod subiectum, inquantum est in potentia, est susceptivum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
814 formae accidentalis, inquantum autem est in actu, est eius
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parents: 26
diff changeset
815 productivum. Et hoc dico de proprio et per se accidente, nam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
816 respectu accidentis extranei, subiectum est susceptivum tantum;
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parents: 26
diff changeset
817 productivum vero talis accidentis est agens extrinsecum. Secundo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
818 autem differunt substantialis forma et accidentalis, quia, cum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
819 minus principale sit propter principalius, materia est propter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
820 formam substantialem; sed e converso, forma accidentalis est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
821 propter completionem subiecti. Manifestum est autem ex dictis quod
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parents: 26
diff changeset
822 potentiarum animae subiectum est vel ipsa anima sola, quae potest
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parents: 26
diff changeset
823 esse subiectum accidentis secundum quod habet aliquid
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parents: 26
diff changeset
824 potentialitatis, ut supra dictum est; vel compositum. Compositum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
825 autem est in actu per animam. Unde manifestum est quod omnes
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parents: 26
diff changeset
826 potentiae animae, sive subiectum earum sit anima sola, sive
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parents: 26
diff changeset
827 compositum, fluunt ab essentia animae sicut a principio, quia iam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
828 dictum est quod accidens causatur a subiecto secundum quod est
53
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diff changeset
829 actu, et recipitur in eo inquantum est in potentia.</p><p title="I q. 77 a. 6 ad 1"><a name="31646"><span class="ref">[31646] Iª q. 77 a. 6 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
830 dicendum quod ab uno simplici possunt naturaliter multa procedere
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parents: 26
diff changeset
831 ordine quodam. Et iterum propter diversitatem recipientium. Sic
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
832 igitur ab una essentia animae procedunt multae et diversae
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parents: 26
diff changeset
833 potentiae, tum propter ordinem potentiarum, tum etiam secundum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
834 diversitatem organorum corporalium.</p><p title="I q. 77 a. 6 ad 2"><a name="31647"><span class="ref">[31647] Iª q. 77 a. 6 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
835 dicendum quod subiectum est causa proprii accidentis et finalis, et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
836 quodammodo activa; et etiam ut materialis, inquantum est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
837 susceptivum accidentis. Et ex hoc potest accipi quod essentia
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parents: 26
diff changeset
838 animae est causa omnium potentiarum sicut finis et sicut principium
53
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diff changeset
839 activum; quarundam autem sicut susceptivum.</p><p title="I q. 77 a. 6 ad 3"><a name="31648"><span class="ref">[31648] Iª q. 77 a. 6 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
840 dicendum quod emanatio propriorum accidentium a subiecto non est
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
841 per aliquam transmutationem; sed per aliquam naturalem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
842 resultationem, sicut ex uno naturaliter aliud resultat, ut ex luce
53
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diff changeset
843 color.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 7</h3><p title="I q. 77 a. 7 arg. 1"><a name="31649"><span class="ref">[31649] Iª q. 77 a. 7 arg. 1</span></a> Ad septimum sic
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
844 proceditur. Videtur quod una potentia animae non oriatur ab alia.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
845 Eorum enim quae simul esse incipiunt, unum non oritur ab alio. Sed
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parents: 26
diff changeset
846 omnes potentiae animae sunt simul animae concreatae. Ergo una earum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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diff changeset
847 ab alia non oritur.</p><p title="I q. 77 a. 7 arg. 2"><a name="31650"><span class="ref">[31650] Iª q. 77 a. 7 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
848 potentia animae oritur ab anima sicut accidens a subiecto. Sed una
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diff changeset
849 potentia animae non potest esse subiectum alterius, quia accidentis
53
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diff changeset
850 non est accidens. Ergo una potentia non oritur ab alia.</p><p title="I q. 77 a. 7 arg. 3"><a name="31651"><span class="ref">[31651] Iª q. 77 a. 7 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
851 oppositum non oritur a suo opposito, sed unumquodque oritur ex
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parents: 26
diff changeset
852 simili secundum speciem. Potentiae autem animae ex opposito
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
853 dividuntur, sicut diversae species. Ergo una earum non procedit ab
53
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854 alia.</p><p title="I q. 77 a. 7 s. c."><a name="31652"><span class="ref">[31652] Iª q. 77 a. 7 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra,
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
855 potentiae cognoscuntur per actus. Sed actus unius potentiae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
856 causatur ab alio; sicut actus phantasiae ab actu sensus. Ergo una
53
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diff changeset
857 potentia animae causatur ab alia.</p><p title="I q. 77 a. 7 co."><a name="31653"><span class="ref">[31653] Iª q. 77 a. 7 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
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diff changeset
858 quod in his quae secundum ordinem naturalem procedunt ab uno, sicut
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parents: 26
diff changeset
859 primum est causa omnium, ita quod est primo propinquius, est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
860 quodammodo causa eorum quae sunt magis remota. Ostensum est autem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
861 supra quod inter potentias animae est multiplex ordo. Et ideo una
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parents: 26
diff changeset
862 potentia animae ab essentia animae procedit mediante alia. Sed quia
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parents: 26
diff changeset
863 essentia animae comparatur ad potentias et sicut principium activum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
864 et finale, et sicut principium susceptivum, vel seorsum per se vel
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parents: 26
diff changeset
865 simul cum corpore; agens autem et finis est perfectius, susceptivum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
866 autem principium, inquantum huiusmodi, est minus perfectum,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
867 consequens est quod potentiae animae quae sunt priores secundum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
868 ordinem perfectionis et naturae, sint principia aliarum per modum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
869 finis et activi principii. Videmus enim quod sensus est propter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
870 intellectum, et non e converso. Sensus etiam est quaedam deficiens
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
871 participatio intellectus, unde secundum naturalem originem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
872 quodammodo est ab intellectu, sicut imperfectum a perfecto. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
873 secundum viam susceptivi principii, e converso potentiae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
874 imperfectiores inveniuntur principia respectu aliarum, sicut anima,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
875 secundum quod habet potentiam sensitivam, consideratur sicut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
876 subiectum et materiale quoddam respectu intellectus. Et propter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
877 hoc, imperfectiores potentiae sunt priores in via generationis,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
878 prius enim animal generatur quam homo.</p><p title="I q. 77 a. 7 ad 1"><a name="31654"><span class="ref">[31654] Iª q. 77 a. 7 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
879 dicendum quod, sicut potentia animae ab essentia fluit, non per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
880 transmutationem, sed per naturalem quandam resultationem, et est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
881 simul cum anima; ita est etiam de una potentia respectu
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
882 alterius.</p><p title="I q. 77 a. 7 ad 2"><a name="31655"><span class="ref">[31655] Iª q. 77 a. 7 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
883 dicendum quod accidens per se non potest esse subiectum accidentis;
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
884 sed unum accidens per prius recipitur in substantia quam aliud,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
885 sicut quantitas quam qualitas. Et hoc modo unum accidens dicitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
886 esse subiectum alterius, ut superficies coloris, inquantum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
887 substantia uno accidente mediante recipit aliud. Et similiter
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
888 potest dici de potentiis animae.</p><p title="I q. 77 a. 7 ad 3"><a name="31656"><span class="ref">[31656] Iª q. 77 a. 7 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
889 dicendum quod potentiae animae opponuntur ad invicem oppositione
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
890 perfecti et imperfecti; sicut etiam species numerorum et figurarum.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
891 Haec autem oppositio non impedit originem unius ab alio, quia
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
892 imperfecta naturaliter a perfectis procedunt.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 8</h3><p title="I q. 77 a. 8 arg. 1"><a name="31657"><span class="ref">[31657] Iª q. 77 a. 8 arg. 1</span></a> Ad octavum sic
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
893 proceditur. Videtur quod omnes potentiae animae remaneant in anima
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
894 a corpore separata. Dicitur enim in libro de spiritu et anima, quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
895 <i>anima recedit a corpore, secum trahens sensum et imaginationem,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
896 rationem et intellectum et intelligentiam, concupiscibilitatem et
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
897 irascibilitatem</i>.</p><p title="I q. 77 a. 8 arg. 2"><a name="31658"><span class="ref">[31658] Iª q. 77 a. 8 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
898 potentiae animae sunt eius naturales proprietates. Sed proprium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
899 semper inest, et nunquam separatur ab eo cuius est proprium. Ergo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
900 potentiae animae sunt in ea etiam post mortem.</p><p title="I q. 77 a. 8 arg. 3"><a name="31659"><span class="ref">[31659] Iª q. 77 a. 8 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
901 potentiae animae, etiam sensitivae, non debilitantur debilitato
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
902 corpore, quia, ut dicitur in I de anima, <i>si senex accipiat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
903 oculum iuvenis, videbit utique sicut et iuvenis</i>. Sed debilitas
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
904 est via ad corruptionem. Ergo potentiae animae non corrumpuntur
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
905 corrupto corpore, sed manent in anima separata.</p><p title="I q. 77 a. 8 arg. 4"><a name="31660"><span class="ref">[31660] Iª q. 77 a. 8 arg. 4</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
906 memoria est potentia animae sensitivae, ut philosophus probat. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
907 memoria manet in anima separata, dicitur enim, Luc. XVI, diviti
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
908 epuloni in Inferno secundum animam existenti, <i>recordare quia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
909 recepisti bona in vita tua</i>. Ergo memoria manet in anima
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
910 separata; et per consequens aliae potentiae sensitivae partis.</p><p title="I q. 77 a. 8 arg. 5"><a name="31661"><span class="ref">[31661] Iª q. 77 a. 8 arg. 5</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
911 gaudium et tristitia sunt in concupiscibili, quae est potentia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
912 sensitivae partis. Manifestum est autem animas separatas tristari
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
913 et gaudere de praemiis vel poenis quas habent. Ergo vis
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
914 concupiscibilis manet in anima separata.</p><p title="I q. 77 a. 8 arg. 6"><a name="31662"><span class="ref">[31662] Iª q. 77 a. 8 arg. 6</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
915 Augustinus dicit, XII super Gen. ad Litt., quod sicut anima, cum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
916 corpus iacet sine sensu nondum penitus mortuum, videt quaedam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
917 secundum imaginariam visionem; ita cum fuerit a corpore penitus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
918 separata per mortem. Sed imaginatio est potentia sensitivae partis.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
919 Ergo potentia sensitivae partis manet in anima separata; et per
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
920 consequens omnes aliae potentiae.</p><p title="I q. 77 a. 8 s. c."><a name="31663"><span class="ref">[31663] Iª q. 77 a. 8 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
921 quod dicitur in libro de Eccles. Dogmat., <i>ex duabus tantum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
922 substantiis constat homo, anima cum ratione sua, et carne cum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
923 sensibus suis</i>. Ergo, defuncta carne, potentiae sensitivae non
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
924 manent.</p><p title="I q. 77 a. 8 co."><a name="31664"><span class="ref">[31664] Iª q. 77 a. 8 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
925 quod, sicut iam dictum est, omnes potentiae animae comparantur ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
926 animam solam sicut ad principium. Sed quaedam potentiae comparantur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
927 ad animam solam sicut ad subiectum, ut intellectus et voluntas. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
928 huiusmodi potentiae necesse est quod maneant in anima, corpore
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
929 destructo. Quaedam vero potentiae sunt in coniuncto sicut in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
930 subiecto, sicut omnes potentiae sensitivae partis et nutritivae.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
931 Destructo autem subiecto, non potest accidens remanere. Unde,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
932 corrupto coniuncto, non manent huiusmodi potentiae actu; sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
933 virtute tantum manent in anima, sicut in principio vel radice. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
934 sic falsum est, quod quidam dicunt huiusmodi potentias in anima
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
935 remanere etiam corpore corrupto. Et multo falsius, quod dicunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
936 etiam actus harum potentiarum remanere in anima separata, quia
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
937 talium potentiarum nulla est actio nisi per organum corporeum.</p><p title="I q. 77 a. 8 ad 1"><a name="31665"><span class="ref">[31665] Iª q. 77 a. 8 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
938 dicendum quod liber ille auctoritatem non habet. Unde quod ibi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
939 scriptum est, eadem facilitate contemnitur, qua dicitur. Tamen
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
940 potest dici quod trahit secum anima huiusmodi potentias, non actu,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
941 sed virtute.</p><p title="I q. 77 a. 8 ad 2"><a name="31666"><span class="ref">[31666] Iª q. 77 a. 8 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
942 dicendum quod huiusmodi potentiae quas dicimus actu in anima
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
943 separata non manere, non sunt proprietates solius animae, sed
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
944 coniuncti.</p><p title="I q. 77 a. 8 ad 3"><a name="31667"><span class="ref">[31667] Iª q. 77 a. 8 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
945 dicendum quod dicuntur non debilitari huiusmodi potentiae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
946 debilitato corpore, quia anima manet immutabilis, quae est virtuale
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
947 principium huiusmodi potentiarum.</p><p title="I q. 77 a. 8 ad 4"><a name="31668"><span class="ref">[31668] Iª q. 77 a. 8 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
948 dicendum quod illa recordatio accipitur eo modo quo Augustinus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
949 ponit memoriam in mente; non eo modo quo ponitur pars animae
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
950 sensitivae.</p><p title="I q. 77 a. 8 ad 5"><a name="31669"><span class="ref">[31669] Iª q. 77 a. 8 ad 5</span></a> Ad quintum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
951 dicendum quod tristitia et gaudium sunt in anima separata, non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
952 secundum appetitum sensitivum, sed secundum appetitum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
953 intellectivum; sicut etiam in Angelis.</p><p title="I q. 77 a. 8 ad 6"><a name="31670"><span class="ref">[31670] Iª q. 77 a. 8 ad 6</span></a> Ad sextum dicendum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
954 quod Augustinus loquitur ibi inquirendo, non asserendo. Unde
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
955 quaedam ibi dicta retractat.</p></div></div><div class="q" id="q78"><h2>Quaestio 78</h2><div class="p"><h3>Prooemium</h3><p title="I q. 78 pr."><a name="31671"><span class="ref">[31671]
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
956 Iª q. 78 pr.</span></a> Deinde considerandum est de potentiis
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
957 animae in speciali. Ad considerationem autem theologi pertinet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
958 inquirere specialiter solum de potentiis intellectivis et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
959 appetitivis, in quibus virtutes inveniuntur. Sed quia cognitio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
960 harum potentiarum quodammodo dependet ex aliis, ideo nostra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
961 consideratio de potentiis animae in speciali erit tripartita, primo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
962 namque considerandum est de his quae sunt praeambula ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
963 intellectum; secundo, de potentiis intellectivis; tertio, de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
964 potentiis appetitivis. Circa primum quaeruntur quatuor. Primo, de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
965 generibus potentiarum animae. Secundo, de speciebus vegetativae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
966 partis. Tertio, de sensibus exterioribus. Quarto, de sensibus
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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diff changeset
967 interioribus.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 1</h3><p title="I q. 78 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="31672"><span class="ref">[31672] Iª q. 78 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad primum sic
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
968 proceditur. Videtur quod non sint quinque genera potentiarum animae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
969 distinguenda, scilicet vegetativum, sensitivum, appetitivum,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
970 motivum secundum locum, et intellectivum. Potentiae enim animae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
971 dicuntur partes ipsius. Sed tantum tres partes animae communiter ab
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
972 omnibus assignantur, scilicet anima vegetabilis, anima sensibilis,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
973 et anima rationalis. Ergo tantum tria sunt genera potentiarum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
974 animae, et non quinque.</p><p title="I q. 78 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="31673"><span class="ref">[31673] Iª q. 78 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
975 potentiae animae sunt principia operum vitae. Sed quatuor modis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
976 dicitur aliquid vivere. Dicit enim philosophus, in II de anima,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
977 <i>multipliciter ipso vivere dicto, etsi unum aliquod horum insit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
978 solum, aliquid dicimus vivere; ut intellectus, et sensus, motus et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
979 status secundum locum, adhuc autem motus secundum alimentum, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
980 decrementum et augmentum</i>. Ergo tantum quatuor sunt genera
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
981 potentiarum animae, appetitivo excluso.</p><p title="I q. 78 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="31674"><span class="ref">[31674] Iª q. 78 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea, ad
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
982 illud quod est commune omnibus potentiis, non debet deputari
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
983 aliquod speciale animae genus. Sed appetere convenit cuilibet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
984 potentiae animae. Visus enim appetit visibile conveniens, unde
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
985 dicitur Eccli. XL, <i>gratiam et speciem desiderabit oculus, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
986 super hoc virides sationes</i>. Et eadem ratione, quaelibet alia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
987 potentia desiderat obiectum sibi conveniens. Ergo non debet poni
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
988 appetitivum unum speciale genus potentiarum animae.</p><p title="I q. 78 a. 1 arg. 4"><a name="31675"><span class="ref">[31675] Iª q. 78 a. 1 arg. 4</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
989 principium movens in animalibus est sensus, aut intellectus, aut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
990 appetitus, ut dicitur in III de anima. Non ergo motivum debet poni
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
991 speciale genus animae praeter praedicta.</p><p title="I q. 78 a. 1 s. c."><a name="31676"><span class="ref">[31676] Iª q. 78 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
992 quod philosophus dicit, in II de anima, <i>potentias autem dicimus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
993 vegetativum sensitivum, appetitivum, motivum secundum locum, et
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
994 intellectivum</i>.</p><p title="I q. 78 a. 1 co."><a name="31677"><span class="ref">[31677] Iª q. 78 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
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995 quod quinque sunt genera potentiarum animae, quae numerata sunt.
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996 Tres vero dicuntur animae. Quatuor vero dicuntur modi vivendi. Et
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997 huius diversitatis ratio est, quia diversae animae distinguuntur
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998 secundum quod diversimode operatio animae supergreditur operationem
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999 naturae corporalis, tota enim natura corporalis subiacet animae, et
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1000 comparatur ad ipsam sicut materia et instrumentum. Est ergo quaedam
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1001 operatio animae, quae intantum excedit naturam corpoream, quod
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1002 neque etiam exercetur per organum corporale. Et talis est operatio
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diff changeset
1003 animae rationalis. Est autem alia operatio animae infra istam, quae
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diff changeset
1004 quidem fit per organum corporale, non tamen per aliquam corpoream
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diff changeset
1005 qualitatem. Et talis est operatio animae sensibilis, quia etsi
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diff changeset
1006 calidum et frigidum, et humidum et siccum, et aliae huiusmodi
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diff changeset
1007 qualitates corporeae requirantur ad operationem sensus; non tamen
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diff changeset
1008 ita quod mediante virtute talium qualitatum operatio animae
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diff changeset
1009 sensibilis procedat; sed requiruntur solum ad debitam dispositionem
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diff changeset
1010 organi. Infima autem operationum animae est, quae fit per organum
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diff changeset
1011 corporeum, et virtute corporeae qualitatis. Supergreditur tamen
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1012 operationem naturae corporeae, quia motiones corporum sunt ab
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diff changeset
1013 exteriori principio, huiusmodi autem operationes sunt a principio
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1014 intrinseco; hoc enim commune est omnibus operationibus animae; omne
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1015 enim animatum aliquo modo movet seipsum. Et talis est operatio
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diff changeset
1016 animae vegetabilis, digestio enim, et ea quae consequuntur, fit
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diff changeset
1017 instrumentaliter per actionem caloris, ut dicitur in II de anima.
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diff changeset
1018 Genera vero potentiarum animae distinguuntur secundum obiecta.
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diff changeset
1019 Quanto enim potentia est altior, tanto respicit universalius
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diff changeset
1020 obiectum, ut supra dictum est. Obiectum autem operationis animae in
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diff changeset
1021 triplici ordine potest considerari. Alicuius enim potentiae animae
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diff changeset
1022 obiectum est solum corpus animae unitum. Et hoc genus potentiarum
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diff changeset
1023 animae dicitur vegetativum, non enim vegetativa potentia agit nisi
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1024 in corpus cui anima unitur. Est autem aliud genus potentiarum
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diff changeset
1025 animae, quod respicit universalius obiectum, scilicet omne corpus
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diff changeset
1026 sensibile; et non solum corpus animae unitum. Est autem aliud genus
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diff changeset
1027 potentiarum animae, quod respicit adhuc universalius obiectum,
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1028 scilicet non solum corpus sensibile, sed universaliter omne ens. Ex
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1029 quo patet quod ista duo secunda genera potentiarum animae habent
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diff changeset
1030 operationem non solum respectu rei coniunctae, sed etiam respectu
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1031 rei extrinsecae. Cum autem operans oporteat aliquo modo coniungi
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1032 suo obiecto circa quod operatur, necesse est extrinsecam rem, quae
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1033 est obiectum operationis animae, secundum duplicem rationem ad
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diff changeset
1034 animam comparari. Uno modo, secundum quod nata est animae coniungi
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1035 et in anima esse per suam similitudinem. Et quantum ad hoc, sunt
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1036 duo genera potentiarum, scilicet sensitivum, respectu obiecti minus
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1037 communis, quod est corpus sensibile; et intellectivum, respectu
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1038 obiecti communissimi, quod est ens universale. Alio vero modo,
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diff changeset
1039 secundum quod ipsa anima inclinatur et tendit in rem exteriorem. Et
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diff changeset
1040 secundum hanc etiam comparationem, sunt duo genera potentiarum
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1041 animae, unum quidem, scilicet appetitivum, secundum quod anima
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1042 comparatur ad rem extrinsecam ut ad finem, qui est primum in
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1043 intentione; aliud autem motivum secundum locum, prout anima
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1044 comparatur ad rem exteriorem sicut ad terminum operationis et
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1045 motus; ad consequendum enim aliquod desideratum et intentum, omne
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1046 animal movetur. Modi vero vivendi distinguuntur secundum gradus
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1047 viventium. Quaedam enim viventia sunt, in quibus est tantum
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1048 vegetativum, sicut in plantis. Quaedam vero, in quibus cum
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1049 vegetativo est etiam sensitivum, non tamen motivum secundum locum;
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1050 sicut sunt immobilia animalia, ut conchilia. Quaedam vero sunt,
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1051 quae supra hoc habent motivum secundum locum; ut perfecta animalia,
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1052 quae multis indigent ad suam vitam, et ideo indigent motu, ut vitae
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1053 necessaria procul posita quaerere possint. Quaedam vero viventia
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1054 sunt, in quibus cum his est intellectivum, scilicet in hominibus.
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1055 Appetitivum autem non constituit aliquem gradum viventium, quia in
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1056 quibuscumque est sensus, est etiam appetitus, ut dicitur in II
53
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1057 libro de anima.</p><p title="I q. 78 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="31678"><span class="ref">[31678] Iª q. 78 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Et per hoc
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1058 solvuntur duo prima obiecta.</p><p title="I q. 78 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="31679"><span class="ref">[31679] Iª q. 78 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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1059 dicendum quod appetitus naturalis est inclinatio cuiuslibet rei in
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1060 aliquid, ex natura sua, unde naturali appetitu quaelibet potentia
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1061 desiderat sibi conveniens. Sed appetitus animalis consequitur
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1062 formam apprehensam. Et ad huiusmodi appetitum requiritur specialis
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1063 animae potentia, et non sufficit sola apprehensio. Res enim
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1064 appetitur prout est in sua natura, non est autem secundum suam
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1065 naturam in virtute apprehensiva, sed secundum suam similitudinem.
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1066 Unde patet quod visus appetit naturaliter visibile solum ad suum
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1067 actum, scilicet ad videndum, animal autem appetit rem visam per vim
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1068 appetitivam, non solum ad videndum, sed etiam ad alios usus. Si
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1069 autem non indigeret anima rebus perceptis a sensu, nisi propter
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1070 actiones sensuum, scilicet ut eas sentiret; non oporteret
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1071 appetitivum ponere speciale genus inter potentias animae, quia
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1072 sufficeret appetitus naturalis potentiarum.</p><p title="I q. 78 a. 1 ad 4"><a name="31680"><span class="ref">[31680] Iª q. 78 a. 1 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
28
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1073 dicendum quod, quamvis sensus et appetitus sint principia moventia
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1074 in animalibus perfectis, non tamen sensus et appetitus, inquantum
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1075 huiusmodi, sufficiunt ad movendum, nisi superadderetur eis aliqua
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1076 virtus, nam in immobilibus animalibus est sensus et appetitus, non
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1077 tamen habent vim motivam. Haec autem vis motiva non solum est in
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1078 appetitu et sensu ut imperante motum; sed etiam est in ipsis
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1079 partibus corporis, ut sint habilia ad obediendum appetitui animae
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1080 moventis. Cuius signum est, quod quando membra removentur a sua
53
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1081 dispositione naturali, non obediunt appetitui ad motum.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 2</h3><p title="I q. 78 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="31681"><span class="ref">[31681] Iª q. 78 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad secundum sic
28
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1082 proceditur. Videtur quod inconvenienter partes vegetativae
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1083 assignentur, scilicet nutritivum, augmentativum, et generativum.
