annotate summa/latin/sth3144.html @ 28:544e12f679ad

convert to xml
author ht
date Tue, 24 Nov 2009 19:27:32 +0000
parents 4006eb4882de
children d777cc3962f2
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28
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1 <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
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2 "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
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3 <html lang="LA" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="LA">
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4 <head>
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5 <meta name="generator" content=
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6 "HTML Tidy for Windows (vers 1st February 2005), see www.w3.org" />
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7 <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content=
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8 "text/html; charset=us-ascii" />
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9 <meta http-equiv="Content-Style-Type" content="text/css" />
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10 <meta http-equiv="Content-Script-Type" content="text/javascript" />
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11 <meta name="keywords" content=
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12 "Thomas de Aquino, Summa Theologiae, Corpus Thomisticum" />
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13 <meta name="language" content="Latin" />
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14 <meta name="security" content="public" />
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15 <meta name="owner" content="ealarcon@unav.es" />
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16 <meta name="author" content="Enrique Alarc&oacute;n" />
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17 <meta name="abstract" content="" />
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18 <link rel="stylesheet" media="screen" href="vscreen.css" type=
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19 "text/css" />
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20 <link rel="stylesheet" media="print" href="vprint.css" type=
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21 "text/css" />
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22 <title>Thomas de Aquino, Summa Theologiae, II&ordf;-IIae q.
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23 144-145</title>
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24 </head>
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25 <body>
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26 <a href="http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/"></a>
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27 <div class="tres">CORPUS THOMISTICUM</div>
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28 <div class="uno">Sancti Thomae de Aquino</div>
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29 <div class="uno">Summa Theologiae</div>
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30 <div class="dos">secunda pars secundae partis a quaestione CXLIV ad
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31 CXLV</div>
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32 <br />
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33 <div class="centro">
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34 <table align="center" summary="Imago">
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35 <tr>
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36 <th><img src="icons/fugit190.jpg" width="275" height="190" border=
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37 "0" alt=
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38 "Thomas de Aquino a Filippino Lippi depictus (Cappella Carafa, S. Maria sopra Minerva, Roma)"
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39 align="middle" /></th>
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40 </tr>
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41 </table>
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42 <br />
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43 <span class="tres">Textum Leoninum Romae 1899 editum<br />
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44 ac automato translatum a Roberto Busa SJ in taenias
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45 magneticas<br />
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46 denuo recognovit Enrique Alarc&oacute;n atque instruxit<br />
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47 <br /></span><br />
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48 <hr />
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49 <br />
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50 <p><a href="sth3143.html"><img src="icons/ageretro.gif" width="19"
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51 height="19" align="middle" border="0" alt="age retro" /></a> &nbsp;
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52 <a href="sth3146.html"><img src="icons/ageultra.gif" width="19"
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53 height="19" align="middle" border="0" alt="age ultra" /></a></p>
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54 <script language="JavaScript" type="text/javascript">
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55 //<![CDATA[
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56 <!--
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57 // original code by Bill Trefzger 12/12/96; revised by Enrique Alarcon 12/9/2000
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136 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#44794">II&ordf;-IIae, q. 145 a. 4 arg. 1');
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137 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#44795">II&ordf;-IIae, q. 145 a. 4 arg. 2');
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138 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#44796">II&ordf;-IIae, q. 145 a. 4 arg. 3');
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139 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#44797">II&ordf;-IIae, q. 145 a. 4 s. c.');
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140 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#44798">II&ordf;-IIae, q. 145 a. 4 co.');
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141 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#44799">II&ordf;-IIae, q. 145 a. 4 ad 1');
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142 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#44800">II&ordf;-IIae, q. 145 a. 4 ad 2');
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143 document.write('<OPTION VALUE="#44801">II&ordf;-IIae, q. 145 a. 4 ad 3');
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144 document.write('<\/SELECT>');
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145 document.write('<BR><BR>');
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146 document.write('<INPUT TYPE="button" VALUE="Agedum" ONCLICK="go()">');
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147 document.write('<\/FORM>');
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148 // -->
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149 //]]>
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150 </script><br />
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151 <hr />
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152 <br /></div>
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153 <div class="D">Quaestio 144</div>
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154 <div class="G">Prooemium</div>
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155 <p title="II-II q. 144 pr."><a name="44724"><span class=
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156 "ref">[44724] II&ordf;-IIae, q. 144 pr.</span></a> Deinde
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157 considerandum est de partibus temperantiae in speciali. Et primo,
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158 de partibus quasi integralibus, quae sunt verecundia et honestas.
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159 Circa verecundiam autem quaeruntur quatuor. Primo, utrum verecundia
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160 sit virtus. Secundo, de quibus sit verecundia. Tertio, a quibus
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161 homo verecundetur. Quarto, quorum sit verecundari.</p>
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162 <br />
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163 <div class="E">Articulus 1</div>
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164 <p title="II-II q. 144 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="44725"><span class=
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165 "ref">[44725] II&ordf;-IIae, q. 144 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
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166 primum sic proceditur. Videtur quod verecundia sit virtus. <i>Esse
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167 enim in medio secundum determinationem rationis est proprium
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168 virtutis</i>, ut patet ex definitione virtutis quae ponitur in II
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169 Ethic. Sed verecundia consistit in tali medio, ut patet per
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170 philosophum, in II Ethic. Ergo verecundia est virtus.</p>
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171 <p title="II-II q. 144 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="44726"><span class=
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172 "ref">[44726] II&ordf;-IIae, q. 144 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a>
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173 Praeterea, omne laudabile vel est virtus, vel ad virtutem pertinet.
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174 Sed verecundia est quiddam laudabile. Non est autem pars alicuius
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175 virtutis. Non enim est pars prudentiae, quia non est in ratione,
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176 sed in appetitu. Neque etiam est pars iustitiae, quia verecundia
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177 passionem quandam importat, iustitia autem non est circa passiones.