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1084 Huiusmodi enim vires dicuntur naturales. Sed potentiae animae sunt
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1085 supra vires naturales. Ergo huiusmodi vires non debent poni
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1086 potentiae animae.</p><p title="I q. 78 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="31682"><span class="ref">[31682] Iª q. 78 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea, ad id
28
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1087 quod est commune viventibus et non viventibus, non debet aliqua
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1088 potentia animae deputari. Sed generatio est communis omnibus
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1089 generabilibus et corruptibilibus, tam viventibus quam non
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1090 viventibus. Ergo vis generativa non debet poni potentia animae.</p><p title="I q. 78 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="31683"><span class="ref">[31683] Iª q. 78 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea, anima
28
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1091 potentior est quam natura corporea. Sed natura corporea eadem
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diff changeset
1092 virtute activa dat speciem et debitam quantitatem. Ergo multo magis
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diff changeset
1093 anima. Non est ergo alia potentia animae augmentativa a
53
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1094 generativa.</p><p title="I q. 78 a. 2 arg. 4"><a name="31684"><span class="ref">[31684] Iª q. 78 a. 2 arg. 4</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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diff changeset
1095 unaquaeque res conservatur in esse per id per quod esse habet. Sed
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diff changeset
1096 potentia generativa est per quam acquiritur esse viventis. Ergo per
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diff changeset
1097 eandem res viva conservatur. Sed ad conservationem rei viventis
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diff changeset
1098 ordinatur vis nutritiva, ut dicitur in II de anima, est enim
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diff changeset
1099 potentia potens salvare suscipiens ipsam. Non debet ergo distingui
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diff changeset
1100 nutritiva potentia a generativa.</p><p title="I q. 78 a. 2 s. c."><a name="31685"><span class="ref">[31685] Iª q. 78 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
28
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diff changeset
1101 quod philosophus dicit, in II de anima, quod opera huius animae
53
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1102 sunt generare, et alimento uti, et iterum augmentum facere.</p><p title="I q. 78 a. 2 co."><a name="31686"><span class="ref">[31686] Iª q. 78 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
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1103 quod tres sunt potentiae vegetativae partis. Vegetativum enim, ut
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diff changeset
1104 dictum est, habet pro obiecto ipsum corpus vivens per animam, ad
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diff changeset
1105 quod quidem corpus triplex animae operatio est necessaria. Una
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1106 quidem, per quam esse acquirat, et ad hoc ordinatur potentia
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1107 generativa. Alia vero, per quam corpus vivum acquirit debitam
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1108 quantitatem, et ad hoc ordinatur vis augmentativa. Alia vero, per
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diff changeset
1109 quam corpus viventis salvatur et in esse, et in quantitate debita,
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diff changeset
1110 et ad hoc ordinatur vis nutritiva. Est tamen quaedam differentia
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1111 attendenda inter has potentias. Nam nutritiva et augmentativa
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1112 habent suum effectum in eo in quo sunt, quia ipsum corpus unitum
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diff changeset
1113 animae augetur et conservatur per vim augmentativam et nutritivam
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diff changeset
1114 in eadem anima existentem. Sed vis generativa habet effectum suum,
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diff changeset
1115 non in eodem corpore, sed in alio, quia nihil est generativum sui
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1116 ipsius. Et ideo vis generativa quodammodo appropinquat ad
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1117 dignitatem animae sensitivae, quae habet operationem in res
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diff changeset
1118 exteriores, licet excellentiori modo et universaliori, supremum
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1119 enim inferioris naturae attingit id quod est infimum superioris, ut
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diff changeset
1120 patet per Dionysium, in VII cap. de Div. Nom. Et ideo inter istas
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diff changeset
1121 tres potentias finalior et principalior et perfectior est
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1122 generativa, ut dicitur in II de anima, est enim rei iam perfectae
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1123 facere alteram qualis ipsa est. Generativae autem deserviunt et
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1124 augmentativa et nutritiva, augmentativae vero nutritiva.</p><p title="I q. 78 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="31687"><span class="ref">[31687] Iª q. 78 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
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1125 dicendum quod huiusmodi vires dicuntur naturales, tum quia habent
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1126 effectum similem naturae, quae etiam dat esse et quantitatem et
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1127 conservationem (licet hae vires habeant hoc altiori modo), tum quia
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diff changeset
1128 hae vires exercent suas actiones instrumentaliter per qualitates
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1129 activas et passivas, quae sunt naturalium actionum principia.</p><p title="I q. 78 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="31688"><span class="ref">[31688] Iª q. 78 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
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1130 dicendum quod generatio in rebus inanimatis est totaliter ab
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diff changeset
1131 extrinseco. Sed generatio viventium est quodam altiori modo, per
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1132 aliquid ipsius viventis, quod est semen, in quo est aliquod
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1133 principium corporis formativum. Et ideo oportet esse aliquam
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1134 potentiam rei viventis, per quam semen huiusmodi praeparetur, et
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1135 haec est vis generativa.</p><p title="I q. 78 a. 2 ad 3"><a name="31689"><span class="ref">[31689] Iª q. 78 a. 2 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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1136 dicendum quod, quia generatio viventium est ex aliquo semine,
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1137 oportet quod in principio animal generetur parvae quantitatis. Et
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1138 propter hoc necesse est quod habeat potentiam animae, per quam ad
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1139 debitam quantitatem perducatur. Sed corpus inanimatum generatur ex
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1140 materia determinata ab agente extrinseco, et ideo simul recipit
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diff changeset
1141 speciem et quantitatem secundum materiae conditionem.</p><p title="I q. 78 a. 2 ad 4"><a name="31690"><span class="ref">[31690] Iª q. 78 a. 2 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
28
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1142 dicendum quod, sicut iam dictum est, operatio vegetativi principii
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1143 completur mediante calore, cuius est humidum consumere. Et ideo, ad
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1144 restaurationem humidi deperditi, necesse est habere potentiam
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1145 nutritivam, per quam alimentum convertatur in substantiam corporis.
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1146 Quod etiam est necessarium ad actum virtutis augmentativae et
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1147 generativae.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 3</h3><p title="I q. 78 a. 3 arg. 1"><a name="31691"><span class="ref">[31691] Iª q. 78 a. 3 arg. 1</span></a> Ad tertium sic
28
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1148 proceditur. Videtur quod inconvenienter distinguantur quinque
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1149 sensus exteriores. Sensus enim est cognoscitivus accidentium. Sunt
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1150 autem multa genera accidentium. Cum ergo potentiae distinguantur
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diff changeset
1151 per obiecta, videtur quod sensus multiplicentur secundum numerum
53
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diff changeset
1152 qui est in generibus accidentium.</p><p title="I q. 78 a. 3 arg. 2"><a name="31692"><span class="ref">[31692] Iª q. 78 a. 3 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1153 magnitudo et figura, et alia quae dicuntur sensibilia communia, non
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diff changeset
1154 sunt sensibilia per accidens, sed contra ea dividuntur in II de
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1155 anima. Diversitas autem per se obiectorum diversificat potentias.
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diff changeset
1156 Cum ergo plus differant magnitudo et figura a colore quam sonus;
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diff changeset
1157 videtur quod multo magis debeat esse alia potentia sensitiva
53
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diff changeset
1158 cognoscitiva magnitudinis aut figurae, quam coloris et soni.</p><p title="I q. 78 a. 3 arg. 3"><a name="31693"><span class="ref">[31693] Iª q. 78 a. 3 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea, unus
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1159 sensus est unius contrarietatis; sicut visus albi et nigri. Sed
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diff changeset
1160 tactus est cognoscitivus plurium contrarietatum, scilicet calidi et
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diff changeset
1161 frigidi, humidi et sicci, et huiusmodi. Ergo non est sensus unus,
53
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diff changeset
1162 sed plures. Ergo plures sensus sunt quam quinque.</p><p title="I q. 78 a. 3 arg. 4"><a name="31694"><span class="ref">[31694] Iª q. 78 a. 3 arg. 4</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1163 species non dividitur contra genus. Sed gustus est tactus quidam.
53
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diff changeset
1164 Ergo non debet poni alter sensus praeter tactum.</p><p title="I q. 78 a. 3 s. c."><a name="31695"><span class="ref">[31695] Iª q. 78 a. 3 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
28
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diff changeset
1165 quod philosophus dicit, in III de anima, quod <i>non est alter
53
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diff changeset
1166 sensus praeter quinque</i>.</p><p title="I q. 78 a. 3 co."><a name="31696"><span class="ref">[31696] Iª q. 78 a. 3 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1167 quod rationem distinctionis et numeri sensuum exteriorum quidam
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diff changeset
1168 accipere voluerunt ex parte organorum, in quibus aliquod
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diff changeset
1169 elementorum dominatur, vel aqua, vel aer, vel aliquid huiusmodi.
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diff changeset
1170 Quidam autem ex parte medii, quod est vel coniunctum, vel
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diff changeset
1171 extrinsecum; et hoc vel aer, vel aqua, vel aliquid huiusmodi.
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diff changeset
1172 Quidam autem ex diversa natura sensibilium qualitatum, secundum
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diff changeset
1173 quod est qualitas simplicis corporis, vel sequens complexionem. Sed
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diff changeset
1174 nihil istorum conveniens est. Non enim potentiae sunt propter
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1175 organa, sed organa propter potentias, unde non propter hoc sunt
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1176 diversae potentiae, quia sunt diversa organa; sed ideo natura
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1177 instituit diversitatem in organis, ut congruerent diversitati
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1178 potentiarum. Et similiter diversa media diversis sensibus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1179 attribuit, secundum quod erat conveniens ad actus potentiarum.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1180 Naturas autem sensibilium qualitatum cognoscere non est sensus, sed
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diff changeset
1181 intellectus. Accipienda est ergo ratio numeri et distinctionis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1182 exteriorum sensuum, secundum illud quod proprie et per se ad sensum
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diff changeset
1183 pertinet. Est autem sensus quaedam potentia passiva, quae nata est
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diff changeset
1184 immutari ab exteriori sensibili. Exterius ergo immutativum est quod
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diff changeset
1185 per se a sensu percipitur, et secundum cuius diversitatem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1186 sensitivae potentiae distinguuntur. Est autem duplex immutatio, una
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1187 naturalis, et alia spiritualis. Naturalis quidem, secundum quod
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diff changeset
1188 forma immutantis recipitur in immutato secundum esse naturale,
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diff changeset
1189 sicut calor in calefacto. Spiritualis autem, secundum quod forma
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diff changeset
1190 immutantis recipitur in immutato secundum esse spirituale; ut forma
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diff changeset
1191 coloris in pupilla, quae non fit per hoc colorata. Ad operationem
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diff changeset
1192 autem sensus requiritur immutatio spiritualis, per quam intentio
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diff changeset
1193 formae sensibilis fiat in organo sensus. Alioquin, si sola
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diff changeset
1194 immutatio naturalis sufficeret ad sentiendum, omnia corpora
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diff changeset
1195 naturalia sentirent dum alterantur. Sed in quibusdam sensibus
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diff changeset
1196 invenitur immutatio spiritualis tantum, sicut in visu. In quibusdam
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diff changeset
1197 autem, cum immutatione spirituali, etiam naturalis; vel ex parte
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diff changeset
1198 obiecti tantum, vel etiam ex parte organi. Ex parte autem obiecti,
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diff changeset
1199 invenitur transmutatio naturalis, secundum locum quidem, in sono,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1200 qui est obiectum auditus, nam sonus ex percussione causatur et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1201 aeris commotione. Secundum alterationem vero, in odore, qui est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1202 obiectum olfactus, oportet enim per calidum alterari aliquo modo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1203 corpus, ad hoc quod spiret odorem. Ex parte autem organi, est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1204 immutatio naturalis in tactu et gustu, nam et manus tangens calida
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1205 calefit, et lingua humectatur per humiditatem saporum. Organum vero
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1206 olfactus aut auditus nulla naturali immutatione immutatur in
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1207 sentiendo, nisi per accidens. Visus autem, quia est absque
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1208 immutatione naturali et organi et obiecti, est maxime spiritualis,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1209 et perfectior inter omnes sensus, et communior. Et post hoc
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1210 auditus, et deinde olfactus, qui habent immutationem naturalem ex
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1211 parte obiecti. Motus tamen localis est perfectior et naturaliter
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1212 prior quam motus alterationis, ut probatur in VIII Physic. Tactus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1213 autem et gustus sunt maxime materiales, de quorum distinctione post
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1214 dicetur. Et inde est quod alii tres sensus non fiunt per medium
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1215 coniunctum, ne aliqua naturalis transmutatio pertingat ad organum,
53
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diff changeset
1216 ut accidit in his duobus sensibus.</p><p title="I q. 78 a. 3 ad 1"><a name="31697"><span class="ref">[31697] Iª q. 78 a. 3 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1217 dicendum quod non omnia accidentia habent vim immutativam secundum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1218 se; sed solae qualitates tertiae speciei, secundum quas contingit
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1219 alteratio. Et ideo solae huiusmodi qualitates sunt obiecta sensuum,
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diff changeset
1220 quia, ut dicitur in VII Physic., <i>secundum eadem alteratur
53
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diff changeset
1221 sensus, secundum quae alterantur corpora inanimata</i>.</p><p title="I q. 78 a. 3 ad 2"><a name="31698"><span class="ref">[31698] Iª q. 78 a. 3 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1222 dicendum quod magnitudo et figura et huiusmodi, quae dicuntur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1223 communia sensibilia, sunt media inter sensibilia per accidens et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1224 sensibilia propria, quae sunt obiecta sensuum. Nam sensibilia
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1225 propria primo et per se immutant sensum; cum sint qualitates
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1226 alterantes. Sensibilia vero communia omnia reducuntur ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1227 quantitatem. Et de magnitudine quidem et numero, patet quod sunt
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1228 species quantitatis. Figura autem est qualitas circa quantitatem;
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1229 cum consistat ratio figurae in terminatione magnitudinis. Motus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1230 autem et quies sentiuntur, secundum quod subiectum uno modo vel
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1231 pluribus modis se habet secundum magnitudinem subiecti vel localis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1232 distantiae, quantum ad motum augmenti et motum localem; vel etiam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1233 secundum sensibiles qualitates, ut in motu alterationis, et sic
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1234 sentire motum et quietem est quodammodo sentire unum et multa.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1235 Quantitas autem est proximum subiectum qualitatis alterativae, ut
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1236 superficies coloris. Et ideo sensibilia communia non movent sensum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1237 primo et per se, sed ratione sensibilis qualitatis; ut superficies
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1238 ratione coloris. Nec tamen sunt sensibilia per accidens, quia
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1239 huiusmodi sensibilia aliquam diversitatem faciunt in immutatione
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1240 sensus. Alio enim modo immutatur sensus a magna superficie, et a
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1241 parva, quia etiam ipsa albedo dicitur magna vel parva, et ideo
53
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diff changeset
1242 dividitur secundum proprium subiectum.</p><p title="I q. 78 a. 3 ad 3"><a name="31699"><span class="ref">[31699] Iª q. 78 a. 3 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1243 dicendum quod, sicut philosophus videtur dicere in II de anima,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1244 sensus tactus est unus genere, sed dividitur in multos sensus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1245 secundum speciem; et propter hoc est diversarum contrarietatum. Qui
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1246 tamen non separantur ab invicem secundum organum, sed per totum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1247 corpus se concomitantur; et ideo eorum distinctio non apparet.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1248 Gustus autem, qui est perceptivus dulcis et amari, concomitatur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1249 tactum in lingua, non autem per totum corpus; et ideo de facili a
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1250 tactu distinguitur. Posset tamen dici quod omnes illae
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1251 contrarietates, et singulae conveniunt in uno genere proximo, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1252 omnes in uno genere communi, quod est obiectum tactus secundum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1253 rationem communem. Sed illud genus commune est innominatum; sicut
53
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diff changeset
1254 etiam genus proximum calidi et frigidi est innominatum.</p><p title="I q. 78 a. 3 ad 4"><a name="31700"><span class="ref">[31700] Iª q. 78 a. 3 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1255 dicendum quod sensus gustus, secundum dictum philosophi, est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1256 quaedam species tactus quae est in lingua tantum. Non autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1257 distinguitur a tactu in genere, sed a tactu quantum ad illas
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1258 species quae per totum corpus diffunduntur. Si vero tactus sit unus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1259 sensus tantum, propter unam rationem communem obiecti, dicendum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1260 erit quod secundum rationem diversam immutationis, distinguitur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1261 gustus a tactu. Nam tactus immutatur naturali immutatione, et non
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1262 solum spirituali, quantum ad organum suum, secundum qualitatem quae
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1263 ei proprie obiicitur. Gustus autem organum non immutatur de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1264 necessitate naturali immutatione secundum qualitatem quae ei
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1265 proprie obiicitur, ut scilicet lingua fiat dulcis vel amara; sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1266 secundum praeambulam qualitatem, in qua fundatur sapor, scilicet
53
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diff changeset
1267 secundum humorem, qui est obiectum tactus.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 4</h3><p title="I q. 78 a. 4 arg. 1"><a name="31701"><span class="ref">[31701] Iª q. 78 a. 4 arg. 1</span></a> Ad quartum sic
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1268 proceditur. Videtur quod interiores sensus inconvenienter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1269 distinguantur. Commune enim non dividitur contra proprium. Ergo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1270 sensus communis non debet enumerari inter vires interiores
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1271 sensitivas, praeter sensus exteriores proprios.</p><p title="I q. 78 a. 4 arg. 2"><a name="31702"><span class="ref">[31702] Iª q. 78 a. 4 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea, ad id
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1272 ad quod sufficit sensus proprius et exterior, non oportet ponere
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1273 aliquam vim apprehensivam interiorem. Sed ad iudicandum de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1274 sensibilibus, sufficiunt sensus proprii et exteriores, unusquisque
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1275 enim sensus iudicat de proprio obiecto. Similiter etiam videntur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1276 sufficere ad hoc quod percipiant suos actus, quia cum actio sensus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1277 sit quodammodo medium inter potentiam et obiectum, videtur quod
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1278 multo magis visus possit suam visionem, tanquam sibi propinquiorem,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1279 percipere, quam colorem; et sic de aliis. Non ergo necessarium fuit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1280 ad hoc ponere interiorem potentiam, quae dicatur sensus
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1281 communis.</p><p title="I q. 78 a. 4 arg. 3"><a name="31703"><span class="ref">[31703] Iª q. 78 a. 4 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1282 secundum philosophum, phantasticum et memorativum sunt passiones
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1283 primi sensitivi. Sed passio non dividitur contra subiectum. Ergo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1284 memoria et phantasia non debent poni aliae potentiae praeter
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1285 sensum.</p><p title="I q. 78 a. 4 arg. 4"><a name="31704"><span class="ref">[31704] Iª q. 78 a. 4 arg. 4</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1286 intellectus minus dependet a sensu, quam quaecumque potentia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1287 sensitivae partis. Sed intellectus nihil cognoscit nisi accipiendo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1288 a sensu, unde dicitur in I posteriorum, quod <i>quibus deest unus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1289 sensus, deficit una scientia</i>. Ergo multo minus debet poni una
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1290 potentia sensitivae partis ad percipiendum intentiones quas non
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1291 percipit sensus, quam vocant aestimativam.</p><p title="I q. 78 a. 4 arg. 5"><a name="31705"><span class="ref">[31705] Iª q. 78 a. 4 arg. 5</span></a> Praeterea, actus
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1292 cogitativae, qui est conferre et componere et dividere, et actus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1293 reminiscitivae, qui est quodam syllogismo uti ad inquirendum, non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1294 minus distant ab actu aestimativae et memorativae, quam actus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1295 aestimativae ab actu phantasiae. Debent ergo vel cogitativa et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1296 reminiscitiva poni aliae vires praeter aestimativam et memorativam;
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1297 vel aestimativa et memorativa non debent poni aliae vires praeter
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1298 phantasiam.</p><p title="I q. 78 a. 4 arg. 6"><a name="31706"><span class="ref">[31706] Iª q. 78 a. 4 arg. 6</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1299 Augustinus, XII super Gen. ad Litt., ponit tria genera visionum,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1300 scilicet corporalem, quae fit per sensum; et spiritualem, quae fit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1301 per imaginationem sive phantasiam; et intellectualem, quae fit per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1302 intellectum. Non est ergo aliqua vis interior quae sit media inter
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1303 sensum et intellectum, nisi imaginativa tantum.</p><p title="I q. 78 a. 4 s. c."><a name="31707"><span class="ref">[31707] Iª q. 78 a. 4 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1304 quod Avicenna, in suo libro de anima, ponit quinque potentias
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diff changeset
1305 sensitivas interiores, scilicet sensum communem, phantasiam,
53
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1306 imaginativam, aestimativam, et memorativam.</p><p title="I q. 78 a. 4 co."><a name="31708"><span class="ref">[31708] Iª q. 78 a. 4 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
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1307 quod, cum natura non deficiat in necessariis, oportet esse tot
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diff changeset
1308 actiones animae sensitivae, quot sufficiant ad vitam animalis
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1309 perfecti. Et quaecumque harum actionum non possunt reduci in unum
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diff changeset
1310 principium, requirunt diversas potentias, cum potentia animae nihil
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diff changeset
1311 aliud sit quam proximum principium operationis animae. Est autem
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diff changeset
1312 considerandum quod ad vitam animalis perfecti requiritur quod non
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diff changeset
1313 solum apprehendat rem apud praesentiam sensibilis, sed etiam apud
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diff changeset
1314 eius absentiam. Alioquin, cum animalis motus et actio sequantur
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diff changeset
1315 apprehensionem, non moveretur animal ad inquirendum aliquid absens;
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diff changeset
1316 cuius contrarium apparet maxime in animalibus perfectis, quae
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diff changeset
1317 moventur motu processivo; moventur enim ad aliquid absens
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diff changeset
1318 apprehensum. Oportet ergo quod animal per animam sensitivam non
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diff changeset
1319 solum recipiat species sensibilium, cum praesentialiter immutatur
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diff changeset
1320 ab eis; sed etiam eas retineat et conservet. Recipere autem et
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diff changeset
1321 retinere reducuntur in corporalibus ad diversa principia, nam
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diff changeset
1322 humida bene recipiunt, et male retinent; e contrario autem est de
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diff changeset
1323 siccis. Unde, cum potentia sensitiva sit actus organi corporalis,
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diff changeset
1324 oportet esse aliam potentiam quae recipiat species sensibilium, et
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diff changeset
1325 quae conservet. Rursus considerandum est quod, si animal moveretur
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diff changeset
1326 solum propter delectabile et contristabile secundum sensum, non
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diff changeset
1327 esset necessarium ponere in animali nisi apprehensionem formarum
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diff changeset
1328 quas percipit sensus, in quibus delectatur aut horret. Sed
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diff changeset
1329 necessarium est animali ut quaerat aliqua vel fugiat, non solum
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diff changeset
1330 quia sunt convenientia vel non convenientia ad sentiendum, sed
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diff changeset
1331 etiam propter aliquas alias commoditates et utilitates, sive
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diff changeset
1332 nocumenta, sicut ovis videns lupum venientem fugit, non propter
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diff changeset
1333 indecentiam coloris vel figurae, sed quasi inimicum naturae; et
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diff changeset
1334 similiter avis colligit paleam, non quia delectet sensum, sed quia
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diff changeset
1335 est utilis ad nidificandum. Necessarium est ergo animali quod
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diff changeset
1336 percipiat huiusmodi intentiones, quas non percipit sensus exterior.
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diff changeset
1337 Et huius perceptionis oportet esse aliquod aliud principium, cum
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diff changeset
1338 perceptio formarum sensibilium sit ex immutatione sensibilis, non
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diff changeset
1339 autem perceptio intentionum praedictarum. Sic ergo ad receptionem
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diff changeset
1340 formarum sensibilium ordinatur sensus proprius et communis, de
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diff changeset
1341 quorum distinctione post dicetur. Ad harum autem formarum
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diff changeset
1342 retentionem aut conservationem ordinatur phantasia, sive
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diff changeset
1343 imaginatio, quae idem sunt, est enim phantasia sive imaginatio
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diff changeset
1344 quasi thesaurus quidam formarum per sensum acceptarum. Ad
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diff changeset
1345 apprehendendum autem intentiones quae per sensum non accipiuntur,
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diff changeset
1346 ordinatur vis aestimativa. Ad conservandum autem eas, vis
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diff changeset
1347 memorativa, quae est thesaurus quidam huiusmodi intentionum. Cuius
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diff changeset
1348 signum est, quod principium memorandi fit in animalibus ex aliqua
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diff changeset
1349 huiusmodi intentione, puta quod est nocivum vel conveniens. Et ipsa
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diff changeset
1350 ratio praeteriti, quam attendit memoria, inter huiusmodi
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diff changeset
1351 intentiones computatur. Considerandum est autem quod, quantum ad
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diff changeset
1352 formas sensibiles, non est differentia inter hominem et alia
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diff changeset
1353 animalia, similiter enim immutantur a sensibilibus exterioribus.
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diff changeset
1354 Sed quantum ad intentiones praedictas, differentia est, nam alia
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diff changeset
1355 animalia percipiunt huiusmodi intentiones solum naturali quodam
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diff changeset
1356 instinctu, homo autem etiam per quandam collationem. Et ideo quae
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diff changeset
1357 in aliis animalibus dicitur aestimativa naturalis, in homine
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diff changeset
1358 dicitur cogitativa, quae per collationem quandam huiusmodi
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diff changeset
1359 intentiones adinvenit. Unde etiam dicitur ratio particularis, cui
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diff changeset
1360 medici assignant determinatum organum, scilicet mediam partem
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diff changeset
1361 capitis, est enim collativa intentionum individualium, sicut ratio
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diff changeset
1362 intellectiva intentionum universalium. Ex parte autem memorativae,
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diff changeset
1363 non solum habet memoriam, sicut cetera animalia, in subita
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diff changeset
1364 recordatione praeteritorum; sed etiam reminiscentiam, quasi
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1365 syllogistice inquirendo praeteritorum memoriam, secundum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1366 individuales intentiones. Avicenna vero ponit quintam potentiam,
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diff changeset
1367 mediam inter aestimativam et imaginativam, quae componit et dividit
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1368 formas imaginatas; ut patet cum ex forma imaginata auri et forma
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diff changeset
1369 imaginata montis componimus unam formam montis aurei, quem nunquam
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diff changeset
1370 vidimus. Sed ista operatio non apparet in aliis animalibus ab
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1371 homine, in quo ad hoc sufficit virtus imaginativa. Cui etiam hanc
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diff changeset
1372 actionem attribuit Averroes, in libro quodam quem fecit de sensu et
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diff changeset
1373 sensibilibus. Et sic non est necesse ponere nisi quatuor vires
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diff changeset
1374 interiores sensitivae partis, scilicet sensum communem et
53
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1375 imaginationem, aestimativam et memorativam.</p><p title="I q. 78 a. 4 ad 1"><a name="31709"><span class="ref">[31709] Iª q. 78 a. 4 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
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diff changeset
1376 dicendum quod sensus interior non dicitur communis per
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diff changeset
1377 praedicationem, sicut genus; sed sicut communis radix et principium
53
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1378 exteriorum sensuum.</p><p title="I q. 78 a. 4 ad 2"><a name="31710"><span class="ref">[31710] Iª q. 78 a. 4 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
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diff changeset
1379 dicendum quod sensus proprius iudicat de sensibili proprio,
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diff changeset
1380 discernendo ipsum ab aliis quae cadunt sub eodem sensu, sicut
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diff changeset
1381 discernendo album a nigro vel a viridi. Sed discernere album a
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diff changeset
1382 dulci non potest neque visus neque gustus, quia oportet quod qui
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diff changeset
1383 inter aliqua discernit, utrumque cognoscat. Unde oportet ad sensum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1384 communem pertinere discretionis iudicium, ad quem referantur, sicut
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1385 ad communem terminum, omnes apprehensiones sensuum; a quo etiam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1386 percipiantur intentiones sensuum, sicut cum aliquis videt se
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1387 videre. Hoc enim non potest fieri per sensum proprium, qui non
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diff changeset
1388 cognoscit nisi formam sensibilis a quo immutatur; in qua
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diff changeset
1389 immutatione perficitur visio, et ex qua immutatione sequitur alia
53
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diff changeset
1390 immutatio in sensu communi, qui visionem percipit.</p><p title="I q. 78 a. 4 ad 3"><a name="31711"><span class="ref">[31711] Iª q. 78 a. 4 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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diff changeset
1391 dicendum quod, sicut una potentia oritur ab anima, alia mediante,
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diff changeset
1392 ut supra dictum est; ita etiam anima subiicitur alii potentiae,
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diff changeset
1393 mediante alia. Et secundum hunc modum, phantasticum et memorativum
53
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diff changeset
1394 dicuntur passiones primi sensitivi.</p><p title="I q. 78 a. 4 ad 4"><a name="31712"><span class="ref">[31712] Iª q. 78 a. 4 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
28
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diff changeset
1395 dicendum quod, licet intellectus operatio oriatur a sensu, tamen in
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diff changeset
1396 re apprehensa per sensum intellectus multa cognoscit quae sensus
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diff changeset
1397 percipere non potest. Et similiter aestimativa, licet inferiori
53
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diff changeset
1398 modo.</p><p title="I q. 78 a. 4 ad 5"><a name="31713"><span class="ref">[31713] Iª q. 78 a. 4 ad 5</span></a> Ad quintum
28
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diff changeset
1399 dicendum quod illam eminentiam habet cogitativa et memorativa in
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diff changeset
1400 homine, non per id quod est proprium sensitivae partis; sed per
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diff changeset
1401 aliquam affinitatem et propinquitatem ad rationem universalem,
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diff changeset
1402 secundum quandam refluentiam. Et ideo non sunt aliae vires, sed
53
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1403 eaedem, perfectiores quam sint in aliis animalibus.</p><p title="I q. 78 a. 4 ad 6"><a name="31714"><span class="ref">[31714] Iª q. 78 a. 4 ad 6</span></a> Ad sextum dicendum
28
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diff changeset
1404 quod Augustinus spiritualem visionem dicit esse, quae fit per
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diff changeset
1405 similitudines corporum in absentia corporum. Unde patet quod
53
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1406 communis est omnibus interioribus apprehensionibus.</p></div></div><div class="q" id="q79"><h2>Quaestio 79</h2><div class="p"><h3>Prooemium</h3><p title="I q. 79 pr."><a name="31715"><span class="ref">[31715]
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diff changeset
1407 Iª q. 79 pr.</span></a> Deinde quaeritur de potentiis
28
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diff changeset
1408 intellectivis. Circa quod quaeruntur tredecim. Primo, utrum
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diff changeset
1409 intellectus sit potentia animae, vel eius essentia. Secundo, si est
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diff changeset
1410 potentia, utrum sit potentia passiva. Tertio, si est potentia
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diff changeset
1411 passiva, utrum sit ponere aliquem intellectum agentem. Quarto,
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diff changeset
1412 utrum sit aliquid animae. Quinto, utrum intellectus agens sit unus
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diff changeset
1413 omnium. Sexto, utrum memoria sit in intellectu. Septimo, utrum sit
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diff changeset
1414 alia potentia ab intellectu. Octavo, utrum ratio sit alia potentia
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diff changeset
1415 ab intellectu. Nono, utrum ratio superior et inferior sint diversae
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diff changeset
1416 potentiae. Decimo, utrum intelligentia sit alia potentia praeter
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diff changeset
1417 intellectum. Undecimo, utrum intellectus speculativus et practicus
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diff changeset
1418 sint diversae potentiae. Duodecimo, utrum synderesis sit aliqua
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diff changeset
1419 potentia intellectivae partis. Tertiodecimo, utrum conscientia sit
53
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diff changeset
1420 aliqua potentia intellectivae partis.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 1</h3><p title="I q. 79 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="31716"><span class="ref">[31716] Iª q. 79 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad primum sic
28
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diff changeset
1421 proceditur. Videtur quod intellectus non sit aliqua potentia
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diff changeset
1422 animae, sed sit ipsa eius essentia. Intellectus idem enim videtur
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diff changeset
1423 esse quod mens. Sed mens non est potentia animae sed essentia,
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diff changeset
1424 dicit enim Augustinus, IX de Trin., <i>mens et spiritus non
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diff changeset
1425 relative dicuntur, sed essentiam demonstrant</i>. Ergo intellectus
53
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diff changeset
1426 est ipsa essentia animae.</p><p title="I q. 79 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="31717"><span class="ref">[31717] Iª q. 79 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1427 diversa genera potentiarum animae non uniuntur in aliqua potentia
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diff changeset
1428 una, sed in sola essentia animae. Appetitivum autem et
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diff changeset
1429 intellectivum sunt diversa genera potentiarum animae, ut dicitur in
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1430 II de anima; conveniunt autem in mente, quia Augustinus, X de
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1431 Trin., ponit intelligentiam et voluntatem in mente. Ergo mens et
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diff changeset
1432 intellectus est ipsa essentia animae, et non aliqua eius
53
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diff changeset
1433 potentia.</p><p title="I q. 79 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="31718"><span class="ref">[31718] Iª q. 79 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1434 secundum Gregorium, in homilia ascensionis, homo intelligit cum
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diff changeset
1435 Angelis. Sed Angeli dicuntur mentes et intellectus. Ergo mens et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1436 intellectus hominis non est aliqua potentia animae, sed ipsa
53
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diff changeset
1437 anima.</p><p title="I q. 79 a. 1 arg. 4"><a name="31719"><span class="ref">[31719] Iª q. 79 a. 1 arg. 4</span></a> Praeterea, ex
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1438 hoc convenit alicui substantiae quod sit intellectiva, quia est
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diff changeset
1439 immaterialis. Sed anima est immaterialis per suam essentiam. Ergo
53
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diff changeset
1440 videtur quod anima per suam essentiam sit intellectiva.</p><p title="I q. 79 a. 1 s. c."><a name="31720"><span class="ref">[31720] Iª q. 79 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1441 quod philosophus ponit intellectivum potentiam animae, ut patet in
53
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diff changeset
1442 II de anima.</p><p title="I q. 79 a. 1 co."><a name="31721"><span class="ref">[31721] Iª q. 79 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1443 quod necesse est dicere, secundum praemissa, quod intellectus sit
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1444 aliqua potentia animae, et non ipsa animae essentia. Tunc enim
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1445 solum immediatum principium operationis est ipsa essentia rei
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1446 operantis, quando ipsa operatio est eius esse, sicut enim potentia
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1447 se habet ad operationem ut ad suum actum, ita se habet essentia ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1448 esse. In solo Deo autem idem est intelligere quod suum esse. Unde
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1449 in solo Deo intellectus est eius essentia, in aliis autem creaturis
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diff changeset
1450 intellectualibus intellectus est quaedam potentia
53
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diff changeset
1451 intelligentis.</p><p title="I q. 79 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="31722"><span class="ref">[31722] Iª q. 79 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
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diff changeset
1452 dicendum quod sensus accipitur aliquando pro potentia, aliquando
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diff changeset
1453 vero pro ipsa anima sensitiva, denominatur enim anima sensitiva
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1454 nomine principalioris suae potentiae, quae est sensus. Et similiter
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1455 anima intellectiva quandoque nominatur nomine intellectus, quasi a
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1456 principaliori sua virtute; sicut dicitur in I de anima, quod
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diff changeset
1457 intellectus est substantia quaedam. Et etiam hoc modo Augustinus
53
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diff changeset
1458 dicit quod mens est spiritus, vel essentia.</p><p title="I q. 79 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="31723"><span class="ref">[31723] Iª q. 79 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1459 dicendum quod appetitivum et intellectivum sunt diversa genera
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1460 potentiarum animae, secundum diversas rationes obiectorum. Sed
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diff changeset
1461 appetitivum partim convenit cum intellectivo, et partim cum
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diff changeset
1462 sensitivo, quantum ad modum operandi per organum corporale, vel
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1463 sine huiusmodi organo, nam appetitus sequitur apprehensionem. Et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1464 secundum hoc Augustinus ponit voluntatem in mente, et philosophus
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1465 in ratione.</p><p title="I q. 79 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="31724"><span class="ref">[31724] Iª q. 79 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1466 dicendum quod in Angelis non est alia vis nisi intellectiva, et
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1467 voluntas, quae ad intellectum consequitur. Et propter hoc Angelus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1468 dicitur mens vel intellectus, quia tota virtus sua in hoc
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1469 consistit. Anima autem habet multas alias vires, sicut sensitivas
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1470 et nutritivas, et ideo non est simile.</p><p title="I q. 79 a. 1 ad 4"><a name="31725"><span class="ref">[31725] Iª q. 79 a. 1 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1471 dicendum quod ipsa immaterialitas substantiae intelligentis creatae
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1472 non est eius intellectus; sed ex immaterialitate habet virtutem ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1473 intelligendum. Unde non oportet quod intellectus sit substantia
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1474 animae, sed eius virtus et potentia.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 2</h3><p title="I q. 79 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="31726"><span class="ref">[31726] Iª q. 79 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad secundum sic
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1475 proceditur. Videtur quod intellectus non sit potentia passiva.
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1476 Patitur enim unumquodque secundum materiam; sed agit ratione
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1477 formae. Sed virtus intellectiva consequitur immaterialitatem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1478 substantiae intelligentis. Ergo videtur quod intellectus non sit
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1479 potentia passiva.</p><p title="I q. 79 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="31727"><span class="ref">[31727] Iª q. 79 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1480 potentia intellectiva est incorruptibilis, ut supra dictum est. Sed
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1481 intellectus si est passivus, est corruptibilis, ut dicitur in III
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1482 de anima. Ergo potentia intellectiva non est passiva.</p><p title="I q. 79 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="31728"><span class="ref">[31728] Iª q. 79 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea, agens
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1483 est nobilius patiente, ut dicit Augustinus XII super Gen. ad Litt.,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1484 et Aristoteles in III de anima. Potentiae autem vegetativae partis
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1485 omnes sunt activae, quae tamen sunt infimae inter potentias animae.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1486 Ergo multo magis potentiae intellectivae, quae sunt supremae, omnes
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1487 sunt activae.</p><p title="I q. 79 a. 2 s. c."><a name="31729"><span class="ref">[31729] Iª q. 79 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1488 quod philosophus dicit, in III de anima, quod <i>intelligere est
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1489 pati quoddam</i>.</p><p title="I q. 79 a. 2 co."><a name="31730"><span class="ref">[31730] Iª q. 79 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1490 quod pati tripliciter dicitur. Uno modo, propriissime, scilicet
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1491 quando aliquid removetur ab eo quod convenit sibi secundum naturam,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1492 aut secundum propriam inclinationem; sicut cum aqua frigiditatem
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1493 amittit per calefactionem, et cum homo aegrotat aut tristatur.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1494 Secundo modo, minus proprie dicitur aliquis pati ex eo quod aliquid
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1495 ab ipso abiicitur, sive sit ei conveniens, sive non conveniens. Et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1496 secundum hoc dicitur pati non solum qui aegrotat, sed etiam qui
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1497 sanatur; non solum qui tristatur, sed etiam qui laetatur; vel
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1498 quocumque modo aliquis alteretur vel moveatur. Tertio modo, dicitur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1499 aliquid pati communiter, ex hoc solo quod id quod est in potentia
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1500 ad aliquid, recipit illud ad quod erat in potentia, absque hoc quod
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1501 aliquid abiiciatur. Secundum quem modum, omne quod exit de potentia
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1502 in actum, potest dici pati, etiam cum perficitur. Et sic
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1503 intelligere nostrum est pati. Quod quidem hac ratione apparet.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1504 Intellectus enim, sicut supra dictum est, habet operationem circa
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1505 ens in universali. Considerari ergo potest utrum intellectus sit in
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1506 actu vel potentia, ex hoc quod consideratur quomodo intellectus se
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1507 habeat ad ens universale. Invenitur enim aliquis intellectus qui ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1508 ens universale se habet sicut actus totius entis, et talis est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1509 intellectus divinus, qui est Dei essentia, in qua originaliter et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1510 virtualiter totum ens praeexistit sicut in prima causa. Et ideo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1511 intellectus divinus non est in potentia, sed est actus purus.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1512 Nullus autem intellectus creatus potest se habere ut actus respectu
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1513 totius entis universalis, quia sic oporteret quod esset ens
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1514 infinitum. Unde omnis intellectus creatus, per hoc ipsum quod est,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1515 non est actus omnium intelligibilium, sed comparatur ad ipsa
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1516 intelligibilia sicut potentia ad actum. Potentia autem dupliciter
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1517 se habet ad actum. Est enim quaedam potentia quae semper est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1518 perfecta per actum; sicut diximus de materia corporum caelestium.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1519 Quaedam autem potentia est, quae non semper est in actu, sed de
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1520 potentia procedit in actum; sicut invenitur in generabilibus et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1521 corruptibilibus. Intellectus igitur angelicus semper est in actu
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1522 suorum intelligibilium, propter propinquitatem ad primum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1523 intellectum, qui est actus purus, ut supra dictum est. Intellectus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1524 autem humanus, qui est infimus in ordine intellectuum, et maxime
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1525 remotus a perfectione divini intellectus, est in potentia respectu
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1526 intelligibilium, et in principio est sicut tabula rasa in qua nihil
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1527 est scriptum, ut philosophus dicit in III de anima. Quod manifeste
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1528 apparet ex hoc, quod in principio sumus intelligentes solum in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1529 potentia, postmodum autem efficimur intelligentes in actu. Sic
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1530 igitur patet quod intelligere nostrum est quoddam pati, secundum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1531 tertium modum passionis. Et per consequens intellectus est potentia
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1532 passiva.</p><p title="I q. 79 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="31731"><span class="ref">[31731] Iª q. 79 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1533 dicendum quod obiectio illa procedit de primo et secundo modo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1534 passionis, qui sunt proprii materiae primae. Tertius autem modus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1535 passionis est cuiuscumque in potentia existentis quod in actum
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1536 reducitur.</p><p title="I q. 79 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="31732"><span class="ref">[31732] Iª q. 79 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1537 dicendum quod intellectus passivus secundum quosdam dicitur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1538 appetitus sensitivus, in quo sunt animae passiones; qui etiam in I
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1539 Ethic. dicitur rationalis per participationem, quia obedit rationi.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1540 Secundum alios autem intellectus passivus dicitur virtus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1541 cogitativa, quae nominatur ratio particularis. Et utroque modo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1542 passivum accipi potest secundum primos duos modos passionis,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1543 inquantum talis intellectus sic dictus, est actus alicuius organi
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1544 corporalis. Sed intellectus qui est in potentia ad intelligibilia,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1545 quem Aristoteles ob hoc nominat intellectum possibilem, non est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1546 passivus nisi tertio modo, quia non est actus organi corporalis. Et
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1547 ideo est incorruptibilis.</p><p title="I q. 79 a. 2 ad 3"><a name="31733"><span class="ref">[31733] Iª q. 79 a. 2 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1548 dicendum quod agens est nobilius patiente, si ad idem actio et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1549 passio referantur, non autem semper, si ad diversa. Intellectus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1550 autem est vis passiva respectu totius entis universalis.
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1551 Vegetativum autem est activum respectu cuiusdam entis particularis,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1552 scilicet corporis coniuncti. Unde nihil prohibet huiusmodi passivum
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1553 esse nobilius tali activo.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 3</h3><p title="I q. 79 a. 3 arg. 1"><a name="31734"><span class="ref">[31734] Iª q. 79 a. 3 arg. 1</span></a> Ad tertium sic
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1554 proceditur. Videtur quod non sit ponere intellectum agentem. Sicut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1555 enim se habet sensus ad sensibilia, ita se habet intellectus noster
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1556 ad intelligibilia. Sed quia sensus est in potentia ad sensibilia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1557 non ponitur sensus agens, sed sensus patiens tantum. Ergo, cum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1558 intellectus noster sit in potentia ad intelligibilia, videtur quod
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1559 non debeat poni intellectus agens, sed possibilis tantum.</p><p title="I q. 79 a. 3 arg. 2"><a name="31735"><span class="ref">[31735] Iª q. 79 a. 3 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea, si
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1560 dicatur quod in sensu etiam est aliquod agens, sicut lumen, contra,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1561 lumen requiritur ad visum inquantum facit medium lucidum in actu,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1562 nam color ipse secundum se est motivus lucidi. Sed in operatione
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1563 intellectus non ponitur aliquod medium quod necesse sit fieri in
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1564 actu. Ergo non est necessarium ponere intellectum agentem.</p><p title="I q. 79 a. 3 arg. 3"><a name="31736"><span class="ref">[31736] Iª q. 79 a. 3 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1565 similitudo agentis recipitur in patiente secundum modum patientis.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1566 Sed intellectus possibilis est virtus immaterialis. Ergo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1567 immaterialitas eius sufficit ad hoc quod recipiantur in eo formae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1568 immaterialiter. Sed ex hoc ipso aliqua forma est intelligibilis in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1569 actu, quod est immaterialis. Ergo nulla necessitas est ponere
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1570 intellectum agentem, ad hoc quod faciat species intelligibiles in
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1571 actu.</p><p title="I q. 79 a. 3 s. c."><a name="31737"><span class="ref">[31737] Iª q. 79 a. 3 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1572 quod philosophus dicit, in III de anima, quod <i>sicut in omni
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1573 natura ita et in anima est aliquid quo est omnia fieri, et aliquid
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1574 quo est omnia facere</i>. Est ergo ponere intellectum agentem.</p><p title="I q. 79 a. 3 co."><a name="31738"><span class="ref">[31738] Iª q. 79 a. 3 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1575 quod, secundum opinionem Platonis, nulla necessitas erat ponere
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1576 intellectum agentem ad faciendum intelligibilia in actu; sed forte
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1577 ad praebendum lumen intelligibile intelligenti, ut infra dicetur.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1578 Posuit enim Plato formas rerum naturalium sine materia subsistere,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1579 et per consequens eas intelligibiles esse, quia ex hoc est aliquid
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1580 intelligibile actu, quod est immateriale. Et huiusmodi vocabat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1581 species, sive ideas, ex quarum participatione dicebat etiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1582 materiam corporalem formari, ad hoc quod individua naturaliter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1583 constituerentur in propriis generibus et speciebus; et intellectus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1584 nostros, ad hoc quod de generibus et speciebus rerum scientiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1585 haberent. Sed quia Aristoteles non posuit formas rerum naturalium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1586 subsistere sine materia; formae autem in materia existentes non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1587 sunt intelligibiles actu, sequebatur quod naturae seu formae rerum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1588 sensibilium, quas intelligimus, non essent intelligibiles actu.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1589 Nihil autem reducitur de potentia in actum, nisi per aliquod ens
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1590 actu, sicut sensus fit in actu per sensibile in actu. Oportebat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1591 igitur ponere aliquam virtutem ex parte intellectus, quae faceret
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1592 intelligibilia in actu, per abstractionem specierum a conditionibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1593 materialibus. Et haec est necessitas ponendi intellectum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1594 agentem.</p><p title="I q. 79 a. 3 ad 1"><a name="31739"><span class="ref">[31739] Iª q. 79 a. 3 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1595 dicendum quod sensibilia inveniuntur actu extra animam, et ideo non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1596 oportuit ponere sensum agentem. Et sic patet quod in parte
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1597 nutritiva omnes potentiae sunt activae; in parte autem sensitiva,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1598 omnes passivae; in parte vero intellectiva est aliquid activum, et
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1599 aliquid passivum.</p><p title="I q. 79 a. 3 ad 2"><a name="31740"><span class="ref">[31740] Iª q. 79 a. 3 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1600 dicendum quod circa effectum luminis est duplex opinio. Quidam enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1601 dicunt quod lumen requiritur ad visum, ut faciat colores actu
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1602 visibiles. Et secundum hoc, similiter requiritur, et propter idem,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1603 intellectus agens ad intelligendum, propter quod lumen ad videndum.
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1604 Secundum alios vero, lumen requiritur ad videndum, non propter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1605 colores, ut fiant actu visibiles; sed ut medium fiat actu lucidum,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1606 ut Commentator dicit in II de anima. Et secundum hoc, similitudo
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1607 qua Aristoteles assimilat intellectum agentem lumini, attenditur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1608 quantum ad hoc, quod sicut hoc est necessarium ad videndum, ita
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1609 illud ad intelligendum; sed non propter idem.</p><p title="I q. 79 a. 3 ad 3"><a name="31741"><span class="ref">[31741] Iª q. 79 a. 3 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1610 dicendum quod, supposito agente, bene contingit diversimode recipi
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1611 eius similitudinem in diversis propter eorum dispositionem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1612 diversam. Sed si agens non praeexistit, nihil ad hoc faciet
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1613 dispositio recipientis. Intelligibile autem in actu non est aliquid
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1614 existens in rerum natura, quantum ad naturam rerum sensibilium,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1615 quae non subsistunt praeter materiam. Et ideo ad intelligendum non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1616 sufficeret immaterialitas intellectus possibilis, nisi adesset
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1617 intellectus agens, qui faceret intelligibilia in actu per modum
53
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diff changeset
1618 abstractionis.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 4</h3><p title="I q. 79 a. 4 arg. 1"><a name="31742"><span class="ref">[31742] Iª q. 79 a. 4 arg. 1</span></a> Ad quartum sic
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1619 proceditur. Videtur quod intellectus agens non sit aliquid animae
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1620 nostrae. Intellectus enim agentis effectus est illuminare ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1621 intelligendum. Sed hoc fit per aliquid quod est altius anima;
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1622 secundum illud Ioan. I, <i>erat lux vera, quae illuminat omnem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1623 hominem venientem in hunc mundum</i>. Ergo videtur quod intellectus
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1624 agens non sit aliquid animae.</p><p title="I q. 79 a. 4 arg. 2"><a name="31743"><span class="ref">[31743] Iª q. 79 a. 4 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1625 philosophus, in III de anima, attribuit intellectui agenti quod non
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1626 aliquando intelligit et aliquando non intelligit. Sed anima nostra
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1627 non semper intelligit; sed aliquando intelligit et aliquando non
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1628 intelligit. Ergo intellectus agens non est aliquid animae
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1629 nostrae.</p><p title="I q. 79 a. 4 arg. 3"><a name="31744"><span class="ref">[31744] Iª q. 79 a. 4 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea, agens
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1630 et patiens sufficiunt ad agendum. Si igitur intellectus possibilis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1631 est aliquid animae nostrae, qui est virtus passiva, et similiter
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1632 intellectus agens, qui est virtus activa; sequitur quod homo semper
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1633 poterit intelligere cum voluerit, quod patet esse falsum. Non est
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1634 ergo intellectus agens aliquid animae nostrae.</p><p title="I q. 79 a. 4 arg. 4"><a name="31745"><span class="ref">[31745] Iª q. 79 a. 4 arg. 4</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1635 philosophus dicit, in III de anima, quod intellectus agens est
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1636 substantia actu ens. Nihil autem est respectu eiusdem in actu et in
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1637 potentia. Si ergo intellectus possibilis, qui est in potentia ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1638 omnia intelligibilia, est aliquid animae nostrae; videtur
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1639 impossibile quod intellectus agens sit aliquid animae nostrae.</p><p title="I q. 79 a. 4 arg. 5"><a name="31746"><span class="ref">[31746] Iª q. 79 a. 4 arg. 5</span></a> Praeterea, si
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1640 intellectus agens est aliquid animae nostrae, oportet quod sit
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1641 aliqua potentia. Non est enim nec passio nec habitus, nam habitus
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1642 et passiones non habent rationem agentis respectu passionum animae;
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1643 sed magis passio est ipsa actio potentiae passivae, habitus autem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1644 est aliquid quod ex actibus consequitur. Omnis autem potentia fluit
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1645 ab essentia animae. Sequeretur ergo quod intellectus agens ab
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1646 essentia animae procederet. Et sic non inesset animae per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1647 participationem ab aliquo superiori intellectu, quod est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1648 inconveniens. Non ergo intellectus agens est aliquid animae
53
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diff changeset
1649 nostrae.</p><p title="I q. 79 a. 4 s. c."><a name="31747"><span class="ref">[31747] Iª q. 79 a. 4 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1650 quod philosophus dicit, III de anima quod <i>necesse est in anima
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1651 has esse differentias</i>, scilicet intellectum possibilem, et
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1652 agentem.</p><p title="I q. 79 a. 4 co."><a name="31748"><span class="ref">[31748] Iª q. 79 a. 4 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1653 quod intellectus agens de quo philosophus loquitur, est aliquid
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1654 animae. Ad cuius evidentiam, considerandum est quod supra animam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1655 intellectivam humanam necesse est ponere aliquem superiorem
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1656 intellectum, a quo anima virtutem intelligendi obtineat. Semper
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1657 enim quod participat aliquid, et quod est mobile, et quod est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1658 imperfectum, praeexigit ante se aliquid quod est per essentiam suam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1659 tale, et quod est immobile et perfectum. Anima autem humana
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1660 intellectiva dicitur per participationem intellectualis virtutis,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1661 cuius signum est, quod non tota est intellectiva, sed secundum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1662 aliquam sui partem. Pertingit etiam ad intelligentiam veritatis cum
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1663 quodam discursu et motu, arguendo. Habet etiam imperfectam
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1664 intelligentiam, tum quia non omnia intelligit; tum quia in his quae
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1665 intelligit, de potentia procedit ad actum. Oportet ergo esse
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1666 aliquem altiorem intellectum, quo anima iuvetur ad intelligendum.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1667 Posuerunt ergo quidam hunc intellectum secundum substantiam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1668 separatum, esse intellectum agentem, qui quasi illustrando
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1669 phantasmata, facit ea intelligibilia actu. Sed, dato quod sit
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1670 aliquis talis intellectus agens separatus, nihilominus tamen
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1671 oportet ponere in ipsa anima humana aliquam virtutem ab illo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1672 intellectu superiori participatam, per quam anima humana facit
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1673 intelligibilia in actu. Sicut et in aliis rebus naturalibus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1674 perfectis, praeter universales causas agentes, sunt propriae
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1675 virtutes inditae singulis rebus perfectis, ab universalibus
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1676 agentibus derivatae, non enim solus sol generat hominem, sed est in
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1677 homine virtus generativa hominis; et similiter in aliis animalibus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1678 perfectis. Nihil autem est perfectius in inferioribus rebus anima
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1679 humana. Unde oportet dicere quod in ipsa sit aliqua virtus derivata
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1680 a superiori intellectu, per quam possit phantasmata illustrare. Et
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1681 hoc experimento cognoscimus, dum percipimus nos abstrahere formas
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1682 universales a conditionibus particularibus, quod est facere actu
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1683 intelligibilia. Nulla autem actio convenit alicui rei, nisi per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1684 aliquod principium formaliter ei inhaerens; ut supra dictum est,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1685 cum de intellectu possibili ageretur. Ergo oportet virtutem quae
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1686 est principium huius actionis, esse aliquid in anima. Et ideo
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1687 Aristoteles comparavit intellectum agentem lumini, quod est aliquid
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1688 receptum in aere. Plato autem intellectum separatum imprimentem in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1689 animas nostras, comparavit soli; ut Themistius dicit in commentario
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1690 tertii de anima. Sed intellectus separatus, secundum nostrae fidei
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1691 documenta, est ipse Deus, qui est creator animae, et in quo solo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1692 beatificatur, ut infra patebit. Unde ab ipso anima humana lumen
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1693 intellectuale participat, secundum illud Psalmi IV, <i>signatum est
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1694 super nos lumen vultus tui, domine</i>.</p><p title="I q. 79 a. 4 ad 1"><a name="31749"><span class="ref">[31749] Iª q. 79 a. 4 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1695 dicendum quod illa lux vera illuminat sicut causa universalis, a
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1696 qua anima humana participat quandam particularem virtutem, ut
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1697 dictum est.</p><p title="I q. 79 a. 4 ad 2"><a name="31750"><span class="ref">[31750] Iª q. 79 a. 4 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1698 dicendum quod philosophus illa verba non dicit de intellectu
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1699 agente, sed de intellectu in actu. Unde supra de ipso praemiserat,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1700 idem autem est secundum actum scientia rei. Vel, si intelligatur de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1701 intellectu agente, hoc dicitur quia non est ex parte intellectus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1702 agentis hoc quod quandoque intelligimus et quandoque non
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1703 intelligimus; sed ex parte intellectus qui est in potentia.</p><p title="I q. 79 a. 4 ad 3"><a name="31751"><span class="ref">[31751] Iª q. 79 a. 4 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1704 dicendum quod, si intellectus agens compararetur ad intellectum
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1705 possibilem ut obiectum agens ad potentiam, sicut visibile in actu
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1706 ad visum; sequeretur quod statim omnia intelligeremus, cum
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1707 intellectus agens sit quo est omnia facere. Nunc autem non se habet
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1708 ut obiectum, sed ut faciens obiecta in actu, ad quod requiritur,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1709 praeter praesentiam intellectus agentis, praesentia phantasmatum,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1710 et bona dispositio virium sensitivarum, et exercitium in huiusmodi
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1711 opere; quia per unum intellectum fiunt etiam alia intellecta, sicut
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1712 per terminos propositiones, et per prima principia conclusiones. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1713 quantum ad hoc, non differt utrum intellectus agens sit aliquid
53
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diff changeset
1714 animae, vel aliquid separatum.</p><p title="I q. 79 a. 4 ad 4"><a name="31752"><span class="ref">[31752] Iª q. 79 a. 4 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1715 dicendum quod anima intellectiva est quidem actu immaterialis, sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1716 est in potentia ad determinatas species rerum. Phantasmata autem, e
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1717 converso, sunt quidem actu similitudines specierum quarundam, sed
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1718 sunt potentia immaterialia. Unde nihil prohibet unam et eandem
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1719 animam, inquantum est immaterialis in actu, habere aliquam virtutem
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1720 per quam faciat immaterialia in actu abstrahendo a conditionibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1721 individualis materiae, quae quidem virtus dicitur intellectus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1722 agens; et aliam virtutem receptivam huiusmodi specierum, quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1723 dicitur intellectus possibilis, inquantum est in potentia ad
53
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ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1724 huiusmodi species.</p><p title="I q. 79 a. 4 ad 5"><a name="31753"><span class="ref">[31753] Iª q. 79 a. 4 ad 5</span></a> Ad quintum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1725 dicendum quod, cum essentia animae sit immaterialis, a supremo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1726 intellectu creata, nihil prohibet virtutem quae a supremo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1727 intellectu participatur, per quam abstrahit a materia, ab essentia
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1728 ipsius procedere, sicut et alias eius potentias.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 5</h3><p title="I q. 79 a. 5 arg. 1"><a name="31754"><span class="ref">[31754] Iª q. 79 a. 5 arg. 1</span></a> Ad quintum sic
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1729 proceditur. Videtur quod intellectus agens sit unus in omnibus.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1730 Nihil enim quod est separatum a corpore, multiplicatur secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1731 multiplicationem corporum. Sed intellectus agens est separatus, ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1732 dicitur in III de anima. Ergo non multiplicatur in multis
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1733 corporibus hominum, sed est unus in omnibus.</p><p title="I q. 79 a. 5 arg. 2"><a name="31755"><span class="ref">[31755] Iª q. 79 a. 5 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1734 intellectus agens facit universale, quod est unum in multis. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1735 illud quod est causa unitatis, magis est unum. Ergo intellectus
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1736 agens est unus in omnibus.</p><p title="I q. 79 a. 5 arg. 3"><a name="31756"><span class="ref">[31756] Iª q. 79 a. 5 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea, omnes
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1737 homines conveniunt in primis conceptionibus intellectus. His autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1738 assentiunt per intellectum agentem. Ergo conveniunt omnes in uno
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1739 intellectu agente.</p><p title="I q. 79 a. 5 s. c."><a name="31757"><span class="ref">[31757] Iª q. 79 a. 5 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1740 quod philosophus dicit, in III de anima, quod intellectus agens est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1741 sicut lumen. Non autem est idem lumen in diversis illuminatis. Ergo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1742 non est idem intellectus agens in diversis hominibus.</p><p title="I q. 79 a. 5 co."><a name="31758"><span class="ref">[31758] Iª q. 79 a. 5 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1743 quod veritas huius quaestionis dependet ex praemissis. Si enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1744 intellectus agens non esset aliquid animae, sed esset quaedam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1745 substantia separata, unus esset intellectus agens omnium hominum.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1746 Et hoc intelligunt qui ponunt unitatem intellectus agentis. Si
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1747 autem intellectus agens sit aliquid animae, ut quaedam virtus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1748 ipsius, necesse est dicere quod sint plures intellectus agentes,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1749 secundum pluralitatem animarum, quae multiplicantur secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1750 multiplicationem hominum, ut supra dictum est. Non enim potest esse
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1751 quod una et eadem virtus numero sit diversarum substantiarum.</p><p title="I q. 79 a. 5 ad 1"><a name="31759"><span class="ref">[31759] Iª q. 79 a. 5 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1752 dicendum quod philosophus probat intellectum agentem esse
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1753 separatum, per hoc quod possibilis est separatus; quia, ut ipse
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1754 dicit, agens est honorabilius patiente. Intellectus autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1755 possibilis dicitur separatus, quia non est actus alicuius organi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1756 corporalis. Et secundum hunc modum etiam intellectus agens dicitur
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1757 separatus, non quasi sit aliqua substantia separata.</p><p title="I q. 79 a. 5 ad 2"><a name="31760"><span class="ref">[31760] Iª q. 79 a. 5 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1758 dicendum quod intellectus agens causat universale abstrahendo a
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1759 materia. Ad hoc autem non requiritur quod sit unus in omnibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1760 habentibus intellectum, sed quod sit unus in omnibus secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1761 habitudinem ad omnia a quibus abstrahit universale, respectu quorum
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1762 universale est unum. Et hoc competit intellectui agenti inquantum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
1763 est immaterialis.</p><p title="I q. 79 a. 5 ad 3"><a name="31761"><span class="ref">[31761] Iª q. 79 a. 5 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1764 dicendum quod omnia quae sunt unius speciei, communicant in actione
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1765 consequente naturam speciei, et per consequens in virtute, quae est
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1766 actionis principium, non quod sit eadem numero in omnibus.