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178 Similiter etiam non est pars fortitudinis, quia ad fortitudinem
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179 pertinet persistere et aggredi, ad verecundiam autem refugere
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180 aliquid. Neque etiam est pars temperantiae, quia temperantia est
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181 circa concupiscentias, verecundia autem est timor quidam, ut patet
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182 per philosophum, in IV Ethic., et per Damascenum, in II libro. Ergo
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183 relinquitur quod verecundia sit virtus.</p>
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184 <p title="II-II q. 144 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="44727"><span class=
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185 "ref">[44727] II&ordf;-IIae, q. 144 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a>
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186 Praeterea, honestum cum virtute convertitur, ut patet per Tullium,
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187 in I de Offic. Sed verecundia est quaedam pars honestatis, dicit
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188 enim Ambrosius, in I de Offic., quod <i>verecundia socia ac
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189 familiaris est mentis placiditati, proterviam fugitans, ab omni
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190 luxu aliena, sobrietatem diligit, et honestatem fovet, et decorem
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191 requirit</i>. Ergo verecundia est virtus.</p>
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192 <p title="II-II q. 144 a. 1 arg. 4"><a name="44728"><span class=
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193 "ref">[44728] II&ordf;-IIae, q. 144 a. 1 arg. 4</span></a>
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194 Praeterea, omne vitium opponitur alicui virtuti. Sed quaedam vitia
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195 opponuntur verecundiae, scilicet inverecundia et inordinatus
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196 stupor. Ergo verecundia est virtus.</p>
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197 <p title="II-II q. 144 a. 1 arg. 5"><a name="44729"><span class=
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198 "ref">[44729] II&ordf;-IIae, q. 144 a. 1 arg. 5</span></a>
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199 <i>Praeterea, ex actibus similes habitus generantur</i>, ut dicitur
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200 in II Ethic. Sed verecundia importat actum laudabilem. Ergo ex
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201 multis talibus actibus causatur habitus. Sed habitus laudabilium
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202 operum est virtus, ut patet per philosophum, in I Ethic. Ergo
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203 verecundia est virtus.</p>
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204 <p title="II-II q. 144 a. 1 s. c."><a name="44730"><span class=
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205 "ref">[44730] II&ordf;-IIae, q. 144 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed
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206 contra est quod philosophus, in II et IV Ethic., dicit verecundiam
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207 non esse virtutem.</p>
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208 <p title="II-II q. 144 a. 1 co."><a name="44731"><span class=
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209 "ref">[44731] II&ordf;-IIae, q. 144 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo
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210 dicendum quod virtus dupliciter accipitur, proprie scilicet, et
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211 communiter. Proprie quidem virtus perfectio quaedam est, ut dicitur
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212 in VII Physic. Et ideo omne illud quod repugnat perfectioni, etiam
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213 si sit bonum, deficit a ratione virtutis. Verecundia autem repugnat
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214 perfectioni. Est enim timor alicuius turpis, quod scilicet est
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215 exprobrabile, unde Damascenus dicit quod verecundia est timor de
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216 turpi actu. Sicut autem spes est de bono possibili et arduo, ita
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217 etiam timor est de malo possibili et arduo, ut supra habitum est,
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218 cum de passionibus ageretur. Ille autem qui est perfectus secundum
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219 habitum virtutis, non apprehendit aliquod exprobrabile et turpe ad
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220 faciendum ut possibile et arduum, idest difficile ad vitandum,
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221 neque etiam actu facit aliquid turpe, unde opprobrium timeat. Unde
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222 verecundia, proprie loquendo, non est virtus, deficit enim a
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223 perfectione virtutis. Communiter autem virtus dicitur omne quod est
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224 bonum et laudabile in humanis actibus vel passionibus. Et secundum
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225 hoc, verecundia quandoque dicitur virtus, cum sit quaedam
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226 laudabilis passio.</p>
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227 <p title="II-II q. 144 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="44732"><span class=
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228 "ref">[44732] II&ordf;-IIae, q. 144 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
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229 ergo dicendum quod esse in medio non sufficit ad rationem virtutis,
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230 quamvis sit una particula posita in virtutis definitione, sed
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231 requiritur ulterius quod sit habitus electivus, idest ex electione
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232 operans. Verecundia autem non nominat habitum, sed passionem. Neque
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233 motus eius est ex electione, sed ex impetu quodam passionis. Unde
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234 deficit a ratione virtutis.</p>
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235 <p title="II-II q. 144 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="44733"><span class=
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236 "ref">[44733] II&ordf;-IIae, q. 144 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad
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237 secundum dicendum quod, sicut dictum est, verecundia est timor
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238 turpitudinis et exprobrationis. Dictum est autem supra quod vitium
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239 intemperantiae est turpissimum et maxime exprobrabile. Et ideo
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240 verecundia principalius pertinet ad temperantiam quam ad aliquam
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241 aliam virtutem, ratione motivi, quod est turpe, non autem secundum
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242 speciem passionis, quae est timor. Secundum tamen quod vitia aliis
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243 virtutibus opposita sunt turpia et exprobrabilia, potest etiam
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244 verecundia ad alias virtutes pertinere.</p>
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245 <p title="II-II q. 144 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="44734"><span class=
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246 "ref">[44734] II&ordf;-IIae, q. 144 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
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247 dicendum quod verecundia fovet honestatem removendo ea quae sunt
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248 honestati contraria, non ita quod pertingat ad perfectam rationem
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249 honestatis.</p>
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250 <p title="II-II q. 144 a. 1 ad 4"><a name="44735"><span class=
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251 "ref">[44735] II&ordf;-IIae, q. 144 a. 1 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
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252 dicendum quod quilibet defectus causat vitium, non autem quodlibet
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253 bonum sufficit ad rationem virtutis. Et ideo non oportet quod omne
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254 illud cui directe opponitur vitium, sit virtus. Quamvis omne vitium
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255 opponatur alicui virtuti secundum suam originem. Et sic
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256 inverecundia, inquantum provenit ex nimio amore turpitudinum,
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257 opponitur temperantiae.</p>
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258 <p title="II-II q. 144 a. 1 ad 5"><a name="44736"><span class=
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259 "ref">[44736] II&ordf;-IIae, q. 144 a. 1 ad 5</span></a> Ad quintum
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260 dicendum quod ex multoties verecundari causatur habitus virtutis
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261 acquisitae per quam aliquis turpia vitet, de quibus est verecundia,
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262 non autem ut aliquis ulterius verecundetur. Sed ex illo habitu
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263 virtutis acquisitae sic se habet aliquis quod magis verecundaretur
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264 si materia verecundiae adesset.</p>
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265 <br />
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266 <div class="E">Articulus 2</div>
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267 <p title="II-II q. 144 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="44737"><span class=
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268 "ref">[44737] II&ordf;-IIae, q. 144 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
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269 secundum sic proceditur. Videtur quod verecundia non sit de turpi
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270 actu. Dicit enim philosophus, in IV Ethic., quod verecundia est
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271 timor ingloriationis. Sed quandoque illi qui nihil turpe operantur,
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272 ingloriationem sustinent, secundum illud Psalmi, <i>propter te
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273 sustinui opprobrium, operuit confusio faciem meam</i>. Ergo
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274 verecundia non est proprie de turpi actu.</p>
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275 <p title="II-II q. 144 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="44738"><span class=
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276 "ref">[44738] II&ordf;-IIae, q. 144 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a>
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277 Praeterea, illa solum videntur esse turpia quae habent rationem
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278 peccati. Sed de quibusdam homo verecundatur quae non sunt peccata,
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279 puta si aliquis exerceat servilia opera. Ergo videtur quod
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280 verecundia non sit proprie de turpi actu.</p>
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281 <p title="II-II q. 144 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="44739"><span class=
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282 "ref">[44739] II&ordf;-IIae, q. 144 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a>
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283 Praeterea, operationes virtutum non sunt turpes, sed pulcherrimae,
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284 ut dicitur in I Ethic. Sed quandoque aliqui verecundantur aliqua
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285 opera virtutis facere, ut dicitur Luc. IX, <i>qui erubuerit me et
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286 meos sermones, hunc filius hominis erubescet</i>, et cetera. Ergo
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287 verecundia non est de turpi actu.</p>
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288 <p title="II-II q. 144 a. 2 arg. 4"><a name="44740"><span class=
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289 "ref">[44740] II&ordf;-IIae, q. 144 a. 2 arg. 4</span></a>
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290 Praeterea, si verecundia proprie esset de turpi actu, oporteret
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291 quod de magis turpibus homo magis verecundaretur. Sed quandoque
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292 homo plus verecundatur de his quae sunt minus peccata, cum tamen de
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293 gravissimis quibusdam peccatis glorientur, secundum illud Psalmi,
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294 <i>quid gloriaris in malitia?</i> Ergo verecundia non proprie est
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295 de turpi actu.</p>
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296 <p title="II-II q. 144 a. 2 s. c."><a name="44741"><span class=
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297 "ref">[44741] II&ordf;-IIae, q. 144 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed
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298 contra est quod Damascenus dicit, in II libro, et Gregorius
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299 Nyssenus, quod <i>verecundia est timor in turpi actu, vel in turpi
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300 perpetrato</i>.</p>
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301 <p title="II-II q. 144 a. 2 co."><a name="44742"><span class=
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302 "ref">[44742] II&ordf;-IIae, q. 144 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo
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303 dicendum quod, sicut supra dictum est, cum de passione timoris
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304 ageretur, timor proprie est de malo arduo, quod scilicet difficile
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305 vitatur. Est autem duplex turpitudo. Una quidem vitiosa, quae
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306 scilicet consistit in deformitate actus voluntarii. Et haec,
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307 proprie loquendo, non habet rationem mali ardui, quod enim in sola
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308 voluntate consistit, non videtur esse arduum et elevatum supra
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309 hominis potestatem, et propter hoc non apprehenditur sub ratione
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310 terribilis. Et propter hoc philosophus dicit, in II Rhet., quod
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311 horum malorum non est timor. Alia autem est turpitudo quasi
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312 poenalis, quae quidem consistit in vituperatione alicuius, sicut
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313 quaedam claritas gloriae consistit in honoratione alicuius. Et quia
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314 huiusmodi vituperium habet rationem mali ardui, sicut honor habet
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315 rationem boni ardui; verecundia, quae est timor turpitudinis, primo
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316 et principaliter respicit vituperium seu opprobrium. Et quia
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317 vituperium proprie debetur vitio, sicut honor virtuti, ideo etiam
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318 ex consequenti verecundia respicit turpitudinem vitiosam. Unde,
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319 sicut philosophus dicit, in II Rhet., minus homo verecundatur de
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320 defectibus qui non ex eius culpa proveniunt. Respicit autem
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321 verecundia culpam dupliciter. Uno modo, ut aliquis desinat vitiosa
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322 agere, propter timorem vituperii. Alio modo, ut homo in turpibus
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323 quae agit vitet publicos conspectus, propter timorem vituperii.