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1767 Cognoscere autem prima intelligibilia est actio consequens speciem
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1768 humanam. Unde oportet quod omnes homines communicent in virtute
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
1769 quae est principium huius actionis, et haec est virtus intellectus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1770 agentis. Non tamen oportet quod sit eadem numero in omnibus.
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diff changeset
1771 Oportet tamen quod ab uno principio in omnibus derivetur. Et sic
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1772 illa communicatio hominum in primis intelligibilibus, demonstrat
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1773 unitatem intellectus separati, quem Plato comparat soli; non autem
53
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diff changeset
1774 unitatem intellectus agentis, quem Aristoteles comparat lumini.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 6</h3><p title="I q. 79 a. 6 arg. 1"><a name="31762"><span class="ref">[31762] Iª q. 79 a. 6 arg. 1</span></a> Ad sextum sic
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1775 proceditur. Videtur quod memoria non sit in parte intellectiva
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1776 animae. Dicit enim Augustinus, XII de Trin., quod ad partem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1777 superiorem animae pertinent quae non sunt hominibus pecoribusque
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1778 communia. Sed memoria est hominibus pecoribusque communis, dicit
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1779 enim ibidem quod <i>possunt pecora sentire per corporis sensus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1780 corporalia, et ea mandare memoriae</i>. Ergo memoria non pertinet
53
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diff changeset
1781 ad partem animae intellectivam.</p><p title="I q. 79 a. 6 arg. 2"><a name="31763"><span class="ref">[31763] Iª q. 79 a. 6 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1782 memoria praeteritorum est. Sed praeteritum dicitur secundum aliquod
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1783 determinatum tempus. Memoria igitur est cognoscitiva alicuius sub
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1784 determinato tempore; quod est cognoscere aliquid sub hic et nunc.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1785 Hoc autem non est intellectus, sed sensus. Memoria igitur non est
53
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diff changeset
1786 in parte intellectiva, sed solum in parte sensitiva.</p><p title="I q. 79 a. 6 arg. 3"><a name="31764"><span class="ref">[31764] Iª q. 79 a. 6 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea, in
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1787 memoria conservantur species rerum quae actu non cogitantur. Sed
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1788 hoc non est possibile accidere in intellectu, quia intellectus fit
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1789 in actu per hoc quod informatur specie intelligibili; intellectum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1790 autem esse in actu, est ipsum intelligere in actu; et sic
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1791 intellectus omnia intelligit in actu, quorum species apud se habet.
53
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diff changeset
1792 Non ergo memoria est in parte intellectiva.</p><p title="I q. 79 a. 6 s. c."><a name="31765"><span class="ref">[31765] Iª q. 79 a. 6 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1793 quod Augustinus dicit, X de Trin., quod <i>memoria, intelligentia
53
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diff changeset
1794 et voluntas sunt una mens</i>.</p><p title="I q. 79 a. 6 co."><a name="31766"><span class="ref">[31766] Iª q. 79 a. 6 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1795 quod, cum de ratione memoriae sit conservare species rerum quae
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1796 actu non apprehenduntur, hoc primum considerari oportet, utrum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1797 species intelligibiles sic in intellectu conservari possint. Posuit
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1798 enim Avicenna hoc esse impossibile. In parte enim sensitiva dicebat
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1799 hoc accidere, quantum ad aliquas potentias, inquantum sunt actus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1800 organorum corporalium, in quibus conservari possunt aliquae species
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1801 absque actuali apprehensione. In intellectu autem, qui caret organo
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diff changeset
1802 corporali, nihil existit nisi intelligibiliter. Unde oportet
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1803 intelligi in actu illud cuius similitudo in intellectu existit. Sic
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diff changeset
1804 ergo, secundum ipsum, quam cito aliquis actu desinit intelligere
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1805 aliquam rem, desinit esse illius rei species in intellectu, sed
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diff changeset
1806 oportet, si denuo vult illam rem intelligere, quod convertat se ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1807 intellectum agentem, quem ponit substantiam separatam, ut ab illo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1808 effluant species intelligibiles in intellectum possibilem. Et ex
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diff changeset
1809 exercitio et usu convertendi se ad intellectum agentem,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1810 relinquitur, secundum ipsum, quaedam habilitas in intellectu
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1811 possibili convertendi se ad intellectum agentem, quam dicebat esse
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1812 habitum scientiae. Secundum igitur hanc positionem, nihil
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diff changeset
1813 conservatur in parte intellectiva, quod non actu intelligatur. Unde
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diff changeset
1814 non poterit poni memoria in parte intellectiva, secundum hunc
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diff changeset
1815 modum. Sed haec opinio manifeste repugnat dictis Aristotelis. Dicit
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diff changeset
1816 enim, in III de anima, quod, cum intellectus possibilis <i>sic fiat
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diff changeset
1817 singula ut sciens, dicitur qui secundum actum; et quod hoc accidit
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1818 cum possit operari per seipsum. Est quidem igitur et tunc potentia
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1819 quodammodo; non tamen similiter ut ante addiscere aut invenire</i>.
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diff changeset
1820 Dicitur autem intellectus possibilis fieri singula, secundum quod
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diff changeset
1821 recipit species singulorum. Ex hoc ergo quod recipit species
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1822 intelligibilium, habet quod possit operari cum voluerit, non autem
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diff changeset
1823 quod semper operetur, quia et tunc est quodammodo in potentia,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1824 licet aliter quam ante intelligere; eo scilicet modo quo sciens in
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1825 habitu est in potentia ad considerandum in actu. Repugnat etiam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1826 praedicta positio rationi. Quod enim recipitur in aliquo, recipitur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1827 in eo secundum modum recipientis. Intellectus autem est magis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1828 stabilis naturae et immobilis, quam materia corporalis. Si ergo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1829 materia corporalis formas quas recipit, non solum tenet dum per eas
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1830 agit in actu, sed etiam postquam agere per eas cessaverit; multo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1831 fortius intellectus immobiliter et inamissibiliter recipit species
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1832 intelligibiles, sive a sensibilibus acceptas, sive etiam ab aliquo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1833 superiori intellectu effluxas. Sic igitur, si memoria accipiatur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1834 solum pro vi conservativa specierum, oportet dicere memoriam esse
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1835 in intellectiva parte. Si vero de ratione memoriae sit quod eius
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1836 obiectum sit praeteritum, ut praeteritum; memoria in parte
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1837 intellectiva non erit, sed sensitiva tantum, quae est apprehensiva
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1838 particularium. Praeteritum enim, ut praeteritum, cum significet
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1839 esse sub determinato tempore, ad conditionem particularis
53
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diff changeset
1840 pertinet.</p><p title="I q. 79 a. 6 ad 1"><a name="31767"><span class="ref">[31767] Iª q. 79 a. 6 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1841 dicendum quod memoria, secundum quod est conservativa specierum,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1842 non est nobis pecoribusque communis. Species enim conservantur non
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1843 in parte animae sensitiva tantum, sed magis in coniuncto; cum vis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1844 memorativa sit actus organi cuiusdam. Sed intellectus secundum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1845 seipsum est conservativus specierum, praeter concomitantiam organi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1846 corporalis. Unde philosophus dicit, in III de anima, quod <i>anima
53
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diff changeset
1847 est locus specierum, non tota, sed intellectus</i>.</p><p title="I q. 79 a. 6 ad 2"><a name="31768"><span class="ref">[31768] Iª q. 79 a. 6 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1848 dicendum quod praeteritio potest ad duo referri, scilicet ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1849 obiectum quod cognoscitur; et ad cognitionis actum. Quae quidem duo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1850 simul coniunguntur in parte sensitiva, quae est apprehensiva
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1851 alicuius per hoc quod immutatur a praesenti sensibili, unde simul
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1852 animal memoratur se prius sensisse in praeterito, et se sensisse
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1853 quoddam praeteritum sensibile. Sed quantum ad partem intellectivam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1854 pertinet, praeteritio accidit, et non per se convenit, ex parte
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1855 obiecti intellectus. Intelligit enim intellectus hominem, inquantum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1856 est homo, homini autem, inquantum est homo, accidit vel in
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1857 praesenti vel in praeterito vel in futuro esse. Ex parte vero
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1858 actus, praeteritio per se accipi potest etiam in intellectu, sicut
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1859 in sensu. Quia intelligere animae nostrae est quidam particularis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1860 actus, in hoc vel in illo tempore existens, secundum quod dicitur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1861 homo intelligere nunc vel heri vel cras. Et hoc non repugnat
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1862 intellectualitati, quia huiusmodi intelligere, quamvis sit quoddam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1863 particulare, tamen est immaterialis actus, ut supra de intellectu
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1864 dictum est; et ideo sicut intelligit seipsum intellectus, quamvis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1865 ipse sit quidam singularis intellectus, ita intelligit suum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1866 intelligere, quod est singularis actus vel in praeterito vel in
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1867 praesenti vel in futuro existens. Sic igitur salvatur ratio
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1868 memoriae, quantum ad hoc quod est praeteritorum, in intellectu,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1869 secundum quod intelligit se prius intellexisse, non autem secundum
53
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diff changeset
1870 quod intelligit praeteritum, prout est hic et nunc.</p><p title="I q. 79 a. 6 ad 3"><a name="31769"><span class="ref">[31769] Iª q. 79 a. 6 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1871 dicendum quod species intelligibilis aliquando est in intellectu in
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1872 potentia tantum, et tunc dicitur intellectus esse in potentia.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1873 Aliquando autem secundum ultimam completionem actus, et tunc
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1874 intelligit actu. Aliquando medio modo se habet inter potentiam et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1875 actum, et tunc dicitur esse intellectus in habitu. Et secundum hunc
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1876 modum intellectus conservat species, etiam quando actu non
53
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diff changeset
1877 intelligit.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 7</h3><p title="I q. 79 a. 7 arg. 1"><a name="31770"><span class="ref">[31770] Iª q. 79 a. 7 arg. 1</span></a> Ad septimum sic
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1878 proceditur. Videtur quod alia potentia sit memoria intellectiva, et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1879 alia intellectus. Augustinus enim, in X de Trin., ponit in mente
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1880 memoriam, intelligentiam et voluntatem. Manifestum est autem quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1881 memoria est alia potentia a voluntate. Ergo similiter est alia ab
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1882 intellectu.</p><p title="I q. 79 a. 7 arg. 2"><a name="31771"><span class="ref">[31771] Iª q. 79 a. 7 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea, eadem
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1883 ratio distinctionis est potentiarum sensitivae partis et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1884 intellectivae. Sed memoria in parte sensitiva est alia potentia a
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1885 sensu, ut supra dictum est. Ergo memoria partis intellectivae est
53
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diff changeset
1886 alia potentia ab intellectu.</p><p title="I q. 79 a. 7 arg. 3"><a name="31772"><span class="ref">[31772] Iª q. 79 a. 7 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1887 secundum Augustinum, memoria, intelligentia et voluntas sunt sibi
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1888 invicem aequalia, et unum eorum ab alio oritur. Hoc autem esse non
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1889 posset, si memoria esset eadem potentia cum intellectu. Non est
53
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diff changeset
1890 ergo eadem potentia.</p><p title="I q. 79 a. 7 s. c."><a name="31773"><span class="ref">[31773] Iª q. 79 a. 7 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra, de
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1891 ratione memoriae est, quod sit thesaurus vel locus conservativus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1892 specierum. Hoc autem philosophus, in III de anima, attribuit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1893 intellectui, ut dictum est. Non ergo in parte intellectiva est alia
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
1894 potentia memoria ab intellectu.</p><p title="I q. 79 a. 7 co."><a name="31774"><span class="ref">[31774] Iª q. 79 a. 7 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1895 quod, sicut supra dictum est, potentiae animae distinguuntur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1896 secundum diversas rationes obiectorum; eo quod ratio cuiuslibet
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1897 potentiae consistit in ordine ad id ad quod dicitur, quod est eius
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1898 obiectum. Dictum est etiam supra quod, si aliqua potentia secundum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1899 propriam rationem ordinetur ad aliquod obiectum secundum communem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1900 rationem obiecti, non diversificabitur illa potentia secundum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1901 diversitates particularium differentiarum, sicut potentia visiva,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1902 quae respicit suum obiectum secundum rationem colorati, non
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1903 diversificatur per diversitatem albi et nigri. Intellectus autem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1904 respicit suum obiectum secundum communem rationem entis; eo quod
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1905 intellectus possibilis est quo est omnia fieri. Unde secundum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1906 nullam differentiam entium, diversificatur differentia intellectus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1907 possibilis. Diversificatur tamen potentia intellectus agentis, et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1908 intellectus possibilis, quia respectu eiusdem obiecti, aliud
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1909 principium oportet esse potentiam activam, quae facit obiectum esse
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1910 in actu; et aliud potentiam passivam, quae movetur ab obiecto in
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1911 actu existente. Et sic potentia activa comparatur ad suum obiectum,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1912 ut ens in actu ad ens in potentia, potentia autem passiva
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1913 comparatur ad suum obiectum e converso, ut ens in potentia ad ens
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1914 in actu. Sic igitur nulla alia differentia potentiarum in
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1915 intellectu esse potest, nisi possibilis et agentis. Unde patet quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1916 memoria non est alia potentia ab intellectu, ad rationem enim
53
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diff changeset
1917 potentiae passivae pertinet conservare, sicut et recipere.</p><p title="I q. 79 a. 7 ad 1"><a name="31775"><span class="ref">[31775] Iª q. 79 a. 7 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1918 dicendum quod, quamvis in III dist. I Sent. dicatur quod memoria,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1919 intelligentia et voluntas sint tres vires; tamen hoc non est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1920 secundum intentionem Augustini, qui expresse dicit in XIV de Trin.,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1921 quod <i>si accipiatur memoria, intelligentia et voluntas, secundum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1922 quod semper praesto sunt animae, sive cogitentur sive non
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1923 cogitentur, ad solam memoriam pertinere videntur. Intelligentiam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1924 autem nunc dico qua intelligimus cogitantes; et eam voluntatem,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1925 sive amorem vel dilectionem, quae istam prolem parentemque
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1926 coniungit</i>. Ex quo patet quod ista tria non accipit Augustinus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1927 pro tribus potentiis; sed memoriam accipit pro habituali animae
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1928 retentione, intelligentiam autem pro actu intellectus, voluntatem
53
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1929 autem pro actu voluntatis.</p><p title="I q. 79 a. 7 ad 2"><a name="31776"><span class="ref">[31776] Iª q. 79 a. 7 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
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1930 dicendum quod praeteritum et praesens possunt esse propriae
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diff changeset
1931 differentiae potentiarum sensitivarum diversificativae; non autem
53
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1932 potentiarum intellectivarum, ratione supra dicta.</p><p title="I q. 79 a. 7 ad 3"><a name="31777"><span class="ref">[31777] Iª q. 79 a. 7 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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1933 dicendum quod intelligentia oritur ex memoria, sicut actus ex
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1934 habitu. Et hoc modo etiam aequatur ei; non autem sicut potentia
53
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1935 potentiae.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 8</h3><p title="I q. 79 a. 8 arg. 1"><a name="31778"><span class="ref">[31778] Iª q. 79 a. 8 arg. 1</span></a> Ad octavum sic
28
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1936 proceditur. Videtur quod ratio sit alia potentia ab intellectu. In
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diff changeset
1937 libro enim de spiritu et anima dicitur, <i>cum ab inferioribus ad
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diff changeset
1938 superiora ascendere volumus, prius occurrit nobis sensus, deinde
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diff changeset
1939 imaginatio, deinde ratio, deinde intellectus</i>. Est ergo alia
53
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1940 potentia ratio ab intellectu, sicut imaginatio a ratione.</p><p title="I q. 79 a. 8 arg. 2"><a name="31779"><span class="ref">[31779] Iª q. 79 a. 8 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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diff changeset
1941 Boetius dicit, in libro de Consol., quod intellectus comparatur ad
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diff changeset
1942 rationem sicut aeternitas ad tempus. Sed non est eiusdem virtutis
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1943 esse in aeternitate et esse in tempore. Ergo non est eadem potentia
53
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1944 ratio et intellectus.</p><p title="I q. 79 a. 8 arg. 3"><a name="31780"><span class="ref">[31780] Iª q. 79 a. 8 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea, homo
28
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diff changeset
1945 communicat cum Angelis in intellectu, cum brutis vero in sensu. Sed
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diff changeset
1946 ratio, quae est propria hominis, qua animal rationale dicitur, est
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diff changeset
1947 alia potentia a sensu. Ergo pari ratione est alia potentia ab
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diff changeset
1948 intellectu, qui proprie convenit Angelis, unde et intellectuales
53
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1949 dicuntur.</p><p title="I q. 79 a. 8 s. c."><a name="31781"><span class="ref">[31781] Iª q. 79 a. 8 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
28
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diff changeset
1950 quod Augustinus dicit, III super Gen. ad Litt., quod <i>illud quo
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diff changeset
1951 homo irrationabilibus animalibus antecellit, est ratio, vel mens,
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diff changeset
1952 vel intelligentia, vel si quo alio vocabulo commodius
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diff changeset
1953 appellatur</i>. Ratio ergo et intellectus et mens sunt una
53
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1954 potentia.</p><p title="I q. 79 a. 8 co."><a name="31782"><span class="ref">[31782] Iª q. 79 a. 8 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
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1955 quod ratio et intellectus in homine non possunt esse diversae
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diff changeset
1956 potentiae. Quod manifeste cognoscitur, si utriusque actus
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diff changeset
1957 consideretur. Intelligere enim est simpliciter veritatem
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diff changeset
1958 intelligibilem apprehendere. Ratiocinari autem est procedere de uno
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diff changeset
1959 intellecto ad aliud, ad veritatem intelligibilem cognoscendam. Et
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diff changeset
1960 ideo Angeli, qui perfecte possident, secundum modum suae naturae,
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diff changeset
1961 cognitionem intelligibilis veritatis, non habent necesse procedere
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diff changeset
1962 de uno ad aliud; sed simpliciter et absque discursu veritatem rerum
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diff changeset
1963 apprehendunt, ut Dionysius dicit, VII cap. de Div. Nom. Homines
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diff changeset
1964 autem ad intelligibilem veritatem cognoscendam perveniunt,
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diff changeset
1965 procedendo de uno ad aliud, ut ibidem dicitur, et ideo rationales
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diff changeset
1966 dicuntur. Patet ergo quod ratiocinari comparatur ad intelligere
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diff changeset
1967 sicut moveri ad quiescere, vel acquirere ad habere, quorum unum est
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diff changeset
1968 perfecti, aliud autem imperfecti. Et quia motus semper ab immobili
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1969 procedit, et ad aliquid quietum terminatur; inde est quod
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diff changeset
1970 ratiocinatio humana, secundum viam inquisitionis vel inventionis,
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diff changeset
1971 procedit a quibusdam simpliciter intellectis, quae sunt prima
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diff changeset
1972 principia; et rursus, in via iudicii, resolvendo redit ad prima
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diff changeset
1973 principia, ad quae inventa examinat. Manifestum est autem quod
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diff changeset
1974 quiescere et moveri non reducuntur ad diversas potentias, sed ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1975 unam et eandem, etiam in naturalibus rebus, quia per eandem naturam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1976 aliquid movetur ad locum, et quiescit in loco. Multo ergo magis per
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diff changeset
1977 eandem potentiam intelligimus et ratiocinamur. Et sic patet quod in
53
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diff changeset
1978 homine eadem potentia est ratio et intellectus.</p><p title="I q. 79 a. 8 ad 1"><a name="31783"><span class="ref">[31783] Iª q. 79 a. 8 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
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diff changeset
1979 dicendum quod illa enumeratio fit secundum ordinem actuum, non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1980 secundum distinctionem potentiarum. Quamvis liber ille non sit
53
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diff changeset
1981 magnae auctoritatis.</p><p title="I q. 79 a. 8 ad 2"><a name="31784"><span class="ref">[31784] Iª q. 79 a. 8 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum patet
28
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diff changeset
1982 responsio ex dictis. Aeternitas enim comparatur ad tempus, sicut
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1983 immobile ad mobile. Et ideo Boetius comparavit intellectum
53
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diff changeset
1984 aeternitati, rationem vero tempori.</p><p title="I q. 79 a. 8 ad 3"><a name="31785"><span class="ref">[31785] Iª q. 79 a. 8 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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diff changeset
1985 dicendum quod alia animalia sunt ita infra hominem, quod non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1986 possunt attingere ad cognoscendam veritatem, quam ratio inquirit.
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diff changeset
1987 Homo vero attingit ad cognoscendam intelligibilem veritatem, quam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1988 Angeli cognoscunt; sed imperfecte. Et ideo vis cognoscitiva
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diff changeset
1989 Angelorum non est alterius generis a vi cognoscitiva rationis, sed
53
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diff changeset
1990 comparatur ad ipsam ut perfectum ad imperfectum.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 9</h3><p title="I q. 79 a. 9 arg. 1"><a name="31786"><span class="ref">[31786] Iª q. 79 a. 9 arg. 1</span></a> Ad nonum sic
28
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diff changeset
1991 proceditur. Videtur quod ratio superior et inferior sint diversae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1992 potentiae. Dicit enim Augustinus, XII de Trin., quod imago
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1993 Trinitatis est in superiori parte rationis, non autem in inferiori.