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324 Quorum primum, secundum Gregorium Nyssenum, pertinet ad
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325 erubescentiam, secundum ad verecundiam, unde ipse dicit quod <i>qui
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326 verecundatur, occultat se in his quae agit, qui vero erubescit,
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327 timet incidere in ingloriationem</i>.</p>
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328 <p title="II-II q. 144 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="44743"><span class=
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329 "ref">[44743] II&ordf;-IIae, q. 144 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
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330 ergo dicendum quod verecundia proprie respicit ingloriationem
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331 secundum quod debetur culpae, quae est defectus voluntarius. Unde
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332 philosophus dicit, in II Rhet., quod <i>omnia illa homo magis
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333 verecundatur quorum ipse est causa</i>. Opprobria autem quae
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334 inferuntur alicui propter virtutem, virtuosus quidem contemnit,
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335 quia indigne sibi irrogantur, sicut de magnanimis philosophus
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336 dicit, in IV Ethic.; et de apostolis dicitur Act. V, quod <i>ibant
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337 apostoli gaudentes a conspectu Concilii, quoniam digni habiti sunt
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338 pro nomine Iesu contumeliam pati</i>. Ex imperfectione autem
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339 virtutis contingit quod aliquis verecundetur de opprobriis quae
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340 sibi inferuntur propter virtutem, quia quanto aliquis est magis
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341 virtuosus, tanto magis contemnit exteriora bona vel mala. Unde
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342 dicitur Isaiae li, <i>noli timere opprobrium hominum</i>.</p>
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343 <p title="II-II q. 144 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="44744"><span class=
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344 "ref">[44744] II&ordf;-IIae, q. 144 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Ad
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345 secundum dicendum quod sicut honor, ut supra habitum est, quamvis
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346 non debeatur vere nisi soli virtuti, respicit tamen quandam
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347 excellentiam; ita etiam vituperium, quamvis debeatur proprie soli
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348 culpae, respicit tamen, ad minus secundum opinionem hominum,
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349 quemcumque defectum. Et ideo de paupertate et ignobilitate et
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350 servitute, et aliis huiusmodi, aliquis verecundatur.</p>
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351 <p title="II-II q. 144 a. 2 ad 3"><a name="44745"><span class=
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352 "ref">[44745] II&ordf;-IIae, q. 144 a. 2 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
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353 dicendum quod de operibus virtuosis in se consideratis non est
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354 verecundia. Contingit tamen per accidens quod aliquis de eis
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355 verecundetur, vel inquantum habentur ut vitiosa secundum hominum
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356 opinionem; vel inquantum homo refugit in operibus virtutis notam de
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357 praesumptione, aut etiam de simulatione.</p>
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358 <p title="II-II q. 144 a. 2 ad 4"><a name="44746"><span class=
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359 "ref">[44746] II&ordf;-IIae, q. 144 a. 2 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
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360 dicendum quod quandoque contingit aliqua graviora peccata minus
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361 esse verecundabilia, vel quia habent minus de ratione turpitudinis,
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362 sicut peccata spiritualia quam carnalia, vel quia in quodam excessu
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363 temporalis boni se habent, sicut magis verecundatur homo de
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364 timiditate quam de audacia, et de furto quam de rapina, propter
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365 quandam speciem potestatis. Et simile est in aliis.</p>
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366 <br />
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367 <div class="E">Articulus 3</div>
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368 <p title="II-II q. 144 a. 3 arg. 1"><a name="44747"><span class=
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369 "ref">[44747] II&ordf;-IIae, q. 144 a. 3 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
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370 tertium sic proceditur. Videtur quod homo non magis verecundetur a
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371 personis coniunctis. Dicitur enim in II Rhet. quod <i>homines magis
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372 erubescunt ab illis a quibus volunt in admiratione haberi</i>. Sed
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373 hoc maxime appetit homo a melioribus, qui quandoque non sunt magis
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374 coniuncti. Ergo homo non magis erubescit de magis coniunctis.</p>
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375 <p title="II-II q. 144 a. 3 arg. 2"><a name="44748"><span class=
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376 "ref">[44748] II&ordf;-IIae, q. 144 a. 3 arg. 2</span></a>
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377 Praeterea, illi videntur esse magis coniuncti qui sunt similium
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378 operum. Sed homo non erubescit de suo peccato ab his quos scit
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379 simili peccato subiacere, quia sicut dicitur in II Rhet., <i>quae
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380 quis ipse facit, haec proximis non vetat</i>. Ergo homo non magis
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381 verecundatur a maxime coniunctis.</p>
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382 <p title="II-II q. 144 a. 3 arg. 3"><a name="44749"><span class=
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383 "ref">[44749] II&ordf;-IIae, q. 144 a. 3 arg. 3</span></a>
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384 Praeterea, philosophus dicit, in II Rhet., quod <i>homo magis
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385 verecundatur ab his qui propalant multis quod sciunt, sicut sunt
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386 irrisores et fabularum fictores</i>. Sed illi qui sunt magis
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387 coniuncti non solent vitia propalare. Ergo ab eis non maxime est
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388 verecundandum.</p>
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389 <p title="II-II q. 144 a. 3 arg. 4"><a name="44750"><span class=
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390 "ref">[44750] II&ordf;-IIae, q. 144 a. 3 arg. 4</span></a>
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391 Praeterea, philosophus, ibidem, dicit quod <i>homines maxime
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392 verecundantur ab eis inter quos in nullo defecerunt; et ab eis a
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393 quibus primo aliquid postulant; et quorum nunc primo volunt esse
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394 amici</i>. Huiusmodi autem sunt minus coniuncti. Ergo non magis
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395 verecundatur homo de magis coniunctis.</p>
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396 <p title="II-II q. 144 a. 3 s. c."><a name="44751"><span class=
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397 "ref">[44751] II&ordf;-IIae, q. 144 a. 3 s. c.</span></a> Sed
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398 contra est quod dicitur in II Rhet., quod <i>eos qui semper
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399 aderunt, homines magis erubescunt</i>.</p>
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400 <p title="II-II q. 144 a. 3 co."><a name="44752"><span class=
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401 "ref">[44752] II&ordf;-IIae, q. 144 a. 3 co.</span></a> Respondeo
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402 dicendum quod, cum vituperium opponatur honori, sicut honor
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403 importat testimonium quoddam de excellentia alicuius, et praecipue
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404 quae est secundum virtutem; ita etiam opprobrium, cuius timor est
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405 verecundia, importat testimonium de defectu alicuius, et praecipue
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406 secundum aliquam culpam. Et ideo quanto testimonium alicuius
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407 reputatur maioris ponderis, tanto ab eo aliquis magis verecundatur.