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diff changeset
1994 Sed partes animae sunt ipsae eius potentiae. Ergo duae potentiae
53
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diff changeset
1995 sunt ratio superior et inferior.</p><p title="I q. 79 a. 9 arg. 2"><a name="31787"><span class="ref">[31787] Iª q. 79 a. 9 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea, nihil
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1996 oritur a seipso. Sed ratio inferior oritur a superiori, et ab ea
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parents: 26
diff changeset
1997 regulatur et dirigitur. Ergo ratio superior est alia potentia ab
53
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diff changeset
1998 inferiori.</p><p title="I q. 79 a. 9 arg. 3"><a name="31788"><span class="ref">[31788] Iª q. 79 a. 9 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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diff changeset
1999 philosophus dicit, in VI Ethic., quod scientificum animae quo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2000 cognoscit anima necessaria, est aliud principium et alia pars
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2001 animae ab opinativo et ratiocinativo, quo cognoscit contingentia.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2002 Et hoc probat per hoc, quia <i>ad ea quae sunt genere altera,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2003 altera genere particula animae</i> ordinatur; contingens autem et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2004 necessarium sunt altera genere, sicut corruptibile et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2005 incorruptibile. Cum autem idem sit necessarium quod aeternum, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2006 temporale idem quod contingens; videtur quod idem sit quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2007 philosophus vocat scientificum, et superior pars rationis, quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2008 secundum Augustinum intendit aeternis conspiciendis et consulendis;
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2009 et quod idem sit quod philosophus vocat ratiocinativum vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2010 opinativum, et inferior ratio, quae secundum Augustinum intendit
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2011 temporalibus disponendis. Est ergo alia potentia animae ratio
53
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diff changeset
2012 superior, et ratio inferior.</p><p title="I q. 79 a. 9 arg. 4"><a name="31789"><span class="ref">[31789] Iª q. 79 a. 9 arg. 4</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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diff changeset
2013 Damascenus dicit quod <i>ex imaginatione fit opinio; deinde mens,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2014 diiudicans opinionem sive vera sit sive falsa, diiudicat veritatem;
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2015 unde et mens dicitur a metiendo. De quibus igitur iudicatum est iam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2016 et determinatum vere, dicitur intellectus</i>. Sic igitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2017 opinativum, quod est ratio inferior, est aliud a mente et
53
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diff changeset
2018 intellectu, per quod potest intelligi ratio superior.</p><p title="I q. 79 a. 9 s. c."><a name="31790"><span class="ref">[31790] Iª q. 79 a. 9 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2019 quod Augustinus dicit, XII de Trin., quod ratio superior et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
2020 inferior non nisi per officia distinguuntur. Non ergo sunt duae
53
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diff changeset
2021 potentiae.</p><p title="I q. 79 a. 9 co."><a name="31791"><span class="ref">[31791] Iª q. 79 a. 9 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2022 quod ratio superior et inferior, secundum quod ab Augustino
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2023 accipiuntur, nullo modo duae potentiae animae esse possunt. Dicit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2024 enim quod ratio superior est quae intendit aeternis conspiciendis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2025 aut consulendis, conspiciendis quidem, secundum quod ea in seipsis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2026 speculatur; consulendis vero, secundum quod ex eis accipit regulas
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2027 agendorum. Ratio vero inferior ab ipso dicitur, quae intendit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2028 temporalibus rebus. Haec autem duo, scilicet temporalia et aeterna,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2029 comparantur ad cognitionem nostram hoc modo, quod unum eorum est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2030 medium ad cognoscendum alterum. Nam secundum viam inventionis, per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2031 res temporales in cognitionem devenimus aeternorum, secundum illud
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2032 apostoli, ad Rom. I, <i>invisibilia Dei per ea quae facta sunt,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2033 intellecta, conspiciuntur</i>, in via vero iudicii, per aeterna iam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2034 cognita de temporalibus iudicamus, et secundum rationes aeternorum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2035 temporalia disponimus. Potest autem contingere quod medium, et id
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2036 ad quod per medium pervenitur, ad diversos habitus pertineant,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2037 sicut principia prima indemonstrabilia pertinent ad habitum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2038 intellectus, conclusiones vero ex his deductae ad habitum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2039 scientiae. Et ideo ex principiis geometriae contingit aliquid
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2040 concludere in alia scientia, puta in perspectiva. Sed eadem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2041 potentia rationis est, ad quam pertinet et medium et ultimum. Est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2042 enim actus rationis quasi quidam motus de uno in aliud perveniens,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2043 idem autem est mobile quod pertransiens medium pertingit ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2044 terminum. Unde una et eadem potentia rationis est ratio superior et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2045 inferior. Sed distinguuntur, secundum Augustinum, per officia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2046 actuum, et secundum diversos habitus, nam superiori rationi
53
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diff changeset
2047 attribuitur sapientia, inferiori vero scientia.</p><p title="I q. 79 a. 9 ad 1"><a name="31792"><span class="ref">[31792] Iª q. 79 a. 9 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2048 dicendum quod secundum quamcumque rationem partitionis potest pars
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2049 dici. Inquantum ergo ratio dividitur secundum diversa officia,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2050 ratio superior et inferior partitiones dicuntur, et non quia sunt
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2051 diversae potentiae.</p><p title="I q. 79 a. 9 ad 2"><a name="31793"><span class="ref">[31793] Iª q. 79 a. 9 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2052 dicendum quod ratio inferior dicitur a superiori deduci, vel ab ea
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2053 regulari, inquantum principia quibus utitur inferior ratio,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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diff changeset
2054 deducuntur et diriguntur a principiis superioris rationis.</p><p title="I q. 79 a. 9 ad 3"><a name="31794"><span class="ref">[31794] Iª q. 79 a. 9 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2055 dicendum quod scientificum de quo philosophus loquitur non est idem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2056 quod ratio superior, nam necessaria scibilia inveniuntur etiam in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2057 rebus temporalibus, de quibus est scientia naturalis et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2058 mathematica. Opinativum autem et ratiocinativum in minus est quam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2059 ratio inferior, quia est contingentium tantum. Nec tamen est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2060 simpliciter dicendum quod sit alia potentia qua intellectus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2061 cognoscit necessaria, et alia qua cognoscit contingentia, quia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2062 utraque cognoscit secundum eandem rationem obiecti, scilicet
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2063 secundum rationem entis et veri. Unde et necessaria, quae habent
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2064 perfectum esse in veritate, perfecte cognoscit; utpote ad eorum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2065 quidditatem pertingens, per quam propria accidentia de his
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2066 demonstrat. Contingentia vero imperfecte cognoscit; sicut et habent
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2067 imperfectum esse et veritatem. Perfectum autem et imperfectum in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2068 actu non diversificant potentiam; sed diversificant actus quantum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2069 ad modum agendi, et per consequens principia actuum et ipsos
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2070 habitus. Et ideo philosophus posuit duas particulas animae,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2071 scientificum et ratiocinativum, non quia sunt duae potentiae; sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2072 quia distinguuntur secundum diversam aptitudinem ad recipiendum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2073 diversos habitus, quorum diversitatem ibi inquirere intendit.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2074 Contingentia enim et necessaria, etsi differant secundum propria
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2075 genera, conveniunt tamen in communi ratione entis, quam respicit
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diff changeset
2076 intellectus, ad quam diversimode se habent secundum perfectum et
53
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diff changeset
2077 imperfectum.</p><p title="I q. 79 a. 9 ad 4"><a name="31795"><span class="ref">[31795] Iª q. 79 a. 9 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2078 dicendum quod illa distinctio Damasceni est secundum diversitatem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2079 actuum, non secundum diversitatem potentiarum. Opinio enim
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2080 significat actum intellectus qui fertur in unam partem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2081 contradictionis cum formidine alterius. Diiudicare vero, vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2082 mensurare, est actus intellectus applicantis principia certa ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2083 examinationem propositorum. Et ex hoc sumitur nomen mentis.
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diff changeset
2084 Intelligere autem est cum quadam approbatione diiudicatis
53
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diff changeset
2085 inhaerere.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 10</h3><p title="I q. 79 a. 10 arg. 1"><a name="31796"><span class="ref">[31796] Iª q. 79 a. 10 arg. 1</span></a> Ad decimum sic
28
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diff changeset
2086 proceditur. Videtur quod intelligentia sit alia potentia ab
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2087 intellectu. Dicitur enim in libro de spiritu et anima, quod <i>cum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2088 ab inferioribus ad superiora ascendere volumus, prius occurrit
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2089 nobis sensus, deinde imaginatio, deinde ratio, postea intellectus,
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diff changeset
2090 et postea intelligentia</i>. Sed imaginatio et sensus sunt diversae
53
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diff changeset
2091 potentiae. Ergo et intellectus et intelligentia.</p><p title="I q. 79 a. 10 arg. 2"><a name="31797"><span class="ref">[31797] Iª q. 79 a. 10 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2092 Boetius dicit, in V de Consol., quod <i>ipsum hominem aliter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2093 sensus, aliter imaginatio, aliter ratio, aliter intelligentia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2094 intuetur</i>. Sed intellectus est eadem potentia cum ratione. Ergo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2095 videtur quod intelligentia sit alia potentia quam intellectus;
53
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diff changeset
2096 sicut ratio est alia potentia quam imaginatio et sensus.</p><p title="I q. 79 a. 10 arg. 3"><a name="31798"><span class="ref">[31798] Iª q. 79 a. 10 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2097 actus sunt praevii potentiis, ut dicitur in II de anima. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2098 intelligentia est quidam actus ab aliis actibus qui attribuuntur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2099 intellectui divisus. Dicit enim Damascenus quod <i>primus motus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2100 intelligentia dicitur; quae vero circa aliquid est intelligentia,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2101 intentio vocatur; quae permanens et figurans animam ad id quod
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2102 intelligitur, excogitatio dicitur; excogitatio vero in eodem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2103 manens, et seipsam examinans et diiudicans, phronesis dicitur</i>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2104 (idest sapientia); <i>phronesis autem dilatata facit cogitationem,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2105 idest interius dispositum sermonem; ex quo aiunt provenire sermonem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2106 per linguam enarratum</i>. Ergo videtur quod intelligentia sit
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2107 quaedam specialis potentia.</p><p title="I q. 79 a. 10 s. c."><a name="31799"><span class="ref">[31799] Iª q. 79 a. 10 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2108 quod philosophus dicit, in III de anima, quod <i>intelligentia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2109 indivisibilium est, in quibus non est falsum</i>. Sed huiusmodi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2110 cognoscere pertinet ad intellectum. Ergo intelligentia non est alia
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2111 potentia praeter intellectum.</p><p title="I q. 79 a. 10 co."><a name="31800"><span class="ref">[31800] Iª q. 79 a. 10 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2112 quod hoc nomen intelligentia proprie significat ipsum actum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2113 intellectus qui est intelligere. In quibusdam tamen libris de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2114 Arabico translatis, substantiae separatae quas nos Angelos dicimus,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2115 intelligentiae vocantur; forte propter hoc, quod huiusmodi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2116 substantiae semper actu intelligunt. In libris tamen de Graeco
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2117 translatis, dicuntur intellectus seu mentes. Sic ergo intelligentia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2118 ab intellectu non distinguitur sicut potentia a potentia; sed sicut
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2119 actus a potentia. Invenitur enim talis divisio etiam a philosophis.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2120 Quandoque enim ponunt quatuor intellectus, scilicet intellectum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2121 agentem, possibilem, et in habitu, et adeptum. Quorum quatuor
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2122 intellectus agens et possibilis sunt diversae potentiae; sicut et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2123 in omnibus est alia potentia activa, et alia passiva. Alia vero
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2124 tria distinguuntur secundum tres status intellectus possibilis, qui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2125 quandoque est in potentia tantum, et sic dicitur possibilis;
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2126 quandoque autem in actu primo, qui est scientia, et sic dicitur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2127 intellectus in habitu; quandoque autem in actu secundo, qui est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2128 considerare, et sic dicitur intellectus in actu, sive intellectus
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2129 adeptus.</p><p title="I q. 79 a. 10 ad 1"><a name="31801"><span class="ref">[31801] Iª q. 79 a. 10 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2130 dicendum quod, si recipi debet illa auctoritas, intelligentia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2131 ponitur pro actu intellectus. Et sic dividitur contra intellectum,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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diff changeset
2132 sicut actus contra potentiam.</p><p title="I q. 79 a. 10 ad 2"><a name="31802"><span class="ref">[31802] Iª q. 79 a. 10 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2133 dicendum quod Boetius accipit intelligentiam pro actu intellectus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2134 qui transcendit actum rationis. Unde ibidem dicit quod <i>ratio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2135 tantum humani generis est, sicut intelligentia sola divini</i>,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2136 proprium enim Dei est quod absque omni investigatione omnia
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2137 intelligat.</p><p title="I q. 79 a. 10 ad 3"><a name="31803"><span class="ref">[31803] Iª q. 79 a. 10 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2138 dicendum quod omnes illi actus quos Damascenus enumerat, sunt unius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2139 potentiae, scilicet intellectivae. Quae primo quidem simpliciter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2140 aliquid apprehendit, et hic actus dicitur intelligentia. Secundo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2141 vero, id quod apprehendit, ordinat ad aliquid aliud cognoscendum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2142 vel operandum, et hic vocatur intentio. Dum vero persistit in
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2143 inquisitione illius quod intendit, vocatur excogitatio. Dum vero id
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2144 quod est excogitatum examinat ad aliqua certa, dicitur scire vel
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2145 sapere; quod est phronesis, vel sapientiae, nam sapientiae est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2146 iudicare, ut dicitur in I Metaphys. Ex quo autem habet aliquid pro
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2147 certo, quasi examinatum, cogitat quomodo possit illud aliis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2148 manifestare, et haec est dispositio interioris sermonis; ex qua
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2149 procedit exterior locutio. Non enim omnis differentia actuum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2150 potentias diversificat; sed solum illa quae non potest reduci in
53
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diff changeset
2151 idem principium, ut supra dictum est.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 11</h3><p title="I q. 79 a. 11 arg. 1"><a name="31804"><span class="ref">[31804] Iª q. 79 a. 11 arg. 1</span></a> Ad undecimum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2152 sic proceditur. Videtur quod intellectus speculativus et practicus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2153 sint diversae potentiae. Apprehensivum enim et motivum sunt diversa
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2154 genera potentiarum, ut patet in II de anima. Sed intellectus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2155 speculativus est apprehensivus tantum, intellectus autem practicus
53
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diff changeset
2156 est motivus. Ergo sunt diversae potentiae.</p><p title="I q. 79 a. 11 arg. 2"><a name="31805"><span class="ref">[31805] Iª q. 79 a. 11 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2157 diversa ratio obiecti diversificat potentiam. Sed obiectum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2158 speculativi intellectus est verum, practici autem bonum; quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2159 differunt ratione. Ergo intellectus speculativus et practicus sunt
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2160 diversae potentiae.</p><p title="I q. 79 a. 11 arg. 3"><a name="31806"><span class="ref">[31806] Iª q. 79 a. 11 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea, in
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2161 parte intellectiva intellectus practicus comparatur ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2162 speculativum, sicut aestimativa ad imaginativam in parte sensitiva.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2163 Sed aestimativa differt ab imaginativa sicut potentia a potentia,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2164 ut supra dictum est. Ergo et intellectus practicus a
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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diff changeset
2165 speculativo.</p><p title="I q. 79 a. 11 s. c."><a name="31807"><span class="ref">[31807] Iª q. 79 a. 11 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2166 quod dicitur in III de anima, quod intellectus speculativus per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2167 extensionem fit practicus. Una autem potentia non mutatur in aliam.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2168 Ergo intellectus speculativus et practicus non sunt diversae
53
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diff changeset
2169 potentiae.</p><p title="I q. 79 a. 11 co."><a name="31808"><span class="ref">[31808] Iª q. 79 a. 11 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2170 quod intellectus practicus et speculativus non sunt diversae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2171 potentiae. Cuius ratio est quia, ut supra dictum est, id quod
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2172 accidentaliter se habet ad obiecti rationem quam respicit aliqua
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2173 potentia, non diversificat potentiam, accidit enim colorato quod
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2174 sit homo, aut magnum aut parvum; unde omnia huiusmodi eadem visiva
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2175 potentia apprehenduntur. Accidit autem alicui apprehenso per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2176 intellectum, quod ordinetur ad opus, vel non ordinetur. Secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2177 hoc autem differunt intellectus speculativus et practicus. Nam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2178 intellectus speculativus est, qui quod apprehendit, non ordinat ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2179 opus, sed ad solam veritatis considerationem, practicus vero
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2180 intellectus dicitur, qui hoc quod apprehendit, ordinat ad opus. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2181 hoc est quod philosophus dicit in III de anima, quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2182 <i>speculativus differt a practico, fine</i>. Unde et a fine
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2183 denominatur uterque, hic quidem speculativus, ille vero practicus,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2184 idest operativus.</p><p title="I q. 79 a. 11 ad 1"><a name="31809"><span class="ref">[31809] Iª q. 79 a. 11 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2185 dicendum quod intellectus practicus est motivus, non quasi exequens
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2186 motum, sed quasi dirigens ad motum. Quod convenit ei secundum modum
53
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ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2187 suae apprehensionis.</p><p title="I q. 79 a. 11 ad 2"><a name="31810"><span class="ref">[31810] Iª q. 79 a. 11 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2188 dicendum quod verum et bonum se invicem includunt, nam verum est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2189 quoddam bonum, alioquin non esset appetibile; et bonum est quoddam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2190 verum, alioquin non esset intelligibile. Sicut igitur obiectum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2191 appetitus potest esse verum, inquantum habet rationem boni, sicut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2192 cum aliquis appetit veritatem cognoscere; ita obiectum intellectus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2193 practici est bonum ordinabile ad opus, sub ratione veri.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2194 Intellectus enim practicus veritatem cognoscit, sicut et
53
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ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2195 speculativus; sed veritatem cognitam ordinat ad opus.</p><p title="I q. 79 a. 11 ad 3"><a name="31811"><span class="ref">[31811] Iª q. 79 a. 11 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2196 dicendum quod multae differentiae diversificant sensitivas
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2197 potentias, quae non diversificant potentias intellectivas, ut supra
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
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diff changeset
2198 dictum est.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 12</h3><p title="I q. 79 a. 12 arg. 1"><a name="31812"><span class="ref">[31812] Iª q. 79 a. 12 arg. 1</span></a> Ad duodecimum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2199 sic proceditur. Videtur quod synderesis sit quaedam specialis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2200 potentia ab aliis distincta. Ea enim quae cadunt sub una divisione,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2201 videntur esse unius generis. Sed in Glossa Hieronymi Ezech. I,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2202 dividitur synderesis contra irascibilem et concupiscibilem et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2203 rationalem; quae sunt quaedam potentiae. Ergo synderesis est
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2204 quaedam potentia.</p><p title="I q. 79 a. 12 arg. 2"><a name="31813"><span class="ref">[31813] Iª q. 79 a. 12 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2205 opposita sunt unius generis. Sed synderesis et sensualitas opponi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2206 videntur, quia synderesis semper inclinat ad bonum, sensualitas
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2207 autem semper ad malum; unde per serpentem significatur, ut patet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2208 per Augustinum, XII de Trin. Videtur ergo quod synderesis sit
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2209 potentia, sicut et sensualitas.</p><p title="I q. 79 a. 12 arg. 3"><a name="31814"><span class="ref">[31814] Iª q. 79 a. 12 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2210 Augustinus dicit, in libro de libero arbitrio, quod in naturali
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2211 iudicatorio adsunt quaedam <i>regulae et semina virtutum et vera et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2212 incommutabilia</i>, haec autem dicimus synderesim. Cum ergo regulae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2213 incommutabiles quibus iudicamus, pertineant ad rationem secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2214 sui superiorem partem, ut Augustinus dicit XII de Trin.; videtur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2215 quod synderesis sit idem quod ratio. Et ita est quaedam
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2216 potentia.</p><p title="I q. 79 a. 12 s. c."><a name="31815"><span class="ref">[31815] Iª q. 79 a. 12 s. c.</span></a> <i>Sed contra,
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2217 potentiae rationales se habent ad opposita</i>, secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2218 philosophum. Synderesis autem non se habet ad opposita, sed ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2219 bonum tantum inclinat. Ergo synderesis non est potentia. Si enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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diff changeset
2220 esset potentia, oporteret quod esset rationalis potentia, non enim
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2221 invenitur in brutis.</p><p title="I q. 79 a. 12 co."><a name="31816"><span class="ref">[31816] Iª q. 79 a. 12 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2222 quod synderesis non est potentia, sed habitus, licet quidam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2223 posuerint synderesim esse quandam potentiam ratione altiorem;
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2224 quidam vero dixerint eam esse ipsam rationem, non ut est ratio, sed
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2225 ut est natura. Ad huius autem evidentiam, considerandum est quod,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2226 sicut supra dictum est, ratiocinatio hominis, cum sit quidam motus,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2227 ab intellectu progreditur aliquorum, scilicet naturaliter notorum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2228 absque investigatione rationis, sicut a quodam principio immobili,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2229 et ad intellectum etiam terminatur, inquantum iudicamus per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2230 principia per se naturaliter nota, de his quae ratiocinando
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2231 invenimus. Constat autem quod, sicut ratio speculativa ratiocinatur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2232 de speculativis, ita ratio practica ratiocinatur de operabilibus.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2233 Oportet igitur naturaliter nobis esse indita, sicut principia
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2234 speculabilium, ita et principia operabilium. Prima autem principia
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2235 speculabilium nobis naturaliter indita, non pertinent ad aliquam
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2236 specialem potentiam; sed ad quendam specialem habitum, qui dicitur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2237 intellectus principiorum, ut patet in VI Ethic. Unde et principia
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2238 operabilium nobis naturaliter indita, non pertinent ad specialem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2239 potentiam; sed ad specialem habitum naturalem, quem dicimus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2240 synderesim. Unde et synderesis dicitur instigare ad bonum, et
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2241 murmurare de malo, inquantum per prima principia procedimus ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2242 inveniendum, et iudicamus inventa. Patet ergo quod synderesis non
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2243 est potentia, sed habitus naturalis.</p><p title="I q. 79 a. 12 ad 1"><a name="31817"><span class="ref">[31817] Iª q. 79 a. 12 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2244 dicendum quod illa divisio Hieronymi attenditur secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2245 diversitatem actuum, non secundum diversitatem potentiarum. Diversi
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2246 autem actus possunt esse unius potentiae.</p><p title="I q. 79 a. 12 ad 2"><a name="31818"><span class="ref">[31818] Iª q. 79 a. 12 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2247 dicendum quod similiter oppositio sensualitatis et synderesis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2248 attenditur secundum oppositionem actuum; non sicut diversarum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2249 specierum unius generis.</p><p title="I q. 79 a. 12 ad 3"><a name="31819"><span class="ref">[31819] Iª q. 79 a. 12 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2250 dicendum quod huiusmodi incommutabiles rationes sunt prima
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2251 principia operabilium, circa quae non contingit errare; et
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2252 attribuuntur rationi sicut potentiae, et synderesi sicut habitui.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2253 Unde et utroque, scilicet ratione et synderesi, naturaliter
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2254 iudicamus.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 13</h3><p title="I q. 79 a. 13 arg. 1"><a name="31820"><span class="ref">[31820] Iª q. 79 a. 13 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2255 tertiumdecimum sic proceditur. Videtur quod conscientia sit quaedam
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2256 potentia. Dicit enim Origenes quod <i>conscientia est spiritus
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2257 corrector et paedagogus animae sociatus, quo separatur a malis et
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2258 adhaeret bonis</i>. Sed spiritus in anima nominat potentiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2259 aliquam, vel ipsam mentem, secundum illud Ephes. IV, <i>renovamini
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2260 spiritu mentis vestrae</i>; vel ipsam imaginationem; unde et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2261 imaginaria visio spiritualis vocatur, ut patet per Augustinum, XII
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2262 super Gen. ad Litt. Est ergo conscientia quaedam potentia.</p><p title="I q. 79 a. 13 arg. 2"><a name="31821"><span class="ref">[31821] Iª q. 79 a. 13 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2263 nihil est peccati subiectum nisi potentia animae. Sed conscientia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2264 est subiectum peccati, dicitur enim ad Tit. I, de quibusdam, quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2265 <i>inquinatae sunt eorum mens et conscientia</i>. Ergo videtur quod
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2266 conscientia sit potentia.</p><p title="I q. 79 a. 13 arg. 3"><a name="31822"><span class="ref">[31822] Iª q. 79 a. 13 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2267 necesse est quod conscientia sit vel actus, vel habitus, vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2268 potentia. Sed non est actus, quia non semper maneret in homine. Nec
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2269 est habitus, non enim esset unum quid conscientia, sed multa; per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2270 multos enim habitus cognoscitivos dirigimur in agendis. Ergo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2271 conscientia est potentia.</p><p title="I q. 79 a. 13 s. c."><a name="31823"><span class="ref">[31823] Iª q. 79 a. 13 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2272 conscientia deponi potest, non autem potentia. Ergo conscientia non
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2273 est potentia.</p><p title="I q. 79 a. 13 co."><a name="31824"><span class="ref">[31824] Iª q. 79 a. 13 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2274 quod conscientia, proprie loquendo, non est potentia, sed actus. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2275 hoc patet tum ex ratione nominis, tum etiam ex his quae secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2276 communem usum loquendi, conscientiae attribuuntur. Conscientia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2277 enim, secundum proprietatem vocabuli, importat ordinem scientiae ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2278 aliquid, nam conscientia dicitur cum alio scientia. Applicatio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2279 autem scientiae ad aliquid fit per aliquem actum. Unde ex ista
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2280 ratione nominis patet quod conscientia sit actus. Idem autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2281 apparet ex his quae conscientiae attribuuntur. Dicitur enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2282 conscientia testificari, ligare vel instigare, et etiam accusare
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2283 vel remordere sive reprehendere. Et haec omnia consequuntur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2284 applicationem alicuius nostrae cognitionis vel scientiae ad ea quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2285 agimus. Quae quidem applicatio fit tripliciter. Uno modo, secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2286 quod recognoscimus aliquid nos fecisse vel non fecisse, secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2287 illud Eccle. VII, <i>scit conscientia tua te crebro maledixisse
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2288 aliis</i>, et secundum hoc, conscientia dicitur testificari. Alio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2289 modo applicatur secundum quod per nostram conscientiam iudicamus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2290 aliquid esse faciendum vel non faciendum, et secundum hoc, dicitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2291 conscientia instigare vel ligare. Tertio modo applicatur secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2292 quod per conscientiam iudicamus quod aliquid quod est factum, sit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2293 bene factum vel non bene factum, et secundum hoc, conscientia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2294 dicitur excusare vel accusare, seu remordere. Patet autem quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2295 omnia haec consequuntur actualem applicationem scientiae ad ea quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2296 agimus. Unde proprie loquendo, conscientia nominat actum. Quia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2297 tamen habitus est principium actus, quandoque nomen conscientiae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2298 attribuitur primo habitui naturali, scilicet synderesi, sicut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2299 Hieronymus, in Glossa Ezech. I, synderesim conscientiam nominat; et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2300 Basilius naturale iudicatorium; et Damascenus dicit quod est lex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2301 intellectus nostri. Consuetum enim est quod causae et effectus per
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2302 invicem nominentur.</p><p title="I q. 79 a. 13 ad 1"><a name="31825"><span class="ref">[31825] Iª q. 79 a. 13 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2303 dicendum quod conscientia dicitur spiritus, secundum quod spiritus
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2304 pro mente ponitur, quia est quoddam mentis dictamen.</p><p title="I q. 79 a. 13 ad 2"><a name="31826"><span class="ref">[31826] Iª q. 79 a. 13 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2305 dicendum quod inquinatio dicitur esse in conscientia, non sicut in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2306 subiecto, sed sicut cognitum in cognitione, inquantum scilicet
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2307 aliquis scit se esse inquinatum.</p><p title="I q. 79 a. 13 ad 3"><a name="31827"><span class="ref">[31827] Iª q. 79 a. 13 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2308 dicendum quod actus, etsi non semper maneat in se, semper tamen
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2309 manet in sua causa, quae est potentia et habitus. Habitus autem ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2310 quibus conscientia informatur, etsi multi sint, omnes tamen