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408 Potest autem testimonium aliquod maioris ponderis reputari vel
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409 propter eius certitudinem veritatis vel propter effectum. Certitudo
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410 autem veritatis adest testimonio alicuius propter duo. Uno quidem
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411 modo, propter rectitudinem iudicii, sicut patet de sapientibus et
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412 virtuosis, a quibus homo et magis desiderat honorari, et magis
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413 verecundatur. Unde a pueris et bestiis nullus verecundatur, propter
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414 defectum recti iudicii qui est in eis. Alio modo, propter
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415 cognitionem eorum de quibus est testimonium, quia unusquisque bene
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416 iudicat quae cognoscit. Et sic magis verecundamur a personis
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417 coniunctis, quae magis facta nostra considerant. A peregrinis autem
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418 et omnino ignotis, ad quos facta nostra non perveniunt, nullo modo
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419 verecundamur. Ex effectu autem est aliquod testimonium magni
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420 ponderis propter iuvamentum vel nocumentum ab eo proveniens. Et
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421 ideo magis desiderant homines honorari ab his qui possunt eos
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422 iuvare, et magis verecundantur ab eis qui possunt nocere. Et inde
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423 est etiam quod, quantum ad aliquid, magis verecundamur a personis
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424 coniunctis, cum quibus semper sumus conversaturi, quasi ex hoc
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425 nobis perpetuum proveniat detrimentum. Quod autem provenit a
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426 peregrinis et transeuntibus, quasi cito pertransit.</p>
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427 <p title="II-II q. 144 a. 3 ad 1"><a name="44753"><span class=
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428 "ref">[44753] II&ordf;-IIae, q. 144 a. 3 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
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429 ergo dicendum quod similis ratio est propter quam verecundamur de
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430 melioribus, et de magis coniunctis. Quia sicut meliorum testimonium
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431 reputatur magis efficax propter universalem cognitionem quam habent
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432 de rebus, et immutabilem sententiam a veritate; ita etiam
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433 familiarium personarum testimonium videtur magis efficax propter
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434 hoc quia magis cognoscunt particularia quae circa nos sunt.</p>
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435 <p title="II-II q. 144 a. 3 ad 2"><a name="44754"><span class=
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436 "ref">[44754] II&ordf;-IIae, q. 144 a. 3 ad 2</span></a> Ad
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437 secundum dicendum quod testimonium eorum qui sunt nobis coniuncti
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438 in similitudine peccati, non reformidamus, quia non aestimamus quod
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439 defectum nostrum apprehendant ut aliquid turpe.</p>
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440 <p title="II-II q. 144 a. 3 ad 3"><a name="44755"><span class=
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441 "ref">[44755] II&ordf;-IIae, q. 144 a. 3 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
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442 dicendum quod a propalantibus verecundamur propter nocumentum inde
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443 proveniens, quod est diffamatio apud multos.</p>
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444 <p title="II-II q. 144 a. 3 ad 4"><a name="44756"><span class=
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445 "ref">[44756] II&ordf;-IIae, q. 144 a. 3 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
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446 dicendum quod etiam ab illis inter quos nihil mali fecimus, magis
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447 verecundamur, propter nocumentum sequens, quia scilicet per hoc
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448 amittimus bonam opinionem quam de nobis habebant. Et etiam quia
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449 contraria, iuxta se posita, maiora videntur, unde cum aliquis
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450 subito de aliquo quem bonum aestimavit, aliquid turpe percipit,
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451 apprehendit hoc ut turpius. Ab illis autem a quibus aliquid de novo
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452 postulamus, vel quorum nunc primo volumus esse amici, magis
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453 verecundamur, propter nocumentum inde proveniens, quod est
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454 impedimentum implendae petitionis et amicitiae consummandae.</p>
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455 <br />
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456 <div class="E">Articulus 4</div>
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457 <p title="II-II q. 144 a. 4 arg. 1"><a name="44757"><span class=
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458 "ref">[44757] II&ordf;-IIae, q. 144 a. 4 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
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459 quartum sic proceditur. Videtur quod etiam in virtuosis hominibus
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460 possit esse verecundia. Contrariorum enim contrarii sunt effectus.
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461 Sed illi qui sunt superabundantis malitiae non verecundantur,
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462 secundum illud Ierem. III, <i>species meretricis facta est tibi,
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463 nescisti erubescere</i>. Ergo illi qui sunt virtuosi magis
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464 verecundantur.</p>
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465 <p title="II-II q. 144 a. 4 arg. 2"><a name="44758"><span class=
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466 "ref">[44758] II&ordf;-IIae, q. 144 a. 4 arg. 2</span></a>
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467 Praeterea, philosophus dicit, in II Rhet., quod <i>homines non
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468 solum erubescunt vitia, sed etiam signa vitiorum</i>. Quae quidem
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469 contingit etiam esse in virtuosis. Ergo in virtuosis potest esse
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diff changeset
470 verecundia.</p>
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diff changeset
471 <p title="II-II q. 144 a. 4 arg. 3"><a name="44759"><span class=
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diff changeset
472 "ref">[44759] II&ordf;-IIae, q. 144 a. 4 arg. 3</span></a>
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diff changeset
473 Praeterea, verecundia est timor ingloriationis. Sed contingit
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diff changeset
474 aliquos virtuosos ingloriosos esse, puta si falso infamantur, vel
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diff changeset
475 etiam indigne opprobria patiantur. Ergo verecundia potest esse in
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diff changeset
476 homine virtuoso.</p>
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diff changeset
477 <p title="II-II q. 144 a. 4 arg. 4"><a name="44760"><span class=
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diff changeset
478 "ref">[44760] II&ordf;-IIae, q. 144 a. 4 arg. 4</span></a>
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diff changeset
479 Praeterea, verecundia est pars temperantiae, ut dictum est. Pars
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diff changeset
480 autem non separatur a toto. Cum igitur temperantia sit in homine
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parents: 26
diff changeset
481 virtuoso, videtur quod etiam verecundia.</p>
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diff changeset
482 <p title="II-II q. 144 a. 4 s. c."><a name="44761"><span class=
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diff changeset
483 "ref">[44761] II&ordf;-IIae, q. 144 a. 4 s. c.</span></a> Sed
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diff changeset
484 contra est quod philosophus dicit, in IV Ethic., quod <i>verecundia
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diff changeset
485 non est hominis studiosi</i>.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
486 <p title="II-II q. 144 a. 4 co."><a name="44762"><span class=
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diff changeset
487 "ref">[44762] II&ordf;-IIae, q. 144 a. 4 co.</span></a> Respondeo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
488 dicendum quod, sicut dictum est, verecundia est timor alicuius
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parents: 26
diff changeset
489 turpitudinis. Quod autem aliquod malum non timeatur, potest duplici
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parents: 26
diff changeset
490 ratione contingere, uno modo, quia non aestimatur ut malum; alio
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parents: 26
diff changeset
491 modo, quia non aestimatur ut possibile, vel ut difficile vitari. Et
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diff changeset
492 secundum hoc, verecundia in aliquo deficit dupliciter. Uno modo,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
493 quia ea quae sunt erubescibilia, non apprehenduntur ut turpia. Et
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diff changeset