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2311 efficaciam habent ab uno primo, scilicet ab habitu primorum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2312 principiorum, qui dicitur synderesis. Unde specialiter hic habitus
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2313 interdum conscientia nominatur, ut supra dictum est.</p></div></div><div class="q" id="q80"><h2>Quaestio 80</h2><div class="p"><h3>Prooemium</h3><p title="I q. 80 pr."><a name="31828"><span class="ref">[31828]
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2314 Iª q. 80 pr.</span></a> Deinde considerandum est de potentiis
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2315 appetitivis. Et circa hoc consideranda sunt quatuor, primo, de
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2316 appetitivo in communi; secundo, de sensualitate; tertio, de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2317 voluntate; quarto, de libero arbitrio. Circa primum quaeruntur duo.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2318 Primo, utrum debeat poni appetitus aliqua specialis potentia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2319 animae. Secundo, utrum appetitus dividatur in appetitum sensitivum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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diff changeset
2320 et intellectivum, sicut in potentias diversas.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 1</h3><p title="I q. 80 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="31829"><span class="ref">[31829] Iª q. 80 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad primum sic
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2321 proceditur. Videtur quod appetitus non sit aliqua specialis animae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2322 potentia. Ad ea enim quae sunt communia animatis et inanimatis, non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2323 est aliqua potentia animae assignanda. Sed appetere est commune
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2324 animatis et inanimatis quia bonum est quod omnia appetunt, ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2325 dicitur in I Ethic. Ergo appetitus non est specialis potentia
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2326 animae.</p><p title="I q. 80 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="31830"><span class="ref">[31830] Iª q. 80 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2327 potentiae distinguuntur secundum obiecta. Sed idem est quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2328 cognoscimus et appetimus. Ergo vim appetitivam non oportet esse
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2329 aliam praeter vim apprehensivam.</p><p title="I q. 80 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="31831"><span class="ref">[31831] Iª q. 80 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2330 commune non distinguitur contra proprium. Sed quaelibet potentia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2331 animae appetit quoddam particulare appetibile, scilicet obiectum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2332 sibi conveniens. Ergo respectu huius obiecti quod est appetibile in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2333 communi, non oportet accipi aliquam potentiam ab aliis distinctam,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2334 quae appetitiva dicatur.</p><p title="I q. 80 a. 1 s. c."><a name="31832"><span class="ref">[31832] Iª q. 80 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2335 quod philosophus, in II de anima, distinguit appetitivum ab aliis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2336 potentiis. Damascenus etiam, in II libro distinguit vires
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2337 appetitivas a cognitivis.</p><p title="I q. 80 a. 1 co."><a name="31833"><span class="ref">[31833] Iª q. 80 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2338 quod necesse est ponere quandam potentiam animae appetitivam. Ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2339 cuius evidentiam, considerandum est quod quamlibet formam sequitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2340 aliqua inclinatio, sicut ignis ex sua forma inclinatur in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2341 superiorem locum, et ad hoc quod generet sibi simile. Forma autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2342 in his quae cognitionem participant, altiori modo invenitur quam in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2343 his quae cognitione carent. In his enim quae cognitione carent,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2344 invenitur tantummodo forma ad unum esse proprium determinans
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2345 unumquodque, quod etiam naturale uniuscuiusque est. Hanc igitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2346 formam naturalem sequitur naturalis inclinatio, quae appetitus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2347 naturalis vocatur. In habentibus autem cognitionem, sic
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2348 determinatur unumquodque ad proprium esse naturale per formam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2349 naturalem, quod tamen est receptivum specierum aliarum rerum, sicut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2350 sensus recipit species omnium sensibilium, et intellectus omnium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2351 intelligibilium, ut sic anima hominis sit omnia quodammodo secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2352 sensum et intellectum, in quo quodammodo cognitionem habentia ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2353 Dei similitudinem appropinquant, in quo omnia praeexistunt, sicut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2354 Dionysius dicit. Sicut igitur formae altiori modo existunt in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2355 habentibus cognitionem supra modum formarum naturalium, ita oportet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2356 quod in eis sit inclinatio supra modum inclinationis naturalis,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2357 quae dicitur appetitus naturalis. Et haec superior inclinatio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2358 pertinet ad vim animae appetitivam, per quam animal appetere potest
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2359 ea quae apprehendit, non solum ea ad quae inclinatur ex forma
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2360 naturali. Sic igitur necesse est ponere aliquam potentiam animae
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2361 appetitivam.</p><p title="I q. 80 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="31834"><span class="ref">[31834] Iª q. 80 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2362 dicendum quod appetere invenitur in habentibus cognitionem, supra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2363 modum communem quo invenitur in omnibus, ut dictum est. Et ideo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2364 oportet ad hoc determinari aliquam potentiam animae.</p><p title="I q. 80 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="31835"><span class="ref">[31835] Iª q. 80 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2365 dicendum quod id quod apprehenditur et appetitur, est idem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2366 subiecto, sed differt ratione, apprehenditur enim ut est ens
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2367 sensibile vel intelligibile; appetitur vero ut est conveniens aut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2368 bonum. Diversitas autem rationum in obiectis requiritur ad
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2369 diversitatem potentiarum; non autem materialis diversitas.</p><p title="I q. 80 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="31836"><span class="ref">[31836] Iª q. 80 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2370 dicendum quod unaquaeque potentia animae est quaedam forma seu
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2371 natura, et habet naturalem inclinationem in aliquid. Unde
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2372 unaquaeque appetit obiectum sibi conveniens naturali appetitu.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2373 Supra quem est appetitus animalis consequens apprehensionem, quo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2374 appetitur aliquid non ea ratione qua est conveniens ad actum huius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2375 vel illius potentiae, utpote visio ad videndum et auditio ad
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2376 audiendum; sed quia est conveniens simpliciter animali.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 2</h3><p title="I q. 80 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="31837"><span class="ref">[31837] Iª q. 80 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad secundum sic
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2377 proceditur. Videtur quod appetitus sensitivus et intellectivus non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2378 sint diversae potentiae. Potentiae enim non diversificantur per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2379 accidentales differentias, ut supra dictum est. Sed accidit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2380 appetibili quod sit apprehensum per sensum vel intellectum. Ergo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2381 appetitus sensitivus et intellectivus non sunt diversae
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2382 potentiae.</p><p title="I q. 80 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="31838"><span class="ref">[31838] Iª q. 80 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2383 cognitio intellectiva est universalium, et secundum hoc
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2384 distinguitur a sensitiva, quae est singularium. Sed ista distinctio
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2385 non habet locum ex parte appetitivae, cum enim appetitus sit motus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2386 ab anima ad res, quae sunt singulares, omnis appetitus videtur esse
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2387 rei singularis. Non ergo appetitus intellectivus debet distingui a
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2388 sensitivo.</p><p title="I q. 80 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="31839"><span class="ref">[31839] Iª q. 80 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea, sicut
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2389 sub apprehensivo ordinatur appetitivum ut inferior potentia, ita et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2390 motivum. Sed non est aliud motivum in homine consequens
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2391 intellectum, quam in aliis animalibus consequens sensum. Ergo, pari
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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diff changeset
2392 ratione, neque est aliud appetitivum.</p><p title="I q. 80 a. 2 s. c."><a name="31840"><span class="ref">[31840] Iª q. 80 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2393 quod philosophus, in III de anima, distinguit duplicem appetitum,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2394 et dicit quod appetitus superior movet inferiorem.</p><p title="I q. 80 a. 2 co."><a name="31841"><span class="ref">[31841] Iª q. 80 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2395 quod necesse est dicere appetitum intellectivum esse aliam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2396 potentiam a sensitivo. Potentia enim appetitiva est potentia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2397 passiva, quae nata est moveri ab apprehenso, unde appetibile
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2398 apprehensum est movens non motum, appetitus autem movens motum, ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2399 dicitur in III de anima, et XII Metaphys. Passiva autem et mobilia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2400 distinguuntur secundum distinctionem activorum et motivorum, quia
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2401 oportet motivum esse proportionatum mobili, et activum passivo; et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2402 ipsa potentia passiva propriam rationem habet ex ordine ad suum
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2403 activum. Quia igitur est alterius generis apprehensum per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2404 intellectum et apprehensum per sensum, consequens est quod
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2405 appetitus intellectivus sit alia potentia a sensitivo.</p><p title="I q. 80 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="31842"><span class="ref">[31842] Iª q. 80 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2406 dicendum quod appetibili non accidit esse apprehensum per sensum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2407 vel intellectum, sed per se ei convenit, nam appetibile non movet
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2408 appetitum nisi inquantum est apprehensum. Unde differentiae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2409 apprehensi sunt per se differentiae appetibilis. Unde potentiae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2410 appetitivae distinguuntur secundum differentiam apprehensorum,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2411 sicut secundum propria obiecta.</p><p title="I q. 80 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="31843"><span class="ref">[31843] Iª q. 80 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2412 dicendum quod appetitus intellectivus, etsi feratur in res quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2413 sunt extra animam singulares, fertur tamen in eas secundum aliquam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2414 rationem universalem; sicut cum appetit aliquid quia est bonum.
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2415 Unde philosophus dicit in sua rhetorica, quod odium potest esse de
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2416 aliquo universali, puta cum odio habemus omne latronum genus.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2417 Similiter etiam per appetitum intellectivum appetere possumus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2418 immaterialia bona, quae sensus non apprehendit; sicut scientiam,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2419 virtutes, et alia huiusmodi.</p><p title="I q. 80 a. 2 ad 3"><a name="31844"><span class="ref">[31844] Iª q. 80 a. 2 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2420 dicendum quod, sicut dicitur in III de anima, opinio universalis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2421 non movet nisi mediante particulari, et similiter appetitus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2422 superior movet mediante inferiori. Et ideo non est alia vis motiva
53
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diff changeset
2423 consequens intellectum et sensum.</p></div></div><div class="q" id="q81"><h2>Quaestio 81</h2><div class="p"><h3>Prooemium</h3><p title="I q. 81 pr."><a name="31845"><span class="ref">[31845]
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2424 Iª q. 81 pr.</span></a> Deinde considerandum est de
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2425 sensualitate. Circa quam quaeruntur tria. Primo, utrum sensualitas
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2426 sit vis appetitiva tantum. Secundo, utrum dividatur sensualitas in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2427 irascibilem et concupiscibilem, sicut in diversas potentias.
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2428 Tertio, utrum irascibilis et concupiscibilis obediant rationi.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 1</h3><p title="I q. 81 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="31846"><span class="ref">[31846] Iª q. 81 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad primum sic
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2429 proceditur. Videtur quod sensualitas non solum sit appetitiva, sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2430 etiam cognitiva. Dicit enim Augustinus, XII de Trin., quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2431 <i>sensualis animae motus, qui in corporis sensus intenditur, nobis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2432 pecoribusque communis est</i>. Sed corporis sensus sub vi cognitiva
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2433 continentur. Ergo sensualitas est vis cognitiva.</p><p title="I q. 81 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="31847"><span class="ref">[31847] Iª q. 81 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea, quae
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2434 cadunt sub una divisione, videntur esse unius generis. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2435 Augustinus, in XII de Trin., dividit sensualitatem contra rationem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2436 superiorem et inferiorem; quae ad cognitionem pertinent. Ergo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2437 sensualitas etiam est vis cognitiva.</p><p title="I q. 81 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="31848"><span class="ref">[31848] Iª q. 81 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2438 sensualitas in tentatione hominis tenet locum serpentis. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2439 serpens in tentatione primorum parentum se habuit ut nuntians et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2440 proponens peccatum; quod est vis cognitivae. Ergo sensualitas est
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2441 vis cognitiva.</p><p title="I q. 81 a. 1 s. c."><a name="31849"><span class="ref">[31849] Iª q. 81 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2442 quod sensualitas definitur esse <i>appetitus rerum ad corpus
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2443 pertinentium</i>.</p><p title="I q. 81 a. 1 co."><a name="31850"><span class="ref">[31850] Iª q. 81 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2444 quod nomen sensualitatis sumptum videtur a sensuali motu, de quo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2445 Augustinus loquitur XII de Trin., sicut ab actu sumitur nomen
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2446 potentiae, ut a visione visus. Motus autem sensualis est appetitus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2447 apprehensionem sensitivam consequens. Actus enim apprehensivae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2448 virtutis non ita proprie dicitur motus, sicut actio appetitus, nam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2449 operatio virtutis apprehensivae perficitur in hoc, quod res
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2450 apprehensae sunt in apprehendente; operatio autem virtutis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2451 appetitivae perficitur in hoc, quod appetens inclinatur in rem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2452 appetibilem. Et ideo operatio apprehensivae virtutis assimilatur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2453 quieti, operatio autem virtutis appetitivae magis assimilatur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2454 motui. Unde per sensualem motum intelligitur operatio appetitivae
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2455 virtutis. Et sic sensualitas est nomen appetitus sensitivi.</p><p title="I q. 81 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="31851"><span class="ref">[31851] Iª q. 81 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2456 dicendum quod per hoc quod dicit Augustinus quod sensualis animae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2457 motus intenditur in corporis sensus, non datur intelligi quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2458 corporis sensus sub sensualitate comprehendantur, sed magis quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2459 motus sensualitatis sit inclinatio quaedam ad sensus corporis, dum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2460 scilicet appetimus ea quae per corporis sensus apprehenduntur. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2461 sic corporis sensus pertinent ad sensualitatem quasi
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2462 praeambuli.</p><p title="I q. 81 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="31852"><span class="ref">[31852] Iª q. 81 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2463 dicendum quod sensualitas dividitur contra rationem superiorem et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2464 inferiorem, inquantum communicant in actu motionis, vis enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2465 cognitiva, ad quam pertinet ratio superior et inferior, est motiva,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2466 sicut et appetitiva, ad quam pertinet sensualitas.</p><p title="I q. 81 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="31853"><span class="ref">[31853] Iª q. 81 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2467 dicendum quod serpens non solum ostendit et proposuit peccatum, sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2468 etiam, inclinavit in effectum peccati. Et quantum ad hoc,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2469 sensualitas per serpentem significatur.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 2</h3><p title="I q. 81 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="31854"><span class="ref">[31854] Iª q. 81 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad secundum sic
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2470 proceditur. Videtur quod appetitus sensitivus non distinguatur in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2471 irascibilem et concupiscibilem, sicut in potentias diversas. Eadem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2472 enim potentia animae est unius contrarietatis, ut visus albi et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2473 nigri, ut dicitur in II de anima. Sed conveniens et nocivum sunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2474 contraria. Cum ergo concupiscibilis respiciat conveniens,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2475 irascibilis vero nocivum, videtur quod eadem potentia animae sit
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2476 irascibilis et concupiscibilis.</p><p title="I q. 81 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="31855"><span class="ref">[31855] Iª q. 81 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2477 appetitus sensitivus non est nisi convenientium secundum sensum.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2478 Sed conveniens secundum sensum est obiectum concupiscibilis. Ergo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2479 nullus appetitus sensitivus est a concupiscibili differens.</p><p title="I q. 81 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="31856"><span class="ref">[31856] Iª q. 81 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea, odium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2480 est in irascibili, dicit enim Hieronymus, super Matth.,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2481 <i>possideamus in irascibili odium vitiorum</i>. Sed odium, cum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2482 contrarietur amori, est in concupiscibili. Ergo eadem vis est
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2483 concupiscibilis et irascibilis.</p><p title="I q. 81 a. 2 s. c."><a name="31857"><span class="ref">[31857] Iª q. 81 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2484 quod Gregorius Nyssenus et Damascenus ponunt duas vires,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2485 irascibilem et concupiscibilem, partes appetitus sensitivi.</p><p title="I q. 81 a. 2 co."><a name="31858"><span class="ref">[31858] Iª q. 81 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2486 quod appetitus sensitivus est una vis in genere, quae sensualitas
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2487 dicitur; sed dividitur in duas potentias, quae sunt species
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2488 appetitus sensitivi, scilicet in irascibilem et concupiscibilem. Ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2489 cuius evidentiam, considerari oportet quod in rebus naturalibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2490 corruptibilibus, non solum oportet esse inclinationem ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2491 consequendum convenientia et refugiendum nociva; sed etiam ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2492 resistendum corrumpentibus et contrariis, quae convenientibus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2493 impedimentum praebent et ingerunt nocumenta. Sicut ignis habet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2494 naturalem inclinationem non solum ut recedat ab inferiori loco, qui
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2495 sibi non convenit, et tendat in locum superiorem sibi convenientem;
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2496 sed etiam quod resistat corrumpentibus et impedientibus. Quia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2497 igitur appetitus sensitivus est inclinatio consequens
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2498 apprehensionem sensitivam, sicut appetitus naturalis est inclinatio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2499 consequens formam naturalem; necesse est quod in parte sensitiva
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2500 sint duae appetitivae potentiae. Una, per quam anima simpliciter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2501 inclinatur ad prosequendum ea quae sunt convenientia secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2502 sensum, et ad refugiendum nociva, et haec dicitur concupiscibilis.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2503 Alia vero, per quam animal resistit impugnantibus, quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2504 convenientia impugnant et nocumenta inferunt, et haec vis vocatur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2505 irascibilis. Unde dicitur quod eius obiectum est arduum, quia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2506 scilicet tendit ad hoc quod superet contraria, et superemineat eis.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2507 Hae autem duae inclinationes non reducuntur in unum principium,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2508 quia interdum anima tristibus se ingerit, contra inclinationem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2509 concupiscibilis, ut secundum inclinationem irascibilis impugnet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2510 contraria. Unde etiam passiones irascibilis repugnare videntur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2511 passionibus concupiscibilis, nam concupiscentia accensa minuit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2512 iram, et ira accensa minuit concupiscentiam, ut in pluribus. Patet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2513 etiam ex hoc, quod irascibilis est quasi propugnatrix et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2514 defensatrix concupiscibilis, dum insurgit contra ea quae impediunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2515 convenientia, quae concupiscibilis appetit, et ingerunt nociva,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2516 quae concupiscibilis refugit. Et propter hoc, omnes passiones
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2517 irascibilis incipiunt a passionibus concupiscibilis, et in eas
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2518 terminantur; sicut ira nascitur ex illata tristitia, et vindictam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2519 inferens, in laetitiam terminatur. Propter hoc etiam pugnae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2520 animalium sunt de concupiscibilibus, scilicet de cibis et venereis,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2521 ut dicitur in VIII de animalibus.</p><p title="I q. 81 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="31859"><span class="ref">[31859] Iª q. 81 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2522 dicendum quod vis concupiscibilis est et convenientis et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2523 inconvenientis. Sed irascibilis est ad resistendum inconvenienti
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2524 quod impugnat.</p><p title="I q. 81 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="31860"><span class="ref">[31860] Iª q. 81 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2525 dicendum quod, sicut in apprehensivis virtutibus in parte sensitiva
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2526 est aliqua vis aestimativa, scilicet quae est perceptiva eorum quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2527 sensum non immutant, ut supra dictum est; ita etiam in appetitu
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2528 sensitivo est aliqua vis appetens aliquid quod non est conveniens
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2529 secundum delectationem sensus, sed secundum quod est utile animali
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2530 ad suam defensionem. Et haec est vis irascibilis.</p><p title="I q. 81 a. 2 ad 3"><a name="31861"><span class="ref">[31861] Iª q. 81 a. 2 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2531 dicendum quod odium simpliciter pertinet ad concupiscibilem; sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2532 ratione impugnationis quae ex odio causatur, potest ad irascibilem
53
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diff changeset
2533 pertinere.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 3</h3><p title="I q. 81 a. 3 arg. 1"><a name="31862"><span class="ref">[31862] Iª q. 81 a. 3 arg. 1</span></a> Ad tertium sic
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2534 proceditur. Videtur quod irascibilis et concupiscibilis non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2535 obediant rationi. Irascibilis enim et concupiscibilis sunt partes
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2536 sensualitatis. Sed sensualitas non obedit rationi, unde per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2537 serpentem significatur, ut dicit Augustinus, XII de Trin. Ergo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2538 irascibilis et concupiscibilis non obediunt rationi.</p><p title="I q. 81 a. 3 arg. 2"><a name="31863"><span class="ref">[31863] Iª q. 81 a. 3 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea, quod
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2539 obedit alicui, non repugnat ei. Sed irascibilis et concupiscibilis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2540 repugnant rationi; secundum illud apostoli, ad Rom. VII, <i>video
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2541 aliam legem in membris meis, repugnantem legi mentis meae</i>. Ergo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2542 irascibilis et concupiscibilis non obediunt rationi.</p><p title="I q. 81 a. 3 arg. 3"><a name="31864"><span class="ref">[31864] Iª q. 81 a. 3 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea, sicut
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2543 rationali parte animae inferior est vis appetitiva, ita etiam et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2544 vis sensitiva. Sed sensitiva pars animae non obedit rationi, non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2545 enim audimus nec videmus quando volumus. Ergo similiter neque vires
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2546 sensitivi appetitus, scilicet irascibilis et concupiscibilis,
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2547 obediunt rationi.</p><p title="I q. 81 a. 3 s. c."><a name="31865"><span class="ref">[31865] Iª q. 81 a. 3 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2548 quod Damascenus dicit, quod <i>obediens et persuasibile rationi
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2549 dividitur in concupiscentiam et iram</i>.</p><p title="I q. 81 a. 3 co."><a name="31866"><span class="ref">[31866] Iª q. 81 a. 3 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2550 quod irascibilis et concupiscibilis obediunt superiori parti, in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2551 qua est intellectus sive ratio et voluntas, dupliciter, uno modo
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2552 quidem, quantum ad rationem; alio vero modo, quantum ad voluntatem.
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2553 Rationi quidem obediunt quantum ad ipsos suos actus. Cuius ratio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2554 est, quia appetitus sensitivus in aliis quidem animalibus natus est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2555 moveri ab aestimativa virtute; sicut ovis aestimans lupum inimicum,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2556 timet. Loco autem aestimativae virtutis est in homine, sicut supra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2557 dictum est, vis cogitativa; quae dicitur a quibusdam ratio
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2558 particularis, eo quod est collativa intentionum individualium. Unde
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2559 ab ea natus est moveri in homine appetitus sensitivus. Ipsa autem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2560 ratio particularis nata est moveri et dirigi secundum rationem
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2561 universalem, unde in syllogisticis ex universalibus propositionibus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2562 concluduntur conclusiones singulares. Et ideo patet quod ratio
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2563 universalis imperat appetitui sensitivo, qui distinguitur per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2564 concupiscibilem et irascibilem, et hic appetitus ei obedit. Et quia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2565 deducere universalia principia in conclusiones singulares, non est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2566 opus simplicis intellectus, sed rationis; ideo irascibilis et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2567 concupiscibilis magis dicuntur obedire rationi, quam intellectui.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2568 Hoc etiam quilibet experiri potest in seipso, applicando enim
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2569 aliquas universales considerationes, mitigatur ira aut timor aut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2570 aliquid huiusmodi, vel etiam instigatur. Voluntati etiam subiacet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2571 appetitus sensitivus, quantum ad executionem, quae fit per vim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2572 motivam. In aliis enim animalibus statim ad appetitum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2573 concupiscibilis et irascibilis sequitur motus sicut ovis, timens
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2574 lupum statim fugit, quia non est in eis aliquis superior appetitus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2575 qui repugnet. Sed homo non statim movetur secundum appetitum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2576 irascibilis et concupiscibilis; sed expectatur imperium voluntatis,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2577 quod est appetitus superior. In omnibus enim potentiis motivis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2578 ordinatis, secundum movens non movet nisi virtute primi moventis,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2579 unde appetitus inferior non sufficit movere, nisi appetitus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2580 superior consentiat. Et hoc est quod philosophus dicit, in III de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2581 anima, quod <i>appetitus superior movet appetitum inferiorem, sicut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2582 sphaera superior inferiorem</i>. Hoc ergo modo irascibilis et
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2583 concupiscibilis rationi subduntur.</p><p title="I q. 81 a. 3 ad 1"><a name="31867"><span class="ref">[31867] Iª q. 81 a. 3 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2584 dicendum quod sensualitas significatur per serpentem, quantum ad id
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2585 quod est proprium sibi ex parte sensitivae partis. Irascibilis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2586 autem et concupiscibilis magis nominant sensitivum appetitum ex
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2587 parte actus, ad quem inducuntur ex ratione, ut dictum est.</p><p title="I q. 81 a. 3 ad 2"><a name="31868"><span class="ref">[31868] Iª q. 81 a. 3 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2588 dicendum quod, sicut philosophus dicit in I politicorum, <i>est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2589 quidem in animali contemplari et despoticum principatum, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2590 politicum, anima quidem enim corpori dominatur despotico
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2591 principatu; intellectus autem appetitui, politico et regali</i>.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2592 Dicitur enim despoticus principatus, quo aliquis principatur
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2593 servis, qui non habent facultatem in aliquo resistendi imperio
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2594 praecipientis, quia nihil sui habent. Principatus autem politicus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2595 et regalis dicitur, quo aliquis principatur liberis, qui, etsi
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2596 subdantur regimini praesidentis, tamen habent aliquid proprium, ex
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2597 quo possunt reniti praecipientis imperio. Sic igitur anima dicitur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2598 dominari corpori despotico principatu, quia corporis membra in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2599 nullo resistere possunt imperio animae, sed statim ad appetitum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2600 animae movetur manus et pes, et quodlibet membrum quod natum est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2601 moveri voluntario motu. Intellectus autem, seu ratio, dicitur
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2602 principari irascibili et concupiscibili politico principatu, quia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2603 appetitus sensibilis habet aliquid proprium, unde potest reniti
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2604 imperio rationis. Natus est enim moveri appetitus sensitivus, non
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2605 solum ab aestimativa in aliis animalibus, et cogitativa in homine,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2606 quam dirigit universalis ratio; sed etiam ab imaginativa et sensu.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2607 Unde experimur irascibilem vel concupiscibilem rationi repugnare,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2608 per hoc quod sentimus vel imaginamur aliquod delectabile quod ratio
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2609 vetat, vel triste quod ratio praecipit. Et sic per hoc quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2610 irascibilis et concupiscibilis in aliquo rationi repugnant, non
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2611 excluditur quin ei obediant.</p><p title="I q. 81 a. 3 ad 3"><a name="31869"><span class="ref">[31869] Iª q. 81 a. 3 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2612 dicendum quod sensus exteriores indigent ad suos actus exterioribus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2613 sensibilibus, quibus immutentur, quorum praesentia non est in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2614 potestate rationis. Sed vires interiores, tam appetitivae quam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2615 apprehensivae, non indigent exterioribus rebus. Et ideo subduntur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2616 imperio rationis, quae potest non solum instigare vel mitigare
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2617 affectus appetitivae virtutis, sed etiam formare imaginativae
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2618 virtutis phantasmata.</p></div></div><div class="q" id="q82"><h2>Quaestio 82</h2><div class="p"><h3>Prooemium</h3><p title="I q. 82 pr."><a name="31870"><span class="ref">[31870]
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2619 Iª q. 82 pr.</span></a> Deinde considerandum est de voluntate.