494 hoc modo carent verecundia homines in peccatis profundati, quibus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
495 sua peccata non displicent, sed magis de eis gloriantur. Alio modo,
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diff changeset
496 quia non apprehendunt turpitudinem ut possibilem sibi, vel quasi
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parents: 26
diff changeset
497 non facile vitabilem. Et hoc modo senes et virtuosi verecundia
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parents: 26
diff changeset
498 carent. Sunt tamen sic dispositi ut, si in eis esset aliquid turpe,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
499 de hoc verecundarentur, unde philosophus dicit, in IV Ethic., quod
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parents: 26
diff changeset
500 <i>verecundia est ex suppositione studiosi</i>.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
501 <p title="II-II q. 144 a. 4 ad 1"><a name="44763"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
502 "ref">[44763] II&ordf;-IIae, q. 144 a. 4 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
503 ergo dicendum quod defectus verecundiae contingit in pessimis et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
504 optimis viris ex diversis causis, ut dictum est. Invenitur autem in
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parents: 26
diff changeset
505 his qui mediocriter se habent, secundum quod est in eis aliquid de
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parents: 26
diff changeset
506 amore boni, et tamen non totaliter sunt immunes a malo.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
507 <p title="II-II q. 144 a. 4 ad 2"><a name="44764"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
508 "ref">[44764] II&ordf;-IIae, q. 144 a. 4 ad 2</span></a> Ad
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diff changeset
509 secundum dicendum quod ad virtuosum pertinet non solum vitare
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parents: 26
diff changeset
510 vitia, sed etiam ea quae habent speciem vitiorum, secundum illud I
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parents: 26
diff changeset
511 ad Thess. V, <i>ab omni specie mala abstinete vos</i>. Et
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diff changeset
512 philosophus dicit, in IV Ethic., quod vitanda sunt virtuoso tam ea
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diff changeset
513 quae sunt mala secundum veritatem, quam ea quae sunt mala secundum
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514 opinionem.</p>
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diff changeset
515 <p title="II-II q. 144 a. 4 ad 3"><a name="44765"><span class=
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diff changeset
516 "ref">[44765] II&ordf;-IIae, q. 144 a. 4 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
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diff changeset
517 dicendum quod infamationes et opprobria virtuosus, ut dictum est,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
518 contemnit, quasi ea quibus ipse non est dignus. Et ideo de his nemo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
519 multum verecundatur. Est tamen aliquis motus verecundiae
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parents: 26
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520 praeveniens rationem, sicut et ceterarum passionum.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
521 <p title="II-II q. 144 a. 4 ad 4"><a name="44766"><span class=
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diff changeset
522 "ref">[44766] II&ordf;-IIae, q. 144 a. 4 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
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diff changeset
523 dicendum quod verecundia non est pars temperantiae quasi intrans
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parents: 26
diff changeset
524 essentiam eius, sed quasi dispositive se habens ad ipsam. Unde
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diff changeset
525 Ambrosius dicit, in I de Offic., quod <i>verecundia iacit prima
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diff changeset
526 temperantiae fundamenta</i>, inquantum scilicet incutit horrorem
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diff changeset
527 turpitudinis.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
528 <br />
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diff changeset
529 <div class="D">Quaestio 145</div>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
530 <div class="G">Prooemium</div>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
531 <p title="II-II q. 145 pr."><a name="44767"><span class=
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diff changeset
532 "ref">[44767] II&ordf;-IIae, q. 145 pr.</span></a> Deinde
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diff changeset
533 considerandum est de honestate. Et circa hoc quaeruntur quatuor.
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diff changeset
534 Primo, quomodo honestum se habeat ad virtutem. Secundo, quomodo se
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diff changeset
535 habeat ad decorem. Tertio, quomodo se habeat ad utile et
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diff changeset
536 delectabile. Quarto, utrum honestas sit pars temperantiae.</p>
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diff changeset
537 <br />
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parents: 26
diff changeset
538 <div class="E">Articulus 1</div>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
539 <p title="II-II q. 145 a. 1 arg. 1"><a name="44768"><span class=
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diff changeset
540 "ref">[44768] II&ordf;-IIae, q. 145 a. 1 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
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diff changeset
541 primum sic proceditur. Videtur quod honestum non sit idem virtuti.
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542 Dicit enim Tullius, in sua rhetorica honestum esse quod propter se
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543 petitur. Virtus autem non petitur propter seipsam, sed propter
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parents: 26
diff changeset
544 felicitatem, dicit enim philosophus, in I Ethic., quod felicitas
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diff changeset
545 est praemium virtutis et finis. Ergo honestum non est idem
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diff changeset
546 virtuti.</p>
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diff changeset
547 <p title="II-II q. 145 a. 1 arg. 2"><a name="44769"><span class=
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diff changeset
548 "ref">[44769] II&ordf;-IIae, q. 145 a. 1 arg. 2</span></a>
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diff changeset
549 Praeterea, secundum Isidorum, honestas dicitur quasi honoris
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parents: 26
diff changeset
550 status. Sed multis aliis debetur honor quam virtuti, nam virtuti
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parents: 26
diff changeset
551 proprie debetur laus, ut dicitur in I Ethic. Ergo honestas non est
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diff changeset
552 idem virtuti.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
553 <p title="II-II q. 145 a. 1 arg. 3"><a name="44770"><span class=
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diff changeset
554 "ref">[44770] II&ordf;-IIae, q. 145 a. 1 arg. 3</span></a>
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diff changeset
555 <i>Praeterea, principale virtutis consistit in interiori
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diff changeset
556 electione</i>, ut philosophus dicit, in VIII Ethic. Honestas autem
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diff changeset
557 magis videtur ad exteriorem conversationem pertinere, secundum
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diff changeset
558 illud I ad Cor. XIV, <i>omnia honeste et secundum ordinem fiant in
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diff changeset
559 vobis</i>. Ergo honestas non est idem virtuti.</p>
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diff changeset
560 <p title="II-II q. 145 a. 1 arg. 4"><a name="44771"><span class=
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diff changeset
561 "ref">[44771] II&ordf;-IIae, q. 145 a. 1 arg. 4</span></a>
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diff changeset
562 Praeterea, honestas videtur consistere in exterioribus divitiis,
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diff changeset
563 secundum illud Eccli. XI, <i>bona et mala, vita et mors, utraque a
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564 Deo sunt</i>. Sed in exterioribus divitiis non consistit virtus.
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565 Ergo honestas non est idem virtuti.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
566 <p title="II-II q. 145 a. 1 s. c."><a name="44772"><span class=
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diff changeset
567 "ref">[44772] II&ordf;-IIae, q. 145 a. 1 s. c.</span></a> Sed
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diff changeset
568 contra est quod Tullius, in I de Offic. et in II Rhet., dividit
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parents: 26
diff changeset
569 honestum in quatuor virtutes principales, in quas etiam dividitur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
570 virtus. Ergo honestum est idem virtuti.</p>
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diff changeset
571 <p title="II-II q. 145 a. 1 co."><a name="44773"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
572 "ref">[44773] II&ordf;-IIae, q. 145 a. 1 co.</span></a> Respondeo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
573 dicendum quod, sicut Isidorus dicit, honestas dicitur quasi honoris
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diff changeset
574 status. Unde ex hoc videtur aliquid dici honestum, quod est honore
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parents: 26
diff changeset
575 dignum. Honor autem, ut supra dictum est, excellentiae debetur.
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diff changeset
576 Excellentia autem hominis maxime consideratur secundum virtutem,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
577 quia est dispositio perfecti ad optimum, ut dicitur in VII Physic.
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diff changeset
578 Et ideo honestum, proprie loquendo, in idem refertur cum
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diff changeset
579 virtute.</p>
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diff changeset
580 <p title="II-II q. 145 a. 1 ad 1"><a name="44774"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
581 "ref">[44774] II&ordf;-IIae, q. 145 a. 1 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
582 ergo dicendum quod, sicut philosophus dicit, in I Ethic., eorum
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diff changeset
583 quae propter se appetuntur, quaedam appetuntur solum propter se, et
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diff changeset
584 nunquam propter aliud, sicut felicitas, quae est ultimus finis.
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diff changeset
585 Quaedam vero appetuntur et propter se, inquantum habent in seipsis
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diff changeset
586 aliquam rationem bonitatis, etiam si nihil aliud boni per ea nobis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
587 accideret, et tamen sunt appetibilia propter aliud, inquantum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
588 scilicet perducunt nos in aliquod bonum perfectius. Et hoc modo
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parents: 26
diff changeset
589 virtutes sunt propter se appetendae. Unde Tullius dicit, in II
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parents: 26
diff changeset
590 Rhet., quod <i>quiddam est quod sua vi nos allicit, et sua
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diff changeset
591 dignitate trahit</i>, ut virtus, veritas, scientia. Et hoc sufficit
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diff changeset
592 ad rationem honesti.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
593 <p title="II-II q. 145 a. 1 ad 2"><a name="44775"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
594 "ref">[44775] II&ordf;-IIae, q. 145 a. 1 ad 2</span></a> Ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
595 secundum dicendum quod eorum quae honorantur praeter virtutem,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
596 aliquid est virtute excellentius, scilicet Deus et beatitudo. Et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
597 huiusmodi non sunt ita nobis per experientiam nota sicut virtutes,
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diff changeset
598 secundum quas quotidie operamur. Et ideo virtus magis sibi vindicat
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parents: 26
diff changeset
599 nomen honesti. Alia vero, quae sunt infra virtutem, honorantur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
600 inquantum coadiuvant ad operationem virtutis, sicut nobilitas,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
601 potentia et divitiae. Ut enim philosophus dicit, in IV Ethic.,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
602 huiusmodi <i>honorantur a quibusdam, sed secundum veritatem, solus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
603 bonus est honorandus</i>. Bonus autem est aliquis secundum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
604 virtutem. Et ideo virtuti quidem debetur laus, secundum quod est
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parents: 26
diff changeset
605 appetibilis propter aliud, honor autem, prout est appetibilis
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parents: 26
diff changeset
606 propter seipsam. Et secundum hoc habet rationem honesti.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
607 <p title="II-II q. 145 a. 1 ad 3"><a name="44776"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
608 "ref">[44776] II&ordf;-IIae, q. 145 a. 1 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
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parents: 26
diff changeset
609 dicendum quod, sicut dictum est, honestum importat debitum honoris.
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parents: 26
diff changeset
610 Honor autem est contestatio quaedam de excellentia alicuius, ut
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parents: 26
diff changeset
611 supra dictum est. Testimonium autem non profertur nisi de rebus
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parents: 26
diff changeset
612 notis. Interior autem electio non innotescit homini nisi per
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parents: 26
diff changeset
613 exteriores actus. Et ideo exterior conversatio habet rationem
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parents: 26
diff changeset
614 honesti secundum quod est demonstrativa interioris rectitudinis. Et
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parents: 26
diff changeset
615 propter hoc, radicaliter honestas consistit in interiori electione,
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parents: 26
diff changeset
616 significative autem in exteriori conversatione.</p>
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diff changeset
617 <p title="II-II q. 145 a. 1 ad 4"><a name="44777"><span class=
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parents: 26
diff changeset
618 "ref">[44777] II&ordf;-IIae, q. 145 a. 1 ad 4</span></a> Ad quartum
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parents: 26
diff changeset
619 dicendum quod quia secundum vulgarem opinionem excellentia
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parents: 26
diff changeset
620 divitiarum facit hominem dignum honore, inde est quod quandoque
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parents: 26
diff changeset
621 nomen honestatis ad exteriorem prosperitatem transfertur.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
622 <br />
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parents: 26
diff changeset
623 <div class="E">Articulus 2</div>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
624 <p title="II-II q. 145 a. 2 arg. 1"><a name="44778"><span class=
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diff changeset
625 "ref">[44778] II&ordf;-IIae, q. 145 a. 2 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
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parents: 26
diff changeset
626 secundum sic proceditur. Videtur quod honestum non sit idem quod
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diff changeset
627 decorum. Ratio enim honesti sumitur ex appetitu, nam honestum est
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diff changeset
628 quod per se appetitur. Sed decorum magis respicit aspectum, cui
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diff changeset
629 placet. Ergo decorum non est idem quod honestum.</p>
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diff changeset
630 <p title="II-II q. 145 a. 2 arg. 2"><a name="44779"><span class=
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diff changeset
631 "ref">[44779] II&ordf;-IIae, q. 145 a. 2 arg. 2</span></a>
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diff changeset
632 Praeterea, decor quandam claritatem requirit, quae pertinet ad
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diff changeset
633 rationem gloriae. Honestum autem respicit honorem. Cum igitur honor
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parents: 26
diff changeset
634 et gloria differant, ut supra dictum est, videtur quod etiam
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parents: 26
diff changeset
635 honestum differat a decoro.</p>
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parents: 26
diff changeset
636 <p title="II-II q. 145 a. 2 arg. 3"><a name="44780"><span class=
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diff changeset
637 "ref">[44780] II&ordf;-IIae, q. 145 a. 2 arg. 3</span></a>
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diff changeset
638 Praeterea, honestum est idem virtuti, ut supra dictum est. Sed
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diff changeset
639 aliquis decor contrariatur virtuti, unde dicitur Ezech. XVI,
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640 <i>habens fiduciam in pulchritudine tua, fornicata es in nomine
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641 tuo</i>. Ergo honestum non est idem decoro.</p>
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642 <p title="II-II q. 145 a. 2 s. c."><a name="44781"><span class=
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diff changeset
643 "ref">[44781] II&ordf;-IIae, q. 145 a. 2 s. c.</span></a> Sed
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diff changeset
644 contra est quod apostolus dicit, I ad Cor. XII, <i>quae inhonesta
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diff changeset
645 sunt nostra, abundantiorem honestatem habent, honesta autem nostra
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diff changeset
646 nullius egent</i>. Vocat autem ibi inhonesta, membra turpia;
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diff changeset
647 honesta autem, membra pulchra. Ergo honestum et decorum idem esse
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diff changeset
648 videntur.</p>
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649 <p title="II-II q. 145 a. 2 co."><a name="44782"><span class=
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diff changeset
650 "ref">[44782] II&ordf;-IIae, q. 145 a. 2 co.</span></a> Respondeo
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diff changeset
651 dicendum quod, sicut accipi potest ex verbis Dionysii, IV cap. de
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diff changeset
652 Div. Nom., ad rationem pulchri, sive decori, concurrit et claritas
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diff changeset
653 et debita proportio, dicit enim quod <i>Deus dicitur pulcher sicut
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diff changeset
654 universorum consonantiae et claritatis causa</i>. Unde pulchritudo
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diff changeset
655 corporis in hoc consistit quod homo habeat membra corporis bene
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diff changeset
656 proportionata, cum quadam debiti coloris claritate. Et similiter
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diff changeset
657 pulchritudo spiritualis in hoc consistit quod conversatio hominis,
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diff changeset
658 sive actio eius, sit bene proportionata secundum spiritualem
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diff changeset
659 rationis claritatem. Hoc autem pertinet ad rationem honesti, quod
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diff changeset
660 diximus idem esse virtuti, quae secundum rationem moderatur omnes
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diff changeset
661 res humanas. Et ideo honestum est idem spirituali decori. Unde
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diff changeset
662 Augustinus dicit, in libro octogintatrium quaest., <i>honestatem
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diff changeset
663 voco intelligibilem pulchritudinem, quam spiritualem nos proprie
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diff changeset
664 dicimus</i>. Et postea subdit quod <i>sunt multa pulchra visibilia,
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diff changeset
665 quae minus proprie honesta appellantur</i>.</p>
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diff changeset
666 <p title="II-II q. 145 a. 2 ad 1"><a name="44783"><span class=
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diff changeset
667 "ref">[44783] II&ordf;-IIae, q. 145 a. 2 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
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diff changeset
668 ergo dicendum quod obiectum movens appetitum est bonum apprehensum.