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2620 Circa quam quaeruntur quinque. Primo, utrum voluntas aliquid ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2621 necessitate appetat. Secundo, utrum omnia ex necessitate appetat.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2622 Tertio, utrum sit eminentior potentia quam intellectus. Quarto,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2623 utrum voluntas moveat intellectum. Quinto, utrum voluntas
53
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ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2624 distinguatur per irascibilem et concupiscibilem.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 1</h3><p title="I q. 82 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="31871"><span class="ref">[31871] Iª q. 82 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad primum sic
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2625 proceditur. Videtur quod voluntas nihil ex necessitate appetat.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2626 Dicit enim Augustinus, in V de Civ. Dei, quod si aliquid est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2627 necessarium, non est voluntarium. Sed omne quod voluntas appetit,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2628 est voluntarium. Ergo nihil quod voluntas appetit, est necessario
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2629 desideratum.</p><p title="I q. 82 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="31872"><span class="ref">[31872] Iª q. 82 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2630 potestates rationales, secundum philosophum, se habent ad opposita.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2631 Sed voluntas est potestas rationalis, quia, ut dicitur in III de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2632 anima, voluntas in ratione est. Ergo voluntas se habet ad opposita.
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2633 Ad nihil ergo de necessitate determinatur.</p><p title="I q. 82 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="31873"><span class="ref">[31873] Iª q. 82 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2634 secundum voluntatem sumus domini nostrorum actuum. Sed eius quod ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2635 necessitate est, non sumus domini. Ergo actus voluntatis non potest
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2636 de necessitate esse.</p><p title="I q. 82 a. 1 s. c."><a name="31874"><span class="ref">[31874] Iª q. 82 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2637 quod Augustinus dicit, in XIII de Trin., quod <i>beatitudinem omnes
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2638 una voluntate appetunt</i>. Si autem non esset necessarium sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2639 contingens, deficeret ad minus in paucioribus. Ergo voluntas ex
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2640 necessitate aliquid vult.</p><p title="I q. 82 a. 1 co."><a name="31875"><span class="ref">[31875] Iª q. 82 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2641 quod necessitas dicitur multipliciter. Necesse est enim quod non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2642 potest non esse. Quod quidem convenit alicui, uno modo ex principio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2643 intrinseco, sive materiali, sicut cum dicimus quod omne compositum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2644 ex contrariis necesse est corrumpi; sive formali, sicut cum dicimus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2645 quod necesse est triangulum habere tres angulos aequales duobus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2646 rectis. Et haec est necessitas naturalis et absoluta. Alio modo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2647 convenit alicui quod non possit non esse, ex aliquo extrinseco, vel
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2648 fine vel agente. Fine quidem, sicut cum aliquis non potest sine hoc
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2649 consequi, aut bene consequi finem aliquem, ut cibus dicitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2650 necessarius ad vitam, et equus ad iter. Et haec vocatur necessitas
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2651 finis; quae interdum etiam utilitas dicitur. Ex agente autem hoc
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2652 alicui convenit, sicut cum aliquis cogitur ab aliquo agente, ita
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2653 quod non possit contrarium agere. Et haec vocatur necessitas
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2654 coactionis. Haec igitur coactionis necessitas omnino repugnat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2655 voluntati. Nam hoc dicimus esse violentum, quod est contra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2656 inclinationem rei. Ipse autem motus voluntatis est inclinatio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2657 quaedam in aliquid. Et ideo sicut dicitur aliquid naturale quia est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2658 secundum inclinationem naturae, ita dicitur aliquid voluntarium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2659 quia est secundum inclinationem voluntatis. Sicut ergo impossibile
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2660 est quod aliquid simul sit violentum et naturale; ita impossibile
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2661 est quod aliquid simpliciter sit coactum sive violentum, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2662 voluntarium. Necessitas autem finis non repugnat voluntati, quando
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2663 ad finem non potest perveniri nisi uno modo, sicut ex voluntate
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2664 transeundi mare, fit necessitas in voluntate ut velit navem.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2665 Similiter etiam nec necessitas naturalis repugnat voluntati.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2666 Quinimmo necesse est quod, sicut intellectus ex necessitate
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2667 inhaeret primis principiis, ita voluntas ex necessitate inhaereat
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2668 ultimo fini, qui est beatitudo, finis enim se habet in operativis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2669 sicut principium in speculativis, ut dicitur in II Physic. Oportet
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2670 enim quod illud quod naturaliter alicui convenit et immobiliter,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2671 sit fundamentum et principium omnium aliorum, quia natura rei est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2672 primum in unoquoque, et omnis motus procedit ab aliquo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2673 immobili.</p><p title="I q. 82 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="31876"><span class="ref">[31876] Iª q. 82 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2674 dicendum quod verbum Augustini est intelligendum de necessario
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2675 necessitate coactionis. Necessitas autem naturalis non aufert
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2676 libertatem voluntatis, ut ipsemet in eodem libro dicit.</p><p title="I q. 82 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="31877"><span class="ref">[31877] Iª q. 82 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2677 dicendum quod voluntas secundum quod aliquid naturaliter vult,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2678 magis respondet intellectui naturalium principiorum, quam rationi,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2679 quae ad opposita se habet. Unde secundum hoc, magis est
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2680 intellectualis quam rationalis potestas.</p><p title="I q. 82 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="31878"><span class="ref">[31878] Iª q. 82 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2681 dicendum quod sumus domini nostrorum actuum secundum quod possumus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2682 hoc vel illud eligere. Electio autem non est de fine, sed de his
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2683 quae sunt ad finem, ut dicitur in III Ethic. Unde appetitus ultimi
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2684 finis non est de his quorum domini sumus.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 2</h3><p title="I q. 82 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="31879"><span class="ref">[31879] Iª q. 82 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad secundum sic
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2685 proceditur. Videtur quod voluntas ex necessitate omnia velit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2686 quaecumque vult. Dicit enim Dionysius, IV de Div. Nom., quod malum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2687 est praeter voluntatem. Ex necessitate ergo voluntas tendit in
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2688 bonum sibi propositum.</p><p title="I q. 82 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="31880"><span class="ref">[31880] Iª q. 82 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2689 obiectum voluntatis comparatur ad ipsam sicut movens ad mobile. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2690 motus mobilis necessario consequitur ex movente. Ergo videtur quod
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2691 obiectum voluntatis ex necessitate moveat ipsam.</p><p title="I q. 82 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="31881"><span class="ref">[31881] Iª q. 82 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea, sicut
28
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2692 apprehensum secundum sensum est obiectum appetitus sensitivi, ita
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2693 apprehensum secundum intellectum est obiectum intellectivi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2694 appetitus, qui dicitur voluntas. Sed apprehensum secundum sensum ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2695 necessitate movet appetitum sensitivum, dicit enim Augustinus,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2696 super Gen. ad Litt., quod animalia moventur visis. Ergo videtur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2697 quod apprehensum secundum intellectum ex necessitate moveat
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2698 voluntatem.</p><p title="I q. 82 a. 2 s. c."><a name="31882"><span class="ref">[31882] Iª q. 82 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2699 quod Augustinus dicit, quod <i>voluntas est qua peccatur et recte
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2700 vivitur</i>, et sic se habet ad opposita. Non ergo ex necessitate
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2701 vult quaecumque vult.</p><p title="I q. 82 a. 2 co."><a name="31883"><span class="ref">[31883] Iª q. 82 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2702 quod voluntas non ex necessitate vult quaecumque vult. Ad cuius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2703 evidentiam, considerandum est quod sicut intellectus naturaliter et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2704 ex necessitate inhaeret primis principiis, ita voluntas ultimo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2705 fini, ut iam dictum est. Sunt autem quaedam intelligibilia quae non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2706 habent necessariam connexionem ad prima principia; sicut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2707 contingentes propositiones, ad quarum remotionem non sequitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2708 remotio primorum principiorum. Et talibus non ex necessitate
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2709 assentit intellectus. Quaedam autem propositiones sunt necessariae,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2710 quae habent connexionem necessariam cum primis principiis; sicut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2711 conclusiones demonstrabiles, ad quarum remotionem sequitur remotio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2712 primorum principiorum. Et his intellectus ex necessitate assentit,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2713 cognita connexione necessaria conclusionum ad principia per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2714 demonstrationis deductionem, non autem ex necessitate assentit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2715 antequam huiusmodi necessitatem connexionis per demonstrationem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2716 cognoscat. Similiter etiam est ex parte voluntatis. Sunt enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2717 quaedam particularia bona, quae non habent necessariam connexionem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2718 ad beatitudinem, quia sine his potest aliquis esse beatus, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2719 huiusmodi voluntas non de necessitate inhaeret. Sunt autem quaedam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2720 habentia necessariam connexionem ad beatitudinem, quibus scilicet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2721 homo Deo inhaeret, in quo solo vera beatitudo consistit. Sed tamen
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2722 antequam per certitudinem divinae visionis necessitas huiusmodi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2723 connexionis demonstretur, voluntas non ex necessitate Deo inhaeret,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2724 nec his quae Dei sunt. Sed voluntas videntis Deum per essentiam, de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2725 necessitate inhaeret Deo, sicut nunc ex necessitate volumus esse
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2726 beati. Patet ergo quod voluntas non ex necessitate vult quaecumque
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2727 vult.</p><p title="I q. 82 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="31884"><span class="ref">[31884] Iª q. 82 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2728 dicendum quod voluntas in nihil potest tendere nisi sub ratione
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2729 boni. Sed quia bonum est multiplex, propter hoc non ex necessitate
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2730 determinatur ad unum.</p><p title="I q. 82 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="31885"><span class="ref">[31885] Iª q. 82 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2731 dicendum quod movens tunc ex necessitate causat motum in mobili,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2732 quando potestas moventis excedit mobile, ita quod tota eius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2733 possibilitas moventi subdatur. Cum autem possibilitas voluntatis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2734 sit respectu boni universalis et perfecti, non subiicitur eius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2735 possibilitas tota alicui particulari bono. Et ideo non ex
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2736 necessitate movetur ab illo.</p><p title="I q. 82 a. 2 ad 3"><a name="31886"><span class="ref">[31886] Iª q. 82 a. 2 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2737 dicendum quod vis sensitiva non est vis collativa diversorum, sicut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2738 ratio, sed simpliciter aliquid unum apprehendit. Et ideo secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2739 illud unum determinate movet appetitum sensitivum. Sed ratio est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2740 collativa plurium, et ideo ex pluribus moveri potest appetitus
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2741 intellectivus, scilicet voluntas, et non ex uno ex necessitate.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 3</h3><p title="I q. 82 a. 3 arg. 1"><a name="31887"><span class="ref">[31887] Iª q. 82 a. 3 arg. 1</span></a> Ad tertium sic
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2742 proceditur. Videtur quod voluntas sit altior potentia quam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2743 intellectus. Bonum enim et finis est obiectum voluntatis. Sed finis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2744 est prima et altissima causarum. Ergo voluntas est prima et
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2745 altissima potentiarum.</p><p title="I q. 82 a. 3 arg. 2"><a name="31888"><span class="ref">[31888] Iª q. 82 a. 3 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea, res
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2746 naturales inveniuntur procedere de imperfectis ad perfecta. Et hoc
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2747 etiam in potentiis animae apparet, proceditur enim de sensu ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2748 intellectum, qui est nobilior. Sed naturalis processus est de actu
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2749 intellectus in actum voluntatis. Ergo voluntas est perfectior et
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2750 nobilior potentia quam intellectus.</p><p title="I q. 82 a. 3 arg. 3"><a name="31889"><span class="ref">[31889] Iª q. 82 a. 3 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2751 habitus sunt proportionati potentiis, sicut perfectiones
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2752 perfectibilibus. Sed habitus quo perficitur voluntas, scilicet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2753 caritas, est nobilior habitibus quibus perficitur intellectus,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2754 dicitur enim I ad Cor. XIII, <i>si noverim mysteria omnia, et si
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2755 habuero omnem fidem, caritatem autem non habeam, nihil sum</i>.
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2756 Ergo voluntas est altior potentia quam intellectus.</p><p title="I q. 82 a. 3 s. c."><a name="31890"><span class="ref">[31890] Iª q. 82 a. 3 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2757 quod philosophus, in X Ethic., ponit altissimam potentiam animae
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2758 esse intellectum.</p><p title="I q. 82 a. 3 co."><a name="31891"><span class="ref">[31891] Iª q. 82 a. 3 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2759 quod eminentia alicuius ad alterum potest attendi dupliciter, uno
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2760 modo, simpliciter; alio modo, secundum quid. Consideratur autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2761 aliquid tale simpliciter, prout est secundum seipsum tale, secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2762 quid autem, prout dicitur tale secundum respectum ad alterum. Si
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2763 ergo intellectus et voluntas considerentur secundum se, sic
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2764 intellectus eminentior invenitur. Et hoc apparet ex comparatione
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2765 obiectorum ad invicem. Obiectum enim intellectus est simplicius et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2766 magis absolutum quam obiectum voluntatis, nam obiectum intellectus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2767 est ipsa ratio boni appetibilis; bonum autem appetibile, cuius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2768 ratio est in intellectu, est obiectum voluntatis. Quanto autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2769 aliquid est simplicius et abstractius, tanto secundum se est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2770 nobilius et altius. Et ideo obiectum intellectus est altius quam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2771 obiectum voluntatis. Cum ergo propria ratio potentiae sit secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2772 ordinem ad obiectum, sequitur quod secundum se et simpliciter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2773 intellectus sit altior et nobilior voluntate. Secundum quid autem,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2774 et per comparationem ad alterum, voluntas invenitur interdum altior
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2775 intellectu; ex eo scilicet quod obiectum voluntatis in altiori re
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2776 invenitur quam obiectum intellectus. Sicut si dicerem auditum esse
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2777 secundum quid nobiliorem visu, inquantum res aliqua cuius est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2778 sonus, nobilior est aliqua re cuius est color, quamvis color sit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2779 nobilior et simplicior sono. Ut enim supra dictum est, actio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2780 intellectus consistit in hoc quod ratio rei intellectae est in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2781 intelligente; actus vero voluntatis perficitur in hoc quod voluntas
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2782 inclinatur ad ipsam rem prout in se est. Et ideo philosophus dicit,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2783 in VI Metaphys., quod bonum et malum, quae sunt obiecta voluntatis,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2784 sunt in rebus; verum et falsum, quae sunt obiecta intellectus, sunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2785 in mente. Quando igitur res in qua est bonum, est nobilior ipsa
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2786 anima, in qua est ratio intellecta; per comparationem ad talem rem,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2787 voluntas est altior intellectu. Quando vero res in qua est bonum,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2788 est infra animam; tunc etiam per comparationem ad talem rem,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2789 intellectus est altior voluntate. Unde melior est amor Dei quam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2790 cognitio, e contrario autem melior est cognitio rerum corporalium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2791 quam amor. Simpliciter tamen intellectus est nobilior quam
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2792 voluntas.</p><p title="I q. 82 a. 3 ad 1"><a name="31892"><span class="ref">[31892] Iª q. 82 a. 3 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2793 dicendum quod ratio causae accipitur secundum comparationem unius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2794 ad alterum, et in tali comparatione ratio boni principalior
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2795 invenitur, sed verum dicitur magis absolute, et ipsius boni
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2796 rationem significat. Unde et bonum quoddam verum est. Sed rursus et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2797 ipsum verum est quoddam bonum; secundum quod intellectus res
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2798 quaedam est, et verum finis ipsius. Et inter alios fines iste finis
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2799 est excellentior; sicut intellectus inter alias potentias.</p><p title="I q. 82 a. 3 ad 2"><a name="31893"><span class="ref">[31893] Iª q. 82 a. 3 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2800 dicendum quod illud quod est prius generatione et tempore, est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2801 imperfectius, quia in uno et eodem potentia tempore praecedit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2802 actum, et imperfectio perfectionem. Sed illud quod est prius
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2803 simpliciter et secundum naturae ordinem, est perfectius, sic enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2804 actus est prior potentia. Et hoc modo intellectus est prior
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2805 voluntate, sicut motivum mobili, et activum passivo, bonum enim
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2806 intellectum movet voluntatem.</p><p title="I q. 82 a. 3 ad 3"><a name="31894"><span class="ref">[31894] Iª q. 82 a. 3 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2807 dicendum quod illa ratio procedit de voluntate secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2808 comparationem ad id quod supra animam est. Virtus enim caritatis
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2809 est qua Deum amamus.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 4</h3><p title="I q. 82 a. 4 arg. 1"><a name="31895"><span class="ref">[31895] Iª q. 82 a. 4 arg. 1</span></a> Ad quartum sic
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2810 proceditur. Videtur quod voluntas non moveat intellectum. Movens
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2811 enim est nobilius et prius moto, quia movens est agens; agens autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2812 est nobilius patiente, ut Augustinus dicit XII super Gen. ad Litt.,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2813 et philosophus in III de anima. Sed intellectus est prior et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2814 nobilior voluntate, ut supra dictum est. Ergo voluntas non movet
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2815 intellectum.</p><p title="I q. 82 a. 4 arg. 2"><a name="31896"><span class="ref">[31896] Iª q. 82 a. 4 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2816 movens non movetur a moto, nisi forte per accidens. Sed intellectus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2817 movet voluntatem, quia appetibile apprehensum per intellectum est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2818 movens non motum; appetitus autem movens motum. Ergo intellectus
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2819 non movetur a voluntate.</p><p title="I q. 82 a. 4 arg. 3"><a name="31897"><span class="ref">[31897] Iª q. 82 a. 4 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea, nihil
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2820 velle possumus nisi sit intellectum. Si igitur ad intelligendum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2821 movet voluntas volendo intelligere, oportebit quod etiam illud
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2822 velle praecedat aliud intelligere, et illud intelligere aliud
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2823 velle, et sic in infinitum, quod est impossibile. Non ergo voluntas
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2824 movet intellectum.</p><p title="I q. 82 a. 4 s. c."><a name="31898"><span class="ref">[31898] Iª q. 82 a. 4 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2825 quod Damascenus dicit, quod <i>in nobis est percipere quamcumque
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2826 volumus artem, et non percipere</i>. In nobis autem est aliquid per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2827 voluntatem; percipimus autem artes per intellectum. Voluntas ergo
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2828 movet intellectum.</p><p title="I q. 82 a. 4 co."><a name="31899"><span class="ref">[31899] Iª q. 82 a. 4 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2829 quod aliquid dicitur movere dupliciter. Uno modo, per modum finis;
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2830 sicut dicitur quod finis movet efficientem. Et hoc modo intellectus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2831 movet voluntatem, quia bonum intellectum est obiectum voluntatis,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2832 et movet ipsam ut finis. Alio modo dicitur aliquid movere per modum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2833 agentis; sicut alterans movet alteratum, et impellens movet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2834 impulsum. Et hoc modo voluntas movet intellectum, et omnes animae
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2835 vires; ut Anselmus dicit in libro de similitudinibus. Cuius ratio
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2836 est, quia in omnibus potentiis activis ordinatis, illa potentia
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2837 quae respicit finem universalem, movet potentias quae respiciunt
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2838 fines particulares. Et hoc apparet tam in naturalibus quam in
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2839 politicis. Caelum enim, quod agit ad universalem conservationem
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2840 generabilium et corruptibilium, movet omnia inferiora corpora,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2841 quorum unumquodque agit ad conservationem propriae speciei, vel
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2842 etiam individui. Rex etiam, qui intendit bonum commune totius
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2843 regni, movet per suum imperium singulos praepositos civitatum, qui
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2844 singulis civitatibus curam regiminis impendunt. Obiectum autem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2845 voluntatis est bonum et finis in communi. Quaelibet autem potentia
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2846 comparatur ad aliquod bonum proprium sibi conveniens; sicut visus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2847 ad perceptionem coloris, intellectus ad cognitionem veri. Et ideo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2848 voluntas per modum agentis movet omnes animae potentias ad suos
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2849 actus, praeter vires naturales vegetativae partis, quae nostro
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2850 arbitrio non subduntur.</p><p title="I q. 82 a. 4 ad 1"><a name="31900"><span class="ref">[31900] Iª q. 82 a. 4 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2851 dicendum quod intellectus dupliciter considerari potest, uno modo,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2852 secundum quod intellectus est apprehensivus entis et veri
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2853 universalis; alio modo, secundum quod est quaedam res, et
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2854 particularis potentia habens determinatum actum. Et similiter
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2855 voluntas dupliciter considerari potest, uno modo, secundum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2856 communitatem sui obiecti, prout scilicet est appetitiva boni
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2857 communis; alio modo, secundum quod est quaedam determinata animae
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2858 potentia habens determinatum actum. Si ergo comparentur intellectus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2859 et voluntas secundum rationem communitatis obiectorum utriusque,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2860 sic dictum est supra quod intellectus est simpliciter altior et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2861 nobilior voluntate. Si autem consideretur intellectus secundum
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2862 communitatem sui obiecti, et voluntas secundum quod est quaedam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2863 determinata potentia, sic iterum intellectus est altior et prior
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2864 voluntate, quia sub ratione entis et veri, quam apprehendit
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2865 intellectus, continetur voluntas ipsa, et actus eius, et obiectum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2866 ipsius. Unde intellectus intelligit voluntatem, et actum eius, et
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2867 obiectum ipsius, sicut et alia specialia intellecta, ut lapidem aut
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2868 lignum, quae continentur sub communi ratione entis et veri. Si vero
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2869 consideretur voluntas secundum communem rationem sui obiecti, quod
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2870 est bonum, intellectus autem secundum quod est quaedam res et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2871 potentia specialis; sic sub communi ratione boni continetur, velut
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2872 quoddam speciale, et intellectus ipse, et ipsum intelligere, et
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2873 obiectum eius, quod est verum, quorum quodlibet est quoddam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2874 speciale bonum. Et secundum hoc voluntas est altior intellectu, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2875 potest ipsum movere. Ex his ergo apparet ratio quare hae potentiae
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2876 suis actibus invicem se includunt, quia intellectus intelligit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2877 voluntatem velle, et voluntas vult intellectum intelligere. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2878 simili ratione bonum continetur sub vero, inquantum est quoddam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2879 verum intellectum; et verum continetur sub bono, inquantum est
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2880 quoddam bonum desideratum.</p><p title="I q. 82 a. 4 ad 2"><a name="31901"><span class="ref">[31901] Iª q. 82 a. 4 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2881 dicendum quod intellectus alio modo movet voluntatem, quam voluntas
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2882 intellectum, ut iam dictum est.</p><p title="I q. 82 a. 4 ad 3"><a name="31902"><span class="ref">[31902] Iª q. 82 a. 4 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2883 dicendum quod non oportet procedere in infinitum, sed statur in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2884 intellectu sicut in primo. Omnem enim voluntatis motum necesse est
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2885 quod praecedat apprehensio, sed non omnem apprehensionem praecedit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2886 motus voluntatis; sed principium consiliandi et intelligendi est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2887 aliquod intellectivum principium altius intellectu nostro, quod est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2888 Deus, ut etiam Aristoteles dicit in VII Ethicae Eudemicae, et per
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2889 hunc modum ostendit quod non est procedere in infinitum.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 5</h3><p title="I q. 82 a. 5 arg. 1"><a name="31903"><span class="ref">[31903] Iª q. 82 a. 5 arg. 1</span></a> Ad quintum sic
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2890 proceditur. Videtur quod irascibilis et concupiscibilis distingui
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2891 debeant in appetitu superiori, qui est voluntas. Vis enim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2892 concupiscibilis dicitur a concupiscendo; et irascibilis ab
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2893 irascendo. Sed aliqua concupiscentia est quae non potest pertinere
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2894 ad appetitum sensitivum, sed solum ad intellectivum, qui est
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2895 voluntas; sicut concupiscentia sapientiae, de qua dicitur Sap. VI,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2896 <i>concupiscentia sapientiae perducit ad regnum perpetuum</i>. Est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2897 etiam quaedam ira quae non potest pertinere ad appetitum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2898 sensitivum, sed intellectivum tantum; sicut cum irascimur contra
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2899 vitia. Unde et Hieronymus, super Matth., monet ut <i>odium vitiorum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2900 possideamus in irascibili</i>. Ergo irascibilis et concupiscibilis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2901 distingui debent in appetitu intellectivo, sicut et in
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2902 sensitivo.</p><p title="I q. 82 a. 5 arg. 2"><a name="31904"><span class="ref">[31904] Iª q. 82 a. 5 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2903 secundum quod communiter dicitur, caritas est in concupiscibili,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2904 spes autem in irascibili. Non autem possunt esse in appetitu
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2905 sensitivo, quia non sunt sensibilium obiectorum, sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2906 intelligibilium. Ergo concupiscibilis et irascibilis sunt ponenda
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2907 in parte intellectiva.</p><p title="I q. 82 a. 5 arg. 3"><a name="31905"><span class="ref">[31905] Iª q. 82 a. 5 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea, in
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2908 libro de spiritu et anima dicitur quod has potentias (scilicet
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2909 irascibilem et concupiscibilem, et rationalem) <i>habet anima
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2910 antequam corpori misceatur</i>. Sed nulla potentia sensitivae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2911 partis est animae tantum, sed coniuncti, ut supra dictum est. Ergo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2912 irascibilis et concupiscibilis sunt in voluntate, quae est
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2913 appetitus intellectivus.</p><p title="I q. 82 a. 5 s. c."><a name="31906"><span class="ref">[31906] Iª q. 82 a. 5 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2914 quod Gregorius Nyssenus, dicit, quod irrationalis pars animae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2915 dividitur in desiderativum et irascitivum; et idem dicit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2916 Damascenus, in libro II. Et philosophus dicit, in III de anima quod
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2917 <i>voluntas in ratione est, in irrationali autem parte animae
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2918 concupiscentia et ira, vel desiderium et animus</i>.</p><p title="I q. 82 a. 5 co."><a name="31907"><span class="ref">[31907] Iª q. 82 a. 5 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2919 quod irascibilis et concupiscibilis non sunt partes intellectivi
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2920 appetitus, qui dicitur voluntas. Quia, sicut supra dictum est,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2921 potentia quae ordinatur ad aliquod obiectum secundum communem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2922 rationem, non diversificatur per differentias speciales sub illa
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2923 ratione communi contentas. Sicut quia visus respicit visibile
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2924 secundum rationem colorati, non multiplicantur visivae potentiae
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2925 secundum diversas species colorum, si autem esset aliqua potentia
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2926 quae esset albi inquantum est album, et non inquantum est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2927 coloratum, diversificaretur a potentia quae esset nigri inquantum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2928 est nigrum. Appetitus autem sensitivus non respicit communem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2929 rationem boni, quia nec sensus apprehendit universale. Et ideo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2930 secundum diversas rationes particularium bonorum, diversificantur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2931 partes appetitus sensitivi, nam concupiscibilis respicit propriam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2932 rationem boni, inquantum est delectabile secundum sensum, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2933 conveniens naturae; irascibilis autem respicit rationem boni,
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2934 secundum quod est repulsivum et impugnativum eius quod infert
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2935 nocumentum. Sed voluntas respicit bonum sub communi ratione boni.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2936 Et ideo non diversificantur in ipsa, quae est appetitus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2937 intellectivus, aliquae potentiae appetitivae, ut sit in appetitu
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2938 intellectivo alia potentia irascibilis, et alia concupiscibilis,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2939 sicut etiam ex parte intellectus non multiplicantur vires
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2940 apprehensivae, licet multiplicentur ex parte sensus.</p><p title="I q. 82 a. 5 ad 1"><a name="31908"><span class="ref">[31908] Iª q. 82 a. 5 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2941 dicendum quod amor, concupiscentia, et huiusmodi, dupliciter
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2942 accipiuntur. Quandoque quidem secundum quod sunt quaedam passiones,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2943 cum quadam scilicet concitatione animi provenientes. Et sic
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2944 communiter accipiuntur, et hoc modo sunt solum in appetitu
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2945 sensitivo. Alio modo significant simplicem affectum, absque
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2946 passione vel animi concitatione. Et sic sunt actus voluntatis. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2947 hoc etiam modo attribuuntur Angelis et Deo. Sed prout sic
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2948 accipiuntur, non pertinent ad diversas potentias, sed ad unam
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2949 tantum potentiam, quae dicitur voluntas.</p><p title="I q. 82 a. 5 ad 2"><a name="31909"><span class="ref">[31909] Iª q. 82 a. 5 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2950 dicendum quod ipsa voluntas potest dici irascibilis, prout vult
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2951 impugnare malum, non ex impetu passionis, sed ex iudicio rationis.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2952 Et eodem modo potest dici concupiscibilis, propter desiderium boni.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2953 Et sic in irascibili et concupiscibili sunt caritas et spes; idest
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2954 in voluntate secundum quod habet ordinem ad huiusmodi actus. Sic
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2955 etiam potest intelligi quod dicitur in libro de spiritu et anima,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2956 quod irascibilis et concupiscibilis sunt animae antequam uniatur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2957 corpori (ut tamen intelligatur ordo naturae, et non temporis),
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2958 licet non sit necessarium verbis illius libri fidem adhibere.</p><p title="I q. 82 a. 5 ad 3"><a name="31910"><span class="ref">[31910] Iª q. 82 a. 5 ad 3</span></a> Unde patet solutio
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2959 ad tertium.</p></div></div><div class="q" id="q83"><h2>Quaestio 83</h2><div class="p"><h3>Prooemium</h3><p title="I q. 83 pr."><a name="31911"><span class="ref">[31911]
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2960 Iª q. 83 pr.</span></a> Deinde quaeritur de libero arbitrio.