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diff changeset
669 Quod autem in ipsa apprehensione apparet decorum, accipitur ut
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diff changeset
670 conveniens et bonum, et ideo dicit Dionysius, IV cap. de Div. Nom.,
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diff changeset
671 quod <i>omnibus est pulchrum et bonum amabile</i>. Unde et ipsum
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diff changeset
672 honestum, secundum quod habet spiritualem decorem, appetibile
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diff changeset
673 redditur. Unde et Tullius dicit, in I de Offic., <i>formam ipsam,
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diff changeset
674 et tanquam faciem honesti vides, quae si oculis cerneretur,
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diff changeset
675 mirabiles amores, ut ait Plato, excitaret sapientiae</i>.</p>
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diff changeset
676 <p title="II-II q. 145 a. 2 ad 2"><a name="44784"><span class=
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diff changeset
677 "ref">[44784] II&ordf;-IIae, q. 145 a. 2 ad 2</span></a> Ad
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diff changeset
678 secundum dicendum quod, sicut supra dictum est, gloria est effectus
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diff changeset
679 honoris, ex hoc enim quod aliquis honoratur vel laudatur, redditur
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diff changeset
680 clarus in oculis aliorum. Et ideo, sicut idem est honorificum et
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diff changeset
681 gloriosum, ita etiam idem est honestum et decorum.</p>
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diff changeset
682 <p title="II-II q. 145 a. 2 ad 3"><a name="44785"><span class=
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diff changeset
683 "ref">[44785] II&ordf;-IIae, q. 145 a. 2 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
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diff changeset
684 dicendum quod obiectio illa procedit de pulchritudine corporali.
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diff changeset
685 Quamvis possit dici quod etiam propter pulchritudinem spiritualem
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diff changeset
686 aliquis spiritualiter fornicatur, inquantum de ipsa honestate
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diff changeset
687 superbit, secundum illud Ezech. XXVIII, <i>elevatum est cor tuum in
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diff changeset
688 decore tuo, perdidisti sapientiam tuam in decore tuo</i>.</p>
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diff changeset
689 <br />
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diff changeset
690 <div class="E">Articulus 3</div>
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diff changeset
691 <p title="II-II q. 145 a. 3 arg. 1"><a name="44786"><span class=
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diff changeset
692 "ref">[44786] II&ordf;-IIae, q. 145 a. 3 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
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diff changeset
693 tertium sic proceditur. Videtur quod honestum non differat ab utili
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694 et delectabili. Dicitur enim honestum quod propter se appetitur.
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diff changeset
695 Sed delectatio propter se appetitur, <i>ridiculum enim videtur
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diff changeset
696 quaerere propter quid aliquis velit delectari</i>, ut philosophus
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diff changeset
697 dicit, in X Ethic. Ergo honestum non differt a delectabili.</p>
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diff changeset
698 <p title="II-II q. 145 a. 3 arg. 2"><a name="44787"><span class=
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diff changeset
699 "ref">[44787] II&ordf;-IIae, q. 145 a. 3 arg. 2</span></a>
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diff changeset
700 Praeterea, divitiae sub bono utili continentur, dicit enim Tullius,
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diff changeset
701 in II Rhet., <i>est aliquid non propter suam vim et naturam, sed
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diff changeset
702 propter fructum et utilitatem petendum, quod pecunia est</i>. Sed
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diff changeset
703 divitiae habent rationem honestatis, dicitur enim Eccli. XI,
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diff changeset
704 paupertas et honestas (idest divitiae) a Deo sunt; et XIII, pondus
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diff changeset
705 super se tollit qui honestiori (idest ditiori) se communicat. Ergo
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diff changeset
706 honestum non differt ab utili.</p>
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diff changeset
707 <p title="II-II q. 145 a. 3 arg. 3"><a name="44788"><span class=
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diff changeset
708 "ref">[44788] II&ordf;-IIae, q. 145 a. 3 arg. 3</span></a>
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diff changeset
709 Praeterea, Tullius probat, in libro de Offic., quod nihil potest
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diff changeset
710 esse utile quod non sit honestum. Et hoc idem habetur per
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diff changeset
711 Ambrosium, in libro de Offic. Ergo utile non differt ab
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diff changeset
712 honesto.</p>
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diff changeset
713 <p title="II-II q. 145 a. 3 s. c."><a name="44789"><span class=
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diff changeset
714 "ref">[44789] II&ordf;-IIae, q. 145 a. 3 s. c.</span></a> Sed
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diff changeset
715 contra est quod Augustinus dicit, in libro octogintatrium quaest.,
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diff changeset
716 <i>honestum dicitur quod propter seipsum petendum est, utile autem
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717 quod ad aliquid aliud referendum est</i>.</p>
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718 <p title="II-II q. 145 a. 3 co."><a name="44790"><span class=
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diff changeset
719 "ref">[44790] II&ordf;-IIae, q. 145 a. 3 co.</span></a> Respondeo
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diff changeset
720 dicendum quod honestum concurrit in idem subiectum cum utili et
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diff changeset
721 delectabili, a quibus tamen differt ratione. Dicitur enim aliquid
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diff changeset
722 honestum, sicut dictum est, inquantum habet quendam decorem ex
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diff changeset
723 ordinatione rationis. Hoc autem quod est secundum rationem
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diff changeset
724 ordinatum, est naturaliter conveniens homini. Unumquodque autem
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725 naturaliter delectatur in suo convenienti. Et ideo honestum est
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diff changeset
726 naturaliter homini delectabile, sicut de operatione virtutis
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diff changeset
727 philosophus probat, in I Ethic. Non tamen omne delectabile est
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diff changeset
728 honestum, quia potest etiam aliquid esse conveniens secundum
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diff changeset
729 sensum, non secundum rationem; sed hoc delectabile est praeter
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diff changeset
730 hominis rationem, quae perficit naturam ipsius. Ipsa etiam virtus,
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diff changeset
731 quae secundum se honesta est, refertur ad aliud sicut ad finem,
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diff changeset
732 scilicet ad felicitatem. Et secundum hoc, idem subiecto est et
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diff changeset
733 honestum et utile et delectabile, sed ratione differunt. Nam
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diff changeset
734 honestum dicitur secundum quod aliquid habet quandam excellentiam
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diff changeset
735 dignam honore propter spiritualem pulchritudinem; delectabile
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diff changeset
736 autem, inquantum quietat appetitum; utile autem, inquantum refertur
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diff changeset
737 ad aliud. In pluribus tamen est delectabile quam utile et honestum,
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diff changeset
738 quia omne utile et honestum est aliqualiter delectabile, sed non
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diff changeset
739 convertitur, ut dicitur in II Ethic.</p>
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diff changeset
740 <p title="II-II q. 145 a. 3 ad 1"><a name="44791"><span class=
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diff changeset
741 "ref">[44791] II&ordf;-IIae, q. 145 a. 3 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
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diff changeset
742 ergo dicendum quod honestum dicitur quod propter se appetitur
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diff changeset
743 appetitu rationali, qui tendit in id quod est conveniens rationi.
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diff changeset
744 Delectabile autem propter se appetitur appetitu sensitivo.</p>
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diff changeset
745 <p title="II-II q. 145 a. 3 ad 2"><a name="44792"><span class=
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diff changeset
746 "ref">[44792] II&ordf;-IIae, q. 145 a. 3 ad 2</span></a> Ad
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diff changeset
747 secundum dicendum quod divitiae vocantur nomine honestatis secundum
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diff changeset
748 opinionem multorum, qui divitias honorant, vel inquantum ordinantur
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diff changeset
749 organice ad actus virtutum, ut dictum est.</p>
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diff changeset
750 <p title="II-II q. 145 a. 3 ad 3"><a name="44793"><span class=
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diff changeset
751 "ref">[44793] II&ordf;-IIae, q. 145 a. 3 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
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diff changeset
752 dicendum quod intentio Tullii et Ambrosii dicere est quod nihil
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diff changeset
753 potest esse simpliciter et vere utile quod repugnat honestati, quia
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diff changeset
754 oportet quod repugnet ultimo fini hominis, quod est bonum secundum
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diff changeset
755 rationem, quamvis forte possit esse utile secundum quid, respectu
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diff changeset
756 alicuius finis particularis. Non autem intendunt dicere quod omne
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diff changeset
757 utile, in se consideratum, pertingat ad rationem honesti.</p>
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diff changeset
758 <br />
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diff changeset
759 <div class="E">Articulus 4</div>
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diff changeset
760 <p title="II-II q. 145 a. 4 arg. 1"><a name="44794"><span class=
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diff changeset
761 "ref">[44794] II&ordf;-IIae, q. 145 a. 4 arg. 1</span></a> Ad
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diff changeset
762 quartum sic proceditur. Videtur quod honestas non debeat poni pars
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diff changeset
763 temperantiae. Non enim est possibile quod idem, respectu eiusdem,
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diff changeset
764 sit pars et totum. Sed temperantia est pars honesti, ut Tullius
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diff changeset
765 dicit, in II Rhet. Ergo honestas non est pars temperantiae.</p>
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diff changeset
766 <p title="II-II q. 145 a. 4 arg. 2"><a name="44795"><span class=
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diff changeset
767 "ref">[44795] II&ordf;-IIae, q. 145 a. 4 arg. 2</span></a>
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diff changeset
768 Praeterea, III Esdrae dicitur quod <i>vinum praecordia facit
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diff changeset
769 honesta</i>. Sed usus vini, praecipue superfluus, de quo ibi loqui
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diff changeset
770 videtur, magis pertinet ad intemperantiam quam ad temperantiam.
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diff changeset
771 Ergo honestas non est pars temperantiae.</p>
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diff changeset
772 <p title="II-II q. 145 a. 4 arg. 3"><a name="44796"><span class=
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diff changeset
773 "ref">[44796] II&ordf;-IIae, q. 145 a. 4 arg. 3</span></a>
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diff changeset
774 Praeterea, honestum dicitur quod est honore dignum. Sed iusti et
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diff changeset
775 fortes maxime honorantur, ut dicit philosophus, in I Rhet. Ergo
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diff changeset
776 honestas non pertinet ad temperantiam, sed magis ad iustitiam vel
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diff changeset
777 fortitudinem. Unde et Eleazarus dixit, ut dicitur II Machab. VI,
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diff changeset
778 <i>fortiter pro gravissimis ac sanctissimis legibus honesta morte
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diff changeset
779 perfungor</i>.</p>
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diff changeset
780 <p title="II-II q. 145 a. 4 s. c."><a name="44797"><span class=
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diff changeset
781 "ref">[44797] II&ordf;-IIae, q. 145 a. 4 s. c.</span></a> Sed
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diff changeset
782 contra est quod Macrobius honestatem ponit partem temperantiae.
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diff changeset
783 Ambrosius etiam, in I de Offic., temperantiae specialiter
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diff changeset
784 honestatem attribuit.</p>
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diff changeset
785 <p title="II-II q. 145 a. 4 co."><a name="44798"><span class=
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diff changeset
786 "ref">[44798] II&ordf;-IIae, q. 145 a. 4 co.</span></a> Respondeo
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diff changeset
787 dicendum quod, sicut supra dictum est, honestas est quaedam
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diff changeset
788 spiritualis pulchritudo. Pulchro autem opponitur turpe. Opposita
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diff changeset
789 autem maxime se invicem manifestant. Et ideo ad temperantiam
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diff changeset
790 specialiter honestas pertinere videtur, quae id quod est homini
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diff changeset
791 turpissimum et indecentissimum repellit, scilicet brutales
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diff changeset
792 voluptates. Unde et in ipso nomine temperantiae maxime intelligitur
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parents: 26
diff changeset
793 bonum rationis, cuius est moderari et temperare concupiscentias
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diff changeset
794 pravas. Sic igitur honestas, prout speciali quadam ratione
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diff changeset
795 temperantiae attribuitur, ponitur pars eius non quidem subiectiva,
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diff changeset
796 vel sicut virtus adiuncta, sed pars integralis ipsius, sicut
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diff changeset
797 quaedam eius conditio.</p>
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diff changeset
798 <p title="II-II q. 145 a. 4 ad 1"><a name="44799"><span class=
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diff changeset
799 "ref">[44799] II&ordf;-IIae, q. 145 a. 4 ad 1</span></a> Ad primum
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diff changeset
800 ergo dicendum quod temperantia ponitur pars subiectiva honesti
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diff changeset
801 prout sumitur in sua communitate. Sic autem non ponitur
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diff changeset
802 temperantiae pars.</p>
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diff changeset
803 <p title="II-II q. 145 a. 4 ad 2"><a name="44800"><span class=
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diff changeset
804 "ref">[44800] II&ordf;-IIae, q. 145 a. 4 ad 2</span></a> Ad
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diff changeset
805 secundum dicendum quod vinum in ebriis facit praecordia honesta
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diff changeset
806 secundum eorum reputationem, quia videtur eis quod sint magni et
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807 honorandi.</p>
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808 <p title="II-II q. 145 a. 4 ad 3"><a name="44801"><span class=
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809 "ref">[44801] II&ordf;-IIae, q. 145 a. 4 ad 3</span></a> Ad tertium
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810 dicendum quod iustitiae et fortitudini debetur maior honor quam
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811 temperantiae propter maioris boni excellentiam. Sed temperantiae
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812 debetur maior honor propter cohibitionem vitiorum magis
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813 exprobrabilium, ut ex dictis patet. Et sic honestas magis
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814 attribuitur temperantiae, secundum regulam apostoli, I ad Cor. XII,
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815 quod <i>inhonesta nostra maiorem habent honestatem</i>, scilicet
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816 removentem quod inhonestum est.</p>
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817 <div class="centro"><br />
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818 <p><a href="sth3143.html"><img src="icons/ageretro.gif" width="19"
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819 height="19" align="middle" border="0" alt="age retro" /></a> &nbsp;
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820 <a href="sth3146.html"><img src="icons/ageultra.gif" width="19"
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821 height="19" align="middle" border="0" alt="age ultra" /></a></p>
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822 <br />
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823 <hr />
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824 <br />
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825 <address>&copy; 2006 Fundaci&oacute;n Tom&aacute;s de Aquino quoad
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826 hanc editionem<br />
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827 Iura omnia asservantur<br />
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828 OCLC nr. <a href="http://worldcatlibraries.org/wcpa/oclc/49644264"
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829 style="text-decoration=none">49644264</a></address>
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830 </div>
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831 </body>
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832 </html>