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2961 Et circa hoc quaeruntur quatuor. Primo, utrum homo sit liberi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2962 arbitrii. Secundo, quid sit liberum arbitrium, utrum sit potentia,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2963 vel actus, vel habitus. Tertio si est potentia, utrum sit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2964 appetitiva, vel cognitiva. Quarto, si est appetitiva, utrum sit
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2965 eadem potentia cum voluntate, vel alia.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 1</h3><p title="I q. 83 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="31912"><span class="ref">[31912] Iª q. 83 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad primum sic
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2966 proceditur. Videtur quod homo non sit liberi arbitrii. Quicumque
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2967 enim est liberi arbitrii, facit quod vult. Sed homo non facit quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2968 vult, dicitur enim Rom. VII, <i>non enim quod volo bonum, hoc ago;
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2969 sed quod odi malum, illud facio</i>. Ergo homo non est liberi
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2970 arbitrii.</p><p title="I q. 83 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="31913"><span class="ref">[31913] Iª q. 83 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2971 quicumque est liberi arbitrii, eius est velle et non velle, operari
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2972 et non operari. Sed hoc non est hominis, dicitur enim ad Rom. IX,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2973 non est volentis, scilicet velle, neque currentis, scilicet
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2974 currere. Ergo homo non est liberi arbitrii.</p><p title="I q. 83 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="31914"><span class="ref">[31914] Iª q. 83 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a> <i>Praeterea,
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2975 liberum est quod sui causa est</i>, ut dicitur in I Metaphys. Quod
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2976 ergo movetur ab alio, non est liberum. Sed Deus movet voluntatem,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2977 dicitur enim Prov. XXI, <i>cor regis in manu Dei, et quocumque
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2978 voluerit vertet illud</i>; et Philipp. II, <i>Deus est qui operatur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2979 in nobis velle et perficere</i>. Ergo homo non est liberi
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2980 arbitrii.</p><p title="I q. 83 a. 1 arg. 4"><a name="31915"><span class="ref">[31915] Iª q. 83 a. 1 arg. 4</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2981 quicumque est liberi arbitrii, est dominus suorum actuum. Sed homo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2982 non est dominus suorum actuum, quia, ut dicitur Ierem. X, <i>non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2983 est in homine via eius, nec viri est ut dirigat gressus suos</i>.
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
2984 Ergo homo non est liberi arbitrii.</p><p title="I q. 83 a. 1 arg. 5"><a name="31916"><span class="ref">[31916] Iª q. 83 a. 1 arg. 5</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2985 philosophus dicit, in III Ethic., <i>qualis unusquisque est, talis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2986 finis videtur ei</i>. Sed non est in potestate nostra aliquales
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2987 esse, sed hoc nobis est a natura. Ergo naturale est nobis quod
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2988 aliquem finem sequamur. Non ergo ex libero arbitrio.</p><p title="I q. 83 a. 1 s. c."><a name="31917"><span class="ref">[31917] Iª q. 83 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2989 quod dicitur Eccli. XV, <i>Deus ab initio constituit hominem, et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2990 reliquit eum in manu consilii sui</i>. Glossa, idest in libertate
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
2991 arbitrii.</p><p title="I q. 83 a. 1 co."><a name="31918"><span class="ref">[31918] Iª q. 83 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2992 quod homo est liberi arbitrii, alioquin frustra essent consilia,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2993 exhortationes, praecepta, prohibitiones, praemia et poenae. Ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2994 cuius evidentiam, considerandum est quod quaedam agunt absque
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2995 iudicio, sicut lapis movetur deorsum; et similiter omnia cognitione
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2996 carentia. Quaedam autem agunt iudicio, sed non libero; sicut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2997 animalia bruta. Iudicat enim ovis videns lupum, eum esse fugiendum,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
2998 naturali iudicio, et non libero, quia non ex collatione, sed ex
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
2999 naturali instinctu hoc iudicat. Et simile est de quolibet iudicio
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3000 brutorum animalium. Sed homo agit iudicio, quia per vim
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3001 cognoscitivam iudicat aliquid esse fugiendum vel prosequendum. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3002 quia iudicium istud non est ex naturali instinctu in particulari
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3003 operabili, sed ex collatione quadam rationis; ideo agit libero
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3004 iudicio, potens in diversa ferri. Ratio enim circa contingentia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3005 habet viam ad opposita; ut patet in dialecticis syllogismis, et
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3006 rhetoricis persuasionibus. Particularia autem operabilia sunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3007 quaedam contingentia, et ideo circa ea iudicium rationis ad diversa
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3008 se habet, et non est determinatum ad unum. Et pro tanto necesse est
53
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parents: 28
diff changeset
3009 quod homo sit liberi arbitrii, ex hoc ipso quod rationalis est.</p><p title="I q. 83 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="31919"><span class="ref">[31919] Iª q. 83 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3010 dicendum quod, sicut supra dictum est, appetitus sensitivus, etsi
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3011 obediat rationi, tamen potest in aliquo repugnare, concupiscendo
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3012 contra illud quod ratio dictat. Hoc ergo est bonum quod homo non
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3013 facit cum vult, scilicet non concupiscere contra rationem, ut
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
3014 Glossa Augustini ibidem dicit.</p><p title="I q. 83 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="31920"><span class="ref">[31920] Iª q. 83 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3015 dicendum quod verbum illud apostoli non sic est intelligendum quasi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3016 homo non velit et non currat libero arbitrio, sed quia liberum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3017 arbitrium ad hoc non est sufficiens, nisi moveatur et iuvetur a
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
3018 Deo.</p><p title="I q. 83 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="31921"><span class="ref">[31921] Iª q. 83 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3019 dicendum quod liberum arbitrium est causa sui motus, quia homo per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3020 liberum arbitrium seipsum movet ad agendum. Non tamen hoc est de
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3021 necessitate libertatis, quod sit prima causa sui id quod liberum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3022 est, sicut nec ad hoc quod aliquid sit causa alterius, requiritur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3023 quod sit prima causa eius. Deus igitur est prima causa movens et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3024 naturales causas et voluntarias. Et sicut naturalibus causis,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3025 movendo eas, non aufert quin actus earum sint naturales; ita
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3026 movendo causas voluntarias, non aufert quin actiones earum sint
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3027 voluntariae, sed potius hoc in eis facit, operatur enim in
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3028 unoquoque secundum eius proprietatem.</p><p title="I q. 83 a. 1 ad 4"><a name="31922"><span class="ref">[31922] Iª q. 83 a. 1 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3029 dicendum quod dicitur non esse in homine via eius, quantum ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3030 executiones electionum, in quibus homo impediri potest, velit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3031 nolit. Electiones autem ipsae sunt in nobis, supposito tamen divino
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
3032 auxilio.</p><p title="I q. 83 a. 1 ad 5"><a name="31923"><span class="ref">[31923] Iª q. 83 a. 1 ad 5</span></a> Ad quintum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3033 dicendum quod qualitas hominis est duplex, una naturalis, et alia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3034 superveniens. Naturalis autem qualitas accipi potest vel circa
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3035 partem intellectivam; vel circa corpus et virtutes corpori annexas.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3036 Ex eo igitur quod homo est aliqualis qualitate naturali quae
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3037 attenditur secundum intellectivam partem, naturaliter homo appetit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3038 ultimum finem, scilicet beatitudinem. Qui quidem appetitus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3039 naturalis est, et non subiacet libero arbitrio, ut ex supradictis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3040 patet. Ex parte vero corporis et virtutum corpori annexarum, potest
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3041 esse homo aliqualis naturali qualitate, secundum quod est talis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3042 complexionis, vel talis dispositionis, ex quacumque impressione
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3043 corporearum causarum, quae non possunt in intellectivam partem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3044 imprimere, eo quod non est alicuius corporis actus. Sic igitur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3045 qualis unusquisque est secundum corpoream qualitatem, talis finis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3046 videtur ei, quia ex huiusmodi dispositione homo inclinatur ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3047 eligendum aliquid vel repudiandum. Sed istae inclinationes
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3048 subiacent iudicio rationis, cui obedit inferior appetitus, ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3049 dictum est. Unde per hoc libertati arbitrii non praeiudicatur.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3050 Qualitates autem supervenientes sunt sicut habitus et passiones,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3051 secundum quae aliquis magis inclinatur in unum quam in alterum.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3052 Tamen istae etiam inclinationes subiacent iudicio rationis. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3053 huiusmodi etiam qualitates ei subiacent, inquantum in nobis est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3054 tales qualitates acquirere, vel causaliter vel dispositive, vel a
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3055 nobis excludere. Et sic nihil est quod libertati arbitrii
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
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parents: 28
diff changeset
3056 repugnet.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 2</h3><p title="I q. 83 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="31924"><span class="ref">[31924] Iª q. 83 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad secundum sic
28
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3057 proceditur. Videtur quod liberum arbitrium non sit potentia.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3058 Arbitrium enim liberum nihil est aliud quam liberum iudicium.
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ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3059 Iudicium autem non nominat potentiam, sed actum. Ergo liberum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3060 arbitrium non est potentia.</p><p title="I q. 83 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="31925"><span class="ref">[31925] Iª q. 83 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3061 liberum arbitrium dicitur esse facultas voluntatis et rationis.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3062 Facultas autem nominat facilitatem potestatis, quae quidem est per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3063 habitum. Ergo liberum arbitrium est habitus. Bernardus etiam dicit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3064 quod liberum arbitrium est habitus animae liber sui. Non ergo est
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3065 potentia.</p><p title="I q. 83 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="31926"><span class="ref">[31926] Iª q. 83 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea, nulla
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3066 potentia naturalis tollitur per peccatum. Sed liberum arbitrium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3067 tollitur per peccatum, Augustinus enim dicit quod <i>homo male
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3068 utens libero arbitrio, et se perdit et ipsum</i>. Ergo liberum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3069 arbitrium non est potentia.</p><p title="I q. 83 a. 2 s. c."><a name="31927"><span class="ref">[31927] Iª q. 83 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3070 quod nihil est subiectum habitus, ut videtur, nisi potentia. Sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3071 liberum arbitrium est subiectum gratiae; qua sibi assistente, bonum
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3072 eligit. Ergo liberum arbitrium est potentia.</p><p title="I q. 83 a. 2 co."><a name="31928"><span class="ref">[31928] Iª q. 83 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3073 quod, quamvis liberum arbitrium nominet quendam actum secundum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3074 propriam significationem vocabuli; secundum tamen communem usum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3075 loquendi, liberum arbitrium dicimus id quod est huius actus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3076 principium, scilicet quo homo libere iudicat. Principium autem
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3077 actus in nobis est et potentia et habitus, dicimur enim aliquid
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3078 cognoscere et per scientiam, et per intellectivam potentiam.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3079 Oportet ergo quod liberum arbitrium vel sit potentia, vel sit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3080 habitus, vel sit potentia cum aliquo habitu. Quod autem non sit
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3081 habitus, neque potentia cum habitu, manifeste apparet ex duobus.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3082 Primo quidem, quia si est habitus, oportet quod sit habitus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3083 naturalis, hoc enim est naturale homini, quod sit liberi arbitrii.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3084 Nullus autem habitus naturalis adest nobis ad ea quae subsunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3085 libero arbitrio, quia ad ea respectu quorum habemus habitus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3086 naturales, naturaliter inclinamur, sicut ad assentiendum primis
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3087 principiis; ea autem ad quae naturaliter inclinamur, non subsunt
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3088 libero arbitrio, sicut dictum est de appetitu beatitudinis. Unde
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3089 contra propriam rationem liberi arbitrii est, quod sit habitus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3090 naturalis. Contra naturalitatem autem eius est, quod sit habitus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3091 non naturalis. Et sic relinquitur quod nullo modo sit habitus.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3092 Secundo hoc apparet, quia habitus dicuntur secundum quos <i>nos
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3093 habemus ad passiones vel ad actus bene vel male</i>, ut dicitur in
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3094 II Ethic., nam per temperantiam bene nos habemus ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3095 concupiscentias, per intemperantiam autem male; per scientiam etiam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3096 bene nos habemus ad actum intellectus, dum verum cognoscimus per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3097 habitum autem contrarium male. Liberum autem arbitrium
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3098 indifferenter se habet ad bene eligendum vel male. Unde impossibile
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3099 est quod liberum arbitrium sit habitus. Relinquitur ergo quod sit
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3100 potentia.</p><p title="I q. 83 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="31929"><span class="ref">[31929] Iª q. 83 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3101 dicendum quod consuetum est potentiam significari nomine actus. Et
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3102 sic per hunc actum qui est liberum iudicium, nominatur potentia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3103 quae est huius actus principium. Alioquin, si liberum arbitrium
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3104 nominaret actum, non semper maneret in homine.</p><p title="I q. 83 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="31930"><span class="ref">[31930] Iª q. 83 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3105 dicendum quod facultas nominat quandoque potestatem expeditam ad
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3106 operandum. Et sic facultas ponitur in definitione liberi arbitrii.
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3107 Bernardus autem accipit habitum non secundum quod dividitur contra
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3108 potentiam, sed secundum quod significat habitudinem quandam, qua
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3109 aliquo modo se aliquis habet ad actum. Quod quidem est tam per
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3110 potentiam quam per habitum, nam per potentiam homo se habet ut
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3111 potens operari, per habitum autem ut aptus ad operandum bene vel
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3112 male.</p><p title="I q. 83 a. 2 ad 3"><a name="31931"><span class="ref">[31931] Iª q. 83 a. 2 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3113 dicendum quod homo peccando liberum arbitrium dicitur perdidisse,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3114 non quantum ad libertatem naturalem, quae est a coactione; sed
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3115 quantum ad libertatem quae est a culpa et a miseria. De qua infra
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3116 in tractatu moralium dicetur, in secunda parte huius operis.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 3</h3><p title="I q. 83 a. 3 arg. 1"><a name="31932"><span class="ref">[31932] Iª q. 83 a. 3 arg. 1</span></a> Ad tertium sic
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3117 proceditur. Videtur quod liberum arbitrium non sit potentia
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3118 appetitiva, sed cognitiva. Dicit enim Damascenus quod <i>cum
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3119 rationali confestim comitatur liberum arbitrium</i>. Sed ratio est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3120 potentia cognitiva. Ergo liberum arbitrium est potentia
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3121 cognitiva.</p><p title="I q. 83 a. 3 arg. 2"><a name="31933"><span class="ref">[31933] Iª q. 83 a. 3 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3122 liberum arbitrium dicitur quasi liberum iudicium. Sed iudicare est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3123 actus cognitivae virtutis. Ergo liberum arbitrium est cognitiva
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3124 potentia.</p><p title="I q. 83 a. 3 arg. 3"><a name="31934"><span class="ref">[31934] Iª q. 83 a. 3 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea, ad
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3125 liberum arbitrium praecipue pertinet electio. Sed electio videtur
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3126 ad cognitionem pertinere, quia electio importat quandam
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3127 comparationem unius ad alterum, quod est proprium cognitivae
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3128 virtutis. Ergo liberum arbitrium est potentia cognitiva.</p><p title="I q. 83 a. 3 s. c."><a name="31935"><span class="ref">[31935] Iª q. 83 a. 3 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3129 quod philosophus dicit, in III Ethic., quod <i>electio est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3130 desiderium eorum quae sunt in nobis</i>. Sed desiderium est actus
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3131 appetitivae virtutis. Ergo et electio. Liberum autem arbitrium est
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3132 secundum quod eligimus. Ergo liberum arbitrium est virtus
53
d777cc3962f2 div-wrapped
ht
parents: 28
diff changeset
3133 appetitiva.</p><p title="I q. 83 a. 3 co."><a name="31936"><span class="ref">[31936] Iª q. 83 a. 3 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
544e12f679ad convert to xml
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parents: 26
diff changeset
3134 quod proprium liberi arbitrii est electio, ex hoc enim liberi
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3135 arbitrii esse dicimur, quod possumus unum recipere, alio recusato,
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3136 quod est eligere. Et ideo naturam liberi arbitrii ex electione
544e12f679ad convert to xml
ht
parents: 26
diff changeset
3137 considerare oportet. Ad electionem autem concurrit aliquid ex parte
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3138 cognitivae virtutis, et aliquid ex parte appetitivae, ex parte
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3139 quidem cognitivae, requiritur consilium, per quod diiudicatur quid
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diff changeset
3140 sit alteri praeferendum; ex parte autem appetitivae, requiritur
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3141 quod appetendo acceptetur id quod per consilium diiudicatur. Et
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3142 ideo Aristoteles in VI Ethic. sub dubio derelinquit utrum
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3143 principalius pertineat electio ad vim appetitivam, vel ad vim
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3144 cognitivam, dicit enim quod electio vel est intellectus
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3145 appetitivus, vel appetitus intellectivus. Sed in III Ethic. in hoc
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3146 magis declinat quod sit appetitus intellectivus, nominans
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3147 electionem desiderium consiliabile. Et huius ratio est, quia
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3148 proprium obiectum electionis est illud quod est ad finem, hoc
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3149 autem, inquantum huiusmodi, habet rationem boni quod dicitur utile,
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3150 unde cum bonum, inquantum huiusmodi, sit obiectum appetitus,
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3151 sequitur quod electio sit principaliter actus appetitivae virtutis.
53
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3152 Et sic liberum arbitrium est appetitiva potentia.</p><p title="I q. 83 a. 3 ad 1"><a name="31937"><span class="ref">[31937] Iª q. 83 a. 3 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
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diff changeset
3153 dicendum quod potentiae appetitivae concomitantur apprehensivas. Et
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3154 secundum hoc dicit Damascenus quod <i>cum rationali confestim
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3155 comitatur liberum arbitrium</i>.</p><p title="I q. 83 a. 3 ad 2"><a name="31938"><span class="ref">[31938] Iª q. 83 a. 3 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
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3156 dicendum quod iudicium est quasi conclusio et determinatio
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3157 consilii. Determinatur autem consilium, primo quidem per sententiam
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3158 rationis, et secundo per acceptationem appetitus, unde philosophus
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diff changeset
3159 dicit, in III Ethic., quod <i>ex consiliari iudicantes desideramus
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3160 secundum consilium</i>. Et hoc modo ipsa electio dicitur quoddam
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3161 iudicium, a quo nominatur liberum arbitrium.</p><p title="I q. 83 a. 3 ad 3"><a name="31939"><span class="ref">[31939] Iª q. 83 a. 3 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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3162 dicendum quod ista collatio quae importatur in nomine electionis,
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3163 pertinet ad consilium praecedens, quod est rationis. Appetitus
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3164 enim, quamvis non sit collativus, tamen inquantum a vi cognitiva
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3165 conferente movetur, habet quandam collationis similitudinem, dum
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3166 unum alteri praeoptat.</p></div><div class="a"><h3>Articulus 4</h3><p title="I q. 83 a. 4 arg. 1"><a name="31940"><span class="ref">[31940] Iª q. 83 a. 4 arg. 1</span></a> Ad quartum sic
28
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3167 proceditur. Videtur quod liberum arbitrium sit alia potentia a
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3168 voluntate. Dicit enim Damascenus, in libro II, quod aliud est
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3169 thelesis, aliud vero bulesis, thelesis autem est voluntas; bulesis
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3170 autem videtur arbitrium liberum, quia bulesis, secundum ipsum, est
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3171 voluntas quae est circa aliquid quasi unius per comparationem ad
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3172 alterum. Ergo videtur quod liberum arbitrium sit alia potentia a
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3173 voluntate.</p><p title="I q. 83 a. 4 arg. 2"><a name="31941"><span class="ref">[31941] Iª q. 83 a. 4 arg. 2</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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3174 potentiae cognoscuntur per actus. Sed electio, quae est actus
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3175 liberi arbitrii, est aliud a voluntate, ut dicitur in III Ethic.,
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3176 <i>quia voluntas est de fine, electio autem de iis quae sunt ad
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3177 finem</i>. Ergo liberum arbitrium est alia potentia a
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3178 voluntate.</p><p title="I q. 83 a. 4 arg. 3"><a name="31942"><span class="ref">[31942] Iª q. 83 a. 4 arg. 3</span></a> Praeterea,
28
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3179 voluntas est appetitus intellectivus. Sed ex parte intellectus sunt
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3180 duae potentiae, scilicet agens et possibilis. Ergo etiam ex parte
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3181 appetitus intellectivi debet esse alia potentia praeter voluntatem.
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3182 Et haec non videtur esse nisi liberum arbitrium. Ergo liberum
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3183 arbitrium est alia potentia praeter voluntatem.</p><p title="I q. 83 a. 4 s. c."><a name="31943"><span class="ref">[31943] Iª q. 83 a. 4 s. c.</span></a> Sed contra est
28
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3184 quod Damascenus dicit, in III libro, quod liberum arbitrium nihil
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3185 aliud est quam voluntas.</p><p title="I q. 83 a. 4 co."><a name="31944"><span class="ref">[31944] Iª q. 83 a. 4 co.</span></a> Respondeo dicendum
28
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3186 quod potentias appetitivas oportet esse proportionatas potentiis
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3187 apprehensivis, ut supra dictum est. Sicut autem ex parte
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3188 apprehensionis intellectivae se habent intellectus et ratio, ita ex
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3189 parte appetitus intellectivi se habent voluntas et liberum
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3190 arbitrium, quod nihil aliud est quam vis electiva. Et hoc patet ex
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3191 habitudine obiectorum et actuum. Nam intelligere importat simplicem
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diff changeset
3192 acceptionem alicuius rei, unde intelligi dicuntur proprie
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diff changeset
3193 principia, quae sine collatione per seipsa cognoscuntur.
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3194 Ratiocinari autem proprie est devenire ex uno in cognitionem
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3195 alterius, unde proprie de conclusionibus ratiocinamur, quae ex
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3196 principiis innotescunt. Similiter ex parte appetitus, velle
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3197 importat simplicem appetitum alicuius rei, unde voluntas dicitur
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3198 esse de fine, qui propter se appetitur. Eligere autem est appetere
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3199 aliquid propter alterum consequendum, unde proprie est eorum quae
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3200 sunt ad finem. Sicut autem se habet in cognitivis principium ad
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3201 conclusionem, cui propter principia assentimus; ita in appetitivis
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3202 se habet finis ad ea quae sunt ad finem, quae propter finem
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3203 appetuntur. Unde manifestum est quod sicut se habet intellectus ad
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3204 rationem, ita se habet voluntas ad vim electivam, idest ad liberum
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3205 arbitrium. Ostensum est autem supra quod eiusdem potentiae est
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3206 intelligere et ratiocinari, sicut eiusdem virtutis est quiescere et
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3207 moveri. Unde etiam eiusdem potentiae est velle et eligere. Et
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3208 propter hoc voluntas et liberum arbitrium non sunt duae potentiae,
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3209 sed una.</p><p title="I q. 83 a. 4 ad 1"><a name="31945"><span class="ref">[31945] Iª q. 83 a. 4 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum ergo
28
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3210 dicendum quod bulesis distinguitur a thelesi, non propter
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3211 diversitatem potentiarum, sed propter differentiam actuum.</p><p title="I q. 83 a. 4 ad 2"><a name="31946"><span class="ref">[31946] Iª q. 83 a. 4 ad 2</span></a> Ad secundum
28
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3212 dicendum quod electio et voluntas, idest ipsum velle, sunt diversi
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3213 actus, sed tamen pertinent ad unam potentiam, sicut etiam
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3214 intelligere et ratiocinari, ut dictum est.</p><p title="I q. 83 a. 4 ad 3"><a name="31947"><span class="ref">[31947] Iª q. 83 a. 4 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
28
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3215 dicendum quod intellectus comparatur ad voluntatem ut movens. Et
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3216 ideo non oportet in voluntate distinguere agens et possibile.</p></div></div><div class="centro"><br/>
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3217 <p><a href="sth1075.html"><img alt="age retro" border="0" align="middle" height="19" width="19" src="icons/ageretro.gif"/></a>  
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3218 <a href="sth1084.html"><img alt="age ultra" border="0" align="middle" height="19" width="19" src="icons/ageultra.gif"/></a></p>
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3219 <br/>
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3220 <hr/>
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3221 <br/>
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3222 <address>© 2006 Fundación Tomás de Aquino quoad
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3223 hanc editionem<br/>
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3224 Iura omnia asservantur<br/>
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3225 OCLC nr. <a style="text-decoration=none" href="http://worldcatlibraries.org/wcpa/oclc/49644264">49644264</a></address>
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3226 </div></body>
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3227 </html>